text:
Blood Red Sky Sequel: Everything We Know
Blood Red Sky 2: What Netflix Release Date? A planned sequel?
Blood Red Sky: What Netflix Release Date and Time? Casting, synopsis
Blood Red Sky: Netflix Movie Ending Explanation!
Awake 2: What's the Netflix release date? Is a sequel planned?
Netflix's German-born action-adventure horror film "Blood Red Sky" (alternate title: "Transatlantic 473") is a fresh and brilliantly executed concept. In addition to being an impressive tension thriller, the film is also an emotional journey in itself. Combining fantasy and realism, the story centers on a single mother, Nadja, and her son Elias, whose escape to New York turns into an evil nightmare. Nadja suffers from a mysterious illness that forces her to take medication for leukemia. But when a group of hijackers seizes his transatlantic flight 473, Nadja attacks. Things spiral out of control too fast and too soon, and the story returns to the runway shown at the beginning for a viscerally explosive ending.
Upon its premiere on the popular streaming platform, Peter Thorwarth's film enjoyed wide fan support and critical acclaim for its intriguing mix of genres and dark narrative that keeps the story hooked. However, after the shocking ending of the original film, fans are already weighing the prospects for a sequel. Then you can count on us.
Release date of the sequel to Blood Red Sky
Blood Red Sky premiered on July 23, 2021 on Netflix. The movie has plenty of surprises in store in its manageable two-hour run. Now let's take a look at the prospects for a sequel.
The original film was a passionate project for director and co-writer Peter Thorwarth, who conceived the idea for the film from a thought experiment while himself on a transatlantic flight. The production ran into many obstacles and it took the director 16 years to obtain funding for his project. When asked about the prospects for a sequel in an interview with The Daily Dead, Thorwarth replied, "Maybe someone else can direct the sequel, because once I do, I'm still looking for the next challenge." Meanwhile, the director has moved on to his next project, a medieval drama with a dash of black humor. But that shouldn't be enough to dissuade fans from animating the sequel.
After its release, the film was praised by critics and fans alike for its fresh concept and energetic direction. As a result, the film rose to the platform's top 10 list the week it was released. The gripping horror story was a hit with audiences, and the reception wasn't much different. And given that horror is a genre known for its sequels and spin-offs (think of the "Resident Evil" franchise), the best thing for Netflix would be to green-light a sequel. If we follow the story, there is still room for further exploration as we cannot be sure that all the vampires are dead by the end of the movie. The explosion appears to mark the end of the vampire horde, but the undead cannot be attacked too easily. There is a possibility that a vampire could escape the military radar, and the sequel could build on that possibility.
However, the popular streaming service has yet to announce a second installment of this potential horror thriller franchise. If the sequel is announced in late 2021, the scenario would still require a bit of time. If the script is finalized in early 2022, the team can resume production in 2022. The original film doesn't use much CGI, and therefore the post-production task for the potential sequel shouldn't take too long either. So if production on the sequel resumes at any point in 2022, we can expect the sequel to "Blood Red Sky" to premiere in 2023 or later.


Every week I help to run my local Brownies group. I am not the Brown Owl of the pack, but I am second in command and known to the girls as Otter. This week our Brown Owl phoned me the day before Brownies to let me know she is unwell and unable to attend this weeks meeting. Meaning I would be leader in charge.
Although I regularly make jokes that I will become the next Brown Owl, I had never lead a whole meeting as leader in charge. I was a little nervous but I was also excited about the opportunity. I knew I could do this as I have been doing brownies for 8 years and I would have another leader with me.
Because I had very little prep time and I knew we would be a leader down, I decided that we would have a very relaxed meeting. We started the meeting as normal but then explained to the girls that we were a leader down and they would need to be a little more patient with us.
We played a couple of games that the Brownies loved. Because we were not rushing, we were able to give many more of the girls the opportunity to have a go being the catcher or having a turn running then normal which I think the girls liked.
Once they had run off all their energy, we sat them down and got them to make a get well soon card for Brown Owl. We emptied our craft cupboard and told the girls they could make a card or poster and could used anything they could find. As a result, these cards ended up a lot more 3D them we had imagined. They had found pipe cleaners, pieces of fabric, stickers, cupcake cases and one girl had even attached a balloon to her card!
I think they really enjoyed the freedom of making a card completely from scratch, their imaginations really thrived and all the cards where awesome.
After the card making, we played another game that the girls had never played before. Luckily they got the hang of it quickly and really enjoyed it. I have had requests to play it again.
Overall the meeting went really smoothly. I am so happy that their were no major issues and no casualties! This meeting has really given me a confidence boost. Now when I say I am going to be the next Brown Owl, I know I can do it.
What Should you Keep in Your Car for Emergencies?
When Your Child Is A Child Carer.


text:
Sheffield B.E.F. Wednesday
Posted on January 14, 2013 March 16, 2014 | Category: Music | Tags: SheffWednesday |
The power of Twitter…
A few years ago I spotted an album of songs about Sheffield Wednesday released on Cherry Red Records.
For those of you who don't know, Cherry Red is the greatest record label every to exist. Why because they have the largest selection of football-related CD's anywhere in the world. Have a look at the list in that link there and if the CD isn't for sale on the Cherry Red site, do a search on Amazon UK.
I highlighted in the other post and saw on the Sheffield Wednesday CD this accompanying text:
"As Sheffield Wednesday usher in a new cosmopolitan era, a chance for their fans to pay tribute to the team. Martyn Ware (Heaven 17 & Human League) takes centre stage with 3 tracks (and the sleeve notes)…"
As I mentioned in that previous entry I am a big fan of Martyn Ware and all his works, so I've always wondered which three tracks these were… And then Twitter came along, found out that the man himself was on there and was able to ask directly:
@footieandmusic Steel City, If It's Wednesday It Must Be Wembley and Oh Yes
— martynware (@martynware) November 23, 2012
Ah I love the future.
So here now for your consumption are the three songs:
Hillsboro' Crew – Steel City (Move On Up):
https://www.footballandmusic.co.uk/greybox/Hillsboro_%20Crew%20Steel%20City%20(Move%20on%20up).mp3
Released in 1986. Produced by Martyn and backing vocals from Glenn Gregory.
If the tune sounds familiar to you that's because it's from Artists United Against Apartheid – Sun City.
Hillsborough Crew – If It's Wednesday It Must Be Wembley:
https://www.footballandmusic.co.uk/greybox/If%20It_s%20Wednesday%20It%20Must%20Be%20Wembley.mp3
Recorded for the 1993 FA Cup Final, the lyrics mention many of the team playing at the time.
Somebody has helpfully created a visual guide to the song:
The Wednesday Kop Band – Oh Yes:
https://www.footballandmusic.co.uk/greybox/01%20-%20Oh%20Yes.mp3
Released in 1997 and the CD has a Di Canio Dub Mix and a Carbone Dub Mix, which I'd love to hear if anybody wants to buy it from ebay.
– Also involved in the in these songs is actor Ian Reddington who you might have seen in Corrie and Eastenders.
– There was an actual real Wednesday Kop band, but they stop playing in 2005.
Stream only for all these tracks because they are still available via CD and mp3 download at Amazon.
Martyn Ware has other items available to purchase including the Illustrious 10 CD boxed set.
Bonus listening/download:
In October 2012 there was a BBC 6Music documentary about the Ian Craig Marsh & Martyn Ware project B.E.F (British Electric Foundation:
Categories: Music Tags: SheffWednesday
"You were handsome, you were pretty…"
On The Ball City
3 Replies to "Sheffield B.E.F. Wednesday"
Dave Burdett says:
I've got the "Oh Yes" single if you want the songs!
There's also a single released by The England Supporters Band (which is basically the same people as the Wednesday Kop Band) called "The Great Escape" that was also produced by Martin Ware. It's still available
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Great-Escape-England-Supporters-Band/dp/B00004W9L8/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1358370999&sr=8-2
Erik Hogstrom (@erik1966lutig) says:
That's so brilliant that Martyn Ware responded to your enquiry.
The power of Twitter indeed!!!
Daniel Laird says:
The band still play at the back of the kop, they did disappear for a while after a fall out with the owners of the club at the time but are now back and dividing opinion. Many fans think it's time for the band to go, whereas I, amongst others would like them to stay
Those Everton Folk
The Pat Nevin Playlist
Wigan Casino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


9 Ft Round Rugs 6 Evoke GrayIvory 9 Ft X 9 Ft Round Area Rug.
9 foot round rug Posted in www.dmphoto.us. If you want to use 9 foot round rug , take your time and find the best images and pictures posted here that suitable with your needs and use it for your own collection and personal use only.
9 foot round rug is one of awesome image reference about designs and ideas. We present this image with the very best to you which will make you comfortable and give you many details idea of 9 foot round rug.
There are so many design and ideas in the post 9 foot round rug that you can find, you can find amazing ideas in the gallery.
9 Ft Round Rug 4 Ft Round Rug Large Size Of Rug Round Rug 4 Foot.
9 Foot Round Rug Home design ideas.
9 Ft Round Rug X 12 Area Rugs Foot Square Outdoor Mode Ruggedman.
9 Ft Round Rug Rugs This Traditional Rug Is Approx 9 Feet 9 Inch X 9.
Round Rugs Ikea Round Jute Rug Round Jute Rug 5 Fantastic Round Rug.
Picture 5 of 50 Round Rugs for Sale Awesome Decoration 5 Foot.
7 Foot Round Rug Evoke X Round Rug 7 Foot Diameter Round 7 X 9 Foot.
9 Foot Round Rug Oval Area Rugs Square pioneerproduceofnorthpolecom.
9 Foot Round Rug Jute Feet Area Square pioneerproduceofnorthpolecom.
7 Feet Round Rugs 6 Rug 8 Ft Area Foot 9 Circular 5 4 Bomer.
Decoration 9 Foot Round Area Rug 6 Foot Round Area Rugs 5 Ft Round.
Decoration 5 Foot Round Wool Rugs 9 Ft Round Area Rug Red Circle.
Find the Best Deals on Momeni Veranda 9Foot Round Rug in Lime.
9 Foot Round Rug Small Round Rugs 9 X 12 Foot Area Rugs.
Artistic Weavers John Red 9 ft 9 in x 9 ft 9 in Round Area Rug.
810 Area Rugs Under 100 Feet Round Rugs 7 X 9 Area Rugs Large.
8 X 12 Outdoor Area Rugs 9 Foot Round Rug Designs Pretty Ideas.
Shining 9 Foot Round Rug Homey Inspiration Decoration 5 Ft Area Rugs.
Round Area Rugs Rugs The Home Depot.
9 Ft Round Rugs Rug For Sale Sheepskin Area Foot Large Size Of.
Popular 6 Foot Round Rug In 9 Ft Area Black Brown Rectangle And Oval.
Artistic Weavers Rug Padding Grippers Rugs The Home Depot.
Decoration 9 Ft Round Rug 5 Foot Circle Rug Large Round Red Rug.
7 Ft Round Rug Photo 4 Of 9 4 Foot Round Rugs Ideas Awesome 7 Ft.
9 Foot Round Rug Mystic Red 7 Ft 9 In X 7 Ft 9 In 9 Foot Square.
5 Ft Round Area Rugs Ft Round Area Rugs 9 Ft Round Rug Cheap Round.
9 Ft Round Rug 9 Ft Round Jute Rug maslinovouljeme.
9 Ft Round Area Rug Black 7 Ft 9 In Round Area Rug 9 Ft Round Area.
4 Foot Round Rugs Maslinovoulje Inside 4 Foot Round Area Rugs Plan.
New 10 Foot Round Outdoor Rugs 9 Round Rug Outdoor Area Rugs Inside.
Decoration 6 By 8 Foot Rugs Red Circle Rug Carpets And Rugs Online.
9 Foot Round Area Rug Blue Amazoncom.
Safavieh Chatham BlueIvory 9 Ft X 9 Ft Round Area Rug 9 Ft.
3 Feet Round Rugs 9 Ft Round Rug Charming 9 Foot Round Rug Medium.
6 Foot Round Rugs Cozy Plush Silver Shag Rug 6 Foot Round Braided.
Decoration 5 Ft Round Area Rugs 9 Ft Round Rug Cheap Round Area 8x8.
Decoration 10 Foot Round Rug 5 Ft Round Rug 10 Ft Round Rug 9 Foot.
Decoration Decorative Rugs 7 Foot Diameter Round Rugs Round.
9 ft round outdoor rug fashionproinfo.
Decoration 5 Ft Round Area Rugs 9 Ft Round Rug Cheap Round Area.
9 Foot Round Rug Wayfair.
Artistic Weavers Firm 8 ft Round Rug PadFirmU The Home Depot.
9 Ft Round Rug Wayfair.
9 Foot Round Area Rug Area Rug Ideas.
Decoration Round Woven Rug 7 Ft Round Area Rugs Navy Blue Round.
Safavieh Evoke BlueIvory 9 ft x 9 ft Round Area RugEVK256C9R.
9 Foot Round Rug S Cowhide Circle Patio Rugs.
Mohawk Home 9 ft Dual Surface Round Rug Pad469177 The Home Depot.
5 Foot Round Area Rugs Decoration 9 Foot Round Area Rug 6 Foot Round.
9 foot round rug maslinovouljeme.
Extraordinary 9 Foot Round Rug Rugs Decoration Rugs Inspiring.
9 Ft Round Rugs Fantastic Rug Navy Large For Dining Room Cheap Throw.
9 Ft Round Rugs Rug 5 Area Under Square newyeargreetingsco.
Charisma Indooroutdoor 4 Ft Round Braided Rug Rhody Rug 4 Throughout.
9 Foot Round Rug Large Round Area Rug 9 Foot Round Red Rug.
5 Foot Round Rug 6 Rugs Fantastic 9 Ft Area Diameter VanlueDesign.
Navy Blue Round Rugs Woven Rug 7 Ft Area 9 Foot Amazon.
New 8ft Round Outdoor Rug 9 Round Rug Outdoor Area Rugs Inside.
9 Ft Round Outdoor Rug Area Rug Ideas.
9 Rugs Area Rugs For Less Overstock.
Dining Room Rug Round Table 9 Ft Round Rugs 4 Finallyfastblogcom.
7 Feet Round Rugs Foot Rug 5 Ft 9 Area Bomer.
7 Foot Round Kitchen Rug Area Rug Designs.
Decoration White Round Rug Cheap Persian Rugs Large Area Rugs For.
88 Round Area Rugs Round Area Rug Contemporary Wool Viscose Hand.
Artistic Weavers Strength 9 ft x 12 ft Rug PadStrengthT The.
Charming 9 Foot Round Rug Sawyer Beige Red 7 Ft 9 In X 7 Ft 9 In.
8 Foot Round Rug Large Size Of Rug And Rugs 9 Round Rugs Foot 8 Foot.
6ft Round Area Rugs Area Rugs 6 Ft Round Rug Round Kitchen Rugs Grey.
9 Ft Round Rug 9 Ft Area Rugs maslinovouljeme.
9 Foot Round Rugs Round Designs.
5 round area rugs recruiterjobsco.
Marvelous 5 Ft Round Rug In Decoration 9 Foot Area 6 Rugs Within 10.
9 Ft Round Area Rug Flawless 7 Ft Round Rug Or Woven Rug 7 Ft Round.
6 Foot Round Rug Quaqua Me Attractive Within 9 Steeltownjazz.
7 Ft Round Area Rugs 7 X 9 Foot Rugs alexanderreidrossinfo.
10 Ft Round Rug Ft Round Rug Contemporary Decoration 9 Foot Area 6.
Creative Inspiration 9 Ft Round Rug Rugs Inspiring.


text:
Elisa - My reviews and Ramblings
LGBT reviews and ramblings since 2006
James Baldwin & Lucien Happersberger
James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, writer, playwright, poet, essayist and civil rights activist.
Most of Baldwin's work deals with racial and sexual issues in the mid-20th century in the United States. His novels are notable for the personal way in which they explore questions of identity as well as the way in which they mine complex social and psychological pressures related to being black and homosexual well before the social, cultural or political equality of these groups was improved.
When Baldwin was an infant, his mother, Emma Berdis Joynes, moved to Harlem, New York, where she married a preacher, David Baldwin, who adopted James. The family was poor, and James and his adoptive father had a tumultuous relationship. James Baldwin attended the prestigious DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, where he worked on the school magazine together with Richard Avedon. At the age of 14, he joined the Pentecostal Church and became a Pentecostal preacher.
When he was 17 years old, Baldwin turned away from his religion and moved to Greenwich Village, a New York City neighborhood, famous for its artists and writers. Here, he studied at The New School, finding an intellectual community within the university. Supporting himself with odd jobs, he began to write short stories, essays, and book reviews, many of which were later collected in the volume Notes of a Native Son (1955).
Courtesy of David Leeming. James Baldwin, Beauford Delaney, and Lucien Happersberger in Paris, 1953 (©2)
James Arthur Baldwin was an American novelist, writer, playwright, poet, essayist and civil rights activist. In 1949, Baldwin fell in love with Swiss painter Lucien Happersberger, age 17, eight years younger than Baldwin. The two became very close, until Happersberger's marriage three years later, an event that left Baldwin devastated, but they remained close friend until 1987, the year Baldwin died. The wife was Afro-American Diana Sands. They divorced and Happersberger died in 2010.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin
A journalist once remarked to James Baldwin, "When you were starting out as a writer you were black, impoverished, homosexual. You must have said to yourself, "Gee, how disadvantaged can I get?"
"No", the novelist replied. "I felt I'd hit the jackpot".
James Baldwin described his own homosexuality with frankness and ambivalence in Giovanni's Room, the novel he published in 1956. The book came out of "something which tormented and frightened me: the question of my own sexuality", Baldwin explained many years later. One reason he wrote it was to eliminate the nagging problem that other closeted writers faced in the fifties. Baldwin said the book "simplified" his life because it "meant that I had no secrets. You couldn' blackmail me. You didn't tell me, I told you".
Coming out of the closet gave Baldwin the freedom the thousands of his contemporaries would not experience until they emulated him two, three, or four decades later. Of course, thousands of others would never emulate him at all. "It's only the twentieth century which is obsessed with the details of somebody's sex life", Baldwin said on another occasion. "I don't think the details make any difference. Love comes in very strange packages. I love a few men and I love a few women. I suppose it's saved my life".
Alfred A. Knopf had published Baldwin's first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, in 1953. A semiautobiographical account of a poor boy growing up in Harlem during the 1930s, the book was a critical success. "I'd been a boy preacher for three years", said Baldwin. "That is what turned me into a writer really... My father frightened me so badly I had to fight him so hard, nobody has ever frightened me since".
But when he submitted Giovanni's Room a couple of years after his first big success, Knopf rejected it. "I guess they were scared", said William Cole, who was Knopf's publicity director - and the first person to bring Baldwin to the publisher's attention. "Homosexuality wasn't on the books in those days and they turned it down", Cole recalled. When he learned the young author's second novel had been rejected, Cole was "horrified". --The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America by Charles Kaiser
James Baldwin's 1955 Giovanni's Room and 1962 Another Country dealt with the complicated intersections of sexuality and race through homosexual characters. As early as 1949, in his essay "The Preservation of Innocence", Baldwin directly connected heterosexual hostility toward homosexuals to white hostility toward African Americans. He saw both as a failure of the imagination to connect fully with one's own humanity. He explores this idea in his 1963 The Fire Next Time: "White people in this country will have quite enough to do in learning how to accept and love themselves and each other, and when they have achieved this - which will not be towmorrow and may very well be never - the Negro problem will no longer exist, for it will no longer be needed". Historian John Howard charts how interracial homosexual relationships, sometimes less obvious than heterosexual ones, were often the way that white men became involved in the civil rights movement. --A Queer History of the United States by Michael Bronski
Days of Love: Celebrating LGBT History One Story at a Time by Elisa Rolle
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 1 edition (July 1, 2014)
CreateSpace Store: https://www.createspace.com/4910282
Amazon (Paperback): http://www.amazon.com/dp/1500563323/?tag=elimyrevandra-20
Amazon (Kindle): http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00MZG0VHY/?tag=elimyrevandra-20
Days of Love chronicles more than 700 LGBT couples throughout history, spanning 2000 years from Alexander the Great to the most recent winner of a Lambda Literary Award. Many of the contemporary couples share their stories on how they met and fell in love, as well as photos from when they married or of their families. Included are professional portraits by Robert Giard and Stathis Orphanos, paintings by John Singer Sargent and Giovanni Boldini, and photographs by Frances Benjamin Johnson, Arnold Genthe, and Carl Van Vechten among others. "It's wonderful. Laying it out chronologically is inspired, offering a solid GLBT history. I kept learning things. I love the decision to include couples broken by death. It makes clear how important love is, as well as showing what people have been through. The layout and photos look terrific." Christopher Bram "I couldn't resist clicking through every page. I never realized the scope of the book would cover centuries! I know that it will be hugely validating to young, newly-emerging LGBT kids and be reassured that they really can have a secure, respected place in the world as their futures unfold." Howard Cruse "This international history-and-photo book, featuring 100s of detailed bios of some of the most forward-moving gay persons in history, is sure to be one of those bestsellers that gay folk will enjoy for years to come as reference and research that is filled with facts and fun." Jack Fritscher
author: james baldwin, days of love
John Moffat & Larry Lillo
After two years as Artistic Director at The Grand Theatre in London, Ontario, Larry Lillo (September 20, 1946 - June 2, 1993) returned to Vancouver as the Playhouse's 10th Artistic Director. Mr. Lillo, a co-founder of Tamahnous Theatre, was the golden boy of Vancouver theatre, and his return to helm the Playhouse at a critical time in the company's history, was hailed.
He was born September 20, 1946 in Kinuso, a tiny village in Alberta northwest of Edmonton. He attended Royal Roads Military College, Nova Scotia, earned a BA at St. Francis Xavier. He studied at U. of Washington, then in New York City, later received an MA at UBC in directing. Lillo was the co-founder and a director and actor with Tamahnous Theatre from 1971 to 1981, a freelance theatre director, 1981-85, and artistic director of the Grand Theatre in London, Ont. in 1986. In 1988 he became artistic director of the Vancouver Playhouse (1988). Under his leadership, Playhouse subscriptions rose from 5,800 (1988) to nearly 12,000 (1992/93). He won a Jessie (Vancouver) and a Dora (Toronto) for his direction of Sam Shepard's play A Lie of the Mind, which was at the Playhouse from October 4 to November 5, 1988. Lillo directed and developed many new Canadian plays. His partner, John Moffat (1956 - May 16, 1995), was an award-winning actor.
Larry Lillo brought his populist approach to theatre to the forefront in his very first production, Sam Shepherd's A Lie of the Mind, which earned him the first of three consecutive Jessie Awards for Directing. Over the next five seasons, Mr. Lillo created playbills that brought a renewed sense of excitement to the Playhouse stage. He directed stunning productions of new Canadian hits such as John Gray's Rock and Rolland Health, the Musical, while bringing new vision to classics such as Noel Coward's Blithe Spirit and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams.
John Moffat, AIDS Quilt
Larry Lillo (September 20, 1946 - June 2, 1993), a co-founder of Tamahnous Theatre, was the golden boy of Vancouver theatre, and his return to helm the Playhouse at a critical time in the company's history, was hailed. His partner, John Moffat (1956 - May 16, 1995), was an award-winning actor. THE JOHN MOFFAT & LARRY LILLO AWARD is an annual Award, intended to assist mature Canadian West Coast theatre artists to further their artistic development.
Source: http://playhouse50.wordpress.com/tag/larry-lillo/
More LGBT Couples at my website: http://www.elisarolle.com/, My Ramblings/Real Life Romance
days of love tb, director: larry lillo
Tobias Schneebaum (March 25, 1922 – September 20, 2005)
Tobias Schneebaum (March 25, 1922 – September 20, 2005) was an American artist, anthropologist, and AIDS activist. He is best known for his experiences living, and traveling among the Harakmbut people of Peru, and the Asmat people of Papua, Western New Guinea, Indonesia then known as Irian Jaya.
He was born on Manhattan's Lower East Side and grew up in Brooklyn. In 1939 he graduated from the Stuyvesant High School, moving on to the City College of New York, graduating in 1943 after having majored in mathematics and art. During World War II he served as a radar repairman in the U.S. Army.
In 1947, after briefly studying painting with Rufino Tamayo at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, Schneebaum went to live and paint in Mexico for three years, living among the Lakadone tribe. In 1955 he won a Fulbright fellowship to travel and paint in Peru. After hitch-hiking from New York to Peru, he lived with the Harakambut people for seven months, where he slept with his male subjects and claimed to have joined the tribe in cannibalism on one occasion.
Until 1970 he was the designer at Tiber Press, then in 1973 he embarked on his third overseas trip, to Irian Jaya in South East Asia, living with the Asmat people on the south-western coast. He helped establish the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress. Schneebaum would return there in 1995 to revisit a former lover, named Aipit. He recounted his journey into the jungles of Peru in the 1961 memoir Keep the River on Your Right. In 1999, he revisited both Irian Jaya and Peru for a documentary film, also titled Keep the River on Your Right
Tobias Schneebaum, 1991, by Robert Giard
American photographer Robert Giard is renowned for his portraits of American poets and writers; his particular focus was on gay and lesbian writers. Some of his photographs of the American gay and lesbian literary community appear in his groundbreaking book Particular Voices: Portraits of Gay and Lesbian Writers, published by MIT Press in 1997. Giard's stated mission was to define the literary history and cultural identity of gays and lesbians for the mainstream of American society, which perceived them as disparate, marginal individuals possessing neither. In all, he photographed more than 600 writers. (http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/giard.html)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Schneebaum
More Particular Voices at my website: http://www.elisarolle.com/, My Ramblings/Particular Voices
essayist: tobias schneebaum, particular voices
GRL: Charlie Richards
Starting from June 1, 2015, I will daily feature authors attending the three conventions I will join, Euro Pride in Munich (July), UK Meet in Bristol (September) and GRL in San Diego (October).
For the GRL in San Diego, October 15-18, 2015, today author is Charlie Richards: "There is nothing more powerful than the written word coupled with imagination. With it, we can soar through the skies on the wings of a dragon, run through the forest with a pack of wolves, or find love for the first time all over again. Join me in discovering the possibilities.
I explore the world of shapeshifters, gargoyles, and werewolves as they find friends, acceptance, and love, by writing M/F, M/M, and menage paranormal erotic romance."
Further Readings:
Hot-Blooded Alligator (A Paranormal's Love Book 11) by Charlie Richards
Publisher: eXtasy Books (February 8, 2015)
Amazon Kindle: Hot-Blooded Alligator (A Paranormal's Love Book 11)
Tristan has never been what someone would call a social guy. Like the alligator he shares his spirit with, he prefers being alone. Now, after enduring decades of forced isolation as an animal attraction in a curiosity show, Tristan is even more reclusive than ever. He lives mainly in animal form, swimming in the large pond on the gargoyle's estate. When he helps kidnap his abuser, Bud Wallice, Tristan decides interrogating the bastard is a great reason to finally interact with others.
Eventually, Bud is reported missing by his wife, and the trail leads to the gargoyle's estate. Tristan meets Detective Collin DeSoto, who is looking into the disappearance. Tristan immediately recognizes the man as his mate, and while the sex between them is explosive, that's the only easy thing between them. Collin isn't out to his incredibly large family, and he doesn't approve of how Tristan handles Bud. Can the pair resolve their differences, or will Tristan end up returning to his pond…alone?
gayromlit
2015 Rainbow Awards Submission: Divine Desire - Erotic Stories of Sacred Sexuality by Lon Sarver
Divine Desire - Erotic Stories of Sacred Sexuality by Lon Sarver
LGBT	Anthology / Collection / Erotica
Publisher: Fantastic Fiction Publishing (July 13, 2015)
Amazon: Divine Desire - Erotic Stories of Sacred Sexuality
Amazon Kindle: Divine Desire - Erotic Stories of Sacred Sexuality
There's a reason people often cry, "Oh, God," in the throes of passion. God is the only concept big enough to hold all the pleasure they're feeling; pleasure that is as close to beatific grace as any mortal comes. This collection explores the connection between sex and divinity, the mix of temporal and transcendent passions. These ten stories of erotic encounters with the divine invite the reader to witness mortals who crave an immortal touch, deities whose anger with one another is matched only by their lust for one another, and the fate of those tempted by gods of the grave. Rise beyond the limits of mere mortality, and partake of Divine Desire.
2015 Rainbow Awards Guidelines: http://www.elisarolle.com/rainbowawards/rainbow_awards_2015.html
rainbow awards 2015
2015 Rainbow Awards Submission: Liquid Longing by Annabeth Leong
Liquid Longing - An Erotic Anthology of the Sacred and Profane by Annabeth Leong
Publisher: Fantastic Fiction Publishing (May 3, 2015)
Amazon: Liquid Longing - An Erotic Anthology of the Sacred and Profane
Amazon Kindle: Liquid Longing - An Erotic Anthology of the Sacred and Profane
From Annabeth Leong's penetrating view of the sensual, the sacred, and the profane comes an anthology of erotic tales of wonder. Passion flows, mercurial, through these eleven tales of sex, death, and rebirth. Curiosity mingles with shame, anger revels in worship, exploring desire of all types. Here are dead gods, undead starlets, and immortal creatures hungry for connection—a collection of love letters to human nature, with no easy answers among them. Instead you will find intimate legends and infinite possibility. For every dark soul pining for something beyond their grasp, there is a moment of ecstasy to tantalize the heart and mind. The stories here do not represent the safe, sane, and consensual, and no awareness of risk can prepare you for the ultimate sacrifice. Come, immerse yourself in Liquid Longing.
LGBT Timeline
My Blurb Store (my photo books)
My Associate Amazon Store
My Reviews & Ramblings - Archive
behind the cover
days of love
days of love tb
gay classics
gay romance movie
genre: futuristic
genre: historical
genre: paranormal
length: novel
length: novella
length: short story
particular voices
persistent voices
queer places
rainbow awards 2018-2019
romance history
theme: alpha males
theme: bondage submission
theme: breeches rippers
theme: cinderfella
theme: college
theme: coming of age
theme: cops
theme: friends benefits
theme: gay for you
theme: may december
theme: shapeshifters
theme: show business
theme: virgins
chrysalis_1975
LJ 18th anniversary
Congratulations!!! 10 years...Wow :-)
addie71
Congrats on ten years!
2017 Rainbow Awards Honorable Mention: True Colors	Anyta Sunday
Loved this book!!!
Christopher Marlowe (February 6, 1564 – May 30, 1593)
always one of my favorite historical figure
eglantine_br
Oh Kit...


In this blog post I will try to answer that question in a very simple and straightforward manner.
Lead Acid-Batteries VS. Other Battery Technologies in a battery bank.
Deep Cycle vs. Shallow Cycle Batteries in a battery bank.
Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries (FLA) VS Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries (SLA) in a battery bank.
And finally, which 3 Batteries we recommend for your residential off-grid energy system (based on the criteria I go over in this article).


"We want to do Hadoop in the cloud." That's what we increasingly hear from enterprises that have successfully run on-premises Hadoop proof-of-concepts. CIOs charge their enterprise architecture (EA) pros with understanding the strengths and weaknesses of Hadoop in the cloud and to make the case for it versus on-premises deployments. Forrester's 37-criteria evaluation of eight leading big data Hadoop cloud solution vendors — Altiscale, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Qubole, and Rackspace — will help EA pros understand the available solutions and recommend the best one for their organization.


text:
The Kortright Centre for Conservation is a suburban conservation area and educational facility in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada in the northern part of the Greater Toronto Area. It is operated by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. The area in which it is located is predominantly forested in its western and northern extent. The Humber River is situated in the west and the Cold Creek and Harris Creek are to the north.

The 325 hectare facility opened in 1979. There is a 16 km trail network for hiking and snowshoeing, a Visitor Centre, and several demonstration sites. Inside the Visitor Centre there is a gift shop, a theatre, and space for educational programs, weddings, and events. The access to the pathway leading to the syrup shacks is located at the northeast exit of the Visitor Centre. The Earth Rangers Centre is situated about 500 m south of the Visitor Centre.

The facility was used as the location of the Somafree Institute in David Cronenberg's film The Brood (1979).

The facility is named after Francis Kortright (1887–1972), an engineer, businessman, author and dedicated conservationist.

Maple syrup

Between March and mid-April, the Kortright Centre for Conservation hosts its annual Maple Syrup Festival. The focus of the Maple Syrup Festival is to educate the public on how Maple Syrup production has changed over time. Demonstrations are given on how to properly identify a maple tree, how First Nations people cooked sweet water, how European settlers brought over kettles for cooking, and how maple syrup is made today in a modern Sugar shack.

References

External links

Kortright Centre for Conservation - official site
Kortright Centre for Conservation information summary by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority

Protected areas of the Regional Municipality of York
Vaughan
Conservation areas in Ontario
Nature centres in Ontario

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are a happy family of four with a 8 year old girl & 4 year old boy. Both my kids are well behaved , pleasant and easy going ( as described by childminders).
They are fairly independent with 4 year old needing only some assistance.
Ideally we are looking for a split role or combined role of or part time nanny/ housekeeper who needs a top up salary.
School holidays - we can offer more hours.
-After school pick ups 3.20pm 2 to 3 days a week. We live 5-7 minutes drive from school.
If you are interested or want to chat through please contact me.


text:
NTU partners Agilent in wastewater treatment research
Published on: 18-Dec-2013
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore, one of the world's fastest rising universities is partnering Agilent Technologies Inc. (Agilent), the world's premier measurement company to develop new solutions that will improve the biological treatment of wastewater.
The collaboration will allow NTU, ranked No. 2 in the world for water research by Lux Research to expand its ongoing water research. The Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI) at NTU will use Agilent's bio-analytical instruments to monitor the performance of micro-organisms or microbes throughout the process of wastewater treatment.
Scientists and engineers from NEWRI aim to gain a better understanding of microbes capable of degrading various materials so as to harness them for wastewater and waste treatment. For example, when the behaviour of microbes is better understood, a solution can be found to the problem of microbes interacting and competing with one another which hinders the recovery of energy during wastewater treatment.
On the significance of the collaboration, Dean of NTU's College of Engineering and Executive Director of NEWRI, Professor Ng Wun Jern said that new technologies in bio-treatment processes have to be developed continuously to address the growing diversity of anthropogenic contaminants, reduce the carbon footprint of wastewater treatment, and to better recover energy and other resources.
"Agilent's advanced bio-analytical technologies will allow us to develop a database of contaminants found in wastewater including exotic or newly discovered ones and compounds which, ironically, may be generated during treatment. This will help us monitor microbial metabolic activity and their treatment performance in terms of removing various organic compounds. With the new specialised database, we will be better able to overcome the challenges now facing us in biological wastewater treatment processes," said Prof Ng, named as one of the world's top 30 water scientists by Lux Research.
This knowledge repository can serve both Singapore and the region in a wide spectrum of environment-related applications covering water, wastewater and wastes. Moving forward, the partnership with Agilent could well expand into other environmental applications including air-borne pollutants, added Prof Ng.
"Agilent has been assisting researchers and developing environmental solutions for more than 40 years and we continue to be committed to help create a better quality of life for all. By working with NEWRI at NTU, one of Asia's foremost water and environment research institutes, we hope to help develop highly-sensitive and reliable methods for wastewater processing," said Mr Rod Minett, general manager of Agilent's Life Sciences Group in South Asia Pacific and Korea region.
This collaboration between NTU and Agilent is expected to further boost Singapore's growing status as a global hydrohub. According to the Singapore Economic Development Board's projection, the water sector alone should see its value-added contribution to Singapore's gross domestic product rise from S$0.5 billion in 2003 to S$1.7 billion in 2015.
In the environmental sector, Agilent instruments should enable scientists to test for biological and chemical components in air, water, plants, animals and soil. The technology leader has developed important techniques to detect environmental contaminants such as perchlorate, an ingredient in rocket fuel, arsenic and mercury found in more than 350 water sources in the United States at parts per trillion levels.
Using such technologically advanced instruments from Agilent, governments can enforce rigorous drinking water standards that protect public health where pesticides in water or pharmaceutical and personal care product residues can be at parts per trillion levels in drinking water.
Two initial projects to be launched
Under a Memorandum of Understanding signed in September 2013, Agilent and NTU have identified several areas of research collaboration, starting with two initial projects.
The first project aims to develop a real-time monitoring system for wastewater treatment using Agilent's advanced bio-analytical instruments. This breakthrough system will not have the limitations found in current systems which are unable to carry out real-time monitoring. The new NTU real-time monitoring system will also be able to provide early warnings of failure or breakdown in the wastewater treatment process.
The second project aims to harness microbes for wastewater treatment. The use of microbes in wastewater treatment has been found to be less energy-intensive and environment friendly compared to chemical based processes. NEWRI's Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre will lead this study to use microbes in wastewater treatment plants. One of its goals is to develop a portable low-cost analytical kit to monitor the performance of the microbes in wastewater treatment plants. Such an analytical kit will also be useful for use in developing countries.
Such solutions arising from NTU's collaboration with Agilent are expected to be adopted by industry players to reach markets beyond Singapore.
NTU's NEWRI has demonstrated that new technologies it has developed have brought substantial benefits to the region in improving water quality for day-to-day use. For example, NEWRI's spin-off company, the Membrane Instruments and Technology Pte Ltd (MINT), has its patented flagship product, the Membrane Integrity Sensor System for Reverse Osmosis Systems, now in use in water reclamation and desalination plants.
Danny Cham
Email: dcham@ntu.edu.sg
Sui-Ching Low
Press Relations Manager
Email: sui-ching_low@agilent.com
About Nanyang Technological University
A research-intensive public university, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) has 33,500 undergraduate and postgraduate students in the colleges of Engineering, Business, Science, Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences, and its Interdisciplinary Graduate School. It has a new medical school, the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, set up jointly with Imperial College London.
NTU is also home to world-class autonomous institutes – the National Institute of Education, S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Earth Observatory of Singapore, and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering – and various leading research centres such as the Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) and the Institute on Asian Consumer Insight (ACI).
A fast-growing university with an international outlook, NTU is putting its global stamp on Five Peaks of Excellence: Sustainable Earth, Future Healthcare, New Media, New Silk Road, and Innovation Asia.
Besides the main Yunnan Garden campus, NTU also has a satellite campus in Singapore's science and tech hub, one-north, and a third campus in Novena, Singapore's medical district.
About Agilent Technologies
Agilent Technologies Inc. (NYSE: A) is the world's premier measurement company and a technology leader in chemical analysis, life sciences, diagnostics, electronics and communications. The company's 20,600 employees serve customers in more than 100 countries. Agilent had revenues of $6.8 billion in fiscal 2013. Information about Agilent is available at www.agilent.com.
On 19 September 2013, Agilent announced plans to separate into two publicly traded companies through a tax-free spinoff of its electronic measurement company. The separation is expected to be completed in early November 2014.


The Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology (EIAST) has signed a contract with the Moscow-based Kosmotras (ISCK) for the launch of DubaiSat-2, the United Arab Emirates' second remote-sensing satellite.
The contract was signed by Ahmed Al Mansoori, director general of EIAST, and Dr. Vladimir Andreev, director general of Kosmotras.
DubaiSat-2, which will be used for remote sensing, weighs around 300 kg (a third more than its older sister) and will be placed into a 600 km sun-synchronous orbit.
The new satellite will also orbit slightly closer to Earth than DubaiSat-1 and will be inclined at an angle aligned with the UAE's coastline to capture more pictures in one pass.
DubaiSat-2 is due to be launched atop a Dnepr rocket from Yasny cosmodrome in northern Russia by the fourth quarter of 2011.


A good standard to adopt is a shoulder-width stance that is square to the target line with your feet facing forward, and your weight evenly distributed.
The conventional Putting Stance is shoulder-width, feet parallel to your aimline, and with your toes pointing straight ahead.
In other words, your feet are lined up with the other flow lines of shoulders, forearms, hips, and knees.
When you adopt an open (left foot back) or a closed (right foot back) stance, you run the risk of your putter path following a line that is parallel to your toe-line, and not your aimline.
If your feet are splayed and not pointed straight ahead, it is easier to rotate your body instead of moving it in a plane parallel to your aimline.
Quote from Dave Stockton "In putting you don't aim with your feet... You aim with your eyes and the clubface. Thus, I like to open my stance slightly, pulling my left foot an inch or so back from the target line."
It is important to keep your lower body quiet when you putt.
The legendary Arnold Palmer putted knock-kneed with his toes turned inwards to stabilise his lower body.
Movement increases the difficulty of squaring the putterface at the moment of contact. When your stance is too narrow, your centre of gravity can sway back and forth.
The width of your stance is a matter of judgement and comfort. Nevertheless, your stance should be of a width that it anchors you and prevents any swaying.
Some golfers will widen their stance if the wind is blowing strongly. By widening your stance you can get your knees and ankles outside of your hips so that your legs slant slightly inwards (The Eiffel Tower effect).
Your body should be in a balanced position over the ball.
A neutral position will see your weight evenly distributed on both feet. Your putting stroke will bottom out in the centre of your stance.
Some golf teachers prefer that your weight slightly favours your left foot (60%) in order to counteract any swaying motion. This will have the effect of moving the bottom of your stroke further forward in your stance.
It will then be necessary to move your ball position more towards your left instep so that your putterface still contacts the ball in an upward direction.
Your weight should be on the balls of your feet rather than on your heels or toes.
If your weight is either too far back on your heels or too far forward on your toes, your putter path will tend to follow the direction that your weight is tilted rather than that of your aimline.


text:
Watch Kevin Hart Have Fun With Sia's Name in 'SNL' Promo
Who knew there was so much fun to be had with Sia's name? In a new promo for this weekend's Saturday Night Live, host Kevin Hart and castmember Kate McKinnon wordplay around with the musical guest's…
By Katie Atkinson
Katie Atkinson
Executive Digital Director, West Coast
More Stories by Katie
YouTube's Mai Sasaki Compares Japan & U.S. Work Cultures, Talks Japanese Music Scene: Billboard Japan Women in Music
Five Burning Questions: Miley Cyrus' 'Flowers' Debuts at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100
Miley Cyrus Back on Top! Beyoncé in Dubai! Rihanna & Lady Gaga Oscar Nods! The Week in Pop News
Sia performs at the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) annual Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) gala in New York June 17, 2014. U.S. President Barack Obama spoke after Sia performed. Kevin Lamarque/Reuters /Landov
Who knew there was so much fun to be had with Sia's name?
Blake Shelton Announced as 'Saturday Night Live' Host & Musical Guest
In a new promo for this weekend's Saturday Night Live, host Kevin Hart and castmember Kate McKinnon wordplay around with the musical guest's name — "Sia then!" "Sia later!" — while she stands by in her signature platinum bob and her eyes covered with a black veil. "Do you want to get in on this?" McKinnon asks the enigmatic singer/songwriter. "I do," she responds — but she never does.
Watch the promo below:
During Saturday's show, Sia will likely perform her new song "Elastic Heart," for which she released an instantly controversial video last week. The video again features young "Chandelier" dancer Maddie Ziegler, of Dance Moms fame, but this time she's joined by the much older Shia LaBeouf, prompting "pedophilia" complaints from many social-media users.
"I anticipated some 'pedophelia!!!' Cries for this video. All I can say is Maddie and Shia are two of the only actors I felt could play these two warring 'sia' self states," Sia tweeted after the video's release. Watch the clip for yourself below:


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Foundation;
using LocalAuthentication;
using UIKit;

namespace KeychainTouchID
{
	public partial class LocalAuthenticationTestsViewController : BasicTestViewController
	{
		public LocalAuthenticationTestsViewController (IntPtr handle) : base (handle)
		{
		}

		public override void ViewDidLoad ()
		{
			base.ViewDidLoad ();

			Tests = new List<Test> {
				new Test { Name = Text.TOUCH_ID_PREFLIGHT, Details = Text.USING_CAN_EVALUATE_POLICY, Method = CanEvaluatePolicy },
				new Test { Name = Text.TOUCH_ID, Details = Text.USING_EVALUATE_POLICY, Method = EvaluatePolicy }
			};

			tableView.WeakDataSource = this;
			tableView.WeakDelegate = this;
		}

		public override void ViewWillAppear (bool animated)
		{
			base.ViewWillAppear (animated);

			textView.ScrollRangeToVisible (new NSRange (0, textView.Text.Length));
		}

		public override void ViewDidLayoutSubviews ()
		{
			var height = (nfloat)Math.Min (View.Bounds.Size.Height, tableView.ContentSize.Height);
			dynamicViewHeight.Constant = height;
			View.LayoutIfNeeded ();
		}

		void CanEvaluatePolicy ()
		{
			var context = new LAContext ();
			string message = string.Empty;
			NSError error;
			bool success = context.CanEvaluatePolicy (LAPolicy.DeviceOwnerAuthenticationWithBiometrics, out error);
			message = success ? Text.TOUCH_ID_IS_AVAILABLE : Text.TOUCH_ID_IS_NOT_AVAILABLE;

			PrintResult (textView, message);
		}

		void EvaluatePolicy ()
		{
			var context = new LAContext ();
			context.EvaluatePolicy (LAPolicy.DeviceOwnerAuthenticationWithBiometrics, Text.UNLOCK_ACCESS_TO_LOCKED_FATURE, HandleLAContextReplyHandler);
		}

		void HandleLAContextReplyHandler (bool success, NSError error)
		{
			string message = success ? Text.EVALUATE_POLICY_SUCCESS : string.Format (Text.EVALUATE_POLICY_WITH_ERROR, error.LocalizedDescription);
			PrintResult (textView, message);
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This page displays sold house prices for Avening Road in Bristol.
Avening Road in Bristol BS15 consists predominantly of semi-detached houses. Properties on Avening Road typically have values around £150,000 - £200,000, ranging upwards of £200,000 for larger semi-detached houses.
Map showing Avening Road in Bristol.


I have flagged this question 6 days ago as duplicate, but my flag is still active to this day. Usually it takes 2 days at max to get it accepted/declined.
Please understand I am not complaining about the moderator work, they are volunteer people with a life after all.
The thing is I am testing the Android application of SE. And I flagged the question from the application (and it's the only one I did). I just like an answer to know if the flag was received or not, so I know if I should report it as bug.
When I view the question I don't see an active moderator flag on it. When I look at the flags screen for that question (which shows all historical administrative flags and votes), I see your flag as a "recommend closure" as as duplicate.
We aren't told about it explicitly like a moderator flag.
The question is added to the review queue for closures so other high-reputation users can see if the question needs action (and they can lodge their own votes). There are 300 questions in that queue. It might take more than a few days to get to your flag.
And in fairness, a duplicate question flag is not something that needs to pass through the hands of the moderators. We have enough real flags to deal with as it is.
While typing this question, the Community user (a bot) has marked your flag as useful and there is now a proper close vote on the question.
This is because another user lodged a proper close vote (probably because they saw this thread) and that has replaced your soft-vote.


You can't be glamorous with out the perfect set of brushes. Our cruelty-free, professional makeup brushes can be hard to find, but Glamour Up Cosmetics will be sure you have the ability to glam up. Our makeup brush sets are designed to work with just about every beauty technique, whether you may be contouring, highlighting, defining, blending, or anything else.


Chris Barron, Iowa farmer and AgWeb margins expert, says he was a little disappointed looking at Ohio crops yesterday. But he's staying cautiously optimistic.
See full coverage of the 2013 Pro Farmer Midwest Crop Tour, hosted by Pro Farmer.
DuPont Pioneer has been the Tour's lead sponsor since 2008. Other sponsors include RCIS, Chevy Truck, DuPont Crop Protection, GEOSYS, HTS Ag, Farm Credit Services of America and Montag Manufacturing.


A Stress-Free, Family Vacation? It's Possible!
Planning a vacation that includes family members with a range of ages, personalities and interests can involve a bit of tension. These are my secrets on how to plan a trip that's enjoyable for all.
Talk beforehand about how to handle the bills. Money is notorious for being a sticky family issue, so figuring out who pays for what must be done in advance. Otherwise, expect hurt feelings that will harden like a rock. Remember, some of your children might not earn what the others can afford. And even if you're footing the bill for rooms at an expensive resort, remember the price of a cheeseburger there is still $25. That's why cruises and all-inclusive resorts are a good idea: They create equality among all family members. And if you want to spring for that extra special bottle of wine, no one will complain.
Condominiums are also a cost-saving way to create some budget wiggle room. You might even consider getting two condos so you can separate the reserved from the rambunctious. There are a number of rental websites to help you choose the perfect house, condo or apartment, including Vacation Rentals by Owner, Home Away and Airbnb.
There are perennial crowd pleasers, including Disneyland in California, Disney World in Florida and the national parks. I love big cities such as San Diego and Chicago, because they offer zoos, museums and so many shopping and dining options — something is sure to appeal to every traveler.
Once you've decided on a destination, have every member of the family write down what they want to do there, whether it's learning to paddleboard, or going on a long hike, or seeing the world's largest ball of twine.
Armed with that information, you can then create an itinerary by doing exactly what members want, merging certain activities that are similar or trying some things that are completely new to everyone. This wish list will let everyone feel their desires have been heard, and they'll be more likely to enjoy other's recommendations.
As an experienced traveler, I prefer off-season travel for its lack of crowds and better pricing. I think it's a fine trade-off, even if it means the likelihood of colder, hotter, or more rainy days.
But for children and even teenagers, who aren't paying the bills, this might cause more moodiness and meltdowns. So for multigenerational trips I recommend sticking to the high season — or close to it.
For me, travelers fall into two groups: Those who nap and those who don't. No matter what group you fall into, remember that everyone needs a break. I just can't stress it enough: Every day, you need to build in a nice respite, preferably around 3 or 4 p.m. If you don't, your trip will deteriorate fast, and you know as well as I do that the older generation can give toddlers a run for their money in the moody category. Those who do not nap still love that time on their own to read a book or magazine. Kids can spend that time drawing, coloring or writing in a journal.
Note: At the beginning of the trip there's always that period when everyone is trying to be polite and won't break away. Be the first to say "Well, I'm taking a snooze." Everyone will appreciate you taking the lead.
You love your grown children, but you also want some alone time with your grandkids — ice cream sundaes perhaps, or even a private dinner when you tell them stories about how rotten their parents were when they were 10 years old. Maybe you want just the girls with you one day and the boys the next. Don't think you're being selfish or unfair. You simply want time to bond with the best little things that ever happened to you.
When was the last time you all got together? If you can afford it, hire a professional photographer, or enlist a new friend you've met on your trip to snap a picture of you all together, using a really good camera. But don't fret about the group pose. Let everyone else argue about who stands where, and how little Jimmy already got chocolate on his nice shirt.
As for you, you'll look across those faces and remember the colicky all-nighters, the new-school struggles, the first time you gave them the car keys (and didn't breathe until they made it back home safely), the financial worries, the trips to the emergency room.
"Say cheese!" someone will say, and the smile will come easy as a wave of memories washes over you with one clear message: This is what life is all about.
Follow these tips to help plan a family vacation everyone will love.
Samantha Brown, a TV host and blogger at samantha-brown.com, has visited 220 cities in 49 countries. She is AARP's travel ambassador.


text:
I log a lot of windshield time. I've shared the road with more semis than I can count – taking note of load securement, equipment, logo and call-to-action for aspiring drivers. I have met with countless truck leaders, have interviewed their drivers, have digested the reg books alongside them and have even kicked off driver meetings. I'm very much in transportation.
But I had never been in a semi.
So, when my client suggested I join one of his drivers for a day, I pinned him down on the offer. What started as a joke quickly turned into me sitting in the passenger seat of a day cab doing nine hours' worth of LTL drops and logging about 300 miles up to northern Michigan.
Think there's a lot for an insurance guy to learn on a trip like that? You betcha.
I was paired with a rock star of a driver who was key to helping me fully digest the driver experience. Leroy has been a company driver for 5 years and nowadays spends more time training drivers than he does driving himself. He plays an important role in the company's hiring practices, serves on the safety committee and even records videos to be shared with his peers (more on that later).
Here's what I learned about the driver experience by cruising with Leroy for a day:
Note to motoring public
A fully loaded truck moves a lot different than a daily driver. Specifically, it takes a lot longer to bring a truck to a halt. You know that fleeting moment when you've tipped a little too far back on your chair and you're a fraction away from falling on your head? That's the "oh sh*t" moment a truck driver gets when a car zips in front of them without a moment's notice. It happened multiple times on our trip and I don't think any of the drivers had any idea.
Also, a truck maneuvering through a city is poetry in motion. Think of an NFL lineman twirling like a ballerina. A semi seemingly isn't meant to fit in a city setting with congested traffic, tight intersections and antsy drivers. Yet, they somehow pirouette a 90 degree intersection while they pass a guy crept out too far at a red light with his nose buried in his phone, oblivious to the magic he just missed.
The role of a driver
A truck goes from A to B. A driver does much more. A driver is your best and maybe only real opportunity to make an impression on your customer. I don't know how much that role is stressed upon drivers from company to company, but boy it should be. Have a friendly attitude when you get to the customer's facility. Do what you can to help unload. Be a problem solver. Communicate with the customer that you're close. Be an ambassador of the company!
Leroy told me a time he delivered a load that was two days late. It wasn't his fault, but when he got to the yard and talked to an upset customer… he took ownership of the company's error and offered an apology on behalf of the company. Because he was acting as an ambassador – not just an individual who takes a load from A to B. That sort of service leaves an impression. That sort of impression keeps a customer.
Stay tuned for parts 2 and 3, coming soon...


Rick Perry Reveals The Right Wing Agenda.
It would seem that 2012's "Ooops" candidate has had another "Ooops" moment. In launching his 2016 presidential bid, he finally remembered the 3 federal departments he would eliminate: the Department of Education, the Department of Labor and the Department of Energy. And that's not all. He would also eliminate the Environmental Protection Agency, the IRS, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and, of course, Obamacare.
Perry believes that we don't have to worry about the state of our crumbling infrastructure, our militarized police departments, our over-stressed environment, our large corporate polluters, global warming, growing inequality, rampant racism, debilitating poverty, political polarization, and our for-hire Congress.
All we have to do is let God run the country. Oh, wait. How, exactly, can he do that? Since He doesn't talk to all (many) of us, who will be his interpreter? Who will carry out His orders? Why Teapublicans, of course! According to the right, only they are the true patriots; only they have a close relationship with God; only they know what God wants.
Is that what you believe? That Teapublicans are the only moral, God-fearing politicians? If so, then how do you explain the pedophilia of Dennis Hastert? How do you explain the adultery of Newt Gingrich, Bob Livingston and so many other Teapublicans? How do you explain the war-mongering of John McCain and Lindsey Graham? How do you explain the GOP's uncaring attitude toward the poor? How do you explain the GOP's embrace of the rich and powerful? How do you explain the GOP's lack of interest in preserving the environment and all of God's creatures?
You can't…because it simply defies explanation.
The real problem for the GOP is that Perry was, in a manner of speaking, speaking out of school. You see, his beliefs are the same as those of most – if not all – of the declared GOP candidates. And the GOP would rather not have you know about them. They don't want seniors to know that they want to eliminate Social Security and Medicare as "socialism." They don't want you to know that they consider public education "socialism." They don't want you to know that they are against worker's rights and any form of collective bargaining. They don't want you to know that they are deep in the pockets of the oil companies and are paid to do their bidding. They don't want you to know that they simply don't care about the poor.
Then take a close look at what's happening in Teapublican-controlled states like Arizona, Kansas and Wisconsin. In those and other red states, the GOP has cut taxes for corporations and the wealthy and balanced the budgets on the backs of the poor, as well as the teachers and students. The results have been disastrous, yet they don't seem to care.
Instead of admitting their mistake and addressing the problems, the GOP is doubling down. They want to expand the misery to the entire country.


text:
Ability Services
Commitment to Services:
The Ability Services Office is committed to providing high-quality services, access, and accommodations to all registered students with disabilities. Staff are working to provide creative and new accommodations to ensure all access needs are being met during the COVID-19 pandemic. All accommodations will be honored and supported regardless of academic format. The Ability Services Office will be open regular office hours from 8 a.m.- 4:30 p.m.
Staff will continue to conduct intakes and longer appointments (more than 30 minutes) in the virtual platform using Microsoft Teams.
Meetings that are less than 30 minutes can be conducted in staff offices with both parties wearing face coverings.
Parents, friends, and support staff will not be allowed to attend any in-person appointments. Individuals who require additional support during an in-person meeting are asked to schedule appointments in the virtual platform.
Remote meetings will continue to be the primary means Ability Services staff will connect with students to ensure the safety and well-being of all staff, students, faculty, and visitors.
Following the appropriate CDC guidelines and recommendations from facilities management on campus, two students will be allowed in the waiting area at one time.
Students with approved testing accommodations will be able to test in the Ability Services Office during Spring 2021.
Single test rooms will be utilized in the same manner as a typical semester.
The large test room will operate at less than 50% capacity with nine feet between testers to allow for proper and safe social distancing.
To learn more about how to get connected with us, please check our website at https://www.uwrf.edu/AbilityServices/
The university is working with public health regarding in-person campus events for the 2020-21 academic year. Through Facilities Management, capacity numbers will be adjusted for all meeting spaces, student lounges and common gathering spaces to reflect physical distancing needs. Meetings should continue to be held virtually when physical distancing cannot be maintained.
Virtual resources available through Career Services:
Virtual Career Coaching & Resume Reviews: To request an appointment to discuss resumes, cover letters, job/internship searching, interviewing, LinkedIn, career exploration or additional career-related topics with our team, please fill out this form.
COVID Job and Internship Resources: We have developed a new section on our website providing specific resources for job searching during COVID-19. Continue to log into Handshake to find jobs, internships, and summer employment opportunities as well.
Career Exploration: Please complete this form to request a career assessment appointment. In addition, feel free to access additional exploration tools.
Career Events: The complete list of fall events sponsored by Career Services can be found on our event webpage
Career Fair: The Career Fair is scheduled for Wednesday, February 17, from 10 a.m.-1 p.m. and will be moved to a virtual format through Handshake. Visit the Career Fair website to learn more.
Mock Interviewing: Have an interview coming up? We can help! We can facilitate interview prep and video interview practice with our team as well as employers. To request an interview prep or mock interview appointment, please fill out this form.
Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DIB)
The DIB Office continues to create an inclusive campus community where all people can feel valued, respected and safe by hosting several virtual events such as honoring and celebrating federally recognized heritage months and connecting with guest speakers.
We remain dedicated to affirming and embracing the multiple identities, values, belief systems, and cultural practices of the campus community, thus we will also have our Pride Center and DIB lounge open while respecting the occupancy recommendations that are established in partnership with the Pierce County Health Department.
We will also continue to foster student learning through inclusive and empowering experiences in the areas of identity development, multicultural awareness, leadership workshops, campus outreach, and activities.
Honors Program, Chancellor's Scholars, and Falcon Scholars
Our offices that support these three programs will continue to provide an academic and social community for students both in person (while respecting health department guidelines) and virtually through advising appointments and activities.
The student interaction space in 231 Rodli Hall will be open but will require masks and physical distancing.
We are exploring ways to continue our team-building activities for this academic year.
IT Services (WiFi Locations)
Access to campus wifi
Student Health And Counseling Services
Student Health and Counseling Services continues to modify services and offerings to meet the needs of our students and campus during COVID-19. Please see our website for available services and crisis/emergency numbers/information. The website is regularly updated and provides many helpful online resources: https://www.uwrf.edu/StudentHealthAndCounseling/. Our office at 254 Rodli is open during regular business hours (Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m.) and our staff are working in-person and remotely to provide services and we continue to answer phones and respond to emails during regular business hours.
Counseling Services is offering remote telecounseling therapy appointments just as we had in-person, so if students wish to schedule a counseling appointment, please email counseling.services@uwrf.edu or call 715-425-3884.
We continue to have a partnership with both Vibrant Health Family Clinics (https://www.vibranthealthclinics.com) and Pierce County Reproductive Health Services, both in River Falls. Students are eligible for these services during the two academic terms as well as the January and summer terms as long as they are registered for classes and have paid their tuition/fees bill.
Student Involvement has been closely following capacity and public health guidelines. Due to these guidelines, Student Involvement events will be mostly virtual, unless noted. Some events will include a grab-and-go option in which students will be prompted to pick up materials in the University Center. For the most up-to-date information and event details, please visit MyOrgs.
Also new this year, we have an event app called CORQ which allows you to stay connected to events and student orgs in real time. Download CORQ where you get your apps.
We understand that Recognized Student Organizations (RSO's) have so many questions during this very confusing time. The Office of Student Involvement will be providing as much information as we can, when we can, so that RSO's can feel comfortable moving forward with plans for fall. Student Organizations are more important than ever and we are excited to support them in creating community this year!
Communication to Org Leaders:
Newsletters will be sent to RSO officers and advisers every Monday.
The first two newsletters focused mainly on our new online platform MyOrgs (formerly known as FalconSync) and the Involvement Fair.
RSO guidance for events, meetings, etc.
View the Falcons Forward Event Planning Guide
We will use that information to begin to provide more specific direction for student organizations, including a guide and "how to" proceed with events and meetings.
Most student organization events or meetings will need to be held virtually or, if possible, outdoors.
Off-campus guests are not allowed on campus at this time.
To manage your organizations and submit events, please visit https://myorgs.uwrf.edu/.
For a link to archived Student Organization Newsletters, please visit https://www.uwrf.edu/StudentInvolvement/StudentOrganizations/StudentOrganizationNewsletter.cfm
The Student Success Center is a resource designed to assist you through a variety of concerns from academic advising, learning strategies consultations, and tutoring services. To ensure everyone's health and safety, our services will be appointment based, conducted either virtually or by telephone.
Academic advising or consultations can be scheduled through the Navigate Student App or by emailing student.success@uwrf.edu.
Tutoring Services will be appointment based, scheduled through the Navigate Student App.
If questions or concerns, email student.success@uwrf.edu or call 715-425-3531.
The TRIO Student Support Services (SSS) program provides a number of supportive services to its participants. We will continue to offer services (1:1 coaching, student success workshops, transition planning, and more) using a combination of in-person as well as online services. You can learn more about our services at our website at go.uwrf.edu/sss/.
Highlights of how SSS is here to help:
First-year students: Orientation to UWRF & SSS; 1:1 academic coaching with staff; academic and life skill workshops; peer mentoring; assistance with financial aid, FAFSA, and financial literacy.
Continuing students: 1:1 coaching with staff; leadership and student development opportunities; assistance in exploring and applying to graduate school; continued financial literacy education.
Interested in applying to be part of our program? Visit our website and complete the application.
If you have questions, call 715-425-3713 or email SSS@uwrf.edu


text:
Skip to quicklinks
Skip to top online services
Toggle mobile search button
PIRSA Web
PIRSA logo
History of Agriculture in SA
Settlement & Development
Overview of Land Development
Regional Land Settlement
Rural Land Use Planning
The Measure of the Land
Pre-European Settlement
Main Acts and Regulations (Alphabetical)
Main Acts and Regulations (Chronological)
Lists of Acts - 2nd Reading Speeches
Limited administrative functions under Acts committed to other Ministers/States
Pest and Disease Programs
Eradication Programs
Education and Extension
Outline of Extension Services
Structure & Development
Community Based Organisations
Reaping the Fruits of 50 Years
Jubilee Train
Economics and Marketing
Economics and Marketing Summary
Economics & Development of Farm Business Management
Farming Forum
Rural Financial Support
Overseas Projects
Livestock Programs
Early Background To The Livestock Branch
Hogget Competitions in SA
Structure and Leadership
Skilling Scientific Officers
Angus, William (1904–1910)
Lowrie, William (1911–1914)
Perkins, Arthur (1914–1936)
Spafford, Walter John (1936–1949)
Callaghan, Allan (1949–1959)
Strickland, Geoff (1959–1969)
The Irving Years and Acting Directors (1970–1976)
The McColl Era (1976–1985)
The John Clive Radcliffe Era (1985–1992)
Booboorowie
Jamestown (DOCX 2.2 MB)
Kybybolite
Lenswood
Loxton RC
Milang Irrigation Centre
Minnipa
Northfield RC
Nuriootpa Viticulture Experiment Station
Parafield RC
Struan
Turretfield RC
Veitch Experimental Farm
Divisional Statements
Collaborating Organisations
Chaff and Hay
Pig Production in SA
Sheep (PDF 329.5 KB)
Meat Hygiene in South Australia
VetLab: From Private Patronage to Private Enterprise
Development of Horticulture in SA
Market Gardens (PDF 1.4 MB)
Glasshouse Tomatoes
1890s Articles
The Home Gardens Advisory Service
Minor Crops
Multiple Industries
History of Natural Resources Management in SA
Landcare and Volunteers
Native Vegetation Conservation
Native Vegetation Heritage
Pastoral Land Management
Pests, Weeds and Control Fences
Animal and Plant Control
Rabbit Proof Fence
Water Resources and Agricultural Development
Water supply and the settlement of rural and regional SA (DOC 12.4 MB)
Irrigation in the South East Region of SA
Pekina Creek Irrigation Scheme (DOC 1.7 MB)
People & Achievements
Ministers List
Prominent Industry People
Milton Spurling's notes
Peter Carr – The Journey
Prominent Department of Agriculture Staff
Obituaries (A-Z)
Prominent People (A-Z)
Department Publications and Reports
Agronomy Branch Reports
Bulletins – Series 1
Extension Bulletins
Horticulture Branch Research Reports
Livestock Branch Technical Information Circulars
Market Development Papers
Plant Industry Division Reports
Soil Conservation Reports
Special Bulletins
Department Strategic Documents
Key Presentations
Other Historically Important Documents
Photos, Films & Videos
Films and Videos Related to Agriculture
Digitised Films and Videos
Industries » Horticulture »
The glasshouse tomato industry has been an important export income earner for South Australia over almost a century. The low incidence of frost and a high winter sun levels favoured its early development on the Adelaide Plains, initially around reed beds on the River Torrens near Lockleys.
By the late 1920s a thriving glasshouse tomato industry was established in Adelaide's western suburbs with most of the crop being marketed in Melbourne. With encroaching urban development, the industry moved from Adelaide's western suburbs to the Northern Adelaide Plains and Murray Bridge in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Since 2000, it has gone through further modernisation with the introduction of automated controlled environment glasshouses and hydroponic production systems.
Glasshouses at Lockleys c1940.
Source: State Library of South Australia B48539.
Early Adelaide Plains Industry Development
It is unclear who first started producing tomatoes in glasshouses in South Australia. In the SA Department of Agriculture Bulletin No 6, 'Production of Early Tomatoes', author Mr George Quinn acknowledges early production of tomatoes on the property of Mr E. Sanford at Fulham in 1905. This involved using glass covered forcing frames heated by fermenting animal manure enabled sowing to occur in June and early raising of seedlings. Tomatoes were then transplanted into protected areas, with each plant sheltered by a half kerosene tin, and trained onto a stake or bamboo.
Early protected tomato production, Fulham 1905.
The construction of glasshouses for early tomato production commenced prior to WW1. An article in the Advertiser on 18 October 1916 lists a number of growers operating in the Lockleys area including Mr J.G. & Mr A.H. Dawkins, Mr .H. Hayman, and Mr S.H. Sherriff, while several Skuse family members operated properties at Fulham Park and Underdale. Prior to developing his enterprise, Mr E. Skuse traveled to England researching the latest hothouse tomato growing techniques and glasshouse design (large scale glasshouse tomato production commenced in the Worthing area on the south coast of England in the late 1890s). Newspaper articles from 1916 reported the use of large glasshouses 120 to 150 m long and 12 to 15 m wide. Training and support of plants had moved from individual plant stakes to strings run from overhead wires suspended in the roof of the glasshouse.
Considerable development occurred in the 1920s. In 1928, a Fruitgrower's and Market Gardener's Association survey indicated that there were more than 150 growers producing from over 750,000 plants. Water for these crops was being sourced from the River Torrens, bores and wells, and reservoir mains. While most of the production was in the area west of Adelaide, there was also some glasshouse production in Salisbury, Nelshaby, Barmera and Mc Laren Flat.
Adelaide Plains harvest was from August to December, with the majority of fruit being sold in the Melbourne market. Fruit was being packed in wooden half bushel boxes, and consigned to Melbourne on three train services per week. In October 1928, about 12,000 cases were being exported to Melbourne per week.
Early SA glasshouse tomato growers experienced some competition in the Melbourne market from outdoor tomatoes grown in Geraldton W.A. However, Geraldton growers were at a significant disadvantage because of the time and cost in railing fruit to Melbourne via Perth and Adelaide.
Expansion continued through the 1930s with over production being a major issue in 1935. Marketing during WW2 was controlled for defence purposes. By 1943–44, there were 79 ha of glasshouse tomato production. Further expansion continued post WW2 and by the 1949 season, SA glasshouse growers were exporting more than 300,000 half bushel cases of tomatoes to Melbourne each season.
There were also a significant number of glasshouse growers operating near Pt Pirie around the Nelshaby district during the 1940, 1950s and 1960s. The low frost incidence of this area coupled with a warmer climate than the Adelaide Plains gave earlier maturity and a price advantage for these growers. Fruit was railed to Adelaide, then on to Melbourne. However, this district declined by the 1970s due to competition from Queensland and difficulties with increasing salinity of groundwater.
Young established tomato plants in a multi span steel framed glasshouse c1960.
Major Relocation of the Glasshouse Tomato Industry
During the mid 1950s, urban development was encroaching on vegetable growers in what were to become the western suburbs of Adelaide. Real estate developers were buying vegetable growing properties throughout Marion, Lockleys, Fulham, Underdale and Flinders Park.
Substantial underground water supplies had been discovered on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and vegetable growing properties were being developed in the Virginia, Two Wells, Salisbury, Bolivar and Angle Vale districts. An exodus of glasshouse vegetable growers occurred during the late 1950s and 1960s as they sold their western suburbs properties and relocated to the Northern Adelaide Plains. Some also chose to relocate to Murray Bridge, and by the 1970s about 10% of glasshouse production was established in this district.
Major factors in choosing glasshouse production locations have been low incidence of frost, high light levels in winter, well drained soil, and availability of irrigation water. With the recent trend to controlled environment glasshouses, close proximity to mains gas and power supplies have become high priorities.
Competition from Queensland Growers
Since the early 1950s, early outdoor tomato production had been expanding in Queensland's Bowen and Bundaberg districts. By the 1970s, Bowen and Bundaberg tomatoes began competing seriously with SA glasshouse growers in the Melbourne market. This change was accelerated by two major factors:
development of cheap, reliable refrigerated road transport from Bowen and Bundaberg to Melbourne.
introduction of determinate tomato varieties from the US (Floradade was the main variety) that grew well on a wire trellis and did not need pruning. These tomato varieties were smoother and more attractive. Supermarkets preferred them because they were hard, and gave minimal wastage in the retailing system. Consumers were unhappy with the lack of flavour.
The loss of their traditional market created difficult times for SA's glasshouse industry. Despite the change to new hybrid glasshouse tomato varieties in the late 1970s and early 1980s (sourced from Holland), growers struggled to compete. Many switched to alternate glasshouse crops such as cucumber, capsicum, eggplant and cut flowers.
The introduction of new controlled environment glasshouse technology from the late 1990s onwards has seen a resurgence of glasshouse tomato production. The higher productivity of these new structures along with year round production, emergence of specialty types like cherry, grape and truss tomatoes, has seen the South Australian glasshouse tomato industry regain its competitive edge.
Today the Adelaide Plains has the largest concentration of sheltered vegetable production in Australia with more than 800 ha under glass, poly or shadehouse production.
Migration Influences
South Australia's glasshouse vegetable industry has been greatly influenced by migration booms over the years. The industry was dominated by 'Australian' growers up until the early 1950s, although there were a number of growers from European (mainly pre WW2 Bulgarian and Italian immigrants) backgrounds in the industry.
However many post WW2 migrants coming from rural areas of southern Europe (mainly Greece, Bulgaria, and Italy) entered the industry in the 1950s and 1960s. This occurred because starting a glasshouse business did not require a lot of land, machinery and capital. Many of these immigrants worked in factories and held other jobs while they gradually got their glasshouse property established.
A second wave of migration occurred after the Vietnam war, with immigrants from Vietnam and Cambodia entering the industry in the 1980s. This occurred at a time when many of the earlier post WW2 European immigrants were looking to retire from the industry. Many of today's glasshouse vegetable growers are from a Vietnamese or Cambodian background.
Changing Glasshouse Designs
Over the years, there has been considerable change to the design of glasshouses. Initial structures were based on the large wooden glasshouse designs copied from the UK. These large structures required skilled carpenters for construction, but enabled operation of horse teams inside the glasshouse for ploughing and soil preparation. Rotting of timber caused considerable leaking of rain through the roof (causing plant disease problems) and maintenance costs were high.
By the late 1920s, growers had developed smaller and cheaper structures (approximately 30 X 4.5 m) that performed satisfactorily in Adelaide's climate. Frames were still built from wood.
In the mid 1930s, Mr C.H. Hanaford (Henley Beach Road, Mile End) developed and patented galvanised steel glazing rafters. These were rolled from heavy gauge galvanised iron sheeting and were designed for use with standard (355 X 395 mm) sheets of horticultural glass. The Hanaford glazing bars reduced construction and maintenance costs, and reduced shading in the glasshouse. Later development of clips for use between glass sheets gave better sealing, improved temperatures, and meant crops matured several days earlier.
Initially horticultural glass was supplied from Belgium. WW2 interrupted supplies, and Australian glass manufacturers started supplying the industry, and continued as the main supplier after WW2. Fielder's were major suppliers of nails, bolts, wire and other hardware used in glasshouse construction. Hessian string for training plants was imported from India. In the 1970s, growers switched to stronger polypropylene training strings.
Easier access to welding equipment after WW2 also led to the manufacture of steel glasshouse frames to replace timber. These were locally manufactured by Mr A.O. Modra at Hardy St, Underdale. Steel frames eliminated the need for centre support posts, making it easier to operate machinery in the glasshouse. Steel frames also enabled growers to build multi span glasshouses. The Modra company manufactured a range of small motorised cultivators or rotary hoes, and other items of equipment for use in glasshouses. Modras also developed early soil injection equipment for applying chloropicrin fumigants (use commenced in about 1944).
Inter row cultivation with a small rotary hoe c1960
Following devastating hail storms in the 1980s, many grower's began switching to various plastic and fiberglass cladding materials for their glasshouses. While cheaper than glass these materials degrade in ultra violet light, and have to be replaced regularly. They do not have the high light transmission characteristics of glass.
Flood irrigating glasshouse tomatoes c1950.
Since the early 1990s, European controlled environment glasshouse designs (mainly from Holland, France and Israel) in conjunction with hydroponic production techniques have gradually been adopted by growers. Heating (using natural gas) and evaporative cooling controlled by computer based management systems result in much higher productivity (60–70 kg of tomatoes per sq m), better pest and disease management, and better quality fruit.
All early glasshouses were flood irrigated. Use of drip irrigation started to become popular in the 1970s. Many growers have now adopted hydroponic production systems that recycle water and nutrients.
Virginia Horticulture Centre controlled environment glasshouse demonstration site – Virginia (2012).
Managing Soil Borne Pests and Diseases
Nematodes and soil borne diseases such as fusarium and verticillium wilt were a major problem for tomato growers. When tomatoes were continually grown in an area, these devastating soil borne pests and diseases would kill many plants and dramatically reduce production.
Initially growers avoided the build up of soil pests and diseases by moving glasshouses every 2–3 years. Glasshouses were built the width of a glasshouse apart so only the roof had to be moved, and it wasn't necessary to reposition the side posts. However this process was time consuming, and required larger areas of land.
Steam was initially used to sterilise soil.This required hire of a boiler and covering soil with hessian bags to minimise heat loss.
During the 1920s, there were experiments using various cyanide products as fumigants. However these products were highly hazardous to health.
Use of the WW1 gas, chloropicrin, as a fumigant began the mid 1940s. Other products were added with chloropicrin to enhance the control of nematodes. Initially these products were injected using a small walk behind motorised cultivator, followed by rolling and spraying the surface of the soil with water to hold the gas in the soil. A number of contractors fitted small Ransomes crawler tractors with fumigation rigs.
Fumigating glasshouses with chloropicrin using an injection rig mounted on a Ransomes MG6 tractor c1960.
To reduce risks associated with using fumigants, legislation was introduced in 1975 requiring fumigation contractors to be licensed and for them to meet minimum application standards.
Declining availability of chloropicrin resulted in a switch to methyl bromide as the main soil fumigant in the 1980s. Production and use of these soil fumigants has now been greatly reduced because of their impact on the atmosphere's ozone layer.
Modern glasshouse tomato production is now focused on hydroponic systems, eliminating the need for soil fumigation.
Introduction of New Technologies
Following are some of the important technologies that have influenced development of the SA glasshouse tomato industry.
Spotted wilt virus was a major problem in the 1920s. Experimental work was conducted at Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1927 to understand this disease and identify control measures. Mr Geoffrey Samuel, Plant Pathologist at the Waite subsequently published a bulletin on tomato pest and disease control in 1931.
Experiments were conducted at Mc Laren Vale in the 1920's with the use of calcium cyanide and hydrocyanic acid fumigants for control of soil nematodes.
Leaf mould (Cladosporium fulvum) emerged as a major disease of tomatoes in Victoria in 1934. It spread to SA in 1935. Staff at Waite Institute played a role in assisting the industry to control this disease.
Wasp parasites for control of white fly were introduced by Dr Davidson of the Waite Institute in 1936. This introduction occurred with cooperation of CSIRO and Mr A.G. Strickland, Chief Horticulturalist SA Dept of Agriculture.
Introduction of the Ferguson/Ford tractor with 3 point linkage implements in the early 1940s greatly reduced labour needs for hand digging soils.
Post WW2, plant growth hormones began to be developed. During the 1950s and 1960s many growers used B napthoxy acetic acid on plants flowering during cold weather to improve fruit set. Care was needed with this product as it often cause "puffy" fruit. New varieties with improved cold temperature setting eliminated the need for this product.
In the 1950s a seed heat treatment service provided by the Dept of Agriculture helped reduce transmission of seed borne viruses.
Overheating of tomatoes during the rail journey to Melbourne caused yellowing or "boiling" of fruit. Ian Rogers, Vegetable Research Officer with the Dept of Agriculture conducted a series of experiments on rail shipments of fruit during the early 1960s. Fruit held at temperatures above 27o C, developed this problem.
A few growers invested in cool rooms in the late 1960s. Pre cooling of fruit before shipment avoided spoilage from over heating and ensured much better quality in the market place. However most growers were reluctant to make this investment.
From 1966, the industry gradually switched from row packed fruit in wooden half bushel cases to volume packed 10 kg cardboard cartons. This reduced packing labour. However the approach meant premium glasshouse tomatoes were not easily differentiated from outdoor grown tomatoes in the market place.
A major tomato variety evaluation program was conducted by Dept of Agriculture researchers Norbert Maier and Geoff Lomman in the late 1970s and early 1980s to improve competitiveness of the industry against outdoor grown Queensland tomatoes. This identified a series of European hybrid varieties (eg Nancy, Carmelo) with smoother more attractive fruit, improved productivity, and greater disease and nematode resistance. This variety assessment program changed production systems in the SA glasshouse tomato industry and was also extended to include cucumber and capsicum.
A joint project between the Virginia Horticulture Centre and the SA Dept of Agriculture (with financial support from glasshouse manufacturers and Horticulture Australia) established a demonstration site at Virginia from the late 1990s to about 2007. This demonstrated controlled environment glasshouses sourced from manufacturers in France and Israel, and hydroponic growing systems sourced from Holland. This provided growers with an opportunity to see first hand new glasshouse designs and how the latest production systems performed in their district.
Up until the 1980s, Melbourne was the main and most lucrative market for SA glasshouse tomato growers. Freight services for the industry were vital.
Until the mid 1960s virtually all fruit was exported to Melbourne via rail services. During the tomato season, growers would load onto three freight train services to Melbourne each week. Port Pirie growers would also rail fruit to Adelaide to link with Melbourne freight trains. At its peak, the industry also used separate rail freight trucks destined for Bendigo and Ballarat.
Half cases of tomatoes were hand stacked in covered railway trucks at the Mile End freight yards. Some larger growers would have their own dedicated rail truck. These rail trucks were generally unrefrigerated, resulting in rapid decline of fruit quality in hot weather. Occasionally 'icing' of rail trucks would be used in an attempt to keep fruit cool.
By the mid 1960s, the advent of faster more reliable semi trailers and improving roads resulted in the development of overnight road freight services to Melbourne. Rail services could not compete. The introduction of refrigerated road freight resulted in a rapid decline in the use of rail freight by the tomato industry.
Fruitgrower's & Market Gardener's Association
The SA Fruitgrower's and Market Gardener's Association (SAFMGA) was formed in 1904. In 1919, it established its first of a number of district branches at Marion in 1919. At its peak, the Marion Branch had 150 members.
With the development of the glasshouse industry, a tomato section was formed within the SAFMGA. This had its own management committee, and was a very active agri-political group until it was wound up in the 1990. Besides representing growers to government on issues influencing the SA glasshouse tomato industry, the SAFGMA assisted with the following roles:
Collection of a levy (a half penny per half case) to fund industry activities.
Coordinating marketing of fruit through appointed glasshouse tomato marketing agents in the Melbourne market.
Wholesale marketing of fruit in the Adelaide market.
Bulk purchasing of materials used by glasshouse growers including chemicals, glass, machinery, fertilizers, cartons, etc.
Coordinating rail transport to Melbourne markets. With introduction of road transport, various commodity sections of SAFGMA combined to establish Safrate. This business coordinated freight requirements for interstate markets and contracted services from various transport companies.
Inspecting tomatoes being loaded on rail trucks for export to Melbourne. Fruit that was not of satisfactory quality could not be forwarded to Melbourne and was required to be sold in Adelaide.
Baker B.T. (1976); The legislative aspects of chloropicrin soil fumigation; Dept of Agriculture & Fisheries SA Leaflet No 4051.
Kerr A., Edwards G.R., & Wishart R.L. (1959) Tomato Diseases in South Australia; SA Department of Agriculture Bulletin No 455.
Lewis I.R. and Maier N.; (1981) Marketing of South Australian glasshouse tomatoes and cucumbers in Melbourne, with particular reference to the Adelaide Plains; Dept of Agriculture South Australia No1/81.
Mc Glasson W.B. and Rogers I.S.; The Melbourne market does not want BOILED TOMATOES; SA Journal of Agriculture, November 1960, P 166-168.
Philp B.W.; Glasshouse vegetable production in Western Europe – overseas study report; SA Dept of Agriculture Technical Report No 7; September 1982.
Philp B.W.; (1989) Glasshouse Tomato Production; Department of Agriculture South Australia; Market Development Paper No 12.
Pinn A.J.; (1930); Tomato Culture Under Glass; Agricultural Gazette of NSW, Vol 40, Pp 701-14.
Quinn N.R.; (1947) Tomato Culture in South Australia; Department of Agriculture of South Australia; SA Journal of Agriculture Sep-Dec 1947.
Quinn G.; (1905, reprinted 1910, and updated 1926); Production of Early Tomatoes; Department of Agriculture of SA Bulletin No 6 and No 196.
Rogers I.S. and Gursansky J.A.; (1966); Tomatoes – Outdoor and Glasshouse; South Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin No 405.
Rogers I.S. and Baker B.T.; (1971) Tomatoes – Outdoor and Glasshouse; South Australian Department of Agriculture Special Bulletin No 10.71.
Rogers I.S. and Twigden T.K.; (1979) Glasshouse Tomato Production; South Australian Department of Agriculture & Fisheries Horticulture Notes.
Samuel G. (1931); Tomato diseases in South Australia and how to control them with special reference to glasshouse tomato culture; Dept of Agriculture, South Australia Bulletin No 249.
Wishart R.L. & Rogers I.S.; (1960); Tomatoes as a Market Crop; SA Department of Agriculture Bulletin No 405.
Special thanks are extended to Mr Rex Curtis for his assistance in preparing this information. In partnership with his father (Mr H.E. Curtis) and brother (Mr M..A. Curtis), Mr Rex Curtis's family grew glasshouse tomatoes at Underdale and Bolivar from 1930 to 1986. Mr Curtis was also Chairman of the Fruitgrower's and Market Gardener's Association Tomato Section from 1977 to 1986.
Prepared by Barry Philp March 2012
Page Last Reviewed: 20 Nov 2017
Copyright ©2020 PIRSA
SA logo