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LightStream Research (LSR) was founded in 2017 with the goal of melding traditional research with alternative data and AI to provide deeper insights into companies, industries and economic conditions. Our Asian focus is centred on Japan and India with a particular emphasis on the automotive, machinery and materials sectors and the technological developments impacting them.
LSR produces financial models as well as company, sector and thematic reports. We aim to identify divergences between the superficial and underlying performance of companies by deepening our understanding of the companies' core strengths and weaknesses. To that end, we combine qualitative research involving discussions with companies and studies of the science behind new technologies with rigorous quantitative analysis using both financial and alternative data.


Hardwood flooring Fort Worth TX is one of the most popular choices for home redesign and flooring choices. Why? It is one of the easiest types of flooring to take care of, it is easier to clean, it lasts a long time, and if you do all of the above properly, it will never wear out on you. Of course, many people just love hardwood flooring because it looks better than almost any other type of flooring. For Fort Worth TX homes, hardwood flooring is the best possible approach.
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text:
RIVERS, Rupert Elwyn
49th Battalion - Edmonton
Ypres Menin Gate Memorial - West Vlaanderen - Belgium(592)
RESIDENCE: Hagersville – Ontario
DATE OF BIRTH: May 1, 1892
Perth - Ontario
DATE OF DEATH: June 5, 1916 24 years
MEMORIAL: Ypres (Menin Gate) – Ypres
Panel 24 – 28 - 30
PARENTS Mrs. Eliza Rivers - Seaforth
Occupation: Student Religion: Presbyterian
Enlistment: April 19, 1915 – Toronto into the 35th Battalion
He left Montreal with his unit after boarding the SS Metagama on Actober 16, 1915 and arrived in England on
Rupert received his education at Hibbert Public School and at Seaforth Collegiate Institute and then at the University of Toronto where he achieved his Second class Teaching Certificate. At the time of his enlistment he was teaching at Hagersville. Rupert is remembered on the University of Toronto - Roll of Service. He is also remembered on the Ontario Teacher Roll of Honour.
At midnight on June 2rd – 3rd the advance moved forward to the jumping off point and immediately the Battalion was under an enemy artillery barrage. At 2:10 am the Battalion was ready to attack but the 52nd was not there. Patrols were sent out to Concert Dugouts and another along Hill Street and the Battalion was ordered to make bombing contact with the enemy.
The Battalion was forced to advance alone left of Gourock Road and right of Warrington Avenue. They advanced until enemy machine-gun, rifle fire and artillery fire stopped their advance.
Gourock Road Trench, Warrington Avenue and Bydand were gained and they pushed further along Hill Street.
Private Rivers lost his life in battle during an attack upon Sanctuary Wood. The Battalion had advanced to the counter-attack on Sanctuary Wood on June 3rd and at the time took very heavy losses. They held the ground until they were relived on June 5th.
From our research and the reading of the battle diaries we feel confident that Private Rivers and the 49th Battalion were in the Ypres Salient and during the days of June 3rd – 4th. The Battalion was involved in a number of counter-attacks against the enemy who was positioned in Sanctuary Wood. At the end of
June 4th the casualty count for the two days was 45 men killed, 257 men wounded and 69 men missing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are 2 possible views for installing your certificate the alternate view is at the bottom of this page.
First process is to create a combined file containing the intermediate and root certificates.
Open the intermediate certificate in Notepad.
Use 'Edit-Select All' then 'Edit-Copy'.
Open a new text file with Notepad and paste the contents of the intermediate certificate.
Open the root certificate in Notepad and Copy the entire contents.
Paste the contents of the root certificate into the new text document AFTER the contents of the intermediate certificate.
Open ConsoleOne and open the ICS container for the iChain server.
Select the 'Certificates' tab and press the "Import" button.
Click 'Read from file' and browse to the combined certificate that you previously created.
Click 'Read from file' and browse to the new server certificate or paste it into the supplied window.
Click 'Finish' to install the certificate.
You may get an error indicating that the subject in the certificate does not match the subject in the object (CSR). This will be due to additional OUs in the certificate. Accept it anyway. If a validation is attempted on the certificate in ConsoleOne it will produce an error stating 'Unable to validate the certificate chain to a root certificate'.
On the iChain server click 'Apply'.
Certificates will be installed but will display an error stating '-1240 Certificate failed parsing - may need external certificate'.
Open the accelerator for the web site. The 'Certificate' drop down item in the Secure Exchange portion will now have the certificate available. Select the new certificate, click OK and then press 'Apply'.
When the Management display is refreshed the website will be secured with the new certificate.


text:
Q: Using an embedded resource font in Visual Studio VB 2022 I have been trying (without success) to use and embedded font in my VB project. I have done it before but now I can't remember how to do it. I have been searching and searching on here and other websites, but stuff I have tried isn't working.
This is the only way I can do it at the moment. It works but I want to embed the font.
Dim privateFonts As New System.Drawing.Text.PrivateFontCollection()
    privateFonts.AddFontFile("D:\somefont.ttf")
    Dim font As New System.Drawing.Font(privateFonts.Families(0), 12)
    Label1.Font = font

I have embedded the font no problem.
What code do I need to pull the font from the resource file and use it, on a label or panel, for example.
I know this has been asked so many times before, but nothing I try is working.
Thanks (with some embarrassment) in advance.
Neil.

A: I found a working solution on another site.
Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices
Public Class Form1
Public privateFontCollection As New Drawing.Text.PrivateFontCollection
Public FamilyName As String
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load
    Dim data As System.IntPtr = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(My.Resources.amstrad_cpc464.Length - 1)
    Marshal.Copy(My.Resources.amstrad_cpc464, 0, data, My.Resources.amstrad_cpc464.Length)
    privateFontCollection.AddMemoryFont(data, My.Resources.amstrad_cpc464.Length)
    Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem(data)
    Dim fnt As Font = New Font(privateFontCollection.Families(0), 15)
    Label1.Font = fnt
End Sub
End Class

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In November, I began writing for Forbes.com as a new contributor.
If you'd like to keep up-to-date on my latest writing on science and tech ethics, click here for my column.
So far, I've written about the opioid crisis, facial recognition software in Chinese video games, YouTube medicine, engineering ethics, pharmaceutical trials, and more.
One of the ways I find my story ideas is by looking through daily press releases from EurekAlert and Science Daily. If you're interested in the latest news in science and technology and are looking for a unique topic to write about, I suggest you check out those websites.
Tagged forbes, tech ethics, writing. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Iymeru vagy Aymeru ókori egyiptomi vezír volt a XIII. dinasztia idején; Anhu vezír fia.

Élete
Iymeru apja, Anhu és bátyja, Resszeneb is vezírek voltak. Wolfram Grajetzki szerint a két fivér rövid ideig töltötte be a vezíri pozíciót, mert mindkettejüknek kevés említése maradt fenn. Iymeru talán Hendzser és az őt követő Imiermesa idejében töltötte be a vezíri posztot, és talán utána is. A vezíri hivatalban Noferkaré Iymeru követte.

Iymerut Resszenebbel és Anhuval együtt említi egy sztélé, amely ma a kairói Egyiptomi Múzeumban található (CG 20690). Fennmaradt egy kisméretű granodiorit szobra is, amely ismeretlen lelőhelyről származik, és ma a torinói Museo Egizio gyűjteményében található (katalógusszám: S. 1220), ezen kifejezetten említik, hogy Anhu fia volt. A szobor eredeti feje elveszett, egy másikkal helyettesítették, ami stilisztikailag az Újbirodalom végére datálható. A helyettesítésre valószínűleg a 19. században került sor, amikor gyakori volt az ilyesmi.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Ókori egyiptomi vezírek
XIII. dinasztia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Oxford Film Festival 2019: Diverse New Voices in Faulkner Country
Josh Wiggins in Giant Little Ones
by Meredith Alloway
All We Are, Daniel Laab, Giant Little Ones, Jaanelle Yee, Jordan Noel, Jules of Light and Dark, Keith Behrman, Melanie Addington, Morgan Jon Fox, Oxford Film Festival, Oxford Film Festival 2019, Sell Your Body, The One You Never Forget, This World Alone, Will Stewart, Wrestle
Saturday night at the 16th annual Oxford Film Festival was prom—not an actual prom, but a sweet sixteen-themed awards ceremony complete with fried chicken and sangria, hosts in ballgowns and an electricity in the air where you felt the nostalgia of your own teenage dance. If you grew up in the south, like I did, your prom may not have felt anywhere as progressive as this one, and it wasn't until I was standing in the packed auditorium of the awards that I realized I had mostly seen LGBTQ, minority-focused and movies with a female gaze at the festival, which ran this February 6 to 10. Given that Oxford is in Mississippi, a short distance away from William Faulkner's beloved writing oasis, that felt like a beautiful accomplishment. Regional festivals are becoming more and more important in the film landscape, uplifting new, diverse voices in a time where people are viewing films in a group setting less and less. At Oxford, the success lay in the crop of powerful stories from fresh voices, many of which aligned with, and then furthered, our cultural conversation.
"Oxford has a long history of being an arts town and a place of liberal thinkers (William Faulkner was a great writer but also spent much of his time supporting black artists in the community for example). Our festival just goes along with what Oxford already has," executive director Melanie Addington said. Since coming onboard in 2006, she has "tripled the budget and sponsors, expanded the mission to include more education, support for female and LGBTQ filmmakers and worked to grow attendance and national awareness of the event." The hard work shines through, the festival standing out along with other southern festivals like Indie Memphis in Tennessee and Sidewalk in Alabama. Oxford's year-round programming of screenings, workshops and educational opportunities means the festival is more than just about the movies. Its mission, the college-town vibe and charming town square where festgoers strolled for barbecue and bookstores, made the atmosphere welcoming. Southern hospitality is a real thing too, and volunteers at the festival leaned into it. For anyone who's gone to a festival, or if you haven't: having consistent transportation to venues, support with housing and a slew of awesome events goes a long way.
In multiple packed theaters for shorts blocks and features, there was a community dedication to the movie-going experience. The first two days of programming featured diverse films like Call Her Ganda, This World Alone, The Gospel of Eureka and a special screening of music documentary Negro Terror with a live performance of the film's score. The delicate drama Giant Little Ones was one of the most compelling projects at the festival. Writer/director Keith Behrman's film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival before being released recently on March 1st. The story centers on Franky, played with vulnerability and nuance by Josh Wiggins, who first wowed viewers alongside Aaron Paul in Hellion. Franky and Ballas (Darren Mann) are best friends. On the swim team together, and close since they were kids, there's an apparent fragility and complexity to their relationship. On Franky's 17th birthday, a drunken sexual incident between them changes everything. Where other films might play into tropes of the high school experience, Giant Little Ones chooses honesty over cliches. As the story unfolds, the boys' connection disintegrates into a combative, one-sided feud. Rather than the plot asking "are they queer?," it instead focuses more on why there is such a negativity that radiates when the school finds out the two boys shared a sexual experience. Franky becomes close with Ballas' sister Natasha (a heart-breaking Taylor Hickson) and they bond over their mistreatment at school. She has her own trauma to cope with, something the other kids have turned against her. With supporting roles from Kyle MacLachlan and Maria Bello as Franky's parents, the acting is superb. It's refreshing to see a film more concerned with the grey areas in queer relationships, love and male ego than the black and white. There's a message of acceptance, no matter who you desire, or why, and there's a scene that evokes similar vibes to Michael Stuhlberg's beautiful monologue in Call Me By Your Name. We need more of that.
Other festival standouts included Daniel Laab's feature debut, Jules of Light and Dark. The cinematography, by Texas DP Noe Medrano Jr., is some of the best seen on the fest circuit this year. Like Giant Little Ones, the film takes a similarly reflective approach to same-sex friendships, here between Jules (Betsy Holt) and Maya (Tallie Medel). They're together romantically, until they're not. After a car accident spins them both into recovery, both mentally and physically, their bond is tested—Jules sees their connection more as a friendship. Robert Longstreet basically makes every project he's in that much better. Remember his role in Sorry to Bother You and even in The Haunting of Hill House? Here, he plays Freddy, an oil rigger who finds Maya and Jules at night after their car crash. The film is very much about unaligned desires and missed timing, but Freddy and Maya have an unlikely connection. Freddy's beer-fueled loneliness is assuaged by Maya and a dog he adopts (and later mistreats). None of the characters here are perfect, and we continually strive to even like them. But the film is shot so fluidly, and with so many close ups, that you feel connected to its subjects. Where other directors might pull your attention to plot-driving points in a frame or move on entirely, Medrano and Laabs allow you to linger with the characters. Each of their lives are moving at a molasses pace, and you feel the bittersweet lull. Medel's wide eyes reflect carefully lit settings, from swimming pools to highways, and reactions to those around her. With such an introspective lens, the story allows us to sit with the complexities of unrequited love and unlikely friendship. We're officially waiting for both Laabs and Medrano (also his feature debut) to make their next one.
Oxford's Best Narrative Feature winner, This World Alone, showed how impactful small movies (a cast of 6) tackling big subject matters (God, gender, survival) can be. Another feature debut, this one from Jordan Noel, This World Alone takes place after a cataclysmic event has left the world without technology, electricity and the luxuries of our modern lifestyle. Three women—Connie (Carrie Walrond Hood), her daughter Sam (Belle Adams), and close friend Willow (Sophie Edwards)—live together in isolation. After Willow suffers a fatal injury, Sam travels out into the world to find medicine. She unexpectedly meets a wandering boy, Levi (Brandon O'Dell), and they become companions. Coming of age, complex friendships and gender constructs were the name of the game at Oxford; this one added to that pool. In one of the opening scenes, Connie draws the two girls to an open green pasture, a baseball bat in hand. She smacks Sam's nose with it. Sam will have to get used to pain if she's going to survive in the world now. This moment is when the film really grabs you and centers its power. The buttery, saturated colors of the cinematography juxtapose with the familial tension, and the shock of a mother purposefully attacking her daughter. She does learn to fight back. While some of the film's emotional moments feel less earned than others, the minimal casting and lush visual language gives the film the intimate space to explore strength, weakness and survival—and nature's lack of gender bias in those arenas. When you remove societal structure, what does strength really mean? They're questions our cushy modern world may not always force forward into our conversations, but should.
Groups of attending filmmakers, which were many, flocked to the shorts blocks. Sometimes these get overlooked at fests, but Oxford showed no run-time bias when it came to sharing the spotlight. The "Queer Edge," "LGBTQ" and "End Times" shorts blocks turning out to be the most surprising and emotional hours spent in the theater. "End Times" was admittedly rough, in a good way: eight back to back films about death. Who programs that?! Oxford, and we were all for it. Every block was solid, an eclectic mix of genres and subject matters. The highlights, though, all seemed to have a common thread—they pushed our expectations of relationships and what they should look like. In Sell Your Body, from filmmaker Jaanelle Yee, we meet a witty med school dropout Hannah (Nadira Foster-Williams). She's about to go on a date with a couple she found on an app. As the film unfolds, there's an uneasy tension and motivations get messier. As charming as Hannah is, we'd never expect her to take these romantic measures to pay off a loan—or would we? Yee has a fearless voice and Foster-Williams makes the movie. The Dress You Have On, a film with one setting and two characters, introduces us to Libby (Jessica Mendez Siqueiros) and Jess (Dana Aliya Levinson), a married couple confronting the truths about their desires and Jess' recent gender transition. Filmmaker Courtney Hope Therond demonstrates her ability with dialogue, the two women becoming progressively more open about how they're feeling, the stakes high but never feeling melodramatic. There are many "ideas" of a break up we see on screen, but here, it feels loving, honest and holds a mirror up to anyone who's lost themselves in another person. It's also shot in a tiny, tiny bedroom and 4:3, that choice adding to the claustrophobia of their codependence.
The One You Never Forget and All We Are tied for Best LGBTQ short. In the latter, from writer/director Will Stewart (also two people in one setting! Indie filmmakers using resources wisely!), two strangers find each other through a personal ad. Over the 16 minute short, their sexual transaction becomes more emotional and we soon learn there's more under the surface for each of the men. Stewart's filmmaking feels mature, trusting in the layers of the characters, which he delicately pulls back scene by scene. We could have watched these characters in conflict for another hundred minutes. The One You Never Forget, from Morgan Jon Fox, packs an emotional punch in just nine minutes. A young boy, Carey (London Curtis), has a big day ahead—it's his first school dance. Although he acts secretive about who he's taking, or how he feels, it inspires his mother and father to think back on when they first fell for each other. Shot by lauded DP Ashley Connor (Madeline's Madeline), the film feels dreamy abnd innocent; when Carey's date shows up, Fox takes the opportunity to pull at heartstrings. Relationships can transcend any expectations we may have.
At the awards ceremony prom on Saturday night, as budding filmmakers accepted hard-earned statues for their work, Oxford was also re-defining expectations around film in the south. Announcers and artists continually reminded the room how important inclusivity is. It takes filmmakers to tell the stories, but also festivals to get those stories out to communities that might otherwise not have access. Debris, a 14-minute rollercoaster that packed in more about race in America than most features, won the Best Narrative Short award. The Alice Guy-Blaché Emerging Female Filmmaker Award, along with $1000 from the Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation, was awarded to Suzannah Herbert and Lauren Belfer for their work on the documentary Wrestle, about an Alabama state wrestling competition. Diverse films were programmed, but also celebrated and empowered. When asked how the festival allows its community to inform its broad programming, executive director Addington is passionate, and also realistic: "We try to find films that are for everyone. That does not mean every film is palatable and something for every person, but that everyone can find something to relate to in at least one of our films."
On the last day of festival, some friends took a trip to Faulkner's estate. Not far from the town square, you walk through perfectly planted trees to the finely preserved 1800s house. On the walls in one room, you can see the early scribblings of one of Faulkner's first novels. As successful as he became, and the myriad of other artifacts in the house, this room stands out. At the start of any great artist's career are those scribblings of ideas, unafraid musings and the beginnings of a new, bold voice. At Oxford Film Festival, we felt a lot of that.
Game Changers Part 4: Planning and Shooting By Michael Murie on Dec 4, 2012
"25 New Faces" Screening Next Wednesday at NYC's IFC Center By Nick Dawson on Sep 27, 2013
Matt Boyd on A Rubberband is an Unlikely Instrument (+ Exclusive Teaser) By Brandon Harris on Feb 6, 2013


text:
\section{Introduction}

The pace of advances in machine learning is frequently upper bounded by the time taken to train models. Even though hardware manufacturers continuously provide improvements in computational power~\cite{volta_whitepaper}, the community has turned to distributed solutions to further reduce training times~\cite{dean2012_distbelief} and training larger models~\cite{shazeer2017_outrageously}. However, accelerating an algorithm by distributing it across several computing devices is not always a trivial task. The communication overhead precludes the distribution of some methods beyond a reduced number of machines~\cite{chen2016_revisiting, campos2017_distributed}, and sometimes parallel training can even hinder the final performance of the model when done naively~\cite{goyal2017_accurate}. This motivates research efforts towards developing algorithms that are well suited for parallel training, from both learning and computational standpoints.

Evolution Strategies (ES)~\cite{salimans2017_es} were proposed as a scalable alternative to popular Reinforcement Learning techniques. Thanks to a reduced communication overhead, ES can be scaled to over a thousand CPU cores with almost linear speedup, providing massive improvements in wall-clock time when training agents in well-known RL benchmarks.
However, this speedup comes at the cost of a reduced data efficiency, i.e.~ES need more interactions with the environment to achieve the same score as competing methods. Even though this trade-off might not be problematic for simulated tasks, where one can turn compute into data, data efficiency is crucial for the deployment of RL agents in real world scenario, e.g.~robot manipulation tasks~\cite{riedmiller2018_sac}. Research has been conducted to improve the data efficiency of other RL methods~\cite{schaul2015_prioritized, gu2016_qprop}, and we believe that ES would benefit from similar efforts as well.

We aim at improving the data efficiency of ES, while maintaining the scalability of the original method. Our contributions can be summarized as follows: (1)~we propose Importance Weighted Evolution Strategies (IW-ES), an extension of ES that can perform more than one update per batch of experience, (2)~analyze the scalability of IW-ES from the computational standpoint, and (3)~report preliminary results for IW-ES under different configurations that provide insight on the potential of the method and possible improvements to overcome its current limitations.

\section{Background: Evolution Strategies}

The term \textit{Evolution Strategies} (ES)~\cite{rechenberg1973_evolutionsstrategie} makes reference to a class of black box optimization algorithms which implement heuristics inspired by natural evolution. However, throughout this manuscript, we will use the term to refer to the particular algorithm proposed by Salimans et al.~\cite{salimans2017_es}. This method, which belongs to the class of Natural Evolution Strategies~\cite{wierstra2008_nes, wierstra2014_nes}, was shown to be competitive for solving RL problems while exhibiting some attractive features. These features include invariance to action frequency and reward distribution, the possibility to optimize non-differentiable policies, and being highly parallelizable thanks to an efficient communication strategy.

Let $F$ denote the objective function acting on parameters $\mathbf{\theta}$, defined in RL problems as the stochastic score experienced by an agent after a complete trajectory.
ES seeks to maximize $\mathbb{E}_{\mathbf{\theta} \sim p_\psi}F(\mathbf{\theta})$, the average objective over a population of solutions $p_\psi$, using the score function estimator for the gradient.
Salimans et al.~\cite{salimans2017_es} instantiate the population as a multivariate Gaussian with diagonal covariance matrix centered at $\mathbf{\theta}$, thus obtaining the following estimator:
\begin{equation}
    \nabla_\mathbf{\theta} \mathop{\mathbb{E}_{\mathbf{\epsilon} \sim N(0, \sigma^2 \mathbf{I})}} F(\mathbf{\theta} + \mathbf{\epsilon}) =

    \frac{1}{\sigma^2} \mathop{\mathbb{E}_{\mathbf{\epsilon} \sim N(0, \sigma^2 \mathbf{I})}} \left[ F(\mathbf{\theta} + \epsilon) \mathbf{\epsilon} \right]
\end{equation}
which in practice is estimated with samples:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:es-update}
    \nabla_\mathbf{\theta} F(\mathbf{\theta}) \approx

    \frac{1}{n \sigma^2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} F(\mathbf{\theta} + \mathbf{\epsilon}_i) \mathbf{\epsilon}_i
\end{equation}

Notice that this reduces to sampling Gaussian perturbation vectors $\mathbf{\epsilon}_i \sim N(0, \mathbf{I})$, evaluating the performance of the perturbed policies and aggregating the results over a batch of samples. The communication overhead between workers is drastically reduced by sharing random seeds, resulting in a highly parallelizable method.

\section{IW-ES: Importance Weighted Evolution Strategies}

ES samples large batches of data, in the order of thousands of trajectories, which are discarded after performing a single policy update. When coupled with SGD and small step sizes, this translates into a poor data efficiency. Such inefficiency is found in most on-policy RL methods, which are unable to leverage previous experience once the policy is updated.

Inspired by the multiple SGD updates per batch of experience in PPO~\cite{schulman2017_ppo}, we propose to modify the ES algorithm to perform several updates to the policy before moving on to collecting a new batch of experience. Should each of these updates be small, it is likely that the population distributions before and after the update will have some overlap, thus making it possible to take more advantage of previous computations and reducing the number of interactions with the environment.

\subsection{Formulation}

Let $\theta^{t} \in \mathbb{R}^{|\theta|}$ denote the population mean after $t$ updates, and $\epsilon_{i}^{t} \in \mathbb{R}^{|\theta|}$ denote the perturbations for which we computed fitness scores, $F(\theta^{t} + \epsilon_{i}^{t})$. We can reuse those samples to update $\theta^{t+k}$ by relying on Importance Sampling to account for the discrepancy between the distribution of the current population and the distribution from which we are actually sampling:
\begin{equation}
    \nabla_\theta F(\theta) \approx
    \frac{1}{\sigma^2 \sum_{i} c_{i}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} F(\theta^{t} + \epsilon_{i}^{t}) (\theta^{t} + \epsilon_{i}^{t} - \theta^{t+k}) c_i

\end{equation}
where $c_i \in \mathbb{R}$ is the importance weight for the $i$-th perturbation vector. For perturbations drawn from a multivariate Gaussian distribution with diagonal covariance matrix, the computation of $c_i$ can be decomposed as follows:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:is_weight}
    c_i =
    \frac{N(\theta^{t} + \epsilon_{i}^{t} - \theta^{t+k}; 0, \sigma^2 \mathbf{I})}{N(\epsilon_{i}^{t}; 0, \sigma^2 \mathbf{I})} =
    \frac{\prod_{j=1}^{|\theta|} N(\theta_j^{t} + \epsilon_{i,j}^{t} - \theta_j^{t+k}; 0, \sigma^2 )}{\prod_{j=1}^{|\theta|} N(\epsilon_{i,j}^{t}; 0, \sigma^2)}
\end{equation}

This process can be repeated iteratively for $k=(0, \ldots, K)$, updating the policy up to $K+1$ times before collecting a new batch of experience\footnote{The first update for each batch always reduces to the original gradient estimate in ES (Equation~\ref{eq:es-update}), as $\theta^{t+k}=\theta^{t}$ for $k=0$. This is followed by $K$ importance weighted updates.}. In this manuscript we consider $K$ as a fixed hyperparameter, although future work will study strategies that optimally adapt $K$ for each batch.

\subsection{Scalability analysis}
\label{sec:scalability}
One of the most appealing features of ES is its almost perfect scalability to hundreds of CPU cores, and any modification to the original method should retain such property. We base our analysis on the code released by Salimans et al.~\cite{salimans2017_es}, which uses a master-worker architecture. The master broadcasts the parameters at the beginning of each iteration, and the workers send back returns after running rollouts with perturbed versions of the policy.

The proposed method requires the computation of importance weights, which has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(batch\_size \cdot |\theta|)$. If those computations are performed sequentially in the master, the time taken by sequential operations might eclipse the benefits of distributing the rollouts across hundreds of workers. This issue can be alleviated by parallelizing the computation of importance weights across all cores in the node hosting the master process. This was enough to provide a throughput close to the baseline method in most of our experiments, but setups with larger models or batch sizes might benefit from a higher level of parallelization. In that case, the computation of importance weights can be distributed across all workers just like the rollouts are: the master broadcasts the updated parameter vector, and the workers send back the scalar importance weights. Note that this incurs in a very little communication overhead, which is key to achieve an efficient distributed computation.

Another implementation trick that can accelerate the computation of importance weights consists in computing $N(\epsilon_{i,j}^{t}; 0, \sigma^2)$ for all possible perturbations at the start of training, trading off memory for computation. It takes advantage of the fact that each worker instantiates a large block of Gaussian noise at the start of training, and $\epsilon_i$ is obtained by sampling $|\theta|$ consecutive parameters at a random index in the noise block. This trick might provide important savings for large models, as the computation of the denominator in Equation~\ref{eq:is_weight} becomes $\mathcal{O}(1)$ instead of $\mathcal{O}(|\theta|)$.

\section{Experiments}

We implement our method on top of the code released by OpenAI\footnote{\url{https://github.com/openai/evolution-strategies-starter/}}.
All experiments run on 720 CPU cores, distributed across 15 machines with 48 cores each. The master process runs on a single core, but the computation of importance weights is parallelized across the 48 cores in the node hosting the master process to accelerate the execution.

We evaluate the method on the Ant-v2 environment\footnote{Although we provide an extensive analysis of IW-ES only on Ant-v2, we have observed similar behaviors on other complex environments, e.g.~Humanoid-v2.} in OpenAI Gym~\cite{brockman2016_gym}, which uses the Mujoco physics engine~\cite{todorov2012_mujoco}. We use the default hyperparameters provided by Salimans et al.~\cite{salimans2017_es} unless otherwise stated. The policy is parameterized by a neural network with two hidden layers of 64 units each and a linear layer that emits continuous actions. Hidden layers are followed by \textit{tanh} non-linearities. Importance weights are clipped at $1$ for numerical stability~\cite{wawrzynski2009_real, munos2016_retrace}. Following previous works~\cite{salimans2017_es, conti2017_novelty}, we evaluate the median reward over \textasciitilde30 stochastic rollouts at each iteration. All reported results are the average over five different runs.

\subsection{Effect of the number of IW updates}
\label{sec:is_updates}

The proposed method relies on a high overlap between the population distributions before and after each update, otherwise the variance of the Importance Sampling estimate might become excessively large. For this reason, we first evaluate the effectiveness of additional updates using a low learning rate of $10^{-4}$ that prevents large updates to the policy parameters. As depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:lr4_timesteps}, we observe that additional importance weighted updates provide a faster convergence for a given budget of interactions with the environment. Increased data efficiency also translate in shorter wall-clock times thanks to a reduced computational overhead (Figure~\ref{fig:lr4_timesteps}). However, performance does not always improve when increasing $K$, e.g.~setting $K=5$ instead of $K=4$ results in a performance degradation. This behavior is likely caused by an increased variance in the importance weighted updates for large values of $K$. These results suggest that IW-ES might benefit from strategies that adapt $K$ for each iteration, omitting updates with excessive variance.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR4_2Btimesteps.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr4_timesteps}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR4_3800seconds.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr4_seconds}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Performance of ES and IW-ES as a function of \textbf{(a)} the number of interactions with the environment, and \textbf{(b)} wall-clock time. $K$ denotes the number of additional importance weighted updates after each standard update. We observe that additional updates increase the data efficiency of the method in the low learning rate regime, but performing too many importance weighted updates can be detrimental due to an increased variance, e.g.~$K=5$ underperforms $K=4$. A similar trend is observed in terms of wall-clock time.}
    \label{fig:res-lr4}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Effect of the model size}

A potential source of instability for the proposed method is the computations of importance weights for large models, as they might approach zero or infinity much faster for large values of $|\theta|$ (see Equation~\ref{eq:is_weight}). We experimentally evaluate whether this hinders the performance of IW-ES by training larger networks, with 256 and 512 units in each hidden layer. These larger models have 97k and 324k parameters, respectively, whereas previous experiments considered a much smaller network with 12k parameters. Results reported in Figure~\ref{fig:res-model-size} suggest that IW-ES is robust to the number of parameters in the model, as the benefit of adding additional updates per batch are similar to those observed for smaller models.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR4_medium_model.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr4_medium}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR4_large_model.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr4_large}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Performance of ES and IW-ES for larger networks with \textbf{(a)} 256 units per hidden layer, and \textbf{(b)} 512 units per hidden layer.}
    \label{fig:res-model-size}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:scalability} shows the throughput degradation introduced by IW-ES for each model size and number of importance weighted updates. Since our implementation only leverages 48 of the 720 available CPU cores for computing the importance weights, such computation becomes a bottleneck for larger models and hinders the scalability of the method. This observation motivates the distributed implementation described in Section~\ref{sec:scalability}, which should accelerate IW-ES considerably for large models thanks to the reduced communication overhead between machines.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figures/wallclock-time.pdf}
    \caption{Time per iteration for different values of $K$, normalized by the time taken by ES (i.e.~$K=0$). Our implementation parallelizes the computation of importance weights only across the CPU cores in the node hosting the master process, which becomes a bottleneck for larger models.}
    \label{fig:scalability}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Effect of the learning rate}

ES benefits from larger learning rates than those employed in previous experiments, as they provide faster convergence and thus increased data efficiency, but larger step sizes might increase the variance of IW-ES updates as well due to a larger mismatch between distributions. We evaluate this hypothesis by training policies with larger learning rates of $10^{-3}$ and $10^{-2}$. Results reported in Figure~\ref{fig:res-learning-rate} confirm that importance weighted updates not only become less effective with larger learning rates, but can even become unstable and underperform the baseline ES.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR3_2Btimesteps.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr3_timesteps}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
        \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/LR2_2Btimesteps.pdf}
        \caption{}
        \label{fig:lr2_timesteps}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Performance of ES and IW-ES with learning rates of \textbf{(a)} $10^{-3}$, and \textbf{(b)} $10^{-2}$. Larger learning rates reduce the benefits of IW-ES due to a larger variance of the Importance Sampling estimate.}
    \label{fig:res-learning-rate}
\end{figure}

These experiments consider the learning rate as a proxy for controlling the overlap between the distributions before and after each update, which is the actual measure determining the variance of importance weighted updates. Even though a finer grained search over learning rate values could be carried out in order to determine whether IW-ES can outperform ES under optimal hyperparameters, we argue that next steps should aim at controlling the similarity between the distributions before and after each update. For instance, drawing a parallelism with trust region-based methods~\cite{schulman2015_trpo,heess2017_dppo}, a constraint could be added on the KL divergence between distributions.

\section{Related Work}

Some works have proposed extensions or modifications to the original Evolution Strategies (ES) algorithm proposed by Salimans et al.~\cite{salimans2017_es}. These include an update rule inspired by genetic algorithms~\cite{such2017_deepga} and training a meta-population of agents that optimize both for reward and novelty~\cite{conti2017_novelty}. The possibility of optimizing non-differentiable functions with ES has also allowed to learn loss functions for RL in a meta-learning setup~\cite{houthooft2018_epg}.

The design of data-efficient methods for RL has garnered much research attention, mostly through off-policy methods that can leverage experience collected by policies other than the one being optimized. This advantage, often associated to value-based methods such as Q-learning~\cite{watkins1989_learning, mnih2015_dqn}, usually results in an increased data efficiency. Policy-based methods may also leverage off-policy data by accounting for the discrepancy between the behavior and target policies~\cite{precup2001_eligibility, munos2016_retrace}. PPO~\cite{schulman2017_ppo} performs several SGD updates for every batch of collected experience, using Importance Sampling to leverage data collected by an outdated version of the policy, in a similar fashion to our IW-ES update rule.

The IMPALA architecture~\cite{espeholt2018_impala} can scale training of actor-critic methods across many machines to achieve a high troughput, enabling advances in multi-task RL~\cite{hessel2018_multi}. This is achieved by a combination of algorithmic and engineering advances. Its main drawback comes from a fairly uncommon hardware setup, with each GPU paired with over 100 CPU cores, that may not be feasible to put together within many organizations. In comparison, ES requires from less engineering efforts to achieve high troughputs, thanks to the reduced communication overhead, and its hardware requirements are generally easier to meet.

\section{Conclusion \& Future Work}

We introduced Importance Weighted Evolution Strategies (IW-ES), a variant of Evolution Strategies (ES)~\cite{salimans2017_es} that can perform several model updates with a single of batch of data. Under the desired conditions, i.e.~when samples from the population distribution before the update are still likely under the updated distribution, IW-ES demonstrated a higher data efficiency than that of ES. For small models, these benefits can be introduced with a small increase in sequential computational load that maintains the scalability of ES. For larger models, we describe how to leverage distributed hardware to distribute further parallelize the added computation and achieve higher throughput rates.

Besides implementing the completely distributed version of IW-ES that can make the most of the available hardware, future work will focus on making IW-ES more resilient to large divergences between distributions that increase the variance of the Importance Sampling estimates. First, an adaptive strategy for $K$ can be designed so that importance weighted updates are made only when their variance is sufficiently low. On the other hand, controlling the divergence after an update through a constraint in the training objective can make IW-ES more robust for large learning rates, and avoid the collapse observed in some experiments. Although applied to policy space instead of parameter space, similar motivations have led to more efficient and stable policy gradient methods~\cite{schulman2015_trpo, schulman2017_ppo}. These lines of research may also lead to revisiting the role of $\sigma$, which controls the spread of the perturbation vectors in ES, but also plays an important role in determining the importance weights in IW-ES.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

We would like to thank Francesc Sastre for his help in deploying the code in MareNostrum, as well as the technical support team at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center.

This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under contracts TEC2016-75976-R and TIN2015-65316-P, by the BSC-CNS Severo Ochoa program SEV-2015-0493, and grant 2014-SGR-1051 by the Catalan Government.
V{\'\i}ctor Campos was supported by Obra Social ``la Caixa'' through La Caixa-Severo Ochoa International Doctoral Fellowship program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We live in an age where you can experience horror in a multitude of ways, but a short, spooky story is still one of the purest.
The short story is a time-honored part of literature as a whole, but it's always been particularly successful as part of the horror genre. Think back to when you first read Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" in junior high and you'll know what I mean. There's something about the finely honed, brief burst of the short story that makes it absolutely perfect for scares, and that's left us with a plethora of spooky tales from centuries of writing to enjoy over and over again.
Though you have to visit a bookstore (or your e-book store of choice) to enjoy many of these tales, quite a few of them have found their way into the public domain by now, or they're just available for free via one publication or another. So to make your Halloween as creepy-on-a-budget as possible, we assembled more than two dozen spooky stories that you can read online, for free, right now, for the 17th installment in our 31 Days of Halloween series of features.
Just click on the story title to enjoy its creepy contents. Enjoy them one at a time in the days leading up to Halloween, or read them all in one evening and spend the rest of the night with crippling insomnia. It's entirely up to you.
Bierce is one of the best known creepy story writers of the late 19th and early 20th century, and this story is one of his best, featuring a classic horror staple: creepy tapping from inside walls.
No Halloween would be complete with out a creepy Lovecraft tale, so enjoy this particular installment from his legendary Cthulhu Mythos.
Though Lovecraft is the undisputed creator of the Cthulhu Mythos, numerous horror writers -- many of them contemporaries of Lovecraft, have contributed to it over the years. This tale by Conan the Barbarian creator and legendary horror writer Robert E. Howard is one of the more significant contributions.
Chambers' book The King in Yellow is considered a classic of horror fiction, and this story is one of its essential parts.
Blackwood is considered one of the greatest ghost story writers of all time, so "this rather traditional haunted house tale is certainly worth a look.
Though you might not immediately think of horror when you think of Oates, she's capable of crafting some of the creepiest stories you will ever read, and this is just one example of dozens.
Though The Haunting of Hill House might be her most famous story by now, "The Lottery" remains one of Jackson's most widely-read (and haunting) scary stories.
This tale is one of many scary stories produced by Brite, but it's one of a select few that was acclaimed enough to be nominated for a coveted Bram Stoker Award.
The Dracula creator didn't just earn his horror cred by creating the most famous bloodsucker ever, as tales like this prove.
Le Fanu is considered one of the great Gothic writers of the 19th century. This Halloween, dig into one of his earliest stories for some thoroughly creepy fun.
Counselman might be one of the lesser-known spooky writers of the 20th Century, but her contributions to the legendary Weird Tales magazine -- including this story -- are certainly worth checking out.
Along with Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard, Smith was one of the most significant Weird Tales contributors of the early 20th Century, placing him in very esteemed horror company. He was also a friend and follower of Lovecraft's, and this story's cosmic qualities are certainly satisfying in a Lovecraftian way.
Though she's often best remembered now for her determination and involvement in the early feminist movement, Atherton was also capable of writing some really creepy stuff, as this story proves.
He's best known today for his early mystery novel The Woman in White, but Collins was also skilled in the art of the short story.
Sherlock Holmes will always be his most famous creation, but Doyle was adept at spooky stories as well, including this one.
Though you might not know her name, Freeman was a very prolific and prominent author in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and her output included effective ghost stories like this one.
This story about a man who witnesses a devilish gathering in the woods is one of Hawthorne's most famous, and it's still very effective.
This tale of a man haunted by a supernatural presence was crafted by one of the most famous practitioners of the short story, and is certainly worth a read.
This creepy tale of monstrous machinery is one of Poe's most famous, and if you've never reader it, now might be the time.
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde might be his most famous scary work, but it's not his only one. Check out this creepy tale for more of Stevenson's knack for horror.
James is still considered a master of the ghost story, and this tale is one of the best examples of why he deserves that title.
In this 2009 tale, the King of Horror revisits his iconic fictional town of Castle Rock for a story of marital strife and general creepiness.
This creepy tale by the acclaimed author of Ghost Story combines an enthusiasm for tourism with a tale of murder to create a terriying mix.
This story by the author of creepy novels like Swan Song is best known for its adaptation into a season one episode of the revived Twilight Zone series in the 1980s, but the original tale is certainly worth a read.


text:
Q: Order xsl for loop as well as limting the loop to only five let's say I have this xml data. What I am needing to do is loop through this and give me the earliest 5. So newest to oldest and only output 5.
I am curently doing
<xsl:for-each select="TEST_DATA[not(position() >5)]">
    <xsl:sort select="DATE" order="descending"/>
        The rest of the mapping...

<TEST_DATA>
  <DATE>20160401</DATE>
  </TEST_DATA>
<TEST_DATA>
    <DATE>20160501</DATE>
</TEST_DATA>
<TEST_DATA>
    <DATE>20160601</DATE>
</TEST_DATA>
<TEST_DATA>
    <DATE>20160301</DATE>
</TEST_DATA>
<TEST_DATA>
    <DATE>20150201</DATE>
</TEST_DATA>
<TEST_DATA>
    <DATE>20110301</DATE>
</TEST_DATA>
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    <DATE>20160301</DATE>
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    <DATE>20160101</DATE>
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A: Change that to
<xsl:for-each select="TEST_DATA">
    <xsl:sort select="DATE" order="descending"/>
    <xsl:if test="position() <= 5">...</xsl:if>
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text:
Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg (Tondern, Scheswig, 1737. január 3. – Lübeck, 1823. november 1.) német költő és bíráló.

Élete

Tanulmányait Jénában és Altonában elvégezve, dán hadi szolgálatba lépett, részt vett az oroszok elleni háborúban. 1766-ban kilépett a hadseregből, 1775-ben dán konzul lett Lübeckben, 1785-ben altonai királyi lottóigazgató lett. Első munkája az anakreoni hangon írt Tändeleien (Lipcse, 1750); ezt követték: Prosaische Gedichte (Altona, 1759); Kriegslieder eines dänischen Grenadiers (Altona, 1762); Die Gedichte eines Skalden (Koppenhága, 1766); legismertebb Ugolino (Hamburg, 1786) című drámája, mely a Sturm und Drangperiode előfutárja, borzalmas tárgyát egy nemesi családnak éhhalállal való elpusztulása képezi. Gyöngébb a Minona (Hamburg, 1785) című melodrámája. Briefe über Merkwürdigkeiten der Litteratur, értékes irodalomtörténeti munka. Műveiből Vermischte Schriften cím alatt 3 kötet jelent meg (Altona, 1815).

Források

Meszlényi Rikárd: Gerstenberg költészete. Irodalomtörténeti tanulmány; Deutsch, Bp., 1908

Hivatkozások

Német költők
Német írók
1737-ben született személyek
1823-ban elhunyt személyek
Dán származású németek
Német drámaírók
Irodalomkritikusok


text:
Managing low vision in an aging population
By Parres Wright, OD, FAAO
Optometry Times JournalJanuary digital edition 2023
As Baby Boomers enter the at-risk age group for vision loss, optometrists must be ready to act.
All optometrists take the "Optometric Oath," which is as follows1:
With full deliberation, I freely and solemnly pledge that:
I AFFIRM that the health of my patient will be my first consideration.
I WILL practice the art and science of optometry faithfully and conscientiously, and to the fullest scope of my competence.
I WILL uphold and honorably promote by example and action the highest standards, ethics, and ideals of my chosen profession and the honor of the degree, Doctor of Optometry, which has been granted to me.
I WILL provide professional care for the diverse populations who seek my services, with concern, with compassion, and with due regard for their human rights and dignity.
I WILL work to expand access to quality care and improve health equity for all communities.
I WILL place the treatment of those who seek my care above personal gain and strive to see that none shall lack for proper care.
I WILL hold as privileged and inviolable all information entrusted to me in confidence by my patients.
I WILL advise my patients fully and honestly of all which may serve to restore, maintain, or enhance their vision and general health.
I WILL strive continuously to broaden my knowledge and skills so that my patients may benefit from all new and efficacious means to enhance the care of human vision.
I WILL share information cordially and unselfishly with my fellow doctors of optometry and other professionals for the benefit of patients and the advancement of human knowledge and welfare.
I WILL do my utmost to serve my community, my country, and humankind as a citizen as well as a doctor of optometry.
I HEREBY commit myself to be steadfast in the performance of this my solemn oath and obligation.
This oath specifically charges each optometrist to "advise my patients fully and honestly of all which may serve to restore, maintain, or enhance their vision and general health and to strive continuously to broaden my knowledge and skills so that my patients may benefit from all new and efficacious means to enhance the care of human vision."1
According to the National Eye Institute, the number of patients with low vision is expected to increase, and the prevalence of low vision is expected to almost triple by the year 2050 (Figure 1).2 With this increase in patients with low vision, all optometrists will encounter and care for those with vision loss.
Aging and the common causes of vision loss
Vision loss can occur due to a myriad of causes, including congenital anomalies, trauma, and disease. With the US population aging and living longer, we can expect to see more age-related eye disease leading to vision loss. In addition, we can expect to see more systemic disease with ocular manifestations causing loss of vision. Baby Boomers, people aged 66 to 84 years, will number 61 million in 2030.3 The Baby Boomer generation is defined as those individuals born between 1946 and 1964 (Figure 2).4
The most common causes of vision loss over the age of 40 years are diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), according to the National Eye Institute (Figure 3). The incidence of these disorders is expected to increase with the aging population.
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading causes of blindness in working-age adults.5 Diabetic retinopathy is a contributor to the projected per capita increase in vision impairment (VI) in the United States.6 Uncontrolled blood sugar levels, high hemoglobin A1C levels, and smoking increase the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients.7 Diabetic retinopathy leads to vision loss in several ways, including retinal neovascularization, retinal detachments, and macular edema or even neovascular glaucoma.
Diabetic retinopathy is unique in that although the disease itself can cause vision loss, some of the treatments can as well. For example, neovascularization can cause tractional retinal detachments, which can lead to peripheral vision loss, or central vision loss, depending on severity.
To treat the neovascularization, a patient may receive panretinal photocoagulation, which in turn may cause peripheral vision loss. Because diabetic retinopathy can cause central and peripheral vision loss, a multitude of low vision interventions and devices can be helpful. These types of interventions and devices can significantly improve the quality of life of visually impaired patients.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve. Because many types of glaucoma do not have symptoms, vision loss can happen slowly.5 Due to the often slowly progressive nature of glaucoma, significant vision loss can occur before a patient seeks the care of an optometrist or other eye care professional. Risk factors include having a family history of glaucoma, being over age 60, and being African American, Asian, or Hispanic/Latino.7
Glaucoma is not curable, but treatments to slow its progression are key. These treatments include both topical and oral medicines, laser treatments, and surgical interventions. Vision loss from glaucoma typically causes peripheral vision loss that can eventually lead to tunnel vision, causing significant difficulties with mobility, independence, and activities of daily living (ADLs).
Cataracts are a normal part of the aging of the eye's lens. Everyone's lenses get cloudy as they get older; however, those with diabetes and other systemic conditions are at increased risk of developing cataracts. Although treatable, cataracts remain one of the leading causes of vision loss globally, affecting approximately 95 million people worldwide.7-9
There are many different reasons why cataracts can occur, but age-related cataract is the most common type in the adult population, with an onset in those between the ages of 45 and 50 years. Findings from some studies have even shown that the prevalence of cataracts increases with age, from 3% to 9% in individuals aged 55 to 64 years to as much as 92% to 96% in those aged 80 and older. The burden of cataract is predicted to increase dramatically over the next decades, especially in Western countries, because of longer life expectancies and the progressive aging of the population.10
Cataracts cause overall decreased visual acuity with accompanying haze, decreased brightness in colors, and glare, which is mostly noticed during rainy or nighttime driving conditions. Those who have vision loss from cataracts and are not candidates for cataract surgery may benefit from a low vision evaluation. Devices that may be helpful in these cases include hand-held magnifiers, electronic magnifiers, and tints or fit-overs for glare concerns.
AMD is a vision-threatening condition that can blur central vision or cause complete loss of central vision in the form of a scotoma. In 2019, an estimated 19.8 million Americans over 40 years old were living with AMD, and the prevalence of AMD increased with age11 (Figure 4). The loss of central vision can cause difficulties with multiple ADLs including driving, meal preparation, and reading.
Those with central vision loss from AMD and other causes can benefit immensely from a low vision evaluation and various low vision devices. Devices that help with central vision loss include magnifiers, which can magnify images beyond the patient's scotoma. Electronic magnifiers can also be helpful, including wearable, head-borne devices for better distance viewing. Additionally, these patients may benefit from eccentric viewing training.
By 2050, the numbers of low vision conditions are projected to double to approximately 2.01 million people with blindness, 6.95 million people with VI, and 16.4 million with VI due to uncorrected refractive error. The highest numbers of these conditions in 2015 were among non-Hispanic White individuals (2.28 million), women (1.84 million), and older adults (1.61 million), and these groups will remain the most affected through 2050. From 2015 to 2050, the states projected to have the highest per capita prevalence of VI are Florida (2.56% in 2015 to 3.98% in 2050) and Hawaii (2.35% in 2015 to 3.93% in 2050). Those projected to have the highest per capita prevalence of blindness are Mississippi (0.83% in 2015 to 1.25% in 2050) and Louisiana (0.79% in 2015 to 1.20% in 2050).6 (Figure 5)
VI poses an enormous global financial burden with an estimated annual global productivity loss of about $411 billion purchasing power parity.8 The projected increase in the number of individuals with vision loss will influence all states and countries around the world.
Optometrists must be prepared to ensure that visually impaired patients receive the interventional care needed through early diagnosis, treatment, and vision rehabilitation. The "2030 problem" involves the challenge of assuring that sufficient resources and an effective service system are available.3 With preparation and diligence, optometrists can significantly improve the quality of life of patients.
1. The American Optometric Association (The American Optometric Association, n.d.) (Baby Boomers - Facts & Summary, n.d.) Accessed November 5, 2022.
2. Low vision tables. National Eye Institute. Updated February 7, 2020. Accessed February 27, 2016. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-health-data-and-statistics/low-vision-data-and-statistics/low-vision-tables
3. Knickman JR, Snell EK. The 2030 problem: caring for aging baby boomers. Health Serv Res. 2002;37(4):849-884. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.56.x
4 . Baby boomers. History Channel. Accessed November 11, 2022. http://www.history.com/topics/baby-boomers
5. Diabetes and vision loss. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated May 7, 2021. Accessed November 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/diabetes-vision-loss.html
6. Varma R, Vajaranant TS, Burkemper B, et al. Visual impairment and blindness in adults in the United States: demographic and geographic variations from 2015 to 2050. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(7):802-809. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1284
7. National diabetes statistics report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated June 29, 2022. Accessed 11 November 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html
8. Blindness and vision impairment. World Health Organization. October 13, 2022. Accessed 11 November 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment
9. Gliagias V. The prevalence of cataract blindness and the life-saving impact of cataract surgery. Eyes On EyeCare. June 7, 2022. Accessed November 11, 2022. https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/the-prevalence-of-cataract-blindness-and-the-life-saving-impact-of-cataract-surgery/?utm_medium=eoe:infinite-scroll
10. Liu YC, Wilkins M, Kim T, Malyugin B, Mehta JS. Cataracts. Lancet. 2017;390(10094):600-612. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30544-5
11. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated October 31, 2022. Accessed November 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/vehss/estimates/amd-prevalence.html
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Upcoming News From The Walking Dead's Lead Executive...
The Walking Dead Showrunner and Cast Reveals Who Will...
The Walking Dead's Norman Reedus Explains Why He's...
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Robert Kirkman: Season Six of 'Walking Dead' is "Very Closely Tied" to The Comics
Devon Taylor (@DevonTaylor113)
http://www.geekbomb.net/blogs/sabres-favorite-women-pop-culture-kick-ass/ Via GeekBomb.net
The Walking Dead Just Confirmed How Much Time Has Passed On The Show
If you are a Walking Dead super nerd and have read all the comic books, you'll know that the television show has some very significant differences from the source material. We even discussed some of the major ones right here. But series creator Robert Kirkman says in USA Today that the upcoming season will have certain plot lines that comic readers will be very familiar with.
"Season 6 has a vast amount of big moments pulled from the comics," Kirkman revealed. "The two are very closely tied at this point."
"We have groups of people that have transformed at different rates with different ways of surviving, all in the same place," he added. "The people of Alexandria aren't quite as prepared for this world as Rick and his crew are. We also have Wolves, who are perhaps closer to Rick's group than they are to the people of Alexandria, but have a much more savage way of life."
The Wolves were not in the comics, although there are plenty of similar groups that they could be filling in for (Negan's cutthroat group of "Saviors", perhaps?). Season six debuts Sunday night on AMC with a 90-minute episode.
Devon has been writing about random things online since 2013. His favorite video game is Rocket League, his favorite TV show is The Sopranos, and he hated the last season of Game of Thrones. Follow him @DevonTaylor113.
AMC Announces Yet Another 'Walking Dead' Spin-Off Series
Upcoming News From The Walking Dead's Lead Executive Scott Gimple
The Walking Dead Showrunner and Cast Reveals Who Will Replace Rick as Leader
The Walking Dead's Norman Reedus Explains Why He's Never Leaving The Show


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7 Highly Rated Comedy-Drama Movies Like The Truman Show
Written by Ezeh Binny (Buns) in Movies like And Shows,All Reviews
Movies Like The Truman Show – Truman Show is a 1998 American Psychological comedy-drama movie directed by Peter Weir and written by Niccol. It was released in the United States on June 5, 1998. The 1hour 43mins Sci/Fi drama saw Truman Burbank a man who saw his own life played out as a show.
The movie, Truman Show is about Truman Burbank, a man whose life is a nonstop TV show. He doesn't realize that his charming hometown is a giant studio set run by a visionary producer, He was dumbfounded when he even realized that his non-stop merry wife was a contract player.
At the end of the Truman show, Truman overcame his trauma-induced phobia of water and escaped his fate by boat. The viewers celebrate his escape, and Sylvia races to greet him. The producers finally ended the program on a shot of the open exit door.
The movie is available to stream on numerous movie/show streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon, IMDb, and others. The movie is an interesting show with an amazing plot and if you have ever watched the movie you will understand that there is a need to watch something similar.
I compiled a list of best movies like the Truman show that you can watch if you enjoyed the Truman show, And just like the Truman show, these movies like the Truman show are available on Netflix, IMDb, Amazon, Hulu, HBO, and other streaming sites.
Recommended > TV Series And Shows Like White Collar To Watch If You Enjoy White Collar
I have quickly answered some frequently asked questions regarding The Truman Show and what happened to the movie.
What Is The Truman Show?
Is The Truman Show Real?
What Is The Truman Show About?
How Does The Truman Show End?
Where To Watch The Truman Show?
Is The Truman Show On Netflix
Is The Truman Show On Hulu
Where Was The Truman Show Filmed?
Who Played Truman In The Truman Show?
Truman Show Quotes?
Movies Like The Truman Show
1. Pleasantville
2. EDtv
3. The Nines
4. Big Fish
5. The Lobster
6. Dumb and Dumber
Conclusion On Best Movies Like The Truman Show
Truman Show is a 1998 American Psychological comedy-drama movie directed by Peter Weir and written by Niccol. It was released in the United States on June 5, 1998. The 1hour 43mins Sci/Fi drama saw Truman Burbank a man who saw his own life played out as a show.
Could The Truman Show Be Real? Truman Burbank is the young and unsuspecting star of The Truman Show, a reality television program filmed through thousands of hidden cameras and broadcast to a worldwide audience. The show is similar to Paul Bartel's short film The Secret Cinema .
The Truman Show is about Truman Burbank, a man whose life is a nonstop TV show. He doesn't realize that his charming hometown is a giant studio set run by a visionary producer, He was dumbfounded when he even realized that his non-stop merry wife was a contract player.
What happens at the end of the Truman show? At the end of the Truman show, Truman overcame his trauma-induced phobia of water and escaped his fate by boat. The viewers celebrate his escape, and Sylvia races to greet him. The producers finally ended the program on a shot of the open exit door.
Where can I watch the Truman show? The Truman show is available for streaming on these platforms;
Netflix – Paid
AMC Plus – Paid
Paramount Plus – Paid
Paramount+ Amazon Channel
Curia – Paid
Pluto TV – Free
Moviesjoy – Free
Putlocker – Free
Does Netflix Have The Truman Show? Yes, American Netflix now has the Truman Show, The movie became available to stream on Netflix on January 1, 2018.
The Truman show is available on Hulu Plus. This means if you have an account with Hulu, you will be able to stream The Truman Show by renting or purchasing it.
Where did they film the Truman show? Most of the Truman show filming took place at Seaside, Florida, a master-planned community located in the Florida Panhandle.
Jim Carrey starred as Truman Burbank in the Truman show. Truman Burbank was the central protagonist of the 1998 comedy-drama movie The Truman Show.
I extracted some of the most popular quotes from the Truman show movie and I have listed TEN (10) of the Truman show quotes below;
In case I don't see you… good afternoon, good evening, and good night.
You Never Had A Camera In My Head!
You Were Real. That's What Made You So Good To Watch.
That One's For Free.
We Accept The Reality Of The World With Which We're Presented. It's As Simple As That.
What Else Is On?
Was nothing real?
Say something, god dammit!
What The Hell Are You Talking About? Who Are You Talking To?
We Can't Let Him Die In Front Of A Live Audience!
Below is the collection of movies like the Truman show that I have collected around, Note that the order by which these movies are listed, by no way determines their ranking or standards. Therefore you are to read to the end before deciding on which one to watch next.
The Lobster
Quick Read > Best TV Shows Like West Wing On Netflix And Other Streaming Network
Pleasantville is a 1998 American fantasy-comedy-drama film written, co-produced, and directed by Gary Ross. Pleasantville is a 50's sitcom about shy suburban teen David Wagner, who is almost obsessed with the series. The 2h:4m movie was released on October 23, 1998.
The movie follows the story of David and his sister Jennifer, who were at the time living with their divorced mother, David often gets into squabbles with his trendy twin sister Jennifer. Until they had a fight over their TV remote which the TV remote damaged afterward.
A strange TV repairman supplies them with a new remote, Meanwhile the new remote has a potent high-tech device that zaps David and Jennifer inside Pleasantville, where their new sitcom parents are businessman George Parker and wife Betty. In the new world of black and white, both siblings try to cope with the simple-mindedness of their new world.
This movie like Truman show provides a significant message for everyone and it's a lot deeper than the credit it gets. It is a visual masterpiece with fantastic writing and a great cast. You will love the character of David and his sister, Jennifer because they owned their roles.
imdb amazon
EDtv is a 1999 American satirical comedy film directed by Ron Howard. The movie follows the life of Ed Pekurny who was invited to a television show that showcases the life of normal people. His life changes when Cynthia, the show's producer, decides to film the entire show on Ed's life.
After True TV began to slide into uncertainty due to competition from rival The Gardening Channel, Director of programs Cynthia Topping develops a last resort idea to save the channel by broadcasting an ordinary person's 24-hour life a day with no editing or following a script.
When the network agrees to the idea, Topping must now find the subject of her program. After endless auditions, she lucks upon Ed Pekurny, a goofy but good-looking video store clerk. Ed has little time to get used to his new shadow, a three-man video crew before the show becomes a hit.
Soon he becomes a star and he has to deal with the newly found stardom as well as dealing with complicated relationships and family issues. EDtv is a 2h:4m movie like the Truman Show, Released on March 26, 1998, and I reckon you expect something similar to Truman.
Next on the list of best movies like the Truman show is The Nines. The Nines is a science fiction psychological thriller film written and directed by John August. The film debuted at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival and made $63,165 in the U.S. box office through October 11, 2007.
The slightly complex film is divided into three chapters. In The first chapter "The Prisoner," Gary is placed under house arrest in someone else's house having burnt his. His imagination begins to run wild due to the fact that his handler and derisive neighbor provide his only link to the outside world.
In the second chapter "Reality Television " Gavin tries to distinguish between reality and what is not while filming a popular sitcom. In the third chapter "Knowing", Gabriel a successful video game designer, and his family become stranded in the middle of nowhere due to automotive issues.
This movie is a realistic one, If you have ever had a near-death experience you will relate to how realistic this movie is. Overall I think this movie is fantastic, the acting is good, the plot is challenging, a piece of entertainment, and it is worth the time spent.
Big Fish is a movie like the Truman show on Netflix, The movie was released on December 10, 2003, it is an American fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Tim Burton based on the book Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions by Southern writer Daniel Wallace.
William Bloom a young man who never really knew his dying father, Edward outside of the tall tales he told about growing up, making his way, and meeting his mother. During Edward's last days, William and his wife Josephine hold bedside vigil as the old man recollects elaborate memories of his youth.
After his father passed away, William tries to find out which of the tales his father told are lies. I smile every time I see this movie because it portrays a beautiful father and son relationship. If there was one movie I would love to forget about and watch all over again, this is it.
imdb netflix
The Lobster is one of the best movies like The Truman Show, The movie is a 2015 black comedy dystopian movie directed, co-written, and co-produced by Yorgos Lanthimos, co-produced by Ceci Dempsy, Ed Guiney, and Lee Magiday, and co-written by Efthimis Filippou.
The Plot is quite strange; after his wife left him, David is sent to a hotel for single adults and urged to find a new significant lover within 45 days or else he will be transformed into an animal of his choice. David eventually meets a runaway from the hotel, and the two begin a secret romance.
This 1h:58m movie is, without a doubt, one of the weirdest movies I have ever watched! Weird in a good way! It tells us a lot about how relationships work in our society. The acting was also good and you will surely love how simple but yet the message is.
Dumb and Dumber is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Peter Farrelly, who co-wrote the screenplay with Bobby Farrelly and Bennett Yellin. Starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. The 1h:47m film was released on December 16, 1994. It grossed $247 million at the box office.
It tells the story of Lloyd Christmas and Harry Dunne, two good-hearted but dumb best friends who set out on a cross-country trip to Aspen, Colorado, to return a briefcase full of money to its owner they stumbled upon, thinking it was abandoned as a mistake.
Unknown to them the money was connected to the kidnapping. However Harry and Lloyd later fell in love with Mary and were pursued across the country by hired killers and police, they find both their friendship and their brains tested. Would they stand the test of time?
You Might Also Like > Safe Sites Like Moviesjoy For Streaming Movies And TV Shows For Free
So Here you have it, movies like Truman show any Truman show fanatic would definitely enjoy! If you think there are other deserving movies like the Truman show not listed above, kindly the movie name drop in the comment below.


A Welsh housing association is offering tenants a six-month 'holiday' from bedroom tax due to rise in arrears since its implication.
Rhonnda Cynon Taff Homes have said that they will waive the bedroom tax element of 125 of their tenants' rent, if they take part in "back to work" training, reports Inside Housing.
The landlord, who has 10,000 homes, has committed £160,000 to fund the scheme and help its tenants downsize.
RCT Homes has 2,056 tenants affected by bedroom tax and 983 of these are in arrears. Of that number 504 were not in arrears before the introduction of the policy. This suggests that £151,768 of arrears has been generated by bedroom tax. Overall rent arrears are at 2.1%, which has risen from 1.2% at the end of March.
Mr Lycett said that the scheme represented a "carrot and stick" approach and would be "untenable" not consider evicting tenants that fell into arrears. The scheme has been offered to tenants that the landlord believes are most likely to find employment as a result.


At Mahoe Hills you can learn how to make felt from alpaca fibre or merino wool. We follow the journey of the fibre from shearing to carding through to felting. The final result can be a bag, cushion cover, hat, gloves or scarf.
Mahoe Hills has a dye-garden and we teach a variety of eco-dye methods using leaves and flowers. We use recycled clothes and textiles as much as possible. An op-shop garment can be turned into a one-off designer garment.
Another option is to create a mosaic from recycled materials. We have an eclectic variety of tiles, crockery and ornaments to create beautiful mirrors, frames or pots.
Contact Marion to ask a question or make a booking.
Mahoe Hills is a lifestyle farm located in a quiet valley between Brightwater and Wakefield, south of Nelson. Mahoe Hills is set within a backdrop of steep hills and native bush. Our native bush and wetlands are QEII protected. The hills are home to our friendly alpacas. We have 28 alpacas including white, fawn, brown, grey and black. The alpacas provide us with soft, luxurious fibre for spinning and felting.
We are keen gardeners and (try to) grow fruit, vegetables and nuts in our organic gardens.
There are extensive native and edible gardens surrounding the 100-year old restored cottage. The craft studio is a more recent addition and we welcome visitors by arrangement. We offer garden and studio tours in addtion to our craft workshops.
Overseas visitors are making felted bags in our studio. The ultimate hand-made NZ merino gifts to take back home.
Ben je een Nederlander op vakantie in Nieuw Zealand? Wij wonen nu alweer 26 jaar in Nieuw Zeeland. Kom gezellig een dagje vilten, verven of mozaiken. Een leuke Nieuw Zeelandse ervaring met een Nederlandse twist.
Felting is an ancient craft and the possibilities are endless. Mahoe Hills has a dye garden and troughout the year we offer eco-dyeing workshops. You learn how to make eco-prints and dye-baths with everyday flowers and leaves.
With mosaics the possibilities are endless. You can use tiles, glass, old crockery, beads and ornaments. You can make something in your own style and taste whether it is classic, modern or eclectic.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In January 2015, US-based scientists Ronald Cohen and Peng Zhang of Carnegie Institution (Washington) and Christian Houle of Rutgers University (New Jersey) published an article in Nature Magazine, in which they claimed that the theory of the formation of the magnetic field of the planet adopted after 2012 was untenable.
The scientists based their calculations on computer simulations. The research thus confirmed the classical theory, according to which thermal convection in the Earth's core serves as the source of the magnetic fields of the planet. The theory of the US scientists produced quite a stir in the scientific world.
However, scientists from Linköping University (Sweden), Jožef Stefan Institute (Slovenia), MISiS (Russia) and the École Polytechnique (France) have found a mistake in the calculations of their American partners.
V katero smer se bo vrtela voda v odtoku na južni hemisferi?


Holes smokes, where to begin? EAT LIKE WALT is an absolute must-own for any Disney fan. Yes, that expression is used A LOT but author Marcy Smothers has crafted a coffee table book that I can't stop thinking about or talking about and I'm so happy I got the chance to have an advanced copy to review.
The book is definitely for Disney Geeks. That fact is validated with a stamp of legitimacy in the form of a foreward by Chief Creative Officer of Pixar, John Lasseter. He talks about his experiences early in his Disney career with eating on the studio lot and more broadly about the impressive work by Smothers to compile all the information in the book.
So what exactly does EAT LIKE WALT cover?
It's more than just a recap of what the head of the Disney empire liked to eat. Sure, there's plenty of fantastic history about Walt's upbringing and how food factored into his life. But the book expands on this concept to cover how food touched Walt's career life, too.
From the early days in the various Disney Studio locations to the Commissary on the Burbank studio lot and then later on at Disneyland, too. There's even a whole section on just regular California restaurants where Walt often dined. For road-trip prone fans, Smothers even includes addresses and notes about the locations that still exist… so you can get a taste of Disney history for yourself!
Walt was a simple country boy and he had the taste palette to match. The stories compiled — with lots of input from Walt's late daughter Diane Disney Miller and his granddaughters — give a fantastically candid peek into the private life of a man whose public image is so carefully crafted and curated.
From details about his faithful live-in housekeeper affectionately nicknamed Fou Fou to fun details about Walt's dining experiences in the parks and beyond, there's a lot of fun new stories to round out more about the man who started the mouse.
Disneyland is covered quite extensively, as well. Smothers breaks the park down by land and goes over brief histories of every restaurant that was around while Walt was a live. We learn about each location, its menus, and even the various names and theme changes to come to those locations while Walt was alive.
Aside from the fantastic stories and accounts, the book is FILLED with BEAUTIFULLY presented concept art, photography, and images of vintage menus. There's so much more than I was expecting and of course I wanted so so so much more. Aside from the impressive assortment of visuals to take in, the pages of the book themselves are beautifully designed with gorgeous borders framing all the content.
There's even an entire index with recipes for everything from Walt's favorite homemade Chinese Candy Cookies to fan-favorite Monte Cristos and even his favorite cocktail: Scotch Mist. And yes, chili, too!
From the moment I saw the front cover and flipped through the pages, I knew that this would be one of my favorite books and after pouring over each page I can most assuredly say that Marcy Smother's EAT LIKE WALT is hands-down one of my absolute favorite Disney books. It is absolutely the perfect gift for anyone who loves Disney and its history.


A new program called Alexa-Competitive link building. Alexa is an authority site regarding web information - giving information about a website's rank, views, links etc. By the thorough research from Alexa, we have developed a new linking technique.
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The main task of this service is to build niche links with most valuable sites. This service is strongly recommended for businesses because building strong links is a very powerful tool and asset for your website, both in the links themselves but also from an SEO standpoint. Having high ranked sites linked to you increases your weight/importance in the eyes of the search engines. Quantity is not everything, it's important to have a lot of links, but quality high level links are really what can set a website apart from it's competition.
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