text:
The U-2 reconnaissance plane has been snooping all over the world for more than 60 years, but today's Dragon Lady is nothing like the past
Christopher Woody Jun. 16, 2019, 1:40 AM
A U-2 Dragon Lady pilot at Al Dhafra Air Base in the United Arab Emirates, October 12, 2017. US Air Force/Tech. Sgt. Anthony Nelson Jr
The original U-2, developed in complete secrecy, took its first flight in August 1955.
Sixty-four years later, the Dragon Lady is still prowling the skies, but with a whole new set of controls and sensors.
Since the mid-1950s, the US Air Force's U-2 Dragon Lady has been cruising the upper reaches of the atmosphere, snooping almost totally unnoticed.
While the mission is pretty much the same, the aircraft doing it are much different.
"The 'U' in U-2 stands for 'utility,' so a lot of people are like, 'OK, 1955, what are we doing in 2019, when we're flying F-35s and F-22s … why are we flying the U-2 that was built in 1955?'" Maj. Travis "Lefty" Patterson, a U-2 pilot, said during an event hosted by the Air Force in May at the Intrepid Sea, Air, and Space Museum in New York City.
"Much like the Corvette, which has been around for a long time, there's been a lot of different versions of [the U-2]," Patterson said. "The U-2s that we fly now, they were all built in about the mid-'80s."
"The jets are actually pretty new," U-2 pilot Maj. Matt "Top" Nauman said at the event. "They're a lot newer than people anticipate, even though it's been flying for more than 60 years."
'It's just the name is old'
The last of the original batch of U-2A aircraft at the US Air Force Museum. US Air Force
The U-2A was the first to fly, when its massive wings accidentally turned a high-speed taxi test into a flight test in August 1955. It was followed by the U-2C, which had a new engine.
To overcome range limitations, the Air Force and the CIA outfitted U-2As and U-2Cs for aerial refuelling; they became U-2Es and U-2Fs, according to The Drive.
Read more: Here's what it takes to fly the U-2 spy plane, which soars 13 miles above the earth
In the early 1960s, the desire for more range led to the development of carrier-capable variants. Landing on a carrier, proved challenging, though, and several U-2As were modified with stronger landing gear, an arresting hook, and wing spoilers to decrease lift. These became the U-2G and U-2H.
The U-2R, which first flew in 1967, was 40% larger than the original and had wing pods to carry more sensors and fuel, allowing for high-altitude stand-off surveillance. (The U-2R was tested for carrier operations, but a naval variant of the U-2 never entered service.)
A U-2 on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS America. US Navy
The last U-2R arrived in 1989, and since 1994 the US has spent $US1.7 billion to modernise the airframe and sensors. After the GE F118-101 engine was added in the late 1990s, all U-2s were redesignated as U-2S, the current variant.
Between 2002 and 2007, Lockheed upgraded the U-2's 1960s-era cockpit avionics with the Reconnaissance Avionics Maintainability Program, or RAMP, replacing dials and gauges with multifunction displays, an up-front control and display unit, and a secondary flight-display system, according to Military & Aerospace Electronics.
The new displays were more user-friendly and offered a better view of the ground to the pilot, who previously had to look into a large tube in the center of the cockpit. RAMP also made the radio controls easier to reach.
The most recent cockpit upgrades were completed in 2013, Lockheed said last year. Other modifications have been floated in the years since, aimed at keeping the U-2's sensors robust and resilient.
The Air Force currently has about 30 of the single-seat U-2 for missions and four of the two-seat TU-2, which is used for training, based at Beale Air Force Base.
Lt. Col. Lars Hoffman in a new Block 20 U-2S, with a redesigned cockpit, at Osan Air Base in South Korea, June 20, 2006. US Air Force/Staff Sgt Andrea Knudson
Each U-2 gets a full overhaul every 4,800 flight hours, or about every six to eight years. Because the airframe doesn't spend a lot of time under high stress, the current lifespan for a U-2 is into the 2040s and 2050s.
The Air Force still has a few of the U-2s built the late 1960s, but those have been converted, Patterson said.
"Everything's modern – just the airframe itself came out in '69. The engine, the cockpit's all new," he added. "But most of the aircraft that we have, they're all built in the mid-'80s, about the same time as the B-2 stealth bomber."
Read more:The Air Force is changing the way it recruits U-2 pilots – here's what it's like to fly the US's oldest working spy plane
The newer models, Patterson said, "are about 40% larger [and] significantly more powerful than the original lot of U-2s that you saw when Gary Powers was flying over the Soviet Union, when the Cuban missile crisis is occurring, so it's a totally different aircraft – modern glass cockpit, so we have screens. We have extremely advanced sensors."
"So it's not an old aircraft. It's just the name is old."
'Mr. Potato Head'
A U-2, with a satellite communications system on its back and antennas on its belly, over California, March 23, 2016. US Air Force/Staff Sgt. Robert M. Trujillo
By the mid-1960s, US officials were already talking about retiring the U-2, but it survived and has outlasted other reconnaissance aircraft, like the SR-71, which were more expensive to operate.
Unlike satellites, a U-2 can be sent to peer at an area of interest on relatively short notice. It also has advantages over unmanned aerial vehicles, like the RQ-4 Global Hawk, Patterson said.
"When you think about some of the capabilities that our adversaries are able to put into the field pretty quickly and pretty cheaply – GPS jamming and things like that – it definitely pays dividends to have a human being that's able to react real-time to developing situations."
A human pilot is also better with unfamiliar surroundings, he said. "I can deploy anywhere in the world because I don't need to program a new airfield. I can just take my aeroplane and land it … and I can take off within hours."
U-2 pilot Maj. Ryan before a sortie in Southwest Asia, February 2, 2017. Air Force/Senior Airman Tyler Woodward
Nauman and Patterson both touted the U-2s versatility.
"The ability for this platform to adapt to the newest imaging technology is a key piece of" its continued relevance, Nauman said. "With the size, weight, and power … we're talking about 5,000 pounds of payload."
That's 2,000 pounds more than the RQ-4's payload. The U-2's ceiling is also above 70,000 feet – more than 10,000 feet above the ceiling of the RQ-4.
Read more: 'When you mess one up, you die': What it takes to do one of the US military's most dangerous jobs
The U-2 can also test technology at high altitudes before it makes the leap to space. "The ability to actually get the most modern technology before it gets to space is kind of what makes us relevant," Nauman said.
Other technology and payloads can be swapped onto the U-2, helping "to keep the cost down, accelerate development timelines, get these things in the air, and make sure that we run through all the issues," Patterson said. "Then we can proliferate those [things] throughout the Air Force."
US Air Force Senior Airman Charlie Lorenzo loads test film into a camera in preparation for a U-2 mission in Southwest Asia, April 17, 2008. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Levi Riendeau
"The U-2's almost like Mr. Potato Head," Patterson said, describing its adaptability.
"So you can take a pod off here and a nose off here and put a new thing on pretty quickly, just because it's got big wings, it's got a big engine, so we've got a lot of size, weight, and power advantage over a lot of other high-altitude aircraft."
The most well-known U-2 sensor is probably its optical bar camera.
"It's effectively a giant wet-film camera. … It fits up in the belly of the aircraft. It's got about 10,500 feet of film" that used to be made by Kodak, Patterson said. "In about eight hours, we can take off and we can map the entire state of California."
The U-2 no longer does overflights of unfriendly territory, Nauman said. But its suite of cameras and sensors allow it to pick up details whether it's looking straight down or looking hundreds of miles into the distance.
An airman reviews film from a U-2 mission. The Wall Street Journal
"Let's say we don't want to fly that camera in the belly. We can take the nose off, and we can put a giant radar on the nose," Patterson said.
"With a big radar up in there in the front," you can gather imagery out to the horizon, he added. "If you think about how far you can see if you're parked off somebody's coast with a 300-mile looking glass, it's pretty phenomenal."
The U-2 can also be outfitted with what Patterson described as "like a big digital camera" with a lens "about the size of a pizza platter." With multiple spectral capabilities, "it's imaging across different pieces of the light spectrum at any given time, so you can actually pull specific data that these intel analysts need to actually identify" the composition of particular materials.
Read more: US Air Force planes can be rented for as little as $US917 an hour – here's how much bombers, fighters, and cargo planes go for
Signals payloads also allow the U-2 to pick up different radars and other communications.
"We have a number of antennas all across the aircraft that we're able to just pick up what other people are doing," Patterson said. "We bring all that on board the aircraft, and we pipe it over a data link to a satellite and then down to the ground somewhere else in the world."
"While we're sitting by ourselves over a weird part of the world doing that [intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance] mission, all the information we're collecting is going back down to multiple teams around the globe."
Christopher Woody
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text:
Q: Table goes over border of page I have the following latex table:
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{|X|X|X|X|}
\hline
{\bf Indicator}                                                                     & {\bf Source}                                                                                & {\bf Time Period} & {\bf Type} \\ \hline
Dividend Yield                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Short-term interest rates                                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
slope of the yield curve                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
interest rate spread(difference between the long-term and short-term interest rate) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Property Rents                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
property yields                                                                     & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
GDP                                                                                & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Lagging    \\ \hline
varEmployment and money supply                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the three month Treasury Bill rate (TBIL)                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the yield on 20-year gilts (GY20)                                                   & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
narrow money supply (M0)                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
broad money supply (M4) and the price on the FTSE 100 share index (SP100)           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
car registrations (CAR)                                                             & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
volume of retail sales (RS) and jobs vacancies (JOBV).                              & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Space market index                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
exports/import                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
metropolitan area leading economic index                                            & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
job advertisements                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the yield curve                                                                     & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
trade internationally currency exchange                                             & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
house starts                                                                        & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
average weekly                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
hours in manufacturing                                                              & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
construction costs                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
construction activity                                                               & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Gilt yields                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Car registrations                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Net lending to consumers                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Export orders                                                                       & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Volume of expected output                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Financial Surplus Deficit                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Consumer confidence                                                                 & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Stock of finished goods                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Changes in inventories                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Consumer credit                                                                     & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Personal disposable income                                                          & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Industrial production                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Unit labour costs                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Gross trading profits                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
House building starts                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Yield curve                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Manufacturing investment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Press recruitment ads.                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Private to total credit                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
New orders in manufacturing                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
FT All Share price Index                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Manufacturing employment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Retail sales                                                                        & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Sales Volume                                                                        & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Percentage of Listings Sold                                                         & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Mean Time on Market                                                                 & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Mean Percentage of LIsting Price Received                                           & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Months Remaining of Inventory                                                       & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
{\color[HTML]{FE0000} add this repo!!!}                                                                      &      &                   &            \\ \hline
\end{tabularx}
\caption{Leading, Lagging and Coincidental Indicators from the literature.}
\label{table:leadingLaggingIndiTable}
\end{table}

My problem is that the table is too long and goes beyond the border of the page.

Is it possible to split the table up via latex, so that it fits on two pages?
I appreciate your replies!

A: Here is a longtable approach (the table is still too wide)
Here's the (simple) code (booktabs version below)
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{longtable}

\begin{document}

\begin{longtable}{|*{2}{p{4cm}|}l|p{4cm}|}
\hline
\textbf{ Indicator}                                                                     & \textbf{Source}                                                                                & \textbf{Time Period} & \textbf{Type} \\ \hline
\endhead  % This header will be repeated on every page with the table then
Dividend Yield                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Short-term interest rates                                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
slope of the yield curve                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
interest rate spread(difference between the long-term and short-term interest rate) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Property Rents                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
property yields                                                                     & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
GDP                                                                                & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Lagging    \\ \hline
varEmployment and money supply                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the three month Treasury Bill rate (TBIL)                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the yield on 20-year gilts (GY20)                                                   & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
narrow money supply (M0)                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
broad money supply (M4) and the price on the FTSE 100 share index (SP100)           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
car registrations (CAR)                                                             & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
volume of retail sales (RS) and jobs vacancies (JOBV).                              & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Space market index                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
exports/import                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
metropolitan area leading economic index                                            & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
job advertisements                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
the yield curve                                                                     & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
trade internationally currency exchange                                             & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
house starts                                                                        & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
average weekly                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
hours in manufacturing                                                              & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
construction costs                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
construction activity                                                               & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Gilt yields                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Car registrations                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Net lending to consumers                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Export orders                                                                       & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Volume of expected output                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Financial Surplus Deficit                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Consumer confidence                                                                 & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Stock of finished goods                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Changes in inventories                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Consumer credit                                                                     & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Personal disposable income                                                          & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Industrial production                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Unit labour costs                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Gross trading profits                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
House building starts                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Yield curve                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Manufacturing investment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Press recruitment ads.                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Private to total credit                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
New orders in manufacturing                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
FT All Share price Index                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Manufacturing employment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Retail sales                                                                        & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Sales Volume                                                                        & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Percentage of Listings Sold                                                         & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Mean Time on Market                                                                 & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Mean Percentage of LIsting Price Received                                           & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
Months Remaining of Inventory                                                       & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   & Leading    \\ \hline
{\color[HTML]{FE0000} add this repo!!!}                                                                      &      &                   &            \\ \hline
\caption{Leading, Lagging and Coincidental Indicators from the literature.}
\label{table:leadingLaggingIndiTable}
\end{longtable}

\end{document}

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[lmargin=1.5cm,rmargin=1.5cm,tmargin=1.5cm,bmargin=1.5cm]{geometry}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{longtable}

\newcolumntype{Q}[1]{>{Leading\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}

\begin{document}

\begin{longtable}{*{2}{p{4cm}}lQ{4cm}}
\toprule[2pt]
\textbf{Indicator}                                                                     & \textbf{Source}                                                                                & \textbf{Time Period} & \multicolumn{1}{p{4cm}}{\textbf{Type}} \\
\midrule[1.5pt]
\endhead
Dividend Yield                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
Short-term interest rates                                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
slope of the yield curve                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
interest rate spread(difference between the long-term and short-term interest rate) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
Property Rents                                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
property yields                                                                     & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
GDP                                                                                & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   & Lagging    \\ \hline
varEmployment and money supply                                                      & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
the three month Treasury Bill rate (TBIL)                                           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
the yield on 20-year gilts (GY20)                                                   & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
narrow money supply (M0)                                                            & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
broad money supply (M4) and the price on the FTSE 100 share index (SP100)           & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
car registrations (CAR)                                                             & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
volume of retail sales (RS) and jobs vacancies (JOBV).                              & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000)~\cite{Brooks2000}                                                                        &                   &     \\ \hline
Space market index                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
exports/import                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
metropolitan area leading economic index                                            & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
job advertisements                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
the yield curve                                                                     & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
trade internationally currency exchange                                             & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
house starts                                                                        & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
average weekly                                                                      & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
hours in manufacturing                                                              & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
construction costs                                                                  & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
construction activity                                                               & Cowley (2007)~\cite{Cowley2007}                                                                                &                   &     \\ \hline
Gilt yields                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Car registrations                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Net lending to consumers                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Export orders                                                                       & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Volume of expected output                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\
Financial Surplus Deficit                                                           & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Consumer confidence                                                                 & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Stock of finished goods                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Changes in inventories                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Consumer credit                                                                     & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Personal disposable income                                                          & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Industrial production                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Unit labour costs                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Gross trading profits                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
House building starts                                                               & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Yield curve                                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Manufacturing investment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Real money supply                                                                   & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Press recruitment ads.                                                              & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Private to total credit                                                             & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
New orders in manufacturing                                                         & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
FT All Share price Index                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Manufacturing employment                                                            & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Retail sales                                                                        & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004)~\cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004}                                                   &                   &     \\ \hline
Sales Volume                                                                        & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   &     \\ \hline
Percentage of Listings Sold                                                         & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   &     \\ \hline
Mean Time on Market                                                                 & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   &     \\ \hline
Mean Percentage of LIsting Price Received                                           & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   &     \\ \hline
Months Remaining of Inventory                                                       & Miller and Sklarz (1986)~\cite{Miller1986}                                                                               &                   &     \\ \hline
{\color[HTML]{FE0000} add this repo!!!}                                                                      &      &                   & \multicolumn{1}{p{4cm}}{}           \\ \hline
\caption{Leading, Lagging and Coincidental Indicators from the literature.}
\label{table:leadingLaggingIndiTable}
\end{longtable}

\end{document}

A: A solution with the ltablex package, which brings the functionalities of longtable to tabularx and some vertical padding for rows:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{array, ltablex, caption, ragged2e}
\renewcommand{\tabularxcolumn}[1]{>{\raggedright}m{#1}}

\renewcommand\cite[1]{#1}

\begin{document}

\renewcommand\arraystretch{1.25}
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{|*{2}{ >{\RaggedRight\arraybackslash}S{X}|}m{3cm}|l|}
  \caption{Leading, Lagging and Coincidental Indicators from the literature.}
  \label{table:leadingLaggingIndiTable}%}
  \\\hline
  {\bfseries Indicator} & {\bfseries Source} & {\bfseries Time Period} & {\bfseries Type} \\ \hline
  \endfirsthead
  \multicolumn{4}{c}{Leading, Lagging and Coincidental Indicators from the literature (continued).}\\[\abovecaptionskip]
  \hline
  {\bfseries Indicator} & {\bfseries Source} & {\bfseries Time Period} & {\bfseries Type} \\ \hline
  \endhead
  \endlastfoot
  \noalign{\smallskip}\multicolumn{4}{r@{}}{\em To be continued}
  \endfoot
  Dividend Yield & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Short-term interest rates & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  slope of the yield curve & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  interest rate spread (difference between the long-term and short-term interest rate) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Property Rents & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  property yields & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  GDP & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Lagging \\ \hline
  varEmployment and money supply & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  the three month Treasury Bill rate (TBIL) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  the yield on 20-year gilts (GY20) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  narrow money supply (M0) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  broad money supply (M4) and the price on the FTSE 100 share index (SP100) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  car registrations (CAR) & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  volume of retail sales (RS) and jobs vacancies (JOBV). & Brooks, Tsolacos and Lee (2000) \cite{Brooks2000} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Space market index & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  exports/import & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  metropolitan area leading economic index & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  job advertisements & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  the yield curve & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  trade internationally currency exchange & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  house starts & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  average weekly & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  hours in manufacturing & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  construction costs & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  construction activity & Cowley (2007) \cite{Cowley2007} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Gilt yields & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Car registrations & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Net lending to consumers & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Export orders & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Volume of expected output & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Financial Surplus Deficit & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Consumer confidence & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Stock of finished goods & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Real money supply & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Changes in inventories & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Consumer credit & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Personal disposable income & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Industrial production & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Unit labour costs & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Gross trading profits & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  House building starts & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Yield curve & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Manufacturing investment & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Real money supply & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Press recruitment ads. & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Private to total credit & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  New orders in manufacturing & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  FT All Share price Index & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Manufacturing employment & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Retail sales & Kyrstaloyianni, Matysiak and Tsolacos (2004) \cite{Kyrstaloyianni2004} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Sales Volume & Miller and Sklarz (1986) \cite{Miller1986} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Percentage of Listings Sold & Miller and Sklarz (1986) \cite{Miller1986} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Mean Time on Market & Miller and Sklarz (1986) \cite{Miller1986} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Mean Percentage of LIsting Price Received & Miller and Sklarz (1986) \cite{Miller1986} & & Leading \\ \hline
  Months Remaining of Inventory & Miller and Sklarz (1986) \cite{Miller1986} & & Leading \\ \hline
  {\color[HTML]{FE0000} add this repo!!!} & & & \\ \hline
\end{tabularx}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Documents: Toyota boasted saving $100 million…
Documents: Toyota boasted saving $100 million on recall
By Ken Thomas and Associated Press |
PUBLISHED: February 22, 2010 at 12:00 am | UPDATED: September 14, 2018 at 12:00 am
WASHINGTON — Toyota officials claimed they saved the company $100 million by successfully negotiating with the government on a limited recall of floor mats in some Toyota and Lexus vehicles, according to new documents shared with congressional investigators.
Toyota, in an internal presentation in July 2009 at its Washington office, said it saved $100 million or more by negotiating an "equipment recall" of floor mats involving 55,000 Toyota Camry and Lexus ES350 vehicles in September 2007.
The savings are listed under the title, "Wins for Toyota — Safety Group." The document cites millions of dollars in other savings by delaying safety regulations, avoiding defect investigations and slowing down other industry requirements.
The documents could set off alarms in Congress over whether Toyota put profits ahead of customer safety and pushed regulators to narrow the scope of recalls. Two House committees are holding hearings this week on the Japanese automaker"s recall of 8.5 million vehicles in recent months to deal with safety problems involving gas pedals, floor mats and brakes.
The world"s largest automaker has been criticized for responding too slowly to complaints of sudden acceleration in its vehicles, threatening to undermine its reputation for quality and safety.
The documents were turned over to the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee and obtained by The Associated Press on Sunday. The presentation was first reported by The Detroit News.
Toyota said in a statement: "Our first priority is the safety of our customers and to conclude otherwise on the basis of one internal presentation is wrong. Our values have always been to put the customer first and ensure the highest levels of safety and quality."
Kurt Bardella, a spokesman for Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif., the top Republican on the Oversight Committee, said the documents raise questions on "whether Toyota was lobbying for less rigid actions from regulators to protect their bottom line."
Transportation Department spokeswoman Olivia Alair called the document "very telling. And that"s why Secretary (Ray) LaHood has been saying we"re going to hold Toyota"s feet to the fire and make sure they do what"s necessary to make their cars safe for the driving public."
The new documents show the financial benefit of delay. In the presentation, Toyota said a phase-in to new safety regulations for side air bags saved the company $124 million and 50,000 man hours. Delaying a rule for tougher door locks saved $11 million.
On defect regulations, the document boasts that Toyota "avoided investigation" on rusting Tacoma pickup trucks. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration investigated the case in 2008 but closed it without finding a safety defect. Toyota agreed to buy back certain rusty pickups, inspect other and extend warranties.
The document lists seven "Wins for Toyota & Industry," including "favorable recall outcomes," "secured safety rulemaking favorable to Toyota" and "vehicles not in climate legislation." Another page lists "key safety issues," including "Sudden acceleration on ES/Camry, Tacoma, LS etc."
In one passage, the document says Toyota "negotiated "equipment" recall on Camry/ES re SA; saved $100M+, w/ no defect found."
NHTSA had launched an investigation in March 2007 over allegations that floor mats were interfering with accelerator pedals. Toyota told the government a month later that there was "no possibility of the pedal interference with the all-weather floor mat if it"s placed properly and secured."
By that August, the government had connected the problem to a dozen deaths and a survey of 600 Lexus owners discovered 10 percent reported sudden or unexpected acceleration. But the recall in September 2007 was limited to 55,000 Camry and ES350 vehicles to replace the floor mats.
The 10-page internal presentation was dated July 6, 2009, less than two months before a high-speed crash near San Diego killed a California highway patrol officer and his family and reignited concerns over sudden acceleration in Toyotas.
In October 2009, Toyota issued its largest-ever U.S. recall, involving about 4 million vehicles, over concerns of pedals getting stuck in floor mats.
The presentation lists Yoshi Inaba, Toyota"s chief executive in North America, on its cover. Inaba is scheduled to testify before the House Energy and Commerce Committee on Wednesday, along with Toyota president Akio Toyoda and Jim Lentz, president of Toyota Motor Sales USA. The committee is also expected to hear from LaHood, NHTSA Administrator David Strickland and safety advocates.
The Oversight Committee is holding a hearing Tuesday with Lentz, LaHood and Strickland. A Senate committee is planning a March 2 hearing.
Toyota has said it will create an outside review of company operations, do a better job of responding to customer complaints and improve communication with federal officials.
Separately, the government said Sunday it was already investigating reports of sudden acceleration in Toyota vehicles when the nation"s largest auto insurer shared complaints about the issue.
The Transportation Department released documents showing that in December 2003 it began investigating 39 complaints of sudden acceleration involving 2002-03 Toyota Camry sedans. That was about three months before State Farm shared with NHTSA complaints of sudden acceleration in 2003-04 Lexus ES300s and 2002-04 Camrys.
The document released by LaHood said the department had received allegations of 26 crashes and 4 injuries involving drivers complaining of their vehicles surging when backing up, pulling in and out of parking spaces and shifting gears.
Reports of deaths in the U.S. connected to sudden acceleration in Toyota vehicles have surged in recent weeks, with the toll of deaths allegedly attributed to the problem reaching 34 since 2000, according to new consumer data gathered by the U.S. government.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


And don't forget it's all free - for staff and employers alike - Hurrah!
So how can the Butler Bureau site help you find your next domestic service position?
Are you a Butler currently in employment but looking for a better remunerated job? Or maybe a housekeeping couple who would like to spend a year or two working abroad?
Go to the Staff Database page, register and then post your details - the job you are after and some information about yourself.
You can come back and edit your details whenever you want and even attach a CV you have already prepared (as a Word document for example). Plus upload your photo if you wish. Make a note of your password !
Now go to the Employee Board and post an ad for yourself.
Don't forget to set a Password (and make a note of it!) so you can edit your Board posting in the future.
Note; If you've joined the database you'll have a web link to your CV and online profile that you can add to your listing (or for that matter whenever you respond to any ad or contact any agency on this site or elsewhere).
Your personal CV link will be included in your confirmation e-mail.
Next go to the Employers Database and the Employers Board. Are there any 'staff wanted' positions posted there that appeal?
When replying to an ad on the Employers Board it is more effective to reply via their e-mail address rather than just stating interest in a reply on the Board itself.
Now that you've covered all the bases on the Butler Bureau site you can jump to the staff Agencies pages and register with one or more of them if you choose and send them the link to your online CV and photo.


text:
Q: conditional statements inside of 'value' for CDataColumn Does anyone know how to display a conditional value in CGridView column field?
I've got an entry in the DB for gender 'M' of 'F', in die CGridView however I would like to display 'Male' and 'Female' respectively and not M or F.
Any ideas would be welcome ;-)

A: I have found that while full if/else syntax is not allowed, you can use the shorthand syntax. Something like this:
array(
  'name'=>'column_name',
  'type'=>'HTML',
  'value'=>'($data->gender=="M")?"Male":"Female"',
),

I think you can do this with the "raw" type, as well as the "HTML" type.
Good luck!


It's time for episode nine and co-hosts Andrés and Lauren chat to David Newman, Creative Director of Visit Seattle about the destination marketer's ground-breaking approach to video. Newman tells us how the focus on episodic video content created under the umbrella of Visit Seattle.TV became the "obvious way to go" after observing that video had become the primary mechanism for people to share first person experiences.
Partnerships with media houses that provide a distribution vehicle have been critical to the success of the Visit Seattle.TV strategy, according to Newman, as well as the fact that the DMO has focused on creating content that stands alone as entertainment rather than just as a piece of marketing.
Meanwhile in Trend Monitor, Andrés and Lauren discuss some surprising research from Expedia about Millennial travel habits that suggests the average duration of millennial holidays is 6.2 days and that they are taking 5.6 trips per year. Andrés says the research seems to debunk the usual assumption that Millennials are taking longer trips such as a three month tour of Europe or Africa. Lauren suggests that while Millennials may well value "experiences over things" some are choosing to get a foothold in the paid economy hence taking shorter more regular trips rather than "chucking it all in" to travel.
Last but not least, in Campaign News, Andrés and Lauren have strong opinions on two recently released campaign extensions from Australia and New Zealand's national DMOs. While Andrés says Tourism Australia's follow-up to its mega Dundee ad featuring Luke Hemsworth is "well-timed", Lauren says it's "moderately funny" but much of the creative potential is killed by what feels like a directive to tick off a list of destinations.
Tourism New Zealand's follow-up to its viral #GetNZOnTheMap ad starring Rhys Darby and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern is "definitely not as structured" as Tourism Australia's effort according to Andrés, who says that it's interesting to compare their different approaches.


text:
The second Formula 1® NFT virtual car auction begins on 19 June 2019
F1® Delta Time
Digital Collectible "Monaco Edition 2019" pays tribute to the FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO 2019
The auction begins on 19 June 2019 at 2 am GMT.
The "Monaco Edition 2019" car is a unique and high-powered virtual race car inspired by the FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO, one of the most demanding circuits in F1®. Its livery is inspired by the red and white portion of the principality of Monaco coat of arms, and its ruling family the House of Grimaldi. The "Monaco Edition 2019" car is a proud honorary Monegasque.
The performance indices of the "Monaco Edition 2019" car offer a glimpse into the proud history of Formula 1® in Monaco:
Top Speed: 977 (2019 marked the 77th FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO)
Acceleration: 929 (the first FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO was held in 1929)
Grip: 978 (the FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO has 78 laps)
Luck: 33 (the Circuit de Monaco is 3.337 km long)
The lucky player who races in the "Monaco Edition 2019" at the Circuit de Monaco will benefit from a hometown advantage, receiving a boost to all performance indices of the "Monaco Edition 2019" car.
Details of the "Monaco Edition 2019" auction
The auction for the "Monaco Edition 2019" car starts on 19 June 2019 at 2 am GMT and runs for 72 hours. Participation requires a web browser that supports Ethereum wallets, as well as an Ethereum wallet; bids will be made in ether. Check out the auction details now at www.F1DeltaTime.com and get ready for another historical digital event.
Honouring the FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO
The "Monaco Edition 2019" car is the second official Formula 1® non-fungible token (NFT) collectible. This token is intended for use in the blockchain game F1® Delta Time. The "Monaco Edition 2019" car is a unique and high-powered car inspired by the FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX DE MONACO, one of the most demanding circuits in Formula 1®.
Limited edition & high performance
The "Monaco Edition 2019" car is a one-of-a-kind asset, making it unique and highly desirable. It is an extreme performance digital asset, due to its blisteringly fast pace on the track, below is a summary of its stats:
Proudly sporting the symbolic Monegasque red and white
The "Monaco Edition 2019" is a virtual F1® car with livery inspired by the red and white portion of the principality of Monaco coat of arms, and its ruling family — the House of Grimaldi. This lightning-fast machine is a proud honorary Monegasque!
Hometown advantage
The "Monaco Edition 2019" car benefits from a hometown advantage, receiving a boost when racing at the Circuit de Monaco.
Auction starts on 19 June 2019
The auction for the "Monaco Edition 2019" car starts on 19 and ends on 22 June 2019. To learn more, or to bid on this unique F1® car NFT, please visit www.F1DeltaTime.com.
Some facts about the Circuit de Monaco
The Circuit de Monaco is a street circuit featured on the Formula 1® calendar when racing comes to Monte Carlo. The circuit features with many elevation shifts, tight corners and narrow streets, making it one of the most demanding Formula 1® circuits. Monaco has been on the F1® calendar since 1950, however there have been races at the circuit since 1929. The Circuit de Monaco is the shortest track on the F1® calendar, with a circuit length of only 3.337 km, resulting in it having the highest number of laps (78). The circuit is also famous for its Fairmont hairpin corner (turn 6) and the only F1® "indoor corner" in the tunnel at turn 9.
Contact: press@animocabrands.com
The F1 FORMULA 1 logo, F1 logo, FORMULA 1, F1, FIA FORMULA ONE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP, GRAND PRIX and related marks are trade marks of Formula One Licensing BV, a Formula 1 company. All rights reserved.
Twitter: F1® Delta Time
Discord: discord.gg/jCfEgza
Weibo: F1DeltaTime
Wechat: F1DeltaTime
#F1DeltaTime is a #blockchain based game that utilises #ERC721 and #ERC20 standards, running on the #Ethereum blockchain. Discord: https://discord.gg/eDrHew9


text:
Q: Auto launching a PuTTY SSH connection to a VirtualBox Arch Linux guest once it loads I have a Virtual Machine with Arch Linux under a Windows 8.1 host. I currently open the vm, wait until it boots (or until saved state is restored), and then connect through SSH so I can have clipboard, etc. plus spawn several terminals (I just use the console, no Desktop).
How can I automate this?


To assist Head Teachers with swift and efficient reporting, understanding and identification of shortcomings in their school accommodation, noting the impact this has on operational efficiency in order to raise educational standards.
Suitability defines how well premises meet the needs of pupils, teachers and other users and how they contribute towards raising standards of education.
Oakleaf's involvement ensures that full sets of completed, authorised and consistent information are supplied to the Local Authority for processing and analysis.
Assessments cover all areas of an establishment and are carried out on a room by room basis. The method of assessment aims to identify problems affecting the delivery of the curriculum and operational efficiency of schools, which might affect educational attainment.
The role of the auditor is to help the Head Teacher / Site Manager to complete a consistent, thorough and correct analysis without disruption to the school and staff. The ownership of the comments are therefore those of the School, not the auditor.
These are entered into the standard statutory DfES forms for consistency of reporting. The forms are then returned to the school for verification and approval by the Head Teacher before being delivered to the Authority.
The meeting with a senior teacher is an opportunity to check the layout of the premises for changes which have not been otherwise recorded.
It is expected that any changes to the plan layout of the school are recorded by the auditor and reported back to the authority for updating of relevant records and plans. Similarly the database of rooms is adjusted and updated accordingly for reference by all interested parties.
Once the checking process is complete the final documents are passed to the Local Authority. This is a correctly completed set of documents, ready for further analysis and processing and will provide the DfES with the relevant information to meet the statutory requirements.


text:
Bit kaznenog djela (lat. actus reus) predstavlja skup obilježja pojedinog kaznenog djela tj. sadrži ono što je tipično za neko kazneno djelo. Ta obilježja svakog kaznenog djela nalazimo u posebnom dijelu kaznenog zakona. Slični pojmovi su "zakonski opis kaznenog djela" i "predviđenost djela u kaznenom zakonu", zbog čega neki autori koriste te nazive pri određivanju kaznenog djela u formalnom smislu. Također, neki ga ne smatraju zasebnom pretpostavkom kažnjivosti pa ga podvode pod pojam protupravnosti.

Kazneno pravo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
title: Authentication for Server-side Web Apps
description: Explains how to authenticate users in a Server-side Web application.
toc: true
topics:
  - oauth2
  - authentication
  - server-side-apps
contentType:
    - concept
    - how-to
useCase:
  - add-login
---

# Authentication for Server-side Web Apps

You can use the Auth0 Authentication API to create server-side web applications that uses OAuth 2.0 and <dfn data-key="openid">OpenID Connect (OIDC)</dfn> to authenticate users and get their authorization to access protected resources.

## Overview

Auth0 exposes endpoints that you can use to authenticate users and get their authorization.

You can redirect the user from your web application to these endpoints in the web browser. Auth0 will handle the authentication of the user, and then redirect the user back to a pre-configured callback URL, returning an authorization code in the query string parameters of the callback URL. This code can then be exchanged for an [ID Token](/tokens/id-token) (which contains information about the identity of the user) and an [Access Token](/tokens/overview-access-tokens).

## The Authentication Flow

The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework allows for different kinds of authorization flows (called [Grant Types](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-1.3)) depending on the type of application. The flow used for Server-side Web applications is known as the [Authorization Code flow](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-1.3.1).

The Authorization Code flow is initiated by redirecting the user in the web browser to the Auth0 `/authorize` endpoint. Auth0 will then display the Auth0 Lock dialog, allowing the user to enter their credentials or alternatively sign in with any other configured [Identity Provider](/identityproviders).

After the user has authenticated, Auth0 will redirect the browser back to the **Redirect URI** (also called **Callback URL**), passing along a `code` parameter in the query string of the Callback URL. This `code` can then be exchanged for an [ID Token](/tokens/id-token) by making a request to the `/oauth/token` endpoint.

The ID Token is a [JSON Web Token (JWT)](/jwt) and contains various attributes regarding the user, such as the user's name, email address, profile picture and so on. These attributes are referred to as **Claims** and they can be extracted from the ID Token and used in your application (for example, to display a user's name and profile image).

::: note
You will also receive an [Access Token](/tokens/overview-access-tokens) which you can use to call the [Authentication API's `/userinfo` endpoint](/api/authentication#get-user-info) or your own APIs. For more information on calling APIs web apps running on the server, see [Calling APIs from Server-side Web Apps](/api-auth/grant/authorization-code)
:::

![Authentication flow for server-side web apps](/media/articles/client-auth/server-side-web/server-side-web-flow.png)

1. The Application initiates the flow and redirects the user to the Authorization Server.
2. The user authenticates.
3. The Authorization Server redirects to the `redirect_uri` with a `code` in the query string.
4. The Application sends the `code` together with the Client ID, Client Secret and `redirect_uri` to the Authorization Server.
5. The Authorization Server validates this information and returns an ID Token.

## Register your Application

The first thing you need to do is to create a new application in Auth0. An Auth0 application maps to your application and allows it to use Auth0 for authentication.

Navigate to the [Auth0 Dashboard](${manage_url}) and click on the [Applications](${manage_url}/#/applications) menu option on the left. Create a new Application by clicking on the **Create Application** button.

The **Create Application** window will open, allowing you to enter the name of your new application. Choose **Regular Web Applications** as the **Application Type** and click on the **Create** button to create the new application.

![](/media/articles/client-auth/server-side-web/create-client.png)

Once the application has been created you can navigate to the **Settings** tab of the application and in the **Allowed Callback URLs** field add a URL where Auth0 must redirect to after the user has authenticated, such as `${account.callback}`.

This URL must be part of your application, as your application will need to retrieve the `code` and exchange it for the ID Token.

![](/media/articles/client-auth/server-side-web/allowed-callback-url.png)

Next, click on **Show Advanced Settings**. Go to the **OAuth** tab and ensure that you have enabled the **OIDC Conformant** switch:

![](/media/articles/client-auth/server-side-web/oidc-conformant.png)

Save the Settings.

## Call the Authorization URL

The URL used when authenticating a user is `https://${account.namespace}/authorize`. This is the initial endpoint to which a user must be redirected. This will handle checking whether any <dfn data-key="single-sign-on">Single Sign-on (SSO)</dfn> [session](/sessions) is active, authenticating the user and also potentially redirect the user directly to any Identity Provider to handle authentication.

This endpoint supports the following query string parameters:

| Parameter | Description |
|:------------------|:---------|
| response_type | The response type specifies the Grant Type you want to use. For server-side web applications using the Authorization Code Flow this **must be set** to `code` |
| client_id | The Client ID of the Application you registered in Auth0. This can be found on the **Settings** tab of your Application in the Auth0 Dashboard |
| scope | Specifies the claims (or attributes) of the user you want the be returned in the ID Token. To get an ID Token in the response, you need to specify at least the scope of `openid` in the request. If you want to return the user's full profile information, you can request `openid profile`.

You can read the [scopes documentation](/scopes) for more information. |
| redirect_uri | The URL in your application where the user will be redirected to after they have authenticated, such as `${account.callback}`|
| connection | This is an optional parameter which allows you to force the user to sign in with a specific connection. You can for example pass a value of `github` to send the user directly to GitHub to log in with their GitHub account.

 If this parameter is not specified the user will be presented with the normal Auth0 Lock screen from where they can sign in with any of the available connections. You can see the list of configured connections on the **Connections** tab of your application.  |

::: note
  Be sure to add the **redirect_uri** URL to the list of **Allowed Callback URLs** in the **Settings** tab of your Application inside the [Auth0 Dashboard](${manage_url}).
:::

## Exchange the code for an ID Token

After the user has authenticated, Auth0 will call back to the URL specified in the `redirect_uri` query string parameter which was passed to the `/authorize` endpoint. When calling back to this URL, Auth0 will pass along a `code` as a query string parameter of the URL, such as

```text
${account.callback}?code=tQPUv...
```

You application will need to handle the request to this callback URL, extract the `code` query string parameter and call the `/oauth/token` endpoint of the Auth0 Authentication API in order to exchange the `code` for the ID Token:

```har
{
  "method": "POST",
  "url": "https://${account.namespace}/oauth/token",
  "headers": [
    { "name": "Content-Type", "value": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" }
  ],
  "postData": {
    "mimeType": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
    "params": [
      {
        "name": "grant_type",
        "value": "authorization_code"
      },
      {
        "name": "client_id",
        "value": "${account.clientId}"
      },
      {
        "name": "client_secret",
        "value": "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET"
      },
      {
        "name": "code",
        "value": "YOUR_AUTHORIZATION_CODE"
      },
      {
        "name": "redirect_uri",
        "value": "https://${account.callback}"
      }
    ]
  }
}
```

The response from `/oauth/token` contains `access_token`, `expires_in`, `id_token` and `token_type` values (and also potentially a `refresh_token`), for example:

```json
{
  "access_token": "subBe48...",
  "expires_in": 86400,
  "id_token": "eyJ0eXAi...",
  "token_type": "Bearer"
}
```

The `token_type` will be set to **Bearer** and the `id_token` will be a [JSON Web Token (JWT)](/jwt) containing information about the user. You will need to decode the ID Token in order to read the claims (or attributes) of the user. The [JWT section of our website](/jwt) contains more information about the structure of a JWT.

You can refer to the [libraries section on the JWT.io website](https://jwt.io/#libraries-io) in order to obtain a library for your programming language of choice which will assist you in decoding the ID Token.

Once the JWT is decoded, you can extract the information about the user from the payload of the ID Token. This is a JSON structure and will contain the claims (attributes) about the user as well as some other metadata.

### The ID Token payload

An example payload for an ID Token may look something like this:

```json
{
  "name": "Jerrie Pelser",
  "email": "jerrie@j...",
  "picture": "https://s.gravatar.com/avatar/6222081fd7dcea7dfb193788d138c457?s=480&r=pg&d=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.auth0.com%2Favatars%2Fje.png",
  "iss": "https://auth0pnp.auth0.com/",
  "sub": "auth0|581...",
  "aud": "xvt...",
  "exp": 1478113129,
  "iat": 1478077129
}
```

The payload above contains the following claims:

| Parameter | Description |
|:------------------|:---------|
| name | The name of the user which is returned from the Identity Provider. |
| email | The email address of the user which is returned from the Identity Provider. |
| picture | The profile picture of the user which is returned from the Identity Provider. |
| sub | The unique identifier of the user. This is guaranteed to be unique per user and will be in the format (identity provider)|(unique id in the provider), such as github|1234567890. |
| iss | The _issuer_. A case-sensitive string or URI that uniquely identifies the party that issued the JWT. For an Auth0 issued ID Token, this will be **the URL of your Auth0 tenant**.

**This is a [registered claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1) according to the JWT Specification** |
| aud | The _audience_. Either a single case-sensitive string or URI or an array of such values that uniquely identify the intended recipients of this JWT. For an Auth0 issued ID Token, this will be the **Client ID of your Auth0 Application**.

**This is a [registered claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1) according to the JWT Specification** |
| exp | The _expiration time_. A number representing a specific date and time in the format "seconds since epoch" as [defined by POSIX6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time). This claim sets the exact moment from which this **JWT is considered invalid**.

**This is a [registered claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1) according to the JWT Specification** |
| iat | The _issued at time_. A number representing a specific date and time (in the same format as `exp`) at which this **JWT was issued**.

**This is a [registered claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1) according to the JWT Specification** |

The exact claims contained in the ID Token will depend on the `scope` parameter you sent to the `/authorize` endpoint. In an ID Token issued by Auth0, the **registered claims** and the `sub` claim will always be present, but the other claims depends on the `scope`. You can refer to the [examples below](#examples) to see examples of how the scope influences the claims being returned.

::: note
The [JWT.io website](https://jwt.io) has a handy debugger which will allow you to debug any JSON Web Token. This is useful is you quickly want to decode a JWT to see the information contained in the token.
:::

### Keep the user logged in

Auth0 will assist you in authenticating a user, but it is up to you to keep track in your application of whether or not a user is logged in. You can use a cookie or other session storage to keep track of whether a user is logged in or not, and also to store the claims of the user which was extracted from the ID Token.

You can then use those claims inside of your application to display the user's information or otherwise personalize the user's experience.

## Examples

### A Basic Authentication Request

The following is the most basic request you can make to the `/authorize` endpoint. It will display the Lock screen and allow a user to sign in with any of the configured connections.

```text
https://${account.namespace}/authorize
  ?response_type=code
  &client_id=${account.clientId}
  &redirect_uri=${account.callback}
  &scope=openid
```

After the user has authenticated, they will be redirected back to the `redirect_uri` with a `code` query string parameter:

```text
${account.callback}?code=2OKj...
```

You can then exchange the `code` for an ID Token. This is an example of the decoded payload of the ID Token which will be returned:

```json
{
  "iss": "https://auth0pnp.auth0.com/",
  "sub": "auth0|581...",
  "aud": "xvt9...",
  "exp": 1478112929,
  "iat": 1478076929
}
```

### Request the Name and Profile Picture

You can request a user's profile information, for example their name and profile picture, by requesting the `profile` scope in addition to the `openid` scope:

```text
https://${account.namespace}/authorize
  ?response_type=code
  &client_id=${account.clientId}
  &redirect_uri=${account.callback}
  &scope=openid%20profile
```

After the user has authenticated, they will be redirected back to the `redirect_uri` with a `code` query string parameter:

```text
${account.callback}?code=2OKj...
```

You can then exchange the `code` for an ID Token. The profile attributes of the user, such as the name and profile picture will be available in the `name` and `picture` claims of the returned ID Token:

```json
{
  "name": "jerrie@...",
  "picture": "https://s.gravatar.com/avatar/6222081fd7dcea7dfb193788d138c457?s=480&r=pg&d=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.auth0.com%2Favatars%2Fje.png",
  "iss": "https://auth0pnp.auth0.com/",
  "sub": "auth0|581...",
  "aud": "xvt...",
  "exp": 1478113129,
  "iat": 1478077129
}
```

### Request a User Log In With GitHub

You can send a user directly to the GitHub authentication screen by passing the value of **github** to the `connection` parameter:

```text
https://${account.namespace}/authorize
  ?response_type=code
  &client_id=${account.clientId}
  &redirect_uri=${account.callback}
  &scope=openid%20profile
  &connection=github
```

::: note
You can just as easily request a user log in with other social providers, like Google or Facebook. All you have to do is configure the corresponding connection in the [dashboard](${manage_url}/#/connections/social) and change the `connection` value of this call to `/authorize` with the name of the connection to use (`google-oauth2` for Google, `facebook` for Facebook, and so forth). You can get the connection's name from the _Settings_ of the connection in the [dashboard](${manage_url}/#/connections/social). For more info:
- [Identity Providers Supported by Auth0](/identityproviders)
- [Social Login using the Authentication API](/api/authentication#social)
:::

After the user has authenticated, they will be redirected back to the `redirect_uri` with a `code` query string parameter:

```text
${account.callback}?code=2OKj...
```

You can then exchange the `code` for an ID Token. Since we also requested the `profile` scope, the user's Github profile attributes will also be available. In the example below you will notice the `name`, `nickname` and `picture` attributes are returned with the values from GitHub. You will also notice that the `sub` claim contains the User's unique ID returned from GitHub:

```json
{
  "name": "Jerrie Pelser",
  "nickname": "jerriep",
  "picture": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1006420?v=3",
  "iss": "https://auth0pnp.auth0.com/",
  "sub": "github|100...",
  "aud": "xvt...",
  "exp": 1478114742,
  "iat": 1478078742
}
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Danley Sound Labs has launched the SH-50, a high-output, fully horn-loaded, three-way loudspeaker that performs exceptionally well in tightly packed arrays to offer practically seamless overlap regions. The groundbreaking SH-50 amalgamates two unique Danley Sound Labs technologies — the tapped horn and the synergy horn, both patent-pending designs — for exceptional low-frequency pattern control, incomparable audio quality, seamless arrayability, and low-frequency extension. Each model is also available as a powered option using Class D audiophile power and onboard DSP.
Danley Sound Labs' SH-50 three-way loudspeaker performs well in tightly packed arrays, offering practically seamless overlap regions. The speaker includes two patent pending technologies — the tapped horn and the synergy horn.
Danley Sound Labs has launched the SH-50, a high-output, fully horn-loaded, three-way loudspeaker that performs exceptionally well in tightly packed arrays to offer practically seamless overlap regions. The groundbreaking SH-50 amalgamates two unique Danley Sound Labs technologies—the tapped horn and the synergy horn, both patent-pending designs—for exceptional low-frequency pattern control, incomparable audio quality, seamless arrayability, and low-frequency extension. Each model is also available as a powered option using Class D audiophile power and onboard DSP.
"I compared the SH-50 to my most recent designs, and it is unquestionably the best-sounding loudspeaker I've made to date," Tom Danley says. The blend of unique Danley Sound Labs technologies produces a full-range loudspeaker with solid response to 50Hz, thus allowing the SH-50 to be used as a standalone product in applications where additional subwoofers are not physically or financially viable. The SH-50 combines a single 1in. high-frequency driver with four 5in. midrange units and a pair of 12in. woofers.
The SH-50 measures 28"x28"x22.5" and generates up to 132dB SPL (program) with a recommended 1600W (program) power input, operating across the frequency range 28Hz to 100Hz (-3dB). Sensitivity is 100dB SPL (measured as 20V input free space at 10m distance, -1dB 80Hz-20kHz). The SH-50 is designed for a broad range of live sound applications, including houses of worship, live performance venues, stadiums, discos, and high-end home theaters.
The SH-50 joins the SH-100, a wide dispersion, fully horn-loaded, full-range loudspeaker with a large horn mouth that offers substantial directivity and front-to-back rejection. High frequencies are very smooth throughout the coverage pattern, making the SH-100 suitable for point source applications whereby one loudspeaker is required to cover a large area or distributed approaches. In these cases, wide coverage with high directivity is desired. The SH-100 is also great for high-quality 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound systems.
Using an 8in. coaxial driver, the SH-100 measures just 20.5"x20.5"x9" and offers a sensitivity of 95dB SPL (measured as 28.3V input 1/2 space at 10m distance, -1dB 80Hz-20kHz). The speaker produces 123dB SPL (program) from a recommended 800W amplifier power with a frequency range of 70Hz-20kHz (+/-3dB).
Tom Danley is one of the most innovative loudspeaker designers in the industry today and is recognized worldwide as a pioneer for "outside the box" thinking in professional audio technology. His legendary designs have been used in projects ranging from ground zero bombing simulation, jet engine active noise cancellation, and sonic boom generators to critical listening mastering studios, high-end home theater, and houses of worship around the world.
For more information, visit www.danleysoundlabs.com.