text:
\section{Introduction}

Due to its inherent simplicity, the super-allowed nuclear $\beta$-decay between nuclear states with (J$^{\pi}$,T) = (0$^{+}$,1) is a
very powerful tool to test the present theory of weak interaction at low energies~\cite{hardy05}. This type of transition
depends to first order only on the vector part of the weak interaction. The corrected $\mathcal{F}t$ value, determined from
the experimental comparative life-time, \textit{ft}, is:

\begin{center}
\begin{eqnarray}\nonumber
  \mathcal{F}t &=& ft \times (1-\delta_C + \delta_{NS}) \times (1 + \delta'_R) \\
     &=& \frac{K}{g_V^2 \times \langle M_F \rangle^2 \times (1 + \Delta_R)}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{center}

and directly related to the vector coupling constant, $g$$_V$. The matrix element, $\langle$M$_F$$\rangle$, equals $\sqrt{2}$ for T=1 nuclei, \textit{ft} is determined from the mass difference between the initial and final analogue states, Q$_{EC}$, the half-life of the parent nucleus, T$_{1/2}$, and the branching ratio (BR) for the super-allowed decay, while $\delta_C$, $\delta_{NS}$, $\delta'_R$ and $\Delta_R$ are correction factors that must be determined by models~\cite{towner02,towner07}. \textit{K} is a constant.

From the corrected $\mathcal{F}t$ value, one can determine the vector coupling constant, $g$$_V$, and test the validity of the
Conserved Vector Current (CVC) hypothesis of the weak interaction stating that the vector part of the weak interaction is not
influenced by the strong interaction. Furthermore, the $g$$_V$ value combined with the weak vector coupling constant for the purely
leptonic $\mu$-decay, $g$$_V^\mu$, yields the up-quark down-quark element $V_{ud}$ of the Cabibbo - Kobayashi - Maskawa (CKM)
quark-mixing matrix:

\begin{equation}\label{Vud}
    V_{ud}^2 = \frac{g_V^2}{{g_V^\mu}^2} = \frac{K}{2 {g_V^\mu}^2 (1 + \Delta_R)\mathcal{F}t}
\end{equation}

Presently, this is the key ingredient in one of the most demanding tests of the unitarity of the CKM matrix that assures the validity of the three-generation Standard Model.

A recent review of super-allowed Fermi transitions reported such measurements in 20 nuclei with
(\overrightarrow{T};T$_z$) = (\overrightarrow{1};$-$1, 0)~\cite{hardy05}. Twelve nuclei have a precision close to or better
than $10^{-3}$ for the experimental ingredients needed and were used to determine $\mathcal{F}t$ with a precision close to $10^{-4}$. The reported average value is 3072.7$\pm$0.8~s \cite{hardy05}. This yields a $V_{ud}$ value of 0.9738(4). The nuclear $\beta$ decay provides the most precise determination of the up-quark down-quark element of the CKM matrix. We remind that $V_{ud}$ can also be determined from the neutron decay ($V_{ud}^{neutron}$ = 0.9746(18)) and from the pion beta decay ($V_{ud}^{\pi^{\pm}}$ = 0.9749(26)) \cite{PDG}.

Since the 2005 review of Hardy and Towner, the $^{62}$Ga super-allowed decay reached the required precision in order to increase to thirteen the number of transitions used to determine $\mathcal{F}t$ and its present adopted value is 3071.4(8)~s, leading to a value of 0.97418(26) for the $V_{ud}$ matrix element. These values incorporate also the most recent calculation for the correction factors \cite{towner07}.

What gives credit to the nuclear result for the g$_V$ value is the fact that a significant number of super-allowed transitions measured with high precision gives consistent results for $\mathcal{F}t$. An important work is in progress in order to add to the above mentioned 13 nuclei some of the other seven cited in~\cite{hardy05}. None of these seven nuclei has a precise measurement of the super-allowed BR due to the presence of Gamow-Teller transitions in competition with the super-allowed one. Concerning the half-life values, they are known with a relative precision worse than 2$\cdot$10$^{-3}$.

We report in this paper on half-life and BR measurements for the decay of the $^{26}$Si ($T_z$~= $-$1) nucleus. The aim of the experiment was to reach a precision of 10$^{-3}$ for the measured half-life.

Previous measurements of the $^{26}$Si half-life reported an average value of 2.234(12)~s~\cite{hardy75,wilson80}. The BR and the Q$_{EC}$ of the super-allowed decay are, respectively, 75.09(92)~\% and \\ 4836.9(30)~keV \cite{hardy05}. The precision of the measured quantities is not sufficient to add the decay of $^{26}$Si to the thirteen super-allowed transitions testing the electroweak Standard Model.

\section{Experimental procedure}

The experiment was performed at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyv\"{a}skyl\"{a}. We used the IGISOL technique
with the JYFLTRAP facility to separate pure samples of $^{26}$Si.

\subsection{Production and separation}

The ions were produced in light-ion induced fusion-evaporation reactions with a continuous 35~MeV proton beam having an average
intensity of 45 $\mu$A on a 2.3 mg/cm$^2$-thick $^{nat}$Al target. After being slowed down and thermalized in the gas cell of the
ion-guide~\cite{igisol}, the different recoil ions were accelerated to 30~keV. They were submitted to a mass separation in a
55$^{\circ}$ dipole magnet having a resolving power of 500, and the A$=$26 ions were injected into a buffer-gas filled RF-quadrupole
for cooling and bunching before injection into the first Penning trap of the JYFLTRAP tandem trap system ~\cite{jyfltrap1,jyfltrap2} for isobaric separation \cite{savard91}. The mass resolving power of the first trap was about 50,000 for this experiment and the cyclotron frequency set to select $^{26}$Si ions was 4134247~Hz.

The measurements were structured in cycles. A master cycle started with a 500~ms accumulation time in the RFQ followed by eight trap cycles and a decay measurement period. One trap cycle (0.231~s) was structured as follows: 100~ms (cooling) + 10~ms (dipole excitation) + 120~ms (mass selective quadrupole excitation). The ions were then ejected from the first trap, reflected by the second and recaptured again in the first one for the next trap cycle. As a consequence, the contaminants were removed because they could not pass the 2~mm diaphragm between the two traps and only $^{26}$Si returned to the first trap. This multiple injection method was favored in order to overcome the space charge limit of the purification trap. In parallel with one trap cycle, ions were cumulated into the RFQ for the next one. In the master cycle, the eighth trap cycle was followed by a final cleaning (0.231~s) of the accumulated bunches and by a 24.4~s decay measurement. The decay window was triggered by the trap extraction signal and during the decay measurement, the cyclotron beam was turned off in order to avoid any background in the experimental setup due to reactions on the target. Data were effectively taken over a period of 68 hours and we have accumulated a total of 3.559(2)~$\cdot$~10$^{6}$ $^{26}$Si ions.

\subsection{Experimental setup}

Purified samples of $^{26}$Si were implanted on a 0.5~inch wide movable tape placed at the end of the extraction beam line. The implantation spot was surrounded by an almost 4$\pi$ cylindrical plastic scintillator, 2~mm thick with a 12~mm entrance hole, used to detect the positrons emitted in the $\beta$$^+$ decay. The scintillation light was collected by two 2-inch photomultiplier tubes through a special light guide. The two photomultipliers were used in coincidence in order to remove most of the individual noise. The $\beta$$^+$-particle detection efficiency was about 90~\%~\cite{canchel05}. Three 60\% coaxial germanium detectors were placed around the plastic scintillator in the horizontal plane at $-$90$^{\circ}$ (Ge1), 0$^{\circ}$ (Ge3) and 90$^{\circ}$ (Ge2) angles with respect to the extraction beam line in order to provide $\beta$$-$$\gamma$ coincidence data. The detector labeled Ge3 was placed at 122.4~mm from the implantation point, whilst the other two were placed closer, at 29.3~mm (Ge1) and 30.4~mm (Ge2). The germanium crystals were surrounded by low-radioactivity lead bricks that reduced the $\gamma$ background by a factor of 4. The aim of the $\gamma$ detection was to measure the super-allowed BR and to monitor the background.

For the data taking we have used two independent data acquisition (DAQ) systems. The trigger for both DAQ systems was the coincident $\beta$ signal from the two photomultipliers and it was allowed only during the decay measurement time window of the master cycle. The first system, simple but fast, DAQ~A, was running in a cycle-by-cycle mode and had two predefined dead times $-$ 2 and 8~$\mu$s. The corresponding data will be referred to as Data1 and Data2. The time precision of this DAQ was determined by the clock of the PC on which it runs and it was far below 1 $\mu$s. The second system, DAQ~B, providing event-by-event data, had a predefined dead time of 100~$\mu$s and the corresponding data will be referred to as Data3. For the time stamp we used a 16-channel VME scaler that registered signals from a 1-MHz high precision clock generator. For both DAQ systems, the dead times were chosen to be longer that any possible event treatment by the electronics or data processing. The dead-time window was generated with a module having a precision better than 10~ns. DAQ~A registered only the time difference between the trap extraction signal and the subsequent event triggers. With the DAQ~B we could register also the energy signals from the germanium detectors in coincidence with the trigger signal.

\subsection{Search for $^{26}$Al$^m$ contamination}

As mentioned above, the Penning traps were used to provide a pure sample of $^{26}$Si on the tape for the life-time measurements. A possible contaminant was $^{26}$Al$^m$ having a half-life only three times longer than the one of $^{26}$Si. The contamination with $^{26}$Al$^m$ could come either from the reaction itself ($^{26}$Al$^m$ produced and selected together with $^{26}$Si), or from the decay of $^{26}$Si during the selection and transport to the detection system.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.45\textwidth] {fig_1.eps}
\caption{a) Isobaric scan around $^{26}$Si and $^{26}$Al$^m$: circles $-$ 20~Hz scan and squares $-$ background scan. The background
was measured by inserting a beam stopper in the line. b) Decay spectrum when the excitation frequency is set between $^{26}$Si
and $^{26}$Al$^m$, as indicated in part a) of the figure.}
\label{fig:fig_qfreq_113}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We have performed several tests in order to verify the purity of the samples. For the first test, the centering cyclotron frequency was switched off during the eighth cycle. Without centering, no ion is supposed to survive the extraction from the first trap after the last dipole magnetron excitation. This way, we could check that the magnetron excitation was strong enough to push all ions to radii bigger than 1~mm (the radius of the extraction hole) in the last trap cycle when we have the biggest ion cloud in the trap. The corresponding time spectrum accumulated during the decay time window is constant with a normalized $\chi^2$ of 1.

Another possible source of contamination with $^{26}$Al$^m$ could be an insufficient resolving power of the trap system. The 20~Hz step frequency scan presented in figure \ref{fig:fig_qfreq_113}a) was done in order to have a rough estimate of such a possible overlap. Then, in order to check the background measurement, we have fixed the excitation frequency to a value between the cyclotron frequencies for the selection of the two isobars. Using the same sequencing in the master cycle as for the half-life measurement, we have obtained the decay time spectrum presented in figure \ref{fig:fig_qfreq_113}b). The normalized $\chi^2$ indicated in fig.~\ref{fig:fig_qfreq_113}b) is obtained for a fit with a constant function. Using a degree-one polynomial for the fit gives a slope that is compatible with zero in the error bars.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.3\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_2.eps}
\caption{Time spectrum for the test of side implantation. We present only the data points accumulated after the tape was moved
(see text for more details). The decaying component comes from the $^{26}$Si ions implanted on the entrance window of the plastic
scintillator which are not removed with the tape move.}
\label{fig:fig_r104_106}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

A final test to check for the initial conditions as far as the implanted sample was concerned was to verify that we implanted the ions entirely on the tape. To do so, we have changed only the decay measurement cycle as follows: after the extraction signal sent by the trap, we have measured the deposited activity for 1.3~s, moved the tape and continued to measure the activity until the end of the 24.4~s decay measurement window. If any activity was implanted somewhere else than on the tape, like \emph{e.g.} on the entrance window of the scintillator, the second part of the decay spectrum should still see the decay of $^{26}$Si and, subsequently, of $^{26}$Al$^m$. The resulting spectrum is presented in fig. \ref{fig:fig_r104_106} and one can easily see that such was the case. From this measurement we have deduced that 2.97(14)\% of the extracted $^{26}$Si was not implanted on the tape. This means that at the end of a master cycle, when the tape was moved, there was a remaining activity of $^{26}$Al$^m$ that had to be taken into account for the next cycle in the fitting function. As an example, for the highest counting rate per cycle during the experiment (about 550 implanted $^{26}$Si ions/cycle), one can estimate that a maximum of 2 atoms of $^{26}$Al$^m$ originating from the side implantation of the previous cycle were present at the beginning of the next cycle. We can also safely suppose that there is no $^{26}$Si left from one master cycle to the next. After this measurement, we added in the beam line a 50~mm thick collimator with a 10~mm diameter close to the scintillator entrance window in order to avoid the side implantation. The fit used for the runs after this change did not include anymore the influence of the side implantation.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\includegraphics [width=0.34\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_3.eps}
\caption{Gamma spectrum in coincidence with a $\beta$ ray detected by the plastic scintillator. The X-rays are coming from the
low-radioactivity lead bricks used to reduce the $\gamma$ background.}
\label{fig:fig_gamma}
\end{figure}

As a further check for the absence of contaminants, we have analyzed the gamma-ray spectra registered in coincidence with the activity implanted on the tape. This allowed us to verify if there was any other $\gamma$-ray emitting contaminant in the implanted sample. The spectrum is presented in figure \ref{fig:fig_gamma}. The only $\gamma$-rays that are present come either from $\gamma$ or positron scattering in the lead bricks surrounding the germanium detectors, from the positron-electron annihilation, or from the $\beta$ decay of $^{26}$Si.

\section{Half-life results}

In this section, we will first discuss in detail the results from the three different data sets and the analysis procedure yielding the final half-life value with its statistical error. We will also discuss the influence of different parameters on this final result.

\subsection{Analysis procedure}

The fitting procedure can be found in more detail in \cite{blank04}. The first step of the analysis was a decay cycle selection.
We have selected all the cycles having a number of counts larger than 10. There were no significant changes in the life-time value when the minimum number of counts per cycle was varied up to 200. The accepted cycles were then corrected for the dead-time.

\begin{figure}[hh]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.36\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_4.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The time distribution obtained for a single run (full circles). The full line is the result of the fit and the
contributions from $^{26}$Si, $^{26}$Al$^m$ and the background are represented separately. A half-life of 2.229(11)~s was
obtained for this run.}
\label{fig:fig_run98}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.57\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_5.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Left: Experimental half-life as a function of run number for the three data sets. The error-weighted average value is 2.2283(25)~s (we cite here only the statistical error). Center: The normalized $\chi^2$ obtained from the fit of experimental data as a function of run number for the three data sets. Right: Half-life results from the simulated data as a function of run number for the three data sets. For the simulations, we have used a half-life value of 2.228~s for $^{26}$Si and the three data-sets were independently generated.}
\label{fig:fig_data_sim_chi2}
\end{figure*}

The next step was a cycle-by-cycle fit. The function used for the fit was defined to take into account the decay of $^{26}$Si and of its daughter, $^{26}$Al$^m$. Five parameters were used: the number of $^{26}$Si at the beginning of the decay cycle (N$_0^{Si}$), the half-life of $^{26}$Si (T$^{Si}_{1/2}$), a constant background, the half-life of $^{26}$Al$^m$ (T$^{Al}_{1/2}$ $=$ 6.3450(19)~s~\cite{hardy05}) and the correction factor that takes into account the side implanted $^{26}$Si ions. The last two parameters were fixed.

During the fit, we imposed the condition that the normalized $\chi^2$ has to be two or better in order to accept the cycle. This procedure rejects, \emph{e.g.}, cycles where problems with the HV of the RFQ occurred. Increasing the limit from 2 to 2000 for $\chi^2$ leaves the life-time unchanged. We have also excluded the first channel from the fit, corresponding  to the first 15~ms of the decay cycle that includes the period when we could still have incoming ions from the trap. This decision was supported by the fact that the results including the first channel were quite different (up to 0.7\%) from the ones excluding it. We varied the number of excluded channels at the beginning of the time spectra from 2 to 30 but with no significant change (less than 0.04\%) appearing in the resultant life-time.

All in all, about 2 to 3\% of the cycles were rejected because the fit did not converge or the $\chi^2$ was higher than 2. The accepted cycles were further grouped into runs and the cumulated decay spectra were fitted again run-by-run with the same procedure. One run contained between several to 400 cycles. Figure~\ref{fig:fig_run98} shows the experimental decay-time spectrum decomposed into its different contributions from the decay of $^{26}$Si, $^{26}$Al$^m$, and of the background for one run.

The fit results of the three data sets and the associated normalized $\chi^2$ as a function of the run number are presented in figure \ref{fig:fig_data_sim_chi2}, left and center. The important scattering and the associated error bars for the half-life values from run 39 to 93 are due to a low production/selection efficiency for $^{26}$Si. We obtain a mean half-life of 2.2282(25)~s for Data1, 2.2282(25)~s for Data2 and 2.2286(24)~s for Data3. The resulting experimental half-life for the $^{26}$Si ground state is 2.2283(25)~s. This value is the weighted mean of the three data sets and the statistical error is chosen to be the biggest one since the data sets are not independent measurements.

In parallel, for each selected cycle, we have generated simulated data for which all characteristics except the half-life were determined by the fit of the corresponding experimental cycle. We used a half-life of 2.228~s for the generation of the simulated spectra. The simulated data were then analyzed with the same procedure as the experimental data. The results obtained for the simulated data are summarized on the right side of figure \ref{fig:fig_data_sim_chi2}.

\subsection{Error budget}

The experimental half-life value cited above includes only the statistical error obtained from the fit of time spectra of the 3 data sets. In the following, we shall discuss other sources of errors for the measured value like, \emph{e.g.}, fixed parameters in the fit function, systematic errors due to experimental conditions, etc.

\subsubsection{Systematic errors associated with the fitting procedure}

As previously mentioned, we used a five parameter function to fit the experimental spectra. Two of these parameters were fixed: the life-time of $^{26}$Al$^m$ and the percentage of side implanted $^{26}$Si. In order to take into account the errors on these parameters, we have included them in the final result for the half-life of $^{26}$Si by changing the fixed parameter values within one sigma. This gives an error of 0.3~ms that will be referred to as the systematic error due to fixed parameters (SEFP).

Also, the half-life results from the three different data sets are slightly different from each other. To take this effect into account, we have calculated the sum of squared differences between each value and the central mean value. This gives a systematical error of 0.2~ms to which we shall refer to as the error due to dead-time corrections (SDT).

\subsubsection{Experimental conditions and systematic errors}

During the experiment we have made several modifications to the electronics setup in order to check for systematic errors.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\caption{Error budget for the $^{26}$Si life-time measurement. SHV-CFD is the error due to detector bias and threshold of constant fraction discriminators, SEFP is the error due to fixed parameters in the fit and SDT is due to dead-time corrections. The individual values are added quadratically to calculate the final error on the half-life of $^{26}$Si.}
\begin{tabular}{l r}
  \hline\hline

  Source  & Uncertainty (ms) \\
 \hline
   Statistical error &  2.5 \\
   SHV-CFD &  1.0 \\
   SEFP & 0.3  \\
   SDT & 0.2  \\
              \\
   Final error & 2.7  \\
  \hline
\label{errortab}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The HV of the photomultipliers was changed during the experiment from -1.73~kV to -1.92~kV along with the thresholds of the constant fraction modules used to trigger the photomultiplier signals. The two photomultipliers were always biased at the same value using one HV module (Ortec HV-556) with two identical outputs. The experimental data presented in figure \ref{fig:fig_data_sim_chi2} can be structured in three main groups with respect to the HV and constant fraction threshold values: runs 39-93, runs 96-99 and runs 103-119. Results from the fits of either group are consistent with each other at one sigma. Nevertheless, they introduce a systematical error (referred to as SHV-CFD) calculated as the sum of squared differences between each value and the half-life mean value weighted by the respective errors that gives a systematical error of 1~ms.

In table \ref{errortab} we quote the contributions from different sources to the final error on the experimental half-life value.

\subsection{Final experimental result for the half-life}

The final result for the half-life of the $^{26}$Si ground state is 2.2283(27)~s. Previous measurements of the ground state half-life were reported by Hardy \cite{hardy75} (2.210(21)~s) and Wilson \cite{wilson80} (2.240(10)~s). In figure \ref{fig:fig_t12}, one can see that the agreement is very good between these values and our measurement.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.33\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_6.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Comparison of the present measurement of the $^{26}$Si half-life with previous measurements reported in the literature.
The full line indicates the weighted mean of all the existing measurements; the dashed lines indicate the error on the mean value.}
\label{fig:fig_t12}
\end{figure}

\section{Branching ratio for the 0$^+$ $\rightarrow$ 0$^+$ transition}

As previously mentioned, the BR for the super-allowed decay was already measured with a precision of about 1\% \cite{hardy05}. It was obtained by measuring the absolute non-analogue $\beta^+$ branching for the most intense $\gamma$ transition (829~keV de-exciting the E$_x$=1058~keV energy level in $^{26}$Al) and the relative intensities of the other $\gamma$ transitions relative to the 829~keV transition. This accuracy is not enough if we want to know the $\mathcal{F}t$ value for $^{26}$Si with a precision of several 10$^{-4}$.

The main purpose of the present experiment being the half-life measurement, we were not aiming to achieve the required precision on the BR. Nevertheless, we have analyzed the $\gamma$ spectra of the three germanium detectors and we will present in the following the procedure we used to determine the BR.

The total photopeak $\gamma$ efficiency ($\varepsilon$$_T$) of the germanium setup was measured using standard calibration sources of $^{134}$Cs, $^{137}$Cs, $^{60}$Co, $^{133}$Ba and $^{228}$Th. The $^{60}$Co source had an activity known with a precision better than 0.1\%. The first step in the analysis was the direct determination of the efficiency curve from the source measurements. This efficiency curve had then to be corrected for $\beta$-$\gamma$ or $\gamma$-$\gamma$ summing effects. These corrections can be derived from simulations and one has to take into account as exhaustively as possible all the mechanisms by which a $\beta$ or a $\gamma$-ray can produce charges in the germanium crystals. For example, in the case of $^{137}$Cs, the correction should be close to 1 as there is only one $\gamma$-ray and no $\beta$-$\gamma$ summation (Q$_{\beta^-}$ being too low to have electrons with a kinetic energy high enough to arrive in the germanium crystals).

We have used the GEANT4 package \cite{geant4} to calculate the correction factors for the efficiency curve. The experimental setup defined in the simulations included the vacuum chamber, the lead used to screen the germanium detectors from the background radioactivity and the germanium detectors. The calibration sources were defined as being point-like since there is no significant change in the correction factors if one uses finite size sources and we took into account their complete decay scheme. We have started with the simulation of single $\gamma$-rays (thus, no summing effects) generated from the source position and counted the number of events in the photopeak (N$_{single}^{\gamma}$). The next step was the simulation of the complete decay scheme of each source so that the $\beta$-$\gamma$ or $\gamma$-$\gamma$ summing effects could be taken into account. Then, the number of events in each photopeak divided by N$_{single}^{\gamma}$ for the same energy was the correction factor used to obtain the corrected experimental single gamma efficiency curve.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\caption{ Correction factors obtained from simulations for individual $\gamma$ rays of calibration sources for each germanium detector. }
\begin{tabular}{l r r r r}
  \hline\hline\rule{0pt}{1.3em}
  Source & E$_\gamma$ (keV) & Ge1 & Ge2 & Ge3 \\[1ex]
  \hline \rule{0pt}{1.3em}
  $^{60}$Co & 1173 & 0.951(10) & 0.951(10) & 0.998(3) \\
            & 1332 & 0.960(8) & 0.960(8) & 0.998(3) \\[1ex]
  $^{133}$Ba & 276 & 0.811(38) & 0.814(37) & 0.947(12) \\
             & 302 & 0.876(25) & 0.879(24) & 0.985(5) \\
             & 356 & 0.885(23) & 0.894(21) & 0.953(10) \\[1ex]
  $^{134}$Cs & 569 & 0.883(24) & 0.885(23) & 0.983(6) \\
             & 604 & 0.924(15) & 0.929(14) & 0.990(3) \\
             & 795 & 0.929(14) & 0.929(14) & 0.989(4) \\[1ex]
  $^{137}$Cs & 661 & 0.996(1) & 0.996(1) & 0.995(3) \\[1ex]
  $^{228}$Th & 2614 & 0.913(18) & 0.913(18) & 0.989(5) \\
  \hline
\label{coeftab}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\caption{ The absolute $\beta^+$ BR for the most intense $\gamma$-line, 829~keV (BR(1058~keV)) and the relative intensity of the 1622~keV transition with respect to the 829~keV line ($\gamma_{1622}$/$\gamma_{829}$) are reported for each germanium detector and compared with the adopted values in \cite{hardy05}. The mean values obtained after averaging over the results of the three detectors are also compared with the adopted values in \cite{hardy05}.}
\begin{tabular}{l r r r r r}
  \hline\hline\rule{0pt}{1.3em}
    & Ge1 & Ge2 & Ge3 & Mean values & \cite{hardy05} \\[1ex]
  \hline \rule{0pt}{1.3em}
  BR(1058~keV) (\%) & 21.03(94) & 20.15(73) & 22.19(67) & 21.21(64) & 21.8(8)  \\[1ex]
  $\gamma_{1622}$/$\gamma_{829}$ &  &  &  & 0.1301(62) & 0.1265(36)  \\[1ex]
  BR(0$^+$ $\rightarrow$ 0$^+$) (\%) &  &  &  & 75.69(232) & 75.09(92)  \\[1ex]
  \hline \rule{0pt}{1.3em}
\end{tabular}
\label{BRtab}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

We have also compared the calculated peak-to-total (P/T) ratios for the $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co sources with the experimental ones. The results are represented in figure \ref{fig:figPT}. One can easily see that there is a systematical difference between the experiment and the calculations of about 20\%. This can come from a lack of knowledge about the materials surrounding the implantation site that are very important for the Compton scattering. We decided to take this difference into account by adding quadratically 20\% of (1 $-$ correction factor value) to the previous errors on the correction factors.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=0.33\textwidth, angle=-90] {fig_7.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Comparison between the calculated (squares) and the experimental (circles) peak-to-total (P/T) ratios for the $^{137}$Cs, $^{60}$Co. The experimental P/T ratios for the $^{60}$Co source were determined by coincidence between a pair of germanium detectors.}
\label{fig:figPT}
\end{figure}

A summary of the correction factors obtained for the sources used for $\gamma$ calibration for each germanium detector is given in table \ref{coeftab}. From the corrected efficiency curve we have then determined the single gamma photopeak efficiency for the 829~keV and 1622~keV transitions in the decay of $^{26}$Si.

To calculate the correction factors to be applied to the experimental number of events for each of the two transitions, we have also simulated the $^{26}$Si source taking into account the finite source size and the $\gamma$-branching ratios as given in the literature \cite{hardy05}. We have also taken into account the positrons emission in the $\beta$$^+$ decay and their annihilation in the materials surrounding the experimental setup. This is important because the 511~keV $\gamma$-ray plays an important role in the summing effects for the germanium spectra. The same procedure as for the calibration sources was then applied in order to determine the factors needed to correct for summing effects.

Using the single gamma efficiency, the corrected number of events in the photopeak and the number of implanted $^{26}$Si obtained from the fit of the decay time curve, we could then determine the absolute intensity of the 829~keV transition (BR(1058~keV)) for each of the three germanium detectors, and the relative intensity of the 1622~keV transition with respect to the 829~keV line ($\gamma_{1622}$/$\gamma_{829}$) averaged over the three detectors. The results are presented in table \ref{BRtab} and compared with the adopted values in \cite{hardy05}. We deduce then an absolute $\beta$-decay branch for non-analogue transitions of 24.31(232)\% resulting in a absolute $\beta$-decay branch for the super-allowed transition of 75.69(232)\%. For the transitions that were not observed in our experiment we have used the relative intensities from \cite{hardy05}.

\section{Conclusions}

We have performed a high-precision measurement of the half-life of $^{26}$Si. The half-life was determined by detecting the $\beta$ particles from the decay of a $^{26}$Si source produced and separated at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyv\"{a}skyl\"{a} using the IGISOL technique with the JYFLTRAP facility. The result of T$_{1/2}$~= 2.2283(27)~s obtained in this work is in agreement with older half-life values from the literature. The present result is a factor of 4 more precise than the previous measurements. The error-weighted mean value from all reported measurements is 2.2288(26)~s. With this precision of 14 parts in 10$^{4}$, the half-life of $^{26}$Si is precise enough to contribute to the test of the CVC hypothesis.

We have also measured the BR value for the super-allowed transition and obtained a value of 75.69(232)\% that has a similar precision as previous measurements \cite{hardy05}. Averaging over the presently known super-allowed BR we obtain a value of 75.17(86)\%. Using the new values for the correction factors $-$ $\delta'_R$, $\delta_C$, $\delta_{NS}$ $-$ and the statistical rate function, f, as given in \cite{hardy05,towner07} the average value of $\mathcal{F}t$ for $^{26}$Si becomes 3060(37)~s.

In order to include $^{26}$Si in the high precision measurements of super-allowed $\beta$ decays, one needs to improve the precision of Q$_{EC}$ and the super-allowed BR. The Q$_{EC}$ has already been remeasured at JYFLTRAP and the results will be published in the near future. It remains then to improve the precision on the BR value which is one of our future priorities.

\begin{acknowledgement}

The authors would like to acknowledge the continuous effort of the whole Jyv\"askyl\"a accelerator laboratory staff for ensuring
a smooth running of the experiment. We are grateful to our colleagues from the laboratory LNE-LNHB at CEA Saclay for the fabrication and calibration of the $^{60}$Co source. This work was supported in part by the Conseil R\'egional d'Aquitaine and by the European
Union 6th Framework Programme "Integrated Infrastructure Initiative - Transnational Access", Contract No. 506065 (EURONS).
We also acknowledge support from the Academy of Finland under the Finnish Center of Excellence Programme 2006-2011 (Project No.
213503, Nuclear and Accelerator Based Physics Programme at JYFL).

\end{acknowledgement}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Curtis Werner Casewit (geboren am 21. März 1922 in Mannheim; gestorben am 2. März 2002 in Denver, Colorado) war ein deutschstämmiger amerikanischer Schriftsteller.

Der deutschstämmige Casewit studierte 1933 bis 1938 Sprachen in Florenz. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs diente er in der französischen Armee und arbeitete als Übersetzer für die britische Armee. 1948 übersiedelte er in die Vereinigten Staaten, wo er an der University of Denver und der University of Colorado studierte. Er arbeitete anschließend als Journalist und Literaturkritiker. 1957 wurde er mit dem Edgar Award der Mystery Writers of America in der Kategorie Beste Literaturkritik ausgezeichnet.

1954 heiratete Casewit die Schriftstellerin Charlotte Fischer-Lamberg, mit der er drei Kinder hatte.
Von 1959 bis 1964 war er Einkäufer für ein Warenhaus in Denver, danach wurde er freier Schriftsteller.

Er verfasste zahlreiche Sachbücher, vor allem Ratgeber und Reiseliteratur. Thematische Schwerpunkte waren Bergsteigen, Skifahren und Colorado.
Außerdem schrieb er in den 1950er Jahren eine Reihe von Science-Fiction-Kurzgeschichten und den SF-Roman The Peacemakers (1960), der unter dem Titel Der Diktator auch ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde. Für den Roman, der den Aufstieg einer Diktatur in den vom Dritten Weltkrieg verwüsteten USA behandelt, wurde er 1960 mit dem Colorado Authors League Award ausgezeichnet.

Sein Nachlass befindet sich in der De Grummond Children's Literature Collection der University of Southern Mississippi.

Bibliografie

 Roman
 The Peacemakers (1960)
 Deutsch: Der Diktator. Übersetzt von H. v. Perbandt und K. Biege. Pabel (Utopia Zukunftsroman #460), 1965.

 Kurzgeschichten

 The Mask (in: Weird Tales, March 1952)
 Table Number 16 (in: Weird Tales, September 1952)
 Fermentation (in: Weird Tales, November 1952)
 Transfusion (in: Amazing Stories, June-July 1953)
 The French Way (in: Fantastic Universe, October-November 1953)
 Prediction (in: Weird Tales, May 1954)
 The Advantages Are Tremendous (in: Fantastic Universe, August 1955)
 Bright Flowers of Mars (in: Super-Science Fiction, April 1957)
 Deutsch: Der Träumer. Übersetzt von Helmuth W. Mommers. In: Günther Zippe (Hrsg.): Pioneer 8. Austrotopia, 1962.
 The Martian Wine (in: Super-Science Fiction, August 1958)

Sachbücher
 Ski Racing: Advice by the Experts (1963)
 The Mountaineering Handbook: An Invitation To Climbing (1968)
 The Hiking-Climbing Handbook (1969)
 The Adventures of Snowshoe Thompson (1970)
 Mountain Troopers: The Story of the Tenth Mountain Division (1972)
 Overseas Jobs: The Ten Best Countries (1972)
 Adventure Guide to Colorado (1973, with Steve Cohen)
 Freelance Photography: Advice from the Pros (1974)
 America's Tennis Book (1975)
 The Mountain World (1976)
 Tennis Resorts (1978)
 The Complete Book of Mountain Sports (1978)
 The Stop Smoking Book for Teens (1980)
 Graphology Handbook (1980)
 Making a Living in The Fine Arts: Advice from the Pros (1981)
 The Saga of the Mountain Soldiers: The Story of the Tenth Mountain Division (1981)
 The Diary: A Complete Guide to Journal Writing (1982)
 Quit Smoking (1983)
 The Skier's Companion (1984)
 Foreign Jobs: The Most Popular Countries (1984)
 Freelance Writing: Advice from the Pros (1985)
 How to Make Money from Travel Writing (1988)
 Skier's Guide to Colorado (1993)
 Colorado, Off the Beaten Path (9. Aufl. 2007)

Literatur
 Hans Joachim Alpers, Werner Fuchs, Ronald M. Hahn: Reclams Science-fiction-Führer. Reclam, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-15-010312-6, S. 90.
 Hans Joachim Alpers, Werner Fuchs, Ronald M. Hahn, Wolfgang Jeschke: Lexikon der Science Fiction Literatur. Heyne, München 1991, ISBN 3-453-02453-2, S. 311.
 John Clute: Casewit, Curtis W. In: John Clute, Peter Nicholls: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 3. Auflage (Online-Ausgabe), Version vom 19. März 2017.
 Robert Reginald: Science fiction and fantasy literature. A checklist, 1700–1974 with contemporary science fiction authors II. Gale, Detroit 1979, ISBN 0-8103-1051-1, S. 847.
 Robert Reginald: Contemporary Science Fiction Authors. Arno Press, New York 1974, ISBN 0-405-06332-6, S. 46.
 Donald H. Tuck: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy through 1968. Advent, Chicago 1974, ISBN 0-911682-20-1, S. 95.

Weblinks

 Curtis W. Casewit (1922-2002), Kurzbiografie auf Tellers of Weird Tales

Autor
Sachbuchautor
Literaturkritiker
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)
Science-Fiction-Literatur
Reiseliteratur
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Essay
Deutscher Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Deutscher
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 2002
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home » Current Affairs , Current Affairs 2015 , India GK , World GK » Exercise Malabar 2015
Exercise Malabar 2015:
Initiated in 1992, as a bilateral exercise between the Indian and US Navies, the scope, complexity of operations and level of participation has increased steadily in successive editions of the India-US Malabar Naval Exercise.
The 18th edition of the exercise was held in the Western Pacific in July 2014 in which Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) was invited to participate.
MALABAR-15, the 19th edition of the exercise, was conducted in the Bay of Bengal from 14 -19 October 2015. Alongwith the Indian Navy and the US Naval Forces, JMSDF will also participate in the exercise.
The scope of MALABAR-15 includes wide-ranging professional interactions during the Harbour Phase and a diverse range of operational activities at sea during the Sea Phase.
During MALABAR-15, the Indian Navy will be represented by INS Shivalik an indigenous frigate, INS Ranvijay a guided missile destroyer, INS Betwa an indigenous frigate and INS Shakti, a Fleet Support Ship. In addition, one Sindhugosh class submarine, INS Sindhudhvaj, Long Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft P8I and integral rotary wing helicopters are also scheduled to participate in the trilateral exercise.
The US Navy will be represented by the ships from Carrier Task Force (CTF) 70 of the USN 7th Fleet, which is based at Yokosuka, Japan. The CTF will include the Nimitz class aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt, Ticonderoga class Cruiser USS Normandy and Freedom Class Littoral Combat ship USS Forth Worth. In addition, one Los Angeles class nuclear powered submarine USS City of Corpus Christi, F18 Aircraft from US Carrier Air Wing and P8A Long Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft will also participate in the exercise.
MALABAR – 15 is part of the process of enhancing naval cooperation among important navies of Indo-pacific regions which helps in enhancing mutual understanding. Sharing of best practices by the three navies will strengthen their respective capacities and help create better synergies for effective and speedy action to deal with challenges of disaster prevention and relief and maritime safety and security in the Indo-Pacific region, for the benefit of the global maritime community.
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text:
Energy News Network
Experts: Clock is ticking to cut back greenhouse gas emissions
Written By Kathiann M. Kowalski February 13, 2018
nile / Pixabay
Only a short time remains for the electric and automotive industries to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit climate change for the rest of this century, according to reports released last fall.
Average annual temperatures in the Midwest over the last 30 years are already about 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit above those for the first half of the 20th century, according to a U.S. Global Change Research Program report released in November. Temperatures for the Midwest are expected to rise an additional 5.6 to 9.5 degrees by the late 21st century.
As a result, the Midwest can expect a host of climate-related problems, including more severe storm events, heat waves, flooding in some areas, more days with bad air quality, water quality problems, a possible increase in disease vectors and other hazards.
***More: Cleveland sees clean energy as tool for climate change resiliency***
The consequences of warmer average temperatures, researchers say, would be less severe if the average temperature rise is limited to 2 degrees Centigrade, which is about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. However, a huge drop in greenhouse gas emissions in the next few decades is the only scenario that wouldn't require unproven technologies to pull carbon out of the atmosphere, according to the November report. And the longer there's delay, the more difficult it may be to achieve those cuts.
"We're on thin ice in that respect," said climate scientist David Fahey at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration when the November report was released.
That jives with a September analysis in Environmental Science and Technology. University of Michigan researchers said it may not be feasible for the U.S. electric industry to achieve a 70 percent cut in carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 by 2050 if it delays past the 2023 to 2026 timeframe. A similarly short timeframe of 2023 to 2027 applies for the automotive sector, they said.
About Kathiann M. Kowalski
Kathi is the author of 25 books and more than 600 articles, and writes often on science and policy issues. In addition to her journalism career, Kathi is an alumna of Harvard Law School and has spent 15 years practicing law. She is a member of the Society of Environmental Journalists and the National Association of Science Writers. Kathi covers the state of Ohio.
More by Kathiann M.
Q&A: Longtime environmental advocate reflects on Virginia's path to 100% clean energy
Annette Osso, now the managing director of Resilient Virginia, first delved into energy projects in the 1970s.
Climate change brings urgency to debate over Detroit's grid resilience
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Whether you're an experienced athlete or a beginner, everyone wants the ability to get a quick, easy and complete workout. And that's exactly what the Nautilus® Instinct Olympic Flat Bench machine is all about.
Removable wear strap for extended upholstery life, adjustable seat pad, dual bar catches, integrated plate storage with rubber end caps (6),rubber coated spotter platform, rubber feet for floor protection.
Whether you're an experienced athlete or a beginner, everyone wants the ability to get a quick, easy and complete workout. And that's exactly what the Nautilus® Instinct 45° Back Extension machine is all about.
From Olympic benches which can be customized with or without weight storage to our one-of-a-kind abdominal and back extension benches, we've raised the bar for both aesthetics and function.
Integrated grip and wheels for transport, wear guards on cross bar leg to protect finish, rubber feet for floor protection.
Molded urethane bar holders for quite, safe barbell placement. Dual bar holders for both short and tall users. Optional front bar catch and drop crossbar for user safety.
Multiple pull-up grip positions for exercise variation, diverging dip bars for various grip width options, wear guards on step up legs to protect finish, rubber feet for floor protection.
Molded urethane bar holders for quite, safe barbell placement. Dual bar holders for both short and tall users. Gas assist adjustable seat to accommodate all user heights.


text:
A defense cooperation agreement between Russia and Philippines
Published on 26 Novembre 2016 in BreakingNews @en by Redazione
Russia and the Philippines will hold talks on signing a defense cooperation agreement, according to a government decree, signed by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. On 20th of November, Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte announced he will be sending his Foreign and Defense Ministers to Russia ahead of his own visit, at the personal invitation of President Vladimir Putin. Relationships between the Philippines and its long-term ally, the United States, have deteriorated in recent months. Duterte has said he is looking for other potential partners across the globe, including Russia and China. Last week the Filipino President met President Vladimir Putin for the first time at the APEC summit in Peru, where he praised his Russian counterpart's leadership skills.
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text:
Biden boosts economy against inflation and shortages – Australia scraps self-isolation for workers in crucial food chain – Foodlog
January 10, 2022 by Paula Hooper
In the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland, people with 'essential occupations' in producing or transporting food no longer need to self-isolate if they have been in close contact with a corona patient, test negative themselves and have no symptoms. They can just go to work. This is necessary, too, because supermarkets have empty shelves and factories have to shut down production due to lack of staff (The Guardian, 1.1).
In Australia too, infection rates and hospital admissions are rising rapidly as a result of the omikron wave. At the end of last month, this forced the federal government to adjust the rules for 'close contacts' – which must be self-isolated. Being in a domestic context for four hours with a person who tests positive for Covid-19 became the new norm for self-isolation. At this point, the federal government would like to adopt measures from the states to prevent supply chains in the country from shutting down and food shortages from growing.
The appeal to come and work mainly applies to employees in agriculture, food logistics, transport and food processing sectors. Those who come to work must wear a mask, take a rapid test every day, come to work by their own transport and be vaccinated.
In the United States, US President Joe Biden faces a similar problem, on an even larger scale. "There are not enough job seekers or goods to meet national demand," said The Independent (1.2). In his first year as president, Biden has presented strong economic growth and an all-time low unemployment rate of 3.9%.
Despite this, Americans are unprecedentedly pessimistic about their economy. Shortages of cars, bath towels and cereals leave consumers grumbling. Companies cannot fill the 10.6 million vacancies they are facing. Prices of almost everything are rising. Inflation is spiraling and will probably rise to 7.1% in 2022 this year, while incomes are unlikely to rise as fast. The Republicans see it as an ideal stick to beat the Democratic president with.
The White House is fully committed to stimulating the supply factor, both for labor and goods. "We have very strong demand in this economy, and we have limited supply," said Jared Bernstein, White House economic adviser. "There are two ways to deal with that imbalance. You can tackle the demand side and essentially make people poorer so they don't have the resources to do what they want. Or you can try to expand the supply side — that's what we are doing."
Biden does this by having container ships dock more quickly so that trucks with full trailers can hit the road faster. A portion of the $1 trillion budget to upgrade infrastructure is available to update ports, increase truck drivers and increase domestic production of computer chips. According to the White House, the number of shipping containers waiting longer than 9 days in ports has already fallen by 39% and retail inventories are on the rise.
We would like to give thanks to the writer of this short article for this remarkable material
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Fescon Tile Adhesive Plaster SS2 is an M1-rated dry mortar with a cement binder. Enables tiling of structures that require particular flexibility from the plaster, see research report VTT-S-03707-10.
Suitable for the tiling of sheet metal bathrooms, structures with wooden frames, and other structures requiring flexibility, and both indoor and outdoor surfaces subject to temperature variations, and also for floors with underfloor heating.
mix into a consistent mass with a power mixer or a drill paddle.
spread the plaster on the base while pressing hard and rake it.
Choose the tooth size of the plastering trowel according to the size of the tile and the adhesion surface.
Grout after around one day with absorbent bases; with solid bases and waterproofed surfaces, grout after 2-5 days.


text:
Dynatronics Corporation Announces Participation in Upcoming Investor Conferences
By: Dynatronics Corporation via AccessWire
March 02, 2022 at 17:10 PM EST
Roth Capital: March 14, 2022
Maxim Group: March 28-29, 2022
EAGAN, MN / ACCESSWIRE / March 2, 2022 / Dynatronics Corporation (NASDAQ:DYNT), a leading manufacturer of athletic training, physical therapy, and rehabilitation products, today announced that management will participate in two upcoming investor conferences to provide an update on recent business highlights.
Roth Capital 34th Annual Conference on March 14, 2022
John Krier, Chief Executive Officer of Dynatronics Corporation will be available at the Roth Conference for one-on-one meetings at the Ritz Carlton Laguna Niguel, located in Dana Point, California. Attendees are encouraged to request a one-on-one meeting with Dynatronics on Roth's online conference platform or contact their Roth representative.
Management's virtual on-demand presentation for investors recorded for this Roth Capital Conference is currently available on the company's Investor webpage under the Events & Presentations tab at https://irdirect.net/DYNT/corporate_document/1982. The webcast is archived on the website for future viewing.
Dynatronics and Roth Capital will host a fireside chat webcast moderated by the Roth analyst on Monday, March 14, 2022, at 11:00 AM ET/8:00 AM PT. The live fireside chat webcast can be accessed on the company's Investor webpage under the Events & Presentations tab at https://irdirect.net/DYNT/corporate_document/1982. The webcast will be archived on the website for future viewing.
Maxim Group 2nd Annual Virtual Growth Conference on March 28 to 29, 2022
John Krier, Chief Executive Officer of Dynatronics Corporation, and other members of the company's leadership team will participate in the Maxim Group Virtual Growth Conference on March 28-29, 2022. The company will provide additional information about this conference when it is available.
About Dynatronics Corporation
Dynatronics is a leading medical device company committed to providing high-quality restorative products designed to accelerate achieving optimal health. The Company designs, manufactures, and sells a broad range of products for clinical use in physical therapy, rehabilitation, pain management, and athletic training. Through its distribution channels, Dynatronics markets and sells to orthopedists, physical therapists, chiropractors, athletic trainers, sports medicine practitioners, clinics, hospitals, and consumers. The Company's products are marketed under a portfolio of high-quality, well-known industry brands including Bird & Cronin®, Solaris™, Hausmann®, Physician's Choice®, and PROTEAM™, among others. More information is available at www.dynatronics.com.
Dynatronics Corporation
Skyler Black
ir@dynatronics.com
Darrow Associates
Jeff Christensen, Managing Director
jchristensen@darrowir.com
For additional information, please visit: www.dynatronics.com
Connect with Dynatronics on LinkedIn
SOURCE: Dynatronics Corporation
https://www.accesswire.com/691309/Dynatronics-Corporation-Announces-Participation-in-Upcoming-Investor-Conferences


text:
RTI Talk
> NCLD Talks >
Katie Eklund, MSW, is the school psychologist at Patriot Elementary. For the past seven years she has worked as a school social worker, school administrator, and high school track and cross country coach. She attended college at Valparaiso University and received her master's degree in social work from the University of Michigan. She is currently working on her Ph.D. in clinical and school psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Katie is passionate about helping children achieve their best in all areas of life.
Talks featuring this expert:
School Psychologists and RTI
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text:
Titles similar to Red Hood
Exit, Pursued by a Bear
The Female of the Species
>>see all recommendations
Rise: A Feminist Book Project: 2021
Classroom Connections: Getting It: Books about Periods
By Elana K. Arnold.
Feb. 2020. 368p. HarperCollins/Balzer+Bray, $17.99 (9780062742353). Grades 9-12.
In the wake of her Printz Honor–winning Damsel (2018), Arnold blazes a new and equally powerful trail through toxic masculinity by way of a fairy tale. This time it's the mythology of "Little Red Riding Hood" that pulsates through the narrative, setting primal instincts loose in modern times, where wolves wear the clothes of men and the faces of teen boys. The mortifying arrival of Bisou's first period sends her running from her boyfriend and the homecoming dance into the nearby woods, where she quickly senses she is being stalked. Her lupine pursuer attacks with a single-mindedness that leaves Bisou no choice but to fight back, and she finds her unusually heightened senses assure her victory—the body of the dead wolf morphing, bewilderingly, into the naked form of a male classmate. Eventually, Bisou confides in her grandmother, with whom she lives, who reveals their lot as hunters of the wolves who would force themselves on women. This alone would make for an enthralling story, but Arnold ekes out the grandmother's history and the circumstances of Bisou's mother's death in tantalizing increments, while also spinning an emotionally complex high-school drama. It is a book of blood, where menstruation empowers, predators bleed out, sisterhood is forged, and genetics bestow unasked for responsibilities. So read, shed your pelt, and be transformed—for blades are being sharpened.
— Julia Smith
Find more titles by Elana K. Arnold


In May 2018 we told you about a project that Prairie Construction was starting at Skutt Catholic High School.
As the 2017/18 school year wrapped up, we started a 3500 square foot project that included a secure main school entrance and vestibule, an expanded lobby area, and additional office space.
The students, faculty and staff of Skutt Catholic High School enjoyed the new space for the first semester of the 2018/19, and the Ken and Beverley Pohlman Welcoming Lobby, was officially dedicated on February 4, 2019.
Prairie Construction was honored to be part of this special project.


text:
The Value of an Educated Workforce: A Comparison of Growth and Inequality Across Countries
Better educated workers earn higher wages. It is commonly assumed that this so called return to education reflects the fact that more educated workers are more productive at their jobs. "If this is true, and if markets work well, then we would expect the social return to be equal to the private return to education", says Barcelona GSE Affiliated Professor and CREI Researcher Thijs van Rens, meaning that it must be equally beneficial for a country to raise the average education level of its workforce as it is for an individual worker to obtain a higher level of schooling.
In reality, earlier studies have found evidence of only very small effects of increases in countries' education levels on GDP growth. The literature points to a relationship between education levels and GDP growth across countries, but indicates no effect of changes in education on changes in GDP. These results have led some researchers to believe that more educated workers might not be more productive at all.
Professor van Rens developed a model to describe the evolution of the private and social return to education and used it to estimate the return to education from cross-country data on growth and inequality. The results, developed jointly with Coen Teulings (CPB and Tinbergen Institute), are presented in their paper "Education, Growth, and Income Inequality", to appear this February in The Review of Economics and Statistics.
The Review of Economics and Statistics
The intuition behind the model is very simple, says Professor van Rens: "Raising the average education level makes low-skilled workers scarcer, which increases their wages. At the same time, it increases the supply of highly educated workers, effectively lowering their relative wages. As a result, the return on education becomes smaller. This so called compression effect, allows us to retrieve the private return to education from data on income inequality. We then estimate the social returns from a modified growth regression and compare the results."
The estimates indicate that the social return to education is very similar to the private return in the short run. In the long run, however, the social return to increasing the average education level in a country by one year is much higher than in the short run. The researchers do not observe a similar difference between the long and the short run for the private return. These dynamic effects explain the puzzling findings in the existing literature.
Specifically, the results indicate that an average worker in an average country that went to school for 7 years earns about 14% more on her first job than another worker that dropped out after 6 years in school in her first job. Twenty years later, the difference between their wage is still about 14%. Increasing the average education level of the entire workforce in an average country by one year increases that country's output by about 8% initially, suggesting the social return is similar to or even a bit lower than the private return. However, eventually the extra year of education raises that country's output by as much as 42%.
These findings suggest that workers that acquire an additional year of education provide positive externalities for the rest of the economy. The specific mechanism for these externalities put forward in the paper is endogenous technological progress. A more highly educated labor force is more likely to develop or adopt new technologies, which lead to higher growth and benefits all workers. Such externalities provide a reason for government intervention.
"Since individual workers do not reap all the benefits if they go to school a year longer, they acquire less education than is optimal for the country as a whole," says Professor van Rens, "Thus, by subsidizing education, the government fosters higher growth and welfare. But our estimates also show that it may take several decades for these additional benefits to realize. Thus, investing more in education is a sensible policy for a government that cares about the well-being of future generations."
About Prof. van Rens
GSE Affiliated Professor Thijs van Rens in his office
Thijs van Rens is a junior researcher at the Centre de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI), Assistant Professor at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Affiliated Professor at the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics. He received his PhD in economics at Princeton University in 2005, and has visited the European University Institute in Florence as well as the University of Chicago. His main fields of interest are macroeconomics and labor economics, with a research focus on business cycle fluctuations on the labor market.
GSE Professors
GSE Research


First of all make sure that your water is room temperature! Don't drink cold water out of the refrigerator!
How long were you asleep? Probably anywhere from 5-8 hours at least... your body hasn't had anything to drink, yet your kidneys were working just the same! They need their fuel!
Third reason this will make you happy is a better bowel movement. The glass of water will help push anything in your stomach and intestines down and will help you go to the bathroom.
My last reason for this new habit is the fact that I like my coffee in the morning and that dehydrates me. If I drink glass of water before that, I assure that my body is properly hydrated and will not suffer though the day because of my coffee habit.
I see major difference since I started drinking water right after I wake up. This is why I wanted to share this with you on my blog and I hope that this will help you feel better and wake up with a fresh feeling!
This is a great idea since my first drink is usually coffee.


text:
Há várias ilhas que se chamam Inacessível.

Ilha Inacessível, ilha do arquipélago de Tristão da Cunha, Reino Unido.
Ilha Inacessível, ilha do arquipélago das Ilhas Dellbridge, Antártida.
Ilhas Inacessíveis, arquipélago das Ilhas Órcades do Sul, Antártida.

Ilhas Inacessíveis


text:
Solartopia Green Power and Wellness Hour – 07.28.16
HILLARY v. TRUMP & the CARBON TAX ROAD TO SOLARTOPIA
Our superb guest is the great CHARLIE KOMANOFF, pioneer of the carbon tax and one of the world's leading experts on the realities of our energy system.
We start with an in-depth look at strategies and pitfalls in the presidential campaign. Did Bernie really win the primaries? Can Hillary beat Trump? Is it actually a fight between "Mussolini and Margaret Thatcher"? Did the Dems steal it fro Bernie, and will the GOP now steal it from Hillary?
We then go deep on the German transition from King CONG (Coal, Oil Nukes & Gas) to Solartopia. Charlie shows that taxing carbon is at the core of our survival. And that the German decision to shut nukes and move away from fossil fuels has actually CUT carbon emissions rather than raise them, as industry apologists are trying to say.
We further talk about the amazing success of bicycle use in New York and other cities where bike activism has had a huge positive impact, a movement Charlie helped create.
Charlie is a brilliant, cogent and important guest. Don't miss this show!!!
INDIAN POINT and DIABLO CANYON are two nuclear reactor names that strike fear in the hearts of anyone who knows about atomic power. We discuss the two reactors north of New York City with MANNA JO GREEN (Clearwater), GARY SHAW (IPSEC) and KEVIN KAMPS (Beyond Nuclear). These long-term activists and experts are dedicated to shutting the two nukes irradiating the Hudson River. They outline the critical deterioration threatening the future of these aging, uneconomical reactors.
We are then joined by ROCHELLE BECKER of California's Alliance 4 Nuclear Responsibility who describes the landmark new deal cut between PG&E, the unions and environmental groups to shut the two nukes at Diablo Canyon by 2025. This complex multi-faceted agreement calls for a 100% conversion to renewable energy, a "retain and retrain" program for the plant's workers, and a definitive death date in 9 years. A wide range of issues have arisen amongst those of us demanding an immediate shutdown of these decayed, deteriorating and deadly reactors. Lets figure out how to get them down...


I used to host this "salon" at my house called "Chai with KP" on Friday mornings. It was a time when people could get together and talk about different subjects, strengthen relationships and gain insights. One Friday morning, the topic of gender issues came up. It was a fascinating discussion that was completely eye-opening for a lot of the men in the room.


text:
The 2012–13 Elche CF season is the 80th season in club history.

Review and events

Competitions

Segunda División

Matches

Copa Del Rey

Squad

Squad, matches played and goals scored

Minutes played

Starting 11
Manu Herrera

Jordi Xumetra

Coro

Bookings

Sources

Elche CF
Elche CF seasons


text:
Graduate Student Works
All Graduate Scholarship
The Development of Hawai'i's Kumu Kahua Theatre and Its Core Repertory: The "Local" Plays of Sakamoto, Lum and Kneubuhl
Mattos.pdf 18.6 MB Adobe PDF View/Open
dc.contributor.advisor Carroll, W. Dennis
dc.contributor.author Mattos, Justina T.
dc.identifier http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045433
dc.description vii, 389 leaves, bound ; 29 cm.
dc.description Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002.
dc.description Mode of access: World Wide Web.
dc.description Includes bibliographical references (leaves 356-389).
dc.description Also available by subscription via World Wide Web.
dc.description Also available on microfiche.
dc.description.abstract Kumu Kahua Theatre is a non-profit theatre company in Honolulu which has been in existence since 1971. It is the only theatre in the world dedicated to producing plays which speak particularly to the multi-ethnic audiences of Hawai'i. Over the past thirty years Hawai'i's "local" playwrights have benefited from a working relationship with Kumu Kahua Theatre, which has served as an original stage on which they could practice and refine their craft. This dissertation defines what is meant by "local" theatre, and includes a brief historical overview of Hawai'i's socio-political climate and theatrical activities before 1971 to provide a foundation from which to discuss Kumu Kahua Theatre and Hawai'i's contemporary "local" playwrights. The activities of Kumu Kahua Theatre from 1971 through 1999 are described, focusing upon the productions of significant "local" plays during this period, and the role of Kumu Kahua Theatre in the growth and refinement of "local" drama. Playwrights mentioned here include: Aldyth Morris, Lynette Amano, James Grant Benton, Jon Shirota, Milton Murayama, Brian Clark, Peter Charlot, John Kneubuhl, Daniel Therriault, and Alani Apio. Three playwrights, Edward Sakamoto, Darrell H.Y. Lum and Victoria Nālani Kneubuhl, stand out for their contributions to "local" theatre, and their plays have comprised the core repertory of Kumu Kahua Theatre. Chapters three, four and five analyze the "local" plays for adults by these writers. The conclusion compares and contrasts these three playwrights, summarizing the overall developments in "local" theatre and the role of Kumu Kahua Theatre in Hawai'i's "local" drama tradition. Tammy Haili'ōpua Baker's Hawaiian language theatre troupe, Ka Hālau Hanakeaka, is briefly discussed in reference to the changing use of language in Hawaiʻi's "local" drama and as a possible indication of what we might expect more of in the future. Four appendices are provided. Appendix A lists all plays produced by Kumu Kahua Theatre, including the names of playwrights, directors, venues, and production dates. Appendix B provides a season-by-season listing of Kumu Kahua Board Members. Appendix C summarizes the box-office reports for each production from which these figures were available. Appendix D lists Hawai'i's "local" playwrights and "local" plays.
dc.format electronic resource
dc.format.extent 396 pages
dc.language.iso en-US
dc.publisher University of Hawaii at Manoa
dc.relation Theses for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa). Theatre ; no. 4191
dc.rights All UHM dissertations and theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission from the copyright owner.
dc.title The Development of Hawai'i's Kumu Kahua Theatre and Its Core Repertory: The "Local" Plays of Sakamoto, Lum and Kneubuhl
dc.type Thesis
dc.contributor.department Theatre
dc.date.graduated 2002-05
local.identifier.callnumber AC1 .H3 no.4191
local.thesis.degreelevel PhD
Appears in Collections: All Graduate Scholarship
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Leshi's share price has dropped over 36 per cent in the past year and fallen about 8 per cent since LeEco founder Jia Yueting said his technology empire faced a cash crunch after having expanded too quickly into new markets and products, from electric cars and smartphones to televisions. Suppliers across different divisions have also said parts of the LeEco business have been late in paying their bills.
[BEIJING] Leshi Internet Information & Technology Co, the Chinese video-streaming service backed by the billionaire founder of cash-strapped online giant LeEco, said it's in discussions to raise more than 10 billion yuan (S$2.08 billion) from a group of undisclosed strategic investors.
The company sometimes described as a local Netflix plans to raise the money through a private issuance of stock and other avenues, it said in a filing with the Shenzhen stock exchange Wednesday. Shares in the company, which were halted this month, will remain suspended during negotiations but should resume trading within 10 days, it added.
At a Beijing technology industry conference this month, Jia flagged a new round of fund-raising he said would largely end his financing woes. In its Wednesday filing, Leshi said key details including the terms of an investment agreement, scope of cooperation and price of shares to be issued were still under negotiation between Jia and his strategic partners.
"Leshi Internet, Jia Yueting and Leshi Holdings (Beijing) signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with investors," the listed company said in its statement. "The transaction size is expected to be more than 10 billion yuan." Jia's LeEco is the umbrella holding company for a sprawling family of businesses that includes sports media, automobiles and consumer electronics. The company has aggressively pursued funding and placed bets on new ventures from an electric car plant in Nevada to a US$2 billion acquisition of California TV maker Vizio Inc. Jia is a major shareholder in listed Leshi, a key part of the sprawling LeEco empire.


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text:
Antti Saarela
Photo courtesy of Iltalehti.fi
Fantasy Summary
Complementary forward with middle-six upside. Has played center in junior but projects to be a winger at the pro level.
Fantasy Upside 6.0
NHL Certainty 5.5
Country FIN
Position RW
Roster Type System
Shoot/Glove Left
Date of Birth June 27, 2001
Height 6'0"
Drafted 2019 Round 4; Overall: 123
June 2019 – Saarela has been drafted 123rd overall by the Blackhawks. Jokke Nevalainen
June 2019 – Saarela was officially measured at 5-foot-11.75 and 190 pounds at the NHL Draft Combine. Jokke Nevalainen
March 2019 – Saarela started this season in Jr. A SM-liiga which is the top junior level in Finland. While there, he put up seven goals and 15 points in 21 games. After that time, he's been mostly playing at the top level in Liiga where he's put up two goals and 10 points in 23 games. Saarela's production in Liiga is very impressive but he's also received great usage which has allowed him to produce points alongside talented players. Saarela comes from a true hockey family as his father Pasi was a long-time pro player and a local legend with Lukko which is probably partly why Antti has received such a great opportunity there as well. And Antti's older brother Aleksi was drafted by the Rangers and is currently playing in Carolina's system. The younger Saarela has also played 11 games with Finland's U18 team and scored six points there. He's expected to play an important role for Finland at the U18 Worlds.
Saarela has played center in junior but has been used purely as a winger at the pro level. His game is better suited for the wing, so I would expect him to stay there. He's not big (5-11, 176) but he plays a fearless style of game and isn't afraid to get his nose dirty. Saarela is a great skater who can create offensive opportunities because of his speed but his acceleration and agility are also great. His puck-skills are very good which makes him very dangerous in one-on-one situations. He also has a good shot. His playmaking skills are decent but he's more of a complementary player than someone who drives the offense. He plays a reliable defensive game as well. Besides skating, his tools don't appear to be high-end which is why he projects to become a complementary third-line winger. Saarela is likely going to be drafted in the third round of the 2019 NHL Entry Draft. Jokke Nevalainen
Season Team League GP G A TP PIM Playoffs GP G A TP PIM
2015-2016 Lukko U16 Jr. C SM-sarja Q 12 7 15 22 14 |
Lukko U16 Jr. C SM-sarja 26 20 15 35 24 | Playoffs 6 8 2 10 2
2016-2017 Lukko U16 Jr. C SM-sarja Q 1 3 1 4 0 |
Lukko U18 Jr. B SM-sarja 34 5 15 20 40 |
Finland U16 (all) International-Jr 9 5 3 8 6 |
2017-2018 Lukko U18 Jr. B SM-sarja 5 2 4 6 4 | Playoffs 3 0 2 2 0
Lukko U20 Jr. A SM-liiga 25 6 9 15 6 |
Lukko Liiga 1 0 0 0 0 |
Finland U17 WHC-17 5 2 2 4 4 |
Finland U17 (all) International-Jr 16 6 8 14 26 |
2018-2019 Lukko U20 Jr. A SM-liiga 21 7 8 15 32 |
Lukko Liiga 24 2 8 10 20 | Playoffs 4 0 0 0 0
Finland U18 WJC-18 5 1 2 3 6 |
Finland U18 (all) International-Jr 19 5 4 9 39 |
Finland U18 Hlinka Gretzky Cup 3 0 0 0 2 |
2019-2020 Ilves Liiga 25 4 6 10 8 |
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text:
OpinionCoronavirus
While the west fixates on Covid-19, vulnerable countries pay the price
Simon Tisdall
The developed world's response to the pandemic is imperilling health systems, economies and livelihoods already on the edge
Spraying disinfectant to combat coronavirus in Yemen's capital, Sana'a. About 12 million Yemenis rely on food aid, and a cholera outbreak is under way. Photograph: Mohammed Hamoud/Getty Images
Sun 3 May 2020 04.03 EDT
Last modified on Wed 1 Jul 2020 12.32 EDT
People in low-income and conflict-affected countries have so far largely escaped the high levels of Covid-19 infection seen in western Europe and the US, although this may be changing.
The pandemic is killing them in different ways: lost jobs, ruined businesses, increased poverty, rising malnutrition and risk of famine, and a prospective increase in untreated, non-Covid preventable illnesses.
For many of the most vulnerable, the developed world's cures are proving worse than the disease. At the extreme, families must choose between going hungry and getting ill.
And their plight is exacerbated by Covid-style "underlying conditions" – chronic, pre-existing political, security, economic, and climate problems that grow ever more unsustainable.
A Covid tidal wave may be about to hit sub-Saharan Africa and other less resilient regions, the International Rescue Committee warned last week. Without urgent international action, the virus could cause 1bn infections and 3.2m deaths in 34 fragile states, including Afghanistan and Syria, it said.
The World Health Organization has issued similar alerts. Yet even if these worst-case outcomes are somehow avoided, poorer countries already face enormous collateral damage.
For millions of workers, no income means no food, no security, and no future
Guy Ryder, International Labour Organization
According to UN estimates, half a billion people, or 8% of the world's population, could be pushed into destitution by the year's end, largely due to the pandemic. The fight against poverty would be set back 30 years.
The crisis could produce famines of "biblical proportions", with the number of people facing hunger almost doubling to more than 250 million, the World Food Programme (WFP) said. Shortfalls in donor funding and food aid meant 30 million people could die within a matter of months, it added.
Vanishing demand, collapsed distribution chains, and disrupted export markets are pushing people to the brink, affecting groups as diverse as Ethiopian and Kenyan flower producers, Sri Lankan tea-growers, and Bangladeshi garment workers whose contracts have reportedly been cancelled by UK supermarkets.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, Nigeria, Venezuela and Haiti are among the countries most at risk, the WFP said: "Millions can only eat if they earn a wage."
War-torn Yemen is worse off than most. About 12 million Yemenis rely on food aid that is threatened by renewed fighting. A repeat cholera outbreak is under way. The detection last week of a Covid-19 cluster in Aden may be the least of its worries.
South Sudan is another conflict-scarred country with little or no capacity to handle a Covid-19 emergency. In 2019, 61% of the population faced food insecurity. Drought and locust infestations were contributory factors.
Yet with only 34 confirmed Covid cases so far, and no deaths, South Sudan's main worry at present is the pandemic's indirect impact on humanitarian aid, food supply and livelihoods.
This perspective is shared by many in South Africa, the continent's second largest economy. The official death toll is just over 100, yet the government's lockdown is said to be costing £570m a day. Some restrictions were eased last Friday amid fears that 1.7 million people could lose the means to make a living.
Looked at globally, the pandemic's impact on jobs is devastating. The International Labour Organization reported last week that 1.6 billion workers in the informal economy – nearly half the world's total workforce of 3.3 billion – "stand in immediate danger of having their livelihoods destroyed".
Sudanese men break their Ramadan fast in the capital Khartoum. The country is among those most at risk, according to the World Food Programme. Photograph: Ashraf Shazly/AFP via Getty Images
"The first month of the crisis is estimated to have resulted in a drop of 60% in the income of informal workers globally. This translates into a drop of 81% in Africa and the Americas," it said.
If lockdowns continue or expand, this situation will only get worse. More than 436 million enterprises were at risk, the ILO's Guy Ryder said. "For millions of workers, no income means no food, no security, and no future."
The west's self-absorption threatens to obscure the virus's harmful impact on treatment of non-Covid, preventable diseases. Just as UK cancer deaths are forecast to rise due to a diversion of resources, so measles and other immunisation programmes in poorer nations are being undercut.
The WHO announced last week that polio vaccinations for up to 12 million children in Africa will be delayed as resources are switched to fighting Covid-19. It admitted the move would inevitably lead to more child polio cases.
Disrupted vaccination programmes have frequently led to "explosive" outbreaks of life-threatening diseases previously held in abeyance, warned vaccine specialist Edward Parker. "Without systematic efforts to maintain immunisation programmes, the virus's legacy could include a disastrous surge in childhood deaths."
The pandemic is providing cover for malign governments to pursue or accelerate policies that place lives at risk, regardless of Covid-19. A striking example is Myanmar, where the army has renewed its repression of minorities in Rakhine and Chin states.
Polio campaign in Africa put on hold during coronavirus
Yanghee Lee, the UN's human rights rapporteur, said last week she feared a repeat of the alleged genocide in 2017 when 700,000 Rohingya Muslims were forced to flee. The resulting densely populated refugee camps created in next-door Bangladesh are potentially lethal Covid-19 hotspots.
And Kashmir reveals more Covid collateral damage. The continuation of last year's illegal Indian government lockdown is now justified by the need to contain the disease. Spiralling mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, suicide, and domestic violence, are among the results.
Not to be left out, the Trump administration is ignoring a UN call to lift sanctions on struggling, virus-hit countries such as Iran, Cuba and Venezuela while also blocking a global ceasefire.
World Bank and IMF billions offered in assistance and debt relief to poorer countries and fragile states cannot begin to repair all this hurt. Right now, western responses to the virus are imperilling more people worldwide than the virus itself.


888Poker is the second biggest online poker website in the world after PokerStars. The company recently announced that its popular $215 Mega Deep event which was launched in 2012 will be celebrating its 5th anniversary this November. The Mega Deep event generally has guaranteed prize pools in the range of $100,000 and $150,000 but as a special 5th year celebration, 888Poker has confirmed that the Mega Deep event for November 27 will have a guaranteed prize pool of $500,000.
The $215 Mega Deep event initially launched on Jan 1, 2012 and has continued to grow in popularity with every passing year attracting some of the top online poker pros in the world. The last Mega Deep event was held on November 13 and the buy-in fee was fixed at the usual $215. A total of 660 players registered for the online event generating a prize pool of around $132,000 which was $12,000 more than what the organizers had expected. The event was one by an online poker pro who goes by the handle of 'que_te_crio' who pocked $24,750 for finishing in first place.
The Mega Deep event scheduled for November 27 will also have a $215 buy-in but players will receive $100,000 in chips. They will have the opportunity of playing 20 minute blinds and will be allowed to make one reentry. The second chance at the Mega Deep event will increase their odds of winning the $500,000 in guaranteed prize money.
One of the top online poker pros who will take part in the event is Chris Moorman who is considered by many to be the top online poker pro in the world. Moorman has won more than $4.4 million in live tournament winnings and more than $13.7 million through his online gambling winnings.
888poker is already conducting online satellite events at the 888poker.com websites and the buy-ins for the events is extremely low and starts at $0.01. So poker players who find it difficult to raise the $215 for the Mega Deep buy-in can take part in these satellite events and see if they can win a buy-in to the Mega Deep online event on November 27.


Have you ever wished you could enjoy a movie or play a video game in full surround sound, without disturbing your neighbors or family members?
You may also have thought that headphones will never suit real surround sound - only those phony "3D-effects" that just don't cut it.
But let's think again. We humans have only two ears. Thus, when we hear a sound, our brain must be able to determine the direction of origin for that sound, based on "stereo signal" that reach our eardrums. Now, what if we manipulate a regular left/right stereo sound in a clever way - to mimic those effects that would take place if the sound would actually be coming from a different direction (e.g. from behind us)? That's right - we would get the perception of a sound source located behind us.
This is exactly what HeaDSPeaker surround system does. The above mechanism is generally referred as HRTF system. This technique is known to work, but it has one serious shortcoming: it only lasts as long as the listener remains completely still. As we know, this is practically never the case in a real-world listening situation. Even though the listener is not actually moving around, his/her head constantly makes small movements. If the processed sound doesn't reflect these movements, the surround effect is quickly lost. As a consequence, any headphone surround system without head tracking will ultimately fail.
However, HeaDSPeaker is different. It features a patented (US pat. 7'672'809) real-time head tracking unit, which provides sound processor the necessary information it needs for a real dynamic auralization. Dynamic auralization gives the brain the instant feedback it needs, which substantially helps to perceive the direction of the sound. After a very short while of gettin used to it, the surround immersion becomes as natural as it gets.
HeaDSPeaker system consists of two main parts: tracking sensors and a DSP unit. Tracking sensors should be attached to your existing headphones.
The provided DSP unit processes the multichannel input signal and produces a dynamically auralized stereo signal for the headphones. HeaDSPeaker can decode Dolby Digital and DTS encoded sound from the optical S/PDIF input. It is also capable of decoding 5.0 multichannel signal from 2.0 stereo sources (the analog output of modern game consoles, for example). Finally, it can also act as a 5.1 or 7.1 USB sound device when connected to a PC or Macintosh computer. The package contains a configuration/diagnostic utility program for Windows (XP/Vista) and Mac OS X operating systems.
You can purchase HeaDSPeaker Home from our webstore.
Note: works with HeaDSPeaker Home only!


Tours will leave from Steveston Museum on Fridays at 4:30pm, and Saturdays at 1pm in June and July, 2017.
Tickets are $7. Children under 12 are free of charge when accompanied by a paying adult. To book, contact the Steveston Museum & Visitor Centre at 604-271-8280 or in person at 3811 Moncton Street. Ask for the "Walking Tour Vignettes" tour.
This initiative is made possible by the City of Richmond's 150 Community Celebration Grant.
This initiative is made possible by the Community Fund for Canada's 150th, a collaboration between Richmond Community Foundation, the Government of Canada, and extraordinary leaders from coast to coast to coast.
Cette initiative est rendue possible grâce au Fonds communautaire pour le 150e anniversaire du Canada, qui est une collaboration entre Richmond Community Foundation, les fondations communautaires canadiennes, le gouvernment du Canada et des leaders extraordinaires de l'Atlantique au Pacifique à l'Arctique.


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Especially for a style like Crochet braids where my hair is braided down and only spritzed and oiled, it's necessary to remove them after a while to throughly moisturizing my hair as well. I honestly, don't think that manipulating your hair every 22 days or even every 2 weeks is too much, at least that hasn't been my experience.
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Hann. est l'abréviation officielle de « Hannoversch » dans le nom officiel de la ville allemande de Hannoversch Münden ;
 Hann est un quartier de la ville de Dakar ;
 Julius von Hann est un météorologue autrichien