text:
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In this chapter:
What is security of payment
Chapter 15 - Security of payment
Security of Payment - NSW
SECURITY OF PAYMENT LEGISLATION
The security of payment legislation in NSW consists of two acts:
the Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999 (NSW) (NSW Act); and
the Contractors Debts Act 1997 (NSW) (NSW Debts Act).
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
(NSW) (NSW Act)
When does the legislation apply | What rights does the legislation confer on contractors | What must a principal do when faced with a claim | Contractor's rights if not paid - how to enforce its rights | Adjudication | Payment withholding requests | Recent amendments to the legislation
When does the legislation apply?
The NSW Act applies to any contract or other arrangement (that is not necessarily a legally enforceable agreement) to carry out construction work and/or related goods and services within New South Wales (construction contract). There is no requirement for the contract or arrangement to be in writing. It can be written or oral, or a combination of both.
'Construction work' is defined very broadly and exclusions are essentially limited to mining operations. It includes construction, alteration, repair, maintenance and demolition of most structures that can be fixed to land. Accordingly, the NSW Act will apply to most typical construction contracts and consultancy agreements.
The NSW Act does not apply to a construction contract:
that forms part of a loan agreement, a contract of guarantee or a contract of indemnity;
for residential building work if the owner lives or intends to live in the building;
where it is agreed that the consideration payable is not calculated by referring to the value of the work carried out or the goods and services supplied (for example, an agreement for lease);
under which a party undertakes to carry out construction work, or supply related goods and services, as an employee; and
to the extent the construction work or related services are carried out outside NSW.
The NSW Act applies even if the construction contract specifies that it is governed by the law of another jurisdiction.
Contracts cannot include a 'pay when paid' provision, which is where a contractor makes its liability to pay a subcontractor dependent on payment to the contractor by a principal.
It is not possible to exclude the operation of the NSW Act in any construction contract to which it applies.
What rights does the legislation confer on contractors?
When can contractors make a claim?
A claim for a progress payment (payment claim) can only be made on or from the date specified in the contract (reference date). If there is no reference date, then on the last day of each month. Importantly, only one payment claim may be served for each reference date.
Unless the construction contract provides otherwise, a payment claim cannot be made 12 months after the construction work is finished or related goods and services to which the claim relates were last supplied.
How does a contractor make a payment claim?
A claimant makes a payment claim by serving the payment claim on the person who is liable to make the payment under the construction contract (respondent).
A payment claim must:
identify the construction work or related goods and services; and
specify the amount of the progress payment the claimant claims to be due (claimed amount).
If the claimant is a head contractor, being a person who carries out construction work for a principal and for whom construction work is carried out as part of or in addition to the work the head contractor performs for the principal, then the claimant must also include with the payment claim a supporting statement in the form required by the regulations to the NSW Act. The supporting statement requires the head contractor to state that it has paid its subcontractors amounts then due.
Payment claims made in respect of construction contracts entered into before 21 April 2014 must also state that the payment claim was made under the NSW Act. This removal of the requirement to state that the payment claim was made pursuant to the NSW Act was introduced in April 2014.
What type of payments are excluded?
No type of payments are expressly excluded from being claimed. However, the payment claim must only include payment for construction work under the contract. Unless the contract expressly makes provision for the payment of damages for breach, they are not claimable in a payment claim.
What must a principal do when faced with a claim?
Respondent to serve payment schedule
If a respondent is served with a payment claim, it must respond by serving the claimant with a payment schedule setting out the amount that the respondent proposes to pay.
When to serve a payment schedule
The respondent must serve the payment schedule within 10 business days of receiving the payment claim or any shorter time that is stated in the contract.
What must be included in the payment schedule?
To comply with the NSW Act, the payment schedule must:
identify the relevant payment claim;
indicate the amount (if any) the respondent proposes to pay (scheduled amount); and
if the scheduled amount is less than the claimed amount, explain why and any reasons for withholding.
What amount must be paid?
If the respondent does not provide a payment schedule within the time limit, it must pay the full amount of the payment claim.
If the respondent does provide a payment schedule, it must pay the scheduled amount.
When is payment due?
A progress payment by a principal to a head contractor becomes due and payable:
15 business days after service of the payment claim; or
on such earlier date as provided by the construction contract.
A progress payment to a subcontractor becomes due and payable:
on such earlier date as provided for in the construction contract.
A principal is a person for whom construction work is carried out who themselves are not engaged under a construction contract.
A subcontractor is someone who is engaged to perform construction work who is not a head contractor.
A progress payment to subcontractors in connection with a residential construction subject to the Home Building Act, where the owner intends to live in the house, is due and payable:
on a date determined in accordance with the construction contract; or
if the contract makes no express provision, 10 business days after the service of the payment claim.
Right to interest on unpaid amount
Interest is payable on the unpaid amount of any progress payment at whichever rate is the greater of:
the rate prescribed under the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW); or
the rate specified under the contract.
Defences to the consequences of failing to provide a payment schedule
The case study below demonstrates that a respondent can raise misleading and deceptive conduct as a possible defence to the consequences of failing to provide a payment schedule within the relevant timeframe as a result of that misleading and deceptive conduct.
Bitannia Pty Ltd & Anor v Parkline Constructions Pty Ltd
[2006] NSWCA 238
Parkline Constructions served a payment claim on Bitannia.
Bitannia did not provide a payment schedule within the time limit specified in the NSW Act which resulted in them being liable for the full payment claim.
The delay was attributed to the fact that Parkline Constructions had sent the claim to the general manager of Bitannia's associated company, rather than the architect responsible for payment claims.
A message attached to the payment claim stipulated that it related to 'retention release and variations as previously forwarded to [the architect]', indicating that the architect was also in possession of the relevant claim at that point in time.
The New South Wales Court of Appeal held that:
the NSW Act does not require a payment claim to be served in good faith; and
the NSW Act allows a party to raise a defence to the consequences of failing to provide a payment schedule under section 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) asserting that the misleading and deceptive conduct of the claimant contractor prevented submission of the payment schedule within the prescribed time limit.
Contractor's rights if not paid - how to enforce its rights
Obtaining a summary judgment
The claimant may enforce its right to a progress payment by applying to the court for summary judgment in the amount of:
the payment claim, where the respondent fails to serve a payment schedule in accordance with the NSW Act; or
any unpaid scheduled amount which remains unpaid on the due date for payment.
Right to lien
A claimant may exercise a lien over any unfixed plant or materials which the claimant has supplied for use in the construction work for the respondent, where a progress payment becomes due and payable but remains unpaid.
Right to suspend work
A claimant may suspend construction work being carried out or related goods and services being supplied (with at least 2 business days' notice). The respondent becomes liable for any loss or expenses incurred by the claimant in connection with the work under the contract during the period of suspension.
How and when to make an adjudication application
A claimant can apply for adjudication of the payment claim within:
10 business days after the claimant receives the respondent's payment schedule, if the scheduled amount is less than the claimed amount; or
20 business days after the due date for payment, if the respondent has failed to pay the whole or any part of the scheduled amount.
If the respondent has failed to provide a payment schedule in accordance with the NSW Act, the claimant is also entitled to apply for an adjudication as long as it follows the following steps:
within 20 business days after the due date for payment, serve a notice on the respondent of its intention to submit an adjudication application;
the notice must allow the respondent 5 business days to provide a payment schedule; and
then, after that 5-day period, and within 10 business days, the claimant may apply for adjudication.
In addition to the requirements for service within the specified times described above, the adjudication application must:
be in writing;
be made to a nominating authority authorised under the NSW Act to nominate an adjudicator;
identify the payment claim to which it relates;
identify the payment schedule to which it relates, if any;
be accompanied by the authorised nominating authority's application fee, if any; and
be copied to the respondent.
A claimant may include submissions with the adjudication application; however, this is not a necessary requirement of the NSW Act.
The adjudication application must as soon as practicable be referred by the authorised nominating authority to an adjudicator. The adjudicator must then notify the parties of acceptance of the adjudication application.
How to respond to an adjudication application
The respondent must lodge its adjudication response by the later of:
5 business days after receiving the adjudication application; or
2 business days after receiving notice that the adjudicator has accepted the adjudication application.
The adjudication response:
may only be lodged if the respondent issued a payment schedule within the time allowed in the NSW Act;
must be in writing;
must identify the adjudication application to which it relates; and
may contain submissions relevant to the response, as long as any reasons for withholding payment were previously raised in its payment schedule.
When will the adjudicator make his or her determination?
The adjudicator must determine the adjudication application within 10 business days after accepting the adjudication application. The parties may agree to extend this timeframe.
The adjudicator is required to determine:
the amount of the progress payment to be paid (adjudicated amount);
the date on which the amount becomes payable; and
the rate of interest on the amount.
In making a determination, an adjudicator can only consider the following matters:
the provisions of the NSW Act;
the provisions of the relevant construction contract;
the adjudication application;
the payment claim, together with all submissions and relevant documentation in support of the claim;
the adjudication response;
any payment schedule, together with all submissions and supporting documentation; and
the results of any inspection carried out by the adjudicator.
The adjudicator's determination must be in writing and must include reasons. However, if both parties agree, the claimant and the respondent may request the adjudicator not to include reasons in the determination.
The respondent must pay that adjudicated amount within 5 business days of the respondent receiving the determination, or a later date as determined by the adjudicator.
Consequences of failing to pay the adjudicated amount
If the respondent fails to pay the whole or any part of the adjudicated amount, the claimant may request an adjudication certificate from the ANA and then file the adjudication certificate as a judgment debt in a court. The claimant may also suspend the carrying out of construction work after 2 business days' notice to the respondent.
Challenges to the adjudicator's determination
Despite the NSW Act providing that a respondent cannot challenge the adjudicator's determination, there have been occasions where respondents have successfully done so.
The law relating to a party's entitlement to challenge has evolved over recent times. Until 2010, the central authority was Brodyn Pty Ltd v Davenport & Anor [2004] NSWCA 394 (Brodyn). In that case, the New South Wales Court of Appeal found that an adjudication determination could be set aside, if:
the adjudicator did not make a bona fide attempt to exercise the relevant power;
there was a substantial denial of natural justice; or
one or more of the basic and essential requirements was not present for the adjudicator to correctly exercise their powers, including:
the existence of a construction contract;
the service of a payment claim and adjudication application; and
the determination by the adjudicator of the amount of the progress payment, the date on which it became due and the rate of interest payable.
In 2010, the NSW Court of Appeal held in Chase Oyster Bar v Hamo Industries [2010] NSWCA 190 (Chase) that the test in Brodyn was too narrow. The court in Chase said that the proper test for determining if an adjudication determination could be set aside was whether the determination was affected by a jurisdictional error. However, the court did not provide a clear test for determining what constituted a jurisdictional error by an adjudicator.
The more recent decisions of Bauen Constructions Pty Limited v Westwood Interiors Pty Limited [2010] NSWSC 1359 and St Hilliers Contracting Pty Limited v Dualcorp Civil Pty Limited [2010] NSWSC 1468 shed more light on the issue. Some principles that may be taken from these cases as to what might constitute a jurisdictional error by an adjudicator include where the adjudicator has:
made a mistake about whether or not they have jurisdiction to determine the adjudication application or the limits of that jurisdiction (for example, because they determined that an adjudication application has been served in time when it has not);
failed to comply with the statutory obligations upon which their jurisdiction is based (for example, by ignoring something the Act requires to be considered as a condition of jurisdiction or, conversely, considering something required to be ignored);
made a mistake because they have not in any way engaged with either or both of the parties' submissions such that they have reached an arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable or irrational justification for their determination; or
caused the denial of natural justice or procedural fairness (for example, because they consider fresh submissions from one party in its adjudication response without entitling the other party to respond).
In the above situations, a party may have an entitlement to challenge the adjudication determination, which may have the result of it being quashed if successful.
There is clearly now further scope since Brodyn to challenge adjudications, as courts are no longer prepared to afford adjudicators absolute discretion to determine their own jurisdiction. The new approach appears to pose a risk of reduced confidence in successful, expedient enforcement and increased potential cost, time and complexity associated with adjudication under the NSW Act.
Payment withholding requests
What is a payment withholding request?
Changes to the NSW Act in 2012 allowed subcontractors to secure payment up the payment chain. To explain the changes below, we have assumed a basic contractual chain of principal, contractor and subcontractor, though the changes would equally apply in the scenario of head contractor, subcontractor and sub-subcontractor.
As a result of the changes, a claimant/subcontractor is entitled to serve a payment withholding request (PWR) on a principal at the same time it serves an adjudication application on the respondent/contractor.
Upon receiving a PWR, the principal must withhold from any amount payable or that becomes payable to the respondent/contractor which includes an amount in respect of the work done/services provided by a claimant/subcontractor, an amount commensurate to that claimed by the claimant/subcontractor. If the principal fails to comply with this request, it will become jointly and severally liable with the respondent/contractor for the amount owed to the claimant/subcontractor.
Who's who in the contractual chain and what is a 'Principal Contractor'?
The amendments are designed to work anywhere up and down the contractual chain, and therefore the obligations on a contractor would vary depending upon where that contractor sits in relation to the party entitled to issue the PWR. The basic contractual chain is illustrated in the below diagram:
The term Principal Contractor in the amendment does not have the typical meaning that is understood in the industry in relation to WH&S obligations on site (Chapter 16 - WH&S principal contractor obligations). It defines the entity or individual liable to the respondent for work carried out or materials supplied by the respondent as part of, or incidental to, the work or materials that the respondent engaged the claimant to carry out or supply.
What are the requirements of a PWR?
The PWR must:
be served by a claimant/subcontractor who has made an adjudication application for a payment claim. Presumably, this will be at the time the relevant adjudication application is served;
be in the form approved by the Director General of the DSTA; and
include a written statement by the claimant in the form of a statutory declaration that it genuinely believes that the amount of money claimed is owned to the respondent by the claimant.
What to do if you are served with a PWR
Upon receipt of a PWR, the Principal Contractor must retain out of money that is or becomes payable:
the money owed by it downstream to its immediate subcontractor (which is the respondent in the adjudication), the amount of money to which the payment claim relates; or
if the amount of money owed by the Principal Contractor is less than the amount to which the claim relates, retain that amount.
If a part payment has been made in respect of the payment claim, the Principal Contractor is only required to retain money to the value of the balance of the payment claim.
However, if a person in receipt of a PWR is not (or is no longer) the Principal Contractor, that person must within 10 business days after receiving the request notify the claimant of this. Failure to provide that information is a maximum penalty of 5 penalty units (which is $550 based on 1 penalty unit = $110).
A person may no longer be a Principal Contractor as a result of money owed to the respondent having been paid before the PWR was served, assuming that evidence of payment can be established.
There is no obligation under the NSW Act on the Principal Contractor to pay the amount retained to the claimant/subcontractor. If the subcontractor wants to receive payment if it is successful in the adjudication and is unable to recover the adjudicated amount from the respondent/contractor, it must issue a notice of claim under the NSW Debts Act as described below.
Notification requirements
A contractor is required to provide the necessary details of the Principal Contractor to the subcontractor. Failure to provide this information results in a maximum penalty of 10 units (or $1100) being imposed upon the contractor.
A subcontractor does not need to notify a contractor that it has issued a PWR on a Principal Contractor. A contractor should therefore be mindful of the risk that a significant PWR could have upon its forecast cash flow in a project and perhaps consider imposing an obligation on the subcontractor to notify it of any PWRs in the relevant subcontract.
Recent amendments to the legislation
As set out above, in April 2014, changes to the legislation were introduced to:
provide for maximum due dates for payment;
remove the requirement in a payment claim to state that it is a payment claim made pursuant to the NSW Act; and
impose the requirement to provide a supporting statement on head contractors making payment claims.
The April 2014 amendments also included provisions for the making of regulations to the NSW Act to provide for head contractors to hold retention money provided by subcontractors on trust. As at July 2014, these regulations have not come into force.
Contractors Debts Act 1997
(NSW) (NSW Debts Act)
When does the legislation apply | What rights does the legislation confer on contractors | How does an unpaid person effect the assignment | What must a principal do when faced with a claim | What are the contractor's rights if not paid - how does a contractor enforce its rights
The NSW Debts Act applies when a person (unpaid person) is owed money by another person (defaulting contractor) for work carried out for or materials supplied by the unpaid person to satisfy the obligations of the defaulting contractor to some other person (principal). The Act expressly provides that the term 'carrying out of work' incorporates construction work under a construction contract, within the meaning of the NSW Act. It is not possible to contract out of the NSW Debts Act.
back to NSW Debts Act | back to top
Right of assignment of debt from principal
The NSW Debts Act gives an unpaid subcontractor the right to require the assignment to it of the principal's obligation to pay money it owes under the head contract to the defaulting contractor.
The right to the assignment only arises where:
an unpaid person is owed money for work carried out for or materials supplied to the defaulting contractor;
there is money that is payable or will become payable to the defaulting contractor by the principal for work or materials that the defaulting contractor was engaged to carry out or supply under a contract; and
the work carried out or materials supplied by the unpaid person are, or are part of or incidental to, the work or materials that the principal engaged the defaulting contractor to carry out or supply.
How does an unpaid person effect the assignment?
Judgment and debt certificates
To exercise the right of assignment, the unpaid person must firstly obtain a judgment against the defaulting contractor. This traditionally meant having a court or arbitrator give a judgment in favour of the unpaid person. Once a judgment has been received, the unpaid person must obtain a debt certificate for the amount owed. The unpaid person can apply to a court for a debt certificate.
The fact that the unpaid person must have obtained a judgment debt against the defaulting contractor means that the NSW Debts Act is rarely used. By the time the unpaid person obtains the judgment debt, it is unlikely that the principal will still owe the defaulting contractor any money which is the subject of the assignment.
However, the NSW Debts Act has been amended to allow a court to issue a debt certificate based on an adjudication certificate issued under the NSW Act.
Notice of claim
To make the assignment of the obligation to pay the debt under a debt certificate effective, an unpaid person must serve a notice of claim in an approved form on the principal.
Receiving a notice of claim
When a principal is served a notice of claim, it must pay the money owed to the defaulting contractor to the unpaid person.
Failure to pay the debt entitles the unpaid person to start proceedings in court for recovery against the principal. However, the principal does have a right to defend any proceedings.
Does the principal owe any money to the defaulting contractor?
If there is no money payable to the defaulting contractor by the principal, the unpaid person has no right to assign its debt to the principal and the principal will have no obligation to pay the unpaid person.
George Feros Memorial v Hammat Constructions
[2000] NSWSC 808
Hanna & Edmed (contractor) and George Feros Memorial (principal) entered into a standard building works contract JCC-D 1994 which included a term that made any security provided by the contractor available to the principal whenever the principal was entitled to the payment by the contractor or whenever the principal would be entitled to reimbursement of any moneys paid to others under the contract, as if the security were money due to the contractor by the principal.
Hanna & Edmed entered into subcontract with Hammat Constructions to construct a car park and road works as part of the works in the head contract.
Hammat obtained judgment against the contractor (who had since gone into receivership) for money owing under the subcontract. Hammat then served a notice of claim and debt certificate issued under the NSW Debts Act on the principal.
The principal handed over to the receivers the remaining bank guarantee held by it under the head contract.
In debt recovery proceedings against the principal, the court found that this amount was due to the contractor and paid to Hammat in satisfaction of the judgment debt.
When the case went to the Supreme Court, it was held that all moneys payable under the contract to the contractor had been paid and accordingly there was nothing owing for work or materials.
An obligation to return security was not a payment for work or materials and in any event would not have been money due for work carried out, as the contractor had been paid in full.
The NSW Debts Act does not impose an obligation on a principal to activate security or consider it as money payable to the contractor, unless required by the contract.
The security in the form of a bank guarantee was not money; it was a contract between the bank and principal under which money might become available.
Other reasons for non-payment
Before making payment to the unpaid person, the principal should consider the following:
If a binding assignment has already been made more than seven days before, the debt which ranks in priority must be paid first.
If after 7 days from the date of service of the notice of claim there are other notices of claim that have been served in the same period, the principal must make pro rata payments.
In making payments to the unpaid person, the principal must comply with the contract between the principal and the defaulting contractor and pay the unpaid person as payments become payable under that contract.
A principal may be entitled to resist payment of the debt of an amount that exceeds 120 days wages or involves something moveable which would be practicable for the unpaid person to exercise a lien over.
Proceedings for a debt cannot be taken more than 12 months after the debt becomes payable. A debt that is payable because of an assignment under the NSW Debts Act, becomes payable by the principal when it would have become payable to the defaulting contractor as if there had been no assignment.
Discharge notice
On assignment of a debt, a principal must make payments to an unpaid person until the principal receives a notice that fully discharges the debt, or the payments are no longer payable under the contract between the principal and the defaulting contractor, whichever occurs first.
An unpaid person must provide a discharge notice acknowledging payment of a debt, or part of a debt, if requested by the principal.
What are the contractor's rights if not paid – how does a contractor enforce its rights
If the principal does not pay a debt the subject of a notice of claim the unpaid person must sue the principal for the assigned debt. The principal may then defend the claim using any defence which it would have had against recovery of the debt by the defaulting contractor.
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package org.fintx.util;

import lombok.Getter;
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import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

/**
 * @author bluecreator(qiang.x.wang@gmail.com)
 *
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@Getter
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Home›USA›
County restricts immigration agents after courthouse arrest
On March 3, 2020 by thewallstreetpost.com
A Pennsylvania county imposed restrictions on U.S. immigration agents Tuesday after a federal officer arrested a man at the courthouse, sparking a heated confrontation that was captured on video.
Franklin Urrutia-Cordon, 32, went to the Northampton County Courthouse for a hearing in his drunken driving case and unexpectedly found himself in federal custody for an alleged immigration violation. His attorney loudly protested the warrantless arrest.
An executive order issued Tuesday by Northampton County's top elected official, Lamont McClure, prohibits Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents from arresting people at the county courthouse or jail unless they have provided county officials with a detainer request and then show up with a warrant signed by a federal judge.
McClure, a Democrat, said that the policy had been in the works for some time, but that Monday's arrest of Urrutia-Cordon "was the straw that broke the camel's back."
ICE said Tuesday that it's not required to obtain a criminal judicial warrant to take custody of an immigrant on civil immigration violations.
"This idea is simply a figment created by those who wish to undermine immigration enforcement and justify their ill-conceived sanctuary policies that put politics before public safety by shielding violent criminals from law enforcement," the agency said.
ICE added that it's far safer to take custody of someone in a jail or courthouse setting, where people are screened for weapons.
ICE's presence around courthouses has been a contentious issue nationally during the Trump administration, with courts from California to New Jersey pushing back by limiting or blocking the agency from conducting courthouse arrests. Advocates for immigrants say detaining people who appear for court proceedings has a chilling effect on victims and witnesses.
Federal officials contend that such state and local restrictions are illegal and endanger the public. In a November letter to the Washington and Oregon supreme courts, U.S. Attorney General William Barr declared that immigration officers "are not subject to state rules that purport to restrict (them) from making administrative arrests on property that is otherwise open to the public and other law enforcement officers."
Immigration agents arrested two people inside a California courthouse last month, ignoring a new state law requiring judicial warrants.
In Northampton County, about 70 miles (110 kilometers) north of Philadelphia, Urrutia-Cordon was in court Monday when a plainclothes immigration agent abruptly took him into custody.
Taken by surprise, his lawyer demanded to see a warrant.
"I have a copy of it it my car," the unnamed agent said, according to a video of the encounter released by defense lawyer Joshua Fulmer.
"That is not acceptable," Fulmer, his voice rising, told the agent. "You must show him a warrant!"
The agent then said he was conducting an "administrative warrantless arrest."
Urrutia-Cordon, who came to the United States as a teenager, was taken to the York County jail to await deportation proceedings, according to Fulmer. The lawyer initially said Urrutia-Cordon came from Honduras, but ICE later said he is from Guatemala.
"My client was arrested by a federal agent with no warrant and no probable cause to do so in violation of federal law," he said. "To have this idea that we are going to have federal agents walking around the hallways arresting people without a warrant that they think are here illegally, or undocumented, is extremely disturbing."
Immigration agents are authorized by law to make warrantless arrests of people they have probable cause to believe are in the country illegally and are likely to flee. But Fulmer said his client had been showing up for court proceedings in his drunken driving case for more than two years without incident and was not a flight risk.
Urrutia-Cordon intended to plead guilty in hopes of resolving his case and smoothing his path to lawful permanent resident status. It was a first offense for Urrutia-Cordon, who is married to a U.S. citizen.
"It was definitely a massive shock and very unexpected," Fulmer said of the arrest. "We were there to enter a guilty plea. We thought we had resolved the case in a way that was not going to involve immigration at all. I was caught off guard."
McClure, the county executive, said federal court precedent gives Northampton County the right to require ICE to show up with a warrant.
"We respect the federal government's need to enforce our immigration laws, but we also respect the need of people residing in the commonwealth to have due process," McClure said.
But Witold "Vic" Walczak, legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania, said the county's new policy could be legally problematic. Under the policy, the county can hold someone for up to 48 hours on an ICE detainer. Walczak cited a 2014 federal court decision that found that counties are not legally required to honor ICE detainers and thus can be held liable if there was no constitutional basis for the detention.
"This doesn't really protect anybody, and it doesn't expressly address what's going on in the courthouse," he said.
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Scorpion Unit Emerged as Memphis Pursued Get-Tough Strategy
Do Abortion Rights Hang On State Constitutions?
Memphis Police Disbands Unit Whose Officers Were Charged in Tyre Nichols's Death
After Tyre Nichols Death, Officials' Moves Reflect a Shift in Handling Police Violence
Tyre Nichols Cried in Anguish. Memphis Officers Kept Hitting.
In Texas Oil Country, an Unfamiliar Threat: Earthquakes
We're Adding New Songs to Our California Soundtrack
Farmworker Describes Coming Face to Face With Half Moon Bay Gunman
Murdaugh Said He Knew Killer's Motive on Night His Wife and Son Were Slain
A dispute pits African-Americans and the police against environmental activists in Atlanta
What Edward Hopper saw
A shortage in America creates opportunities for nurses with wheels
Half Moon Bay Immigrant Community Reels From Mass Shooting of Farmworkers
Newport News School Was Warned 3 Times That 6-Year-Old Had a Gun, Lawyer Says
Amid a Plague of Shootings, Bystanders Become Heroes
A Mass Shooting in California Targeted an Entire Family
Congress is gridlocked. America's statehouses are very much not
Atlanta D.A. Wants Grand Jury Findings Kept Private in Trump Inquiry
'Tragedy Upon Tragedy': January Brings Dozens of Mass Shootings So Far
What We Know About Tyre Nichols's Lethal Encounter With Memphis Police
Central Question as Georgia Inquiry Wraps: Will Trump Face Criminal Charges?
Murdaugh Set to Face Trial Over Murder of Wife and Son
There is no easy escape from America's debt-ceiling mess
The Daughter of a King, and a Legacy of Tears
Women's March Holds Nationwide Rallies on 50th Anniversary of Roe
Friends and Family Mourn Lisa Marie Presley at Graceland
When Students Change Gender Identity, and Parents Don't Know
Thousands Expected at Graceland Memorial for Lisa Marie Presley
Women's March Plans Nationwide Rallies on Sunday for 50th Anniversary of Roe
Florida Gives Reasons for Rejecting A.P. African American Studies Class
Despite Red Flags, G.O.P. Backed Candidate Now Charged in Shootings
In Omaha, a Streetcar Named Undesirable by Warren Buffett
March for Life Kicks Off in Washington, Setting the Stage for New Ideas
Judge Rules DeSantis Was Wrong, but Upholds Prosecutor's Suspension
6-Year-Old Accused of Shooting Teacher in Virginia Has 'Acute Disability,' Family Says
Florida Rejects A.P. African American Studies Class
'Will We Keep Marching?' On Roe's 50th Anniversary, Abortion Opponents Reach a Crossroads
How America's far right flits from issue to issue
What the spread of universal basic-income schemes says about America's safety net
It is still legal to hit children in school in 19 American states
Biden Administration Invites Ordinary Americans to Help Settle Refugees
Superspreader Sunday?
US mortgage rates fall; 30-year at all-time low of 3.13%
Minneapolis Moves to Reopen George Floyd Square
Police: 3rd person dies following Nebraska house explosion
Michigan police seize nearly $1 million worth of cocaine, 3 suspects arrested
Georgia added a hate-crimes law last year after the death of Ahmaud Arbery.
Three stabbed outside Costa Mesa nightclub, man and woman arrested
Trump Rebuffs Biden Transition Team, Setting Off Virus and National Security Risks
Come to Vote, Stay for the Art
Military Names Air Force Judge for Guantánamo Bay 9/11 Trial

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Shoulder straps are 3" (75mm wide). Lap straps are 2" (50mm) wide webbing with 3" (75mm) wide load spreader pad.
All straps fully adjustable, 2" (50mm) lap straps using Willans own steel adjusters.
Shoulder straps use Willans own anti-creep adjuster for control of wearer straps.
On the 5th June 2007 we were informed by the FIA that all 3 point mounted harnesses are no longer FIA approved!


text:
K-TOWN
Lay Makes His Solo Debut on the Billboard 200 With New Album
10/29/2018 by Jeff Benjamin
Courtesy of Lay Zhang Studio
Lay Zhang
The Chinese singer-songwriter marks a rare victory for M-pop on America's main albums charts.
Lay makes a major move as a solo artist and for Mandarin-pop music on the Billboard charts this week, earning his first Billboard 200 entry.
The Chinese singer-songwriter and member of EXO sees his newly released NAMANANA: 03 album debut at No. 21 on the Billboard 200 with 24,000 equivalent album units earned in the week ending Oct. 25, according to Nielsen Music. Of that sum, 23,000 were in traditional album sales.
The Billboard 200 chart ranks the most popular albums of the week in the U.S. based on multi-metric consumption as measured in equivalent album units. Units are comprised of traditional album sales, track equivalent albums (TEA) and streaming equivalent albums (SEA). The new Nov. 3-dated chart -- where Lay debuts and the A Star Is Born soundtrack spends its third week at No. 1 -- will be posted in full on Billboard's websites on Tuesday, Oct. 30, along with the rest of Billboard's weekly charts dated Nov. 3.
In addition to his first Billboard 200 entry, Lay also earns his first No. 1 on the World Albums chart with NAMANANA. Lay now claims four entries on the chart, entering the chart at the top of the year with his Winter Special Gift EP (that peaked at No. 8) and scoring top 5 entries in 2017 (02 SHEEP hit No. 4) and 2016 (his Lose Control EP also peaked at No. 4). As a member of EXO, Lay has also been at No. 1 spot three times.
NAMANANA is Lay's fourth overall release, but stands out for ambitiously having all 11 tracks recorded in Mandarin Chinese and English for a 22-track project altogether. Lay had a heavy hand in the production and writing of the record that sees him involved in every track on the LP, including "Give Me a Chance" that has production and English lyrics from "Beautiful" hitmaker Bazzi. From the exuberant confidence on the title track to the slick and stealthy electro-pop on cuts like "Lay U Down" or "Mapo Tofu," the 27-year-old is keen to prove his versatility and hunger as a solo star.
Prior to this week's charts which have a flood of activity from international artists, BTS member J-Hope peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard 200 with his mixtape Hope World at the time making him the highest-charting K-pop solo artist on America's definitive albums charts at the time. With NAMANANA at No. 21, does this mean Lay can claim the title?
The answer isn't as easy as you may you think as technically Lay does come from the K-pop world, as a member of EXO and releasing music in Korea since the beginning of his career. But the NAMANANA songs were recorded in both Chinese and English, not Korean, making it hard to exactly call this "K-pop" and perhaps making Mandarin Chinese-pop, better known as "M-pop," a better term for the release.
Lay is expected to make a splash on the charts next month as well when EXO's highly anticipated comeback album Don't Mess Up My Tempo drops on Nov. 2, The release follows the band's 2017 summer album The War which hit No. 87 on the Billboard 200. EXO also sent 2015's Exodus to No. 95 on the Billboard 200.
Check back to Billboard.com on Tuesday morning when all the charts are refreshed to see the full scope of Lay's latest chart activity.


The Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation asked experts from Canada and the United States to establish research priorities in the area of urological care following spinal cord injury (SCI).
Among their 5 priorities was the recommendation to study the value of probiotics to control the growth of bacteria and treat infections in the urinary tract.
Probiotics are not a magic bullet, but evidence is accumulating that they can be used to manipulate the number and types of bacteria living in the vaginal and urethral areas. In the future they might provide valuable options to help restore and maintain urogenital health.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, February 28th, 2007 at 8:03 PM	and is filed under Infection, Pre, Pro, Synbiotics. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Rihanna new boyfriend. Who Is Hassan Jameel? 2019-07-18
Rihanna new boyfriend Rating: 5,9/10 1898 reviews
Rihanna Breaks Up with Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel
You know because I fell in love with this record and I don't know,. In June 2017, during her vacation in Spain. . They go for a much higher premium. Archived from on March 30, 2013. Reid was also impressed with her audition, telling Jay-Z not to let Rihanna leave the building until the contract was signed.
Who Is Rihanna's Billionaire Boyfriend, And Is She Pregnant?!
Here are some things you absolutely must know about the newest consort in the musical royal family. In 2003, Rihanna formed a musical trio with two of her classmates. Archived from on April 29, 2011. Archived from on October 30, 2012. In 2015, Rihanna appeared in the voice role of Tip in the animated feature film alongside and , the film was based on by. A young player can see you coming from a mile away. Her image and fashion has changed several times with different hairstyles since the release of.
Rihanna's billionaire playboy boyfriend Hassan Jameel was married before dating singer
Sad world we live in. . Released in May 2007, the album charted at No. Domestic violence case In 2008, Rihanna began dating Chris Brown. Rihanna has been in an on-screen matchup with in Rihanna: We Found Love 2011. She grew up in a three-bedroom bungalow in and sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street.
The family owns the rights to sell Toyota cars in Saudi Arabia. . In the end, with him being heir to billions and the family business, his family will intervene and that does not bode well for her. Archived from on June 27, 2016. Archived from on February 26, 2009. But no, I just want to make music. Working together, I know we can amplify our efforts and ensure that millions of children gain access to education globally.
Six things you need to know about Hassan Jameel, Rihanna's billionaire boyfriend
In a January 2013 interview with Rolling Stone, Rihanna confirmed that she had rekindled her relationship with Chris Brown, though he remained under probation for the 2009 domestic violence incident. Jameel: I have been telling you for months now that it was Nothing at all. Reid left it to Jay-Z and his team to close the deal which resulted in a six-album record deal with Def Jam. They post pictures and vides and make them sign contracts. You was an ex from someone before you got with the person you are with now. After all the Grammy Awards moved from balmy Los Angeles to frigid New York City this year! I'm told she's a pro at fellatio so that's probably what he's there for.
Who Is Hassan Jameel
My career is my purpose, and it should never feel like anything other than a happy place. Peter, but the fact still remains that no woman can force a man to do anything!!! No disrespect but your options are super slim. Chile, Jamie Foxx and Common? Glover's collaborator was directing, with and also involved. Jameel used to be married. Older Arab men will have nothing to do with women their own age. In the United States, Rihanna has sold over 10 million albums, while ranked her as the best-selling digital artist in the country, breaking a for digital single sales of over 58 million as of 2012. Public image Known for reinventing her style and image, Rihanna's music and fashion sense are noted by the media.
Who is Hassan Jameel? Everything we know about Rihanna's new bae
Begging is not my style; if a man wants to marry me, he'll ask within a reasonable amount of time. Since 2017, Rihanna has been in a relationship with businessman. A true lady always leaves a little bit of mystery about herself. I am not a nurse, and I definitely don't have the purse to take care of some sorry broke dude, I already have a child to raise and they are expensive! I would never mess with here. Both successful entrepreneurs in their own right, Jameel and Rihanna make for a well-matched and genetically blessed couple. Rihanna is not immune to the fickleness of old loyalties in fashion. Influence and legacy Rihanna is one of the , having sold over 250 million records worldwide as of September 2018.
She has been named the top chart artist of the past twenty years by Billboard; she ranks first with most entries 36 , most top tens 23 and most No. It's Rihanna's birthday week, an occasion that she marked in an exceptional way last night. Do us both a favor and block me. Archived from on January 31, 2009. The concerts were made free for the public.


Anew version of Android arrives every year with the same question on everyone's minds. Will my phone get the update? For some, it's when will my phone get the update? Generally, if you've bought a flagship that hasn't received its second major Android update yet, it will get the update. The real question is when. For non-flagships, there's never a lot of certainties. Sometimes OEMs push out updates but won't update the device to the latest version of Android. So let us tell you, will your phone get Android 9 Pie update?
Of course, any list about Android version updates has to start with the Google devices. Although everyone knows that they will be the first ones to get the update. All the eligible Google Pixel devices have already received the update while the Google Pixel 3 and 3 XL already ship with Android 9 Pie.
Apart from the Pixel devices, all Android One devices have also been updated to Android Pie mostly. If you have an Android One device that is still running Android Oreo, the update must be just around the corner.
Essential has only released the one phone called Essential Phone or the Essential PH 1 since 2017. The device even runs a bare stock Android. Naturally, it's amongst the first devices to receive updates and Essential has been pretty good at providing them. The Essential PH 1 received its Android Pie update right alongside the Google Pixel devices.
HTC is a brand not quite making the headlines these days. The company did take to Twitter to announce that it will be updating four of its devices to Android Pie. These are the HTC U12, HTC U11 Plus, HTC U11, and the Android One variant of the HTC U11 Life.
Already updated to Android 9 Pie: Android One variant of the HTC U11 Life.
Huawei announced EMUI 9.0, based on Android 9 Pie, back in September and also launched a beta program for some of its devices. So far, many Huawei and Honor devices have received the Android 9 Pie update but the Chinese OEM isn't very clear about the devices that it will be providing updates for. It announced the devices that will receive the update in batches and then updates them before moving into the others. Huawei also rolls out the updates to the same devices in different regions at very different times. So even though, say, the Honor View 10 has been upgraded to Android 9 Pie, it is possible that it is only true for certain regions and not for others.
Will be upgraded to Android 9 Pie (expected): Honor 8X, Huawei Mate 20 Lite, Honor 8C, newer Huawei and Honor devices.
LG hasn't really released any global Android Pie updates yet but it plans to release it for a number of devices. LG's plans extend all the way up to December 31 2019, so you may have to wait for the Android Pie update even as other devices get updated to Android Q.
Motorola is testing Android Pie on the Moto G6 and Moto G6 Plus in Brazil currently, however, the Moto G6 Plus has received the Android Pie update in India.
Nokia is another OEM that's proven itself to be one of the good ones when it comes to providing timely updates. the company not only makes sure updates reach out to the higher-end devices but also the most budget oriented devices in its arsenal.
The Nokia 3 and Nokia 1 will be the last Nokia phones to get the update, sometime in early Q2.
OnePlus became the third OEM in the list to push out Android 9 Pie update to any of its devices. The OnePlus 6 had already received the update back in September 2018 while the OnePlus 6T already ships with it. By the end of December, the company had even updated the OnePlus 5 and 5T.
Oppo has not said a word about an Android Pie update for any of its devices. Although, the Oppo R15 was one of the devices that got to test out the Android Pie beta versions so we can assume that it will get the Android Pie update.
Samsung is quite popular for delayed Android updates and the company is expecting that image to stick this year as well. With so many devices launched in the year, it would be hard for the OEM to release updates on time even if it was the sole creator of the software its devices run on. Check below if your Samsung device will get Android 9 Pie update or not.
Sony has also been doing fine in terms of providing updates to its devices for quite some time now, as far as its latest flagships are concerned. The company is amongst the first to lay out its update plans in public. In fact, the Sony Xperia XZ2 was amongst the handful of devices that got to test the Android Pie beta versions.
Oppo's sister company isn't much better. At least the company had acknowledged that they would be rolling out Android Pie updates in Q4 of 2018. However, it is 2019 and no Vivo devices have received stable Android Pie updates. By the end of December, the company did kick off Android Pie closed beta program for fours of its smartphones. These are the X21, X21 UD, Nex A, and Nex S. The Vivo X21 was also amongst the handful of devices in Google's Android Pie beta program so we can expect it to be the first to receive the update.
Xiaomi isn't known for providing fast Android version updates. Although it does update its devices to the latest version of its MIUI skin quite regularly. Many of its devices are yet to receive Android Oreo updates and the OEM is working towards that. Meanwhile, these are the few devices that have been confirmed get updated to MIUI 10 based on Android Pie in the future.


text:
Q: R, leaflet package, Passing a character vector of HTML tags to popups? I'm trying to emulate the first example on https://rstudio.github.io/leaflet/popups.html but with a vector of html tags rather than one.
Example on https://rstudio.github.io/leaflet/popups.html:

content

[1] "Samurai Noodle
606 5th Ave. S
Seattle, WA 98138"

Mine:

bird$html[1]

[1] "more info"

However, when I pass the code to leaflet popup, the more info hyperlink displays and links to a not found page rather than the url. Do i have to add any special characters to the HTML tag (e.g. slashes or quotations)? Any thoughts?
leaflet () %>%
      addTiles(urlTemplate = base_map, attribution = mb_attribution)%>%
      addMarkers(bird$lon, bird$lat,
                 popup=paste(sep="","", bird$Common.Name,"",
                             "
","","Scientific Name: ","" ,bird$Scientific.Name,
                             "
","","Number Observed: ","", bird$Count,
                             "
","","Location: ","", bird$Location,
                             "
","","Region: ","", bird$Area,
                             "
","", "Date: ", "", bird$Date,
                             "
", bird$html),
                 clusterOptions = markerClusterOptions()) %>%
      addPopups(bird$lon, bird$lat, bird$html, options = popupOptions(closeButton = FALSE)
      )

A: I think you're using a wrong quotation string. ' instead of '. It works for me if I reverse the quote string as so:
'more info'

Double quotes to escape the URL.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I think Tiggs does a great job keeping the site alive.
Cheers guys, but we could do with some stories to post up ?
is there an issue with our board in here? I can't see any entries on the left hand side, the stains board is ok???
Several other sites have the same issue, but not all, it has been reported, but no response as yet.


Lofty is proud to welcome The Wire to its growing stable of world-class programming.
The Wire is a daily current affairs program, broadcast exclusively on Community and Indigenous radio stations around Australia. Since 2004, The Wire has prided itself on covering news and current affairs from a different perspective to other major media outlets.
Produced in collaboration by three of Australia's leading progressive community broadcasters – Radio Adelaide, 2SER Sydney and 4EB Brisbane, The Wire is Australia's flagship national program for the community radio sector.
The Wire airs on Lofty 5 days per week: via 88.9 FM Monday and Tuesday, and online every weekday.


text:
Q: Check count in Postgres I'm trying to add a constraint to a Postgresql table and I can't find  the right syntax.
In my table I have diferent columns: a date, a type (enum with 'up' and 'down') and a foreign id. What I want to do is restrict the amount of rows with type 'down' to be less or equal to the amount of 'up' that have the same foreign id and date. How should I do this?
What I have done by now is this: ALTER TABLE stocks ADD CONSTRAINT chk_up_down CHECK COUNT(*) AS COUNT FROM stocks GROUP BY date, foreign_id, type, but I don't know how to compare from there.
Thanks.

A: This is not possible with a CHECK contraint in PostgreSQL.
Doc says:

Currently, CHECK expressions cannot contain subqueries nor refer to
  variables other than columns of the current row (see Section 5.4.1).
  The system column tableoid may be referenced, but not any other system
  column.

But it should be possible with a trigger: read link added in comment by Laurenz Albe.

A: You can only do this with a check constraint if you add a helper function to return the difference in values.  Then you can require that the difference be greater than or equal to zero.
Another method -- which requires a trigger -- is to store the net amount in another table, and update it when the data changes (inserts/updates/deletes).  Then you can add a check constraint in that table to do what you want.


Joseph Amadeus Fleck, born of German speaking parents in the village of Sziklos, Austria-Hungary on August 25, 1892, saw the American Southwest through Viennese eyes. He received his first education in the arts at the Kunstgewerbeschule or Institute of Applied Arts in Vienna, which he entered in 1908. There he studied lithography, etching, and ornamental engraving, receiving a diploma around 1911.
Shortly thereafter he entered Vienna's Royal Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Hans Tichi, and Rudolf Bacher, two members of the Austrian Succession group. Other members of this movement, founded in 1897 to break away from more traditional styles of painting, were Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele and Oscar Kokoschka.
Pre-war Vienna, the hub of a vast multi-racial, multi-cultural Empire, was the original source of Fleck's artistic vision. But an epoch ended with the shots fired at Sarajevo. In 1915, Fleck was called into the army, as were many of his Academy classmates. Shortly thereafter he arrived on the Italian front. His artistic talents were soon discovered by officers of his regiment, and he became recognized as the unofficial regimental artist. In 1916 he returned to Vienna as a lieutenant to spend the remaining war years painting war heroes and important government figures. He completed his training at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1919.
In 1922, he emigrated to the United States, arriving in Kansas City, Missouri. He began working at a stained-glass factory owned by Tiffany and Co, rising to the position of chief designer. His solid training in portraiture soon enabled him to receive many portrait commissions. Among the most notable of these were the portrait of Confederate General George Franklin Paxton, now hanging in the Museum of the Virginia Historical Society; and the portrait of Mayor Albert I. Beech of Kansas City. Both were painted in 1924.
In early 1924, Fleck visited an exhibition of paintings by members of the Taos Society of Artists in a Kansas City Art Gallery. His curiosity aroused, he visited Taos in the summer of 1924. In 1925, he married Mable Davidson Mantz and returned to Taos to become a permanent resident. With the exception of extended painting trips to Europe in 1926 and 1930-1931 and three years as Dean of Fine Arts at the University of Missouri at Kansas City, he remained a resident of Taos until 1973. He died in Pleasanton, California in 1977.
Among his prizes and honors were the bronze medal of the Kansas City Art Institute, 1923, the silver medal of the Kansas City Art Institute, 1929, the Morris Rosenwald prize of the Art Institute of Chicago, 1927. He was also a contributor to juried national and international exhibitions sponsored by the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Carnegie Foundation, the Corcoran Gallery, the National Academy of Design, the Toledo Museum, and the World's Fairs in New York and San Francisco in 1939.
One-man shows included the Houston Museum, 1930; Galerie Bernheim Jeune, Paris, 1931; and the Nelson Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Missouri, 1944. Fleck was a member of the Artist's Equity Association and the Chicago Galleries Association. He served as president of the Taos Artist's Association from 1947 to 1949.
Fleck's early Taos paintings were executed in a distinctive but somewhat academic style. His style, however, evolved continuously throughout his career, ultimately touching on the impressionistic. But Fleck never forgot his Austrian roots and his attraction to Austrian expressionism.
Fleck's work is represented in the Österreichsiches Museum im Oberen Belvedere, Vienna, Austria, as well as numerous American Museums and private collections.


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"Thank you for visiting Logos Hope, the world's largest floating book-fair, my name is Chris and I'm from Australia". I'm speaking on a microphone before a small crowd of people who have just arrived at the ship after a long wait and a bumpy bus ride. They are about to enter the book fair and browse our selection of books, and it's my job to tell them how to work out the price of the books and where to find the bathroom. In speaking briefly with one of the crowd he said to me "I am so glad that you are open again this week because I was unable to come before – and I brought my family with me".
You see this week is unlike any other time I have been on the ship. We have been delayed by two weeks in Sri-Lanka because some repairs took longer than we hoped. So we opened the book fair again and sent people out to tell the city that we are open again – but unusually we aren't hosting any events so there is very little work to do in AV. For this reason I was able to live my dream this week and work in the book fair for 6 days. I have volunteered my time there often when they are short on staff, but only for an hour or two here and there. I have prayed for the opportunity to work there for a longer time without leaving AV and this week God said 'Yes!'. He is good!
To see first-hand a variety of people of different walks of life and beliefs on the ship and browsing our good books and meeting crew members gives me a new perspective on what God is doing on this ship and new enthusiasm for this ministry.


text:
Das Axiom der Determiniertheit (abgekürzt mit AD) besagt, dass für bestimmte Spiele unendlicher Länge immer eine Gewinnstrategie existiert, der Gewinner also determiniert ist. Vor dem Hintergrund der üblichen Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre (ZF) ist es nicht mit dem Auswahlaxiom verträglich. Aus dem Axiom der Determiniertheit folgt die Existenz gewisser unerreichbarer Kardinalzahlen in bestimmten Modellen. Da auf Grund des zweiten gödelschen Unvollständigkeitssatzes nicht gezeigt werden kann, dass die Annahme der Existenz unerreichbarer Kardinalzahlen konsistent ist, kann auch nicht gezeigt werden, dass das Axiom der Determiniertheit konsistent ist. Das Axiom der Determiniertheit ist äquikonsistent zu der Existenz unendlich vieler Woodin-Kardinalzahlen.

Unendliche Spiele wurden zuerst 1930 von Stanisław Mazur und Stefan Banach untersucht. Das Axiom der Determiniertheit wurde 1962 von Jan Mycielski und Hugo Steinhaus eingeführt.

Unendliche Spiele
 ist die Menge aller unendlichen Folgen natürlicher Zahlen, der Baire-Raum. Ist  eine Teilmenge von , so definiert  ein Spiel  zwischen zwei Spielern, die mit I und II bezeichnet seien: I beginnt und wählt eine natürliche Zahl , dann wählt II eine Zahl , anschließend wählt I wieder eine Zahl  und so weiter. Nach unendlich vielen Wahlen entsteht eine Folge . Liegt diese Folge in , so hat Spieler I gewonnen, im anderen Fall Spieler II.

Eine Strategie eines Spielers ist eine Regel, die einen Zug (abhängig von der endlichen Folge der bereits gewählten Zahlen) festlegt. Eine Strategie ist eine Gewinnstrategie, wenn der Spieler, der ihr folgt, immer gewinnt. Das Spiel  ist determiniert, wenn es für einen der beiden Spieler eine Gewinnstrategie gibt. Das Axiom der Determiniertheit sagt, dass das Spiel  für jede Teilmenge  von  determiniert ist.

Formale Definitionen
Um obigen eher informellen Zugang zu formalisieren, geht man von einer Strategie der Spielpartner aus. Spieler I bestimmt die erste Zahl der Folge, die dritte, die fünfte und so weiter. Eine Strategie für den Spieler I ist daher eine Funktion von der Menge aller endlichen Folgen  nach . Ist also  eine solche Funktion, so spielt Spieler I zuerst . Spielt dann Spieler II im nächsten Zug , so spielt Spieler I anschließend  und so weiter.

Diese Zugfolge, die durch die von Spieler I festgelegte Strategie  und die von Spieler II gewählten Züge  bestimmt ist, wird mit  bezeichnet.

 ist nun für Spieler I im Spiel  eine Gewinnstrategie, wenn er immer gewinnt, wenn also .

Analog wird eine Gewinnstrategie für Spieler II definiert.

Das Axiom der Determiniertheit lautet nun:
Ist  eine Teilmenge von , so besitzt entweder Spieler I oder Spieler II für das Spiel  eine Gewinnstrategie.

AD und das Auswahlaxiom
Da die Mächtigkeit aller Strategien  ist, kann man mit dem Auswahlaxiom durch ein Diagonalargument zeigen, dass es ein Spiel  gibt, das nicht determiniert ist. Dazu konstruiert man eine Menge , die sämtliche Strategien beider Spieler widerlegt:
 Zu jeder Strategie  von Spieler II wählt man eine Antwort  von Spieler I und definiert diesen Ausgang als Gewinn für Spieler I, d. h. .
 Weiterhin wählt man für jede Strategie von Spieler I eine Antwort des zweiten Spielers und legt fest, dass die entstehende Zugfolge nicht in  liegt.
Damit die Menge  widerspruchsfrei definiert werden kann, dürfen sich die gewählten Folgen sich nicht wiederholen. Dies ist möglich, da mit dem Auswahlaxiom eine Wohlordnung von  (und somit auch der Menge der Strategien) existiert. Die Konstruktion lässt sich als transfinite Induktion über die Menge aller Strategien der beiden Spieler durchführen.

Umgekehrt folgt aus dem Axiom der Determiniertheit aber, dass jede abzählbare Familie nichtleerer Mengen reeller Zahlen eine Auswahlfunktion besitzt.

Da sich die Menge  eineindeutig auf den Raum  abbilden lässt, ist dafür zu zeigen, dass jede abzählbare Familie nicht leerer Mengen  eine Auswahlfunktion besitzt. Das Spiel zu dieser Familie wird nun wie folgt definiert: Wenn der Spieler I als erstes die Zahl  wählt, so gewinnt Spieler II genau dann, wenn die Folge der von ihm gewählten Zahlen  in  liegt. Liegt  in , so ist die Strategie, diese Zahlen der Reihe nach zu wählen, eine Gewinnstrategie für den Spieler II zwar nur für den Fall, dass Spieler I am Anfang  wählt. Aber das zeigt, dass Spieler I keine Gewinnstrategie haben kann. Nimmt man das Axiom der Determiniertheit an, so muss also Spieler II eine Gewinnstrategie haben. Aus dieser Strategie lässt sich eine Auswahlfunktion gewinnen: Für  wählt man die Folge, die Spieler II spielt, wenn Spieler I  spielt.

Folgerungen
 Aus dem Axiom der Determiniertheit folgt, dass  unerreichbar in  für jedes  ist.

Lebesgue-Messbarkeit
Mit dem Auswahlaxiom können nicht-Lebesgue-messbare Mengen konstruiert werden, zum Beispiel Vitali-Mengen. Aus dem Axiom der Determiniertheit folgt hingegen:
 Jede Menge reeller Zahlen ist Lebesgue-messbar.
 Jede Menge reeller Zahlen hat die Baire-Eigenschaft
 Jede überabzählbare Menge reeller Zahlen enthält eine perfekte Teilmenge

Messbare Kardinalzahlen
Aus dem Axiom der Determiniertheit folgt, dass messbare Kardinalzahlen existieren.
  ist eine messbare Kardinalzahl und der Filter der Club-Mengen ist ein Ultrafilter
  ist eine messbare Kardinalzahl.

Konsistenz von AD
Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren wurde angenommen, dass AD ein Axiom über große Kardinalzahlen ist. Es konnte später dann unter der Voraussetzung der Existenz unendlich vieler Woodin Kardinalzahlen mit einer messbaren Kardinalzahl über ihnen bewiesen werden, dass es ein Inneres Modell gibt, in dem das Axiom der Determiniertheit gilt.

W. Hugh Woodin zeigte, dass folgende Theorien äquikonsistent sind:
 ZFC + Es gibt unendlich viele Woodin Kardinalzahlen
 ZF + AD

Ähnliche Axiome
Das Axiom der reellen Determiniertheit  sagt aus, dass auch jedes Spiel determiniert ist, wenn die Spieler statt natürlichen Zahlen reelle Zahlen wählen dürfen. Dieses Axiom ist echt stärker als AD.
 Das Axiom der projektiven Determiniertheit wiederum fordert die Determiniertheit nur für Gewinnmengen, die eine projektive Teilmenge des Baire-Raumes ist.

Literatur
 Thomas Jech: Set Theory. 3. millenium edition, revised and expanded. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-44085-2, S. 627 ff.
 Akihiro Kanamori: The Higher Infinite. Large Cardinals in Set Theory from the Beginnings. Springer, Berlin u. a. 1994, ISBN 3-540-57071-3 (2nd edition. ebenda 2003, ISBN 3-540-00384-3).

Axiom der Mengenlehre
Deskriptive Mengenlehre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home National Turkiye's court records reveal illegal journey of migrants into Europe
Turkiye's court records reveal illegal journey of migrants into Europe
Turkiye's Supreme Court records in a case of migrant smuggling in which two irregular migrants lost their lives have shed light on the details of the dangerous journey migrants set out to start a new life in Europe.
Turkiye's Supreme Court of Appeals upheld a sentence of 47 years and 11 months in prison to an accused Syrian national on charges of "migrant smuggling and killing under the principle of dolus eventualis" in the case of two irregular migrants, including one child, who died while trying to escape abroad across the Aegean Sea through the human smugglers.
According to the court records, the accused worked in the shoe business in Turkiye for two years to save money for fleeing to Europe. Later, he got in touch with human smugglers through his relatives in 2016 and asked them to help him go abroad.
The smugglers asked for €1,600 ($1,826) for helping him, while the accused said he only had €1,400. Then, the smugglers offered him to drive the boat to be used for transporting him and other irregular migrants in exchange for a discount, the records added.
The day before the incident, in the Ayvalik district of Turkiye's western Balikesir province, the accused received around a 45-minute-long training from human smugglers on driving the boat.
The smugglers the next day brought other irregular migrants that got on the boat at night, while the boat was a different one than the accused was trained for. After the boat was set to sail, the human smugglers left the area.
About 10 minutes later, the boat was hit by a wave causing two migrants to fall into the sea and they could not be rescued. After the boat started to take on water, the irregular migrants that asked for help by phone were rescued by the Turkish Coast Guard teams.
After the incident, a criminal case was filed against the Syrian defendant, who was using the boat, on charges of smuggling migrants and causing the death of two people.
He was sentenced to six years and three months in prison on charges of smuggling of migrants, and 41 years and eight months in prison on the charge of "killing under the principle of dolus eventualis" which refers to situations where the accused "foresees the consequences that can occur but prefers to disregard them to achieve his/her aim."
His aim was to go abroad, the accused said, adding that he accepted to drive the boat because he had no money.
Turkiye has been a key transit point for asylum seekers aiming to cross into Europe to start new lives, especially those fleeing war and persecution.
It already hosts 4 million refugees, more than any other country in the world, and is taking new security measures on its borders to humanely prevent a fresh influx of migrants.
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text:
Debunking the AutoAddress Debunking!
Denis Naughten uses Public Funds for Personal Electoral Gain
What's Right with Loc8 Code?
What's Wrong With Eircode?
What has Loc8 Code got to offer over Eircode?
Designed to be simple to use and communicate
Lightweight algorithm driven
Faster and more secure
Self-Service option saves money
For everywhere on island of Ireland.
Install once NEVER requires updating
Ideal for all emergency services/public safety on the island of Ireland
Ideal for utility company / local authority infrastructure
Ideal for tourism
Ideal for temporary events
Ideal for wildlife surveying
Random versus Sequential versus Nested?
Not accurate enough?
Giving a postcode to an apartment?
Checksum doesn't work?
What if you can't self service?
Red Herrings
Loc8 Code – Designed to be simple to use and communicate
Loc8 Codes were designed by Mr. Gary Delaney a formal naval service ships officer with a Master's Degree in Navigation from the University of Nottingham. Mr. Delaney's career involved day to day navigation of Ireland's 7 million square km of nautical territory. Since leaving the Defence Forces Mr. Delaney has further honed his navigational skills carrying out precise GPS surveys for industry. He also works as a Navigation Consultant and expert witness for the State. In short Mr. Delaney understands a lot about navigation & mapping and used his extensive knowledge & experience to design and introduce a consumer friendly navigation and waypoint code known as Loc8 Code.
Loc8 Codes are based upon logical nested co-ordinates ultimately allowing you to define a large area, a small area or an exact point with +/- 6 metre accuracy. It is important to point out that Loc8 Codes are not a sequential code, they are a logically assigned nested code. This is important as it allows codes to be assigned to new buildings that are built between two existing buildings.
For full accuracy Loc8 Codes use 8 digits with 2 dashes separating the groups of digits. So for example my business in Rathcoole uses NT4-82-V23 to identify its location. That format of XXX-XX-XXX is important as it allows users and software to positively identify a Loc8 Code. Other codes do not use a structure like this and are likely to be confused with words or even phone numbers.
From the full 8 digit code reduced accuracy version of the code can be used by omitting some of the constituent parts. So NT4-V23 will identify a locality 100m x 100m while NT4 will identify a zone 3.5km x 3.5km approx. These options would be useful for example for obtaining a delivery quote without having to reveal your full postcode to the shipping company privacy advantage that Eircode cannot match. It could also be useful for taxi dispatchers or emergency service operations to assign resources quickly to a given zone.
One big advantage that Loc8 Codes have over Eircodes is that that the zone and locality codes are logically rather than randomly assigned. This means delivery drivers or emergency service personnel will be able to learn the zone or locality structures that apply to their area of responsibility. Another big plus over Eircodes is that the full and locality versions of the Loc8 Code include a checker digit that help detect common human errors. Please note the checker digit is NOT a checksum and therefore does not function like a checksum whereby the checksum would have to change when the code is shortened. A checker digit is designed with a consumer code in mind, it spots common errors without being unnecessarily complicated.
Having a code that is logical and includes built in safeguards makes it easier to communicate and verify. Other steps have also been taken to avoid confusion with Northern Ireland postcodes e.g. BT and other common and predictable causes of confusion e.g. w and vv etc.
Loc8 Code – Lightweight algorithm driven
Unlike Eircodes Loc8 Codes do not rely on a database, they rely on a simple yet sophisticated engineered computer algorithm. The code is simple in that it consists of approximately 50 lines of computer code making it very small and lightweight when it comes to integrating Loc8 Codes into software or hardware. The code is sophisticated in that those 50 lines of code contain all the smart rules and exceptions for consistent generation or mapping of a Loc8 Code.
Any device (computer, mobile phone, GPS system) which contains the Loc8 Code algorithm can calculate the exact location of a Loc8 without an Internet connection and/or database search. This means 100% coverage, 100% of the time without exception. It doesn't matter if the user is looking up a Loc8 Code on the Blasket islands or in central Dublin, it will just work. Enter GPS co-ordinates and get a Loc8 Code out, reverse the process and put in a Loc8 Code and get the exact same GPS coordinates back out.
Loc8 Code – Faster and more secure
Because a Loc8 Code can be translated into GPS coordinates without connecting over the Internet it is much quicker in use than Eircode. Consider the case of the emergency services, even if they do have an Internet connection, that connection can take time to connect and may be slow. Vital minutes could be lost. Because Loc8 Codes do not rely on a central database server they are much more secure and there is no single point of failure and generation or mapping is practically instant.
The fact that Loc8 Codes can be generated on-device and without broadband coverage (database access) makes them infinitely more available than Eircodes as planned. No security issues arise from reverse running the code because there are half a billion possible Loc8 Codes and no way of knowing which of these are actually dwellings. Reverse engineering of Eircode makes sense to a hacker while doing the same to Loc8 is simply unfeasible. Loc8 Codes are not a hack, DoS or data poisoning risk unlike like Eircodes. Also an algorithm needs no maintenance and thus suffers no downtime so no need to worry about an SLA.
Loc8 Code – Self Service saves money
Because of the publicly available nature of apps and websites that generate Loc8 Codes these can be used to "self-service" the delivery of Loc8 Codes to early adopters. If it is the intention of the Department of Communication Energy and Natural Resources to notify 2.2 million addresses of their individual postcode then this is likely to cost €2.2 million to deliver when postage and printing are taken into account. If a sizeable number of these locations were able to self-service the creation of their own postcode this would mean that the savings in postage alone could pay for the acquisition of the portion of Loc8 Code that is not already owned by the state via Enterprise Ireland.
The government could announce an initial self-service phase of the postcode roll-out followed up by a postal rollout at a later date to all those that have not already self-generated a code. Self-service creation of Loc8 Codes is already tried and trusted and has been integrated using ordinance survey house mapping and to date over 100,000 codes have been generated.
Self-service also has the advantage in that it can be applied to non-dwellings such as building sites etc. and reduces bureaucracy and hence running costs for the overall postcode project. I suspect that self-service will show transparency of code generation and may enhance "buy-in" and adoption by citizens on the ground by offering them enhanced ownership. Exact details of how Loc8 would propose a roll-out available from Loc8 themselves who have plans based on 4 years in market place.
Loc8 Code – For every location on island of Ireland
On a small island such as Ireland it makes sense to roll out a code that can be used in both jurisdictions. This makes it easier for people, businesses and tourists to travel around the island and it also can play a part enhancing emergency services co-operation as there are many occasions, especially in border areas, where fire and ambulance appliances from the south head north and vice versa.
Loc8 Code was designed from the beginning to be an all-Ireland address code. Using a lightweight algorithm based code would impose very low adoption costs for all users north and south. Because it is algorithm based, northern ireland users simply need to opt-in by creating a self-service code, and there is no expensive database required.
Loc8 Code – Install once NEVER requires updating
Because the algorithm is so small it means that any update for a device such as a GPS or smartphone can actually be quite tiny and measured in kilobytes not megabytes or gigabytes. So the firmware update file needed to make a GPS compatible with Loc8 Code could potentially be 2 million times smaller than the update for Eircode which is important if your broadband is very slow.
Importantly this firmware update for your GPS or satnav only needs to be carried out ONCE. Once the GPS is Loc8 aware it stays this way and never needs an update again. Garmin have featured Loc8 code since 2010 with expanding devices supported since then. Compare to Eircode this means consumers, businesses and tourists update ONCE only not every 3 months. Loc8 Code is much easier & cheaper for them to adopt and maintain which is even more important for organisations such as emergency services.
For smartphone users the Point8 App is available now from the iTunes or Android Play store.
Loc8 Code – Ideal for emergency services
A dwelling based postcode is only useful for emergencies that occur in and close to dwellings but there are many accidents that happen away from dwellings such as RTAs, cliff, mountaineering & potholing accidents, farm accidents, forestry accidents, missing persons, light aircraft crashes etc. Loc8 Code can help in all these situations as ANY location on the Island of Ireland can be given a Loc8 Code.
Getting ambulances or other emergency services to a casualty quickly saves lives but it also saves money and allows organisations to maximise the current resources they have at their disposal. I think it is well recognised that our emergency services are in crisis due to lack of resources amongst other reasons. The implementation by the DECNR of a genuinely useful postcode is a low cost way of helping these organisations (NAS, Fire brigade etc.) maximise their efficiency and effectiveness.
In one simple example Irish Water Safety and Local Authorities are already using Loc8 codes to mark ring buoys. If a member of the public notices a damaged or missing ring buoy they can call this in exactly without confusion.
The Gardaí have also approved Loc8 code for use in their squad cars after a rigorous testing process in Templemore. The HSE also use Loc8 Code for Major Emergency Planning.
If you can save lives and money with a quality postcode why would you not?
Loc8 Code – Ideal for utility company / local authority infrastructure
Eircodes are only useful when reporting issues relating to dwellings so for a lot of day to day problems experienced by utility companies or local authorities Eircodes are useless.
Using Loc8 Codes on the other hand it is possible to accurately report a dangerous pothole with 6m accuracy to your local authority, or livestock on a road, or a faulty streetlamp or a gas leak etc. The benefits of Loc8 Code for utility companies and local authorities would be immeasurable, enhancing efficiencies and enhancing safety. It provides one simple streamlined system with no need to re-invent a system every time they need to catalogue outdoor assets.
For major emergencies such as last winter's storms Loc8 Codes are very useful making it easy to accurately report infrastructure damage and thus leading to quicker location of faults and thus quicker repairs saving time and money.
Loc8 Code – Ideal for transport companies
For the general public Loc8 Codes are ideal for identifying bus stops. For taxi services they would be invaluable for guiding taxies to a customer not located at a dwelling. And with regard to emergency access to transport infrastructure Loc8 codes are already being used for emergency access to the railway lines – Joint Agency Manager HSE.
Loc8 Code – Ideal for tourism
Because any location can have a Loc8 Code it is especially useful for tourism. Way marked trails can use the Loc8 Code to indicate points along trail or cycleway. Indeed tours could be devised that follow Loc8 Codes that would not be possible using Eircodes.
For example a tour of the Wicklow mountains could start with a viewing point overlooking Dublin, then move on to the source of the River LIffey, and then move on go Glenmacnas waterfall before a visit to the round tour and lakes at Glendalough none of these attractions will ever have an Eircode.
Quite simply the use of Loc8 Code could help revolutionise the tourism offering by opening up all our non-dwelling heritage sites and in doing so could spread the tourism spend into areas without the large attractions.
Loc8 Code – Ideal for temporary events
There is no provision with Eircode to provide temporary postcodes to large events such as Bloom or the National Ploughing Championship. Events like this are very large shows with many hundreds of exhibitors and tens of thousands of visitors. While they may have their own system for mapping stands, using Loc8 Codes could simplify thing for them, again why invent your own system if Loc8 Codes will do the job.
Using Loc8 Codes at these events could also enhance safety as emergency services such as first aid posts or defibrillators could be highlighted with a Loc8 Code.
Loc8 Code – Idea for wildlife surveying
The National Parks & Wildlife Services as well as multiple NGOs regularly run surveys to count wildlife or to plot invasive species etc. Using the simple consumer friendly Loc8 Code system would allow these organisations and their members conduct their surveys with greater ease. A simple code like Loc8 would also allow easier participation by the general public
Some issues that may cause confusion.
Random versus Sequential versus Nested
Eircode features a routing key tied to the primary postal operator in Ireland followed by 4 random digits this allows for new postcode to be issued for a new building built in between two existing buildings.
A sequential postcode would not allow for a new postcode to be issued for a new building in-between two existing buildings but Loc8 Code is NOT a sequential postcode. Loc8 Code is a logically assigned nested code, this means it follows simple rules to generate a code from a GPS position. So Loc8 Code will allow a new unique postcode to be issued for a new building built in between two existing buildings.
Not accurate enough
The accuracy of Loc8 Code is +/- 6 metres and this matches the accuracy of consumer satnav devices. There is no practical reason to have a more accurate postcode because it cannot be resolved without the use of very expensive additional equipment. Loc8 Code does however have proposals to enhance accuracy should it be required as a National system
Giving a postcode to an apartment
There is no logical reason to give a postcode to every individual apartment in an apartment complex. The front door of the apartment block is the first place a delivery person will look for and once there the apartment number will suffice. Adding thousands of apartments to the databases increases the size and cost of the database for no appreciable benefit as it will not lead you further than the front door of the block. It could also lead to the bizarre situation where an actual apartment block itself would not have a postcode which would hinder location by maintenance personnel.
Giving a postcode to an individual apartment adds to public unease and could lead them to believe that Eircodes are only for collecting tax. Having multiple Eircodes for the same front door GPS position is just creating confusion and in no way adds to accuracy as the GPS location of the apartment will not be the physical location of the apartment.
Checksum doesn't work
The checker digit in Loc8 code is not a checksum and does not work like a checksum it is designed to help identify common errors and also works when a shortened 6 digit version of the code is used.
What if you can't self-service?
Self-service generation of a Loc8 Code is something that has been in use for almost 5 years and over 100,000 times. Self-service of a postcode would allow the government to save millions of euro in printing, postage and man hours. It would also allow end users to obtain their postcode in a timely manner without having to rely on someone to do it for them.
Persons unable to self-service their own Loc8 code could receive their code in the manner similar to the way Eircodes plan to roll out to all addresses via a postcard or letter detailing your postcode. Self-service allows the opportunity to save money and speedup a rollout but does not preclude or prevent any other method of dissemination post codes.
Essentially the DCENR should welcome and encourage as much self-service as possible so as to reduce ongoing administration costs and speed up delivery.
9 comments on "What's Right with Loc8 Code?"
MaDMAn	 27/06/2015	 Reply
If postcodes for apartments were really such a desirable feature it would be a simple matter of modifying the Loc8 system by adding a three digit (or two letter) suffix. The postcode for each apartment would then comprise the loc8 code for the front door of the building followed by the apartment number (e.g. 005 for apartment five) Single unit buildings would be allocated a default suffix 000.
Dunno why the creators of the Loc8 system limited themselves to Ireland though. A global Loc8 coding system would have a lot of benefits (less cumbersome than the various methods of inputting latitude and longitude into a satnav)
JClarke	 13/07/2015	 Reply
OK, so these are the things I REALLY DISLIKE ABOUT EIRCODE:
1. Apparently my house has moved from Cavan to Meath
2. When I do a search for my address in Eircode.ie my Next door neighbours house is returned from the search result.
3. There are no contact details on the Eircode.ie website to correct the error.
4. The name "Eircode"… Could they not have called it Postcode like any other civilised country.
5. They are not sequential
6. Eircode not recognised by Sat Navs
7. Eicode gives Cork the letter T – STUPID!!
8. actually there are so many things I hate about Eircode. That I will not be using it either!!!
Mary	 18/07/2015	 Reply
Ok, I'm new to this but I don't understand what the fuss is. Eircode is what it is. Postcodes don't help locate emergencies occurring anywhere. How does a postcode help locate someone who's injured in the mountains. Now admittedly I haven't read all the details of complaint at this website, who has the time, really but it seems the same ole same ole, complaining about anything new. I found my eircode and it was correct. I'm new to the area and eircode shows me all the houses in the area, which IS helpful to me.
what this country needs is road names, road signs to match and house numbers or names. THAT is how homes are located in the countryside. Without that there's now way to drive down a road and know where you are unless you're living in the area where you were born or have lived there at least 10 years. Nothing is made apparant here, code or no code, its all local knowledge, and if you don't have it you don't know nothin. And having to give directions to one's house can be a real job
Get Lost Eircodes	 19/07/2015	 Reply
Mary please read the site the and inform yourself before posting. http://www.Loc8code.com is the Irish developed GPS based postcode that works ANYWHERE on the island of Ireland even on the top of a mountain with 6 metre accuracy. More importantly it will work for every single road traffic accident….Please read up on what Ireland could have and should have embraced for a postcode.
Paul	 19/07/2015	 Reply
I returned to Ireland after many years away and was happy to find UPS and other courier services had arrived and grown in my absence. I was not happy to have to spend time on the phone every time a driver tried to find my house. In fact, I got so fed up with it that I ended up setting up a web site with directions. Then I discovered Loc8code and got a code for my house and was able to text the code to anyone trying to find my house — if they had a SatNav they could enter it and get directed right away. If they didn't have a SatNav but did have a smartphone they could also look it up by entering http://www.loc8code.com/location (where location = the code). Pinpoint accuracy for any location instantly. Free of charge. No requirement for database lookups. No requirement for any Internet connection in the case of the SatNav. Just an elegant solution, one already supported by the Irish taxpayer in the form of support from Enterprise Ireland for an Irish entrepreneur. One that didn't cost €27m and that makes intuitive sense.
If you value your privacy you should avoid ever entering an Eircode in any online form and should refuse to do business with any company requiring you to disclose it. See https://www.digitalrights.ie/eircode-privacy-and-data-protection/.
The boycott was invented in Ireland and if ever anything deserved to be boycotted it's this taxable letterbox identifier, because that's all it is.
Eamonn	 09/09/2015	 Reply
Two months after the introduction of Eircodes it is clear that there is very little if any evidence of acceptance by the public. That the State did not adopt Loc8 as a code is scandalous. I trust the CAG will have something to say about such a waste of €27m. Eircodes deserve the bin as they're useless as a postcode; in fact they are a property / water tax identifier disguised as a post code.
True. Tell the punters they are getting a state backed property ID and they would be up in arms. Tell them they are getting postcode and they rush to download it!
Peas	 11/01/2016	 Reply
I can't help but think that Loc8 envies the publicity that Eirecode was given.
Any publicity Eircode has received has been overwhelmingly negative…whether Loc8 is envious well you will have to ask Loc8


Just when I thought it was great having so many friends, cruiser reality set in. It's time to say good bye to some of my close friends as we part ways and go on our own journey through the pacific. We may never meet again, but they will always share a big part in our adventure. So far we have been so lucky to meet so many wonderful, beautiful people , which makes it harder to say goodbye. Ariel IV were instrumental in getting Beany the required medical treatment she needed, Dr Eric was a god send, who was there for us when we needed him, It will be very sad to see them go. As for the rest of the Northbound fleet we sailed with from Tuvalu to The Marshalls, we will all part ways and head off to our new chosen tropical paradises. We all range in age, we are all from different countries, we are all from different lives ,yet we all share the same dream and are instantly bonded for a lifetime by that one dream.