text:
These are MIDI files I've made.
ClementiSonatina1.mid (34KiB)
In 2003, I was chatting with a girl online about music, and I mentioned that nearly all music can be broken down into a series of chord progressions. She disagreed, saying the piece she was learning to play on the piano could not be broken down into chords. To prove her wrong, I decided to take that piece (Sonatina #1 by Muzio Clementi), figure out what the chords were, then butcher it horribly, keeping Clementi's melody but adding other parts based on the chords. I also stuffed the 3/4 movements into 4/4 time.
DNA2-tv.mid (19KiB)
The theme music from the Japanese anime series DNA2 . This is the shorter, edited version actually used in the series.
DNA2.mid (50KiB)
The theme music from the Japanese anime series DNA2 . This is the full version from the soundtrack CD. My sincerest apologies for the cheesiness of the guitar solo in the middle; there's really no way to make a keyboard sound like a guitar, so I didn't really try.
FederationAnthem.mid (3KiB)
The anthem of the United Federation of Planets, according to the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Take Me Out to the Holosuite". Composed by David Bell.
Kyosuke1.mid (18KiB)
The song "Kyosuke #1" from the 80s anime series Kimagure Orange Road . Throughout the series, one of the main characters composes and develops this piece while she's falling in love, and she secretly names it after him. There's a bit of instrumentation I couldn't quite reproduce in General MIDI, but it sort of works.
Leaning.mid (17KiB)
A modernized version of the classic hymn Leaning on the Everlasting Arms written by Elisha Hoffman and Anthony Showalter in 1887. I can't take credit for the concept of the syncopation, and the vocal harmonies are lifted straight from a hymnal, but the bass and drums are mine.
Matlock.mid (10KiB)
My cheesy arrangement of the theme song from the TV show Matlock .
Seymour.mid (24KiB)
The song "Suddenly Seymour" from the musical Little Shop of Horrors . Music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Howard Ashman.
SMB.mid (20KiB)
Music from Super Mario Bros., by Koji Kondo. I didn't make an ending for this, so after the second time through it just stops.
SMB-Underwater.mid (7KiB)
More music from Super Mario Bros., by Koji Kondo.
SMB2.mid (16KiB)
Music from Super Mario Bros. 2, by Koji Kondo.
SMB3-Grassland2.mid (5KiB)
Music from Super Mario Bros. 3, by Koji Kondo. This is from levels 2 and 4 of world 1 ("Grassland"), and a few other levels throughout the game.
Voyager.mid (7KiB)
My cheesy arrangement of the theme from the TV show Star Trek: Voyager . I think there are a lot of harmony parts and "fillter" instrumentation that I couldn't figure out, so it sounds a bit thin.
X-Files.mid (5KiB)
My arrangement of the theme from the TV show The X Files .
"Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity."
- Hanlon's Razor


text:
Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (Paris,  – Paris, ) foi um médico e sinólogo francês.

Abel-Remusat, tr. ''Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon, avec la description des fêtes et cérémonies observées aux différentes époques de l'année à la Cour de ces Princes, et un appendice contenant des détails sur la poésie des Japonais, leur manière de diviser l'année [par Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812)]; Obra com pranchas coloridas, copiadas dos desenhos originais. Paris (Nepveu), 1820.

Membros da Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Membros da Academia de Ciências da Rússia
Linguistas da França
Sinólogos da França
Naturais de Paris

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
More News & City Life
Regal Hollywood 20 Renews Lease at Main Plaza
Renovations to the project will top $3 million.
By staff August 18, 2017
Sarasota's BBC Main Plaza, 1991 Main St., has reached an agreement with anchor tenant Regal Hollywood 20 for a new long-term lease and plans to move forward with $3 million in renovations, giving the theater a new look with state-of-the-art technology, luxury reclining leather chairs and a modern bar and lounge area. This is the first step in renovating the 8.5-acre Main Street plaza. Regal is planning on making its space a high-end luxury theater complex. The changes include converting the existing 20-theater facility to a premier 11-screen complex. The change in Regal's design opens up close to an acre of property and approximately 28,000 square feet of leasable space. BBC Main Plaza is now accepting applications for restaurant, businesses, retail and office space rentals.
Downtown Sarasota, Sarasota's BBC Main Plaza, Jesse Biter
Chef Profile
After 17 Years in Downtown Sarasota, MéLange Chef Lan Bradeen Continues to Evolve
Ooh la la
Roche Bobois, a Luxury Furniture Shop, Has Opened in Downtown Sarasota
Stroll Through Sarasota History With an Interactive Walking Tour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Meg Harder's more recent work, "New Fraktur," explores themes of bioregionalism, local history, gender, and Mennonite mythology and religion. This new work takes aesthetic inspiration from traditional "Fraktur" folk art as practiced by Mennonites and rearranges traditional motifs and symbols to offer cultural critique or create opportunities for new hybrid mythologies and narratives.
The poster has been printed on a thick card-stock.


BBL Construction is South County's premier commercial building construction contractor. Since 1975 we've provided South County with strong, dependable commercial buildings. Built to withstand the roughest of conditions, our metal building construction is guaranteed to last. There is no project too large or small! If You Dream It, BBL Can Build It!


text:
Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple
Shree Padmanabhaswamy Temple is located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India . The temple is built in Dravidian style of architecture associated with the temples located in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu, featuring high walls and a 16th-century Gopuram. While the Moolasthanam of the temple is the Ananthapuram Temple in Kasargod, architecturally to some extent, the temple is a replica of the Adikesava Perumal temple located in Kanyakumari District. It is the richest Hindu temple in the world. In fact, in terms of precious metals and precious stones, it is by far the wealthiest institution and place of worship of any kind in the recorded history of the world.
Shri Peringottukara Devasthanam, Kerala
Lord Vishnumaya or Kuttichathan is akin to Sastha, Muruka or Vigneswara but this Sivanandana (The Child of Siva) is worshiped not in common but by a special kind of devotees who need extra ordinary result. ?Vishnumaya is easily pleased and humans? are the words of Devotees. Let us look into the glory of Peringottukara Kuttichathan Vishnumaya. On his way for the divine hunt Lord Siva happens to see Koolivaka, a tribal woman. She was a devotee of Goddess Parvathy.
Located inside the East Fort in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of the State of Kerala in India is the Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. This temple is a blend of the Kerala and Dravidian styles of architecture. The history of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple dates back to 8th century. It is one of the 108 sacred Vishnu temples or Divya Desams in India. Divya Desams are the holiest abodes of the Lord Vishnu that are mentioned in the works of the Tamil Azhvars (saints). The presiding deity of this temple is Lord Vishnu, reclining on Anantha, the hooded Serpent.
Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu, maintained by the erstwhile Travancore Royal Family, and located within the East Fort in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala state, South India. The temple is one of 108 Divya Desams (Holy Abodes of Vishnu) -- principal centres of worship of the deity in Vaishnavism. The temple, constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture is glorified in the Divya Prabandha, the early medieval Tamil literature canon of the Tamil Alvar saints (6th-9th centuries CE), with structural additions to it made throughout the medieval period up to the 16th century CE, when its ornate Gopuram was constructed. Services were provided to the local community with the Kovil's revenue. The temple gave its name to Kerala's state capital Thiruvananthapuram. 'Thiru' 'Anantha' 'Puram' means Sacred Abode of Lord Anantha Padmanabha.
Debt removing
Nallamala
Saddula Bathukamma Festival Pooja
Ghee Preferred
pushkarini
Ashtami Rohini
Dussehra Celebrations
Akshardham Temple In Delhi
mauna amavasya 2016
vishnuprayag chamoli
jothirlingam
Dasara Celebrations
Mopidevi
Hindu Traditions
Markapur Chennakesava Swamy
Chalukyan
mallikharjuna swamy
ashtavinayak list
Rajadithya
Sri Sri Talupulamma Thalli Temple in Lova
How to reach the Srikalahasti temple
Virupaksha Temple in Hampi
lingaraj temple temple
Nakshatra Names
Karanprayag
history of Panch Prayag
Ashta Vinayak
Nathadwara Mandir Mandal
Varada Vinayaka
nabhi
Spitirual Importance Banana
Satram
Olipathi Vishnugraham cave Thiruchi
Pacha Sabhaigal
sri yama dharma raja and sri ramlingeshwara swamy
triprayar temple


The Hammer Strength Select Chest Press is a fundamental part of the strength training progression. The pressing arm adjusts in five positions for multiple ranges of motion. The 22 pieces in the Hammer Strength Select line provide an inviting introduction to Hammer Strength equipment.


: The 'Hawkin Deli Brings Great NJ Deli to the Jersey Shore!
The 'Hawkin Deli Brings Great NJ Deli to the Jersey Shore!
The 'Hawkin Deli in Manahawkin brings real NJ deli taste to the Jersey Shore!
While New Jersey might be informally known as the Diner State, we do love our delis. If you grew up in New Jersey, deli sandwiches are a way of life!
The 'Hawkin Deli is a relative newcomer to Manahawkin. But it brings great deli sandwiches to the Jersey Shore. Used to be the only deli available around here was from specialty shops (too expensive) or chain sandwich stores (too boring).
Located at 100 McKinley Avenue (the road running from Route 9, parallel to Route 72, behind ShopRite and Wal-Mart), the 'Hawkin Deli offers the usual hot and cold subs, plus specialty sandwiches, great for lunch or a fast dinner.
I'll often stop for my mid morning breakfast sandwich, the New Jersey staple, Pork Roll, Egg and Cheese on a hard roll. But my favorite sandwich at the 'Hawkin Deli is called the Sloppy Zo.
Now a Sloppy Joe is a well known deli treat in New Jersey. If you're thinking of the ground meat mess on a hamburger roll, you're wrong. A deli Sloppy Joe is ham, turkey, Swiss, Cole slaw and Thousand Island dressing all piled high on fresh rye bread. Well, you can order that, but I recommend the Sloppy Zo.
The Sloppy Zo at the 'Hawkin Deli replaces the ham with thinly sliced roast beef, tops it with freshly sliced turkey, some Swiss cheese, Cole slaw and Thousand Island dressing sandwiched between two slices for fresh rye. Mmm!
As if that wasn't enough, this and all specialty sandwiches come with fries, or my favorite Tater Tots! If you're watching your figure, make any one of the great sandwiches a Wrap. Or you can try one of the 'Hawkin Deli's build your own salad.
Choose romaine, iceberg or Spring Mix with dressing and it'll be $4. You can add 3 toppings for $1.50 or 7 for $3.00. Toppings include everything from walnuts to cauliflower.
The 'Hawkin Deli is also very community conscious. When the Friends of the Barnegat Library (FOL), asked for help in providing our annual lunch for all Barnegat Library employees, they stepped up to the plate (bad pun) and worked with us on pricing and special orders!
The Barnegat Library employees are still raving about that lunch 4 months later, and are hoping the next lunch the Friends of the Library provides during National Library Week comes from the 'Hawkin Deli.
I'll have to stop by.
I love a good deli. Great write up on one of your local spots Laura.
Hey Laura, Sounds like a tasty place to grab lunch! I love places like that!


text:
\section{Introduction}
Nowadays, with the rapid growth of data volumes, there are urged demands for secure places where private data can be safely stored. Outsourcing the big data to the cloud is an efficient way to solve this problem \cite{Ibrahim2015The,2021Security}. Despite all the advantages of cloud computing \cite{Duan2016Cloud}, duplicated data still waste abundant storage space and network bandwidth, and make data management more complicated \cite{2017Heterogeneous}.

The deduplication \cite{2002Venti} is a process that identifies the same data by data similarity, which allows the cloud storage provider save the storage by storing only a single copy of the data owned by multiple owners. However, the existing schemes related to deduplication still incur some problems about dynamic ownership management and access control.

First of all, to protect privacy, many users encrypt data before uploading it to the cloud storage. Since the encryption key is randomly generated, the same data encrypted with different keys will produce different ciphertext, which will hinder deduplication. To solve this problem, some deduplication schemes propose that the owners of the same file share the same encryption key \cite{1984Security,2013DupLESS,2013Anonymous,2014Secure,2015A,2015Interactive,2017Attribute,2020Lightweight,2021An}. However, most of them do not consider the dynamic ownership changes that happen frequently in cloud storage service \cite{Hur2016Secure}. The cloud users should be revoked from the valid ownership list once they request the cloud storage provider for data deletion/modification.

Second, to address dynamic ownership management, many schemes \cite{Hur2016Secure,2016Secure,2017Heterogeneous,Shen2019Multi,2018DedupDUM,2021Enhanced} were proposed by using either trusted third party or semi-trusted third party to do proxy re-encryption work, such as Authority Party ($AP$) or The Public Cloud Provider ($Pub-CSP$). On the one hand, it could be difficult to implement a trusted third party in practical applications \cite{2020SecDedup}. On the other hand, some schemes can not resist collusion attacks when the third party colludes with unauthorized users.

In this paper, we propose an novel scheme, which aims at efficiently solving the problem of deduplication with frequent cloud user revocation and new cloud user joining in cloud computing.
In particular, different from existing data deduplication methods, which employ either trusted/semi-trusted third party to do proxy re-encryption work, our proposed scheme designs a hybrid cloud architecture, which includes a public cloud and further introduces a private cloud.
In implementations, the introduced private cloud in our scheme is involved as a data owner and a proxy at the same time to 1) control access to outsourced data by performing re-encryption techniques and 2) manage the dynamic ownership when real data owner is offline or revoke his/her ownership.

Furthermore, we propose to enhance our scheme in terms of efficiency by 1) ensuring that the data owner performs encryption only when he/she is the initial uploader; 2) presenting an access control technique that verifies the validity of the data users before they download data; and 3) requiring the public cloud server can send ciphertext to the cloud user only when the cloud users are in the ownership list.
Therefore, the abundant communication cost will be reduced.
We evaluate the performance of our scheme through security analysis, comparison with existing work, and implementation-based performance evaluation.

Overall, our contributions are as follows:

\begin{itemize}
    \item We propose a novel scheme, which introduces a hybrid cloud architecture including a public cloud and a private cloud, to efficiently solve the problem of deduplication with frequent cloud user revocation and new cloud user joining in cloud computing.

    \item We further propose to improve our scheme in efficiency. The extensive experiments prove the security, effectiveness, and efficiency of our method, which can significantly outperform previous data deduplication methods.
\end{itemize}

\section{RELATED WORK}

\subsection{Deduplication without Dynamic Ownership Management}

To solve deduplication problem, convergent encryption \cite{2002Reclaiming} was proposed, in which a data user got the key of data $F$ by computing its hash code $K=H(F)$. Since data $F$ will be encrypted with $K$, whoever holds the same data can produce the exact same encrypted data.

A server-aided encryption scheme (DupLESS) for data deduplication was proposed by Bellare et al. \cite{2013DupLESS}. In DupLESS, an independent key server generates the key, which suffers from large computation time in block-level deduplication since it takes long time to generate keys. Liu et al. \cite{2015Secure} proposed a client-side encryption that requests the data owner to do ownership check and deduplication, which is impractical. Cui et al. \cite{2017Attribute} proposed a deduplication scheme by using attribute-based access control technique under hybrid cloud environment.

Recently, a scheme \cite{2020SecDedup} performed duplication check by short hash. Although it can resist offline brute-force, the collision rate will be relatively high because different data may have the same short hash. Later, the advanced scheme \cite{2021PCSP} used light weight techniques. However, this scheme does not apply to the situation where there is massive duplicated data, and is more suitable for individual users to store data on cloud disks. The drawback of these schemes is not considering the dynamic ownership management among the data users.

\subsection{Deduplication with Dynamic Ownership Management}
To address dynamic ownership management, many schemes were proposed by using either a trusted third party or semi-trusted third party to do proxy re-encryption work, such as AP or Pub-CSP. Wen et al.\cite{2016Secure} constructed a convergent key sharing scheme. But this work requires the data user to encrypt/decrypt convergent keys and recover them from secret shares, which is unrealistic since the data user's computation power is limited. A server-side deduplication scheme was proposed by Hur et al. \cite{Hur2016Secure} in which the new cloud user joining was not considered since the total number of data users was fixed. Later, an enhanced scheme proposed by Yan et al. \cite{2017Heterogeneous} provided a heterogeneous data storage management. However, it is not practical for the owner to be always online and send personalized keys to the holders. Beside, once the owner is offline, the access control will be entirely dependent on AP. Premkamal et al. \cite{2021Enhanced} proposed an enhanced scheme with attribute-based access control by using the group key with the help of trusted entities.

Although these schemes address dynamic ownership management, there still are some security flaws. Since most of the schemes used either trusted/semi-trusted third party to do proxy re-encryption work, some data owners do not like to authorize a third party to control their data. Besides, taking scheme \cite{2017Heterogeneous} as an example, once the malicious user conspires with the third party (such as a proxy server), it will happen that unauthorized users $u$ who only has access to file $A$ can also have invalid access to file $B$. This is the problem we intend to solve in this study.

	\begin{figure}[t]
	    \centering
	    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figure1.pdf}
	    \caption{Architecture of a data deduplication system.}
	\end{figure}

\section{SYSTEM MODEL}
In this section, we describe the data deduplication system and define the adversary model. Only the file-level deduplication is considered in this paper.

\subsection{Hybrid Architecture for Secure Deduplication}
Figure 1 shows the architecture of the data deduplication system, which consists of three entities stated as follows.

\begin{itemize}
	\item
	\textbf{Data users (DU).} This is an entity that wants to outsource data to Pub-CSP and access data later. In the authorized deduplication system, each user is issued a pair of secret key and public key $(sk_{u}, pk_{u})$ about Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) and $(SK_{u},PK_{u})$ for signature. Moreover, if a data user is the first one to upload file $F_{A}$, she/he will be defined as the owner $u_{1, A}$; if the file $F_{A}$ already exist, the user will be defined as the holder $u_{i, A}$.

	\item
	\textbf{Public Cloud (Pub-CSP).} The entity that provides a data storage service in the public cloud. In this paper, Pub-CSP is assumed to be always online and capable to provide abundant storage.

	\item
	\textbf{Private Cloud (Pri-CSP).} The entity that provides an execution environment and infrastructure for data users as an interface between DU and Pub-CSP, since the computing resources of DU are limited and Pub-CSP is not fully trusted in practice. Pri-CSP maintains an ownership list for storing data, which is composed of a hash code set for the stored data, identities, and re-encrypted keys belonging to the owners.
\end{itemize}

In this system, we assume that the infrastructure of Pri-CSP is exclusively used by a single organization consisting of multiple users. It is owned, managed, and operated by the organization itself. Therefore, Pri-CSP can be trusted by all entities. Pub-CSP will strictly follow system design and protocols strictly, while they may still be curious about the raw data of data users. Moreover, We assume that Pri-CSP and DU would never collude with Pub-CSP due to different business interests.

\subsection{Security Requirements}
We follow \cite{Hur2016Secure} to ensure the following security requirements: Data privacy, Data consistency, Ownership verification, Ownership revocation, Collusion resistance.

	\noindent
	\textbf{Data privacy.} Protecting the raw data from the Pub-CSP server and the unauthorized data users.

	\noindent
	\textbf{Data consistency.} Ensuring tag consistency against any poison attacks. Any modifications of the ciphertext can be verified by the authorized data users.

	\noindent
	\textbf{Ownership verification.} Any unauthorized data users who can not be verified his/her ownerships should be prevented from accessing to the ciphertext or any messages related to decryption stored in the cloud.

	\noindent
	\textbf{Ownership revocation.}
	Any authorized data users who request the cloud storage provider for deletion/modification of the data $F$ should be revoked from the valid ownership list and accessing to the data $F$ anymore.

	\noindent
	\textbf{Collusion resistance.} Any unauthorized data users who do not have valid ownership of data should unable to access the raw data even if they collude with each other or collude with Pub-CSP.

\section{PRELIMINARIES AND DEFINITION}
\subsection{Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) }

Proxy re-encryption is initially proposed by Blaze et al. \cite{1998Divertible} called as atomic proxy functions, in which data users can decrypt ciphertext encrypted by key $A$ with another key $B$ without leaking any message about encryption/decryption key or plaintext. In this article, we have three actors in PRE:

\begin{itemize}
\item
\textbf{Data Owner}: authorizes decryption rights to data user;

\item
\textbf{Data User}: receives decryption rights to access the encrypted data;

\item
\textbf{Proxy}: performs re-encryption functions to allow Data User to access the encrypted data;

\end{itemize}

Specifically, the Data Owner $A$ encrypts data $F$ by his/her public key, $C_{A} = En(pk_{A}, F)$. If the Data User $B$ wants to decrypt the ciphertext $C_{A}$, he/she needs to get decryption rights from Data Owner $A$ with his/her public key $pk_{B}$. If $A$ agrees, he/she will produce an authorized key by $rk_{A\to B} = RG(sk_{A},pk_{B})$ and send it to the proxy.

In our scheme, Pri-CSP plays a role as \textbf{Data Owner} and \textbf{Proxy} at the same time to reduce client-side computation overhead. Table 1 summarizes the notations used in this paper.

\subsection{Defination}
In this section, we define a secure deduplication system for encrypted data with dynamic ownership management. The details of algorithms used in our scheme will be shown as follows.

\noindent\textit{1) System Setup}

\begin{itemize}
\item
$\boldsymbol{KeyGen1(u_{id})}$. Based on the system parameters, user $u$ generates its own key pair $(sk_{u}, pk_{u})$ about PRE and $(SK_{u}, PK_{u})$ for signature by inputting the unique $u_{id}$. Meanwhile, Pri-CSP gets  $(sk_{u_{0}}, pk_{u_{0}})$ by having $u_{0,id}$ as owner $u_{0}$.

\end{itemize}

\noindent\textit{2) Data Encryption and Decryption}
\begin{itemize}
\item
$\boldsymbol{Encrypt(K, F)}$. For plaintext data $F$, data owner $u_{1}$ encrypts it with the symmetric key $K$ to get ciphertext $CT$.

\item
$\boldsymbol{Decrypt(K, CT)}$. Data holder $u_{i}$ decrypts $CT$ with key $K$ and outputs $F$.
\end{itemize}

\noindent\textit{3) Key Control based on PRE Operated by Pri-CSP}

\begin{itemize}
\item
$\boldsymbol{KeyGen2(\Lambda)}$ takes a security parameter as input, and outputs a random symmetric key $K$.

\item
$\boldsymbol{En(pk_{u_{0}}, K)}$ takes $pk_{u_{0}}$ and the symmetric key $K$ as input and outputs an encrypted key $EK$.

\item
$\boldsymbol{RG(sk_{u_{0}}, pk_{u_{i}})}$ outputs re-encryption key $rk_{u_{0}\to u_{i}}$ by taking $sk_{u_{0}}$ and $pk_{u_{i}}$ as input.

\item
$\boldsymbol{ReEn(rk_{u_{0}\to u_{i}}, EK)}$ takes input $rk_{u_{0} \to u_{i}}$ and $EK$, and outputs $REK_{u_{i}} = En(pk_{u_{i}},K)$ that can be decrypted with $sk_{u_{i}}$ by $De(sk_{u_{i}}, REK_{u_{i}})$.

\end{itemize}

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\caption{Notation.}
\resizebox{0.45\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Notations} & \textbf{Description}                     \\ \hline
$F_{id}/F$         & The duplicated data $F$                    \\ \hline
$u_{id}/u$         & The users of cloud service               \\ \hline
$K/K'$             & The symmetric key of $F$/ Updated key      \\ \hline
$EK/EK'$           & The encrypted $K/K'$               \\ \hline
$REK/REK'$         & The encrypted $EK/EK'$ by PRE              \\ \hline
$sk_{u_{0}}$       & The secret key of the Pri-CSP about PRE  \\ \hline
$pk_{u_{0}}$       & The public key of the Pri-CSP about PRE  \\ \hline
$sk_{u}$           & The secret key of $u$ about PRE            \\ \hline
$pk_{u}$           & The public key of $u$ about PRE            \\ \hline
$CT/CT'$           & The encrypted data $F$/ Renewed ciphertext \\ \hline
$H(*)$             & The hash function                        \\ \hline
$HC(F)$            & The hash code set of data $F$              \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{table}

\section{PROPOSED DEDUPLICATION SCHEME}

\subsection{Data Deduplication}
Figure 2 shows the procedure of initial upload by owner $u_{1}$. Figure 3 shows the procedure of deduplication when subsequent uploaders $u_{2}$ uploads the same data with $u_{1}$. We assume that Pri-CSP plays a role as owner $u_{0}$ to control dedupliacation for owner $u_{1}$.

\begin{itemize}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 1 - Key Generation:} After system parameter generation, each DU asks $KeyGen1(u_{id})$ to generate key pair $(sk_{u}, pk_{u})$ for PRE and $(SK_{u}, PK_{u})$ for signature. Meanwhile, Pri-CSP gets $(sk_{u_{0}}, pk_{u_{0}})$ by $KeyGen1(u_{0})$.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 2 - Duplication Check:} DU $u_{1}$ stores data $F$ at Pub-CSP. He/She calculates $H(F)$, signs it with $SK_{u_{1}}$ and sends data package $dp=\left\{ H(F), sign(H(F), SK_{u_{1}})\right\}$ to Pub-CSP. The duplication check will be performed by Pub-CSP to verify if the same data has been stored already after verifying the signature. If the check is positive, go to Step \textbf{5}. Otherwise, go to Step \textbf{3} to request key for encryption.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 3 - Data Storage:} When Pub-CSP defines $u_{1}$ is the first uploader of data $F$, it generates a unique $F_{id}$ for $F$ and contacts Pri-CSP to get key for encryption.
Pri-CSP generates a random symmetric key $K$, and encryps it with $pk_{u_{0}}$ to get $EK$, then applys PRE to $EK$ to get cipherkey $REK_{u_{1}}$ for DU $u_{1}$. Pub-CSP sends $(F_{id}, REK_{u_{1}})$ to $u_{1}$ after receiving it from Pri-CSP.
User $u_{1}$ decrypts $REK_{u_{1}}$ by  $De(sk_{u_{1}}, REK_{u_{1}})$ with his/her own private key to get $K$, and then $u_{1}$ encrypts data $F$ by $Encrypt(K, F)$.
Moreover, user $u_{1}$ will randomly select several indexes: $X = \left\{x_{1},x_{2},\dots,x_{n}\right\}$ that indicate the specific parts of $F$ (e.g., $x_{1}$ equals first 0.5\% of $F$; $x_{2}$ equals first 2.5\% of $F$). Then, based on the index $X$, $u_{1}$ calculates the hash code set of data $F$ as $HC(F) = \left\{HC(F_{1}),HC(F_{2}),\dots,HC(F_{N})\right\}$.
Then $u_{1}$ sends the data package $dp_1 = \left\{u_{1,id},REK_{u_{1}},CT\right\}$ to Pub-CSP and sends the data package $dp_2 = \left\{F_{id},u_{1,id},X,HC(F)\right\}$ to Pri-CSP. Last but not least, Pub-CSP and Pri-CSP both maintain the ownership list seperately for each data, what saved in Pub-CSP is $P_1$, and what saved in Pri-CSP is $P_2$, where $X'$ and $HC'(F)$ is randomly selected from $X$ and $HC(F)$.
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
    &P_1 =\{F_{id}, CT,H(F), (u_{1,id}, REK_{u_{1}})\}  \\
    &P_2 = \left\{F_{id}, X', HC'(F), EK, (u_{1,id}, rk_{u_{0}\to u_{1}})\right\}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 4 - Duplicated Data Upload:} Later on, DU $u_{2}$ wants to store the same data $F$ at Pub-CSP by sending the data package $dp = \left\{H(F),sign(H(F),SK_{u_{2}})\right\}$.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figure2.pdf}
    \caption{Procedure of initial upload by owner $u_{1}$.}
\end{figure}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 5 - Deduplication:} Pub-CSP performs duplication check as in step \textbf{2} after verifying that $u_{2_{id}}$ is not in the ownership list. When the duplication check is positive, Pub-CSP contacts Pri-CSP for deduplication. Pri-CSP further verifies the ownership of DU $u_{2}$ by challenging the hash code set of $F$ before performing deduplication, which ensures the data ownership, since there is a probability that $H(F)$ is eavesdropped or gained by the malicious party. If the ownership verification is positive, Pri-CSP generates the re-encrypted key $REK_{u_{2}}$ and sends it back to Pub-CSP for saving. Once Pub-CSP receives $REK_{u_{2}}$, it sends $REK_{u_{2}}$ with ciphertext $CT$ to $u_{2}$. When $u_{2}$ gets $REK_{u_{2}}$, he/she decrypts it with $sk_{u_{2}}$ to get $K$. Then $u_{2}$ gets plaintext of data $F$ by running $Decrypt(K, CT)$ and checks data consistency, while if $u_{2}$ does not want to check data consistency immediately, he/she can check it by downloading $CT$ and $H(F)$ later. Through data deduplication, both $u_{1}$ and $u_{2}$ can access the same data $F$ that is stored only once at Pub-CSP.

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figure3.pdf}
    \caption{Procedure of deduplication.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Ownership Revocation}
Any authorized data users who request Pub-CSP for the deletion/modification of their data stored in the cloud storage should be removed from the valid ownership list, and be prevented from accessing the previously saved data.

\smallskip\noindent\textbf{Ownership Revocation of Data Holder}. Figure 4 shows the procedure of data update by DU $u_{2}$ in the context of data deduplication.

\begin{itemize}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 1:} User $u_{2}$ sends a request of data deletion to Pub-CSP by providing $dp = \left\{F_{id}, sign(F_{id}, SK_{u_{2}})\right\}$.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 2:} Pub-CSP deletes the storage record of $u_{2}$ after verifying the signature. Then Pub-CSP asks owner $u_{1}$/owner $u_{0}$ blocking $u_{2}$'s future access data $F$. If owner $u_{1}$ is online and willing to do so, go to step \textbf{3}, otherwise, go to step \textbf{4}.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 3:} If owner $u_{1}$ is online and willing to do dynamic ownership management, Pri-CSP generates the new symmetric key $K'$ before generating $REK_{u}'$, and sends it back to Pub-CSP. User $u_{1}$ obtains the updated key $K'$ by running $De(sk_{u_{1}}, REK_{u_{1}}')$ once he receives $dp = \left\{CT, REK_{u_{1}}'\right\}$ from Pub-CSP, and $u_{1}$ re-encrypts data $F$ with new key $K'$ to get the updated ciphertext $CT'$. Then $u_{1}$ re-uploads $CT'$ to Pub-CSP.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figure4.pdf}
    \caption{Procedure of ownership revocation of data holder $u_{2}$ when owner $u_{1}$ is offline.}
\end{figure}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 4:} If owner $u_{1}$ is offline or asks owner $u_{0}$ representing $u_{1}$ to do ownership management. Pub-CSP sends $(F_{id}, CT)$ to owner $u_{0}$, and $u_{0}$ decrypts $CT$ by running $De(sk_{u_{0}}, EK)$ first before running $Decrypt(K, CT)$ to get plaintext of data $F$. The rest is almost same as step \textbf{3} that $u_{0}$ generates the new symmetric key $K'$ and gets the updated $REK_{u}'$ for the rest users who still own data $F$, and re-encrypts data $F$ with $K'$ before re-uploading the updated ciphertext $CT'$ to Pub-CSP.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 5:} Update the ownership lists saved on the cloud. To make it easier to understand, we assume that there are only two owners $u_{1}$ and $u_{2}$ sharing the same data $F$. The $p_{1}$ and $p_{2}$ are updated as $P_1'$ and $P_2'$ separately.
\begin{equation}
\scriptsize
\nonumber
\begin{aligned}
    &P_1 =\{F_{id}, CT,H(F), (u_{1,id}, REK_{u_{1}}), (u_{2,id}, REK_{u_{2}})\}  \\
    &P_1' = \left\{F_{id}, CT', H(F), (u_{1,id}, REK_{u_{1}}')\right\} \\
    &P_2 = \{F_{id}, X', HC'(F), EK, (u_{1,id}, rk_{u_{0}\to u_{1}}), (u_{2,id}, rk_{u_{0}\to u_{2}})\} \\
    &P_2' = \left\{F_{id}, X', HC'(F), EK', (u_{1,id}, rk_{u_{0}\to u_{1}})\right\}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\end{itemize}

\noindent\textbf{Ownership Revocation of Data Owner}. The data owner's ownership revocation basically is the same as the data holder's except for some details shown as follows.

\begin{itemize}

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 1:} User $u_{1}$ sends a request of data deletion to Pub-CSP by providing  $dp = \left\{F_{id}, sign(F_{id}, SK_{u_{1}})\right\}$.

\item \smallskip\textbf{Step 2:} Pub-CSP deletes the storage record of $u_{1}$ after asking owner $u_{1}$ to pick one from the holders to be the new owner $u_{1}'$, or $u_{1}$ can just pick owner $u_{0}$ as the new owner $u_{1}'$ to manage the dynamic ownership afterwards. Since we have the new owner $u_{1}'$ now, the remaining steps are the exactly same as \textbf{Ownership Revocation of Data Holder}.

\end{itemize}

\section{PERFORMANCE EVALUATION}
\subsection{Comparison with Existing Work}
\textbf{Table 2} is a comparison among four data deduplication schemes, the convergent encryption(CE) \cite{2002Reclaiming}, the randomized convergent encryption (RCE) \cite{2013Message}, the data deduplication with dynamic user management \cite{2018DedupDUM} (DedupDUM) and our scheme. On the basis of encrypted data deduplication, tag consistency, access control, dynamic ownership management, and possession proof.

All the schemes guarantee data confidentiality and privacy by saving encrypted data. However, scheme CE is vulnerable to the tag consistency attack. While other schemes can guarantee data integrity by enabling DU to check the tag consistency of the received data. Scheme DedupDUM solves the dynamic ownership management problem by using the group key generated by DU's public key, which supports ownership revocation and new user joining. However, they do not verify that the holders hold the entire original file instead of only having a tag, the fake ciphertext and ID, and they also do not consider collusion attacks caused by the dishonest cloud server and attackers.

Different from the previous schemes, our scheme achieves dynamic ownership management by maintaining the ownership list for each data $F$ at Pub-CSP and Pri-CSP separately. Since the re-encrypted key $REK_{u_{i}}$ is generated with $pk_{u_{i}}$, our scheme supports the cloud user revocation and new user joining. Moreover, deduplication is performed after checking that $DU$'s access to file $F$ is unauthorized and he/she does own the whole file. Therefore, the communication overhead can be greatly reduced.

\begin{table}[t]
    \centering

    \caption{Comparison of secure deduplication schemes.}
    \setlength{\tabcolsep}{4.5pt}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}l c c c c@{}}
        \toprule
        Scheme &  CE    & RCE  & DedupDUM & Our Scheme \\ \midrule
        Encrypted data deduplication & $\surd$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$\\
        Tag consistency & $\times$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$\\
        Access control & $\times$ & $\times$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$\\
        Dynamic ownership management & $\times$ & $\times$ & $\surd$ & $\surd$ \\
        Possession proof  & $\times$ & $\times$ & $\times$ & $\surd$ \\
        \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table*}[t]
    \centering

    \caption{Communication overhead.}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}l l l l l l@{}}
        \toprule
        \multirow{2}{*}[-3pt]{Scheme} &  \multicolumn{4}{l}{For initial uploader} &  For subsequent uploader \\ \cmidrule(r){2-5} \cmidrule(){6-6} & Upload message size & Download message size & Rekeying message size & Key size & Upload message size \\ \midrule
        CE &  $C_{C}+C_H+C_{ID}$ & $C_{C}$ & ----- & $C_{K}$ & $C_{C}+C_H+C_{ID}$\\
        RCE & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H+C_{ID}$ & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H$  & ----- & $C_K$ & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H+C_{ID}$\\
        DedupDUM & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H+C_{ID}+C_P$ & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H$ & $C_P$ & $C_K+C_P$ & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H+C_{ID}+C_P$ \\
        Our scheme & $C_{C}+C_H+C_{HC}+C_{ID}$  & $C_{C}+C_K+C_H$  & $C_K$  & $C_K$  & \bm{$C_H+C_{ID}$} \\
        \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \vspace{-10pt}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Efficiency Analysis}
The comparison on the basis of communication overhead among four schemes is shown in \textbf{Table 3}. $C_{C}$ denotes the size of the encrypted data, $C_{ID}$ denotes the size of a cloud user's $u_{id}$, $C_{H}$ denotes the size of a hash code, $C_{HC}$ denotes the size of hash code set of data $F$, $C_{K}$ denotes the size of a key, $C_{p}$ denotes the size of a public key.

For the first upload of data $F$, scheme CE, RCE, and DedupDUM have the same upload message sizes. In our scheme, it increases the size of the hash code set $HC(F)$ used for $DU's$ ownership verification before deduplication. However, for the subsequent upload of $F$, our scheme only uploads $H(F)$ before ownership is verified or access is checked while the other schemes need to re-upload all messages every time as shown in Table 3.

Concerning the rekeying message size, the DedupDUM and our scheme increase the size of the re-encryption key while scheme CE and scheme RCE do not consider key updating. However, even though the group key is used to manage ownership revocation, the encryption key $K$ determined by data $F$ still never changes in DedupDUM once it is settled, which is unsecured since the withdrawn owners can collude with Pri-CSP for getting ciphertext before rekeying. Our scheme updated $K$ as long as there is ownership revocation, which is more secure and computation overhead is accepted since it can be performed by Pri-CSP instead of DU.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{try-con-1.png}
    \caption{Computation time for upload.}

\end{figure}

\subsection{Performance Evaluation}
In this section, we compare our scheme with previous works.
We follow common practice \cite{2002Reclaiming,2013Message,2018DedupDUM} for fair comparison, each cryptographic operation is implemented by using the umbral library ver. 0.3.0 and Crypto library ver. 1.4.1. We perform data encryption and decryption algorithm with AES where the key is 128-bit. The data size ranges from 10MB to 60MB. The testing environment is Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7300HQ CPU 3.1 GHz 16.0GB RAM.

\subsubsection{Computation time for upload}
$\\$We tested the efficiency of the file uploading process under different schemes, and scheme DedupDUM requires the same computations as scheme CE and scheme RCE. As shown in \textbf{Figure 5}, there is a slight increase in our scheme compared with others since the process in our scheme includes calculating hash code and hash code set of data $F$, signing and verifying the signature, decrypting re-encrypted key, and encrypting data $F$ with AES. Moreover, We can see that our scheme has great advantages in the duplicated file uploading process. Since our scheme only uploads $H(F)$ before ownership is verified or access is checked while the other schemes need to re-upload all message every time. The abundant communication cost can be saved in our scheme.

\subsubsection{Computation time for download}
$\\$Compared with other schemes, we apply the ownership verification mechanism to verify whether DU has access to whole data or not by challenging DU with random $H(F_{x})$ in the hash code set, which can save abundant communication cost when DU does not have ownership. The comparison of computation time for downloading ciphertext among four schemes is depicted in \textbf{Figure 6}.

\subsubsection{Computation time for encryption and decryption}
$\\$In the encryption stage, the DedupDUM and our scheme resolve the dynamic ownership management problem by performing re-encryption. While our schemes take a shorter time than DedupDUM since Pub-CSP needs to decrypt and re-encrypt the ciphertext for each subsequent uploader in DedupDUM, which will result in high computation complexity as the number of holders grows. The detailed encryption and decryption time for different data sizes (ranging from 10MB to 60MB) is shown in \textbf{Figure 7}.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{try-con-2.png}
    \caption{Computation time for download.}

\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{try-con-3.png}

    \caption{Computation time for (a) encryption and (b) decryption.}

\end{figure*}

\subsubsection{Computation time for deduplication}
$\\$In this process, the total number of DU is set up as 25, and each of them have a different 2MB-sized file, which means the total size of data saved in the cloud is 50MB when the duplicate radio(DR) is 0. Specifically, when DR is 20$\%$, which means 5 DUs own the same file, and the rest 20 DUs own different files. From \textbf{figure 8}, it shows how computation time changes during each process with DR grows from 0 to 100$\%$. It can be observed that such a process is very efficient, taking less than 0.373 seconds for data upload, and 0.251 for deduplication when the ratio is 100$\%$. Therefore the proposed deduplication scheme can greatly reduce data uploading time.

\section{Security Analysis}
In this section, our scheme security is analyze on the basis of data privacy, data consistency, data ownership verification, ownership revocation, and collusion resistance.

\subsection{Data Privacy}
In terms of data privacy, the raw data should be prevented from Pub-CSP (honest but curious) and unauthorized data users. Therefore, there are normally two kinds of attacks, separately from Pub-CSP and invalid data users. Firstly, as an attack from Pub-CSP is concerned, what is saved on Pub-CSP is the authorized DU's re-encrypted key that is encrypted through PRE by Pri-CSP and only can be decrypted by DU's private key, since Pri-CSP and authorized users will not collude with Pub-CSP considering their profits, it is impossible for the Pub-CSP to get plaintext by cipher key. Second, supposing an unauthorized user $u_{2}$ requests data $F$ with $(F_{id}, u_{1, id})$ ( $u_{1}$ is valid,and using  $u_{2, id}$ will simply not pass the ownership check), Pub-CSP searches the ownership list $P2 = \left\{F_{id}, CT,H(F), (u_{1,id}, REK_{u_{1}})\right\}$, and return $\left\{F_{id}, CT, REK_{u_{1}}\right\}$ to user $u_{2}$ based on $(F_{id}, u_{1,id})$. Since $REK_{u_{1}}$ can only be decrypted by the private key of user $u_{1}$, it is computationally infeasible for user $u_{2}$ to obtain plaintext of $F$ by decrypting $CT$ with $REK_{u_{1}}$. Therefore, data privacy against the honest-but-curious Pub-CSP and unauthorized users is guaranteed.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{try-con-4.png}
    \caption{Computation time for each process with a duplicate ratio grows.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Data Consistency}
In the data deduplication scheme, data integrity may be threatened by a poison attack on tag consistency, which could be identified during the decryption process by the data holders. Assuming that attacker $u_{2}$ owns the same data $F_{A}$ with authorized user $u_{3}$, $u_{2}$ uses $F_{B} \neq F_{A}$ to generate a fake ciphertext $CT_{B}$, then uploads $(H(F_{A}), CT_{B})$ to Pub-CSP to pretend to be $CT_{A}$. When the authorized user $u_{3}$ wants to uplaod $F_{A}$, $u_{3}$ sends $H(F_{A})$ to Pub-CSP to check duplication. Since $H(F_{A})$ exists, Pub-CSP asks Pri-CSP performing dedupliction. Pub-CSP sends $(CT_{B}, REK_{u_{3}})$ back to user $u_{3}$ after dedupliction, and $u_{3}$ checks whether $H(Decrypt(De(sk_{u_{3}}, REK_{u_{3}}), CT_{B})) = H(F_{A})$ holds or not, if this is not consistent then $u_{3}$ drops the messages and reports this to Pub-CSP. Therefore, our scheme guarantees the data integrity.
\subsection{Data Ownership Verification}
In our scheme, the data ownership is verified by challenging DU with random $H(F_{x})$ in hash code set (randomly select specific parts of the data, e.g., the hash code of 10.5-14.3$\%$ of $F$). $F_{x}$ is randomly selected and function $H(*)$ is non-invertible, therefore it is impossible to calculate $H(F_{x})$ without the original plaintext.
\subsection{Ownership Revocation}
The ownership withdrawn data user should be restricted to access data $F$. Our scheme guarantees ownership revocation by using Pri-CSP playing a role as owner $u_{0}$. Whenever the data owner $u_{1}$ withdraws his/her ownership or some other holders may request to delete or modify their data, the owner $u_{0}$ deletes the ownership information of the requestor from the ownership list, and $u_{0}$ (if $u_{1}$ is offline or revokes his/her ownership or asking $u_{0}$ update for him/her) re-encrypts the plaintext with the new symmetric key before re-uploading it to Pub-CSP, and updates the re-encrypted keys of the rest users. Hence, the withdrawn data owner will not be able to pass the access check and decrypt the latest ciphertext with the non-updated cipher-key.
\subsection{Collusion Resistance}
Since Pri-CSP is fully trusted, we further discuss the collusion attacks launched by dishonest Pub-CSP and attackers. First, if unauthorized user $u_{1}$ colludes with dishonest Pub-CSP for getting plaintext of data $F$, Pub-CSP will ask Pri-CSP performing deduplication for $u_{1}$ with faking information. Pri-CSP will verify $u_{1}$'s ownership of data $F$ before sharing the re-encrypted key $REK_{u_{1}}$ of $F$ with $u_{1}$. Since $u_{1}$ does not have plaintext, he/she can not pass the ownership check to get cipher-key even though Pub-CSP sends $u_{1}$ the ciphertext dishonestly. Second, since each cipher-key can only be decrypted by the corresponding user, the unauthorized users are not able to decrypt them even if they collude with each other. Therefore, our scheme guarantees collusion resistance.

\section{CONCLUSION}
In this paper, we proposed a secure and practical scheme that managed the encrypted data with deduplication, based on ownership challenge under a hybrid cloud architecture, where Pub-CSP manages the storage and Pri-CSP plays a role as owner $u_{0}$ and proxy at the same time to perform deduplication and dynamic ownership management. Further, our scheme proves that the owner holds the real data alone pass the data ownership, and encrypted data can be securely accessed because only authorized data holders can obtain the symmetric keys used for data decryption. Security analysis, comparison with existing work, and implementation-based performance evaluation show that our scheme is secure and efficient, and resists collusion attacks and duplicate faking attacks.

\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENT}
This work was supported in part by the National Innovation 2030 Major S\&T Project of China under Grant 2020AAA0104203, and in part by the Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant 62006007.
We thank all the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
The corresponding author of this paper is Yuesheng Zhu.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Green Galactic PR a Los Angeles area publicist taking culture producers to their next level
Hybrid Cinema Presents
New Documentary
Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance
World Premiere & Theatrical Release Launch in New York City
At Dance On Camera Festival
Simulcasting Throughout the U.S. via Emerging Pictures
LOS ANGELES, CA – November 21, 2011 – Hybrid Cinema is pleased to announce the world premiere of the feature length documentary Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance at Dance On Camera Festival's opening night in New York City on Friday, January 27, 2012 at 8:30pm. A repeat presentation will occur at Dance On Camera on the following day, Saturday, January 28th at 1:30pm. Both Dance On Camera screenings of Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance will be held at Walter Reade Theater in Lincoln Center. A stellar line-up of dance world panelists will be featured in Q&A sessions at both New York City screenings of the film. Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance, the first film to chronicle how the legendary Joffrey Ballet revolutionized American ballet by daringly combining modern dance with traditional ballet, will also simultaneously premiere in theaters around the country via simulcast through Emerging Pictures on Saturday, January 28th. An accompanying art exhibit, featuring bold photos and posters by Herbert Migdoll (painter and official photographer for The Joffrey Ballet) will also be displayed during the month of January at the Frieda and Roy Furman Gallery at Walter Reade Theater.
Dance On Camera's opening night celebration will launch with the world premiere of Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance and include attendance by the director, Bob Hercules, and several members of the cast. The film, and associated Q&A session for the Saturday, January 28th matinee screening at 1:30pm, will simultaneously premiere for dance enthusiasts in participating theaters across the country via the Emerging Pictures network of theaters. A pioneering project, this marks the first time a film has simulcast its world premiere out of a major festival. Audiences at premiere screenings across the country will be able to participate in the New York City Q&A session on Saturday through a live Twitter feed. Walter Reade Theater and the Freida and Roy Furman Gallery are located at 165 West 65th Street, Lincoln Center, New York, NY 10023. Tickets for the screenings go on sale Thursday, January 5, 2012 at the Walter Reade Theater's box office and online at FilmLinc.com. For more information, please visit www.joffreymovie.com.
Synopsis –
Director: Bob Hercules
Country: USA, 2012, 90min.
This insightful documentary, executive produced by Harold Ramis and Jay Alix and produced by Una Jackman and Erica Mann Ramis, examines the dynamic trajectory of the groundbreaking American ballet company – The Joffrey Ballet – which daringly combined traditional ballet and modern dance at a time when it was not routinely accepted. Weaving a wealth of archival footage, behind-the-scene photos and interviews with former and current Joffrey star dancers, director Bob Hercules (Bill T. Jones: A Good Man) documents the struggles and achievements of the Joffrey from its newfound beginnings in 1956 to the Company's present international success. The film features rare excerpts from many seminal Joffrey works including Astarte, Trinity and Billboards, as well as breakthrough collaborations with choreographers such as Twyla Tharp, Leonid Massine, Laura Dean, and Kurt Jooss. Founders Robert Joffrey and Gerald Arpino and a host of ballet notables, including Gary Chryst, Trinette Singleton, Helgi Tomasson, Kevin McKenzie and more, are featured in the film. Narrated by Tony® and Emmy® Award winner Mandy Patinkin, the film is a rich chronicle of a ballet company that continues to reinvent itself, raise the bar and invigorate audiences worldwide. See list of full credits at www.imdb.com/title/tt1829041/fullcredits.
Screening Schedule –
Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance screenings at Dance On Camera are accompanied by special appearances at panel discussions related to the film:
Friday, January 27 [8:30pm] at Walter Reade Theatre:
Moderator Anna Kisselgoff, former Chief Dance Critic of The New York Times; Ashley C. Wheater, Artistic Director of The Joffrey Ballet; Bob Hercules, Director of the film; Kevin McKenzie, Artistic Director of American Ballet Theater and former Joffrey principal; and former Joffrey Ballet principals Brunilda Ruiz, and Adam Sklute.
Saturday, January 28 [1:30pm] at Walter Reade Theatre:
Moderator Sasha Anawalt, author of The Joffrey Ballet: Robert Joffrey and the Making of an American Dance Company (Scribner, 1996); Trinette Singleton, principal dancer of The Joffrey Ballet who appeared on Time Magazine's cover in 1968 for rock ballet Astarte; current Artistic Director Ashley C. Wheater; and former Joffrey principal Christian Holder.
Simultaneous US Premieres –
The simulcast premieres across the country mark the launch of the film's distribution by Hybrid Cinema, which brought Dance Films Association and Emerging Pictures together for this series of events. The simulcast of the Saturday screening, which includes introductions as well as the Q&A session featuring top former Joffrey stars, will also be streamed live into participating cinemas. Audience members throughout the US will be able to ask the stars questions live via a live Twitter feed. Visit www.emergingcinemas.com for updates on exact theater locations.
Photo Exhibit –
The screenings are accompanied by a colorful photo exhibit in the Frieda and Roy Furman Gallery by Herbert Migdoll, painter and official photographer for The Joffrey Ballet. The exhibit highlights Joffrey's Carousel: Celebrating 50 Years of Dance, a photographic parade of Joffrey's dancers in costume, representing the Company's classical and contemporary repertoire. The multiple images on panels were shot in 2005 at the famed outdoor carousel on Chicago's Navy Pier. The Frieda and Roy Furman Gallery is located in the Walter Reade Theater, 165 West 65th Street, Plaza Level at Lincoln Center, New York, NY 10023. Gallery admittance to the exhibition is free to the public during normal Walter Reade Theatre hours – seven days a week, 1:00pm to 10:00pm, throughout the month of January.
Gerald Arpino's "Light Rain" Photo credit: Herbert Migdoll
Distribution –
Following the film's premiere in late January, Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance will embark on a U.S. tour through Spring 2012 with stops in Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Detroit, Aspen, St. Louis, and many other cities. Special one-off events with Joffrey alumni and limited theatrical engagements are planned. The documentary will then have a VOD/DVD/digital release in June of 2012 through New Video.
Multimedia – The Expanded Joffrey Story –
Hybrid Cinema is also releasing multimedia companion projects with exclusive content for fans wishing to further explore the Joffrey legend beyond the film. The first of these initiatives is a series of digital photobooks called Joffrey Maverick Moments. Each new edition will be available for free from the film's website and Facebook page. The digital photobooks are based on themes and time frames found in the film with photos accompanied by quotes from Robert Joffrey, his friends and associates, as well as alumni interviews that provide further insight and background into the Company. Future Joffrey Maverick Moments may explore such themes as Joffrey's Nutcracker through the years, Joffrey's psychedelic rock ballet Astarte, Arpino's most well-regarded ballets (The Clowns, Trinity, Olympics, Round of Angels, Light Rain), and more. Starting December 1st, Hybrid Cinema will start releasing a series of audio podcasts with exclusive new interviews of Joffrey legends. These podcasts will utilize the SoundCloud platform and will be available through the film's Facebook page for fans only. The multimedia companion projects will be released over the next few months, through the premieres and leading up to the DVD release. Regular weekly content, including film clips and bonus outtakes, is also available on the film's website blog and YouTube channel.
Director Bob Hercules –
Bob Hercules is an award-winning veteran producer/director (Forgiving Dr. Mengele, Bill T. Jones: A Good Man, Senator Obama Goes to Africa). The co-founder of Media Process Group, his work has been seen widely on PBS, The Discovery Channel, The Learning Channel and the Independent Film Channel (IFC). He has also directed commercials for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Alzheimer's Association, McDonald's Corporation, Gap Clothing Stores and the Obama For President Campaign. His documentary, A Good Man, co-directed by Gordon Quinn, chronicles the intense creative journey of Bill T. Jones – a 2010 Kennedy Center Honors recipient and two-time Tony® Award winner for Best Choreography. It premiered on November 11, 2011 on PBS' celebrated series American Masters.
The Joffrey Ballet –
For more than a half-century, The Joffrey Ballet's commitment to taking world-class, artistically vibrant work to a broad and varied audience has created a solid foundation that continues to support the Company's unprecedented capacity for achieving important "firsts." Today, the Joffrey, which has been hugely successful in its former residences in New York and Los Angeles, lives permanently in a brilliant new facility, Joffrey Tower, in the heart of America – Chicago, Illinois. The Company's commitment to accessibility is met through the most extensive touring schedule of any dance company in history, an innovative and highly effective education program including the much lauded Joffrey Academy of Dance, Official School of The Joffrey Ballet, and collaborations with myriad other visual and performing arts organizations.
Co-founded in 1956 by visionary teacher Robert Joffrey and dancer Gerald Arpino, who would become the organization's principal choreographer, The Joffrey Ballet began as a DIY dance company of six dancers touring the United States in a borrowed station wagon. What started as a childhood dream quickly grew into one of the world's most exciting and prominent ballet companies. Together, Joffrey and Arpino transformed the face of dance by merging classical ballet technique with bold new perspectives for edgy new ballets that challenged conventions. Aggressive touring took the Company from school auditoriums across America's Heartland, to the White House at Jacqueline Kennedy's invitation, on to Russia for a month-long tour during the height of the Cold War, and beyond. They also garnered extensive media attention for their daring originality, which included appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, the cover of Time Magazine, and in major motion pictures such as Save the Last Dance and Robert Altman's The Company (which is based on the Joffrey).
Classically trained to the highest standards, The Joffrey Ballet expresses a unique, inclusive perspective on dance, proudly reflecting the diversity of America with its Company, audiences and repertoire, which includes major story ballets, reconstructions of masterpieces, and contemporary works. The Joffrey Ballet continues to thrive under internationally renowned Artistic Director Ashley C. Wheater and Executive Director Christopher Clinton Conway. The Joffrey Ballet has become one of the most revered and recognizable arts organizations in America and one of the top dance companies in the world. To learn more, please visit joffrey.org.
Dance On Camera –
Dance Films Association's annual Dance On Camera Festival celebrates the immediacy, energy, and mystery of dance combined with the intimacy of film. Considered the "mother" of dance film festivals, the Dance On Camera Festival presents a broad range of independently made documentaries, short films, features, and animation. Dance On Camera Festival has been produced by Dance Films Association since 1971, and co-sponsored by The Film Society of Lincoln Center since 1996. www.dancefilms.org/festival
Emerging Pictures –
Emerging Pictures is the largest all-digital specialty film and alternate content theater network in the United States. With a network of arts institutions, media arts centers and independent art house theaters, tied together through digital technology, Emerging is able to cost-effectively exhibit art films, documentaries, foreign language films, independent cinema and cultural programming. The Emerging Cinemas Network currently consists of 95 venues and is rapidly growing. www.emergingpictures.com
Hybrid Cinema –
Hybrid Cinema was created by filmmaker and author Jon Reiss (Think Outside the Box Office, Selling Your Film Without Selling Your Soul) to help filmmakers navigate the ever-changing world of film distribution and marketing. Hybrid Cinema consults with filmmakers to help them with the new digital era of distribution and marketing by utilizing modern strategies of audience engagement, special theatrical events, as well as innovative merchandising and release patterns. Hybrid Cinema also supervises film releases. Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance is Hybrid's second full release of a film following the graffiti documentary Bomb It. Indicative of the innovative release and audience engagement strategies used by Hybrid, the Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance release marks the first time that a film has simulcast its film festival world premiere throughout the U.S. as the launch of its theatrical release. Hybrid Cinema orchestrated this pioneering release strategy by, among other things, bringing the participating organizations together for these milestone premiere events. For more information on Hybrid Cinema, please visit www.hybridcinema.com.
Key Links –
Official Movie Site – www.joffreymovie.com
Movie Youtube Channel – www.youtube.com/user/JoffreyMovie
Movie Facebook – www.facebook.com/JoffreyBalletMovie
Movie Twitter – twitter.com/#!/JoffreyMovie
Joffrey Ballet Site – joffrey.org
For more information, or to request screeners, images, and interviews, please contact Green Galactic's Lynn Tejada at 213-840-1201 or lynn@greengalactic.com
Posted on November 21st, 2011 lynn-hasty No comments
Art, Dance, Film, Joffrey: Mavericks of American Dance, Jon Reiss
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The Mysterious 'Somerton Man' From The Tamám Shud Case Is Being Exhumed
By Chrissy Stockton Updated May 18, 2021
Australian Police
In early morning hours of December 1, 1948, a man's body was found on Somerton Park beach in South Australia. The mystery of this man's identity has confounded generations of true crime readers as the circumstances surrounding his death are just so bizarre. The man had no identification on his person, "appeared British" and is thought to have been around 45 years old and in good shape at the time he died. His body composition was similar to that of ballet dancers.
Creepy details that make this case especially mysterious:
The man had no identifiable cause of death though it appeared as if he was sleeping when he passed. The best guess is that he was poisoned.
Every label on the man's clothing was gone.
In the man's pocket, a piece of paper was found. The paper said tamám shud, a Persian phrase that means "finished".
The piece of paper came from a book written in the 12th century, Ubaiyat of Omar Khayyám, a book of poems by a Persian mathematician and astronomer.
Police tracked down the copy of the book that this paper was torn from. They were able to find indentations on the book cover of an encrypted message they have never been able to decode.
The man had an American-made comb, British made cigarettes, Scottish cigarettes, British matches, and local Australian bus tickets in his pockets along with a half used package of Juicy Fruit gum.
No match was ever found for his dental records.
The American FBI was unable to match the man's prints with any known person
Flowers were regularly put on the man's grave despite him never being identified.
A month later, a suitcase was found at a nearby train station that had been checked in the night before the Somerton Man died, November 30, 1948. In the suitcase, police found clothing with the names "T. Keane", "Keane", and "Kean" on different items. The man's body was discovered during the Cold War, when people were especially suspicious of spies and foreign government interference. This is why one of the most common theories about the Somerton Man is that he was a spy.
Despite all this intrigue, and public attention, the identity of the Somerton Man has never been discovered.
Now, authorities say they are going to dig up the man's body 73 years after he passed. They hope that advances in DNA technology will finally solve the mystery and allow this man to be identified. If he can't be identified from DNA alone, investigators hope that at the very least, the exhumation will result in an official cause of death being discovered.
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10 Terrifying Wikipedia Pages That Will Ruin Your Life
50 Creepy Unsolved Mysteries That Will Ruin Your Day
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Here's The 51 Creepiest Mysteries That Remain Unsolved To This Very Day


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What's better than a long boring lecture on product quality? A subscriber module (SM) that shrugs off a fire and just keeps working. That's what this photo is – the best testimonials don't always come pretty! SM, we salute you!
In the course of restoring network connectivity, Pavel, a network engineer at one of our Ukraine WISP customers, replaced this burnt SM module, and brought the old one back to his shop. Being the good engineer that he is, Pavel was compelled to give it a try – amazingly, it still worked!!!
With much of North America coming out the long, brutal "polar vortex" winter, and with the season of summer storms and fires already underway, it's nice knowing that little outdoor SM installed many, many seasons ago, still has the right stuff to take our customers through much of what Mother Nature throws their way.
Our commitment to delivering great quality outdoor wireless products starts early when we conceive the product around the campfire. Our engineers reinforce this focus on quality through product development and we continue their work with rigorous and unforgiving testing, all before we ever say "ship it." Quality is not just a corporate band aid around here.
Today, we are focused on giving our customers multiple ways to build faster and more affordable wireless networks. But our focus on making reliable quality products that you can trust to work for years remains steadfastly the same. So whether seasons of snowstorms or fires are upon us, our customers can rest easy knowing that lonely SM on the roof top has the "right stuff." We simply call it Cambium 2.0 – Connecting the Unconnected, reliably!


Everyday organizations are losing valuable time due to ineffective meetings. Drained from energy, meeting participants fight their way through another day of wall-to-wall meetings. They can hardly remember what was agreed on at the previous meeting.
Stand-up meetings increases knowledge sharing because they give an overview and build focus on those tasks, milestones, risks and ideas that should be prioritized right now. Getting the overview is partly for the manager, but the overview also nurtures exchange of experience on specific problem areas that meeting participants need to share.


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Genius in Action: Lee Yong Dae
Few players have rocketed to elite-level success so early in their career as Lee Yong Dae. As an 18-year-old he won men's doubles bronze at the Asian Games in 2006, and while still in his teens, he soared to glory at the All England and then the Beijing Olympics.
Over the next decade and half, he retained his status as one of the world's premier doubles players, with his superstardom rivalling that of Korean pop idols. While he was a superb all-round player, he had exceptional abilities at the front court, often dictating the play and setting up opportunities for harder-hitting compatriots like Jung Jae Sung and later Yoo Yeon Seong.
Strangely, despite achieving Olympic gold early in his career in mixed doubles, Lee could never replicate that feat in men's doubles in any subsequent Olympics, World Championships or Asian Games, although he did come desperately close on numerous occasions.
Olympic Games – Gold (Mixed Doubles – 2008)
World Championships – Silver (Men's Doubles – 2007, 2009, 2014)
Badminton Asia Championships – Gold (2008, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016)
All England (2008, 2012); World Superseries Finals (2009, 2014); Denmark Open (2011, 2013, 2015)
Lee was the most successful doubles player on the Superseries circuit, winning 43 titles.
Vote: Which of Lee Yong Dae's men's doubles partners would you prefer to see?
Our Genius in Action this week is Lee Yong Dae 🇰🇷
But which of his men's doubles partners would you prefer to see?
Lee Yong Dae/Jung Jae Sung 🆚 Cai Yun/Fu Haifeng
Lee Yong Dae/Yoo Yeon Seong 🆚 Chai Biao/Hong Wei#BadmintonIcons #BadmintonAtHome
— BWF (@bwfmedia) April 15, 2020


text:
Істринський район () — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця і муніципальне утворення на північному заході Московської області Росії.

Адміністративний центр — місто Істра.

Географія
Площа території району становить 126 897 га. Район межує з Красногорським, Солнечногорським, Клинським, Волоколамським, Рузьким і Одинцовським районами Московської області і з міським округом Восход.

Основна річка — Істра.

Економіка
У районі налічується 20 великих промислових, 16 сільськогосподарських, 9 будівельних підприємств і близько 1000 підприємств малого бізнесу.

На сході району, поблизу села Павловська Слобода розвивається великий промисловий майданчик, на якому побудовані або перебувають в процесі будівництва ряд промислових підприємств, що належать іноземним (кондитерська фабрика Perfetti Van Melle, сироварня President, машинобудівні заводи Danfoss і Grundfos, виробництво гофрокартону та гофроупаковки істринчька філія ВАТ «Архбум») і російським інвесторам.

Примітки

Істринський район