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In a bit of a daze, he felt the baby settle into his hold, taking in the scent and feel of him, this baby, his son.
He could hardly comprehend it, but staring into those blue eyes as the child blinked up at him, he could feel the undeniable connection. This tiny being was of his flesh, his blood… A son—he had a son, and with that thought, a genuine, wondering smile curved his lips.
Turning his back, he wandered away from the others. He felt the need for a bit of distance; a moment to connect and when he had that, he dipped his head and with closed eyes, lightly rubbed his cheek on the downy softness of the baby's head. "Hello little one," he whispered as the child coo'ed.
Drawing back, he smiled brightly and bounced the baby gently. "I'm your father, Dominic," he said quietly and the baby smiled a toothless smile, drawing a light, incredulous laugh from Klaus. "You feel it too, then do you? There's a good lad."
Across the room, Bella could barely control her emotions as she watched her son become acquainted with his father. The whispered words, delighted laughs and the way Niklaus fondly bounced and nuzzled the child told her that all was well, and her heart swelled with the knowledge that her fears of rejection were unfounded.
She hadn't realized she was silently crying until Carlisle took hold of her elbow, guiding her to sit on the couch while handing her a handkerchief. "Thank you," she murmured. After drying her tears, she looked at her surrogate father and was shocked at his expression. It was one of deep concern. "Is something wrong Carlisle?"
Carlisle's gaze darted to Elijah and back to her as he gave her a tight smile. "Are you…aware…"
A light laugh from Elijah interrupted him and they both focused on him. "Yes, Carlisle Cullen, she is aware of what we are."
Carlisle frowned and looked at Bella. "You never shared this with me."
She relaxed back into her seat with a nod. "Because I didn't know back then. I thought he was just a man. If I'd known, I would have told you, especially considering Nick." She looked between him and Elijah curiously. "You know each other?"
"We know of each other," Carlisle clarified. "I was apprised of them during my time with the Volturi, however we never met."
Her brow pinched. "Then, how is it you recognize them?"
"There was a portrait of their family…"
Elijah laughed. "Ah yes, the portrait. Aro was most insistent upon its creation, so we indulged him. It wasn't a simple thing to arrange, let me tell you. Took years to complete." He looked at Bella. "Our family hasn't been what you would call close through the years, but that's to be expected since Niklaus kept many of us daggered and in coffins for great portions of time."
Her eyes went wide. "Daggered…in coffins?!"
"Hm, yes, a story for another time I'm afraid," he said dryly with an airy wave of a hand. "Bella darling, I hate to be presumptuous, but do you have any liquor in the house?"
She shot from her seat. "Yes, oh geez, I'm sorry for not offering before…" She walked into the kitchen and took out a bottle of Glenlivet and three tumblers. Placing it all on a tray, she brought it back to the living room and set it on the coffee table.
"Relax," Elijah said as he sat forward. "I'll pour." He glanced at her as he did so and cocked a brow. "You look as though you could use some of this yourself."
She nodded. "Maybe just a taste. I haven't eaten dinner yet."
He rose and handed her the glass. "Perhaps you should order something?"
"Not a bad idea, considering the chicken I took out earlier is probably poisonous by now." She got up and went back to the kitchen just as Klaus took a seat on the couch, the baby still in the crook of his arm.
Elijah smirked at him. "You make that look natural, brother."
"Yes, well, he hasn't started to cry yet, has he?" he remarked with a smirk.
"No indeed, not to mention any of the other unpleasant aspects of infants," Elijah said with a jaunty salute of his glass.
Bella laughed as she sat next to Klaus. "You mean Uncle Elijah won't be changing any dirty diapers?"
"I'll leave that to his esteemed parents, thank you," he said with a moue of distaste.
"Diapers…" Klaus mused with a frown as he handed his son back to Bella who smirked.
"Yes, diapers," she said with a laugh while patting Nick's back.
"He just ate before I brought him home," Carlisle spoke up. "He's probably ready to sleep for a bit."
Bella rose from the couch. "I'm going to change him and see if he'll go down for a bit then," she said but before she could leave the room, Carlisle stood.
"I should be getting back, Bella, but I'll call tomorrow and check in with you." He kissed her cheek and turned with a nod to Klaus and Elijah. "Gentlemen," he said before letting himself out.
Bella left the room with the baby and Elijah drained his glass and stood. "I'll be going too then. I'll get a room and check in with you tomorrow, that is if she doesn't wind up kicking you out, in which case, I'll see you later tonight. I'll text you the particulars once I'm settled."
Klaus rolled his eyes. "I'll speak to you tomorrow, brother."
Elijah smirked and took his leave, but stuck his head back in at the last second, one brow cocked. "You might want to have this door looked at."
Klaus gave him a lazy wave and he left just as Bella walked back in. She smiled and sat next to him. "Everyone else left?" At his nod, she smiled and gestured back toward the bedroom. "He went right to sleep."
"Good," he said before pinning her with a look. "Why didn't you tell me?"
She looked away, fingers fiddling with a loose thread on her sleeve. "Right to it then, eh? All right… I didn't think you'd be interested," she said as she took up her glass and drained it.
He scooted forward and poured three fingers of whiskey into a glass before leaning back with the drink. "That's an erroneous assumption love, and one you had no right to make. The minute you made the decision to bring him into the world, I had a right to know."
Her jaw clenched in irrational irritation and she took a few deep breaths to calm such a reflexive reaction. She knew he was right, but it was a tough thing to admit, even to herself. "Fine," she conceded with the barest of nods as she looked back at him. She half expected to see a smirk; he merely gazed back, his expression closed, calculating, as he sipped the aged liquor, wordlessly awaiting more from her. She sighed. "You're right, of course. I should have found you and told you. I'm…sorry for that, but you have to understand my position…"
She watched as one sandy brow arched in response. He maintained his silence and she could have growled in frustration as her eyes narrowed. "It's not like you weren't keeping secrets of your own…"
Both sandy brows rose at that. "And when did you give me the opportunity to address any of that, hmm?"
"Fair point," she said with a deep exhale as she tossed a hand. "I fucked up, okay? Is that what you want to hear?" She leaned forward and refreshed her drink, downing half of it before meeting his penetrating gaze once again. "What's done is done though, so what now?"
She watched as he set his drink down and walked to the front door just as the doorbell rang. He quickly paid for her dinner and walked back, handing her the bag before retaking his seat. "Thank you," she murmured as she rose to head for the kitchen, her stomach in an uncomfortable knot as she unpacked the food. "Do you eat human food? I mean, you drink, so…" she muttered absently while splitting some chopsticks and flipping open the flaps of a small white box.
"I do," he said with a nod, "but I've no desire at the moment, if that's why you're asking."
She shrugged and retook her seat on the couch, folding one leg under her as she popped a piece of chicken into her mouth. "Suit yourself," she mumbled around a bite before swallowing, "but I'm starving, so…"
He smirked. "By all means…don't be shy sweetheart."
She glared at him with her mouth full and he chuckled as she chewed and swallowed. "Tell you what, I'll ask questions between bites. You answer." He inclined his head while lifting a hand.
"Do your worst, love."
"Fine. You bit me, twice now if I'm not mistaken. Why didn't I change? Aren't you venomous, or is that yet another difference between you and the…what did you call them…the cold ones?"
He scoffed behind the rim of his glass before taking a slow sip. "No, I am not venomous. I can feed without killing."
Her brows shot up and she swallowed heavily, wiping her lips with a napkin before washing that bite down with a sip from her own glass. "How the hell does that work with keeping your existence secret? Folks tend to take notice when you sink fangs into their necks."
He smiled. "They do, however, my kind can compel them to forget…should we choose to leave them alive."
She froze, a bite halfway to her mouth. "Mind control?"
He lazily waved a hand. "Of sorts, yes."
She stuffed the sticks into the box and set it to the side without looking away from his face. "Have you done that to me?"
He frowned. "I tried once, yes. For some reason, I was unsuccessful."
"When?" she demanded.
"After you shot me," he said simply. "You were less than stable at the moment," he said unapologetically. "I had to try."
"That's the only time?" she asked with narrowed eyes.
"Yes, love," he said, just barely resisting an eye roll. "Now eat before it gets cold. It smells vile as it is. I can't imagine any passage of time improving upon it."
She took up the box again. "It's delicious," she grumbled while plucking out another bite of chicken. "And I'm glad to hear you can't fuck with my mind either," she added as an aside. "Thank god for small favors…" She popped in the bite and gave him a close-lipped smile.
"What do you mean by 'either'?" he asked, not missing that little tid-bit.
She shrugged a shoulder. "Carlisle's son's a mind reader. He supposedly hears the surface thoughts of everyone around him, but he can't hear a thing from me; never could apparently," she said before stuffing a rather large bite of noodles into her mouth.
"Interesting…" he muttered before draining the last of his drink.
She wiped her lips with the napkin. "What's interesting? The fact that you can't mess with my mind, or that Carlisle's son's a mind reader?" He watched, amused and a little put-off as she drained her drink before threading an intimidatingly long noodle into her open mouth complete with a slurp and a giggle.
He picked up her glass and took it to the kitchen, bringing back a bottle of water in its stead and setting it before her as he took his seat. "I think you've had enough liquor, love. You're becoming quite…uninhibited and I'd rather you remember this conversation."
"Whatever…" she grumbled before cramming another bite into her mouth. After swallowing, she cracked open the water and took a healthy pull from it before looking back at him. "So, you can't…change people…into what you are?" she asked while setting the box aside and taking up her napkin. She wiped her mouth and fingers while watching him.
"Of course I can."
"How then?" she demanded without preamble.
"Why do you want to know?" he fired back, watching her closely as she looked away.
"Curiosity," she hedged.
"We'll leave it for another discussion then."
"Why?" she sneered. "Is it against your high and mighty morals or something? Gonna whine and cry about corrupting my pure soul?" She leaned forward, her lip curled in distaste as she fairly snarled, "You pretty much called yourself a monster earlier… Is that why you won't answer my question? You want to save me or something?" She threw herself back against the pillows of the couch as he watched on with raised brows. "Spare me the melodramatics, okay? I've heard it all before and it's complete bullshit. If you don't want me around, at least have the balls to be straight about it because you can cram your god damned philosophy or theology or whatever-ology you wanna term it straight up your ass on your way out the nearest exit."
She glared at the table until she heard him laugh. "A bit of a chip on your shoulder, sweetheart?" He shook his head. "My, my, what a temper…"
Doing her best to burn him with her eyes alone, she fairly hissed, "What's so funny?"
She found herself pinned against the couch the next second as his nose and lips dragged over the skin from her collar bone to her ear. "You could search the world over my darling and never find someone with less of a conscience than I," he drawled in that lazy accented voice that raised the hair on her arms and made her heart race. "No, my lovely, that has never been an issue with me, make no mistake," he said with a sharp nip to her racing pulse-point.
Her breath gushed out in a breathy rush and she tilted her head, her body yielding to him instantly as his hand roamed up her side to fondle a breast. "I could do it…right now…so easily," he whispered before sucking gently at her luscious skin. "My blood thrums through your veins…can you feel it Isabella? It calls to me…it begs me to finish what I began…" he backed away to look into her wary eyes as her breasts heaved with excitement. "But I cannot," he said with a caress of her cheek.
"Why not?" she wondered quietly, her head swimming with his closeness—the feel of him, the scent of him as he brushed his lips against hers in the barest of kisses.
"Dominic," he said simply as he slowly backed away and retook his seat. "We have a child to consider."
"Dominic," she repeated, slowly closing her eyes while berating herself for failing to consider her infant son in the madness of the moment. God, what was it about this man—vampire—that made her lose all reason?
His voice brought her back to the moment and she focused on him, his expression now clear of any amusement as he spoke. "That's not to say I will never consider it, should that be your wish, but arrangements must be made for his care until you're stable enough to be a mother to him once again."
"Of course," she said as she rubbed her brow. "I'm sorry for losing my shit. It's been a stressful day…"
Her door crashed open and Niklaus had the perpetrator by the throat before she could focus on who it was. When she did, her breath caught. "What are you doing here?!" she ground out as the being struggled in Niklaus's hold.
"Bella! She got away from me! Jasper went for a hunt. Alice and I were watching her closely…we thought…well, Alice swore we had her cornered and that she wouldn't go anywhere while Jasper hunted…"
"Isabella," Niklaus growled. "You know this stuttering infant?"
"Yes," she affirmed before focusing back on Edward. "Now, why are you here?!" she asked, her heart racing with fear at the implications.
"Isabella," Niklaus said with a glance back at her. "Go get the baby…" but the sound of his voice was cut short by the noise of the bedroom window shattering.
She caught the sound of a muttered curse from Niklaus as he dropped the mind reader and disappeared into the bedroom just as the baby began wailing. Running into the room, her heart stuttered to a stop at the sight that greeted her. There, next to the crib with her screaming baby clutched in cruel hands, was Victoria. Niklaus stood feet away from the red-head, his eyes glowing fiercely and fangs on full display as he growled at the female who smiled sweetly when Edward edged into the room.
Bella fell to her knees as her worst nightmare played out in front of her, not even recognizing her own voice as she begged, "Not Nicki, please god, not Nicki…"
"Edward," a sickening sweet child-like voice simpered. "So good of you to join me. I'd be so disappointed if you'd missed this. Thank you, by the way, for finally leading me to dear Bella here. The game was growing boring there for a while," she pouted over the terrified wails of the baby.
Klaus stepped closer, his fingers curled into menacing claws. "Know this you vile cunt. That is my son you hold in your stinking hands and for that monumental fuck up alone, you will know your end this night."
She frowned as she finally focused her manic gaze on him. "You're new," was all she said and Niklaus grinned causing a chill to crawl up the insane cold one's spine.
"Yessss," he agreed, his gaze fiery with hatred. "You can call me death and believe me when I say, it will not be sweet. Neither will it be merciful."
With that, he lunged as Bella screamed.


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text:
Q: PIC Assembly - Return without branching out .
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btfsc STATUS,Z
goto loop
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loop: return

How does this code behave? goto is not branching out, so nothing is saved on the stack? There are no calls in the code as well.

A: goto  and btfsc instructions both affect the program counter, not the stack.
In your snippet if the Z bit of the STATUS register is set then program counter advances  to the next instruction. The goto instruction executes changing the program counter to the address of the return instruction at the label loop. The return instruction will set the program counter to the return address on the stack. There must be a valid return address on the stack at that point. If the stack is not set the resulting jump is unpredictable.
If the Z bit is clear then the program counter 'skips' and is advanced to the next instruction after the goto instruction where program execution will continue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Editions and Supplements: Volume 72 - 2019Volume 71 - 2018Volume 70 - 2017Volume 69 - 2016Volume 68 - 2015Volume 67 - 2014Volume 66 - 2013Volume 65 - 2012Volume 64 - 2011Volume 63 - 2010Volume 62 - 2009Volume 61 - 2008Volume 60 - 2007Volume 59 - 2006Volume 58 - 2005Volume 57 - 2004Volume 56 - 2003Volume 55 - 2002Volume 54 - 2001Volume 53 - 2000Volume 52 - 1999Volume 51 - 1998Volume 50 - 1997Volume 49 - 1996Volume 48 - 1995Volume 47 - 1994Volume 46 - 1993Volume 45 - 1992Volume 44 - 1991Volume 43 - 1990Volume 42 - 1989Volume 41 - 1988Volume 40 - 1987Volume 39 - 1986Volume 38 - 1985Volume 37 - 1984Volume 36 - 1983Volume 35 - 1982Volume 34 - 1981Volume 33 - 1980Volume 32 - 1979Volume 31 - 1978Volume 30 - 1977Volume 29 - 1976Volume 28 - 1975Volume 27 - 1974Volume 26 - 1973Volume 25 - 1972
» Volume 72
Number suppl.3
Women's health during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium: 25 years of recommendations from international organizationsHypertension and maternal urinary tract infection and the metabolic conditions of preterm infantsFactors related to quilombola attendance to child follow-up appointmentsPreconception health behaviors among women with planned pregnanciesCervical cancer: knowledge, attitude and practice on the prevention examinationArt of Maternal Womb Painting: term, concept, and techniquePerceptions and expectations of pregnant women about the type of birthMaternal care in the preterm child's family context: A comprehensive look towards the siblingTime-related factors for peripheral intravenous catheterization of critical childrenAccessibility of children with special health needs to the health care networkSelf-care deficits in women with leg ulcers and sickle cell diseaseOnline information use on health/illness by relatives of hospitalized premature infantsHealth behaviors in sexual experiences of women in prisonHammock and nesting in preterm infants: randomized controlled trialPerception of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a comprehensive analysisNurses' experiences in the care of high-risk newborns: a phenomenological studyAssociated factors for acute kidney injury in preterm infantsFetal abnormality with possibility of legal termination: maternal dilemmasSchool experience of the child and adolescent with visual impairment: family experienceEarly stimulation in the development of children with microcephaly: maternal perceptionHospitalization and mortality by diabetes mellitus in children: analysis of temporal seriesQuality of life in the climacteric of nurses working in primary careBlood pressure measurement by oscillometric and auscultatory methods in normotensive pregnant womenPainful and stressful procedures and analgesia in newborns from the viewpoint of professionalsUse of psychoactive substances in women in outpatient treatmentPromotion of women's mental health: the influence of physical health and the environmentApplying best practices to pregnant women in the obstetric centerNurses' moral deliberation in the child care processPrenatal follow-up of high-risk pregnancy in the public serviceEffect of nursing telemonitoring on the knowledge of obese women: clinical trialMusical educational technology for lactation physiology learning: knowledge translationProcrastination in the early detection of breast cancerObstetric Nursing in best practices of labor and delivery careSupport systems in the pediatric intensive therapy unit: family perspectiveThe meaning of the care of hospitalized children: experiences of nursing professionalsInfluence of the social context in smoking during pregnancyMobile health technology for gestational care: evaluation of the GestAção's appCross-cultural adaptation of the Preterm Parenting & Self-efficacy ChecklistSocial support of families with tracheostomized childrenTransition to motherhood and mothering for women in wheelchairs: a nursing perspectiveFactors associated with low Apgar in newborns in birth centerPrenatal care satisfaction: perception of caregivers with diabetes mellitusHarm reduction: trends being disputed in health policiesCritical path of women in situation of violence: an integrative literature reviewThe use of children's stories in nursing care for the child: an integrative reviewInterfaces of vulnerability dimensions in violence against childrenConcept formation of ambience for labor and normal institutionalized deliveryCollective memory of umbilical cord stump care: an educational experienceWomen with fetal death: nurses' care limitationsERRATUM 1ERRATUM 2ERRATUM 3ERRATUM 4 http://dx.doi.org/
Transition to motherhood and mothering for women in wheelchairs: a nursing perspective
Santos, Livia Fajin de Mello dosI Janini, Janaína PintoI Souza, Viviane de MeloI Santos, Rosângela da SilvaI
IUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
To discuss the process of transition to motherhood and mothering of women who are wheelchair users, from the perspective of Afaf Ibrahim Meleis.
Qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study conducted with six women in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The Life Narrative method was used, with thematic analysis in the light of Transitions Theory.
Developmental and situational transitions occurred and were influenced by personal, community and social factor. Moved mainly by ignorance and prejudice of family members and of the social network, these factors were not barriers for motherhood and mothering.
Final Considerations:
The reproductive rights of women with disabilities must be respected and, for this, inclusive policies focused on women with disabilities should be adopted.
Descriptors::
Disabled Persons, Women, Pregnancy, Mother-Child Relations, Nursing Care
The possibility of motherhood is no longer an obligation of the couple; it has become a social right, regulated and modulated by social expectations of how it should occur, which conditions are most appropriate, and, without a doubt, who can ideally be a mother (1).
Motherhood is a right that transcends biological processes. Because it is an event that originates in the body, reproduction acquires different meanings depending on the period and sociocultural context in which it happens. It has particular nuances according to the conditions of each woman (1).
Mothering, unlike motherhood, occurs through the development of an affective bond between the mother and her child. It carries a particular meaning, influenced by cultural issues, which give expression to the relationship and care of the mother-child dyad. This does not occur with motherhood, which is established by blood relation (2).
Likewise, the mother-child relationship took on new configurations. The binomial motherhood-mothering, as a social and historical construction, can explain the contemporary conceptions of motherhood (3).
Factors such as age, socioeconomic status, mental health and physical and functional status lead to a process of social appraisal, which influences women's capacity to fulfill the responsibilities of being a mother. This is enhanced for women with disabilities (part of the groups traditionally considered unfit for motherhood), because they do not fulfill the social expectations of health and independence to perform this function (1).
Contemporary society knows little about pregnant women with mobility difficulties (4), and even less about wheelchair users who have become mothers. The few publications directed to this population address biological aspects and difficulties inherent to the limitations imposed by the disability.
A study conducted in Turkey with 326 midwifery students found that they cannot communicate or experience difficulty in establishing communication with women with disabilities. And, 96.9% of these students did not take courses about disabled women's reproductive health problems (5).
Nursing professionals have an important role in this scenario because, in addition to providing comprehensive care to attend the needs of these women, they are also concerned with the interference of socio-cultural relations in their decision-making process and with the autonomy of the disabled woman, thus providing a support network (6).
From this perspective, the transitions theory, elaborated by the nurse Afaf Ibrahim Meleis was used as a theoretical support. It defines transition as the passage from a state of stability to another state of stability, with an in-between phase of instability. For nursing care purposes, this period of instability is divided and analyzed in several parts, the main ones being: transition types, facilitators and inhibitors and patterns of response (7-8).
It is important to carry out qualitative studies addressing aspects related to motherhood and mothering, not only for women who are wheelchair users, but also for women with any type of disability.
This study is part of the master's dissertation entitled: "Pregnancy on Wheels: health care for the women in wheelchairs during prenatal, childbirth and puerperium", that related the issue of maternity to disability, defended at UFRJ/EEAN. The broader study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of EEAN/HESFA on March 29, 2011. All ethical requirements recommended by Resolution 466/12 of the CNS/MS were followed. After the presentation of the objectives and clarifications about the research, the study participants signed the Informed Consent Form.
Theoretical and methodological framework
The life history approach, with the methodological framework of Daniel Bertaux was adopted (9). The theoretical framework was the Transitions Theory, elaborated by Nurse Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (8).
The flowchart of the Transitions Theory comprises: the type of the transition experienced by the individual - which can be developmental (related to the life cycle), situational (change of social roles of family conditions), health and illness (process of illness) and organizational (social, economic and organizational influences on the individual).
The patterns of the transition, which can be single or multiple, sequential or not and related or not (7-8).
The properties of the transition, which include: awareness, engagement in the process, change and difference, time span and critical events (7). Facilitators and inhibitors include personal conditions (meaning, beliefs, values and socioeconomic conditions), community conditions, and social issues of the individual. Patterns of response evaluate progress and outcome indicators within the transition process. Progress indicators analyze feelings of integration with social networks, trust and coping. Outcome indicators are related to the abilities and the identities that the individual assumes in the process of transition (7-8).
Type of study
Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study.
The Snowball technique was used to select the participants. This is a technique widely used in social research, in which one individual indicates another and so on, characterizing a snowball shape. It is adopted to establish connections between the members of a given group, and thus obtain a sample (10).
The study sample consisted of 6 participants. Inclusion criteria were: women who are wheelchair users and who became pregnant after the disability (regardless of the cause); being a resident of the state of Rio de Janeiro; and being oriented to person, place and time. There were no inclusion criteria related to civil status or age of the children. The exclusion criteria were: being under 18 years of age and having any mental illness.
Data collection and organization
Data collection occurred through an open-ended interview with the following question: describe your experience with your gestation and the health care received during prenatal, childbirth and puerperium. The interviews took place in the household of the respondent, from May to August 2011, and were carried out until reaching saturation point (when the researcher has the impression of not apprehending anything new referring to the object of study after a certain number of interviews). The interviews were immediately transcribed so that the saturation point could be identified (9). The participants' anonymity and privacy were guaranteed. They were identified by the abbreviation W (Women) and arranged in sequence, according to the order of the interviews.
Narrative analysis
The thematic analysis was the analytical process used (9). The transcribed empirical material (narratives) were read and grouped by similarity, allowing the emergence of common themes. After grouping the themes, the narratives were reread and synthetized, which gave rise to one analytical category and three subcategories: Category 1- From woman in wheelchair to mother in wheelchair: assuming new roles; Subcategory 1-Facilitators and inhibitors in the transition to motherhood/mothering for women in wheelchairs; Subcategory 2 - Patterns of responses in the transition to motherhood/mothering for women in wheelchairs; Subcategory 3 - Nursing Therapy for women in wheelchairs in the transition to motherhood/mothering.
All women participating in the research became disabled after their birth. Three were in wheelchairs due to sequelae of polio, two due to traumatic injuries and one due to cerebral palsy, leading them to paraplegia and quadriplegia.
The narratives showed that the society and some professionals in the scientific community discourage these women to become mothers, as happened with the first participant interviewed. She was stabbed at age nine and suffered a spinal cord injury.
I thought I would never be able to have a baby, because on my last day at the hospital the orthopedic doctor who took care of me said so to my mother: mother, your daughter can walk again and stop wearing a diaper, but she will never be able to be a mother [...]That was imprinted in my mind since I was 15 years old. (W1)
Four women said that their first disincentive to motherhood was the orientation of health professionals, justified by their deficiency. The stereotype of incapacity for motherhood interferes with the judgment and clinical diagnosis of these women, compromising their therapeutic care.
They did a transvaginal ultrasound and they saw the gestational sac, but they said it was my probe balloon. [...]They returned to do a new ultrasound. The same doctor who did the other said that he had made a mistake, that it was a child, that perhaps he had used his emotion instead of reason because he did not believe that a quadriplegic could be pregnant. (W2)
The society's common-sense regarding women in wheelchairs is a barrier that has sometimes led to the respondents' belief in their incapacity.
When I got pregnant [...] everyone thought I was ill. I felt very sick and I lost a lot of weight [...]And everyone said, you're going to die! You're sick, you're not pregnant! (W1)
Although the narratives of the six participants present a normative and repressive society, they received congratulations from their families after the announcement of the pregnancy. However, the women's narratives revealed, along with the manifestation of joy from their families, feelings such as fear and apprehension due to their condition. For some participants, the low expectation led to the disapproval of their pregnancy, culminating in marriage dissolution.
I have already decided. I want my child, I choose him, and if you don't want to be with me you can follow your destiny. It was the first time we split up [...]. (W5)
Even with the obstacles faced by these women, comforting and warm-hearted narratives based on faith were observed. The great desire to be a mother, the certainty of pregnancy and even the choice of the child's name, showed the influence of religiosity. The participant W5 did not have the support of her husband, who said he was not prepared to be a father. Faith was a powerful foundation for these women, encouraging and stimulating the completion of their journey as mothers and their choice of having her child without the presence of the father and assuming this responsibility alone.
I got pregnant and that day I knew I was going to get pregnant because I wanted to be a mother. And that very day I knew it was going to be a boy. And that very day I had already chosen the name. I'm a devotee of Saint George, because I'm a spiritualist and that day I told myself, I'm going to get pregnant and my son's name will be Jorge. (M5)
Regarding the process of maternal care, the majority of the participants were desirous of motherhood and confident about the perspective of caring for their children. Only one of the participants mentioned in her narrative the fear and apprehension of not being a good mother. Even after getting pregnant, she still did not want to have children. Her pregnancy was not planned, she became pregnant from a friend and hid the pregnancy for a while for fear of the reaction of her family and the father. Her disability was not pointed as the reason for not wanting children.
When I discovered that I was pregnant with my first daughter, I did not want it. [...] Until my eighth month it consumed me. I did not feel like a mother. (M6).
Three women experienced more than once the experience of having a child. One was enthusiastic, unlike in her first pregnancy, when she was afraid of not being a good mother. The other two were startled by the news, not because of their disability, but due to the age of their firstborn.
After the gestation process, there was their desire to have healthy children. People close to these women tried to dissuade them from the idea of bearing unhealthy children; however, these concerns were present and generated negative expectations in relatives and health professionals, including the possibility of not having a full-term pregnancy or of fetal death.
People thought they were all going to be born crippled (laughs), all of them walking in crutches in the streets [laughs] . I think people believed that my babies were already coming from the maternity in a wheelchair, using crutches. (W3)
The narratives of the interviewees refer to a feeling of mothering, represented by the mother-baby bond and by the force of overcoming the obstacles imposed by physical limitations, such as fulfilling socially constructed maternal demands. Denying that their disability is a limitation for the care of their child reinforces the feeling of mothering, which is fully exercised by the interviewees.
You're crazy, how are you going to take care of a child? How are you going to hold her to breastfeed? Even me, disabled [...] I can do much more for my daughter than many people. If she wants to nurse at dawn and I'm lying down, I have to have someone to help me. (M2)
Despite of their confidence, the participants reported difficulties to return home with their child, mainly in relation to maternal care. Their narratives show that this is a moment of mother-child adaptation, as it happens with non-disabled mothers, who may sometimes need the help of another person or a professional.
We need someone to help, to take care of the baby during feeding, to change the diapers. Because there's no way, especially if we have a C-section. How does a person in a wheelchair, who makes a gigantic force to get up, to sit down, is going to make an even bigger force to get up after a surgery? (M3)
We discuss the experiences of women in wheelchairs who have had children, and analyze them on the light of Afaf Ibrahim Meleis's Transitions Theory and its four pillars: the type of the transition, the facilitators and inhibitors of the transition, the patterns of response and nursing therapy.
Category 1- From woman in wheelchair to mother in wheelchair: assuming new roles
In dialogue with the theory, the terms motherhood and mothering were used as a way of distinguishing the physiological and congenital relationship between the mother and child from the emotional attachment developed during the process of reception and approximation between them (3). From an early age, women are socially convinced that motherhood is necessary to make them feel complete. Culturally, motherhood is naturalized. Both as a biological destiny and as a social value, conception is part of the female universe (11). The narratives showed that this is not the reality of women in wheelchairs.
In the Transitions Theory, the nature of the transition defines its type, which can be developmental (related to the life cycle), situational (change of social roles or family conditions), health and illness (process of illness) and organizational (social, economic and organizational influences on the individual). In this step, we also include the pattern of transition, which determines if the transitions are single or multiple, sequential or not and related or not. The property of transition includes awareness, engagement in the process, change and difference, time span and critical events (8).
The developmental transitions described in theory are the situations related to the life cycle (8). This type of transition occurred in all women in the study and manifested with gestation, childbirth, caring for a child and with the passage from woman to mother, as occurs for non-disabled women (2-8).
All the women interviewed presented some type of physical disability, representing a special condition, an adverse situation. Two of the interviewees (W5 and W6) had to assume the role of mother and father, due to the absence of the paternal figure. W6 got pregnant from a friend and the birth led to a distance between them. W5 broke up her relationship because the father did not accept the pregnancy. These scenarios represent situational transitions, considering the changes of roles to be performed, as shown in Figure 1(8).
Source: (MELEIS, 2010).
Stages of the transition of disabled women according to the flowchart of the Transitions Theory
The condition of disability is not directly or physiologically related to the condition of being a mother; however, the correlation between motherhood and disability is undeniable and can be frequently seen in the narratives of the participants. This way, the patterns of transition are considered related and multiple, since there is more than one type of transition occurring. Also, we can consider them sequential, due to the experience of a situational transition during the developmental transition of gestation.
Awareness, the first property of transition, is consistently demonstrated, since the pregnancy is desired and even planned by some of the women. However, engagement is fragile ever since gestation. Consequently, the possibility of mothering has its effectiveness frequently questioned. And, if the person does not search for information, there is no way to debate these questions.
The health professional must translate the feelings presented by these women, whether or not they are ready for mothering. Progressive approaches and the clarification of their doubts, frustrations and longings will help the development of mothering (12).
Studies reveal that the pregnancy of women in wheelchairs is the realization of a dream and an affirmation of their femininity and self-esteem. However, they must make great efforts to respond to social expectations and become good mothers (13-14).
The properties of change and difference refer respectively to the disturbing elements in the transition process and the expectations created in the process, whether they are met or not (8). The change of these women occurred with the confirmation of pregnancy and the development of concerns about pregnancy and puerperium. The difference properties observed were positive, related to the ability to procreate with the disability and to take care of their children.
The disability is a transition marker for the participants, considering the studied object reflected in maternal desire; however, the time span was between the discovery of the pregnancy and the return to routine activities at home, associated with the contact with the child. The critical events of the transition of these women were the pregnancy and puerperium processes, the mother-child bonding and the desire/fear of caring for their children.
Regarding the transition properties related to development and community conditions, the lack of a pursuit of knowledge to clarify doubts related to the pregnancy process, the arrival of a child and the becoming of a mother was evidenced. This lack of understanding generates fear in both the woman and the family.
Subcategory 1.1 - Facilitators and inhibitors in the transition to motherhood/mothering for women in wheelchairs
The transition conditions include personal, community and social conditions that facilitate or hinder the transition process. Personal conditions include meanings, preparation and knowledge for transition and socioeconomic status (8). The meaning of both motherhood and mothering was a facilitator for all the participants, in view of their desire of motherhood (exercising their role of motherhood), as well as the desire for mothering (characterized by protection, care and bond with the baby).
The beliefs and values are factors that influence the cultural construction of the individual and his social context (8). In the study, they were both facilitators and inhibitors, because despite of their hope and faith in a normal pregnancy and puerperium, the participants were also afraid for the child's health and of a possible inability to care for them.
Many women with disabilities may not feel prepared for motherhood, which they see as a challenge. They may deny the possibility of procreation or, when they are already mothers, they can feel guilty about their child's care (1).
Little-discussed issues related to the pregnancy and childbirth of these women exert a great influence on society and even on health professionals, raising doubts about the possibility of a woman with mobility disability bearing a child. Lack of preparation and knowledge were inhibitors of the transition. Inhibitors observed in the narratives of these women were related to the lack of information from health professionals regarding their gestation and labor, which puts them in a situation of vulnerability and passivity.
The community is understood as a social combination in which a particular social unit, non-egoistic and with a prominent emotional component, stands out. The family and other social groups are a support network that influence the desire for motherhood and mothering (14). Some of the participants did not have the support from their family or their spouse in their motherhood. This is because these women do not fit imposed aesthetic standards and society does not believe that they can assume roles as wives, mothers and caregivers. These factors demonstrate a prejudiced view of the motherhood of women who are wheelchair users.
Society is considered complex and polysemous. It can be seen as structural, definer of morality and of intelligible standards, and as solidary, stimulator of connections between people (15).
The concept of society is related to the social issues that interfere in the motherhood of women in wheelchairs. The family, the spouse and most health professionals act as structural society and inhibitors in the transition process, perpetuating stereotypes of incapacity and prejudiced attitudes.
Although few, there were some family members and a single health professional who provided a support network that facilitated transition and solidarity. The narratives of Spanish women with disabilities pointed out to stereotypes rooted in society as generators of pressure in the family environment and even in health systems. The same thing happens in Brazilian society (16).
Subcategory 1.2 - Patterns of responses in the transition to motherhood/mothering for women in wheelchairs
Patterns of response to motherhood/mothering include progress and outcome indicators in Transition Theory. Patterns of response include progress indicators in the transition process (integration with the social network, trust, and coping) and outcome indicators (such as the abilities and the identities that the individual assumes to make the transition) (5-6).
Progress indicators evaluate the transition of women in wheelchairs through the connections, interactions and location of these woman in the transition process (6). There was an attempt to develop support networks ever since the pregnancy process, and in motherhood and mothering.
The outcome indicators are related to the skills and behaviors required to deal with the new reality. The mastery of these skills is associated with healthy outcomes of the transition and redefinition of self-concepts (6). Disabled women have proved to be extremely skilled and able to make adaptations to care for their children, albeit with help from family or caregivers. Despite several attempts of social repression of their motherhood, they assumed the identity of mothers.
The process of transition of women in wheelchairs showed that motherhood is a phenomenon still to be unveiled and that is not limited by disability.
Subcategory 1.3 - Nursing Therapy for women in wheelchairs in the transition to motherhood/mothering
Nursing professionals have an important role in the motherhood and mothering of women who are in wheelchairs. Nursing therapy is responsible for role supplementation, which is the name given to nursing care aimed at filling the gaps that are essential in the transition process (8).
Nursing professionals should, still in prenatal care, identify the demands of these women and guide the care of their child and family. Tasks such as placing the child on the lap may not be so simple when the mother uses a wheelchair, because the child must be attached to the mother's trunk to avoid falls (17).
The birth of a child requires a lot of care measures, and disabled women need to adapt to these new demands. Bathing the baby is a task that generates fear and dependence on other people (17). The nurse, along with the mother and the family, must find strategies that increase their independence, such as placing the tub outside the shower and at a height that allow safe movements of these women
Traditional cradles and changers are inaccessible to these women. Cradles must be adapted with a lateral opening that gives access to the child. Changers need to have a space to accommodate the wheelchair. When it is not possible to buy adapted furniture, the baby ends up lying on the floor or in the bed (17).
Motherhood is not an easy task and disability can make it even more difficult. Therefore, support is an indispensable factor to exercise this role in a satisfactory way. The nurse should encourage the participation of the father and family in the care of this child and the engagement with this woman, so that this transition can be experienced in a healthy way.
Health professionals should take ownership of the care of the person with a disability and take actions that give these women confidence and strength, ensuring their social inclusion. In addition, these professionals should avoid communication barriers and information deficits in the pregnancy, delivery and puerperium of these women, providing accessible information and sensible care for this population (18).
The follow-up of this pregnancy should be carried out primarily by professionals who have experience in the care of people with disabilities and who are willing to walk side by side with these women. The women should seek support in other mothers with disabilities. The creation of conversation circles and meetings with these mothers is important in this process. In this context, it is necessary to give visibility to these women, stimulating the importance of being critical and believing in their potential (18).
Inclusive policies addressing the rights of women with disabilities, especially in matters related to motherhood, are necessary. The decision of having children or not and of how they to lead their lives must be respected, treating them with dignity (16).
Limitations of the study
A limitation of the present study was the difficulty to find women who were wheelchair users, regardless of the cause, and who became pregnant, which explains the reduced number of participants. It is necessary to carry out new research to complement and collaborate with the subject in question.
Contributions to the area of nursing, health or public policies
Through the understanding of each life narrative unveiled, nursing and other health professionals can create a place of respect for the subjectivity of these women, preserving their feelings and accepting their choices, their potentialities and their limitations, which will reflect in the care actions provided by the multidisciplinary team.
Women who are in wheelchairs have a great challenge to face when it comes to motherhood and mothering, especially given the social and institutional conditions established in the health and family settings. The desire to be a mother was the main starter in the transition of these women, and it generated insufficiencies in the transition. Some limitations identified influenced the transition process of these women.
Motherhood and mothering were not limited by the disability of women in wheelchairs. The main obstacles were prejudice, creation of stereotypes of incapacity and the lack of scientific knowledge of health professionals. The reproductive rights of women with disabilities must be respected and, for this, inclusive policies focused on women with disabilities should be adopted.
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text:
Bolam
Surname: Bolam
Christian Names: Rodney
State or Province: Quensland
City or Town: Goomeri
Rodney Bolam has never served in the Australian Military or Defence Forces. He even failed the call-up for National Service as he was rejected after attempting to volunteer . Undeterred by this state of affairs, Bolam decided to steal the identity of a genuine veteran and use this for his own purposes. Masquerading as a former SASR soldier and wearing fake medals including a Military Cross identical to the real veteran, he attempted to start a Special Air Service Association in Cairns, Far North Queensland. When confronted about the veracity of his claims and his claimed identity, true to form with imposters, he threatened legal action.
The accompanying newspaper articles tell the rest.
There is no need for expansion on the fine job done by the reporters in the accompanying articles. Read it all and judge this man for yourself.
Be warned, Rodney Bolam may be residing in your area and still pulling the same caper. If so, CPMH would be interested in knowing his whereabouts so the authorities can be notified.
Update Rodney Allan Bolam aka Rodney Allan McAuley
Rodney Bolam has shown up in Goomeri Queensland, a small town in the Burnett region with a population of just under 500 people and a Returned Services League (RSL) Sub Branch to which Bolam had attached himself. Here is a recent photograph taken at the Goomeri RSL.
We have now learned that Rodney Bolam has served in the Army, but under a different name. He served as 2789041 Rodney Allan McAuley. He was enlisted as a National Serviceman on the 7th Feb 1968 and after initial assessment became an Officer Cadet, which is a Commissioned Officer in training. He was unsuccessful as an Officer Candidate and was discharged from the Army on 9th Nov 1968. Here is his Discharge Certificate:
At some stage after his departure from the Military, Bolam changed his name from Rodney Allan McAuley to Rodney Allan Bolam. He was caught lying about his military service in Cairns, Queensland and charged and convicted in Darwin, Northern Territory by Federal Police. Now he is committing the same offences in Goomeri Queensland.
In Goomeri he was the official flag raiser for the Goomeri RSL. As a member of the RSL he kept quiet about his false military exploits, but was quick to relate stories to any "out of towners" who would listen to him. On the 16 Jul 2012 he met a genuine veteran visiting Goomeri. That Veteran has provided a Statutory Declaration regarding the casual meeting. Here are excerpts from the Statutory Declaration.
"We were introduced to him as Rodney McAuley and he was told that I also was a Vietnam Veteran as was this person. This chap was very engaging and I invited him to join us and we got to talk about our Vietnam experiences.
He said he volunteered for National Service rather than wait for his number to come up, (he said it actually did come up in anyway) and a couple of days after recruit training started he applied for officer training and he and another recruit were accepted.
He went to Scheyville and graduated as a 2nd Lieutenant and went to Vietnam in C Company 2 RAR. He said he was there during the TET Offensive and also at Fire Support Base CORAL.
He said he retired in 1975 with the rank of Captain.
He also revealed he had only just got his TPI pension. He got caught between two mortars and that they were still digging shrapnel out of his back. He told me of the American hospital he was evacuated to (not Vung Tau) but I can't remember the name.
I, normally a strong skeptic, was thoroughly convinced, and produced my iPad with a few pictures including ones on my old unit's xxxxxx xxxxxxx web site. This man knew all the military jargon and upon seeing a photo soon pointed out points of interest around Nui Dat. He also recognized photos of CORAL. quite a few other fanciful stories told by him emerged.
I told him quite a few of my personal experiences of my service in Vietnam and no doubt if he goes onto another similar adventure in another town they will be added to his personal library of experiences and naturally I feel uncomfortable about this. After decades of perfecting this technique he may very well surely succeed again"
Bolam did not graduate from training as a commissioned officer, but was discharged from the Army before he completed the Officer Training course.
He never served in Vietnam, never attained the rank of Captain, and was never wounded in action. He is a liar a fraud and a wannabe and should be treated as such by all who meet him.
Bolam aka McAuley is an enemy of Veterans, do not allow him to continue stealing the honour of Returned Servicemen and Women.
Surname: Booth
Christian Names: Ian/Iain Mongomory
State or Province: Angeles City
City or Town: Angeles city
Service #: 02407
Service: Royal Australian Navy
Branch: Seaman
Completion of service: Jun 71
Iain Booth was born on the 25 April, 1949. In 1967, he enlisted in the Royal Australian Navy as a Cadet Midshipman. In the following years he progressed to Sub Lieutenant. He is a Medals Cheat and a false pretender. Booth wears seven medals. He is entitled to wear four.
In the above 2017 Remembrance Day photograph, taken at Angeles City, near Manilla, Phillipines, Booth is wearing the following medals.
1. The Australian Active Serve Medal - (AASM) Entitled.2. Vietnam Medal. (VM) Not entitled
3. Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal. – (VLSM) Entitled.
4. Australian Service Medal. (ASM) Entitled
5. Australian Defence Medal. (ADM)Entitled.
6. U.S Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, with a "Combat V clasp. Not entitled.
7. Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. (RVCM) Not entitled.
Concerns were raised by individuals in Australia and the Phillippines, regarding Australian military medals worn by Booth. He also falsely claimed service on HMAS Hobart, a Royal Australian Navy Destroyer, in June, 1968. ANZMI are in possession of signed statements of fact in regards to lies told by Booth regarding Hobart service, at the time he claims. .
It appears that the medals he wears are not consistent with his actual RAN service. In particular, the VM and the VLSM cannot be worn together. You are issued with one or the other. He has been warned in writing several times by RSL Sub Branch Executives about not conforming with medals protocols and wearing medals he is not entitled to. Booth also made other comments to others about his alleged RAN service that are false.
ANZMI then researched the public records, regarding the Royal Australian Navy career of Ian Booth, as he was known then, and arrived at the same conclusion. He has since changed his first name to "Iain."
ANZMI then communicated with Mr Iain Booth and asked him for a summary of his Naval service and the medals that he wears. His response, inter alia, is below -;
I readily concede that there has been an error in my medal issue and that the VLSM cannot be issued with the Vietnam Medal, but the fact that my medals were all issued and named to me is not my error and I therefore feel that I am entitled to wear them. It would be less than prudent to knowingly wear medals that were supposedly not issued together (unless in error) as this would doubtlessly bring into question my entitlement.
Following that idiotic statement, we believe that Booth not only lives in another country, he lives on another planet.
We should all be glad that the Department of Defence did not send him a Victoria Cross in "error". With Booth's view on medals protocol, he would have had that medal court mounted and worn as well, claiming that he is entitled to wear it, as "it was not his error!"
The three medals that Booth and ANZMI know that he is not entitled to wear, are the Vietnam Medal (VM), the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. (RVCM) and the United States Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, with clasp.
1. The Vietnam Medal.
Qualification requirement
Qualifying service for the Vietnam Medal includes:
• 28 days in ships or craft on inland waters or off the coast of Vietnam.
• One or more days on the posted strength of a unit or formation on land.
• One operational sortie over Vietnam or Vietnamese water by aircrew on the posted strength of a unit.
• Official visits either continuous or aggregate of 30 days.
• One day or more by members of accredited philanthropic organisations attached to Australian forces in an official capacity for full-time duty. between 29 May 1964 and 27 January 1973.
2. The Republic of Vietnam Medal.
The Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal was awarded to Australian military personnel for service in South Vietnam during the period 31 July 1962 to 28 March 1973. The requirements for the award are: at least 181 days service, either continuous or aggregated, unless killed on active service (KIA); or wounded in action (includes psychological injury)[9] and evacuated (medically evacuated other than being wounded does not meet requirement for medal); or captured and later released or escaped.
Booth blames the Department of Defence for "the error". He knows that it is wrong, but he fraudulently had the medals court mounted, and wears them on official occasions illegally. If you believe his suspect story that the medals were sent to him "in error". why didn't he just return them.
ANZMI asked Booth if he did actually serve in Vietnam, what period he served, what ship or ships he was a crew member of, and what medals was he actually entitled to? He stated that he was unable to recall unless he looked through his records, that were in a garage somewhere in Australia. After two further requests, Booth did not give any specific details of his Vietnam service, other than to respond "that there are other ships I served on in the operational area."
The below Vietnam War Service Certificate issued, purportedly by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA), indicates that Booth served in Vietnam Waters for 413 days. It lists the following ships that Booth allegedly served on in Vietnam during the qualifying period 1962 to 1973..
1. HMAS Sydney
2. HMAS Parramatta.
3. HMAS Yarra
4. HMAS Hobart
5. CINPAC. (Commander in Chief Pacific)
The certificate is false. It is a forgery. Only one person could benefit from this forged document. The person who submitted it to the Angeles City RSL Sub Branch.
This certificate was with other documentation submitted to the Angeles City RSL Sub Branch, by Booth, when Booth applied to transfer his membership from Hornsby RSL Sub Branch, Sydney, in November, 2016.. We know that the information that appears on this certificate is false. His name does not appear on any of the published lists of crew members, for the three, 6 month deployments to Vietnam by Hobart.
We have signed statements from members of the Angeles City RSL Sub Branch and Hornsby RSL Sub Branch, detailing that Booth claims that he was on Hobart when it was damaged by 3 missiles from a U.S.A.F aircraft.
This incident occurred on the 17 June, 1968. Two crew members were killed and others injured. Extensive damage was sustained by Hobart and we can all be thankful that there was no greater loss of life to our young men.
Booth, according to his official Navy Record, was posted on Parramatta at that time, and was nowhere near Vietnam as he has claimed. Parramatta was in Singapore Harbour undergoing lengthy repairs, when Booth deceitfully claims he was part of Hobart's crew.
Strangely, the only current Vietnam War Service Certificate for Booth on the DVA Website appears below. There is no mention of ships that Booth served on or dates served.
Vietnam War Service
Veteran Details
Name BOOTH, Ian Montgomery
Service Royal Australian Navy
Service Number O2407
Rank Sub-Lieutenant
Honours None for display
Something is amiss.
ANZMI then received another communication from Booth, where he stated that he served on the following ships on operational service in Vietnam.
Might I suggest that you check my service in the following ships -
HMAS Sydney 1967, 1968
HMAS Parramatta 1968
HMAS Yarra 1969
USS Brinkley Bass 1970
HMAS Sydney 1970 -1971
He does not mention Hobart on this occasion. He also knows that he has been caught out in regards to serving 181 days on Hobart, when it was stationed on the Gun Line, to qualify for the VM and the VCM. He has now substituted Hobart with the USS Brinkley Bass, a United States Navy Destroyer, that served on and off in Vietnam waters for short periods in 1970. According to our research, Booth was never attached to that ship for any period of time. There are no records of him serving on that ship.
He also claims Vietnam service on HMAS Yarra 1969. Yarra did not have qualifying operational service in Vietnam in 1969. It escorted the Aircraft Carrier HMAS Sydney to Vung Tau, Vietnam in the last week of February, 1970. (Ships Record of Proceedings)
We know that Booth did not spend 413 days in the qualifying area of Vietnam, as indicated on his false certificate. He is not entitled to wear the Vietnam medal or the Vietnam Campaign Medal. (181 days or more) His Certificate of Vietnam Service, allegedly issued by the Department of Veterans Affairs is a lie, and Booth knows it.
His National Archives Australia Naval records, indicate that he was posted to the Sydney when it travelled to Vung Tau Harbour, Vietnam, on the 27 December, 1967. The ship arrived at 0700 hours that date and left at 1450hrs. A total of about 8 hours. However, qualifying time is accredited from the time the ship left the last Australian Port of Fremantle until its return to Australia 14 days later. His records disclose that he was also a crew member of Sydney when it sailed to Vietnam in late January, 1968 and spent 7 hours in Vung Tau Harbour on the 3 February, 1968.
Also Booths Naval Record indicates that he was on Parramatta between March and July, 1968. On 9 April, 1968. Parramatta visited Vung Tau Harbour for 9 hours escorting Sydney.
It appears then, that Booth deployed on Sydney in December 1967 and February. 1968, to Vung Tau Harbour and then on Parramatta in April, 1968. That being the case, he is entitled to wear the AASM, and the VLSM for those three trips and accumulated 24 hours in the port of Vung Tau..
He is not entitled to wear the Vietnam medal or the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.
The above medal that he wears between the ADM and the VCM is the United States Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal. Booth has added the "Combat V" clasp to the medal that he wears. The medal is awarded for -;
The (U.S) Navy and Marine Corps Commendation medal may be awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the Navy or Marine Corps (including foreign military personnel), distinguishes himself/herself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service. To merit this award, the acts or services must be accomplished or performed in a manner above that normally expected and sufficient to distinguish the individual above those performing similar services as set forth in the following -;
For Meritorious Achievement. Outstanding and worthy of special recognition,
For Meritorious Service. Outstanding and worthy of special recognition, but not to the degree required for the Bronze Star Medal or Air Medal when combat is involved or the Meritorious Service Medal or Air Medal when combat is not involved.
For Acts of Heroism. Worthy of special recognition, but not to the degree required for the Bronze Star Medal when combat is involved or the Navy and Marine Corps Medal when combat is not involved.
No records exist of Booth having been awarded the United States Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal. Sadly, he has purchased this medal and awarded to himself..
ANZMI sent Booth an email inquiring about his claim to the United States Navy and Marine Corps Commendation medal with the Combat V clasp. His response was that he was never awarded a Commendation Medal.
From Booth February 2018 -
"I'm a little confused regarding your statement about my being awarded a Commendation Medal. I have never been awarded one. Perhaps you can enlighten me as to the origin of this"..
We certainly agree with Booth, that "he has never been awarded the medal and clasp" in question. Memory failure perhaps? We think not.
We also have statements from RSL members that Booth has claimed that he was a crew member of the RAN Submarine HMAS Onslow. We know that he underwent Submarine Training, but he was never posted as a crew member to Onslow or any other RAN Submarine. Again, no records exist regarding this claim.
For his accumulated 24 hours in Vung Tau Harbour, Vietnam, Booth wears 5 medals. He is entitled to 2. The Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) and the Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal (VLSM) He is also entitled to the Australian Service Medal (ASM) with clasp (FESR) for Far East Strategic Reserve Duty and the Australian Defence Medal. (ADM)
By his own admission, Booth is a Medal Cheat and a False Pretender. His membership for the Angeles City RSL Sub Branch should be cancelled. He also owes them an explanation and an apology. He is a fraud.
Surname: Boreham
Christian Names: Rick
City or Town: Auckland
Service: Army Reserve/RAAF
Branch: Signals
Commencement of service: Oct 1988
Completion of service: Nov 1995
Rick Boreham - The gentleman wannabe.
Rick Boreham is a wannabe who decided to add a bit of "excitement" to his military history. He is however a gentleman wannabe, who when confronted fell on his sword by confessing his malfeasance.
Notice Boreham is wearing an Australian Service Medal (ASM) which has a SE Asia Clasp as well as the Australian Defence Medal. He has no entitlement to the ASM.
Boreham started his career with a one year stint, from October 1989 to November 1990, in an Army Reserve, Royal Australian Corps of Signals (RA Sigs) unit, hence the badge on his beret. After discharge from the Army at "His own request". He joined the RAAF and worked as an Assistant Cook until 1995.
Here is an "edited" written explanation and apology penned by Boreham.
"Thank you for allowing me a couple of days to get back to you. I appreciate the fact that you have contacted me in the courteous manner that you did.
I'm very sorry to say that unfortunately, your enquiries will not bring up anything positive about me.
My military career was an unmitigated disaster - edited - leaving the RAAF in 1995 as an LAC Cooks Assistant (service number A63915).
paragraph edited
Edited - , I embellished and lied about my military service and took to wearing an award - the Australian Service Medal with SE Asia clasp - that I was not entitled to wear. I also told lies about the causes for my depression and PTSD claiming it to be from my service not from some harmful things that occurred –edited. It was easier for me to lie than to admit the painful truth. I am now taking medication for these conditions and will be seeking further treatment.
I regret my actions in ways that I struggle to find the words for. I come from a family with a long military history and I now have to live with the fact that not only have I bought shame upon myself, but also on the memory of those members of my family who came before me.
I apologise unreservedly for any offence that I have caused to genuine veterans and ask that you show me some mercy as I try to re-build my life and my career.
Once again, I apologise for the stupidity of my actions and for the offence caused and understand that as a former member of the ADF, I should have known better.
section edited
Thank you again for the courtesy of your approach.
Rick Boreham"
Boreham also penned a resume for himself detailing his RAAF career. The duties are somewhat different from that expected of a Leading Aircraftsman, Assistant Cook who would normally be peeling spuds. See below:
"Time of service: October 1988 – November 1995 (7 years 2 months)
Duties undertaken during service:
•Security Operations providing protection to aircraft, personnel and infrastructure
•Manning of Observation Posts (OPs), Listening Posts (LPs) and standing patrols to detect and interdict enemy movement
•Quick Reaction Force (QRF) duties in response to identified threats
•Manning of crew served weapons
•Foot and vehicle patrolling
•Construction of field defences and obstacles such as weapon pits and bunkers, fences and vehicle check points (VCPs)
•Search and clearance operations
•Security for special events
•Specialised secure military communications
•Electronic data processing
•Manning mobile communications detachments
•Laying and maintenance of communications cables"
Boreham has exaggerated his Defence Service and worn a medal he did not earn, therefore he has earned a place on our web site. It is also noted that he exhibits courage by confessing and apologizing. Most of the criminals and medals cheats who appear here, when caught, immediately, deny, feign illness, threaten physical retribution or threaten devastating legal action.
Boreham did none of that and although we have named and shamed him we wish him well.
Boulter
Surname: Boulter
Christian Names: William Charles aka Tony
City or Town: Tennant Creek
Service: Unknown
Branch: Claims Infantry
Commencement of service: Unknown
Boulter is one of the worst of the worst. He is a "Big wheel" in the Northern Territory town of Tennant Creek. He has been involved in local Government for
many years and has been admired as a Returned Veteran.
These are the medals he is wearing:
Australian Active Service Medal (AASM)Not entitled
Korea Medal Not entitled
United Nations Korea Service Medal Not entitled
General Service Medal (Clasp Malaysia) Not entitled and worn in the wrong place
Australian Service Medal (Clasp PNG) Not entitled
Australia Defence Medal - Unlikely to be entitled
Commemoration of National Service Medal - Unlikely to be entitled
Papua New Guinea Independence Medal 1975. Entitlement unknown
Papua New Guinea Anniversary of Independence 1975 - 1985 - Entitlement unknown
Most of his medals are false.
We have a Statutory Declaration detailing what Boulter has said about his service:
"he has stood up stated his name number and rank with the Papua New Guinea Volunteer Rifles (PNGVR) Korea," He further said:
"no there were only 4 or 5 of us that volunteered and we made our way up to Malaysia and worked with the Australians. I asked who were you attached to? his reply was. We just joined in with the Australian units and then went to Korea. He states he was in the Battle of Kapyong, He wears Korean medals/Malayan and PNG medals, I asked who issued the Australian medals he straight away said the Australian Government. He is not listed on the Department of Veterans Affairs Nominal Roll as being a Korea Veteran. When asked about this he stated it's because he was PNGVR and not registered with the Australian Army."
Boulter was born in July 1935. He could not have been serving with Papua New Guinea Volunteer Rifles (PNGVR) "before making his way to Malaysia" as he would have been only Fifteen years of age and could not have enlisted in PNGVR . In any case PNGVR was disbanded after WW2 and reformed in March 1951. So at Fifteen years of age Boulter would have to joined PNGVR in March 1951, then did some fighting with Australian units in Malaysia before arriving in Korea to fight in the Battle of Kapyong in April 1951 one month later, aged Fifteen years.
He also said that "PNGVR personnel were not registered with the Australian Army" PNGVR was, and until again disbanded in 1973, a unit of the Australian Citizens Military Forces (CMF) and very much part of the Australian Army, Order of Battle. . It was disbanded in 1973 as a lead up to PNG Independence in 1975.
What Boulter says is simply "hogwash" and deceitful lies, these cheats are always way behind Australian Veterans and ANZMI in splicing their lies into actual military facts and history.
The writer had the pleasure of speaking to Boulter on the phone on the 31 January 2017.
Boulter was asked "what years he had served in PNGVR". He hummed and hawed and then said "from late 1968 to 1972 when he returned to Australia". He went back to PNG in 1975 when he claimed to again serve in PNGVR. The problem is that PNGVR was disbanded in 1973. What he said, completely disproves his service in Malaysia and Korea and proves the medals he wears are false. We have been advised that Boulter is listed with the PNGVR Association as having served with PNGVR, however they were unable to advise dates of service.
Over the years he has received much kudos from the falsehood that he is a Returned Serviceman who served in war zones in Malaysia and Korea and wears all the medals to prove it. Claiming to have been present at the famous Korea Battle of Kapyong where the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment brought great credit to the ANZAC spirit through their tenacious fighting is indeed an immoral act. Here is an official Australian War Memorial excerpt:
"3 RAR lost 32 killed in action. Along with its Canadian, British, New Zealand and United States allies, 3 RAR managed to hold the advancing Chinese divisions in the Kapyong River valley for 24 hours, allowing United Nations forces further south to shore up a defensive line. It then successfully conducted a fighting withdrawal to extricate itself from encirclement and rejoin its parent brigade, exemplifying the discipline, courage and skill required to succeed in its mission. For their courageous actions, both 3 RAR and 2nd PPCLI were awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation by the United States Government."
He has his name on the Tennant Creek Returned Services League (RSL) Honour Board. He is listed in the second row, fourth from the bottom. We anticipate the Tennant Creek RSL will remove him from their prestigious Honour Board.
Boulter was never in Korea and his persona in Tennant Creek for the past 30 years has been a complete sham. Because of his explanation of "making his way to Malaysia and working with the Australians" it is a sure certainty that he never served anywhere near an Australian Army unit in Malaysia or Korea.
There is a definitive Department of Veterans Affairs Nominal Roll that lists all servicemen who served with Australian units in Korea. Boulter is not listed.
A few years ago Tennant Creek, Northern Territory Police charged Mr Jooitson "Dutchy" Van Asson for falsely wearing Defence medals. He was found guilty and fined $1,000 and given a twenty four month good behaviour bond. See here: https://www.anzmi.net/index.php/cheats-thieves/list/alpha/v
Boulter has committed the same offence of falsely claiming to be a returned serviceman and wearing false medals. We have advised the Tennant Creek Police and will let events unfold.
See the Defence Act 1903 Section VII, Parts 80A and 80B.
PART VII--OFFENCES
80A.    Falsely representing to be returned soldier, sailor orairman
80B.    Improper use of service decorations
Boulter has had thirty years of false fame as a returned Serviceman.  Doubt that he will enjoy his richly deserved future days as his Resume has turned very sour.
Welcome to the Hall of Shame William Charles (Tony) Boulter, you have used your false military service to gain favour in the Tennant Creek community and deserve your infamy.
Boxshall
Surname: Boxshall
Christian Names: Geoffrey Ronald
City or Town: Maffra
Geoffrey Ronald Boxshall is a wannabe and a liar from Maffra Victoria. He fits into the category of wannabes who claim to be Vietnam Veterans to "con" sympathy and benefits from the ones they are supposed to love. Other examples of this behaviour is shown in the Stoove, Montague Elliott, Montgomery and Bennetts exposures.
Boxshall claims to be a damaged Vietnam Veteran, when in fact he has never served as a member of the Australian Defence Force as declared on a Statutory Declaration by a close associate who has known him for his whole life. We also hold a signed statements detailing the antics that Boxshall has exhibited in his pursuit of claiming to be a damaged Vietnam Veteran. Boxshall does not appear on the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) Vietnam Nominal Roll.
The most damning evidence against Boxshall is included in a signed statement from a reliable source". He has said about his "Vietnam Service" that "The things he has seen no one should have to live with". For instance:
He had seen men, women and children tied up to hand grenades and blown up.
He was made a Sergeant during his time in "boot camp"
He was in Special Forces and parachuted behind enemy lines.
He had to crawl through swamps and sleep in pipe works, had to eat frogs and anything they could catch to survive as their food chain was cut off. Said he couldn't cook the frogs as they might be caught and that the frogs tasted like chicken.
Has cried to his family, friends and neighbours that the things he had to do and had seen no one should have to live with.
He saw some of his men stand on land mines and were blown up.
One of his men raced forward and caught a bullet meant for him and then died in his arms.
Had seen villagers killed as the Army Platoons entered the villages.
Saw young girls raped and in fact one of his men did this, and they, (his men) took a vote, took him into the scrub, shot him, took his tags and said he was killed by enemy fire.
Says he no longer marches on commemorative occasions because he no longer believes in what he fought for.
Refused to take out a war veterans housing loan because he wanted nothing more to do with them. (the Army)
Claimed he buried his dog tags in a stream near Aberfeldy in Victoria
Walked out during the war movie "Saving Private Ryan" stating that the gunfire brought back memories and that the gunfire sounded exactly as he remembered it.
Any Veteran reading these silly statements will immediately know that they could not have originated from a genuine veteran
Below is an extract from a Statutory Declaration, detailing Boxshall's modus operandi
We also hold a Resume made out by Boxshall in 2004 which includes "Full time in the Army for 18 months between 1969 and 1971"
Boxshall has for many years pretended to be a damaged Vietnam Veteran and has blamed his bad behaviour on his "war experience". He has often played the sympathy card and deceived those very close to him.
Boxshall has committed an offence against the Defence Act 1903 Part Vll Section 80A, shown below:
(1) A person is guilty of an offence if:
(b) the representation is false. Penalty: 30 penalty units or imprisonment for 6 months, or both.
In recent times there have been examples of wannabes being arraigned before the Magistrates court and penalties handed out. We live in hope that the State Police have the inclination to pursue Boxshall on behalf of all genuine returned veterans.
Boxshall has well earned his position on our web site where he will remain for the rest of his days.
Surname: Boyd
Christian Names: Michael David
City or Town: Toowoomba
Branch: Writer
Completion of service: Jan 87
Michael Boyd is presently assisting ex-service members as an Advocate with Veterans Services, RSL, Queensland Branch, based in Toowoomba.
Boyd has had a long career in public service, first, serving with the Royal Australian Navy from 1967 to 1987, and followed by several positions with the State and Federal Public Service.
The above photograph was not taken at any ex-service commemoration or official function, but is however, available on the internet for all to see.
It is said "A picture can paint a thousand words", however, in this instance only one word springs to mind, namely "Peacock"!
Boyd looks resplendent with 10 medals on that rack, along with the huge star on his lower breast, and a charming neck decoration.
The first five medals may be quite relevant to Boyd's Naval service, the remaining five medals, along with the accoutrements, are purely for 'dress-ups' and should never be seen mixed with official Australian awards for service.
The shiny trinkets relate to Boyd's membership of The Most Honourable Order of Christian Knights of the Rose. Boyd has been invested as , no less than, a Knight Commander of the Rose.
The Most Honourable Order of Christian Knights of the Rose (KoR) was created at the beginning of the third millennium with the intent of upholding values that precede the second millennium. That is, Christian standards of conduct known simply as 'chivalry'. A 'Code of Chivalry' was never really written down, but passed down through the ages. Old stories of Camelot, Charlemagne and Crusader Orders like the Knights Templar all added to its being. The KoR was created with the belief that the need for chivalry is as great today as is was in those older times in which these stories take place.
The above certificate also confers on Boyd the designation of 'DSR', for his public service to defence and Government. DSR is the abbreviation of 'Dagger Sub-Rosa'.
Dagger Sub-Rosa; this is an insignia featuring a crusader's dagger set behind an heraldic rose. It may be worn or displayed on cards and stationery by those members who have a bona-fide service history involving intelligence or investigative work in a military, law enforcement, or church related role. Internally, the member may use the post nominal DSR to indicate their personal qualification within the Order.
The question to be asked is what is Boyd's 'bona-fide service history involving intelligence or investigative work'?
Boyd's LinkedIn profile shows his employment history, starting with the Navy, where he was, apparently, quite a 'Terror of the Seas', but no mention of intelligence or investigation. This would be reasonable as he was a 'Writer' or administration clerk in civilian terminology.
Nor does the rest of his employment history disclose any hint of relevant derring-do.
Available records do not disclose any service by Boyd for the awarding of the Australian Service Medal 1945-75, or the Papua New Guinea Independence Medal. However, that does not discount his service as records beyond 1970 are not available in the public domain. Boyd was given the opportunity to confirm his entitlement to those service awards but chose not to respond.
The KoR Standard of Conduct, known simply as 'Chivalry', is the foundation of that organisation. Chivalry includes 'honesty' and parading around with pretend medals is far from honest behaviour, no matter what the time or place.
Michael David Boyd, you may now hold Court with fellow Princes', Knights, Lords and Ladies, who grace the pages of ANZMI.


text:
Federal unemployment benefits end, but Wyoming tourism worker shortage persists
Published Sunday, July 4, 2021
by Elyse Kelly | The Center Square contributor
(The Center Square) - As Wyoming gears up for another summer of increased visitation, tourism-reliant businesses are still struggling to find enough workers to operate fully.
Many business owners attribute the predicament to unemployment benefits people are receiving, Wyoming Public Media reported.
Domenic Bravo, CEO of Visit Cheyenne, echoed that thought.
"I think there were some unintended consequences when some of the benefits that were there during COVID got extended," he told The Center Square.
Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon decided to stop accepting the federal unemployment supplement in the state starting June 19. But Bravo said the timing may have been too late.
"The timing of when some of those benefits were either ended at the federal level or states ended them early: if it's mid-season by then, those that were actually seeking jobs may have found them in other sectors," he said.
promo_64j1_outdoors_-_camping_tent_trees_forest_recreation_-_istock_-_matthew_h_irvin.jpg
(c) iStock - Matthew H Irvin
David Bullard, a senior economist at the Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, Research and Planning, said that those benefits definitely make a difference in labor supply, WPM reported. But he believes the governor's decision to end them should make a difference.
"I expect that will cause some kind of shift in the labor supply curve and more people will be willing to work at that point," Bullard told WPM.
Since COVID-19, however, the landscape has altered, Bravo said.
"After COVID, things have changed just in terms of how to recruit," he said. "I think beforehand in the hospitality/tourism area we were really hard-pressed to find folks who really understood the great benefits of working in that industry: a lot of good training, upward momentum and just a fun work environment. In Cheyenne here, we call it the 'Cool Jobs Website.'"
Now it's even harder.
Bravo said the industry is going to have to work really hard to make these kinds of jobs desirable and back in the mainstream.
Before the benefits started, Bravo said many unemployed tourism workers were forced to find jobs elsewhere outside the industry. He said it will be a struggle tracking that demographic down and enticing them back to work in their previous field.
Wyoming business owners told WPM that their attempts to offer bonuses for employees who stick out the summer aren't working; however, Bravo expressed optimism that efforts by employers like hiring bonuses, increased pay, and added benefits will make a difference in building up Wyoming tourism's workforce.
Until that happens, he asks visitors to the state to be patient with businesses -- whether they order at a restaurant and the food takes longer or it isn't open certain days.
"I think employers and employees are doing the best they can, and as long as we understand and try to help each other, my hope is, in the end, it will be successful," he said.
Wyoming tourism spending down 23% last year
Wyoming's open spaces and schools are attracting travelers, job seekers
Wyoming parks officials 'excited' as 2021 shapes up to be even busier year
Wyoming's economic performance in first quarter reflects energy sector's downturn from pandemic
Wyoming Governor pushes plan to build economic resilience


text:
Mac Miller dead at 26
The world mourns the death of another great artist
Belinda Oldrati , Production Editor
Rapper, singer and record producer Mac Miller, who suffered from substance abuse and depression for years, tragically passed away at the age of 26 on Friday in his Studio City home, following an apparent drug overdose, family confirms.
The Pittsburgh native rapper, whose real name was Malcolm James McCormick, talked about his addiction in FADER's documentary, "Mac Miller – Stopped Making Excuses," published in early 2016.
"I'd rather be the corny white rapper than the drugged-out mess that can't even get out of his house. Overdosing is just not cool. There's no legendary romance. You don't go down in history because you overdosed. You just die," Miller said in the candid interview.
Miller dropped his fifth album "Swimming" just a month ago. It debuted at the top three on the US Billboard 200, and might be the most impactful album of his whole career.
The music world mourns the heartbreaking death of another great artist who was at the peak of his career. A lesson that's circuling the internet among fans is to not wait for people to die to show your love for them. Love them now.
If you or someone you know is in need of help, please contact the SAMHSA substance abuse helpline at 1-800-662-HELP.
Belinda Oldrati
Belinda Oldrati, Production Editor
Belinda Oldrati is an international student from Sweden, and one of the Production Editors of El Vaquero newspaper. She studies Journalism, TV Production,...
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text:
Q: Could not load file or assembly 'Mono.Cecil, Version=0.9.6.0; Initialize CMS application I am running website on kentico 11.
When i'm trying to host and run locally through iis am getting following error.
When am running website directly from visual studio to browser. Then i am not getting this issue.
Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code.

Exception Details: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or assembly 'Mono.Cecil, Version=0.9.6.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=0738eb9f132ed756' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.

Source Error:

Line 23:
Line 24:         // Initialize CMS application. This method should not be called from custom code.
Line 25:         InitApplication();
Line 26:     }
Line 27:

Source File: \CMS\App_Code\Global.asax.cs    Line: 25
Stack Trace:

[FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or assembly 'Mono.Cecil, Version=0.9.6.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=0738eb9f132ed756' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.]
   CMS.Core.AssemblyDiscovery.IsAssemblyDiscoverable(String filePath) +0
   CMS.Core.AssemblyDiscovery.AddOnlyDiscoverableAssembly(ICollection`1 assemblies, Dictionary`2 preloadedAssemblies, AssemblyName assemblyName, String filePath) +131
   CMS.Core.AssemblyDiscovery.ExecuteGetAssemblies(Boolean onlyDiscoverable) +1192
   CMS.Core.AssemblyDiscovery.get_DiscoverableAssemblies() +31
   CMS.Core.TypeManager.PreInitializeTypes() +193
   CMS.Core.ModuleEntryManager.PreInit() +19
   CMS.Core.AppCore.PreInit() +146
   CMS.DataEngine.CMSApplication.PreInit() +164
   CMS.DataEngine.CMSHttpApplication.InitApplication() +24
   Global..cctor() in \CMS\App_Code\Global.asax.cs:25

[TypeInitializationException: The type initializer for 'Global' threw an exception.]
   Global..ctor() +0
   ASP.global_asax..ctor() +48

[TargetInvocationException: Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation.]
   System.RuntimeTypeHandle.CreateInstance(RuntimeType type, Boolean publicOnly, Boolean noCheck, Boolean& canBeCached, RuntimeMethodHandleInternal& ctor, Boolean& bNeedSecurityCheck) +0
   System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceSlow(Boolean publicOnly, Boolean skipCheckThis, Boolean fillCache, StackCrawlMark& stackMark) +142
   System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, Boolean nonPublic) +107
   System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceImpl(BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture, Object[] activationAttributes, StackCrawlMark& stackMark) +1476
   System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture, Object[] activationAttributes) +186
   System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Object[] args, CultureInfo culture) +28
   System.Web.HttpRuntime.CreateNonPublicInstance(Type type, Object[] args) +82
   System.Web.HttpApplicationFactory.GetSpecialApplicationInstance(IntPtr appContext, HttpContext context) +174
   System.Web.Hosting.PipelineRuntime.InitializeApplication(IntPtr appContext) +347

[HttpException (0x80004005): Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation.]
   System.Web.HttpRuntime.FirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +552
   System.Web.HttpRuntime.EnsureFirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +122
   System.Web.HttpRuntime.ProcessRequestNotificationPrivate(IIS7WorkerRequest wr, HttpContext context) +737

any help is much appriciated

A: This package is added to the solution via nugets. It referenced in packages.config.
Clean and rebuild should help. Make sure the it exists in the /packages folder, if not restore nugets (or Update-Package ) for your solution and try to rebuild again. It must exists the /bin folder after the build.