text:
618 F.3d 1177 (10th Cir. 2010), 08-5151, McKissick v. Yuen
Document Cited authorities 46 Cited in 157 Precedent Map Related
Docket Nº: 08-5151, 09-5078.
Citation: 618 F.3d 1177
Opinion Judge: GORSUCH, Circuit Judge.
Party Name: Pamela L. McKISSICK, an individual, Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant, v. Henry C. YUEN, an individual; Elsie M. Leung, an individual, Defendants-Appellees, and Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc., Defendant/Counter-Claimant-Appellee.
Attorney: Donald R. Bradford of Seeger Weiss LLP, Tulsa, OK, for Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant. Brian E. Maas of Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz P.C., New York, NY, (Jessie F. Beeber, Patrick J. Boyle, and Amelia K. Seewann of Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz P.C., New York, NY; and Joseph R. Farris and...
Judge Panel: Before HARTZ, HOLLOWAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
Court: United States Courts of Appeals, Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
618 F.3d 1177 (10th Cir. 2010)
Pamela L. McKISSICK, an individual, Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant,
Henry C. YUEN, an individual; Elsie M. Leung, an individual, Defendants-Appellees,
Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc., Defendant/Counter-Claimant-Appellee.
Nos. 08-5151, 09-5078.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Donald R. Bradford of Seeger Weiss LLP, Tulsa, OK, for Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant.
Brian E. Maas of Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz P.C., New York, NY, (Jessie F. Beeber, Patrick J. Boyle, and Amelia K. Seewann of Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz P.C., New York, NY; and Joseph R. Farris and Paula J. Quillin of Feldman, Franden, Woodard & Farris, Tulsa, OK, with him on the briefs), for Defendants-Appellees, Henry C. Yuen and Elsie M. Leung.
John E. Dowdell (Jo Lynn Jeter and Steven M. Ruby, with him on the briefs), Norman Wohlgemuth Chandler & Dowdell, Tulsa, OK, for Defendant/Counter-Claimant-Appellee, Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc.
Before HARTZ, HOLLOWAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
GORSUCH, Circuit Judge.
Pamela McKissick, a former Gemstar executive, sued the company and two of its former officers, accusing them of perpetrating a fraud that rendered her stock options in the company worthless. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants, holding that Ms. McKissick released her claims long ago when she signed a separation agreement at the end of her employment. Based on another provision in that same agreement, the district court also awarded attorney fees to both Gemstar and its former officers. Ms. McKissick now appeals all these determinations.
We agree with the district court that the separation agreement unambiguously bars Ms. McKissick's claims and affirm summary judgment for the defendants on that score. Although we also agree with the district court that the separation agreement entitles Gemstar to recoup the attorney fees it incurred in defending Ms. McKissick's suit, the agreement doesn't permit the company to recover the fees it incurred in prosecuting a counterclaim against Ms. McKissick. We thus vacate the district court's fee award to Gemstar, and remand the matter for recalculation of an appropriate award. As for the former officers, we conclude the separation agreement doesn't entitle them to attorney fees at all. Accordingly, we reverse their fee award.
This case began on the eve of a merger between Gemstar and TV Guide in July 2000. In the deal, Gemstar, a technology company, was slated to take control of TV Guide, the longtime publisher of television programming guides. At the time, Ms. McKissick served as President and Chief Operating Officer of a TV Guide subsidiary. Ms. McKissick apparently worried about the merger and what it might mean for her options to purchase 200,000 shares of TV Guide common stock. If she exercised those options before the merger, and many were slated to vest by that point, Ms. McKissick was confident that their value would allow her to fulfill her longtime dream of owning a horse ranch in Oklahoma. In the end, however, she didn't exercise the options, and this lawsuit is all about why.
According to Ms. McKissick, Henry Yuen and Elsie Leung, executives for Gemstar, lobbied her to stick with the new company and hold on to her options. They told her it would be bad for the merger if senior TV Guide executives were seen selling, a signal to investors that they lacked faith in TV Guide's new parent company. Better, they said, to wait, convert the TV Guide options into Gemstar options, and exercise them later. The merger, they said, would be nothing but good for Ms. McKissick and her stock options. The options'
value was sure to rise. If only she would wait three years, she could " retire on the beach."
Ms. McKissick waited. The merger occurred in July 2000 and Ms. McKissick retained both her position within the newly merged company and most of her stock options. Even so, she went ahead with her ranch plans, purchasing a number of Icelandic horses and eighty acres near Tulsa. Ms. McKissick depended on her salary to stay current with the financing for the ranch, and she shared this fact with Gemstar higher-ups. They, in turn, assured her that her job was safe.
Things turned out differently. Gemstar's share price fell significantly by early 2003, to the point where Ms. McKissick believed her stock options virtually worthless. According to Ms. McKissick, the responsible parties for all this were Mr. Yuen and Ms. Leung, who fraudulently reported Gemstar's finances in connection with and following the merger. Once discovered, Ms. McKissick alleges, this misconduct caused the company's value to tumble, and eventually contributed to the company's decision to terminate Mr. Yuen's and Ms. Leung's employment in April 2003.
As it happened, Ms. McKissick, too, was soon to leave Gemstar. An at-will employee, she learned of Gemstar's plans to fire her in July 2003, and soon afterward met with a human resources representative to discuss a severance agreement. Ms. McKissick sought eighteen months' salary and health coverage, a temporary consulting position, and a guarantee she would be reimbursed for any expenses she might incur should her cooperation be needed in litigation against the company. The Separation Agreement and Release (" Agreement" ) Gemstar ultimately offered, and which Ms. McKissick ultimately accepted, included some but not all of these requests. The Agreement afforded Ms. McKissick $345,000 severance (equivalent to a year's salary), an $80,000 " bonus" for her " cooperation in the transition of her duties," reimbursement for expenses incurred in cooperating with the company in litigation, and eighteen months' health insurance, but the Agreement did not include the consulting arrangement she sought.
The Agreement also included two provisions concerning claims Ms. McKissick might seek to bring against Gemstar or other parties. Though lengthy, these provisions are the focus of the dispute before us and so we offer them here, in full. The first, the " Release," said:
6. Released Actions/General Release. Employee (on behalf of herself and all her heirs, assigns, legal representatives, successors in interest, or any person claiming through her) hereby irrevocably and unconditionally releases and forever discharges the Company, its divisions, units, subsidiaries, parents, and all other affiliated entities, and each of their current and former employees, officers, directors, representatives, agents, shareholders, attorneys, accountants, partners, insurers, advisors, partnerships, assigns, successors, heirs, predecessors in interest, joint ventures, and affiliated persons (collectively " Released Parties" ) from any and all liabilities, causes of action, charges, complaints, suits, claims, obligations, costs, losses, damages, injuries, rights, judgments, attorney's fees, expenses, bonds, bills, penalties, fines, liens, and all other legal responsibilities of any form or nature whatsoever, whether known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, fixed or contingent, which she has or had or may claim to have by reason of any and all matters from the beginning of time through the Effective Date (hereinafter collectively " Released Actions" ) including, but not limited to, those arising from or in connection
with Employee's employment with the Company or the termination of such employment relationship or under any federal, state or local employment laws, regulations, orders or other requirements, including, without limitation, any and all claims related to race, color, ancestry, national origin, sex, disability, medical condition, religion, age, sexual orientation or marital status discrimination in employment under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Fair Employment and Housing Act, the Workers Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, the Equal Pay Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, any Oklahoma state law, statute, rule, regulation or ordinance pertaining to labor, employment, discrimination or benefits, or any other law, regulation, or ordinance that may have arisen from Employee's employment with the Company and/or as a result of, or in connection with, the termination of her employment relationship with the Company.
In short, Employee (on behalf of herself and the others described above) hereby knowingly and voluntarily releases any and all claims she has or may have against the Company and/or the other Released Parties.
Separation Agreement and Release ¶ 6, Aplt.App. Vol. I at 144 (emphasis in original).1
The second relevant provision, the " No Actions Clause," added this:
17. No Actions. Employee represents and warrants that she has not filed any complaints or charges or lawsuits against the Company with any governmental agency or any court, and has not assigned any cause of action to any third party, and that she will not file lawsuits against the Company for claims arising up to and including the Effective Date at any time hereafter; provided, however, that nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to limit Employee from filing an action for the sole purpose of enforcing her rights under this Agreement. If Employee violates the Agreement by bringing or maintaining any charges, claims, grievances, or lawsuits contrary to this provision, she will pay all costs and expenses of the Company and/or related persons in defending against such charges, claims or actions brought by her or on her behalf, including reasonable attorney's fees, and will be required to refund, at the Company's sole discretion, the value of any amount paid by the Company in exchange for this Agreement.
Separation...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We offer portable restroom service for needs ranging from small groups to large events.
All our products meet sanitation compliance on your site.
2 Person Hand Wash Station. They have a hands-free foot pump and soap and paper towel dispenser.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My first BYC blog entry... Hmmm..
Well, I am going to the small animal auction tonight. I have several buttons I am going to sell, plus my guineas, what is left of them. My birds all free range, except for the ducks. For some stupid reason, my dogs have decided they cannot stand the gunieas. Unless you are talking buffet style. They never bother the chickens (knock on wood!) but if they see a guniea loose they make a beeline to kill it. So, since my poor gunieas are very unhappy living in a cage, they are going to go to sale where hopefully they will have a happier life.
I am selling some of my extra button quail tonight too. I have several more hatching in the incubator, and need some space. Speaking of which, I wonder what color the latest hatch is?.... Darn it! Another silver. I was hoping for a red breasted blue. Oh well. It appears healthy enough anyway. Wish me luck-and impulse control! at the sale tonight.


Since when do sneakers need to mean sporty? Helixx in silver is a shining metallic leather sneaker that blends casual luxury with athleisure style. Our lightweight technology and comfort features keep Helixx at the nucleus of what we like to call effortless fashion. With a creamy platform and artisanal stitch detailing, the look is overall minimal with touches of sophisticated design.


I scanned my sample in PDF, but I didn't know how to add this information to a PPT presentation. Thanks to this website, I've managed to complete the conversion process in a few minutes. Now I can finish my presentation without any problems.
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text:
Willem "Wim" van der Voort (24. března 1923 's-Gravenzande – 23. října 2016 Delft) byl nizozemský rychlobruslař.

Na Mistrovství Evropy debutoval v roce 1948 desátým místem, o rok později poprvé startoval na Mistrovství světa (11. místo). Prvního velkého úspěchu dosáhl v roce 1951, kdy získal stříbrnou medaili na evropském šampionátu. O rok později se zúčastnil Zimních olympijských her, kde si dobruslil pro stříbro na trati 1500 m, dále byl v závodě na 500 m devatenáctý a na pětikilometrové distanci pátý. Dařilo se mu i v další sezóně, tehdy vybojoval stříbrnou medaili na evropském a bronzovou medaili na světovém šampionátu. Poslední velký mezinárodní závod absolvoval v roce 1954 (osmé místo na Mistrovství Evropy), v dalších dvou letech již startoval pouze na nizozemských šampionátech.

Externí odkazy

Narození 24. března
Narození v roce 1923
Úmrtí 23. října
Úmrtí v roce 2016
Nizozemští rychlobruslaři
Nizozemští stříbrní olympijští medailisté
Stříbrní olympijští medailisté v rychlobruslení
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


image or refer to the left side bar menu under "The Goonies."
The Spanish map, which was found in the attic is an artifact relating to a rumor of a lost pirate treasure somewhere in the area. Hearing the call of adventure, Mikey tries to persuade his friends to join him in search for the treasure hoarded by a pirate named "One-Eyed Willie". Initially reluctant, the group eventually decides to evade the authority of Brand, and escape for one last "Goonie adventure."
The Goonies Fratelli's Newspaper Replica Prop is large, highly detailed and worthy of framing. Compare the Blue-Ray screen shot to our replica prop and you will notice that it is accurately depicted. All of the sub articles have been fabricated by me as well as the must read story of the Fratelli's breaking out of prison, which follows the plot to the movie. It is printed on actual newsprint paper then folded correctly on the left side and bottom as seen in the motion picture. It also features the film accurate date of October 24, 1985, the cost of the newspaper which was $0.25 as well as the weather forecast in the upper right hand corner! It measures 10.375"wide X 13.25"high (26.4CM wide X 33.7CM high) and displays nicely in an 11"X14" standard frame.
The "Goonies one Willie's Spanish Doubloon" replica prop fits with any décor, and is a great conversational piece! It makes a unique gift for the person who has it all. This replica coin measures approximately 2.25" wide x 2.25" high (5.70CM wide X 5.70CM high). It has been professionally aged to match the screen used coin. The coin is cast from museum grade casting resin.
The "Goonies Copper Bones Skeleton Key" replica prop fits with any décor, and makes a great conversational piece! It makes a unique gift for the person who has it all. This replica key measures approximately 3" wide x 7" high x 3/8" thick (7.62CM wide X 17.78CM high X .95CM thick). The key is cast from museum grade casting resin. It has been professionally aged to match the screen used key.
"De cobre los huesos, De piedra el trato, Espuma al Poniente"
"Of copper the bones, Of stone the treaty, Froth from the West"


Research efforts for the Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area have focused on the people, places, and stories in and around the City of Niagara Falls that illuminate our understanding of the Underground Railroad and celebrate the courage of the men and women who sought, and/or helped others to achieve, freedom from enslavement during the mid-nineteenth century. As part of the Heritage Area Management Plan, a Historic Resources Survey was prepared by the award winning Underground Railroad historian, Dr. Judith Wellman. The survey included reviews of primary and secondary sources such as manuscripts, census records, historical maps, memoirs and autobiographies, local and county histories, newspapers, and oral traditions, as well as interviews and collaboration with local historians and extensive community outreach.


Source: Ancient, Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, also Greek and Roman mythology.
The story behind the name: The constellations that are included in the Zodiac - the 12 constellations recognized by Babylonian astronomers through which our Sun, moon, and planets appeared to travel during the course of a year - are considered to be among the oldest sky patterns recognized by human civilizations. They were thought to have more significance because they were touched by the Sun. The stars in Pisces were associated with a fish (or two fishes) by many ancient Middle East civilizations. The reasons remain obscure.
The Greeks and Romans associated the constellation with a myth involving Aphrodite and her son Eros which takes place during the early power struggles among the mythological beings brought into existence in Greek creation myths. Mother Earth had created the Titans as the first gods, as well as many semi-human races such as the Cyclopes and a race of giants.
The Titans were associated with the planets. One of them, Cronus, was father to the first Olympian gods. His son Zeus ultimately led a great war against his father and the Titans and vanquished the Titans to Tartarus. The Titans' brothers, the giants, were enraged and attacked the Olympian gods. They lost badly.
In revenge for the destruction of her children, Mother Earth produced Typhon, said to be the largest, fiercest monster ever born. He was said to be covered in serpents, to have wings which blotted out the Sun, to have a head which touched the stars, and he breathed fire and hurled rocks from his mouth. His attack on Olympus frightened the gods so much that they fled, disguising themselves as animals.
Aphrodite is said to have taken the form of a fish, and in one version of the story, her son Eros accompanied her. So that they did not become separated, they tied themselves together with a string. In the constellation, a bright star midway between the two fishes represents the knot. After several terrible setbacks, the Olympian gods rallied through a combination of stealth and Zeus's might, and chased Typhon to Sicily where Zeus dropped Mount Aetna on him. His remains were said to be the cause of the mountain's rumbling, smoke, and eruptions.


text:
package org.apache.harmony.jretools.policytool.model;

/**
 * Abstract ancestor to represent a policy entry.
 */
public abstract class PolicyEntry {

    /** Terminator character of the policy entry texts. */
    public static final char TERMINATOR_CHAR = ';';

    /**
     * Returns the policy entry text.

     * Should not contain a line separator in the end but TERMINATOR_CHAR must be included.
     * @return the policy entry text
     */
    public abstract String getText();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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        $this->fixture = $this->tacit->container->get('repository');
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}


text:
Cluster with Nebula NGC 1333
NGC 1333: Cluster with nebula in Perseus; 500 mm Cassegrain f=3625 mm f/7.2; SBIG STL11K; 120+3*40 min LRGB; Bernese Highlands; © 2011 Radek Chromik
The galactic nebula NGC 1333 was discovered on 31 December 1855 by the German astronomer Eduard Schönfeld. The nebula has been the subject of much research. The earliest goes back to Edwin Hubble in 1922. [196, 336]
NGC 1333: Infrared image taken with Spitzer Space Telescope [351]
NGC 1333 is a bright reflection nebula and is currently the most active area of star formation in the western part of the Perseus molecular cloud. The nebula mainly reflects the light of the B8 spectral class star BD +30°549. It is also home to an open cluster of around 150 young stars with a mean age of one million years and around 100 solar masses, which is divided into two subgroups. The reflection nebula is associated with the dark cloud L1450, also known as Barnard 205. A CO emission cloud extends from there about 1° to the south. The surrounding molecular cloud contains numerous cavities with filaments of dense gas, which, due to the stellar winds, point away from the most active centers of star formation. The molecular mass of the NGC 1333 region is estimated to be around 450 solar masses and the distance to be around 300-350 parsecs (around 980 to 1100 light years). [336, 351]
Type RN
Declination +31° 25' 00"
Diameter 6 × 3 arcmin
Dreyer Description F, L, * 10 nf (Auw No 17)
Identification, Remarks LBN 741
Der galaktische Nebel NGC 1333 befindet sich im Sternbild Perseus. Die beste Beobachtungszeit ist September bis Februar, wenn das zirkumpolare Sternbild nachts am höchsten steht.
The galactic nebula NGC 1333 is located in the constellation Perseus. The best time to observe is September to February, when the circumpolar constellation is highest at night.
Cluster with Nebula NGC 1333 in constellation Perseus. Chart created using SkySafari 6 Pro and STScI Digitized Sky Survey. [149, 160]
400 mm aperture: With a 21 mm Ethos eyepiece (85x) and without a filter, only a very faint, elongated, diffuse spot without any structure around the star is barely recognizable. The position can be easily identified from the surrounding stars, since the area there is relatively poor in stars. With an O-III or H-beta filter, nothing can be seen of the nebula. This suggests a reflection nebula. With a 9 mm Nagler eyepiece (200x) the nebula remains weak and diffuse and without structure. You can see a few faint asterisks in the diffuse something. The object is not visually appealing. — Taurus T400 f/4.5 Dobsonian, Hasliberg Reuti, 6. 11. 2021, Bernd Nies
Ally's Braid
Baade 1
Amatha Galaxy
Galaxy Group
336 «NGC 1333: A Nearby Burst of Star Formation» Josh Walawender, J. Bally, J. D. Francesco, J. Jørgensen, January 2008; researchgate.net/publication/237811956_NGC_1333_A_Nearby_Burst_of_Star_Formation (2021-05-20)
351 NGC 1333 in the Infrared; spitzer.caltech.edu/image/ssc2005-24a1-ngc-1333-in-the-infrared (2021-05-20)


text:
11 best moments from two hat luncheons, UH's first College of Arts dinner and TUTS 50th anniversary
Lifestyle // Society
ICYMI: Broadway star Idina Menzel helped Theatre Under the Stars raise a record $1.37 million and Houston billionaire John Arnold played poker for YES Prep Public Schools
Amber Elliott March 26, 2019 Updated: March 27, 2019 9:41 a.m.
11 best moments from two hat luncheons, UH's first...
1of11Hats Off to Mothers luncheon - It's the end of an era. Easter Seals of Greater Houston organizers announced that the 20th anniversary soiree would be its last. The news sent shockwaves through River Oaks Country Club and quickly spread citywide through the power of text message and Facebook.Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
2of11Its final class of honorees - Kristy Bradshaw, Divya Brown, Valerie Dieterich, Gayla Gardner, Susan Arnoldy Hansen, Linda Hunsaker, Kim Moody, Christie Sullivan andLaura Ward - were each recognized for their contributions to the community and raised more than $150,000 toward Easter Seals' mission to provide help and hope to veterans, children and adults struggling with disabilities.Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
3of11Oil & Gas Texas Hold 'Em Tournament - Later that week, 550 gambling-loving guests put the "Texas" in the 14th annual Oil & Gas Texas Hold 'Em Tournament for YES Prep Public SchoolsPhoto: Gary Fountain, Contributor
4of11Resident billionaire John Arnold was spotted in the Corinthian crowd that raised a record $1.42 million benefiting YES Prep's 18 schools which enable 13,300 students to access a college-ready education.
Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
5of11Hats in the Park luncheon - While controversy surrounding the Deer Park plant fire continued to billow, Hats in the Park luncheon-goers basked in the Hermann Park sunshine for co-chairs Laura Wareing Wheless and Kelley Young's "lunch and tea with best friends."Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
6of11Thanks in part to compelling remarks from Mayor Sylvester Turner and honoree Jane Curtis, the sold-out crowd raised more than $400,000 during the al fresco affair.Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
7of11University of Houston's "Celebration: A College of the Arts for the City of the Arts:" Some 286 University of Houston alumni and art patrons rallied behind the inaugural "Celebration: A College of the Arts for the City of the Arts" event at the Astorian for one history-making reason: Kathrine G. McGovern.Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
8of11McGovern, a proud Cougar grad, donated a $20 million gift to UH's $1 billion "Here We Go" Campaign. As a result, the Kathrine G. McGovern College of Arts was established in her honor. It's a doubly significant milestone as she becomes both the first alum and first woman to receive the distinction.Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
9of11Theatre Under the Stars 50th anniversary gala - Even the coldest, most Broadway-averse hearts melted into pools of emotional mush after Theatre Under the Stars' 50th anniversary gala. Such is the power of "Frozen" star Idina Menzel.Photo: Daniel Ortiz
10of11Pandemonium ensued inside the Post Oak at Uptown's ballroom once Menzel abandoned the stage for peak audience interaction. She wove through the black-tie tables and tapped Lainey Balagia, Michelle Lowther and Christina Wells to help her sing, "Take Me or Leave Me" from "Rent."Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
11of11Later, Menzel invited students from TUTS Humpreys School for Musical Theatre and The River Center for Performing and Visual Arts onstage to sing the grand finale, "Let It Go." Co-chairs Leticia and Steve Trauber and Cheryl and Louis Raspino raised a record-breaking $1.37 million for "Houston's Home for Musical Theatre."Photo: Gary Fountain, Contributor
Houston, it's been a while.
Now that spring break and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo are officially over, the city's most social are back on the scene. Here are the 11 best moments you may have missed from March (party) madness:
1. Hats Off to Mothers luncheon - It's the end of an era. Easter Seals of Greater Houston organizers announced that the 20th anniversary soiree would be its last. The news sent shockwaves through River Oaks Country Club and quickly spread citywide through the power of text message and Facebook.
2. Its final class of honorees - Kristy Bradshaw, Divya Brown, Valerie Dieterich, Gayla Gardner, Susan Arnoldy Hansen, Linda Hunsaker, Kim Moody, Christie Sullivan and Laura Ward - were each recognized for their contributions to the community and raised more than $150,000 toward Easter Seals' mission to provide help and hope to veterans, children and adults struggling with disabilities.
3. Oil & Gas Texas Hold 'Em Tournament - Later that week, 550 gambling-loving guests put the "Texas" in the 14th annual Oil & Gas Texas Hold 'Em Tournament for YES Prep Public Schools.
4. Resident billionaire John Arnold was spotted in the Corinthian crowd that raised a record $1.42 million benefiting YES Prep's 18 schools which enable 13,300 students to access a college-ready education.
5. Hats in the Park luncheon - While controversy surrounding the Deer Park plant fire continued to billow, Hats in the Park luncheon-goers basked in the Hermann Park sunshine for co-chairs Laura Wareing Wheless and Kelley Young's "lunch and tea with best friends."
6. Thanks in part to compelling remarks from Mayor Sylvester Turner and honoree Jane Curtis, the sold-out crowd raised more than $400,000 during the al fresco affair.
7. University of Houston's "Celebration: A College of the Arts for the City of the Arts:" Some 286 University of Houston alumni and art patrons rallied behind the inaugural "Celebration: A College of the Arts for the City of the Arts" event at the Astorian for one history-making reason: Kathrine G. McGovern.
8. McGovern, a proud Cougar grad, donated a $20 million gift to UH's $1 billion "Here We Go" Campaign. As a result, the Kathrine G. McGovern College of Arts was established in her honor. It's a doubly significant milestone as she becomes both the first alum and first woman to receive the distinction.
9. Theatre Under the Stars 50th anniversary gala - Even the coldest, most Broadway-averse hearts melted into pools of emotional mush after Theatre Under the Stars' 50th anniversary gala. Such is the power of "Frozen" star Idina Menzel.
10. Pandemonium ensued inside the Post Oak at Uptown's ballroom once Menzel abandoned the stage for peak audience interaction. She wove through the black-tie tables and tapped Lainey Balagia, Michelle Lowther and Christina Wells to help her sing, "Take Me or Leave Me" from "Rent."
11. Later, Menzel invited students from TUTS Humpreys School for Musical Theatre and The River Center for Performing and Visual Arts onstage to sing the grand finale, "Let It Go." Co-chairs Leticia and Steve Trauber and Cheryl and Louis Raspino raised a record-breaking $1.37 million for "Houston's Home for Musical Theatre."
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Amber Elliott
Amber Elliott covers society for the Houston Chronicle.
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KPRC Houston welcomes Ari Alexander and Taniya Wright to news team
Michael Strahan of Good Morning America gets candid about Houston
Texan Norah O'Donnell takes over CBS Evening News in a historic week
Confusion reigns in line for single-stall bathrooms


Broadbeach Jazz Festival is one of the most loved live music festivals on the Gold Coast, and this year's event is sure to win over even more fans.
The vibrant festival combines the cream of contemporary Australian Jazz talent with Broadbeach's own renowned dining scene for three days of great food and unforgettable music in the famous Gold Coast sunshine. It is completely free, family friendly and not ticketed. If you want to attend, just show up with your best dancing shoes!
During the festival you can check out up and coming and established national jazz musicians at outdoor stages, bars and clubs not far from Capricornia Broadbeach family holiday apartments. Sit back with a cool beer and unwind to the soothing sounds of world class bands and artists in friendly Broadbeach. What better excuse do you need for an impromptu Gold Coast getaway this August!
Keep an eye on http://broadbeachgc.com for details as they emerge.


text:
News Update:
PROVOST'S WELCOME ADDRESS
NANS Enugu State Chapter virtual learning: Federal Co-operative College Oji River emerges first in the Economics Department.
History of Federal Cooperative College, Ojiriver
About FCCO
Vision | Mision
Home Econs & Rural Dev.
Bold Step (Blog)
FCCO News & Events
Federal Cooperative College, Oji River
Home of Distinguished Cooperators
+234 803 750 2140 info@fccojiriver.edu.ng
FEDERAL CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE, P.M.B. 017, OJI RIVER, ENUGU STATE NIGERIA
Join Our College
Currently, We are admitting students for ND and HND programmes in the following courses:
1. Banking and Finance
2. Business Administration and Management
3. Cooperative Economics and Management
4. Computer Science
Learn More Online Tour
Welcome to the official Website of the Federal Cooperative College,Oji River Enugu State. This is our window to the world....
In the wake of a pandemic that is dominating the world in March 2020, the National Association of Nigeria Student...
Welcome to the official Website of the Federal Cooperative College,Oji...
In the wake of a pandemic that is dominating the...
Government efforts at providing the needed manpower for the cooperative...
Application for Admission 2019-2020
GENERAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS National Diploma in Business...
29 Aug 2020 News
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Government efforts at providing the needed manpower for the cooperative sector began with the introduction of formal cooperative education in...
GENERAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS National Diploma in Business Administration and Management (ND) The General Entry Requirements For The...
Welcome to the official Website of the Federal Cooperative College,Oji River Enugu State. This is our window to the world. In it you will get the information you need regarding our history, operations, programmes and courses , policies, plans and strategies for actualizing our vision and mission. In this website ,you will find our structure, […]
In the wake of a pandemic that is dominating the world in March 2020, the National Association of Nigeria Student (NANS) Enugu State Chapter, organized virtual classes for students to in Enugu State and environ. This was done as palliative measure to engage students with positive learning as schools and public places were and still [...]
Government efforts at providing the needed manpower for the cooperative sector began with the introduction of formal cooperative education in Nigeria when a cooperative training school was established in Ibadan in 1943. Three federal cooperative colleges were subsequently established by an administrative pronouncement of the federal military government in 1976 for the purpose of providing […]
Federal Cooperative College, Oji River GENERAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS National Diploma in Business Administration and Management (ND) The General Entry Requirements For The ND Programme are: The WASC, GCE 'O' Level Or The Senior Secondary Certificate (SSC) or ITS Equivalent With FIVE Credits Including English Language and Mathematics, (Literature In English and Oral English are not [...]
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Three federal cooperative colleges were subsequently established by an administrative pronouncement of the federal military government in 1976 for the purpose of providing the required manpower in the cooperative subsector of the economy. Federal cooperative college oji-river is one of them.
Government efforts at providing the needed manpower for the cooperative sector began with the introduction of formal cooperative education in Nigeria when a cooperative training school was established in Ibadan in 1943.
The colleges were established as in-service training institutions for the cooperative stakeholders, and the staffs of government departments responsible for the supervision of the cooperative societies and cooperative development in Nigeria.initially, trainees of the colleges were those sponsored by government and cooperative societies.
The colleges were established to cater for the growing needs of the cooperative education in Nigeria. To meet these challenges they started with courses leading to the award of certificate in cooperative studies. The diploma in cooperative studies was later introduced to meet the increasing demand for higher cooperative education at that level. Each of these courses runs for one academic year. Presently, there are both private and government sponsored candidates.
At the beginning of the 1998-1999 academic years the college introduced the national diploma programme (ND) in cooperative economics and management. This is a two year programme leading to the award of national diploma in cooperative economics and management. One year later the preliminary national diploma was introduced which is a two semester programme pre-requisite to ND for candidates with deficiency.
In order to ensure the recognition of the certificates being awarded by the college the national board for technical education(NBTE)has accredited the national diploma and pre-national diploma programmes;with effect from the 2003/2004 academic session.
In addition to the ND programme, the college introduced the higher national diploma (HND) programme in cooperative economics and management. The HND programme has also been accredited. Apart from the regular courses, the college also runs short courses, workshops, consultancy services and seminars for officers and board members of cooperative societies.
The college has well trained and qualified academic staffs who devote much time to the teaching of the subjects, as reflected in the curriculum.
The federal cooperative college Oji River as well as her two counterparts at Ibadan and Kaduna must be commended immensely for throwing their doors wide open for fellow citizens to improve themselves educationally.
FCCO currently offer the courses: Cooperative Economics and management, Business Administration and management, Banking and Finance, Home Economics and Rural Development and Computer Science to meet the demand of our catchment areas.
The day to day running of the college is vested on the provost who is answerable to the supervising ministry.
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Copyright © 2023 Federal Cooperative College, Oji River. All rights reserved.
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Columbia Clinic has a well-established department of surgery which focuses on laparoscopic surgery. All trauma patients are evaluated by the surgical team.
Laparoscopic surgery is a preferred technique which is a minimally invasive surgical technique where the surgeon uses a laparoscope to operate; this minimizes scars, decreases pain and enable the patient to recover faster.
Minor surgical procedures like abscess drainage, carbuncles, soft tissue tumors, hydrocele, hernia, varicocele, vasectomy, circumcision, etc.


text:
<?php

namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Security;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\ParamConverter;
use AppBundle\Entity\Praktikum;
use AppBundle\Form\PraktikumType;
use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception\UniqueConstraintViolationException;

class PraktikumController extends Controller
{														/* Praktikum Funktionen */

	/** Einen neuen Praktikumseintrag zwischen Firma und Teilnehmer eintragen
    * @Route("/create/praktikum", name="formpraktikum")
    * @Security("has_role('ROLE_USER')")
    */
    public function praktikumAction(Request $request)
    {
        $praktikum = new Praktikum();
        $form = $this->createForm('AppBundle\Form\PraktikumType', $praktikum);

        $form->handleRequest($request);

        if($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid())
	{
            try {
                $this->save($praktikum);
            } catch(UniqueConstraintViolationException $e) {
                $msg = "Nur ein Praktikum pro User erlaubt!";
                return $this->render('default/confirm.html.twig', array(
                                    'message' => $msg
                ));
            }
            $msg = "Das Praktikum wurde erfolgreich gelistet!";
            return $this->render('default/confirm.html.twig', array(
                    'message' => $msg
            ));
        }

        return $this->render('default/form/praktikum.html.twig', array(
                'form' => $form->createView()
        ));
    }

	/** Eine Liste aller Praktikas anzeigen
    * @Route("/show/praktikum", name="showpraktikum")
    * @Security("has_role('ROLE_USER')")
    */
    public function showPraktikumAction(Request $request)
    {
        // User können nur ihr eigenes Praktikum angucken
        if ($this->get('security.context')->isGranted('ROLE_STAFF') === false) {
            $uid = $this->get('security.token_storage')->getToken()
                    ->getUser()->getId();
            $user = $this->getDoctrine()
                        ->getRepository('AppBundle:User')
                        ->find($uid);
            $praktika = $this->getDoctrine()
                           ->getRepository('AppBundle:Praktikum')
                           ->findByUser($user);
        } else {
            $praktika = $this->getDoctrine()
                           ->getRepository('AppBundle:Praktikum')
                           ->findAll();
        }

           return $this->render('default/praktika.html.twig', array(
                   'praktika' => $praktika
           ));
    }

	/** Einen Praktikumseintrag mit Editierfunktion anzeigen
     * @Route("/edit/praktikum/{id}", name="editpraktikum")
     * @Security("has_role('ROLE_USER')")
     */
    public function editPraktikumAction(Request $request, $id)
    {
        $praktikum = $this->getDoctrine()
                           ->getRepository('AppBundle:Praktikum')
                           ->find($id);
        $form = $this->createForm("AppBundle\Form\PraktikumType", $praktikum);
	$form->handleRequest($request);

        if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
            if ($request->request->has('delete'))
            {
                return $this->redirectToRoute('deletepraktikum', array(
						'id' => $id
                ));
            }
            try {
            $this->save($praktikum);
            } catch(UniqueConstraintViolationException $e) {
                $msg = "Nur ein Praktikum pro User erlaubt!";
                return $this->render('default/confirm.html.twig', array(
                                    'message' => $msg
                ));
            }
            return $this->redirectToRoute('editpraktikum', array(
					'id' => $id,
					'message' => "Daten wurden erfolgreich gespeichert!",
			));
        }

        return $this->render('default/form/praktikum.html.twig', array(
				'praktikum' => $praktikum,
				'form' => $form->createView(),
				'message' => $request->query->get('message')
        ));
    }

	/** Zeigt eine Liste aller zur Zeit aktiven Praktika an
     * @Route("/show/active", name="showactive")
     * @Security("has_role('ROLE_STAFF')")
     */
    public function showActiveAction(Request $request)
    {
		$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
		$query = $em->createQuery('SELECT p
								  FROM AppBundle:Praktikum p
								  WHERE p.startdatum <= :today
								  AND p.enddatum >= :today')
							->setParameter('today', new \DateTime());
		$praktika = $query->getResult();

        return $this->render('default/listactive.html.twig', array(
                'praktika' => $praktika
        ));
	}

	/** Löschen eines Praktikumeintrags aus der Datenbank
     * @Route("/delete/praktikum/{id}", name="deletepraktikum")
     * @Security("has_role('ROLE_ADMIN')")
     */
    public function deletePraktikumAction(Request $request, $id)
    {
        $praktikum = $this->getDoctrine()
                           ->getRepository('AppBundle:Praktikum')
                           ->find($id);
        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
        $em->remove($praktikum);
        $em->flush();
        $msg = "Das Praktikum wurde gelöscht!";
        return $this->render('default/confirm.html.twig', array(
				'message' => $msg
        ));
    }

    // Hilfsfunktion um daten in der datenbank abzuspeichern
    private function save($praktikum) {

        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
        // User können nur ihr eigenes Praktikum ändern
        if ($this->get('security.context')->isGranted('ROLE_STAFF') === false) {
            $uid = $this->get('security.token_storage')->getToken()
                    ->getUser()->getId();
            $user = $this->getDoctrine()
                        ->getRepository('AppBundle:User')
                        ->find($uid);
            $praktikum->setUser($user);
        }
        $em->persist($praktikum);
        $em->flush();

    }
}


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text:
[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Medicine and Health (2)
[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Public Health and Epidemiology (2)
Public Health x
16 chapters
HIV & AIDS: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn)
Alan Whiteside
HIV/AIDS: A Very Short Introduction provides an introduction to AIDS—the most serious human epidemic in centuries—tackling the science, politics, demographics, and devastating ... More
HIV/AIDS: A Very Short Introduction provides an introduction to AIDS—the most serious human epidemic in centuries—tackling the science, politics, demographics, and devastating consequences of the disease. The first case was identified in 1981; by 2004 approximately forty million people were living with the disease, and about twenty million had died. The outlook today is a little brighter. Although HIV/AIDS continues to be a pressing public health issue, the epidemic has stabilized. The worst affected regions are Southern and Eastern Africa. Elsewhere, HIV is found in specific, often marginalized populations. Although there remains no cure for HIV, there have been unprecedented breakthroughs in understanding the disease and developing drugs.Less
Public Health: A Very Short Introduction
Virginia Berridge
Public Health: A Very Short Introduction explores the areas that fall under the remit of public health, and explains how the individual histories of different countries have ... More
Public Health: A Very Short Introduction explores the areas that fall under the remit of public health, and explains how the individual histories of different countries have come to cause great differences in the perception of the role and responsibilities of public health organizations. In its narrowest sense, public health can refer to the health of a population, the longevity of individual members, and their freedom from disease, but it can also be anticipatory, geared to the prevention of illness, rather than simply the provision of care and treatment. Drawing on wide-ranging international examples, this VSI demonstrates the central role of history in understanding the amorphous nature of public health today.Less


text:
Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
Get access Subject: History
Executive editor of the English version: Graeme Dunphy
The Encyclopedia of Early Modern History is the English edition of the German-language Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit. This 15-volume reference work, published in print between 2005 and 2012 and here available online, offers a multi-faceted view on the decisive era in European history stretching from ca. 1450 to ca. 1850 ce. in over 4,000 entries.
The perspective of this work is European. This is not to say that the rest of the World is ignored – on the contrary, the interaction between European and other cultures receives extensive attention.
New articles will be added on a regular basis during the period of translation, for the complete German version see Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit Online.
Subscriptions: Brill.com
C - Cg
Ch - Cn
Co - Cu
Cv - Cz
Cantastoria
(4 words)
See Bänkelsang
Source: Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
Author(s): Waczkat, Andreas
1. Term and genre in the early 17th century The concept of the cantata (Italian cantata or cantada, from Latin/Italian cantare, 'to sing'), unlike that of the madrigal, for instance, is poetologically vague and permits no valid generic criteria to be proposed. In the early 17th century, the term cantata appeared in imitation of the word sonata, and at first it referred to Italian vocal compositions (Vocal music), the common musical features of which extend no further than their setting texts for between one and three solo voices with a figured bass accompaniment.The first attestation …
Canton system
Author(s): Winter, Martin
The term canton system denotes the recruitment system of the Prussian army, which from the 1730s to 1806 assigned to each regiment an exclusive domestic recruiting district (canton). After the recruitment of foreign mercenaries was stopped, the canton system was the sole recruitment system in Prussia from 1806 to 1813, when it was replaced by universal conscription. It lived on to some extent in administrative usage until the late 19th century. The canton system developed like comparable recruitmen…
Cantorate
Author(s): Loeser, Martin
1. Definition and development Cantorate in the early modern period primarily denoted the office of cantor as it gradually emerged as a structure within a municipal community during the Reformation in Lutheran regions of Germany, and to some extent in the Baltic, Scandinavia, and Slovakia. There was no equivalent Catholic office. The key responsibilities of the cantor were to provide musical and scholarly instruction at the local Latin school, for which his own academic studies were an important prec…
Cant, thieves'
See Argot
Cantus firmus
Author(s): Lindmayr-Brandl, Andrea
1. Contexts of meaning Three contexts of meaning are associated with the term cantus firmus (Latin, also: cantus prius factus; Italian canto fermo, "fixed/enduring/unadorned song"). By the Middle Ages, in monodic sacredmusic, it had already come to denote a melody that advanced in tones of equal duration. As polyphony developed, cantus firmus also came to refer to a pre-existing melody that formed the basis for a composition. The term also occurs in a blend of both senses in music theory. There, since the 16th centu…
See Linen
Capacity, legal
See Person
Cape Colony
Author(s): Marx, Christoph
1. Definition The colony at the Cape of Good Hope existed from 1652 until 1910. It was a Dutch colony until 1795/1806, thereafter British (Colonial empire). During the 17th and 18th centuries, it expanded from Tafelbaai/Table Bay and Kaapstad/Cape Town northwards (to the Oranjerivier/Orange River) and east (to the Groot-Visrivier/Great Fish River), before growing further in both directions through annexations in the 19th century. In 1910, renamed Cape Province, it became the largest province of the new Union (Republic from 1961) of South Africa.Christoph Marx 2. History…
Capital, accumulation of
Author(s): Köster, Roman
1. Concept When they speak of capital accumulation, economists mean the increase of an economy's capital stock through new investments [10. 9], for example investment in means of production (i.e. machinery, tools, or buildings) and inventory build-up. These can be financed either through savings, i.e. earlier reduction in consumption, or through credit. Historians have primarily discussed the role of capital accumulation in industrialization (see 3. below). Here two perspectives have played a central role: (1) th…
Author(s): Eibach, Joachim
1. Functions and origins The capital, which in the modern constitutional state is the seat of the head of state, the government, and parliament, was in the pre-constitutional era of the early modern period generally the place of the prince's permanent residence, and always the venue of central government functions. Besides this political function, a "true capital" is also the urban hub of the country (Metropolis) and an economic center, and it exerts a considerable power of cultural integration [1. 2 f.]. Where these political and economic or cultural aspects diverge, "secr…
Author(s): Plumpe, Werner
1. History of the term The term capitalism is comparatively recent [6]; [11]. Unlike capital and capitalist, which are found in the language of commerce and business as early as the late Middle Ages, capitalism first appeared in French in the mid-19th century – already with critical overtones. From the 1870s on, it became popular in Germany as a negative characterization of the social situation brought on by the Panic of 1873 and the subsequent Great Depression, drawing conceptually on the works of Karl Marx ( Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, 1848; Das Kapital, 1867-1895) [3…
Capitalism, sprouts of
See Economic ethic
Author(s): North, Michael
1. Definition Generally speaking, the capital market is understood as a market for long-term asset-backed securities (capital), while the money is a market for short-term funds. Historically, however, the two have only rarely been sharply distinguished; therefore the expression "financial market" was coined as a common umbrella term. While the demand of trade for short-term credit (maturity in three months or less) was met on the money market by means of bills of exchange (Bill of exchange) or end…
Capital mobility
1. Definition The term capital mobility denotes movements of monetary capital (portfolio investments, credit; see 2.-3. below) and production capital (direct investments; see 4 below). Prior to the second half of the 19th century, there were no national economies with central monetary control (Bank of issue); therefore in our period the term does not refer to capital exports and imports of entire national economies but to capital transfers between geographically separated business locations, especially between different financial and trade centers. Michael North 2. Trade In…
Capital (monetary)
See Capital market | Capital mobility | Capital, accumulation of
Author(s): Hohrath, Daniel
1. Definition In the early modern period, the term capitulation generally referred to a treaty or of mutual obligation, in which one party undertook certain obligations or made concessions to the other party. On the level of constitutional law, an example is electoral capitulation, in which, for example, the individual to be elected Roman emperor recognized the special rights of the electors (Elector) and the other Reichsstände (Reichstag; Estates, assembly of). A capitulation could also regulate the l…
See Visionary architecture
Captivity in war
See War, captivity in
Caravan trade
Author(s): Häberlein, Mark
1. Introduction Before the innovations in navigation technology in the 14th and 15th centuries and the subsequent voyages of discovery, long-distance trade between global regions mostly took the land route. The arid regions of the Asian interior, the Orient, and the Sahara presented considerable obstacles here, and traders had to deal with extreme fluctuations of temperature, scarcity of food and water, and a terrain that generally offered few navigational landmarks. From Antiquity until the 20th…
See Occupational mobility
Career migration
Author(s): Lucassen, Jan | Lucassen, Leo
1. Concept Already by the early modern period, key institutions like the State, University, and church (Church) relied on highly specialized "migrants" recruited in an international marketplace. For most of them, relocating was an inescapable condition of their careers, so that this particular form of Emigration is called institutional career migration. Depending on the particular institution involved, a state, academic, or ecclesiastical career for scholars, professors, clergy, civil servants, an…
Care, pastoral
See Pastoral care
Author(s): Kanz, Roland
The caricature is an art form of amusement and pictorial wit. The word caricatura (from Italian caricare, 'to exaggerate,' 'to overload') originally referred to an exaggerated imitation of nature in the portrait. In caricature, the artist demonstrates quickness of design, graphic skill, and pictorial wit. As a situational work of art, a caricature is primarily a domain of drawing. Until the 18th century, caricatures circulated in private or semi-public circles, and were not used in graphic reproduction. Early …
See Charity | Ethics
Carmen figuratum
Author(s): Rohmer, Ernst
The carmen figuratum "is a multimedia composition of text and image in which a block of text, generally versified and poetic in the widest sense, is constrained to a particular graphic shape that is mimetic in character and fulfills a pictographic function coordinated with the content of the verbal utterance" [8. 7]. The illustration formed by the text can either be the silhouette of an object (figurative poetry) or integrate the image into a text (e.g. carmen cancellatum, literally 'lattice poetry').Not all the possible forms of the carmen figuratum that developed in Antiq…
See Dye
Carnality
See Erotica | Sensualism | Sexuality
Author(s): Behringer, Wolfgang
1. Term Carnival is derived from the Latin carnislevamen and Italian carnelevare ('removal of meat') or simply the jocular Latin interjection carne vale ('Meat, farewell!'), and denotes abstention from all "fleshly" pleasures at the beginning of the Lenten fast. The term carnival is widely used in the Romance languages and English, and since the 17th century in the Rhineland (German Karneval). Elsewhere in the German-speaking world, the usual terms are Fastnacht or Fasnet, and in Bavaria and Austria Fasching is commonplace (from MHG vast-schanc, the last drink before Lent).Wolfga…
See Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
Author(s): Holbach, Rudolf
With the increasing use of wood to furnish early modern dwellings, buildings, and facilities, specialized occupational groups of carpenters (joiners, cabinet makers, woodworkers) split off from the framing carpenters (Building trade) [13]. Their products ranged from ornate pieces (Crafts) to simple everyday objects, from wainscoting, doors, and railings through furniture and church interiors to chopping boards, board games, sleds, coffins, and trellises for gardens [9]. The work performed by these specialists included dressing, preparing, and planing wo…
Author(s): Lang, Heinrich
1. Introduction Terminology varies in commercial documents and inventories of the early modern period for the trade in carpets. A distinction in manufacture type must be drawn between the Oriental knotted carpet and the European woven carpet (tapestry) [4. 9]; [10. 3 f.]; [1]. The channels of distribution for the two categories were quite different, so that it is sensible also to distinguish two market systems.Heinrich Lang 2. Oriental knotted carpets Visual sources, especially Renaissance paintings, attest to the widespread use of Oriental knotted carpets as fl…
See Cart | Carter | Coach | Travel aids
Author(s): Köppen, Thomas
1. Definition Carts are wagons with one or two axles, pulled by animals (e.g. donkey, horse or cattle) and used for the transportation(Passenger transportation; Traffic and transport; Transport network) of goods. The first carts were built around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia - present-day Iraq - and in Central Europe. While in Neolithic times these were carts and wagons with one-piece disk wheels, the Bronze Age brought technical innovations like the three-part disk wheel, the braced wheel and the spok…
Author(s): Reith, Reinhold
1. Concept and terms The terms referring to the professions of cartwright, wheelwright and carter go back to the most important products of the trade: the waggon, the frame of the waggon or plow and the wheel[5. 244]. The area of work also comprised carts, sleds or sleighs, rack waggons and harrows. Christoph Weigel's books of estates mentions in 1698 wheelbarrows and Schanzkarren, the plough and common carts as well as the four-wheel carts, "to which belong, besides the little rattling brewers' waggons, the trucks and carriers' carts / long distance and…
Cartesianism
Author(s): Lehmann-Brauns, Sicco
1. Definition Cartesianism is the term for the philosophical movements of the 17th and 18th centuries that ascribed to the philosophy of René Descartes (Latinized: Cartesius; 1596-1650) and, especially, who developed his method and physics further. Accordingly, Cartesianism is defined by three sets of topics: (1) by adoption of the Cartesian doctrine of method, which by means of methodological doubt explains the self-thinking ego (Lat. cogito) as the starting-point for a philosophy that operates strictly deductively; (2) by a dualism of substances, the "t…
Author(s): Lindgren, Uta
1. Definition and etymology A distinction is made, in considering geographical depictions of the earth's surface, between maps and map-like representations (see below, 2.3.). Maps are designed to translate the globe to a two-dimensional representation, using a graticule of circles of longitude passing through the poles and circles of horizontal latitude, combined with mathematical projections. The coordinates of the points entered in this graticule are determined by mathematics and astronomy. All da…
Author(s): Czeguhn, Ignacio
1. Definition Case law (Ger. Richterrecht) designates objective law that is created by the verdict of a judgejudge or court of law and is considered valid from that moment on. In general, it is the sum of legal norms and principles created by judges when deciding individual cases without interpreting a given law or customary law. Case law continues to influence Anglo-American law to a considerable extent today, while statute law enjoys precedence in the legal world of continental Europe. The term pr…
See Consilia | Judiciary | Transmissio actorum
Author(s): Fischer-Tiné, Harald | Büschges, Christian
1. South Asia 1.1. Principles and research The use of the term caste in relation to the social order of South Asia dates back to the early 16th century, when Portuguese travelers to India began to use the word casta (from Latin castus, 'pure,' 'chaste'), borrowed from Spanish, to refer to certain groups within the indigenous population [3] (see below, 2.1.). At first, it was applied relatively indiscriminately to a wide range of large groups differentiated by religion, ethnicity, or social status. Its exclusive application to the Indian (especially H…
Author(s): Laß, Heiko
1. Term and concept In the strict sense, a castle is a building belonging to a territorial lord and having a residential function while physically embodying his sovereignty. The term is also used in England of aristocratic country houses that were built on the site of a former military installation (e.g. Castle Howard). Buildings belonging to the nobility in the early modern period were generally called Hall or House in England. This distinction, which did not apply at all in France but certainly did in the German-speaking world (where Castle = Schloss, House/Hall = Haus), became largel…
Castle of grief
See Castrum doloris
Cast, natural
Author(s): Marek, Kristin
In the language of sculpture (Sculpture, techniques of), natural cast denotes a cast made from nature (usually of a person, animal, or plant). A natural cast differs from a plaster cast (Cast, plaster) in that in principle its template can be made from any material. It can be produced not only with plaster but with other plastic materials such as clay or wax. To produce a natural cast, first a negative mold must be made, using the lost wax or lost mold technique (so called because as a rule the mold must be broken to retrieve the cast).In the Renaissance, natural casting was employed fo…
Cast, plaster
Author(s): Sölch, Brigitte
Plaster casting is a mechanical means of reproducing three-dimensional works of art and natural objects (Sculpture [modeling]). The quality of such a cast depends on the negative mold, the making of which demands the highest craftsmanship. A distinction must be made between casting in which the mold is lost (one-time copying of a model) and casting using partial or elastic molds (multiple casts). Plaster casts were used as models or intermediate steps in the creation of works of art b…
Castrato
Author(s): Grotjahn, Rebecca
1. Term and vocal characteristics The term castrato (Italian, from Latin castratus, 'emasculated') refers in general to a man who has been castrated, and in particular to a type of singer that appeared in European music between around 1550 and 1900. When carried out before puberty, castration restricts the growth of the larynx because of reduced testosterone production, so that it reaches a size about halfway between the averages for adult females and (uncastrated) males. This would certainly cause a muta…
Castrum doloris
Author(s): Knopp, Katrin Simona
1. Definition A castrum doloris ('castle of grief'; German Trauergerüst, in Grimm also Trauerburg, Trauerbühne – 'sepulchral scaffold/tower/stage' [1]) is an architectural structure that was increasingly used from the beginning of the early modern period for the public viewing of deceased prominent personalities or their effigies (see below, 2.). This was thus a form of ephemeral festival decoration as an element of sepulchral culture, since it was only put up for the duration of the funeral rites (exequies) inside a space that was generally consecrated and open to the public. The c…
Author(s): Münch, Roger
1. Definition A catalogue (from Greek katálogos, "list," "register") is a register of the contents of a collection of objects available for personal inspection, arranged according to various organizing principles and usually published in book form. Besides living creatures and objects of all kinds, catalogues are particularly devoted to the print media. The Hellenistic scholar and librarian Callimachus of Cyrene (3rd century BCE) is usually considered the father of cataloguing.In the 16th century, the register of the works in a library and in the book trade w…
See Demographic Catastrophe | Natural catastrophe
Catechetics
Author(s): Schröder, Bernd
The term "catechetics " (for etymology see Catechism) denotes the academic discipline within Protestant and Catholic theology that is devoted to reflection on education and instruction in the Christian religion, to the extent that they are understood as the task of the church or its members (pastors, teachers, parents). Both the term and the discipline it represents are not documented in Germany and Austria until the last third of the 18th century. In the early modern period, no comparable form of…
Author(s): Fischer, Michael | Albrecht, Christian | Hauptmann, Peter
1. General In Late Antiquity, the term "catechism" (Latin catechismus from Greek katéchesis, "oral instruction") came into use for the instruction of adult catechumens; when infant baptism was introducted in the 2nd/3rd century, it was applied to the instruction of the faithful (Catechetics). In the early modern era, the term came to be applied to systematically organized works designed for elementary religious instruction. Other terms used included ench( e) iridion (Greek, "small handbook"), institutio (Latin, "instruction"), and summa (Latin, "sum"). Catec…
See Church architecture
See Catholicism | Roman Catholic Church
Catholic confessionalization
See Catholic Reformation
Catholic Enlightenment
Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Term The concept of Catholic Enlightenment developed in German historiography from the early 20th century, and has since the 1970s established itself as a specialist term [3. 40–53]; [5. 76–85]. In its general and internationally current sense, it denotes all the efforts undertaken within European Catholicism before around 1820 to adapt the ideas and accomplishments of the Enlightenment and to implement them in culture, education, scholarship, economics, and political organization [1]; [6]. In the specific sense widely used in German scholarship, it refers above …
Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
1. Definition Modern scholars use the term Catholicism as a collective term for all the sociocultural manifestations of the Roman Catholic Church, from the forms of its institutional constitution through individual and collective manifestations of religiosity to ideal-typical ethicopolitical attitudes, patterns of economic behavior, artistic styles, interpretive mental models, and theological meanings. The first and most fundamental feature of Catholicism is probably its claim – unlike the "heretical …
See Thirty Years' War
Catholic Reformation
Author(s): Decot, Rolf | Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. Terminology The response of the Catholic Church (usually called the "Old Church" in the Reformation period) to the Reformation began gradually. Historians have coined various terms for it. Today there is still no term that covers both the efforts at reform within the Church during the 16th century and the attempt to win back the Church's lost socio-political terrain. The competing terms include Catholic Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Catholic confessionalization, and recatholization.The reaction of the Old Church (and the states and territories that …
Author(s): Poppinga, Onno
1. Origins The ancestors of European domestic cattle came from Syria and Anatolia. They spread through Southern, Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe within just a few human generations. They are not descendants of the European aurochs, which was intensively hunted: the last individual died in a game park in Poland in 1627 [5. 264].Onno Poppinga 2. Use Where cattle were farmed on a large scale (e.g. Austria and Switzerland), beef was an important element in the diet and dining culture (Meat consumption). In southern Germany and the Alps in particular…
Caudillismo
Author(s): Riekenberg, Michael
1. History of the concept The term caudillismo or caudillo (Span. for "chief, leader") derives from Lat. caput ("head") [8. 237 ff.]. C audillo originally meant generally the leader of an irregular army, as in the time of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula occupied by the Moors (Refugees of conscience; Conquista); around 1500 the term was applied to the Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America (Conquest). The term came back into widespread use in Latin America only in the 19th century in the context of theLatin…
Author(s): Smith, Kurt
1. Definition The question of what is meant when something is referred to as the cause "cause" (Lat. causa) of something else, and to what this might correspond in the things themselves, was studied already by the philosophers of Antiquity. For early modern discussion the predominant theories of causality employed the Aristotelian theory of four causes: causa formalis, materialis, finalis and efficiens (formal, material, final and efficient). However, there was no coherent, unified interpretation of Aristotle's Philosophy (Aristotelianism). In the course …
Author(s): Eckert, Georg
1. General considerations Reflection on cause (Lat. causa, Fr. cause, G. Ursache) meant reflection on what holds the world together both internally and externally. Cause indicated the course of natural events, but also the possibilities of action in political and social contexts. Consideration of Aristotle's two final causes, God and blessedness, was distinguished in the course of the early modern period from investigation of the efficient cause in the world and matter. Technology (Mechanics) and natural s…
See Death, cause of
Author(s): Kloosterhuis, Jürgen
1. General considerations While the early modern infantry developed as a weapon against late-medievalknight contingents, the cavalry stood in the latter's tradition. As a weapon type of the land combat forces it gave force to the (Clausewitzian) "principle of movement" of the army campaigns, by carrying out its marches and combats on horseback (Horse) (Ital. cavallo, hence cavalleria; Ger. first "Haufen zu Ross" [troops on steed], Reiterei, from the 17th century Kavallerie). The acquisition and maintenance of horses (Horse, Riding) and riding materials influence…
Cecilian Movement
Author(s): Körndle, Franz
The Cecilian Movement was a movement initiated by Regensburg church musicians around the mid-19th century. Its aim was to reform Catholic church music in a secularized world, and to deepen its liturgical significance. In 1868, at a second attempt, the Allgemeine Caecilienverein ('General Cecilian Association') was founded, and Pope Pius IX recognized the new society in 1870. The ideas of the Cecilians were not rooted in new ideas of a conservative Regensburg circle, but deliberately drew on older traditions that seemed to be dying out in the wake of Secularization (legal).In fact, t…
Ceiling painting
Author(s): Krems, Eva-Bettina
1. Concepts, venues, and themes Ceiling painting includes all forms of painted decoration that can be applied to the ceiling of a room (whether boxed-in roof tresses, flat ceiling, or vault). Ceiling painting is found in both the profane and sacred spheres, and thanks to its aesthetic design and iconographic/iconological significance, it was important throughout almost all phases of the early modern period. Themes were chosen according to the function and importance of the room.The prestige of ceiling painting is apparent from the fact that the leading painters of the…
See Jubilee (commemorative celebration) | Peace celebrations
Celestial mechanics
Author(s): Guicciardini, Niccolò
1. Origins Celestial mechanics, the description of the movements of the celestial bodies in the Solar System on the basis of early modern mechanics, originated with Newton's theory of gravitation (Weight), or, more precisely, with the questions he formulated and only partly answered in Book Three of the Principia mathematica (1687).The most demanding of these problems included the planetary perturbations that result from the interaction of the gravitational masses of the Solar System (Astronomy; Stars). Even today, it is difficult to predict t…
Author(s): Holzem, Andreas
1. Concept and traditions Celibacy (from Lat. caelebs, "unwed," "not married") is a phenomenon of the history of religion, not confined to Christianity, meaning (in some cases temporary) abstinence from sexuality or a permanent unmarried state. The call to celibacy in many ancient cults followed the notion of "cultic purity": Sexuality (like blood and sickness) had the effect of causing ritual impurity and rendered contact with the gods ineffective or dangerous. Only "pure" offerings (and correspondi…
Cell (biology)
See Procreation, theory of
Censitary suffrage
See Suffrage, curial and censitary
Author(s): Schneider, Ute | Beutel, Albrecht | Otto, Martin
1. General considerations Censorship (Lat. censura; "examination," "judgment") is now understood as the "authoritative monitoring of human utterances" [18. 3] and serves for communication monitoring, generally for the stabilization of a state or church system. This monitoring is realized by means of various different practical measures: by preventive censorship, which requires the submission for examination of manuscripts by relevant institutions before printing begins, or subsequent or repressive censorship, whi…
Censorship of letters
Author(s): Grillmeyer, Siegfried
The history of the censorship of letters is closely related to the development of the mail. Wherever personal couriers delivered a message from A to B, the possibilities for intercepting, checking, and censoring letters were extremely limited (Messenger service; Courier). As fixed postal routes were established, it became easier to interfere with correspondence (Mail). The frequent bitterness of arguments over mail rights was therefore attributable not only to economic motives, but also to issues of the censorship of letters.The growing need for communication at the begi…
Author(s): Ehmer, Josef
1. Precursors Precursors of the census in European history were registers of inhabitants of a town or region. These sporadically date back to the High Middle Ages, and became more widespread from the Renaissance. The sovereign power had such registers made primarily for purposes of taxation (e.g. the English Poll Tax of 1377), and they generally confined themselves to listing taxable households (Population 1.4.). One exception in terms of completeness and precision was the Florentine Cadaster (Italian catasto) of 1427, which listed all people living in the city and terr…
See Peripheries
Central African world
Author(s): Bley, Helmut
1. Extent The Central African world is considered to include the greater part of modern Cameroon and the modern Central African Republic north of the vast tropical forest region, the river system of the Congo in the tropical rain forest, the extensive savanna landscapes of present-day Angola and Zambia, modern Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [3]; [4]; [18]. This region is characterized by five distinctive features.Helmut Bley 2. Developments within Africa (1) In the first place, the Central African world was profoundly affected by developments within Africa itself, espe…
See Bank of issue
See Government
Central perspective
See Perspective
Author(s): Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard
1. Definition and prior history The century became established as a chronological convention towards the beginning of the early modern period in spite of the lack of any direct ancient or Christian tradition. It took hold in phases, particularly observable at the turns of certain centuries (1300, 1600, 1800, 1900). It is also possible to trace how the century developed from a unit of reckoning to a designation for a particular epoch.Century in this sense is an abbreviation of "century of years," "century" itself deriving from the Latin centuria ("[group of one] hundred"). The mode…
See Potter
Author(s): Füssel, Marian | Mat'a, Petr
1. Definition and functionPolitical ceremonial is a medium whereby a political and social order is symbolically created and presented. It constitutes power relations and social ranks between rulers and ruled, or among rulers. Depending on the occasion and the circle of addressees, it creates different degrees of public sphere. Key ceremonial practices of the early modern period were enacted on occasions of succession (Election and Coronation) [19], the formal arrival of a ruler (Latin adventus) [14]; [15], homage, diplomatic negotiations (Diplomacy), and assembly of est…
Ceremonial literature
Author(s): Niefanger, Dirk
1. Ceremonial as a readable system of signs The concept of Ceremonial (from Latin caerimonia, French cérémonial) denotes forms, rules, and behaviors that were valued as necessary and constitutive in respect of standardized, often solemnized actions in the course of social intercourse, political processes, and religious events. To this extent, it is reasonable to call ceremonial a "semiotic supersystem […] that is capable of rendering visible the political, legal, social, or religious order, and of regulating it within limits [5. 1500 f.]. Ceremonial might include visual ima…
Certainty (legal)
See Legal certainty
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