Greg focuses his practice on defending mergers and acquisitions before the US Federal Trade Commission, US Department of Justice, state antitrust authorities and foreign competition authorities. Greg has extensive experience in evaluating whether potential transactions will be cleared by antitrust enforcers and developing a viable path for clearance. In addition, he handles complex antitrust litigation, government investigations and antitrust counseling. Greg has experience in a variety of industries including: agriculture; chemicals (industrial); consumer electronics; dairy products; defense products (simulation and training); explosives and detonators; food-service equipment; fire retardants; food products and ingredients; glass production and packaging; health care services; medical devices; pharmaceuticals; software; and steel products.
Andrea draws on experience from both sides of the Atlantic and focuses her practice on EU and international merger control investigations as well as non-merger conduct investigations and antitrust litigation. She regularly represents clients before the European Commission, European courts and national competition authorities and also coordinates global investigations. Andrea's broad industry experience includes particular focus in the aerospace and defense, life sciences, financial services, consumer products, e-commerce, computer hardware and software, media and entertainment, chemicals and commodities industries. She counsels clients on some of their most important strategic issues, including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances, pricing, distribution and has created cutting edge antitrust compliance programs. In addition, Andrea has considerable experience relating to export control matters.
Christian Krohs advises clients on all aspects of antitrust and competition law, including antitrust litigation, as well as compliance matters. Christian has extensive experience in all areas of EU and German antitrust and competition law, particularly in relation to cartel investigations, cartel damages claims, abuse of dominance proceedings and both national and international merger control projects. He has also advised numerous clients regarding antitrust and anti-corruption compliance as well as internal investigations.
Dan focuses his practice on antitrust litigation, counseling and regulatory matters. He assists clients in a variety of industries, including health care, pharmaceuticals, mobile communications, aerospace and defense.
Dan advises clients on antitrust issues in connection with pricing and distribution activities, and mergers and acquisitions. He has defended numerous transactions before the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ). He also works regularly with clients on matters relating to merger notifications under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (HSR). Dan has successfully guided several hospital mergers through FTC review. He also has extensive experience litigating mergers challenged by the FTC under the 16 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 3 Rules. Dan also regularly counsels health care clients and their employees on antitrust compliance for ordinary-course business activities.
David Henry is a practising UK barrister, whose practice focuses on European competition law, including merger control, cartels and abuse of dominance, and the interaction between antitrust and intellectual property. He represents companies and trade associations in the aluminium, air transport, car parts, chemicals, electronics, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, power generation, food retailing and financial services and payment systems sectors. He also advises clients in proceedings before the European courts and national competition authorities. David also has considerable experience in export control matters, dispute resolution and white-collar crime.


text:
Pribislavec (mađarski Zalaújvár) je općina u Međimurskoj županiji, u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Općinska naselja i mjesni odbori
U općini se nalazi jedno (1) naselje: Pribislavec.

Pribislavec je u listopadu 2001. godine na temelju zakona o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj postao samostalna općina u čiji sastav ulaze dva mjesna odbora : "Pribislavec" i "Romsko naselje Pribislavec"

Zemljopis

Stanovništvo
Pribislavec je prema popisu stanovništva iz 2001. godine imao 2.929 stanovnika, dok prema popisu stanovništva iz 2011. godine u općini Pribislavec živi 3.136 stanovnika.

Uprava

Općinsko vijeće

Općinsko vijeće Pribislavec konstituirano je 30. lipnja 2009 godine. Vijećem rukovodi Predsjednik Općinskog vijeća, i ima jednog potpredsjednika. Predsjednik Općinskog vijeća je također najviše predstavničko i zakonodavno tijelo Općine. Nadalje, Vijeće se sastoji od 11 vijećnika od kojih je 4 iz SDP-a, 2 iz HNS, 1 iz HDZ-a, 1 iz HSLS-a, 1 iz SRH-a, 1 iz HSR-a i 1 s Nezavisne liste. Rad se odvija kroz sjednice Općinskog vijeća, najmanje jedan puta u 30 dana.

DVD Pribislavec

Dobrovoljno vatrogasno društvo (DVD) Pribislavec osnovano je 20. rujna 1921. godine. Osnivači su bili Franjo Mošmondor, Andrija Pintarić, Ivan Šoltić, Josip Belović, Mijo Novak i Mirko Bratišćak. Prilikom osnivanja u Društvo se učlanilo 30 utemeljitelja. Sredstvima članarine i dobrovoljnih priloga prikupljenih medu mještanima kupljena je ručna štrcaljka. Godinu dana kasnije nabavljene su kape i opasači sa sjekiricama, a sljedeće 1923. godine, i radne bluze za sve aktivne članove.
Prvi predsjednik DVD Pribislavec bio je Josip Belović, potpredsjednik Mijo Novak, tajnik Ivan Radiković, zapovjednik Ivan Magdalenić, a zamjenik zapovjednika Stjepan Juričan.

Tridesetih godina 20. stoljeća DVD Pribislavec je bilo vrlo aktivno društvo. Redovito su organizirane vatrogasne zabave na kojima su alimentirana značajna sredstva. Već 1932. godine na objektu vatrogasnog spremišta vlastitim sredstvima i dobrovoljnim radom dograđen je toranj za osmatranje. Čak je 1935. godine nabavljeno staro motorno vozilo za prijevoz pribislavečkih vatrogasaca na mjesto gašenja požara. U isto vrijeme osnovana je vatrogasna limena glazba koja je imala 16 glazbenika, a vodio ju je kapelnik Pavao Trojnar. Limena glazba pribislavskih vatrogasaca djelovala je i nakon II. svjetskoga rata.

Moderna vatrogasna oprema počela se nabavljati sredinom pedesetih godina. Godine 1955. nabavljen je agregat "Savica" zajedno s prikolicom, a za njegov prijevoz služio je traktor. Godine 1958. kupljen je stari kamion, a služio je samo tri godine. Agregat "Sora" i električna sirena za uzbunjivanje nabavljena je 1964. godine. Za agregat "Zeigler" 1967. godine prikupljena su sredstva dobrovoljnim prilozima mještana. Potom je, godinu dana kasnije, nabavljeno novo kombi vozilo, a u njegovoj nabavi sudjelovao je i Vatrogasni savez tadašnje općine Čakovec. Stari vatrogasni dom srušen je 1968. godine. Agregat "Honda" nabavljen je 1983. godine.

Velikom svečanošću 1981. godine obilježena je i proslavljena 60. obljetnica rada DVD Pribislavec.

Tijekom 1985. godine članovi DVD Pribislavec imali su nekoliko uspješnih radnih akcija. Jedna od njih bila je na iskopu rova za energetski kabel. Te 1985. temeljito je uređeno sadašnje vatrogasno spremište. U nizu aktivnosti DVD Pribislavec je organizirao predavanje o preventivnim mjerama zaštite od požara učenicima šestih i sedmih razreda OŠ Pribislavec. Vatrogasna postrojba dobro je materijalno i tehnički opremljena, te ima dobar rukovodni kadar, na čelu s predsjednikom Zoranom Lepenom.

Povijest
Podrijetlo toponima Pribislavec izvodi se prema osobnom imenu Pribislav. Godine 1367., u vrijeme kada je Međimurjem gospodarila obitelj Lacković, Pribislavec se navodi kao possessio Pobozlouhaza. Prema tome Pribislavec se prvi puta u povijesti spominje nakon prvog poznatog popisa katoličkih župa 1334. godine u Zagrebačkoj biskupiji, a prije osnutka pavlinskog samostana 1376. godine u današnjem Šenkovcu. Pribislavec je sigurno već 1334. godine pripadao župi sv. Mihovila sa sjedištem u današnjem Mihovljanu.
Činjenica da se spominje 1367. godine ne znači da je te godine utemeljen. Utemeljen je svakako mnogo prije, međutim za precizno utvrđivanje kada, nedostaju pouzdani izvori. I to prvo spominjanje samo je uzgredno. Pribislavec se spominje kao posjed koji graniči s Belicom. Međutim, posve je sigurno da tih godina druge polovine 14 stoljeća uz posjed Pribislavec, postojalo i naselje. Pribislavec je svako vrlo staro međimursko naselje.
Iz ranijeg opisa saznajemo da je 1831. godine u selu bio lijepi dvorac oko kojeg su bili uređeni vrtovi. Današnji dvorac Kaštel u Pribislavcu sagrađen je 1870. godine na mjestu ranijeg dvorca. Gradio ga je grof Juraj Feštetić u neogotičkom stilu.

Anticiganske demonstracije 2019.
Skupina koju vodi Alen Pancer, veteran Hrvatskog rata za neovisnost, najavila je anticiganske demonstracije pod naslovom "Želim normalan život" za 1. lipnja 2019. u županijskom upravnom središtu u Čakovcu. Veljko Kajtazi, zastupnik Roma u Hrvatskoj u Hrvatskom saboru, izrazio je iznenađenje izdvajanjem Roma što je uznemirilo cijelu zajednicu. Zastupnik je izrazio nezadovoljstvo činjenicom da Grad Čakovec nije dopustio sljedeći dan demonstracije odgovora. Kajtazijevu tiskovnu konferenciju u Hrvatskom saboru prekinuo je zastupnik Hrvatskog rasta Hrvoje Zekanović. Nezavisni srpski tjednik Novosti napisao je da je organizatorica demonstracija aktivistica Željka Markić i simpatizerka Ruža Tomašić povezana s nacionalističkim i desničarskim skupinama. Kajtazi je podcrtao da "ekstremni desničari i ljudi koji šire poruke mržnje ... nisu ljudi koji će riješiti problem ..." Organizatori su porekli anticigansku prirodu demonstracija navodeći da čak i "među Romima ima časnih osoba" i poštenih ljudi ". Europski centar za prava Roma pozvao je vlasti Međimurske županije da pojasne zašto podržavaju demonstracije navodeći kako je neprihvatljivo da multikulturalna, demokratska i antifašistička država tolerira demonstracije protiv čitavih skupina ljudi. Prije okupljanja, demonstracije je osudila predsjednica Unije Roma u Hrvatskoj Suzana Krčmar, izabrana predstavnica romske zajednice Međimurja Matija Oršuš. Načelnica općine Pribislavec Višnja Ivačić izrazila je punu podršku demonstracijama i pozvala druge općine u županiji da se pridruže.

Gospodarstvo

Spomenici i znamenitosti
 Dvorac Feštetić

Crkva svetog Florijana

Župa Svetog Florijana u Pribislavcu utemeljena je 1999. godine. Prvi župnik u Pribislavcu je Damir Kovačić. Kao kapela sv. Florijana današnja župna crkva sagrađena je sredinom 19. stoljeća. Današnji izgled dobila je nadogradnjom 1903. godine. Lađa crkve ima 16,89 metara dužine i 9,16 metara širine. Svetište je široko 5,74 metara. Uz crkvu je 1975. godine podignuta mala sakristija. Toranj je visok 19,44 metara. Posvećena je u listopadu 1867. godine. U svetištu današnje župne crkve sv. Florijana nalazi se slika ulje na platnu sv. Florijana dimenzija 170 x 112 cm. Slikar je nepoznat, ali je slika dobro slikana. Dar je grofa Feštetića.
Župni je dvor uređen u kupljenoj privatnoj kući uz župnu crkvu. Uz župni dvor izgrađena je vjeronaučna dvorana i ostali sadržaji potrebni za normalno funkcioniranje katoličke župe. Župa sv. Florijana pokriva samo mjesto Pribislavec. Utemeljenjem župa Ivanovec i Pribislavec okončana je podjela najveće međimurske župe, sv. Nikole biskupa Čakovec, na nekoliko manjih župa. Time je završen ustroj svih župa u Međimurskoj županiji. Od 2000. godine djeluje u Čakovečkom dekanatu Varaždinske biskupije. Iz župe Pribislavec potječu franjevci Albin Novak i Rikard Patafta.

Župa sv. Florijana ima 6 sakralnih objekta: 1 župnu crkvu, 4 poklonca i 1 sakralni spomenik.

Obrazovanje

Osnovna škola Vladimira Nazora Pribislavec

Osnovna škola Vladimira Nazora djeluje na području prigradskog naselja Pribislavec, koji je u listopadu 2001. godine dobio status općine. Prema popisu Pribislavec ima 2 982 stanovnika. Broj stanovnika je u porastu, te se očekuje i veći broj školskih obveznika. Zbog pomanjkanja školskog prostora pokrenuta je inicijativa za izgradnjom nove školske zgrade. Nakon prihvaćanja projektnog zadatka od strane osnivača prišlo se realizaciji projekta izgradnje škole. U tijeku je izrada građevinske dokumentacije za novu školsku zgradu i pripadajuću športsku dvoranu s lokacijskom i građevinskom dozvolom.

S obzirom na to da se nastava izvodi u objektu koji nije namjenski građen postoje poteškoće vezane uz pomanjkanje prostora, kako učioničkog tako i kabinetskog.

U školskoj godini 2009./10. školu pohađa 348 učenika.

Kultura

KUD Kaštel

Obnoviteljska skupština KUD "Pribislavec" održana je 28. ožujka 1998. godine. Skupština je, uz prisustvo 56 zainteresiranih mještana, održana u maloj dvorani Društvenog doma. Prvo okupljanje zainteresiranih bilo je 16. ožujka 1998. godine kada su obavljene sve pripreme za obnoviteljsku skupštinu gdje je dogovoren rad folklorne i tamburaške sekcije. Na skupštini je donesen Statut KUD-a "Pribislavec", a za predsjednika je izabran Vladimir Tkalčec-Bač.

KUD "Pribislavec" djeluje u tri sekcije: folklorna, tamburaška i dramska. Skupština KUD-a "Pribislavec" je 16. ožujka 2002. godine donijela odluku o promjeni imena. Novo ime je Kulturno-umjetničko društvo "Kaštel" Pribislavec, a djeluje preko sljedećih sekcija:

1. Folklorna sekcija
2. Tamburaška sekcija
3. Sekcija za narodne običaje, skupljanje i čuvanje starih predmeta
4. Sekcija za klasične i moderne plesove
5. Dramska sekcija
6. Sekcija aktiva žena
7. Sekcija za zborno pjevanje
8. Likovna sekcija, foto-video sekcija

Članovi KUD-a "Kaštel" imali su od osnivanja do sredine 2003. godine gotovo dvjesto nastupa. Nastupali su diljem Hrvatske, a bili su i gosti Društva Međimuraca u Švicarskoj, u Zuerichu. Nastupali na brojnim koncertima, humanitarnim priredbama, smotrama, prigodnim nastupima, te na radijskim i televizijskim emisijama. Od osnivanja KUD "Kaštel" su vodili predsjednik Vladimir Tkalčec, njegov zamjenik Franjo Halabarec i blagajnik Damir Fodor. Na izbornoj skupštini održanoj 15. veljače 2003. godine za novog je predsjednika KUD-a "Kaštel" izabran Vladimir Šarić. Društvo je uspostavilo suradnju s HKUD "S. S. Kranjčević" iz švicarskog Winterthura.

Folklorna je sekcija najbrojnija. Pune četiri godine istu je vodio Branko Grabar, a potom je kormilo folklorne sekcije preuzeo Vinko Habijan. Sekcija nastoji očuvati i održati izvornu narodnu pjesmu i ples. U sklopu sekcije oformljena je i grupa za prikupljanje kulturno-povijesne i etnografske baštine Pribislavca.

Tamburašku sekciju vodi Vladimir Hranjec. U javnim nastupima tamburaši su podrška folklorašima i dramskim amaterima. Tamburaši su izdali i CD pod naslovom "Vu kaštelju", s tradicionalnim međimurskim, ali i s tri autorske pjesme. Autor glazbe tih pjesama je Stjepan Novak-Pišta, autor teksta Stjepan Halić, a aranžmana Vladimir Hranjec. Tamburaški sastav KUD-a "Kaštel" nastupio je 4. listopada 2002. godine na 6. zagorskom festivalu "Krapinska krijesnica" u Krapini s pjesmom "Sinek zemlje ove".

Dramska družina koju vodi August Lesjak ima petnaestak članova i na scenu je postavila nekoliko predstava. Predstavom "Selska ljubaf" autora Andrije Novaka dramska sekcija KUD-a "Kaštel" je u nedjelju 14. travnja 2002. nastupila na kvalifikacijskoj županijskoj smotri dramskih amatera Međimurske županije. Predstavu je režirao August Lesjak. Između ostalog na scenu su postavili i predstavu "Pocoprani snoboki" Andrije Novaka. U svibnju 2003. godine predstava "Proslava" KUD-a "Kaštel", na Smotri dramskih amatera u Štrigovi, izabrana je kao najbolja i uvrštena na državnu smotru. Državna smotra kazališnih amatera održana je na Visu.

Šport
NK Polet Pribislavec

ŽOK Kaštel

Ženski odbojkaški klub Kaštel Pribislavec djeluje u Pribislavcu 13 godina i okuplja četrdesetak djevojčica i djevojaka.
Mlađa skupina Limačice okuplja učenice 1. – 8. razreda osnovne škole i njih već drugu godinu zaredom trenira trenerica Nives Lovrenčić dugogodišnja igračica ŽOK-a Kaštel.
Predstavljajući Međimursku županiju na turniru u dvorani Dana odbojke u Zagrebu prezentirale su kvalitetnu mini odbojku kao najmlađa ekipa.
Svim aktivnostima koje klub organizira nastoje se osigurati neophodna sredstva za normalno djelovanje kluba u 2. A ligi (kotizacije, licenciranje igračica, sportska oprema, trener, suci).
Službene utakmice klub odigrava u dvorani ETS- ekonomske i trgovačke škole u Čakovcu.
Naime, zbog Propisnika Odbojkaškog saveza dvorana u kojoj se odigravaju službene utakmice mora udovoljavati službenim kriterijima.Upravo zbog neadekvatne dvorane u Pribislavcu klub godišnje mora izdvajati pozamašna sredstva za najam dvorane.

Aero klub Međimurje

Sportski aerodrom na kojem se svake godine održava jedan od najvećih aeromitinga u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Aero klub ima jedriličarsku školu i školu motornog letenja.
Također vrši i panoramsko letenje za sve zainteresirane.

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica Općine Pribislavec
 NK "Polet" Pribislavec

Izvori

Općine u Međimurskoj županiji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hours after gunfire ended T.I.'s New York concert at Irving Plaza with one dead and three others injured, including Troy Ave, NYPD Commissioner William Bratton addressed the issue with a controversial statement about hip-hop.
During an interview with WCBS Newsradio 880 on Thursday (May 26) (via BuzzFeed), Bratton appeared to place blame on rap stars.
"The crazy world of these so-called rap artists who are basically thugs that basically celebrate the violence that they've done all their lives," he said. "Unfortunately that violence often times manifests itself during their performances, and that's exactly what happened last evening.
He went on to say that while fans may enjoy rap, he doesn't agree with the subject matter that some MCs choose to rhyme about.


text:
Reincarnated To Betray
331 Reads 18 Votes 10 Part Story
By UndefinegravTea Ongoing - Updated Nov 24, 2017
This story is about a girl named Scarla Zan-ze Mayhem she lived in an old town in 1984, the king of the village was looking for a new guard, Scarla wanted to join but something made her go back to the future and she met someone she thought she wouldn't meet again...
wattys2017
~Chapter 1~ The Idea
~Chapter 2~ The Town
~Chapter 3~ Finding Father's Armour And Sword
~Chapter 4~ Training Begins
~Chapter 5~ Something Is Going On..
~Chapter 6~ Betrayel
~Chapter 7~ A Strange Place And Strange people
~Chapter 8~ Making some friends!
~Chapter 9~ An adventure awaits
~AUTHOR'S NOTE~
Get notified when Reincarnated To Betray is updated
The Royal Alpha
By ProblematicMads
Arabella is your less than average wolf. She can't run fast, she's not brave, and she's not strong. She's nothing close to what an "ideal wolf" is. She comes from a poor family on the outskirts of the Rectitude Pack.
Her entire world is changed when she finds out that she is put into a competition with hundreds of other girls all competing to see who will be the kings mate.
What happens when she finds out that she is actually mated to the egotistical, ruthless, King Alpha Louis? How will Arabella react to having her world completely flipped upside down?
By -smileyfacee
After Tessa escaped from her old pack, her old life, she came to a new town to get away and hide. She came for safety, for freedom, to have a choice in what she did. What she didn't come for was her mate, to find out all the lies she'd be told, all the secrets that had been kept, things she never wanted.
When Nathan first saw her, first caught her scent, he didn't know whether to be more surprised that she was his mate or the fact he didn't know a new wolf was in town. No one got in or out without him knowing, especially not a wolf, and from the moment he laid eyes on her he knew she was trouble, he just didn't expect that she would be worth every single bit of it.
going to a bording school.a werwolf bording...
By angelwing123
dakota ross is  a seventeen year old that has had a very complicated past.She is going to a werewolf bording school but she only knows thats is a bording school.She makes new friends and bonds very well with them.
Hope you enjoy the story =
vampire mate
By ahodes
what happens when a werewolf
finds that his mate is a vampire? and werewolfs and vampire have a fight since the last 500 years.
Will they be able to have a relationship?
Read to find more
You're Not Alone (Sequel to Tongue Tied)
By foreverandalways3000
The unthinkable has happened. With both Joe and Jake in hospital, one on the brink of death, the other desperately praying for his friend, the perfect opportunity arises to remember everything.
In this story, you can find out about their past and their memories together. But who is at death's door and will they survive?
This story is the sequel to Tongue Tied, set approximately 10 years in the future. You most likely don't need to have read Tongue Tied for this to make sense but I would suggest that you do anyway. Also, whilst most of the event at the beginning did really happen, some are fictional and the way the boys respond is also entirely fictional.
By mahana258
The Sentinels of Illdissa protect the borders and enforce the Three King's laws. It has been this way for ten generations. Forever sworn to the service of the land, these soldiers have always come from the ranks of second sons and unknown bastards.
On the Valas Plains, an unwanted daughter's journey begins when the sentinels send a troupe of men across the continent to find new recruits in a land strife with greed and outlaws. But on the road to the Sentinel's Watch, Ara Valas will discover:
Death is quick.
Betrayal corrupts everything.
And the faceless are leaving the shadows.  *****************************************************************************************
Highest Ranking in Adventure: #4 12/5/2017
Cover is by: Me!
Goku's Daughter: Son Mizuki
By YourAverageDevil
The story revolves around the life of Son Mizuki, youngest child of Goku
Song Diary
By Poisoned-Veins
I did this before and it really hyped people up so? I guess it's back? Basically,  I'll post songs every now and then that explain how I feel, because normally there's always a song in my head that reflects how I really feel inside, and since I'm not great at voicing those emotions, this is my way of letting people in, i guess. Welcome to my head, you'll want to leave soon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Regorafenib/Nivolumab Combo to Be Studied in Phase III Trial of Patients With MSS mCRC
Lisa Astor
A phase III trial is being initiated to evaluate the combination of regorafenib and nivolumab in comparison with regorafenib alone in patients with microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer.
A phase III trial is being initiated to evaluate the combination of regorafenib (Stivarga) and nivolumab (Opdivo) in comparison with regorafenib alone in patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).1
Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, and Ono Pharmaceutical Co. announced a clinical collaboration agreement for the investigation of the multikinase inhibitor and anti—PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor combination in the most common form of mCRC.
"We are looking forward to a strong collaboration to investigate nivolumab with regorafenib, with the goal of serving more patients who have cancer," said Fouad Namouni, MD, head of head of development, oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, in the press release announcing the collaboration.
Approximately 95% of patients with mCRC have MSS tumors, which single-agent immunotherapy treatments have shown limited activity against.
The trial comes after encouraging data with the combination in thephase Ib REGONIVO trialwere presented at the 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting.2
The Japanese dose-trial included 2 cohorts (a dose-finding cohort and a dose-expansion cohort) totaling 50 patients with previously treated advanced or metastatic gastric cancer or colorectal cancer. Ninety-eight percent of patients had microsatellite stable (MSS) disease, 59% had negative PD-L1 expression, and 14% had received prior treatment with an anti—PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor.
The primary endpoint of the trial was dose-limiting toxicities found in search of the maximum-tolerated and recommended dosage of the combination, and secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and disease control rate (DCR) being secondary endpoints.
Patients in the dose-escalation cohort were given 80 mg, 120 mg, or 160 mg of regorafenib once per day for 21 days with 7-day gaps in the cycle plus 3 mg of nivolumab every 2 weeks. DLTs were observed with 160-mg doses of regorafenib. Several cases of skin toxicity occurred at 120 mg and 160 mg. The investigators set the recommended dose of regorafenib at 120 mg when given in combination with nivolumab.
Overall, the ORR was 40% (95% CI, 26%-55%) with a DCR of 88% (95% CI, 76%-96%). In patients treated with the recommended dose of 120 mg of regorafenib, the ORR was 36%. Specifically, the ORR was 44% in patients with gastric cancer and 36% in patients with colorectal cancer. All of the responders but 1 had MSS disease.
At a median follow-up of 8.0 months, the median PFS across all patients was 6.3 months (95% CI, 3.4-9.3), and was 6.3 months and 5.8 months in patients with colorectal and gastric cancers, respectively.
All-grade treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were seen in 100% of patients. The rate of grade ≥3 TRAEs seen overall was 40%. The most common grade ≥3 TRAEs were rash in 12%, proteinuria in 12%, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia in 10%, and liver dysfunction in 6%.
In patients who received 80 mg regorafenib, the rate of grade ≥3 TRAEs was 27% compared with 44% in those who received 120 mg.
"The data seen in REGONIVO warrant further exploration of the combination of regorafenib and nivolumab in patients with colorectal cancer. Regorafenib has proven its efficacy and positive safety profile as a third-line monotherapy and we are excited to enter into a clinical collaboration to evaluate this combination with the hope to deliver an additional therapeutic benefit to patients," Scott Z. Fields, MD, senior vice president and head of Oncology Development at Bayer's Pharmaceuticals Division, said in the press release.
Regorafenib has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of previously treated patients with mCRC, and nivolumab has been approved for the treatment of previously treated patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient mCRC.
Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Ono Pharmaceutical enter into a clinical collaboration agreement to investigate Stivarga® (regorafenib) and Opdivo® (nivolumab) as combination therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [press release]. Whippany, Princeton, and Osaka: Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, and Onco Pharmaceutical Co; July 18, 2019.https://bit.ly/2SnCeyX. Accessed July 19, 2019.
Fukuoka S, Hara H, Takahashi N, et al. Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric (GC) or colorectal cancer (CRC): An open-label, dose-finding, and dose-expansion phase 1b trial (REGONIVO, EPOC1603).J Clin Oncol.2019;37(suppl; abstr 252.


More Pars Arizona Camp – March 10-15 – CHRISTINA RICCI MORE PARS!
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10:00-11:30 Video Analysis & Takeaway Key Points with Club/Shot of your choice Christina takes video face-on and down-the-line with a club of your choosing. You'll get a personalized video analysis with key points that she'll email to you post-school! Get the full evaluation with the Custom Evaluation Add-On. Scroll to learn more.
Round of Golf Put all your new skills together on your own.
Fly into Tucson International Airport 45 minutes to resort or Phoenix – 2 1/2 hour drive time from Phoenix.


text:
Symplocos sonoharae är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Gen-Iti Koidzumi. Symplocos sonoharae ingår i släktet Symplocos och familjen Symplocaceae. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten S. s. oblonga.

Källor

Ljungordningen
sonoharae


text:
Instructor Account
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Orlando R. Barone
Orlando R. Barone has designed, developed, and delivered internationally acclaimed training in self-presentation and interpersonal effectiveness for more than 30 years. He is an executive leadership coach and instructor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a negotiation consultant at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. His clients include organizations as diverse as global pharmaceutical firms, world-class computer companies, and the United States Navy. Mr. Barone is an author, playwright, and poet. He has written extensively on interpersonal effectiveness and is a frequent contributor to the Philadelphia Inquirer. He has tutored top executives in the effective use of voice and gesture through the Intensive Coaching Method and the video-assisted programs he originated.
Books by Orlando R. Barone
Your Voice Is Your Business: The Science and Art of Communication
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text:
The Hartford to limit insurance for fossil fuel companies
Associated Press January 2, 2020
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — A major insurer is limiting its coverage of companies in the fossil fuel business, citing concerns about climate change.
The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc. won't cover companies that get more than a quarter of their revenue from thermal coal mining or that produce more than a quarter of their energy from coal.
The company also said it will not write policies or make investments in companies that generate more than 25% of their revenue directly from extracting oil from tar sands. It won't cover or invest in the construction and operation of new coal-fired plants.
The company said it plans to phase out policies or investments that currently violate those parameters by 2023.
The Hartford posted around $19 billion in revenue in 2018. The company joins 18 global insurers in limiting or dropping coverage of energy companies that tend to rely on fossil fuels, but the Rainforest Action Network said The Hartford is the "first mainstream U.S. insurer" to restrict coverage for tar sands oil and coal.
The company is aiming to balance the need for energy and economic growth with concerns about a warming planet and the role of fossil fuels, CEO Christopher Swift said.
"The world needs affordable, accessible energy to support global economic progress and at the same time action is needed to mitigate the impact such activity has on our climate," he said.
The Oscars Mimic the Golden Globes with a (Mostly) Plant-Based Menu
Exxon, Chevron earnings bring worries about oil prices to the forefront
357 Amazon employees take public stand on climate change despite past threats
Top Energy Stocks for February 2020
Dow ends more than 450 points lower as spread of coronavirus quashes buying sentiment
It will take 99.5 years to close global gender gap: RPT
There's one issue that Democrats seem to agree on: Paying teachers more
WATCH: Yahoo Finance All Markets Summit: Generational Opportunities
Data shows how Cyber Monday actually began on Black Friday


text:
Myspace Acquired by Online Ad Network Specific Media
By Andy Sternberg
Published Jun 29, 2011 12:00 AM
Myspace headquarters on Maple in Beverly Hills (via Google streetview).
After months in search of a buyer, Beverly Hills-based Myspace has finally been acquired. In an email to employees late Wednesday morning, CEO Mike Jones broke the news to employees in an email late Wednesday morning, according to TechCrunch.
Specific Media will acquire the fledgling social network turned social entertainment site for $35 million according to All Things D.
"Today, we are announcing that Myspace will be acquired by Specific Media, one of the world's leading online media and advertising platforms," Jones wrote in the email addressed to Myspacers. "Over the next few days you will be hearing from the team at Specific, including their CEO, Tim Vanderhook, regarding their exciting plans for Myspace and how it fits in with the overall vision of their company."
Jones indicated in the email that a significant reduction in staff was imminent, adding that he would be stepping down as CEO of Myspace after assisting with the transition to Specific Media over the next two months.
Companies across Southern California have already begun reaching out with job offers to Myspace engineers and developers about to enter the local tech talent pool.
$35 million seems like quite a bargain for Myspace, which was founded in 2003 and acquired two years later by Fox Interactive Media (part of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.) for $580 million. If nothing else, Specific media comes away with 8 years of data encompassing the demographics and behavior of millions of users.
Since 2009 Myspace has laid off approximately 1,500 employees. The dilution of the remaining 400 employees, most based at Myspace's Beverly Hills HQ, was to begin Wednesday, according to rumors earlier this week, with the announcement of a sale of the company as soon as Friday.
ScoreBig is one of many local companies angling for ex-Myspacers entering the talent pool.
Myspace was the primary social network of choice for more than 100 million users and became a successful vehicle for the promotion and discovery of music artists. But in 2007 Facebook opened up to users outside of universities and soon eclipsed Myspace in popularity. By 2008 Myspace's user base had stagnated while Facebook is now approaching 700 million users worldwide.
Irvine-based Specific Media is one of the largest entities on the internet and specializes in online advertising. According to the WSJ, the Myspace acquisition helps transition Specific "into a media company with its own ad space to sell instead of simply an online ad technology firm that brokers ad space on behalf of other websites."
From the press release announcing the acquisition:
"Myspace is a recognized leader that has pioneered the social media space. The company has transformed the ways in which audiences discover, consume and engage with content online," said Tim Vanderhook, Specific Media CEO. "There are many synergies between our companies as we are both focused on enhancing digital media experiences by fueling connections with relevance and interest. We look forward to combining our platforms to drive the next generation of digital innovation."
Both Activision CEO Bobby Kotick and Chris DeWolfe and Tom Anderson, two Myspace cofounders, were rumored to be interested in acquiring the company in recent days.


text:
Letter to the Editor: Airport users fees encouraged by Federal Aviation Administration
For well over a year many Cottonwood city residents have been trying to get the city to take action to abate noise at the airport. The latest round of meetings took place June 26, 6 p.m., at the Cottonwood Public Safety Building.
Those of us who have been involved in the discussions and asked to be kept informed got an email announcing this meeting just one day prior.
I would not like to think that the fact that we got one day's notice was an attempt on the part of the city to dampen citizen attendance.
That aside, the email I received had an attached agenda with a draft of the proposed airport noise abatement plan. I think the plan is good but doesn't go far enough.
I suspect that's because the users of the airport via the airport commission are developing the plan to serve their own interests not the taxpayers who fund the airport.
For those who don't know it, the City of Cottonwood owns the airport. That means the airport is owned by us -- the residents of Cottonwood. It also means that we cover the costs of operating the airport because the airport does not produce enough revenues to cover its operating costs.
It seems obvious to me and many others I've spoken with that airport users should pay to use the airport. This would help us pay for our airport while having a side benefit of reducing excessive traffic.
There is an informative publication on the FAA website that speaks to the city's right, obligation even, to charge user fees to help make the airport financially self-sustaining.
The following quotes are from FAA Order 5190.6B which sets forth policies and procedures of the FAA Airport Compliance Program for airport owners (aka sponsors) who have obtained federal funds for airport purposes:
"Airports should be operated efficiently both for aeronautical users and the government, relying primarily on user fees and placing minimal burden on the general revenues of the local, state, and federal governments.
"The sponsor may use direct charges (such as landing and tie-down fees) to charge aeronautical users for use of airport facilities."
Terri Clements
Letter: Cottonwood Airport needs to pay for itself
Airport 'noise' complaints not unique to Cottonwood
Opinion: Common sense sadly lacking in airport debate
Cottonwood explores mitigating aircraft noise
Commentary: Cottonwood Airport an amazing financial windfall for city


We found out my husband had Leiomyosarcoma on his left foot in February 2007. He had radiation, then an amputation of his left room and various chemos, 2 liver surgeries and 2 lung surgeries. We recently found out it has continued to spread in his liver and lungs and also to his left adrenal glad and pancreas.
Doc wants to do AIM. We're going on a trip to Chicago (live in Oklahoma) because that is where my husband was raised and has wanted to go for a long time. Then we will decide on the chemo.
He is 57 and I am 55 and have spent 32 good and bad years and it just isn't fair. We are supposed to retire and put up with each other into our old age. Only a miracle can save him. Please pray for that miracle.
I am so sorry to hear about your husband's struggles with this awful disease. I will keep you both in my prayers.
I am in Chicago so if there is anything I can do for you, please let me know (naomiball@gmail.com). Try to stay strong.


Form and function forever! From Bionica, these Romulus leather booties lace up for the perfect fit. And, the Freefit construction and MaxumLite slip-resistant outsole provide all-day comfort. From Bionica.
Bionica Leather Lace-up Ankle Boots - Romulus is rated 2.7 out of 5 by 14.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Mich84 from Very comfortable I have been wearing these shoes everyday for the past week and they are very comfortable, however, I don't work on my feet all day. Reading the reviews, I ordered half a size up from 9.5 to 10. I have narrow feet so the fit is good for me. I would definitely NOT recommend this shoe for someone with wide feet. Even for me, the fit is snug but I can still wear wool socks. We just had a lot of ice in my area so I can confirm that they are slip resistant, but I think the slip resistant sole causes the shoe to squeak when walking on hard floors. They look very nice and well made. You can actually turn up the leather flap to hide the fabric collar for a slightly different sleeker look. I expect to get a lot of use out of these.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Sharielee from Runs small Buyer beware....make sure you order a whole size bigger...this boot runs very small...cute style but terrible sizing...have to return.
Rated 5 out of 5 by RedWingsGirl from Lovely! I just love these boots... they are a little hard to get on so you really have to loosen up the strings! But, they fit snug and make my foot look small. I usually wear a size 9 shoe and always order a 9.5 boot... this boot is snug so I just cannot wear any thick socks with them. But, I wear them all day long and they are comfortable!! I feel if they were a true 9.5 boot size then I could wear thicker socks.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Snarkywench from Tight to get in So far I really like these boots. I ordered a half size up which is what I normally do with anything with a heel and athletic shoes. They are tight to get into and will pull your socks tight against your toes, you have to do some wiggling to loosen them up again. I also have to loosen the laces every time I put them on or take them off but once they're on, they fit very well. I've not experienced any break in issues. The toe box is not wide but does not pinch my toes either, I can spread them easily. My foot is average width, neither narrow nor wide. They do squeak something terrible but I plan to keep them because I have foot issues and they are very comfortable. They seem to be a good mix of comfort for indoor and outdoor use as well but not if you're standing still outside. You'll need something warmer if that is the case. I would not recommend shoes as a gift for anyone, but would recommend the shoe itself.
Rated 3 out of 5 by ShopLover101 from Fit is Too Constricting Beautiful boot - good quality leather - but the fit is extremely tight. It's hard to get into. I tried on these boots as soon as I received them and was very disappointed that I had a very hard time putting them on. It's as if the boot is too narrow or not made correctly. I returned them.
Rated 2 out of 5 by joey2013 from So Sad I should have read the reviews before I ordered these boots. I so wanted to be able to keep them, but I could not squeeze my foot into these. Way, way too narrow. I have Bionica sandals and love them. Sorry, back they go.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Kay in New Mexico from Disappointing These are beautiful boots. If you wear an A width they are great.... These are narrow. Would be nice if the hosts would make it clear on air that products are clearly not for the masses.


text:
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, "..")
from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.button import Button
from kivy.uix.label import Label
from kivy.uix.gridlayout import GridLayout
import time

from async_gui.engine import Task, MultiProcessTask
from async_gui.toolkits.kivy import KivyEngine

from cpu_work import is_prime, PRIMES

engine = KivyEngine()

class MyApp(App):
    def build(self):
        grid = GridLayout(cols=4)

        grid.add_widget(Button(text='Check Primes',
                               on_press=self.cpu_bound))
        self.status = Label(text='Status')
        grid.add_widget(self.status)
        return grid

    @engine.async
    def cpu_bound(self, *_):
        t = time.time()
        self.status.text = "calculating..."
        prime_flags = yield MultiProcessTask(
            [Task(is_prime, n) for n in PRIMES]
        )
        print(time.time() - t)
        text = '\n'.join("%s: %s" % (n, prime)
                         for n, prime in zip(PRIMES, prime_flags))
        self.status.text = text

if __name__ == '__main__':
    MyApp().run()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: MySQL,PHP: ORDER BY shoots an error. Whenever I try to use ORDER BY I'm getting an error saying that it's something bad with syntax

You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'ORDER BY id' at line 1

For me, the syntax looks perfectly good, everything works as long as I don't use ORDER BY id. This is how it works:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM lessons $limit";

This is how I want it to work:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM lessons $limit ORDER BY id";

I have also tried this, but with no luck:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM lessons $limit ORDER BY id DESC";

A: ORDER BY needs to go before LIMIT.
Try:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM lessons ORDER BY id $limit";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Well depends on the guy! Mine if you sit on him and make out wit him he gets hard!!! But ya it depends on how the guy is. But if he does get hard then dont laugh at him or make fun cause if u do how to play hard to get with a woman 18/06/2013 · Playing hard to get is one of the most popular techniques that girls use to attract a guy or girl that they're interested in. And it makes sense when you think about it!
Learning and understanding how to get a guy hard may seem like a difficult task. After all aren't all guys different? Even though all guys may have different preferences, likes and dislikes, they are all biologically very similar.
18/06/2013 · Playing hard to get is one of the most popular techniques that girls use to attract a guy or girl that they're interested in. And it makes sense when you think about it!


text:
Loved ones remember Emma Walker
By Justin McDuffie |
Posted: Fri 10:18 AM, Oct 05, 2018
Song trailed through downtown Knoxville as dozens gathered to remember the life of Emma Walker.
The teen's ex boyfriend killed her two years ago.
Her mother Jill talked about her daughter's life, and encouraged others to speak up for their loved ones.
The YWCA's director of social services says it's important for victims to know you care.
"I think that's where we start with victims," Maggie McNally said. "What can we do now, what can we learn from the past. I think that the thing that we do now, we respond by saying 'I believe you' if a victim reaches out for help."
For a full list of the YWCA's domestic violence awareness month events click here.


Simple, stylish and sophisticated, the Blok Concrete Rectangle Coffee Table is making waves at Teak Warehouse for its ability to fit into any space and have an instant impact. This gorgeous Blok Concrete Rectangle Coffee Table is large and robust, the base is a separate piece from the table top so that these pieces can be more easily moved. Concrete coffee tables are a fabulous choice for indoors or placed in your outdoor setting.
W31" x L51" x H14"
Made out of a unique blend the Blok Concrete Rectangular Coffee Table is lighter and stronger than 100% concrete. It is easy to maintain and care for. Please refer to our concrete care page.
Try the Blok Concrete Rectangle Coffee Table with one of our A-Grade Teak deep seating units for a terrific mix of materials, and a modern touch to a more traditional space. Imagine this industrial table alongside your plush leather or fabric sofa indoors. You will be thrilled with the combination! Call us today to discuss the many options for this stunning coffee table in your space!


The Stilo ST5 GT 8860 is the highest FIA 8860 safety standard as required in Le Mans and Blancpain. 100% carbon shell with fitted electronics and earplug connection. The Stilo ST5 GT 8860 has the smallest shell size which makes it ideal for confined cockpits, an internal cooling system enhanced with attachments. An internal drinks system can be fitted on this model.


Will Peterson is on a mission trip in Costa Verde to rebuild the wall of a school when a revolution breaks out just before they board their plane to go home. His team must race to escape firing squads, savage animals in the jungle, prison cells, and the dangerous revolutionaries with machine guns. None of them will ever go home the same . . . if they only survive.


I do not know a lot about the artist called Mu.Alpha, and I'm terribly lazy to not do any research for your enjoyment. But to cease the disappointment I promise you that the rest of the words are all about his free downloadable release called 'Mu VIII'.
Soft crackles that might be the sound of soft rain make way for sniping tones of death ambient. Slowly a sad but interesting mood comes out of the speakers. Bright and slightly high tones squeeze themselves in this gas of sound, adding a certain organic mystery to the mix. The music transforms into something more alive than death, with strange electronic woodpeckers quickly making a presence and then leaving us alone with these strange tension of dark ambient tones.
We hear more electronic insects in the depth of it all, but mostly they seem to avoid the open place of mysterious ambient. Some more intensive sounds slowly slide in for the extra punch of slight creepiness. It feels like the artist has dropped us in the middle of a thick unknown forest, a place that is beautiful as nature should be, but in this case also definitely full of unknown danger.
This entry was posted in ambient, drone, electronic, experimental. Bookmark the permalink.


I'm just about to leave for the Ohio LinuxFest. This will be my second time attending the event. I had a great time last year and expect I'll enjoy things once again. If you're attending and would like to connect, drop me a line. I should be at Barley's Brewing Company tonight for the pre-party. See you in Columbus.


Join us for the first 2015 vBeers @ Boca. We meet on the 3rd Wednesday of each month in Boca Raton, FL.
This event will be sponsored by Volico Hosting. Bring your sense of humor and get ready for some great IT and virtualization conversations with some of the best people in South Florida's IT community. Please encourage to IT friends and colleagues to attend!
Join us for the last South Florida vBeers of 2014 – vBeers @ Boca. We meet on the 3rd Wednesday of each month in Boca Raton, FL.
The next meeting will be at Biergarten Boca, which is located in on US 1, just South of Palmetto Park and East of I-95.
This event will be a non-sponsored event so bring your wallet, your sense of humor and get ready for some great IT and virtualization conversations with some of the best people in South Florida's IT community (including YOU!).
Join us for the next vBeers @ Broward. We meet on the 2nd Wednesday of each month in Broward County. The next Broward meeting will be at the Funky Buddha Brewery, which is located in Oakland Park, just a few minutes from I-95.
Note: there will not be a December 24th (4th Wed) meeting in Miami.
Join us for vBeers @ Boca. We meet on the 3rd Wednesday of each month in Boca Raton, FL. The next meeting will be at Biergarten Boca, which is located in on US 1, just South of Palmetto Park and East of I-95.


text:
Home » Collection » Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat
NGA Online Editions :: Dutch Paintings 17th Century
Dutch, 1606 - 1669
Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat
overall: 121.3 x 94 cm (47 3/4 x 37 in.)
Widener Collection
On View: West Building, Main Floor - Gallery 51
Archived Version(s)
Search this œ catalog
Copy-and-paste citation text:
Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., "Rembrandt van Rijn/Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat/c. 1663," Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century, NGA Online Editions, https://purl.org/nga/collection/artobject/1208 (accessed January 29, 2020).
Export from an object page includes entry, notes, images, and all menu items except overview and related contents.
Export from an artist page includes image if available, biography, notes, and bibliography.
Note: Exhibition history, provenance, and bibliography are subject to change as new information becomes available.
Apr 24, 2014 Version
Jan 01, 1995 Version
You may download complete editions of this catalog from the catalog's home page.
After learning the fundamentals of drawing and painting in his native Leiden, Rembrandt van Rijn went to Amsterdam in 1624 to study for six months with Pieter Lastman (1583–1633), a famous history painter. Upon completion of his training Rembrandt returned to Leiden. Around 1632 he moved to Amsterdam, quickly establishing himself as the town's leading artist, specializing in history paintings and portraiture. He received many commissions and attracted a number of students who came to learn his method of painting.
The identity of this distinguished sitter has long been lost, but his dress and demeanor indicate that he was a well-to-do man, probably an Amsterdam merchant. Similarities between this work and Rembrandt's Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild of 1662 suggest that the two paintings are not far removed in date. The sitter's hairstyle and costume, particularly his wide, flat collar with its tassels, are similar, as is the self-assured gravity that he projects as he focuses his eyes on the viewer from beneath his wide-brimmed black hat.
Unfortunately, large portions of the painting have suffered from abrasion and overpainting, and a thick layer of discolored varnish covers the work. Nevertheless, the sitter's face has been well preserved, so that the painting retains its powerful presence and the sitter his imposing dignity.
The identity of this imposing sitter has long been lost, but his dress and demeanor indicate that he was a well-to-do burgher, probably an Amsterdam merchant. The date of the portrait is also unknown, but similarities between this work and Rembrandt's Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild of 1662 [fig. 1] [fig. 1] Rembrandt van Rijn, Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild, 1662, oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Photo © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam suggest that the two paintings are not far removed in date. The sitter's hairstyle and costume, particularly his wide, flat collar with its tassels, are similar, as is the dignified gravity that he projects as he focuses his eyes on the viewer from beneath his wide-brimmed black hat. Even the herringbone canvases that Rembrandt used for these paintings are comparable.[1] [1]
Rembrandt used herringbone canvas in a number of paintings from the 1660s, including the Claudius Civilis (Nationalmuseum, Stockholm), Family Portrait (Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig), Man with a Magnifying Glass, and Woman Holding a Pink (both Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). See also discussion of the pendants Portrait of a Gentleman with a Tall Hat and Gloves and Portrait of a Lady with an Ostrich-Feather Fan.
The vigor and surety of Rembrandt's brushwork are particularly evident in the head. He has modeled the man's face with broad strokes heavily loaded with a relatively dry paint. Since it is mixed with little medium, the paint has a broken character that enhances the sitter's rough-hewn features. Stylistically, this manner of execution is broader than that found in the Gallery's A Young Man Seated at a Table (possibly Govaert Flinck), with which it is often compared,[2] [2]
Wilhelm von Bode assisted by Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, The Complete Work of Rembrandt, trans. Florence Simmonds, 8 vols. (Paris, 1897–1906), 7:3. and, to a certain extent, even broader than that of the Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild, an evolution of style that suggests a date of execution subsequent to these works, perhaps 1663.
Unfortunately, aside from the well-preserved face and the relative disposition of the figure, it is extremely difficult to make precise assessments about this painting. The basic problem is that the original character of the painting has been distorted through flattening, AbrasionAbrasion
A gradual loss of material on the surface. It can be caused by rubbing, wearing, or scraping against itself or another material. It may be a deteriorative process that occurs over time as a result of weathering or handling or it may be due to a deliberate attempt to smooth the material., and discolored varnish.[3] [3]
See Technical Summary. Infrared examination [see Infrared ReflectographyInfrared Reflectography
A photographic or digital image analysis method which captures the absorption/emission characteristics of reflected infrared radiation. The absorption of infrared wavelengths varies for different pigments, so the resultant image can help distinguish the pigments that have been used in the painting or underdrawing.] reveals that extensive abrasion in the reddish brown background has been heavily restored. The degree to which the massive black form of the man's robes has been damaged by abrasion and/or reworking, however, cannot be determined. Presumably, this illegible mass once had some definition of form that would have related to the three-dimensionality of the man's body.
The issue about the condition of the robe is of some consequence because the X-radiographs [see X-radiographyX-radiography
A photographic or digital image analysis method that visually records an object's ability to absorb or transmit x-rays. The differential absorption pattern is useful for examining an object's internal structure as well as for comparing the variation in pigment types.] reveal significant PentimentiPentimenti
An alteration made by the artist to an area that was already painted. in the figure's body. Rembrandt originally had depicted the gentleman with an even longer collar and with his hands in quite different positions. The sitter initially held his left hand higher, at waist level [fig. 2] [fig. 2] X-radiograph composite, Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat, c. 1663, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Widener Collection, 1942.9.69. His cuff was visible, and he held a pair of gloves. The right hand, clasping the armrest of a chair, is harder to read, but it appears as though it used to extend downward in front of the sitter, perhaps resting on or holding some object. To judge from the X-radiographs, these hands were fully modeled. Sharp ridges of lead white paint along their forms indicate that Rembrandt used a palette knife in creating them, a technique not otherwise evident in this painting, but one that Rembrandt began exploiting during the mid-1660s.[4] [4]
See the discussion of Rembrandt's Lucretia.
As is also clear from the X-radiographs, the different placement of the hands affected the position of the arms. As a result the contour of the body is now much larger than it was originally. It may well be that the sitter initially did not have a cloak draped over his shoulders. X-radiographs also indicate that the crown of the hat was slightly smaller and was silhouetted against a lighter background than at present. At the time that the composition was changed, it is likely that the dimensions of the painting were also reduced.[5] [5]
No thread distortions are found along any edge, which is evidence that the painting was once larger on all sides. It is rather unusual for a portrait of this size to have a horizontal seam, a fact that may indicate that the painting was initially quite a bit larger. Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild has a similar construction (its dimensions are 191.5 x 279 cm).
These changes may have been undertaken to give the sitter a greater presence and added austerity. Moreover, by minimizing the activity of the hands, the head received added emphasis. Unfortunately, large portions of the figure in its present appearance are without visual interest. Because of the thick layers of discolored varnish, it is virtually impossible to determine whether the lack of modeling in the robes results from the condition of the painting or from the quality of the artistic representation. One should not exclude the possibility that someone other than Rembrandt made these changes. In the hands, the only area of the body that can be seen properly, the evidence is not conclusive. The portrayal of the right hand is particularly unsuccessful, and the arm of the chair floats disconcertingly in the midst of the robes surrounding it.[6] [6]
This area is so confusing that Bode thought that the sitter was holding a letter (Wilhelm von Bode assisted by Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, The Complete Work of Rembrandt, trans. Florence Simmonds, 8 vols. [Paris, 1897–1906], 7:36, no. 487). He titled the painting Portrait of a Man in a High Hat Holding a Letter in His Right Hand. This same reading was continued in Cornelis Hofstede de Groot and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, Pictures in the Collection of P. A. B. Widener at Lynnewood Hall, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, vol. 1, Early German Dutch and Flemish Schools (Philadelphia, 1913); Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century, trans. Edward G. Hawke, 8 vols. (London, 1907–1927), 6:365, no. 781; and Bernard Berenson, Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, William Roberts, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, Paintings in the Collection of Joseph Widener at Lynnewood Hall (Elkins Park, Penn., 1923). Nevertheless, the sitter's left hand is firmly modeled in a manner not unlike that of the face, so an ultimate judgment as to who executed these changes of composition must be reserved until the painting is restored.
Arthur K. Wheelock Jr.
Stanisław August Poniatowski, king of Poland [1732-1798]. (Mr. Noe, Munich). Gasser collection, Vienna. Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich [1773-1859]; purchased by (Otto Mündler, Paris); sold 1865 to Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st baron Wimborne [1835-1914], Canford Manor, Dorsetshire.[1] (Arthur J. Sulley & Co., London); Peter A.B. Widener, Lynnewood Hall, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, by 1912; inheritance from Estate of Peter A.B. Widener by gift through power of appointment of Joseph E. Widener, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania; gift 1942 to NGA.
[1] The painting was first published by Wilhelm von Bode, Studien zur Geschichte der holländischen Malerei, Braunschweig, 1883: 530, 579–580, no. 148. The early provenance is given in A Catalogue of the Pictures at Canford Manor in the Possession of Lord Wimborne, Edinburgh, 1888: 62, no. 153, but it has not yet been confirmed through other sources. The painting does not appear in Tadeusz Mankowski's reconstruction of the 1795 inventory of the Polish king's collection, Galerja Stanisława Augusta, Lwów, 1932. Gasser, described in the 1888 catalogue as "the sculptor of Vienna," was perhaps Hans Gasser (1817-1868), an Austrian sculptor and painter who also built up an art collection (see Walter Krause, "Gasser, Hans," in The Dictionary of Art, ed. Jane Turner, 34 vols., New York, 1996: 12:172.
Gasser, Hans
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel von Prince
Mündler, Otto
Noe Mr.
Poniatowski, Stanislaw August King of Poland
Sulley & Co., Arthur J.
Widener, Joseph E.
Widener, Peter Arrell Brown
Wimborne, Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron
Rembrandt in the National Gallery of Art [Commemorating the Tercentenary of the Artist's Death], National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1969, no. 21, repro.
The support is a medium-weight, herringbone-weave fabric consisting of two pieces seamed horizontally at center, 65 cm from the top. The seam protrudes slightly. The support has been double lined using a gauze interleaf, which is visible in the X-radiographs. The tacking margins have been removed. Absence of cusping on all sides suggests a reduction of the original dimensions. Although a thin ground is present, the color could not be determined because it is obscured by a thin, black layer, which is probably a painted sketch. An additional reddish brown underpainting occurs in selected areas such as the face.
Paint was applied as thick pastes with complex layering and lively brushmarking in the features. Brushes and a palette knife were used to apply the paint, and lines were incised with the butt end of a brush. The figure was painted after the background. The red paint of the table continues underneath the black cloak. Several artist's changes are visible in the X-radiographs. The proper left arm was originally lower at the shoulder, but bent sharply at the elbow with the hand resting just above the sitter's lap holding a pair of gloves. The proper right arm originally extended downward, ending in a hand that grasped some draped object. White cuffs were eliminated from both sleeves, the left collar tassel was moved to the right, the collar was shortened, and the hat was slimmed.
Numerous small losses have occurred in the white collar and scattered minor losses are located overall. The face is intact save minute flake losses. Severe abrasion in the background and costume has been inpainted. The paint texture has been flattened, probably due to an aggressive lining procedure. A thick, discolored varnish layer covers the surface.
Bode, Wilhelm von. Studien zur Geschichte der holländischen Malerei. Braunschweig, 1883: 530, 579-580, no. 148.
Dutuit, Eugène. Tableaux et dessins de Rembrandt: catalogue historique et descriptif; supplément à l'Oeuvre complet de Rembrandt. Paris, 1885: no. 49.
A catalogue of the pictures at Canford Manor in the possession of Lord Wimborne. England, 1888: 62, no. 153, as Portrait of a Dutch Burgomaster.
Michel, Émile. Rembrandt: Sa vie, son oeuvre et son temps. Paris, 1893: 555.
Michel, Émile. Rembrandt: His Life, His Work, and His Time. 2 vols. Translated by Florence Simmonds. New York, 1894: 2:237.
Bode, Wilhelm von, and Cornelis Hofstede de Groot. The Complete Work of Rembrandt. 8 vols. Translated by Florence Simmonds. Paris, 1897-1906: 7:3, 36-37, no. 487, repro.
Bell, Malcolm. Rembrandt van Rijn and His Work. London, 1899: 140.
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt: des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. Stuttgart, 1904: 241, repro.
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt, des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. 2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1906: repro. 368.
Bell, Malcolm. Rembrandt van Rijn. The great masters in painting and sculpture. London, 1907: 124.
Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis. A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century. 8 vols. Translated by Edward G. Hawke. London, 1907-1927: 6(1916):365, no. 781.
Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis. Beschreibendes und kritisches Verzeichnis der Werke der hervorragendsten holländischen Maler des XVII. Jahrhunderts. 10 vols. Esslingen and Paris, 1907-1928: 6(1915):327, no. 781.
Rosenberg, Adolf. The Work of Rembrandt, reproduced in over five hundred illustrations. Classics in Art 2. New York, 1907: 368, repro.
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt, des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. 3rd ed. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1908: repro. 500.
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt: Des Meisters Gemälde. Edited by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1909: repro. 500.
Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis, and Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Pictures in the collection of P. A. B. Widener at Lynnewood Hall, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania: Early German, Dutch & Flemish Schools. Philadelphia, 1913: intro., repro.
Rosenberg, Adolf. The Work of Rembrandt, reproduced in over five hundred illustrations. Classics in Art 2. Edited by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. 2nd ed. New York, 1913: repro. 500.
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. The Art of the Low Countries. Translated by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer. Garden City, NY, 1914: 249, no. 88.
Rosenberg, Adolf. The Work of Rembrandt. Edited by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Classics in Art 2. 3rd ed. New York, 1921: 500, repro.
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. Rembrandt: wiedergefundene Gemälde (1910-1922). Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 27. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1921: 500, repro.
Meldrum, David S. Rembrandt's Painting, with an Essay on His Life and Work. New York, 1923: 203, pl. 431.
Paintings in the Collection of Joseph Widener at Lynnewood Hall. Intro. by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, 1923: unpaginated, repro., as Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter.
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. "Important Rembrandts in American Collections." Art News 28, no. 30 (26 April 1930): 4, pl. 29.
Paintings in the Collection of Joseph Widener at Lynnewood Hall. Intro. by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, 1931: 66, repro., as Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter.
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. Rembrandt Paintings in America. New York, 1931: intro., no. 160, repro.
Hind, Arthur M. Rembrandt: Being the Substance of the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures Delivered before Harvard University 1930-1931. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1932: 89.
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt Gemälde, 630 Abbildungen. Vienna, 1935: no. 313, repro.
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt Schilderijen, 630 Afbeeldingen. Utrecht, 1935: no. 313, repro.
Tietze, Hans. Meisterwerke europäischer Malerei in Amerika. Vienna, 1935: 320, no. 167.
Bredius, Abraham. The Paintings of Rembrandt. New York, 1936: no. 313, repro.
Tietze, Hans. Masterpieces of European Painting in America. New York, 1939: no. 167.
National Gallery of Art. Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. Washington, 1941: 165, no. 77.
Bredius, Abraham. The Paintings of Rembrandt. 2 vols. Translated by John Byam Shaw. Oxford, 1942: 1:no. 313, repro.
National Gallery of Art. Works of art from the Widener collection. Washington, 1942: 6, no. 665.
National Gallery of Art. Paintings and Sculpture from the Widener Collection. Washington, 1948: 45, no. 665, repro.
Knuttel, Gerhardus. Rembrandt: de meester en zijn werk. Amsterdam, 1956: 219-220, 273.
National Gallery of Art. Paintings and Sculpture from the Widener Collection. Reprint. Washington, DC, 1959: 45, repro.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 314, repro.
National Gallery of Art. Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. Washington, 1965: 111.
Bauch, Kurt. Rembrandt Gemälde. Berlin, 1966: 23, no. 437, repro.
Gerson, Horst. Rembrandt Paintings. Amsterdam, 1968: 442, repro., 504, no. 401.
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 97, no. 665, repro.
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt: The Complete Edition of the Paintings. Revised by Horst Gerson. 3rd ed. London, 1969: repro. 241, 574, no. 313.
National Gallery of Art. Rembrandt in the National Gallery of Art: Commemorating the tercentenary of the artist's death. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1969: 7, 31, no. 21, repro.
National Gallery of Art. European paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. Washington, 1975: 290-291, repro.
Bolten, J., and H. Bolten-Rempt. The Hidden Rembrandt. Translated by Danielle Adkinson. Milan and Chicago, 1977: 202, no. 546, repro.
Schwartz, Gary. Rembrandt: Zijn leven, zijn schilderijen. Maarssen, 1984: 338, no. 395, repro.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 279, no. 364, color repro.
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. Washington, 1985: 333, repro.
Schwartz, Gary. Rembrandt: His Life, His Paintings. New York, 1985: 338, no. 395, repro.
Tümpel, Christian. Rembrandt. Translated by Jacques and Jean Duvernet, Léon Karlson, and Patrick Grilli. Paris, 1986: repro. 324, 413, no. 219.
Broos, Ben P. J., ed. Great Dutch Paintings from America. Exh. cat. Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague; Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The Hague and Zwolle, 1990: 43 fig. 30, 391 fig. 6.
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 1995: 276-279, color repro. 277.
style of hair
burghers
61B1
portrait +burgher
Object Image
[fig. 1] Rembrandt van Rijn, Syndics of the Cloth Drapers' Guild, 1662, oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Photo © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Compare Image
[fig. 2] X-radiograph composite, Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat, c. 1663, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Widener Collection, 1942.9.69
Wilhelm von Bode assisted by Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, The Complete Work of Rembrandt, trans. Florence Simmonds, 8 vols. (Paris, 1897–1906), 7:3.
See Technical Summary.
This area is so confusing that Bode thought that the sitter was holding a letter (Wilhelm von Bode assisted by Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, The Complete Work of Rembrandt, trans. Florence Simmonds, 8 vols. [Paris, 1897–1906], 7:36, no. 487). He titled the painting Portrait of a Man in a High Hat Holding a Letter in His Right Hand. This same reading was continued in Cornelis Hofstede de Groot and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, Pictures in the Collection of P. A. B. Widener at Lynnewood Hall, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, vol. 1, Early German Dutch and Flemish Schools (Philadelphia, 1913); Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century, trans. Edward G. Hawke, 8 vols. (London, 1907–1927), 6:365, no. 781; and Bernard Berenson, Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, William Roberts, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, Paintings in the Collection of Joseph Widener at Lynnewood Hall (Elkins Park, Penn., 1923).


text:
Ottawa, 22 April 2020
Bell Canada – Request for forbearance from the regulation of line-sharing and unbundled local loop connecting links
The Commission approves Bell Canada's application for forbearance from the regulation of line-sharing and unbundled local loop connecting links in all of the company's exchanges in which they are not already forborne from regulation.
The Commission received an application from Bell Canada, dated 3 June 2019, in which the company sought forbearance from the regulation of two legacy wholesale services in all of its exchanges: line-sharingFootnote 1 and unbundled local loop (ULL) connecting links.Footnote 2
The Commission received an intervention from TELUS Communications Inc. (TCI) regarding Bell Canada's application.
Unbundled local loops
In Telecom Regulatory Policy 2015-326, the Commission established a new wholesale services framework. In particular, the Commission determined that ULLs, a legacy service used primarily to support retail competition for local phone and lower-speed Internet access services, would no longer be mandated and would be phased out over a three-year period ending on 22 July 2018. In exchanges where there was no demand, forbearance from the regulation of ULLs was granted immediately, effective 22 July 2015.
In Telecom Decision 2018-200, the Commission approved an application by Bell Canada for forbearance from the regulation of ULLs in 88 exchanges where demand remained, effective 22 July 2018.
In Telecom Decision 2019-94, the Commission denied a request by Allstream Business Inc. and Zayo Canada Inc. to review and vary Telecom Decision 2018-200, thus confirming its decision to forbear from the regulation of ULLs in those 88 exchanges.
Line-sharing and ULL connecting links
In Telecom Decision 2018-18, the Commission determined that Bell Canada's line-sharing and ULL connecting links did not pass its essential services test (the Essentiality Test)Footnote 3 and would cease to be mandated, subject to a two-year phase-out period ending 17 January 2020.
In exchanges where there was no existing demand for those services, the Commission immediately forbore from their regulation. However, in exchanges where demand existed, the Commission denied Bell Canada's request for forbearance. The Commission stated that if Bell Canada intended to continue to make line-sharing and ULL connecting links available in those exchanges after the phase-out period, it could file an application for forbearance and include an appropriate test for the Commission to use in assessing the request. If the company chose to stop offering those services, it was to inform its customers and the Commission in writing one year prior to the end of the phase-out period.
Should the Commission forbear from regulating line-sharing and ULL connecting links in Bell Canada's exchanges where demand exists?
Bell Canada requested that in-service line-sharing and ULL connecting links be forborne from regulation in all exchanges where there continued to be demand, effective 17 January 2020, the end date of the phase-out period. In its view, forbearance would be consistent with section 34 of the Telecommunications Act (the Act), and would be a logical and necessary extension of the Commission's determinations regarding ULLs in Telecom Decision 2018-200.
Bell Canada requested that the Commission grant forbearance in accordance with section 34 of the Act, and refrain from exercising its powers and duties under sections 25, 29, and 31, and subsections 27(1), (3), (5), and (6) of the Act.
Bell Canada submitted that the appropriate test for the Commission to use to evaluate forbearance from the regulation of line-sharing and ULL connecting links would be one of policy analysis under subsection 34(1) of the Act.
Bell Canada noted that the Commission determined, in Telecom Decision 2018-18, that neither line-sharing nor ULL connecting links met the Essentiality Test. Bell Canada stated that, because the competition component of the Essentiality Test is similar to the market power testFootnote 4 typically applied under subsection 34(2) of the Act, it would be unnecessary for the Commission to evaluate forbearance under subsection 34(2) of the Act. It submitted that this approach would be consistent with the approach the Commission took in its forbearance evaluation of ULLs.
Line-sharing
Bell Canada submitted that line-sharing, as a legacy facility limited to providing slow Internet services, is outdated and nearly obsolete; that it represents a small fraction of the wholesale Internet market and even less of the overall Internet market; and that demand for line-sharing has been decreasing for several years.
Bell Canada noted that line-sharing is essentially a partial ULL dedicated only to Internet services, for which there are adequate competitive alternatives. It submitted that the Commission's conclusions about ULLs and the appropriateness of granting forbearance from their regulation apply equally to line-sharing.
TCI agreed that line-sharing is an outdated technology, and submitted that it is becoming unsuitable as consumers demand Internet access speeds that cannot be provided over copper loops.
ULL connecting links
Bell Canada submitted that ULL connecting links function only in conjunction with ULLs and line-sharing, and are not sold as a stand-alone product.
In Bell Canada's view, therefore, all of the Commission's policy conclusions in Telecom Decision 2018-200 in relation to ULLs should also apply to ULL connecting links. It submitted that forbearance from their regulation would be consistent with the policy objectives set out in section 7 of the Act for the same reasons in both cases.
TCI submitted that ULL connecting links should be forborne from regulation because they serve only as adjuncts to ULLs and line-sharing, and that the policy analysis that supported forbearance in the case of ULLs should also apply in the case of ULL connecting links, for the same reason.
The Commission determines whether or not to forbear from regulating a service pursuant to section 34 of the Act. One approach is to conduct a policy analysis under subsection 34(1) of the Act. The other is to assess, pursuant to subsection 34(2) of the Act, whether there is sufficient competition to protect the interests of users, typically by conducting a market power test.Footnote 5
The Commission considers that it is not necessary to conduct a full market power test under subsection 34(2) of the Act with respect to line-sharing and ULL connecting links because those services function only in conjunction with ULLs, which the Commission has already determined do not meet the competition component of the Essentiality Test.
Furthermore, in Telecom Decision 2018-200, the Commission's decision to forbear from the regulation of ULLs did not include an assessment under subsection 34(2) of the Act. In that decision, the Commission determined that Bell Canada's ULL service met the criteria for forbearance under subsection 34(1) of the Act, in that to forbear from its regulation would be consistent with policy objectives outlined in paragraphs 7(c), (f), and (g) of the Act.Footnote 6
In view of the above, the Commission considers it appropriate to examine Bell Canada's forbearance request pursuant to section 34(1) of the Act.
In Telecom Decision 2018-18, the Commission indicated that line-sharing is closely associated with ULLs and agreed that it is effectively a partial ULL, since it lacks the local voice functionality available on a full ULL.
In that decision, the Commission determined that line-sharing did not pass the Essentiality Test because it did not meet the input or competition components of that test, and its review of the associated policy considerations supported that conclusion.
In the proceeding that led to Telecom Decision 2018-18, Bell Canada submitted evidence to the Commission that showed a significant decline in demand for line-sharing between 2013 and 2016. The evidence provided by Bell Canada in the current proceeding shows that the downward trend in the number of subscriptions has continued since 2016, although at a slower pace.
In Telecom Decision 2018-18, the Commission noted that ULL connecting links do not function independently of ULLs.
In that decision, the Commission determined that ULL connecting links did not pass the Essentiality Test because they did not meet the input or competition components of that test, and its review of the associated policy considerations supported that conclusion.
Subsection 34(1) of the Act
Subsection 34(1) of the Act states that the Commission may make a determination to refrain, in whole or in part and conditionally or unconditionally, from the exercise of any power or the performance of any duty under sections 24, 25, 27, 29, and 31 in relation to a telecommunications service or class of services provided by a Canadian carrier, where the Commission finds as a question of fact that to refrain would be consistent with the Canadian telecommunications policy objectives.
The Commission considers that the policy objectives most relevant to Bell Canada's application are those set out in paragraphs 7(c) and (f) of the Act.
The Commission considers that forbearing from the regulation of line-sharing would be consistent with paragraph 7(c) of the Act. Specifically, Bell Canada's wholesale customers may increasingly migrate from a legacy facility towards more advanced technologies that can deliver higher-speed Internet services to end-users.
Forbearing from the regulation of line-sharing would also be consistent with the policy objective set out in paragraph 7(f) of the Act. Specifically, forbearance would foster increased reliance on market forces for the provision of telecommunications services.
In Telecom Regulatory Policy 2015-326, the Commission determined that the withdrawal of mandated access to ULLs would not likely result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition in the markets for local retail wireline residential and business voice services, regardless of the exchange or the incumbent local exchange carrier operating territory. The Commission subsequently determined, in Telecom Decision 2018-200, that forbearance from the regulation of ULLs would foster increased reliance on market forces for the provision of upstream (wholesale) and downstream (retail) telecommunications services. The Commission found that it would be inefficient and ineffective to continue to regulate a service that has little impact on competition.
The Commission notes that information provided by Bell Canada shows that the number of subscriptions for line-sharing is only a small fraction of the number of subscriptions for ULLs. Therefore, forbearance from the regulation of line-sharing would have much less impact on competition than forbearance from the regulation of ULLs.
Furthermore, if line-sharing continues to be regulated, wholesale customers may continue to rely on legacy technology to provide Internet services to end-users, which, in the Commission's view, would be an inefficient and ineffective application of regulation.
With regard to ULL connecting links, which only function in conjunction with ULLs and line-sharing, the Commission considers that forbearing from their regulation would be consistent with the policy objectives set out in paragraphs 7(c) and (f) of the Act for the same reasons as were indicated for line-sharing. Additionally, forbearance from the regulation of ULL connecting links would be consistent with the Commission's previous decision to forbear from the regulation of ULLs in Telecom Decision 2018-200, which was subsequently reaffirmed in Telecom Decision 2019-94.
The Commission considers that line-sharing and ULL connecting links also meet the criteria for forbearance under subsection 34(3) of the Act. Specifically, the Commission does not consider that to refrain from their regulation would be likely to impair unduly the continuance of a competitive market for retail voice or Internet services in Bell Canada's exchanges where there continues to be demand.
The Commission notes that competitive alternatives, such as wholesale high-speed access service, are available to wholesale customers should Bell Canada decide to stop offering line-sharing or ULL connecting links, or to significantly increase prices for those services. However, in the event that Bell Canada decides to stop offering either service in any of its exchanges, the Commission considers that the company should give its wholesale customers sufficient notice to allow them to make alternative arrangements.
In light of the above, the Commission approves Bell Canada's application. Specifically, the Commission determines that, effective the date of this decision, sections 25, 29, and 31, and subsections 27(1), (5), and (6) of the Act no longer apply with respect to line-sharing and ULL connecting links in all of Bell Canada's exchanges in which those services are not already forborne from regulation.
The Commission retains its powers to impose conditions on a service pursuant to section 24 of the Act, as well as its powers to protect against undue preference and unjust discrimination pursuant to subsections 27(2) and (4) of the Act, and to determine compliance with all retained requirements pursuant to subsection 27(3) of the Act. Those provisions give the Commission the flexibility to address any future complaints.
Further, pursuant to section 24 of the Act, the Commission requires Bell Canada to provide at least six months' written notice to existing wholesale customers in the event that the company decides to stop offering either line-sharing or ULL connecting links in any of its exchanges.
The Commission is required, in exercising its powers and performing its duties under the Act, to implement the policy objectives set out in section 7 of the Act, in accordance with the 2019 Policy DirectionFootnote 7 and the 2006 Policy DirectionFootnote 8 (collectively, the Policy Directions). The Commission considers that its determinations in this decision are in accordance with the Policy Directions.
The 2019 Policy Direction provides that when the Commission is exercising its powers and performing its duties under the Act, it should consider how its decisions can promote competition, affordability, consumer interests, and innovation.
Moreover, the Commission should, in its decisions, demonstrate its compliance with the 2019 Policy Direction and specify how those decisions can, as applicable, promote competition, affordability, consumer interests, and innovation.
The Commission considers that forbearing from the regulation of line-sharing and ULL connecting links services is consistent with subparagraphs 1(a)(i), (vi), and (vii) of the 2019 Policy Direction, which state that the Commission should consider the extent to which its decisions :
encourage all forms of competition and investment,
enable innovation in telecommunications services, including new technologies and differentiated service offerings, and
stimulate investment in research and development and in other intangible assets that support the offer and provision of telecommunications services.
In particular, the Commission finds that forbearance will provide the requested regulatory relief with respect to two non-essential legacy wholesale services. While the migration of consumers away from lower-speed services towards higher-speed alternatives has been underway for many years, forbearance from the regulation of those wholesale services, given the availability of superior wholesale alternatives, will further support this trend within the downstream retail market.
The Commission also considers that forbearance is consistent with subparagraph 1(a)(i) of the 2006 Policy Direction, which states that the Commission should rely on market forces to the maximum extent feasible as the means of achieving the telecommunications policy objectives.
Further, in compliance with subparagraph 1(b)(i) of the 2006 Policy Direction, the Commission considers that forbearance from the regulation of ULL connecting links and line-sharing will advance the policy objectives set out in subsections 7(c) and (f) of the Act because it will enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of Canadian telecommunications and foster an increased reliance on market forces.
Allstream Business Inc. and Zayo Canada Inc. – Application to review and vary Telecom Decision 2018-200, Telecom Decision CRTC 2019-94, 3 April 2019
Bell Canada – Application for forbearance from the regulation of unbundled local loops, Telecom Decision CRTC 2018-200, 5 June 2018
Bell Canada – Application to modify the provision of various wholesale services, Telecom Decision CRTC 2018-18, 17 January 2018
Review of wholesale wireline services and associated policies, Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2015-326, 22 July 2015; as amended by Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2015-326-1, 9 October 2015
Review of regulatory framework, Telecom Decision CRTC 94-19, 16 September 1994
Line-sharing service enables a competitor to provide Internet access service to its end-customers while the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) provides voice service using the same ULL.
A ULL is the copper connection path between a customer's premises and a central office (CO). A ULL enables a competitor to provide both voice and Internet access services to its end-customers.
ULL connecting links connect the ILEC's facilities and a competitor's facilities within a CO to enable wholesale services that use the ULL.
To be essential, a facility, function, or service must satisfy all of the following conditions: (i) it is required by competitors to provide telecommunications services in a relevant downstream market (the input component); (ii) it is controlled by a firm that possesses upstream market power such that withdrawing mandated access, or denying access to the facility, would likely result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition in the downstream retail market (the competition component); and (iii) it is not practical or feasible for a reasonably efficient competitor to reasonably duplicate the functionality of the facility on a sufficient scale (the duplicability component). For a wholesale service to meet the Essentiality Test, all three components must be satisfied.
The market power test (set out in Telecom Decision 94-19) consists of several evaluation criteria, including market share, supply and demand, barriers to entry, availability of substitutes, and technological factors.
Subsection 34(2) of the Act states the following: Where the Commission finds as a question of fact that a telecommunications service or class of services provided by a Canadian carrier is or will be subject to competition sufficient to protect the interests of users, the Commission shall make a decision to refrain, to the extent that it considers appropriate, conditionally or unconditionally, from the exercise of any power or the performance of any duty under sections 24, 25, 27, 29 and 31 in relation to the service or class of services.
The cited policy objectives of the Act are 7(c) to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness, at the national and international levels, of Canadian telecommunications; (f) to foster increased reliance on market forces for the provision of telecommunications services and to ensure that regulation, where required, is efficient and effective; and (g) to stimulate research and development in Canada in the field of telecommunications and to encourage innovation in the provision of telecommunications services.