text:
First Ride: 2011 Triumph Tiger 800XC
PAR Steve ThorntonPosted on February 10, 2011 December 20, 2018
Steve Thornton finds Triumph's newest Tiger incredibly forgiving of his limited off-road riding ability, until he tries to park that is.
On the long dirt road on the back side of the Superstition Mountains, Triumph's new dual-purpose Tiger was composed, capable, and comfortable, unlike its rider. I don't understand riding on dirt; while I get the theory — those spinning wheels are stability inducing gyroscopes, and must be kept spinning — I don't feel it on a physical level. Still, the Triumph that I rode only fell over once, and it wasn't moving, or even running, when it did. That says more about the new Tiger 800XC than a truckload of brochures would.
The XC is the more expensive of two new Tiger 800s, the other being intended primarily for road use. But for the $1,400 premium you get a 21-inch front tire on a spoked, aluminum rim (the standard Tiger wears 19-inch rubber up front), a 45 mm fork with more travel, rebound damping adjustment on the rear shock, handguards, and a higher handlebar.
It comes together in a package that feels light and nimble, and it handled in a predictable manner when the road surface was loose and, at times, nearly impossible to see. Approaching the Radisson Resort near Scottsdale, Arizona, I plunged into an eerie, backlit glow with the sun in my eyes and a dust cloud obscuring every detail of the landscape, riding on hope and whatever luck I had left, and the Tiger absorbed the ground under its wheels without any missteps.
The 799 cc triple that powers the Tiger XC and the standard Tiger is a delight. Claimed to make 94 hp and 58 lb-ft of torque in a very flat curve, the engine delivered good power throughout the rev range. In high gear and at low engine speeds, it produced sufficient thrust for a highway pass. In fifth gear the Triumph powered past 160 km/h and gave no indication of running out of steam. I could feel vibration through the seat, pegs, and bars, but it was not objectionable even at higher engine speeds.
Washboard ruts in the dirt road forced me to take a standing position, and the throttle was a bit choppy in that circumstance, though it may have been a result of my clumsiness. I also noticed a bit of off-idle abruptness even when I was seated, but it was slight and never caused any problems. Twice, the engine did stall, however, when I closed the throttle suddenly after a bit of high-rpm running — once, in the dirt, and with earplugs muffling the motor's raspy exhaust growl, the engine quit while the clutch was disengaged; when I released the clutch lever after a downshift, the rear wheel locked up and slid. I was a bit slow to realize what was happening, but I never felt that the bike was in danger of falling.
On the highway, the Tiger's minimalist windscreen effectively moved air around me, letting the windblast hit my shoulders and upper chest. The handguards kept my fingers from suffering in low temperatures on the highway, too. I felt no buffeting even at speeds over 100 km/h.
I'm five-nine, and the footpegs caused my legs to bend a little short of 90 degrees, so a taller rider might complain after some time on the road, but I felt no discomfort even after several hours on dirt and highways. The seat, which is flat and relatively confining in the fore-and-aft direction, began to feel hard at the end of the ride, but was not noticeably uncomfortable; it would likely produce more complaints after a long day on paved roads, however. The seat on both Tigers is two position adjustable (865/845 mm on the XC, 810/830 mm on the standard model) and was placed in the lower position, allowing me to reach the ground without stretching uncomfortably; taller riders were able to place their feet flat on the ground.
The ride behind the Superstition Mountains followed an hour's running time on pavement, and the XC, which was fitted with Bridgestone Battlewing dual-purpose tires, was smooth and stable at speeds from 50 km/h to well over 160 km/h. (Metzeler Karoo tires are recommended for serious off-road work.) Braking power was good. The models we rode were not equipped with ABS, but both Tigers will have ABS options available this spring, and the rider will be able to turn it off for riding in the dirt.
Triumph set out to make a dual-purpose Tiger that feels narrow and light, and those qualities were evident throughout the ride. The bike feels tall, light, and quick, and though we did not take the Tigers into seriously rough country, it gave no suggestion in its handling or power characteristics that would give me reason to fear using the Tiger in a harsher environment. I certainly would fear doing that – but only because of my own lack of off-road expertise; the Tiger 800XC felt fully ready to explore more serious dirt.
With a set of hard bags and optional windscreen adjustment hardware, both the Tiger XC and the standard model should prove to be adequate long-distance mounts. The seating position, with hands a bit lower than the shoulders and spread apart, legs just slightly bent, and back angled very slightly forward, felt comfortable for several hours and is nearly ideal. At times late in the day, when braking to a stop, I felt pressure on the palms of the hands that might have become uncomfortable if it were to last, but it never did. My wrists and hands remained comfortable throughout the day.
The Tiger 800 is set to compete against bikes like BMW's GS series and appears to be capable of winning the hearts of riders who want a bike with dual-purpose looks and abilities. A full-on test will be required to unveil any problems, but on a one-day ride on pavement and dirt, aside from an occasional engine shut-down under closed throttle and poor resistance against a clumsy rider's tendency to let it fall over while parking, Triumph's new middleweight adventure tourer showed no weaknesses.


text:
Пала́ц, дво́рець, двіре́ць — спочатку це те саме, що княжі палати, тереми, — «велика будівля з безліччю кімнат, яка є постійним місцеперебуванням царюючої особи, глави держави, а також членів царюючої родини», «пишний будинок, призначений під житло вищої знаті панів, князів, графів та інших багатих осіб», «будинок величної архітектури, що має громадське або культурне призначення». «Парадна споруда; спочатку — резиденція володарів або представників вищих верств суспільства, пізніше — будинки органів державної влади та різного громадського призначення». Князівський палац з двором називався «Внутрішнім городом»,

Назва
Палац — від пагорба Палатин у Римі  — назви резиденції імператора Августа на Палатинському пагорбі (Palatinus)) — велика монументальна парадна будівля. Спочатку резиденція володаря, царственої особи, глави держави, а також членів царственої родини. Пізніше також житло вищої знаті панів, князів, графів та інших багатих осіб. З ХІІІ-XV ст. також будівля органів державної влади, з XIX-ХХ ст. палацом також називаються найважливіші громадські будівлі.
Українське «палац» походить через посередництво ,  і  від . Те ж походження має і слово «палата» (через ).

Сучасні будинки органів державної влади та різного громадського призначення», що мають назву «палац»
 Палац культури
 Палац одружень — будівля, призначена для реєстрації шлюбу в урочистій обстановці. На відміну від звичайного РАЦСу у палацах одружень не займаються реєстрацією інших цивільних станів.
 Палац спорту

Примітки

Джерела

Див. також
 Перелік палаців-садиб України
 Хороми
 Терем
 Дитинець

Палаци
Громадські споруди
Палацово-паркові ансамблі
Місця проживання людини

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The truth is that I am very happy about the comeback that I have made. At the beginning I lost time in one stage and the chances of being in the top ten were a little bit off, but we did not give up and pushed until the end. I ended up being seventh in the general, so I'm very happy. I am also satisfied with today's stage, a second place is very good, I think I made a good performance. I would have liked it too if my companions could have finished the race, as some of them would have achieved the victory. At one point we had two riders fighting for the victory and we go home know that we have five riders in the squad capable of fighting for the top, which is very positive for the team. I have no doubt that next year we will return stronger. Personally, I will continue to work hard to keep up with the team's objectives for the next edition of the Dakar. I want to thank all the staff of the team that have worked very hard, thank them for the great commitment they have with the project. We will continue working hard to achieve victory in the coming years.
It didn't turn out the way we thought it would finish, obviously I have prepared a lot for this edition, I had a very big dream to fight for. It's a bit ugly to end up like this and that things are resolved at a table. Finally I finished the race in a decent way, with my head held high as a good athlete. Both Honda and I have done things well. We have appealed against the penalty and now we will have to wait until the race is over to see what happens. For my part today I went out to enjoy the last stage, I rode calmly. Our next goal is the world championship and then to prepare for the next Dakar. I want to thank all the team, sponsors, family, girlfriend, friends and all the people who support me through social networks. Thank you very much to all.
We are quite unhappy about how the Dakar went, especially in the final part of the race. We, as a team, have done the best we could and we have given everything. The race ended without a deserved prize, but the team has worked hard and everything worked well. We have to thank to HRC and Honda and also to all our sponsors, Monster Energy, Motul, Showa, Termignoni, Givi and all technical sponsors because without them, all this could not be possible. We will not surrender and next year we will return to fight for victory. Unfortunately we are quite unhappy with the jury and the organization of the race. Firstly for the penalty that they have imposed on us, which we have appealed against. We are also unhappy with how they have applied the rules to the rest of the participants of the Dakar: it can not be tolerated that one is penalized for something that could be done, and in contrast to others who have acted deliberately with the intention of doing something that they knew was not right, were not penalized. Let's hope that everything is studied and the ways they apply the rules are changed.


text:
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society
Join Us Donate
Our Influence
The Geographer
Schools Education
Heritage Collections
Opportunities & Grants
Hire a Room
Medallists
RSGS People
Finland, Finlayson and Finno-Scottish Links
RSGS Volunteer
By Kenny Maclean, Collections Vounteer
In Finland, everything turns blue and white on 6th December. Blue and white cakes are sold in bakeries; blue and white candles adorn people's windows; and blue and white streamers, flags and decorations appear in every conceivable space across the country, especially in the capital, Helsinki.
Against this blue and white backdrop, celebrations begin in earnest. Processions, music and speeches echo around town squares, patriotic movies blare out from television sets, and glitzy parties stagger on long into the night. But what's all the fuss about, you may well ask…?
Spot of Cake: Independence 'Finland-Style'
Well, 6th December is Finland's Independence Day and, like many countries across the globe, it's marked with a much appreciated and well-earned day off work! And this year it's extra special: the Finns will be celebrating 100 years to the day since the collapse of Russian control.
To commemorate the centenary, Finland has played host to a raft of diverse events throughout 2017, many of which have been organised to feature the theme of 'togetherness' and include the breath-taking natural landscapes of the country. There have been concerts, conferences, organised hikes, and massive sporting occasions; there's been a year-long photo challenge trending on social media (#suomikuvahaaste); the government has redesigned the country's passport; and there have been numerous opportunities to celebrate the contribution Finland has made to the world in fields such as art, architecture and design.
But, it's not just the national campaigns that have caught the headlines: two Finnish expats living in the USA have also been joining in the fun, but perhaps a little more eccentrically. For over eight months, Jouko Sipila and Risto Sivula have been dragging a bespoke, specially-designed mobile sauna to events across the breadth of America, allowing local people to indulge in the deeply relaxing Finnish tradition of sweating in a box.
Sauna on Tour: Old World Wisconsin
With these celebrations in mind, the RSGS has been researching the links shared between Scotland and Finland. And we've uncovered much more than a shared blue-and-white colour scheme for our countries' national flags. Interestingly, one of our Collection's Volunteers, Kenny Maclean, has been looking into the fascinating historical link between Finland and Scotland via one of Scotland's earliest industrial protagonists: James Finlayson.
James Finlayson was born in 1772 in Penicuik, a small town just south of Edinburgh. He was a Quaker, philanthropist, self-trained engineer and industrialist who, by 1817, was working as a master machinist in the ironworks of St Petersburg. However, by 1819, Finlayson's attention had been well and truly diverted from his work in the Russian capital, and drawn firmly to the opportunities available in the small market town of Tampere in southwest Finland.
James Finlayson (1772 – 1852)
Having previously visited Tampere, Finlayson had recognised the remarkable industrial potential of the site, chiefly as a result of the ferocious Tammerkoski Rapids. Formed on a steep river connecting lakes Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi, these turbulent waters would provide the necessary hydraulic potential to drive his ambition for a major Finnish textile centre, based right in the heart of Tampere.
But, it wasn't just Finlayson who was keen for such investment: Tsar Nicholas I – who ruled over Finland at the time – was also anxious to promote the development of a thriving textile industry across his vast Russian Empire. As such, the Tsar granted Finlayson a number of privileges to promote his business, including free access to much of the Tammerkoski Rapids, interest-free capital investment, free land acquisition, and the duty-free importation of machinery and raw materials such as cotton.
Tampere and the Tammerkoski Rapids
Factory workers were sourced from local peasant families and trained – in the early years – by Finlayson's wife, Margaret. To accommodate them, Finlayson developed a block of wooden housing, as well as a Quaker orphanage intended to provide some of the workers with additional protection, training and a religious education.
Though progress was initially slow, productivity soon ramped up at the factories, ensuring their main product, 'Finlayson Cotton', was well-known throughout the Russian Empire by the 1830s. Though Finlayson sold off the company in 1836, the brand continued to grow throughout the 19th century under the guidance of two German entrepreneurs. Operating under the title Finlayson & Compagnie, more than 3,000 workers were eventually employed in the business, resulting in it becoming the largest employer in Finland by the late 1800s.
As one might expect, the knock-on effect of Finlayson's early investment was extremely significant for the small market town of Tampere, driving rapid economic venture and industrialisation in the area. From a population of just 1,000, Tampere grew to be the largest of the Nordic textile centres. Often referred to as 'the Manchester of the North', it is estimated that an astounding 40% of all of Finland's factory workers operated from Tampere by the mid-1800s.
Industrial Tampere
It's no surprise, therefore, that Tampere later went on to become one of the most significant centres for the labour movement in Finland, forming the stage, most famously, for the Red Declaration in 1905. This historic statement of intent – printed on vivid red paper and published in Kansan Lehti (The People's Newspaper) – called for universal suffrage and a free press for the workers of Finland, amongst other progressive human rights.
Though the Finlayson brand continues to this very day, foreign competition forced the last of his factories in Tampere to close their doors in 1995, over 150 years after work began on the banks of the Tammerkoski Rapids.
Finlayson Industrial Heritage
However, in the city Finlayson built, his name lives on. The old de-industrialised factories that once housed whirring reels and frantic workers are now home to an eclectic mix of businesses. Inside the enormous red brick buildings, each with their prominent Finlayson sign, there are stylish restaurants, sleek coffee shops, and decadent home-improvement stores. And, true to its industrial roots, imposing drive chains hang tastefully from the ceilings, gnarly metallic pipes protrude from the walls, and rigid steel girders occupy architectural sightlines.
A spectacle for all, the brown-field conversion of these old factories is a testimony to Finnish design and the exemplary environmental practices recently employed by the country. It's also a tangible nod to the rich industrial heritage of Finland and Finlayson.
I'm sure the enterprising industrialist from Penicuik would be pleased.
Today's Tampere: The red brick of Finlayson and the former Tammerkoski Rapids
Published: 5th December, 2017
Updated: 30th July, 2019
Author: RSGS Volunteer
Please verify your action
Comment (maximum 3500 characters) (required) Please enter your comment
Notify me when someone makes a comment
Which country do you live in? Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Anguilla Anla Antarctica Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Bosnia and Herzevina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin isl. Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Rep. Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Con Con, the Democratic Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Curacao !Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and McDonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Monlia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar/Burma Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine, State of Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion !Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Barthelemy !Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin (French part) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, Province of China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad-Toba Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U.S. Virgin Islands U.S.A. Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Minor Outlying Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Postcode (required) Please enter your postcode and address Please enter a valid postcode
Please enter the first line of your address Address line 1
Please enter your town or city Town or city
We'd love to keep you posted with our news, activities and how you can help in other ways. We'll never sell or swap your details with anybody else. You are free to change your mind at any time. Please indicate how you would like to hear from us by using the tick boxes below.
Via telephone
Your telephone number Please enter numbers only Please enter your telephone number
Your mobile telephone number Please enter numbers only Please enter your mobile number
Via post
We will always store your personal details securely. We'll use them to provide the service that you have requested, and communicate with you in the way(s) that you have agreed to. Your data may also be used for analysis purposes, to help us provide the best service possible. For full details see our Privacy Policy.
By submitting this form you are agreeing to our terms and conditions
1.1 These terms and conditions shall govern your use of our website.
1.2 Our website uses cookies; by using our website or agreeing to these terms and conditions, you consent to our use of cookies in accordance with the terms of our Privacy Policy.
2. Credit
2.1 This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (https://seqlegal.com).
3. Copyright notice
3.1 Copyright © 2019 The Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
3.2 Subject to the express provisions of these terms and conditions:
(a) we, together with our licensors, own and control all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in our website and the material on our website; and
(b) all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in our website and the material on our website are reserved.
4. Licence to use website
4.1 You may:
(a) view pages from our website in a web browser;
(b) download pages from our website for caching in a web browser;
(c) print pages from our website;
(d) stream audio and video files from our website; and
(e) use our website services by means of a web browser,
subject to the other provisions of these terms and conditions.
4.2 You may only use our website for your own personal and business purposes, and you must not use our website for any other purposes.
4.3 Unless you own or control the relevant rights in the material, you must not:
(a) republish material from our website (including republication on another website);
(b) sell, rent or sub-license material from our website;
(c) show any material from our website in public;
(d) exploit material from our website for a commercial purpose; or
(e) redistribute material from our website.
4.4 We reserve the right to restrict access to areas of our website, or indeed our whole website, at our discretion; you must not circumvent or bypass, or attempt to circumvent or bypass, any access restriction measures on our website.
5.1 You must not:
(a) use our website in any way or take any action that causes, or may cause, damage to the website or impairment of the performance, availability or accessibility of the website;
(b) use our website in any way that is unlawful, illegal, fraudulent or harmful, or in connection with any unlawful, illegal, fraudulent or harmful purpose or activity;
(c) use our website to copy, store, host, transmit, send, use, publish or distribute any material which consists of (or is linked to) any spyware, computer virus, Trojan horse, worm, keystroke logger, rootkit or other malicious computer software;
(d) conduct any systematic or automated data collection activities (including without limitation scraping, data mining, data extraction and data harvesting) on or in relation to our website without our express written consent;
(e) access or otherwise interact with our website using any robot, spider or other automated means, except for the purpose of search engine indexing;
(f) violate the directives set out in the robots.txt file for our website; or
(g) use data collected from our website for any direct marketing activity (including without limitation email marketing, SMS marketing, telemarketing and direct mailing).
6. Registration and accounts
6.1 You may register for an account with our website by completing and submitting the account registration form on our website, and clicking on the verification link in the email that the website will send to you.
7. User login details
7.1 If you register for an account with our website, you will be asked to choose a user ID and password.
8. Cancellation and suspension of account
8.1 We may:
(a) suspend your account; and/or
(b) cancel your account,
at any time in our sole discretion without notice or explanation.
8.2 You may cancel your account on our website using your account control panel on the website.
9. Your content: licence
9.1 In these terms and conditions, "your content" means all works and materials (including without limitation text, graphics, images, audio material, video material, audio-visual material, scripts, software and files) that you submit to us or our website for storage or publication on, processing by, or transmission via, our website.
9.2 You grant to us a worldwide, irrevocable, non-exclusive, royalty-free licence to use, reproduce, store, adapt, publish, translate and distribute your content in any existing or future media.
9.3 You grant to us the right to sub-license the rights licensed under Section 9.2.
9.4 Without prejudice to our other rights under these terms and conditions, if you breach any provision of these terms and conditions in any way, or if we reasonably suspect that you have breached these terms and conditions in any way, we may delete, unpublish or edit any or all of your content.
10. Your content: rules
10.1 You warrant and represent that your content will comply with these terms and conditions.
10.2 Your content must not be illegal or unlawful, must not infringe any person's legal rights, and must not be capable of giving rise to legal action against any person (in each case in any jurisdiction and under any applicable law).
11. Limited warranties
11.1 We do not warrant or represent:
(a) the completeness or accuracy of the information published on our website;
(b) that the material on the website is up to date; or
(c) that the website or any service on the website will remain available.
11.2 We reserve the right to discontinue or alter any or all of our website services, and to stop publishing our website, at any time in our sole discretion without notice or explanation; and save to the extent expressly provided otherwise in these terms and conditions, you will not be entitled to any compensation or other payment upon the discontinuance or alteration of any website services, or if we stop publishing the website.
11.3 To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law and subject to Section 12.1, we exclude all representations and warranties relating to the subject matter of these terms and conditions, our website and the use of our website.
12. Limitations and exclusions of liability
12.1 Nothing in these terms and conditions will:
(a) limit or exclude any liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence;
(b) limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation;
(c) limit any liabilities in any way that is not permitted under applicable law; or
(d) exclude any liabilities that may not be excluded under applicable law.
12.2 The limitations and exclusions of liability set out in this Section 12 and elsewhere in these terms and conditions:
(a) are subject to Section 12.1; and
(b) govern all liabilities arising under these terms and conditions or relating to the subject matter of these terms and conditions, including liabilities arising in contract, in tort (including negligence) and for breach of statutory duty, except to the extent expressly provided otherwise in these terms and conditions.
12.3 We will not be liable to you in respect of any losses arising out of any event or events beyond our reasonable control.
13. Breaches of these terms and conditions
13.1 Without prejudice to our other rights under these terms and conditions, if you breach these terms and conditions in any way, or if we reasonably suspect that you have breached these terms and conditions in any way, we may:
(a) send you one or more formal warnings;
(b) temporarily suspend your access to our website;
(c) permanently prohibit you from accessing our website;
(d) block computers using your IP address from accessing our website;
(e) contact any or all of your internet service providers and request that they block your access to our website;
(f) commence legal action against you, whether for breach of contract or otherwise; and/or
(g) suspend or delete your account on our website.
14.1 We may revise these terms and conditions from time to time.
14.2 The revised terms and conditions shall apply to the use of our website from the date of publication of the revised terms and conditions on the website, and you hereby waive any right you may otherwise have to be notified of, or to consent to, revisions of these terms and conditions.
15.1 You hereby agree that we may assign, transfer, sub-contract or otherwise deal with our rights and/or obligations under these terms and conditions.
15.2 You may not without our prior written consent assign, transfer, sub-contract or otherwise deal with any of your rights and/or obligations under these terms and conditions.
16.1 If a provision of these terms and conditions is determined by any court or other competent authority to be unlawful and/or unenforceable, the other provisions will continue in effect.
16.2 If any unlawful and/or unenforceable provision of these terms and conditions would be lawful or enforceable if part of it were deleted, that part will be deemed to be deleted, and the rest of the provision will continue in effect.
17.1 Subject to Section 12.1, these terms and conditions, together with our Privacy Policy, shall constitute the entire agreement between you and us in relation to your use of our website and shall supersede all previous agreements between you and us in relation to your use of our website.
18.1 These terms and conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with English law.
18.2 Any disputes relating to these terms and conditions shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England.
19. Statutory and regulatory disclosures
19.1 We are registered with the Scottish Charity Regulator; you can find the online version of the register at oscr.org.uk, and our registration number is SC015599.
19.2 We are registered with Companies House; you can find the online version of the register at beta.companieshouse.gov.uk, and our registration number is SC361477.
19.3 Our VAT number is 300 6494 85.
20.1 This website is owned and operated by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
20.2 We are registered in Scotland under registration number SC015599, and our registered office and principal place of business is at 15-19 North Port, Perth, PH1 5LU.
(b) by telephone, on 01738 455050; or
(c) by email, using [email protected]
Comment and register
Thank you! We have sent you an email to verify your account. Your comment will be published, subject to approval, after you have confirmed your email address.
Thank you! Your comment is waiting for approval and we will let you know when it goes live.
In the meantime, why not add a profile picture?
Thank you! Your comment has been added below.
Why not add a profile picture?
Ernest Shackleton and the RSGS
Writer-in-residence Jo Woolf reviews the life and career of legendary explorer Ernest Shackleton, reflecting on his time as Secretary of the RSGS.
A Call for European Leadership on Climate Change
Following the sad passing of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, we share an insightful article that he and Mary Robinson wrote for The Geographer in 2014, calling for European leadership on climate change.
GeoQuizzical (RSGS January Quiz)
Monthly geography quiz of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Eight rounds of eight questions, with prizes on offer.
Steven Nelson: RNLI Operations Room
Steven Nelson - Lifesaving Operations Room Manager & his team provide an in-depth insight in the RNLI Ops Room.
Sir Richard Collinson and the Search for Franklin
Jo Woolf discovers RSGS's special connection with the captain of HMS Enterprise, who joined the hunt for a lost Arctic expedition.
A Box of Delights!
"There is always a sense of anticipation!" Written by Jane Griffiths, RSGS Collections Volunteer
The First Ascent of Everest
"65 years since Everest was first climbed, we look back on the visit of Sir Edmund Hillary and Sir John Hunt…" Written by Jo Woolf, RSGS Writer-in-Residence.
A View of St Kilda
The RSGS holds a small selection of early 20th-century glass lantern slides of St Kilda, taken some years before and then immediately after the evacuation.
Dr Nansen's Visit to Scotland, February 1897
In February 1897, Dr Fridtjof Nansen visited Scotland to address RSGS audiences about his recent expedition towards the North Pole, and to receive the Society's Gold Medal.
East Coast of Scotland (1647)
On this sea chart, the east coast of Scotland between the Cromarty Firth and St Abb's Head is easily recognisable today in terms of its outline, but some of its place-names may at first sight seem strange.
This Dutch sea chart depicts the east coast of Scotland from Aberdeen south to Berwick-upon-Tweed, and thence south along the English coast to Dunstanburgh.
Fridtjof Nansen: The First Crossing of Greenland
"When I first put forth my plan to cross Greenland most people said I was either mad or tired of my life." (SGM, 1889) Written by Jo Woolf, RSGS Writer-in-Residence.
Frank Kingdon-Ward in the Garden of Asia
We climbed great precipices in search of plants, the nicest of which always select the most abominable situations". Written by Jo Woolf, RSGS Writer-in-Residence
Forth Bridge in its various stages of construction (1890)
Philip Phillips documented stages in the construction of this remarkable bridge from May 1885 onwards.
Join us as a Member to support our charitable work, enjoy 100 inspiring events, receive our geographic magazine, and be part of the RSGS family.
With the support of more than 2,700 Members, c120 volunteers, and six staff, we are a small, flexible organisation, striving to increase geographical understanding.
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society is a dynamic educational charity with far-reaching influence and a mission to inspire and inform.
We promote geographical research in Scottish universities, offer 'knowledge exchange' opportunities, and publish a peer-reviewed academic journal.
Submit your nominations for new RSGS Medallists and Fellows, recognising outstanding contributions in a wide range of geographical fields.
We engage in policy discussions with national government departments, international bodies, local authorities, community organisations, schools, universities, companies, NGOs and others.
It's easy to volunteer with us, and we have lots of exciting projects to work on, including hosting speakers at our talks, giving RSGS talks to external clubs and guiding visitors at our HQ in Perth.
Climate Solutions offers a simple and quick way to gain significant understanding of one of the most significant issues of our generation: climate change.
We provide informed, intelligent, insightful commentary on world issues from a geographical perspective.
We are associated with some amazing people - explorers, adventurers, travellers, photographers, writers, humanitarians, scientists, journalists...
Chief Executive Climate Change Climate Change & Environment Opinion RSGS History & People Travel & Adventure Writer-in-Residence
Lord John Murray House
15-19 North Port
Perth PH1 5LU
Registered as Charity number SC015599
Copyright © 2019 Royal Scottish Geographical Society

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Vikings Extended Their Division Lead Without Playing
By Josh Frey |
Oct 2, 2022; London, United Kingdom; Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Justin Jefferson. Mandatory Credit: Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports.
The Minnesota Vikings are on bye this week, so they got to kick back on Sunday and watch other teams battle it out before hosting the Arizona Cardinals in Week 8. By sitting on their couches this week, the Vikings actually extended their division lead over the rest of the NFC North.
Each of the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers fell on Sunday afternoon, falling further behind the Vikings in the division standings.
The Packers lost to the Washington Commanders at FedEx Field, 23-21, and they are now on a three-game losing streak for the first time since 2017. Green Bay actually lost three straight games on two separate occasions that year and finished 7-9.
This three-game losing streak has dropped Green Bay to 3-4 on the season, and they are officially 2.5 games behind the 5-1 Vikings in the NFC North, and Minnesota holds the head-to-head tiebreaker over Green Bay.
This latest loss by the Packers is especially sour because it comes at the hands of the Commanders who came into this game with a 2-4 record, and they were without starting QB Carson Wentz. Instead, Taylor Heinicke came in and outperformed Aaron Rodgers throughout most of the day.
As for the Lions, they served as visitors at Jerry's World in Dak Prescott's return to the football field from injured reserve. Dallas dominated the Lions from start to finish and won 24-6. Detroit now falls to 1-5 on the season and currently hold the worst record in the NFL.
While the Vikings enjoy the last bits of their bye week before preparing for the Arizona Cardinals, there is still one NFC North team yet to play in Week 7. The Chicago Bears are set to face off against the New England Patriots on Monday Night Football,
Like Detroit, the Bears are in danger of losing their fourth consecutive game after starting 2-1 this season. If Bailey Zappe and the Patriots are in fact able to knock off Justin Fields and the Bears, Chicago will fall to 2-5.
As for the Vikings, they will return to the field on October 30th against the Arizona Cardinals in U.S. Bank Stadium.
Josh Frey is a Class of 2020 graduate of The College of Idaho with a bachelor's degree in Creative Writing as well as minors in History, Human Biology, and Journalism. When he's not writing about the NFL, Josh enjoys marathon training, playing video games, or rooting for the Milwaukee Brewers and Bucks. For more of his opinions, check out his Twitter account: @Freyed_Chicken.


Les 500 exercices de phonétique, niveau A1/A2 Abry, D. & Chalaron, M.-L. Includes 500 exercises to practice French pronunciation for beginners, suitable for self-study or class use. The CD has more than 6 hours of recordings, which are in the book, and answers are also included.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Published 2010-2011. Click on entry for price details.
800 exercices d'orthographe, grammaire et conjugaison, spécial junior Vulin, A. Grammar and conjugation exercises with answer key designed specifically to meet the needs of young learners.
Communication progressive du français Various Presents lively dialogues from everyday life, with comprehension and consolidation exercises, suitable for self study or class use. Aimed at teenagers and adults.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Click on entry for price details.
Enrichissons notre vocabulaire par les mots croisés, 10-12 ans Barroy, G. Crossword puzzles developped to help children aged 10-12 years improve their vocabulary.
Expression écrite Practical writing tasks with commonly used styles and forms explained.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Published 01/08/2017. Click on entry for price details.
Focus A series of books for levels A1-B2, aimed at improving the basic language skills. Each books includes a variety of exercises and answer key.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Published 25/02/2019. Click on entry for price details.
Le Français par les textes: Quarante-cinq textes de français Barthe, M.. Et al. Includes a variety of texts based on everyday life, each with comprehension questions, and grammar and vocabulary exercises.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Published 2013-2017. Click on entry for price details.
French speaking activities: Fun ways to get KS3 pupils to talk to each other in French Leleu, S. Contains 60 photocopiable activities ranging from role plays and surveys to quizzes, presentations and games, to promote oral communication. For Key Stage 3, ages 11-14 years.
Guide de communication en français Martins, C., & Mabilat, J.-J. Includes 75 model dialogues with key phrases from professional and everyday life, with current expressions and tips on French culture. For levels A1-B2 of the Common European Framework. The dialogues are available as an audio download.
Oxford better French An easy-to-use approach to learning new vocabulary, practising verbs and getting grammar right, for children aged 11-14.
Paroles en situations (Coll. Focus) Guimbretière, E. & V. Laurens An all-in-one manual with 250 oral comprehension activities, audio CD, transcripts and answer. For level A1-B2 of the Common European Framework.
Resources for teaching French 14-16 James, G. A resource comprising 80 lesson plans for teachers, each consisting of a teacher sheet and a photocopiable student sheet that corresponds to the teacher's lesson plan. Audio files for the listening exercises and all the worksheets are available online.
Speed up your French: Strategies to avoid common errors Jubb, M. A resource that identifies and explains common errors made by students of French, from false friends to idiomatic expressions and the use of prepositions. Suitable for intermediate learners, for classroom use or self-study.
GCSE (KS3/4): Key Skills. Published 2004. Click on entry for price details.


Season the venison with plenty of salt and pepper and dredge in the flour. Dust the excess flour off the meat.
Sear the meat in a casserole, deglaze with the red wine, and then bring to the boil.
Add the remaining ingredients except for the ginger cake.
Leave to simmer gently just below boiling point.
Remove the meat from the liquid and reduce the liquid until you have a thicker sauce. Strain the sauce and thicken with the ginger cake.
Pull the venison meat and then add the sauce to it. Allow to cool.
Shape the meat into small balls of around 80g and set aside in the refrigerator to firm up or briefly freeze.
To make the baozi dough, dissolve the yeast in the lukewarm milk (37°C).
Mix the butter, flour, sugar, salt, and eggs together before gradually adding the milk. Knead until you have a nice smooth dough.
Leave the dough to rise in a warm place for ten minutes. Punch down the dough and leave to rise for another ten minutes.
After it has risen for a second time, divide the dough into 100g balls.
Fill each ball with the venison meat and steam in a steam oven set to 100°C or in a steamer basket for twelve minutes.
As an amuse-bouche in a game menu.
Serve with a red cabbage sambal.


1) Editors are a British indie rock/post-punk revival band from Birmingham, England, formed by Tom Smith (vocals, guitar, keyboards), Russell Leetch (bass) Ed Lay (drums) and Chris Urbanowicz (guitar) who met while studying at Staffordshire University, in Stafford, England, United Kingdom during 2002. After Chris' departure in 2012 , Justin Lockey and Elliott Williams joined the band for their live gigs and participated in the recording of the fourth album. Read Full Bio1) Editors are a British indie rock/post-punk revival band from Birmingham, England, formed by Tom Smith (vocals, guitar, keyboards), Russell Leetch (bass) Ed Lay (drums) and Chris Urbanowicz (guitar) who met while studying at Staffordshire University, in Stafford, England, United Kingdom during 2002. After Chris' departure in 2012 , Justin Lockey and Elliott Williams joined the band for their live gigs and participated in the recording of the fourth album.


Welcome to the most comprehensive record of Clydebank Football Club history available anywhere on the web, aiming to record EVERY major competitive match, player, appearance and goal for the club from 1966 to the present day.
We need your help to make the Bankies Archive the most comprehensive resource on the internet for Clydebank Football Club.
We're looking for newspaper clippings, match reports, Scrapbooks, match photos, player photos, programmes. If you can help in any way, no matter how small, please contact us.


text:
La Shawn K. Ford is an American politician who is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 8th District since 2007.

Ford was a candidate for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 election.

Early life, education, and career
Elected in 2007 to the Illinois House of Representatives representing the 8th District, Rep. Ford is an outspoken advocate for his constituents. Rep. Ford is focused on social justice and disparities in employment, education, and the healthcare system. He has also worked to increase opportunities for ex-offenders, foster small business development, improve access to affordable housing, expand protections for our veterans, safeguard our environment and address our state's fiscal health.

Ford was born in Chicago's Cabrini–Green housing project. He grew up in the Austin community of Chicago. His family moved to the Austin community when he was two years old. Ford never met his father. His mother was an unwed teen, and he was adopted by his grandmother at birth.

Ford grew up poor.

Ford attended Lady Help of Christians Catholic Elementary School and graduated from Weber High School.

Initially, after high school, Ford attended the Niles College Seminary at Loyola University in Chicago contemplating becoming a priest. Ford ultimately received a bachelor of arts in elementary education from Loyola, with a minor in political science. He played basketball while at Loyola. He also received a degree from University of Illinois at Chicago.

Ford became a history teacher and basketball coach for Chicago Public Schools. Later he became a licensed Illinois real estate broker, and became the founder of Ford Desired Real Estate in 2001. He has served as a member of the Chicago and National Association of Realtors, board member of the Austin YMCA, board member of Circle Family Care, board member of the Austin Chamber of Commerce, founding organizer of Zawadi Youth Group, and member of St. Martin de Porres Catholic Church Parish Council and Finance Committee.

Ford worked as a Democratic precinct captain in the neighborhood where he grew up.

Ford is a firm believer in the power of responsible parenting and helped grow the Illinois Council on Responsible Fatherhood, which aims to support fathers and help them to become more responsible and present. He consistently advocates for increased access to financial resources and institutions for marginalized communities and promotes the value of education among students in his district.

Legislative career
Ford was first elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 2007, defeating incumbent Calvin Giles in the Democratic primary and winning the General Election with 83% of the vote.

La Shawn is a national leader in social justice and civil rights issues. He believes in preserving communities, helping ex-offenders re-enter society and enshrining the sacred right to vote. He created a commission to confront economic problems that still plague Black communities, as well as the Distressed Counties and Communities Task Force, which finds innovative ways to help people who receive state social services and serves as a national model for a successful anti-poverty agenda.

Throughout his career, Ford has Chaired a number of committees: Appropriations—Higher Education; Financial Institutions, Restorative Justice. Ford's committee assignments are: the Appropriations Committee on Elementary & Secondary Education; Appropriations Committee on Human Services; Insurance: Property & Casualty; Tourism, Hospitality & Craft Industries; and Veterans' Affairs.

Ford is a member of the Medicaid Managed Care Oversight Task Force.
To monitor how the State approaches and manages a new form of health care delivery system based on managed care models,
particularly for people with disabilities and the elderly. He is also a member of the Violence Prevention Task Force. The Violence Prevention Task Force seeks to increase awareness of resources, jobs, and opportunities to prevent violence and to assist violence prevention groups and other social institutions in providing safe places for those at risk of violence.

From 2006 until 2012, Ford had received $16,350 in campaign contributions from labor unions. This included $3,000 from AFL-CIO, $2,650 from AFSCME, $200 from Illinois Education Association; $2,500 from the Illinois Federation of Teachers, $7,000 from the Chicago Teachers Union, $1,000 from Service Employees International Union.

In 2020, Ford voiced support for the abolition of history classes in Illinois schools, claiming that "current history teaching practices overlook the contributions by Women and members of the Black, Jewish, LGBTQ communities and other groups" and "until a suitable alternative is developed, we should instead devote greater attention toward civics and ensuring students understand our democratic processes and how they can be involved".

As of July 2, 2022, Representative Ford is a member of the following Illinois House committees:

 (Chairman of) Appropriations - Higher Education Committee (HAPI)
 Fair Lending and Community Reinvestment Subcommittee (HFIN-FAIR)
 Financial Institutions Committee (HFIN)
 Labor & Commerce Committee (HLBR)
 Public Utilities Committee (HPUB)
 Restorative Justic Committee (SHRJ)

Since 2007, La Shawn Ford has been re-elected six times to continue his advocacy for the 8th District, a diverse set of communities including the West Side of Chicago and the suburbs of Oak Park, Berwyn, North Riverside, Forest Park, Proviso Township, Brookfield, La Grange Park, La Grange and Western Springs.

2019 mayoral campaign
Ford ran for mayor of Chicago in 2019. After giving notice of a possible candidacy in late-September, Ford officially announced his candidacy on October 31, 2018, joining what was an already-crowded field of candidates seeking to replace Rahm Emanuel, who had announced in early September that he would not seek reelection.

Candidate Willie Wilson challenged signatures on Ford's candidature petition, but the Chicago Board of Elections allowed Ford to remain on the ballot, finding that, "candidate Willie Wilson's objection to his petitions was not made in good faith."

In the polls he was included in, Ford never placed higher than 2%, and most frequently received around 1% support.

Ford placed eleventh out of fourteen candidates, receiving 5,606 votes (1.01% of the overall vote) in the initial round of the election.

Personal life
Ford has a daughter named Tia.

Legal issues
On November 29, 2012, Ford was indicted on charges of bank fraud, alleging he provided misleading evidence to obtain a $500,000 extension on a line of credit. The charges state he used the money for personal expenses rather than rehabilitating an owned property, as stated in the loan documentation. On August 4, 2014, all 17 felony counts of bank fraud and false information against Ford were dropped by federal prosecutors in exchange for his pleading guilty to a single misdemeanor income tax charge, and Ford's trial was removed from the federal docket.

Electoral history

References

External links
Representative LaShawn Ford (D) 8th District at the Illinois General Assembly
By session: 100th, 99th, 98th, 97th, 96th, 95th

La Shawn Ford at Illinois House Democrats

Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Loyola University Chicago alumni
African-American state legislators in Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
21st-century American politicians
Illinois politicians convicted of crimes
Date of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American politicians
African-American Catholics


The MIDIbox-to-COM interface enables you to connect the MIDIbox to a COM (RS232) port instead of a MIDI port. It saves one MIDI-IN and one MIDI-OUT for your MIDI equipment. The data is transfered about 20% faster than via MIDI.
The MIDI interface of the MIDIbox must be replaced by a RS232 interface. The MAX232 chip does this simple job, it just shifts the TTL voltage levels of the PIC to the -12/+12 V levels of the RS232 port.
The Roland Driver works also fine (search for serial MIDI driver)!
And here a third driver, provided by Kawai for the K5000 workstation. Nenad reported that the two driver above failed on his computer, but the (much simpler) Kawai driver works.
PIC16F: The RS232 interface is supported by MIDIbox Plus since v1.908, MIDIbox64, MIDIbox16E, MIDIbox64SEQ and MIDIO128.
PIC18F (MIOS): MIDIbox-to-COM is part of the operating system. See also the functional description of MIOS_MIDI_InterfaceSet.
MIDI Out of the merger directly - without optocoupler - to the Rx port of the MIDIbox-PIC.


Since our inception, we are instrumental in offering premium quality gamut of Led Spot Light. The provide spot light is manufactured by utilizing utmost grade material and cutting edge techniques in accordance with set standard. Furthermore, our spot light is examined by our quality controllers at every stage of production to find out any defect if any. Patrons can avail this spot light from us in multiple sizes as per their needs.


text:
module Reiser4Probe
  REISER4_MASTER_OFFSET = 65536
  REISER4_MAGIC_OFFSET  = REISER4_MASTER_OFFSET
  REISER4_MAGIC_SIZE    = 10
  REISER4_MAGIC         = "ReIsEr4"

  def self.probe(dobj)
    return(false) unless dobj.kind_of?(MiqDisk)

    # Assume Reiser4 - read magic at offset.
    dobj.seek(REISER4_MAGIC_OFFSET)
    magic = dobj.read(REISER4_MAGIC_SIZE).strip
    raise "Reiser4 is Not Supported" if magic == REISER4_MAGIC

    # No Reiser4.
    false
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Two people ejected from car crash in LaSalle County
by: Kristina Leahy
Posted: Dec 7, 2021 / 03:02 AM CST / Updated: Dec 7, 2021 / 03:37 AM CST
LASALLE COUNTY, Ill. (WMBD) — Two people were taken to a local hospital Sunday after being ejected from a car crash.
Just after 9:00 p.m., LaSalle County Deputies responded to a crash along Rt. 251, just south of N. 39th Rd.
During the investigation, officers learned the driver, 19-year-old Gabriel Mojica was traveling southbound when the car left the roadway, entered a ditch, then rolled over several times before landing in a field.
Mojica and the passenger, 18-year-old Devin Chaparro were both ejected from the vehicle. First responders took them to an area hospital. Their conditions are stable at this time.
Mojica is charged with failure to reduce speed, improper lane usage, and failure to wear a seat belt.
Chaparro is also charged with failure to wear a seat belt.
by Jeremy Tanner, Nexstar Media Wire / Jan 17, 2022
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (NEXSTAR) — Four inmates at a northwest Arkansas jail sued the facility and its doctor Thursday after they said they were unknowingly prescribed ivermectin to treat COVID-19 despite health officials' warnings that the anti-parasitic drug shouldn't be used for that purpose.
The American Civil Liberties Union of Arkansas filed the lawsuit in federal court on behalf of the detainees against the Washington County jail, Washington County Sheriff Tim Helder and Dr. Robert Karas. Helder in August revealed that ivermectin had been prescribed to inmates to treat their COVID-19.
ISA scholarships available for students pursuing higher education


Citizen testimony strongly against Idaho joining mercury emission "cap and trade" program Craig resigns! A great day!
Idaho: Zena-Loon Fire Progression Map – July 15 to August 31, 2007.
The Zena-Loon is the bulk of the "East Fork Fire Complex" which is now 217, 263 acres. Here is a color coded fire progression map. They seem to update it daily.
Another map I would like to see someone produce is how much of the country surrounding this fire progression map has already burned between 2000 – 2006. I imagine it is a lot, maybe even the majority.
On top of this, the Cascade Fire Complex (Boise National Forest to the south) has burned 242,709 acres. The Rattlesnake Fire to the north (Nez Perce National Forest) has burned 102,212 acres. The Showerbath Complex in the Frank Church Wilderness NW of Challis has burned 130,784 acres.
Much later. Well, unfortunately, as time went by the URLs to the maps disappeared. Webmaster.


text:
#include "GrXfermodeFragmentProcessor.h"

#include "GrFragmentProcessor.h"
#include "generated/GrConstColorProcessor.h"
#include "glsl/GrGLSLFragmentProcessor.h"
#include "glsl/GrGLSLBlend.h"
#include "glsl/GrGLSLFragmentShaderBuilder.h"
#include "SkGr.h"
#include "SkXfermodePriv.h"

// Some of the cpu implementations of blend modes differ too much from the GPU enough that
// we can't use the cpu implementation to implement constantOutputForConstantInput.
static inline bool does_cpu_blend_impl_match_gpu(SkBlendMode mode) {
    // The non-seperable modes differ too much. So does SoftLight. ColorBurn differs too much on our
    // test iOS device (but we just disable it across the aboard since it may happen on untested
    // GPUs).
    return mode <= SkBlendMode::kLastSeparableMode && mode != SkBlendMode::kSoftLight &&
           mode != SkBlendMode::kColorBurn;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor : public GrFragmentProcessor {
public:
    static std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> Make(std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> src,
                                                     std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> dst,
                                                     SkBlendMode mode) {
        return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
                new ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor(std::move(src), std::move(dst), mode));
    }

    const char* name() const override { return "ComposeTwo"; }

#ifdef SK_DEBUG
    SkString dumpInfo() const override {
        SkString str;

        str.appendf("Mode: %s", SkBlendMode_Name(fMode));

        for (int i = 0; i < this->numChildProcessors(); ++i) {
            str.appendf(" [%s %s]",
                        this->childProcessor(i).name(), this->childProcessor(i).dumpInfo().c_str());
        }
        return str;
    }
#endif

    std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> clone() const override;

    SkBlendMode getMode() const { return fMode; }

private:
    ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor(std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> src,
                                std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> dst,
                                SkBlendMode mode)
            : INHERITED(kComposeTwoFragmentProcessor_ClassID, OptFlags(src.get(), dst.get(), mode))
            , fMode(mode) {
        SkDEBUGCODE(int shaderAChildIndex = )this->registerChildProcessor(std::move(src));
        SkDEBUGCODE(int shaderBChildIndex = )this->registerChildProcessor(std::move(dst));
        SkASSERT(0 == shaderAChildIndex);
        SkASSERT(1 == shaderBChildIndex);
    }

    static OptimizationFlags OptFlags(const GrFragmentProcessor* src,
                                      const GrFragmentProcessor* dst, SkBlendMode mode) {
        OptimizationFlags flags;
        switch (mode) {
            case SkBlendMode::kClear:
            case SkBlendMode::kSrc:
            case SkBlendMode::kDst:
                SK_ABORT("Should never create clear, src, or dst compose two FP.");
                flags = kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // Produces opaque if both src and dst are opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcIn:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstIn:
            case SkBlendMode::kModulate:
                flags = src->preservesOpaqueInput() && dst->preservesOpaqueInput()
                                ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // Produces zero when both are opaque, indeterminate if one is opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcOut:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstOut:
            case SkBlendMode::kXor:
                flags = kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // Is opaque if the dst is opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcATop:
                flags = dst->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                    : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // DstATop is the converse of kSrcATop. Screen is also opaque if the src is a opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kDstATop:
            case SkBlendMode::kScreen:
                flags = src->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                    : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // These modes are all opaque if either src or dst is opaque. All the advanced modes
            // compute alpha as src-over.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcOver:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstOver:
            case SkBlendMode::kPlus:
            case SkBlendMode::kOverlay:
            case SkBlendMode::kDarken:
            case SkBlendMode::kLighten:
            case SkBlendMode::kColorDodge:
            case SkBlendMode::kColorBurn:
            case SkBlendMode::kHardLight:
            case SkBlendMode::kSoftLight:
            case SkBlendMode::kDifference:
            case SkBlendMode::kExclusion:
            case SkBlendMode::kMultiply:
            case SkBlendMode::kHue:
            case SkBlendMode::kSaturation:
            case SkBlendMode::kColor:
            case SkBlendMode::kLuminosity:
                flags = src->preservesOpaqueInput() || dst->preservesOpaqueInput()
                                ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;
        }
        if (does_cpu_blend_impl_match_gpu(mode) && src->hasConstantOutputForConstantInput() &&
            dst->hasConstantOutputForConstantInput()) {
            flags |= kConstantOutputForConstantInput_OptimizationFlag;
        }
        return flags;
    }

    void onGetGLSLProcessorKey(const GrShaderCaps& caps, GrProcessorKeyBuilder* b) const override {
        b->add32((int)fMode);
    }

    bool onIsEqual(const GrFragmentProcessor& other) const override {
        const ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor& cs = other.cast<ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor>();
        return fMode == cs.fMode;
    }

    SkPMColor4f constantOutputForConstantInput(const SkPMColor4f& input) const override {
        SkPMColor4f opaqueInput = { input.fR, input.fG, input.fB, 1 };
        SkPMColor4f src = ConstantOutputForConstantInput(this->childProcessor(0), opaqueInput);
        SkPMColor4f dst = ConstantOutputForConstantInput(this->childProcessor(1), opaqueInput);
        SkPMColor4f res = SkBlendMode_Apply(fMode, src, dst);
        return res * input.fA;
    }

    GrGLSLFragmentProcessor* onCreateGLSLInstance() const override;

    SkBlendMode fMode;

    GR_DECLARE_FRAGMENT_PROCESSOR_TEST

    typedef GrFragmentProcessor INHERITED;
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class GLComposeTwoFragmentProcessor : public GrGLSLFragmentProcessor {
public:
    void emitCode(EmitArgs&) override;

private:
    typedef GrGLSLFragmentProcessor INHERITED;
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

GR_DEFINE_FRAGMENT_PROCESSOR_TEST(ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor);

#if GR_TEST_UTILS
std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor::TestCreate(
        GrProcessorTestData* d) {
    // Create two random frag procs.
    std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> fpA(GrProcessorUnitTest::MakeChildFP(d));
    std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> fpB(GrProcessorUnitTest::MakeChildFP(d));

    SkBlendMode mode;
    do {
        mode = static_cast<SkBlendMode>(d->fRandom->nextRangeU(0, (int)SkBlendMode::kLastMode));
    } while (SkBlendMode::kClear == mode || SkBlendMode::kSrc == mode || SkBlendMode::kDst == mode);
    return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
            new ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor(std::move(fpA), std::move(fpB), mode));
}
#endif

std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor::clone() const {
    auto src = this->childProcessor(0).clone();
    auto dst = this->childProcessor(1).clone();
    return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
            new ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor(std::move(src), std::move(dst), fMode));
}

GrGLSLFragmentProcessor* ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor::onCreateGLSLInstance() const{
    return new GLComposeTwoFragmentProcessor;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void GLComposeTwoFragmentProcessor::emitCode(EmitArgs& args) {

    GrGLSLFPFragmentBuilder* fragBuilder = args.fFragBuilder;
    const ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor& cs = args.fFp.cast<ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor>();

    const char* inputColor = nullptr;
    if (args.fInputColor) {
        inputColor = "inputColor";
        fragBuilder->codeAppendf("half4 inputColor = half4(%s.rgb, 1.0);", args.fInputColor);
    }

    // declare outputColor and emit the code for each of the two children
    SkString srcColor("xfer_src");
    this->emitChild(0, inputColor, &srcColor, args);

    SkString dstColor("xfer_dst");
    this->emitChild(1, inputColor, &dstColor, args);

    // emit blend code
    SkBlendMode mode = cs.getMode();
    fragBuilder->codeAppendf("// Compose Xfer Mode: %s\n", SkBlendMode_Name(mode));
    GrGLSLBlend::AppendMode(fragBuilder,
                            srcColor.c_str(),
                            dstColor.c_str(),
                            args.fOutputColor,
                            mode);

    // re-multiply the output color by the input color's alpha
    if (args.fInputColor) {
        fragBuilder->codeAppendf("%s *= %s.a;", args.fOutputColor, args.fInputColor);
    }
}

std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> GrXfermodeFragmentProcessor::MakeFromTwoProcessors(
        std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> src,
        std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> dst,
        SkBlendMode mode) {
    switch (mode) {
        case SkBlendMode::kClear:
            return GrConstColorProcessor::Make(SK_PMColor4fTRANSPARENT,
                                               GrConstColorProcessor::InputMode::kIgnore);
        case SkBlendMode::kSrc:
            return src;
        case SkBlendMode::kDst:
            return dst;
        default:
            return ComposeTwoFragmentProcessor::Make(std::move(src), std::move(dst), mode);
    }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class ComposeOneFragmentProcessor : public GrFragmentProcessor {
public:
    enum Child {
        kDst_Child,
        kSrc_Child,
    };

    static std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> Make(std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> fp,
                                                     SkBlendMode mode, Child child) {
        if (!fp) {
            return nullptr;
        }
        return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
                new ComposeOneFragmentProcessor(std::move(fp), mode, child));
    }

    const char* name() const override { return "ComposeOne"; }

#ifdef SK_DEBUG
    SkString dumpInfo() const override {
        SkString str;

        str.appendf("Mode: %s, Child: %s",
                    SkBlendMode_Name(fMode), kDst_Child == fChild ? "Dst" : "Src");

        for (int i = 0; i < this->numChildProcessors(); ++i) {
            str.appendf(" [%s %s]",
                        this->childProcessor(i).name(), this->childProcessor(i).dumpInfo().c_str());
        }
        return str;
    }
#endif

    std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> clone() const override;

    SkBlendMode mode() const { return fMode; }

    Child child() const { return fChild; }

private:
    OptimizationFlags OptFlags(const GrFragmentProcessor* fp, SkBlendMode mode, Child child) {
        OptimizationFlags flags;
        switch (mode) {
            case SkBlendMode::kClear:
                SK_ABORT("Should never create clear compose one FP.");
                flags = kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            case SkBlendMode::kSrc:
                SkASSERT(child == kSrc_Child);
                flags = fp->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                   : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            case SkBlendMode::kDst:
                SkASSERT(child == kDst_Child);
                flags = fp->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                   : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // Produces opaque if both src and dst are opaque. These also will modulate the child's
            // output by either the input color or alpha. However, if the child is not compatible
            // with the coverage as alpha then it may produce a color that is not valid premul.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcIn:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstIn:
            case SkBlendMode::kModulate:
                flags = ProcessorOptimizationFlags(fp) &
                        ~kConstantOutputForConstantInput_OptimizationFlag;
                break;

            // Produces zero when both are opaque, indeterminate if one is opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcOut:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstOut:
            case SkBlendMode::kXor:
                flags = kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                break;

            // Is opaque if the dst is opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcATop:
                if (child == kDst_Child) {
                    flags = fp->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                       : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                } else {
                    flags = kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag;
                }
                break;

            // DstATop is the converse of kSrcATop. Screen is also opaque if the src is a opaque.
            case SkBlendMode::kDstATop:
            case SkBlendMode::kScreen:
                if (child == kSrc_Child) {
                    flags = fp->preservesOpaqueInput() ? kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag
                                                       : kNone_OptimizationFlags;
                } else {
                    flags = kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag;
                }
                break;

            // These modes are all opaque if either src or dst is opaque. All the advanced modes
            // compute alpha as src-over.
            case SkBlendMode::kSrcOver:
            case SkBlendMode::kDstOver:
            case SkBlendMode::kPlus:
            case SkBlendMode::kOverlay:
            case SkBlendMode::kDarken:
            case SkBlendMode::kLighten:
            case SkBlendMode::kColorDodge:
            case SkBlendMode::kColorBurn:
            case SkBlendMode::kHardLight:
            case SkBlendMode::kSoftLight:
            case SkBlendMode::kDifference:
            case SkBlendMode::kExclusion:
            case SkBlendMode::kMultiply:
            case SkBlendMode::kHue:
            case SkBlendMode::kSaturation:
            case SkBlendMode::kColor:
            case SkBlendMode::kLuminosity:
                flags = kPreservesOpaqueInput_OptimizationFlag;
                break;
        }
        if (does_cpu_blend_impl_match_gpu(mode) && fp->hasConstantOutputForConstantInput()) {
            flags |= kConstantOutputForConstantInput_OptimizationFlag;
        }
        return flags;
    }

    void onGetGLSLProcessorKey(const GrShaderCaps& caps, GrProcessorKeyBuilder* b) const override {
        GR_STATIC_ASSERT(((int)SkBlendMode::kLastMode & UINT16_MAX) == (int)SkBlendMode::kLastMode);
        b->add32((int)fMode | (fChild << 16));
    }

    bool onIsEqual(const GrFragmentProcessor& that) const override {
        return fMode == that.cast<ComposeOneFragmentProcessor>().fMode;
    }

    SkPMColor4f constantOutputForConstantInput(const SkPMColor4f& inputColor) const override {
        SkPMColor4f childColor = ConstantOutputForConstantInput(this->childProcessor(0),
                                                                SK_PMColor4fWHITE);
        SkPMColor4f src, dst;
        if (kSrc_Child == fChild) {
            src = childColor;
            dst = inputColor;
        } else {
            src = inputColor;
            dst = childColor;
        }
        return SkBlendMode_Apply(fMode, src, dst);
    }

private:
    ComposeOneFragmentProcessor(std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> fp, SkBlendMode mode,
                                Child child)
            : INHERITED(kComposeOneFragmentProcessor_ClassID, OptFlags(fp.get(), mode, child))
            , fMode(mode)
            , fChild(child) {
        SkDEBUGCODE(int dstIndex =) this->registerChildProcessor(std::move(fp));
        SkASSERT(0 == dstIndex);
    }

    GrGLSLFragmentProcessor* onCreateGLSLInstance() const override;

    SkBlendMode fMode;
    Child       fChild;

    GR_DECLARE_FRAGMENT_PROCESSOR_TEST

    typedef GrFragmentProcessor INHERITED;
};

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class GLComposeOneFragmentProcessor : public GrGLSLFragmentProcessor {
public:
    void emitCode(EmitArgs& args) override {
        GrGLSLFPFragmentBuilder* fragBuilder = args.fFragBuilder;
        SkBlendMode mode = args.fFp.cast<ComposeOneFragmentProcessor>().mode();
        ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::Child child =
            args.fFp.cast<ComposeOneFragmentProcessor>().child();
        SkString childColor("child");
        this->emitChild(0, &childColor, args);

        // emit blend code
        fragBuilder->codeAppendf("// Compose Xfer Mode: %s\n", SkBlendMode_Name(mode));
        const char* childStr = childColor.c_str();
        if (ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::kDst_Child == child) {
            GrGLSLBlend::AppendMode(fragBuilder, args.fInputColor, childStr, args.fOutputColor, mode);
        } else {
            GrGLSLBlend::AppendMode(fragBuilder, childStr, args.fInputColor, args.fOutputColor, mode);
        }
    }

private:
    typedef GrGLSLFragmentProcessor INHERITED;
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

GR_DEFINE_FRAGMENT_PROCESSOR_TEST(ComposeOneFragmentProcessor);

#if GR_TEST_UTILS
std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::TestCreate(
        GrProcessorTestData* d) {
    // Create one random frag procs.
    // For now, we'll prevent either children from being a shader with children to prevent the
    // possibility of an arbitrarily large tree of procs.
    std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> dst(GrProcessorUnitTest::MakeChildFP(d));
    SkBlendMode mode;
    ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::Child child;
    do {
        mode = static_cast<SkBlendMode>(d->fRandom->nextRangeU(0, (int)SkBlendMode::kLastMode));
        child = d->fRandom->nextBool() ? kDst_Child : kSrc_Child;
    } while (SkBlendMode::kClear == mode || (SkBlendMode::kDst == mode && child == kSrc_Child) ||
             (SkBlendMode::kSrc == mode && child == kDst_Child));
    return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
            new ComposeOneFragmentProcessor(std::move(dst), mode, child));
}
#endif

GrGLSLFragmentProcessor* ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::onCreateGLSLInstance() const {
    return new GLComposeOneFragmentProcessor;
}

std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::clone() const {
    return std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor>(
            new ComposeOneFragmentProcessor(this->childProcessor(0).clone(), fMode, fChild));
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// It may seems as though when the input FP is the dst and the mode is kDst (or same for src/kSrc)
// that these factories could simply return the input FP. However, that doesn't have quite
// the same effect as the returned compose FP will replace the FP's input with solid white and
// ignore the original input. This could be implemented as:
// RunInSeries(ConstColor(WHITE, kIgnoreInput), inputFP).

std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> GrXfermodeFragmentProcessor::MakeFromDstProcessor(
        std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> dst, SkBlendMode mode) {
    switch (mode) {
        case SkBlendMode::kClear:
            return GrConstColorProcessor::Make(SK_PMColor4fTRANSPARENT,
                                               GrConstColorProcessor::InputMode::kIgnore);
        case SkBlendMode::kSrc:
            return nullptr;
        default:
            return ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::Make(std::move(dst), mode,
                                                     ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::kDst_Child);
    }
}

std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> GrXfermodeFragmentProcessor::MakeFromSrcProcessor(
        std::unique_ptr<GrFragmentProcessor> src, SkBlendMode mode) {
    switch (mode) {
        case SkBlendMode::kClear:
            return GrConstColorProcessor::Make(SK_PMColor4fTRANSPARENT,
                                               GrConstColorProcessor::InputMode::kIgnore);
        case SkBlendMode::kDst:
            return nullptr;
        default:
            return ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::Make(std::move(src), mode,
                                                     ComposeOneFragmentProcessor::kSrc_Child);
    }
}


text:
Q: take photo and upload it to server without any compress android I'm trying to take a picture from device camera or pick it up from the gallery and upload it to the server via the volley
everything works fine but the image quality is so bad
private void dispatchTakePictureIntent()
{
    Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
    startActivityForResult(intent , CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE);
}
@Override
public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data {
    switch (requestCode) {
    case CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE:
    if ( resultCode == RESULT_OK){
    Bundle bundle = data.getExtras();
    bitmap = (Bitmap) bundle.get("data");
    ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 100, stream);
}
break;

and getParams method :
    byte[] a = convertBitmapToByteArrayUncompressed(bitmap);
    params.put("img" , Base64.encodeToString(a , Base64.DEFAULT));

public static byte[] convertBitmapToByteArrayUncompressed(Bitmap bitmap){
    ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(bitmap.getByteCount());
    bitmap.copyPixelsToBuffer(byteBuffer);
    byteBuffer.rewind();
    return byteBuffer.array();
}

A: From Naugat Taking picture would be different.
Create a image file fist:
String mCurrentPhotoPath;

private File createImageFile() throws IOException {
    // Create an image file name
    String timeStamp = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss").format(new Date());
    String imageFileName = "JPEG_" + timeStamp + "_";
    File storageDir = getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES);
    File image = File.createTempFile(
        imageFileName,  /* prefix */
        ".jpg",         /* suffix */
        storageDir      /* directory */
    );

    // Save a file: path for use with ACTION_VIEW intents
    mCurrentPhotoPath = image.getAbsolutePath();
    return image;
}

Then dispatch take picture intent
static final int REQUEST_TAKE_PHOTO = 1;

private void dispatchTakePictureIntent() {
    Intent takePictureIntent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
    // Ensure that there's a camera activity to handle the intent
    if (takePictureIntent.resolveActivity(getPackageManager()) != null) {
        // Create the File where the photo should go
        File photoFile = null;
        try {
            photoFile = createImageFile();
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            // Error occurred while creating the File
            ...
        }
        // Continue only if the File was successfully created
        if (photoFile != null) {
            Uri photoURI = FileProvider.getUriForFile(this,
                                                  "com.example.android.fileprovider",
                                                  photoFile);
            takePictureIntent.putExtra(MediaStore.EXTRA_OUTPUT, photoURI);
            startActivityForResult(takePictureIntent, REQUEST_TAKE_PHOTO);
        }
    }
}

In your onActivity result check for RESULT_OK for a successful capture.
if (requestCode == REQUEST_TAKE_PHOTO && resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK)

You already got the image path. Now use mCurrentPhotoPath to upload process.
Also, you need to implement file provider.
In your Manifest add this:
<application>
   ...
   <provider
        android:name="android.support.v4.content.FileProvider"
        android:authorities="com.example.android.fileprovider"
        android:exported="false"
        android:grantUriPermissions="true">
        <meta-data
            android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
            android:resource="@xml/file_paths"></meta-data>
    </provider>
    ...
</application>

In XML in resource dir and add this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<paths xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <external-path name="my_images" path="Android/data/com.example.package.name/files/Pictures" />
</paths>

Now you will get a full-size image from a camera.
Source: https://developer.android.com/training/camera/photobasics.html

A: You should have to use multipart entity to send image without compression. using multipart entity your image quality also will be maintained. Please follow this to send image using volley
public class MultipartReq extends JsonObjectRequest {

    private static final String FILE_PART_NAME = "file";
    private static final String STRING_PART_NAME = "text";

    private final File mFilePart;
    //private final String mStringPart;

    MultipartEntityBuilder entityBuilder = MultipartEntityBuilder.create();
    HttpEntity httpEntity;
    Context context;

    private Map<String, String> params;
    public MultipartReq(Context context, int method, String url, JSONObject jsonRequest, Response.Listener<JSONObject> listener, Response.ErrorListener errorListener, File file, Map<String, String> params) {
        super(method, url, jsonRequest, listener, errorListener);

        this.context = context;
        mFilePart = file;
        entityBuilder.setMode(HttpMultipartMode.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE);
        this.params = params;
        buildMultipartEntity();
        httpEntity = entityBuilder.build();

    }

    private void buildMultipartEntity() {

        try {
            if (mFilePart.exists()) {                                           entityBuilder.addBinaryBody(FILE_PART_NAME, mFilePart, ContentType.create(mimeType), mFilePart.getName());

                }
                try {
                    if(!params.isEmpty()){
                        for (String key: params.keySet()){
                             entityBuilder.addPart(key, new StringBody(params.get(key),ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN));

                        }
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    VolleyLog.e("UnsupportedEncodingException");
                }

            } else {
                ShowLog.e("no such file");
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            ShowLog.e("UnsupportedEncodingException");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Map<String, String> getHeaders() throws AuthFailureError {
        HashMap<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();

        return params;
    }

    @Override
    public String getBodyContentType() {
        return httpEntity.getContentType().getValue();
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] getBody() {
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        try {
            httpEntity.writeTo(bos);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            VolleyLog.e("IOException writing to ByteArrayOutputStream");
        }
        return bos.toByteArray();
    }

    @Override
    protected void deliverResponse(JSONObject response) {
        super.deliverResponse(response);
    }
}

A: use getParcelableExtra(), instead of getExtras() for small size images.
Bitmap bitmap = (Bitmap) intent.getParcelableExtra("data");

If your images are too large, you have to compress them and send to the other activity. Then you can get compressed bitmap and uncompress it in second activity. Try below code.
1st Activity
Intent intent = new Intent(this, SecondActivity.class);
ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPG, 100, stream);
byte[] bytes = stream.toByteArray();
intent.putExtra("bitmap",bytes);

2nd Activity
byte[] bytes = getIntent().getByteArrayExtra("bitmap");
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.length);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home / International / China in Space
Senior Amn. Xavier Rubio, USAF, tests a satellite communications dish aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Pearl Harbor.
The International Space Station is an example of multinational cooperation in the space domain.
China in Space
By Rita Boland
A go-it-alone approach could lead to tensions mounting quickly, affecting operations in all domains.
China's activities in space have caught the attention of U.S. and other countries' officials, altering how personnel must consider the domain. The importance of the area outside of Earth to military operations makes the location critical for any nation looking to put itself into a terrestrial position of power. During 2012, China conducted 18 space launches and upgraded various constellations for purposes such as communications and navigation. China's recent expansion into the realm presents new concerns for civilian programs and defense assets there.
In the U.S. National Military Strategy, officials discuss their concern about China's military modernization and assertiveness in space, also stating that the "enabling and warfighting domains of space and cyberspace are simultaneously more critical for our operations yet more vulnerable to malicious actions." The United States has released several pieces of guidance on its approach to the domain such as the National Space Policy and the Defense Department's National Security Space Strategy. The military defines the latter as a "pragmatic approach to maintain the advantages derived from space while confronting the challenges of an evolving space strategic environment. It is the first such strategy jointly signed by the Secretary of Defense and Director of National Intelligence."
Unlike the 1960s-era space race when Soviets and Americans competed to be first, China approaches space with a different set of goals. Dean Cheng, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation who focuses on Chinese political and social affairs, explains that the Sino perspective asks, "What do we want to do in space? What can space do for us?"
The answers have evolved over time. "In the '90s and early 2000s, it was to facilitate national economic development," Cheng explains. "That was true for many aspects of their society. The Chinese view themselves still as a less developed power. They want to develop themselves into a more developed power." First forays off the planet focused on communications satellites to tie people together or navigation systems to help with urban planning. Only recently did the country start to look into early warning for ballistic missiles. Much activity still centers around prestige and political legitimacy.
A couple of months ago, large amounts of discussion in the China analysis community and beyond chattered about whether the nation is putting up a network of early warning satellites. Press reports have covered the launches, but Cheng says the Chinese themselves have not released an official announcement. Some analysts worked diligently to try to track down validating sources. It certainly is not outside the country's technological capability, but if true it marks a differentiation from prior space missions.
Cheng says that despite some reports to the contrary, China releases information often on its various government activities. Whether or not other nations have the personnel to read them is a different challenge. On space specifics, however, he says China is virtually silent. Certain successes are promoted and covered in the mainstream media, including the missions to send humans into space and the docking of Chinese spacecraft with its orbiting space lab Tiangong 1. Now that China is comfortable docking there, information suggests a bigger facility will be created around 2020. However, much uncertainty still surrounds plans until new launch vehicles are unveiled. Cheng says decision makers should avoid the mistaken impression that China buys or steals its assets related to space. "The evidence is pretty strong to show that's not all true, not to say they don't engage in espionage," Cheng states. But China modifies and studies design, adding its own touches as appropriate.
Beyond direct competition and potential conflicts in space, another concern is congestion. As more countries launch equipment into orbit, the area naturally becomes more crowded. Collisions already have taken place and more are predicted, a problem U.S. Strategic Command actively is working to address for continued function and safety. An anti-satellite test by China in 2007 that destroyed one of their own orbiters created a large amount of excess debris. That test also sparked tensions between China and other nations about capabilities and future plans.
The way the Defense Department operates now mandates freedom of operations in orbit. "From our side of the Pacific, basically space is an absolutely essential element of how we fight our wars, to the point where I suspect many don't think about how reliant we are on space," Cheng explains. It enables missiles and GPS, for example. It allows communications on and into the battlefield. Even weather satellites are essential, because atmospheric conditions have major impacts on operations and planning. "Basically, if we want to fight a war the way we have fought wars over the last 20 years, we need space," Cheng states.
And China knows this. "The first thing to realize is that the Chinese read everything we write," Cheng explains. Their military is a learning organization and closely analyzes results from recent wars at least back until the first Gulf War. Cheng shares that despite China's overall reticence to release information on its space program, one subject it does write about is the importance of space and the need to establish information dominance and superiority, which requires space dominance. Establishing this power will be critical to success if there is a conflict, and China wants this edge over multiple potential adversaries including Japan and India, though the United States is the gold standard. "If you can take on the Americans, you can take on anyone," Cheng says.
So, is the United States aware of these potential challenges in the space domain and the full capability of possible enemies? "If you're our space warriors, sure," Cheng says. But as that question moves from the uniformed to the civilian arena, more questions surface about what people know and what they take seriously. Perhaps even more concerning is what leaders really understand. Cheng emphasizes that leaders must avoid the pitfall of expecting China to mirror U.S. activities.
China will not necessarily need and use space in the same way as the United States. For one, physical differences in location have an effect. If the United States and China battle in the Middle East, then both will require over-the-horizon capabilities. But such a scenario is less likely than a skirmish in the Asia-Pacific littoral environment. At that point, when Chinese troops are thousands of miles from their coast and the United States is tens of thousands from its shores, space will mean a lot more to the latter than the former.
Furthermore, China's space equipment is different from U.S. assets, developed differently with different priorities. Laws of physics might dictate what a rocket looks like, "but policy determines what space architecture looks like," Cheng explains. The Asian gargantuan has laid massive series of fiber optics trunklines in its borders, so within the country itself there is no need for satellites. Even air power planning can be done largely with this fiber-optic structure. U.S. air power will have a harder time coordinating mission pieces from places like Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, or even Kadena Air Base, Japan, without space resources. That creates an asymmetry of power should orbiting capabilities become disabled. Combine China's large air force without the same reliance on space with a massive fishing and merchant fleet that can bring in maritime information awareness without space, and even though neither will be uncontested, the equality of power shifts if space-based assets become disabled.
The problem facing the United States and others is trying to gather information to help make decisions. Cheng points out that unknown factors, at least in the unclassified realm, involve basics such as the size of the Chinese space budget, whether defense, civilian, manned, unmanned or any other facet. Even within the satellite weather program, the major players are unknown. It is not clear who sets priorities or what the decision-making process is either, according to Cheng. Finding the answers is hard for a few reasons, including the fact that though a respectable number of analysts study the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chinese space work is not a major focus of the academic community. The U.S. military is becoming more focused on China's space activities, as demonstrated in various publications and reports. Unlike enemies in recent conflicts, China in theory can conduct much more sophisticated attacks, especially as its satellite capabilities increase. However, Cheng says, while capability and competition affect U.S. space decisions, other factors such as acquisition processes and sequestration may have much more effect.
China's space activities are not all military, but its program falls under a PLA division and its senior leader. Increasingly, China is deploying systems that will fulfill military requirements; civilian assets can, and in an emergency will, serve defense purposes. Cheng explains that this applies even to the manned and lunar exploration programs. "China's space program is run by the military—that's what really matters here," he states. "For anyone thinking about collaborating with the Chinese on space, understand the PLA runs their space program. When you deal with the Chinese on space, at some level you are dealing with the PLA." Cheng also believes people in the U.S. defense, intelligence and homeland security communities should understand that decision makers in China do not necessarily think about issues the same way as they do. That concept has implications beyond space on such aspects as electronic or network warfare. Space is a means to an end. When the Chinese consider attacking space assets, the ultimate target is really the data, so nations such as the United States need to focus on defending that.
Away from the military, space can be a collaborative environment, as evidenced by endeavors such as the International Space Station and multination astronaut training. But even there, cooperation with the Chinese seems unlikely. Officials at NASA say that pursuant to U.S. law, "NASA does not collaborate on a bilateral basis with Chinese entities, including the Chinese space program." And according to them, China's plans matter little to schedules for the U.S. organization, explaining that while they applaud China's space exploration efforts, if China sends humans to the moon, "such an achievement would not impact NASA's current or planned activities."
Officially at least, even talking about Chinese ambitions with the agency's many partners is not on the table. The NASA personnel say they are "not having discussions with any country about the space exploration activities of the People's Republic of China. NASA frequently has conversations with other nations about opportunities for civil space cooperation. Currently, NASA has more than 600 active cooperative agreements with more than 120 countries that touch almost all aspects of NASA's activities."
For China, collaboration also may have no value. Consider the space station. As it approaches the end of its expected usage, few incentives exist for new participation. In addition, Cheng says, China would be unlikely to join the effort at this point because it is "very, very, very, very, add a couple more verys" concerned about being equal. Cheng believes that cooperation on a trip to Mars is more likely because no one has done that yet and participants would all be in on the ground floor. "Personally, I think it would be a catastrophe," he adds. The United States and China have no record of collaborating on major projects, and the first time probably should not be a high-profile, highly politicized process with high and unknown expenses wherein failure will have repercussions across government and the whole of society. Choosing a less ambitious project first would allow players to become more moderately familiar with one another, a process that has been difficult to date. Cheng suggests starting with tasks more along the lines of data sharing for China's lunar programs and U.S. space explorations, agreeing on data standards. Concerns about collaboration are valid on both sides. With the vagaries of the U.S. budget, another country might legitimately hesitate to sign up for a long-term project that could be cut by a new administration.
(NOTE: The Chinese government did not respond to requests for comment for this article.)
Additional related links:
Defense Department Report to Congress on China
STRATCOM
surveillance and reconnaissance