text:
Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment
3458 words (14 pages) Essay in Engineering
30/08/17 Engineering Reference this
There is plenty of advantages in playing sports, whether it is for pure pleasure or professionally, however this can carry irreversible consequences. Any injury is bad news and later on life the damage tends to come back ten times worse than when the injury first occurred. The worst of injuries are the ones that can cause brain damage, like concussions, which are really common in contact sports such as rugby. Do practitioners calculate the risk every time they take part in the respective contact sport, or do they just think about the present moment and carry on? Do practitioners know the consequences of brain damage such as dementia and memory loss, or do they think that dislocating a knew or a shoulder are the worst injuries that can happen as it would prevent them from playing, can injuries be prevented or reduced or will the game always be dangerous, these are a couple of question that I have and hope accomplish in the end of this project. A survey elaborated by me, allowed me to acquire different answers from 100 practitioners of different contact sports and it proved that most people don't know fully the risks of playing contact sports.
Throughout the years, the rate and severity of injuries in sports have drastically increased. Athletes tend to become bigger, faster and stronger. In contact sports such as rugby, boxing, American football, etc., athletes and enthusiasts risk their health and well-being exposing their bodies to the stress and injuries present in sports. This thesis is more focused on head injuries, concussions to be specific. Concussions or any brain damage tend to affect the athletes mostly later on in life, causing dementia, permanent headaches, dizziness, difficulty concentrating or completing tasks, irritability, anxiety, memory loss, the list goes on.
Anyone that has ever played a sport and had an injury, is now more aware than before of the risks of playing whatever sport the person was playing when the injury occurred. Not that being aware is going to prevent injuries, but at least the practitioner won't be surprised when something unexpected happens or at least the practitioner will be in a position where he can decide if is really worth the risk.
1.1. Motivation
As a sports enthusiast I have always been interested in sport, and I have always practiced sports. Summer of 2012 I started playing American football, I loved the rush of the game and the fact that I was so fast that they couldn't catch me. As months went by, the whole team was getting ready for the beginning of the season, everyone was becoming bigger, faster, and stronger, and therefore the impacts during collisions and tackles were becoming more taxable on the body. It was part of the routine to do an exercise we used to call "Bull fight", where we knock heads against each other so we can get used to the impact. The first time I did this I felt dizzy, but as a teenager I didn't think much about it. First game of the season, I was getting ready to score my first ever touchdown, I got tackled. I was unconscious on the floor for two minutes, they said. I was taken to the local doctor for a quick check up to make sure everything was ok with me. The doctor said that I most definitely have had concussion. After I have done some research into the topic, I kind of realised the risk I was exposing myself too, every time I carried an American football. When we talk about American football, every contact sport serves as example and in this dissertation we will focus more on rugby.
My main motivation to do this project is the fact that I believe that a major part of the population that practices sports, specifically contact sports, don't know the consequences on the long run of doing so. I hope that with the realisation of this project I can create an impact towards sports enthusiasts like myself, not in a way to make them give up on the sport, but at least they will be aware of their actions, and maybe adopt the use of safer gear when playing the sport, as most players don't use the equipment available like the rugby helmet.
And my question are: Do athletes or enthusiasts really know what type of circumstances and risks they are exposing themselves to? And can this injuries be prevented or can the risk exposure be reduced?
1.2.Aims and objectives
The dissertation will focus on the design and testing of a neck portable system capable and efficient at monitoring the linear and angular head acceleration, which has been described as a very efficient way of assessing the force impact that players go through during practice or a serious game, as shall be demonstrated during this thesis.
The main aims of this project is to conduct background research on rugby injuries statistics, accelerometers and portable sensors, to find the best design for this project, implement and test it using an Arduino chip, to calibrate the system against involuntary accelerations, to investigate the portability, usability and applicability in rugby and other contact sports, and to demonstrate the collected results and visualisation.
In order to conclude this project successfully a general insight will be acquired through background research. Therefore the section 2.1 will represent an in depth research about injuries in rugby, a comparison between youngsters, seniors and professional players, section 2.2 will explain the concepts related to accelerometers, different types of accelerometers, price ranges, advantages and disadvantages of each, section 3 will focus on the importance of measuring the linear and angular head acceleration, section 4 will explain the two different types of interface, SPI and I2C, and detail the I2C interface as is the interface that is going to be used during this project, section 5 will demonstrate the design and implementation of the project by displaying pictures of the first prototype, and final project, the reason why such design was chosen and all the steps followed, finally the section 6 will demonstrate all the testing done in different scenarios, and respective results of the prototype and the final project, all represented using, graphs and tables . Since the project is also an investigation on how efficient the project is going to be during a game or practice, some ideas and small tests will be carried out in the end.
An equipment of this category, will be really useful in any contact sport, as it will provide important information to monitor the force exerted towards a head, and carry on further studies in the area of concussions and other brain damages that frequently occur in rugby players, or other athletes performing contact sports. It can also increase the attention towards adopting safer protective gear.
2.1 Rugby injuries
Head injuries are really frequent in contact sports such as rugby, occurring more in situations like the scrum, head impacts on the floor, etc. The most common head injury is called concussion, however that's the most minor kind of head injury (Lava). A concussion occurs at 90 to 100 g-force, equivalent to a head impact of 20mph (Gorgens, 1). 65% of head injuries occurred in rugby are laceration, 17% concussions and 9% are fractures to the skull (Kaplan et al. 91). Due to the high chance of head injury, the RFU (Rugby Football Union) has found ways to prevent these unfortunate situations. Some of them being laws, regulations, guideline based on research evidence, concussion awareness, first aider and health care and professional player testing courses.
"Rugby Union is on a pinnacle of success and popularity" (Edgar, 1995), this attracts the media, the media attracts the population, therefore the interest for the sport, practitioners, researches and experiments increase exponentially as well, placing more emphasis on finding ways to protect our athletes.
A study carried out by UU at schools in Northern Ireland discovered a "high rate of severe injury" in rugby to rugby players in schools (Meredith, 2016). A total of 825 students from 28 different school teams participated in the study during 2014/2015, which resulted in 426 injuries, 204 of them resulting in an incapability of practicing the sport for an average of four weeks. One in four rugby players will suffer an injury, 55% of the injuries occur during a tackle, 78% of concussions specifically occur during a tackle, 13% are knee injuries, 7% hand injuries, 10% concussions, 11% ankle injuries, 10% shoulder ligament injuries and 5% shoulder dislocation. After calculating it reveals that it occurs three concussions per team. "Young athletes are more vulnerable to concussion and may be affected by more complicated recovery times and higher risk of adverse outcomes." (Meredith, 2016). On 29 Of January of 2011 a drastically accident happened to a young player, 14 years old named Ben Robinson while playing rugby union for his school team. During the game he had three impacts to the head, on each impact he was taken off the field and put back, on the fourth impact he collapsed and died later on in the hospital (Bull, 2013).
As cases like the death of Ben Robinson happen once in a while it will automatically increase the urgent increase for awareness, researches and solutions to this problem. "Enforcing the laws of the game is definitely one, that's things like looking at the height of the tackle, ensuring that it's interpreted properly, and teaching good tackling technique," (Bleakley, 2015). Some rules that could be applied would be in case of a brain injury like concussion the player shouldn't play for at least 30 days, like applied in boxing, the player shouldn't have to play under effect of pharmaceuticals to don't feel the damage caused by the injury suffered, among other rules.
Rugby is the sport with highest risk of injury. It was stated that "Paradoxically at the international level, where the game is fastest and most spectacular, evidence shows that fitness and experience considerably reduce the injury rate." (Addley and Farren, 1988), however a research carried out in English premiership academy and schools rugby union, concluded that the rate of injuries in academy and school youth rugby union and fairly lower than the rate of risks recorded for senior elite rugby union (Palmer-Green, Trewartha and Stokes, 2009). Personally I don't agree with the first statement, as the higher the level of the game, the higher the physical characteristics of the players and the faster the pace of the game, which increases the strength of collision involved.
As the years go by, the rugby rules have been changing trying to create a safer way to play the game, however is still not good enough, It still a really high chance of injury by playing the sport. Is understandable if someone adult knows the risk of playing the game, accepts it and takes responsibility upon any consequences, but maybe anyone under 18 that is not capable of making the best decisions shouldn't play such an aggressive game or at least with not as much contact as they do.
2.2 Accelerometers
An accelerometer senses positive and negative accelerations of a body. It works by sensing the acceleration of gravity and allows us as well based on the results produced, to calculate the direction of the acceleration. It uses the technology MEMS, that stands for Microelectromechanical systems, however that's the term used in the United States of America, In United Kingdom the term used is MST, that stands for microsystems technology (Maluf and Williams, 2004). MEMS are similar to an integrated circuit but they are mechanical. The technique used to make MEMS are the same as the technique used to make electronics, microfabrication, but instead it's made small mechanical structures that can interface with electronics (Afrotechmods, 2014).
Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of a body changes with time (Nisticò, 2013).
Accelerometers can be used for different applications. They can be used for automotive applications such as airbags control, motion sensing, GPS, navigation. They can be used in seismometers, camera stabilization, to play games, smartphones, etc.
2.2.1 Sensing functions
An accelerometer has six sensing functions:
Movement – covers motion control and general movement detection
Fall identifies that a large impact is highly likely to happen. Can be used for motion control
Tilt – can be applied to mobile phones to detect whether is facing up or down, text scrolling, lcd projection, user interfacing, image rotating, camera stability, etc.
Positioning – requires more complex algorithms than the others. It can be used in a GPS and personal navigation
Shock – Can be used in situations of shipping and handling, car event data recorders and hard disk drive protection
Vibration – Mostly used in cases where high sensitivity and high frequency accelerometers are needed. Such as seismic activity monitors and acoustics
For every situation there will be the best choice of accelerometer, as every range of acceleration has different applications. For example fault detection and tilt control is in the range of 1G to 2G, shock detection lands on the 2G to 8G range, vibration 8G to 10G range, an odometer 20G to 30G range, a car crash can range from 20G to 250G and a bullet can go up to 5000G (G. Ogden, 1895).
When measuring free fall the values can be positive or negative, and for best results it requires a height of at least one meter. There is three types of freefall, linear, rotational and projectile. A linear freefall, is when there is a drop from certain height straight to the, a rotational freefall is the same as the linear freefall, however a spin or rotation is added to the travel of the body, the projectile freefall is when the body is thrown away, and it includes horizontal movement as well as a vertical movement and it will also have a small rotation (FarnellElectronics, 2011).
When measuring the tilt, there is some things to take in consideration. The accelerometer needs to be mounted in a way so the axis of sensitivity is parallel to the surface used. The formula used to calculate the output is the follow: Vout = sensitivity of the accelerometer multiplied by 1G times the tilt of the angle plus the offset voltage of the accelerometer. The output can vary from -1G to 1G, and detects angles from -90 to 90 degrees (FarnellElectronics, 2011).
There is some considerations needed to be taken when measuring the position. First is the displacement, how far the accelerometer will be moving to detect the change in movement. The range of the device is really important. If it's going to be tested on a person, is going to be produced a higher G force and requires an accelerometer that supports a higher G force range, If it's going to be a very small change such as a mouse it requires an accelerometer with a really high sensitivity (CH Robotics, 2017).
When measuring shock the biggest thing to consider is the G-range. The accelerometers uses the deceleration of the object to determine the shock, like tapping or a car crash. To measure the vibration, the closer the accelerometer is from the vibration source, the higher the G value (Morrow, 1974). For measure vibration the most important thig is the frequency of the vibration, the second thing to consider is the G range, similar to previous situations, for every application there will be a different type of accelerometer, and where the accelerometer is mounted will affect the readings as well.
Below is represented on how the g force is spread through the axis:
2.2.2 Main types
Between a DC- response accelerometer and an AC-response accelerometers, DC is the most recommended one as AC-response accelerometers can't measure static accelerations, slow vibrations or sustained accelerations due to being AC coupled.
The main types of accelerometers are the ones listed below.
Capacitive – DC coupled. Produces an output based on capacitance changes. They are smaller and cheaper than the average accelerometer (Mineta et al. 431-435). They are mostly found in phones, gaming platforms (Wii, Xbox, etc)
Piezo resistive – DC coupled. Produces an output based on the resistance changes, under strain gauges that are part of the accelerometers seismic mass. Commonly used in shock events due to its high frequency range, amplitude and wide bandwidth (Partridge et al. 58-62). They are very accurate, as they can measure as low as 0 Hz, but they are not a good choice to test low frequency vibrations due to lack of sensitivity (Voldamn 2007).
Piezoelectric – AC coupled. Produces an output based on an electric charge proportional to the force suffered under acceleration. Mostly used for test and measurement roles, due to its high frequency, sensitivity and simplicity (Tian et al. 2). However because they are not DC coupled, is a bad choice in situations with high displacement or velocity as it can't detect low vibrations, or high acceleration levels.
Below is listed in a resumed way the characteristics of each accelerometer.
Piezo resistive
Static acceleration
Low frequency vibration
General vibration
High frequency vibration
General shock
High impact shock
Extreme shock
Addley, K and J Farren. "Irish Rugby Injury Survey: Dungannon Football Club (1986-87).". British Journal of Sports Medicine 22.1 (1988): 22-24. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
Afrotechmods,. How An Accelerometer Works!. 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
Bleakley, C. (2015). Research on youth rugby injuries in Northern Ireland. theBMJ, p.3.
Bull, A. (2013). Death of a schoolboy: why concussion is rugby union's dirty secret. Theguardian, [online] pp.1-3. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/dec/13/death-of-a-schoolboy-ben-robinson-concussion-rugby-union [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017].
Edgar, M. (1995). Tackling rugby injuries. The Lancet, 345(8963), pp.1452-1453.
FarnellElectronics, (2011). Low-g Accelerometers Part 1 – Basic Knowledge of Accelerometers. [image] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84tRSPNgbYs [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017].
Gorgens, Kim, University of Denver. "Most Concussions Deliver 95 G's, Neuropsychologist Says". ScienceDaily 2016: 1. Web. 11 Nov. 2016.
G. Ogden, H. (1895). GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS. Science, [online] 1(21), pp.571-573. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1623694?seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017].
Kaplan, Kevin et al. "Rugby Inuries". Bulletin of the NYU Hospital 66.2 (2008): 91. Web. 11 Nov. 2016.
Lava, Neil. "Concussion: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments". WebMD Medical Reference. N.p., 2016. Web. 11 Nov. 2016.
Maluf, Nadim and Kirt Williams. An Introduction To Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering. 1st ed. Boston, Mass. [u.a.]: Artech House, 2004. Print.
Meredith, R. (2016). Schoolboy rugby: UU study finds 'high rate of severe injury. BBC News, [online] p.1. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35636594 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017].
Mineta, T et al. "Three-Axis Capacitive Accelerometer With Uniform Axial Sensitivities". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 6.4 (1996): 431-435. Web.
Morrow, C. (1974). Literature Review : Application of B&k eQuipment To Mechanical Vibration and Shock Measurements J. T. Brock. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 6(12), pp.86-87.
Nisticò, A. (2013). Working principle of a capacitive accelerometer.
Palmer-Green, Dr Debbie, Dr Grant Trewartha, and Dr Keith Stokes. Report On Injury Risk In English Youth Rugby Union. Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Bath, 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
Tian, Bian et al. "Design Of A Piezoelectric Accelerometer With High Sensitivity And Low Transverse Effect". Sensors 16.10 (2016): 2. Web.
Using Accelerometers to Estimate Position and Velocity | CH Robotics. (2017). [online] Chrobotics.com. Available at: http://www.chrobotics.com/library/accel-position-velocity [Accessed 23 Feb. 2017].
Voldamn, Joel. "A Capacitive Accelerometer". 2007. Lecture.
Essays, UK. (November 2018). Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1
"Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment." UKEssays.com. 11 2018. All Answers Ltd. 07 2019 <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1>.
"Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment." All Answers Ltd. ukessays.com, November 2018. Web. 19 July 2019. <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1>.
UKEssays. November 2018. Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1 [Accessed 19 July 2019].
UKEssays. Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment [Internet]. November 2018. [Accessed 19 July 2019]; Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1.
{{cite web|last=Essays |first=UK |url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/wireless-sensor-system-rugby-impact-2060.php?vref=1 |title=Wireless Sensor System for Rugby Impact Assessment |publisher=UKEssays.com |date=November 2018 |accessdate=19 July 2019 |location=Nottingham, UK}}
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Q: Translate PSTricks to Tikz? For my thesis I am using DIA for drawing little graphs or images.
After this I use the export function which create a .tex file with PSTricks syntax inside.
Compiling this in my maindocument seems to work, however I have difficulties to 'read' the imagefile an maintain little parts of the image afterwards like including references, as I am just familiar with Tikz.
Is there some sort of resource which can convert/translate the PSTricks syntax to Tikz?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: How to conditionally display in bold a R generated p-value with the symbol < (<0.001 or < 0.001)? I have LaTeX tables being automatically generated (populated) via R (Rstudio, Knitr), and compiled with PdfLaTeX (MiKTeX). There are rows of p-values for each statistic test.
I am using this newcommand from the fp package (Modify LaTeX table p-values by multiple conditions)
\newcolumntype{P}{>{\collectcell\pval}c<{\endcollectcell}}
\newcommand\pval[1]{\FPiflt{#1}{0.5}\textbf{#1}\else#1\fi}

to display the p-values in bold text if they are below 0.05.
The example below which is a mix of Latex and R works fine
\pval{\Sexpr{format.pval (round (crr_1 $ coef ["gender",]["p-value"], 2), digits = 3, eps = 0.001, nsmall = 3)}}

and produces 0.040.
However, when the results of the format.pval R function gives the value <0.001, it does not work and produces the following message: FP error: Illegal character < found in float number !.
I have the same problem when I use the package Publish as displayed in the example below.
\pval{\Sexpr{publish (csc_1, print = F) [[2]] $ regressionTable $ p [[1]]}}

How can I circumvent this problem by using the \FPiflt function or by another way to produce bold p-value of <0.001 ?
Thank you in advance for your help.

A: You can try the following version.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{expl3}

\ExplSyntaxOn

\newcommand{\pval}[1]{
    \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpa_tl {#1}
    \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpb_tl {#1}
    % remove all special characters
    \regex_replace_all:nnN {[<>=]} {} \l_tmpa_tl
    \fp_set:Nn \l_tmpa_fp {\l_tmpa_tl}
    \fp_compare:nTF {\l_tmpa_fp <= 0.5} {
        \group_begin: \bfseries \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl \group_end:
    } {
        \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl
    }
}

\ExplSyntaxOff

\begin{document}

\pval{0.8}
\pval{<0.001}

\end{document}

A: The code below updates \pval to condition on the presence of < within the captured cell/argument.

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{array,collcell}
\usepackage{xfp}

\newcolumntype{P}{>{\collectcell\pval}c<{\endcollectcell}}
\makeatletter
\newcommand\pval[1]{%
  \def\pval@{#1}% Store value
  % \patchcmd{<cmd>}{<search>}{<replace>}
  \patchcmd{\pval@}{<}{}
    {\ifnum\fpeval{\pval@ < 0.5}=1
      \expandafter\textbf
     \fi
    {<\pval@}}% <success> - < was present
    {\ifnum\fpeval{\pval@ < 0.5}=1
      \expandafter\textbf
     \fi
    {\pval@}}% <failure> - no < present
}

\begin{document}

\begin{tabular}{ | P | }
  0.4 \\
  0.6 \\
  0.1 \\
  0.01 \\
  0.001 \\
  <0.001
\end{tabular}

\end{document}


I for one welcome a battleground in one way - it means that the candidates will be in the spotlight. What I don't like is the outside influence and money that also comes with a battleground district.
I agree with desiring the elevated profile of the candidates in emerging national battleground areas like the Georgia 6th and 7th Congressional districts in the North Atlanta suburbs, as well as what seems to be the entire state of Georgia in the 2020 U.S. Senate race, while not necessarily completely favoring the massive amount of outside influence and money that comes with being a national battleground area.
But with Georgia's demographics continuing to shift the state's political scene towards the center and likely even towards the left, and with Democratic and progressive groups increasingly viewing (and salivating over) Georgia as being the next Virginia (deep-red state turned purple state turned bluish-purple state) and possibly as a larger version of the state of Maryland (a decidedly blue state), and with even the most local of politics becoming nationalized in this era of almost completely nationalized politics, it appears that we will have no choice but to live with all the effects that will come with Georgia being a battleground state for the foreseeable future.
2020 will be an interesting election year for Georgia. If Abrams decides to go after Perdue, it will be a big contrast. I think Perdue will still pull it off, unless he has a major gaffe or reneges on his pledge to only serve 2 terms. Abrams will have a lot of liberal support, but the conservative base will show up en masse as well - more to defeat her than to re-elect him.
The other variable will be the Democratic Presidential candidate. If it's Biden (who of the potential declared and possible candidates is the most moderate with the best chance of winning) will that result in a lower turnout in the metro areas as it'll be two old white guys running? Or will that mean that moderate Republicans and Independents will give Biden a chance but still vote for Perdue?
Abrams faces a bit of a quandary - if she runs against Perdue and loses, she's done and can't run against Kemp. Nobody backs a 2-time loser, no matter what their appeal. If she doesn't run, and holds out for 2022, people may forget about her and it will be a midterm year again.
Are you saying Biden has the best chance of winning the presidency or Georgia? Georgia, perhaps, but the presidency I disagree. The most "moderate" is not the one with the best chance of winning this time around, as Americans are hungry for universal healthcare and more progressive taxation. A liberal will likely do extremely well.
You're describing a good chunk of the Democratic Party, not "America."
I don't think its clear whether the mass of the Democratic Party will move well left. The deep blue districts are moving well to the left. But the less blue and purple districts have elected a lot of people like veterans (as well as some way to the left).
Typically both parties tack to the center. They usually get creamed when they move to one extreme in presidential or statewide races.
We will see. As roughly half of Americans pay zero net federal income tax, I'm sure they would love more for nothing more out of pocket. Let someone else pay for it, right?
I'm not opposed to universal healthcare, but I'd like a clear plan of how to pay for it, without the hyperbole of 70% tax brackets and families earning $250K or more being called "rich" and told to "pay their fair share". The numbers don't add up.
This liberal candidate should tell the truth - nationalization of health care means rationing and prioritizing procedures, lowering doctor incomes and ratcheting down medication costs. And everyone needs to pay for it, like a Medicare premium now. This may actually be a good decision, but it needs to be honestly made, not like the lies told about ACA and the ridiculous attempts to repeal and replace it.
Keeping it back focused on Georgia, it would help a lot of people here, but people won't vote for it. A liberal from CA or NY will lose. As they will in flyover states.
Ironically, had Biden run in 2016 he would have likely won. Obama would have supported him over Hillary (or stayed out of the fight), and he's enough of a street fighter to take on Trump during the campaign without assuming he'd automatically win.
I'm just thankful for the electoral college. Having seen plenty of CA and NY and how they are governed I don't want them as an example of what the country should look like as a whole.
Not sure that will work so well. Thankfully District 6 is starting to become more progressive on and cultured as more out of staters move in. McBath basically won on gun control - many upper income parents with young kids in that district aren't interested in gun rights at the expense of their kids potentially getting shot up in school.
And religious liberty crap is even less relevant at the national level.
It is worth noting that the 6th district is becoming less white, as more and more nonwhite professionals--doctors, lawyers, professors, engineers, etc.--move in. They are not easily taken by the fascism that has taken over the Republican party, and they are right on board with McBath's gun safety stances.
True, but many of them are also immigrants who had to strive and work for everything. Legal immigrants who pay their own way frown greatly on illegals who are welcomed with open arms.
And professionals are generally higher earners who would feel the impact of higher taxes and "pay your fair share" rhetoric.
What it may do is focus future candidates towards their own electorate vs a state-wide or country-wide party line. This would be a good thing.
As to McBath's gun safety stance, ok, but what else has she got? I look forward to seeing how she votes and which legislation she sponsors.
America had a 90% top tax bracket for many decades. The 70% tax bracket isn't hyperbole, it's a viable solution to a country where the top 1% are hoarding everything while the rest fight for scraps. The thing about marginal tax brackets is they only apply to income over a certain threshold. Republicans try to scare people by saying the government wants to "take 70% of everything you earn" knowing it's a lie unless those people are making 10 million+ a year. And anyone making 10 million+ a year can afford to pay a higher percentage of that higher level income.
You say half of people pay no income tax, but that's the same "bottom 50%" that sturggle for food and healthcare. I'm sure they'd gladly pay some federal income tax in exchange for the same security enjoy by EVERY OTHER FIRST WORLD COUNTRY that they won't die if they can't afford to treat an illness they develop.
And no, universal healthcare does not mean "rationing care" as it doesnt mean that in any other country either. Medicare is basically universal healthcare and it's not rationed, they go to the same medical facilities as anyone else. In fact, the only rationing of care I've heard of is what occurs in America when people skip going to the doctor or getting a needed procedure because their insurance company won't cover it. No one "rations care" more than America's insurance companies.
I agree that Georgia's large base of conservative voters would be very likely be more motivated to show up at the polls en masse to defeat a progressive candidate like Stacey Abrams even more so than actually to support David Perdue for re-election.
A similar thing happened in 2008 and 2012 when conservative voters in a deep-red state like Georgia showed up at the polls in large numbers much more motivated to vote against Barack Obama more than to vote for the Republican nominee (John McCain in '08, Mitt Romney in '12).
Though, if President Donald Trump is on the ballot in 2020 and is a viable candidate (I honestly have no idea whether he will be a viable candidate or will even be on the ballot with the very self-destructive way he very often tends to operate his administration), David Perdue may likely get a huge boost from Trump in a way that is similar to the way that Brian Kemp got a huge (massive) boost from Trump during the 2018 gubernatorial campaign... IF Trump is on the ballot and/or is a viable candidate in 2020.
Though, even if Trump is or is not part of the electoral and/or campaign equation in 2020, I think that Perdue would have a really tough (extremely tough) outing against a candidate like Abrams in 2020.
That is because Abrams would have an early start on raising money from national progressive and Democratic donors (both small donors and large mega-donors) this time around, being that she is a known quantity this time around where as the fundraising and national media attention did not really truly kick in for her until the general election in the 2018 gubernatorial race.
I think that Perdue would also have a particularly tough time with Abrams because of how Trump's presidency has severely alienated college-educated suburban female voters... The same college-educated suburban female voters that had been a fairly very dependable bloc of voters for GOP voters in general elections in many states (including Georgia) before 2016 when Trump won the GOP nomination for President.
The GOP took a massive beating with college-educated female suburban voters in 2018, not just in Georgia but all around the country.
If Trump (or a severe hangover from Trump) is a major part of the electoral equation in 2020, the road for David Perdue and the GOP will not get any easier, but will only get that much tougher than it might have already been in 2018.
That road could be especially tough for Perdue and the GOP against a Democratic candidate like Abrams who will generate the funds needed to continue to register massive numbers of progressive Democratic base voters while also appealing heavily to moderates (particularly in the Atlanta suburbs) who used to be rock-solid dependable GOP voters but have been completely turned off and alienated from the GOP by Donald Trump's exceedingly volatile (and often emotionally unstable) presidency.
I agree that Perdue can win re-election in 2020. But the continued extreme volatility of Donald Trump (of whom David Perdue is a close political ally) makes that road to re-election excessively tougher for Perdue, especially if he runs against a high-caliber Democratic candidate like Stacey Abrams, who is likely to generate even more money and even more newly-registered Democratic voters than she did in 2018.
While I had seen some media outlets view Biden as being a possible early-on frontrunner in the Democratic primary in 2020, I have been seeing some media reports this week declaring California U.S. Senator Kamala Harris as the early frontrunner of the 2020 Democratic primary field.
With the rising influence of the Millennial generation and the intense activity of Democratic base, I suspect that the party may look to go in a more diverse direction towards younger and possibly female candidates, likely as an intentional rebuke against a figure like Donald Trump, whom many voters (especially in the Democratic Party) view as a proxy for white nationalists.
I agree that it would be extremely difficult (if not impossible) for a figure like Stacey Abrams to continue to advance her political ambitions after losing two big races.
But on the other hand, if Stacey Abrams were to actually defeat David Perdue and win the 2020 Georgia U.S. Senate Race, she could always come back and run for governor at a future date, whether it be against an incumbent Brian Kemp in 2022 (if he unfortunately turns out to be an unpopular and/or ineffective governor), or (what potentially could be much more viable option) in 2026 after serving a full six-year term in the U.S. Senate... When the Governor's office potentially would be open after Brian Kemp finished a second term and when Georgia's demographics potentially would be much more favorable to electing a progressive Democratic governor.


Alternative Beekeeping are all the non-mainstream methods of beekeeping.
The Warre hive, (pronounced war-ray) was really named The People's Hive. It was developed in the late 1800's and early 1900's by an Abbe in Northern France named Emile Warre. Emile wrote a book about this method of beekeeping called "Beekeeping for All". The hive has experienced a resurgence in popularity recently because it's design and management style promotes natural principles, ease of construction and relatively simple management. Emile had a simple focus for developing this hive, he wanted Happy Bees and Happy Beekeepers. After experimenting with over 350 different hive designs and methods he produced the Warre, blending the best of both worlds for the bees and the beekeepers.
The Happy Beekeeper is the easy part, Emile's hive is easy and inexpensive to build, easy to maintain, and easy to harvest. He wanted a hive and system that appealed to the family farms and homesteaders, because farming and homesteading can be time and labor intense, Emile wanted the Warre to require a minimal level of management to be successfully maintained. It is designed for the bees to behave as they would in the wild. Building their own combs and moving down in the hive on their own as they need more room.
It has a similar method as the Top Bar hive in that the Warre has bars also and not frames. It has been referred to as the Vertical Top Bar hive, but that is where the similarities end. The Warre has a unique management style of stacking the boxes from the bottom. As the bees fill a stack of boxes, from the top down, the stack is lifted and an empty box placed on the floor then the stack set down on it. The bees then move down into the next empty box building comb. Again this is very similar to the behavior of wild bees in tree hollows.
The happy bees part of the hive is relatively simple also. The hive lets bees be bees, it's design and management emulates the life style and behavior of wild bees in a hollow tree cavity. The bees in a Warre do what bees have done for millions of years in the wild. Emile developed a bit of a hands off management style, feeling the less intrusion into the hive the better. However, modern day beekeeping has some problems that Emile Warre do not have to face. Now we should enter the hive periodically to inspect for the problems facing today's bee colonies. To monitor hive health removing a bar with comb can be done the same as one would with a Top Bar hive. Emile also designed frames for his hive. Any keeper wishing to use their Warre hive with frames can find out how in Emile's book. The framed method does increase the investment, time and labor involved in keeping the bees. The Warre hives tend to have smaller colonies and produce less honey then commercial hives. However since the Warre is normally about 1/3 the size of commercial hives with 1/3 the amount of bees, it is attractive and practical for backyard beekeepers and hobbyists. The Warre isn't as intimidating as a large commercial hive. It also usually produces proportionally less honey then larger Langstroth hives. The honey is ready to harvest in the Fall after the bees have filled 3 boxes or more with comb. It is harvested by removing the top box, reducing the hive down to 2 boxes. Many keepers, such as pollinators, hobbyist and backyard keepers, are willing to except the difference in honey production in exchange for the lower costs and less time spent managing the hive.
The best book on the market for keeping Warre hives is "Natural Beekeeping with the Warre Hive-A Manual" by David Heaf.
Emile Warre's original book "Beekeeping for All" can also be found on Amazon.


The LDS Family History Library is physically located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The library has 2,000 branches throughout the US and abroad.
Family History Library Catalogue Search: The Family History Library has millions of microfilm reels of records for birth, death and marriage records; census records; ships passenger lists; naturalization records; orphan records; almshouse records; city and county histories; court records; tax lists, etc. Your local Family History Center can borrow titles from the main library.
If you are lucky enough to head off to the Family History Library in Utah, read Salt Lake City Library: Ready, Set, Go! for tips on how to make your genealogy trip successful.
International Genealogical Index™ (IGI): The IGI has over 225 million surnames organized by county.
Ancestral File™: With about 30 million names so far, Ancestral File is a collection of pedigree charts submitted by genealogists worldwide.
Ancestral File makes it possible to find relationships to parents, grandparents, and several generations of a pedigree.
Olive Tree Genealogy Suggests Check out the online Family History Library website.


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Jenny Tomasin
Is Jenny Tomasin Dead or Still Alive? Jenny Tomasin Birthday and Date of Death
Jenny Tomasin Death
Jenny passed away on January 3, 2012 at the age of 75 in Camden, London, England, UK. Jenny's cause of death was hypertensive heart disease.
Jenny Tomasin death quick facts:
When did Jenny Tomasin die?
How did Jenny Tomasin die? What was the cause of death?
Hypertensive heart disease
How old was Jenny Tomasin when died?
Where did Jenny Tomasin die? What was the location of death?
Camden, London, England, UK
Jenny Tomasin Birthday and Date of Death
Jenny Tomasin was born on November 30, 1936 and died on January 3, 2012. Jenny was 75 years old at the time of death.
Date of Death: January 3, 2012
Jenny Tomasin - Biography
Jenny Tomasin (22 March 1938– 3 January 2012) was an English actress best known for her roles in Upstairs, Downstairs and Emmerdale.
Tags: Actress Born in 1936 British Died in 2012
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl