text:
Education; education expenditure and CBS/OECD indicators
Changed on: 29/12/2022 02:00
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Periods : 2020
Education sectors
Expenditure on education Total expenditure on education (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Total government (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government On education institutions Total on education institutions (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government On education institutions Lump sum financing (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government On education institutions Contract research (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government On education institutions Operating costs (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Total subsidies and tax benefits (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Education component preschool, day care (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Transport of pupils (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Provisions for disabled students (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Allowance for school costs (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Supervising costs of companies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Student grants (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Subsidies and tax benefits Student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Receipts Total receipts (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Receipts EU subsidies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Receipts Repaid student grants and loans and… (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Receipts Interest on student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Government Receipts Repayments on student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Total expenditure by households (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households On education institutions Total on education institutions (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households On education institutions Tuition fees, subsidised institutions (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households On education institutions Tuition fees, private institutions (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households On education institutions Parental contribution, school activities (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Total other expenditures on education (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Education component preschool, day care (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Books, materials, public transport and… (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Wrongfully received student grants and… (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Interest on student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Other expenditure on education Repayments on student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Total allowances received (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Child care allowance education component (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Provisions for disabled students (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Allowances for school costs (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Scholarships of companies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Student grants for school fees, books,… (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Student grants for the cost of living (million euros)
Expenditure on education Households Allowances received Student loans (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Total companies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies On education institutions Total on education institutes (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies On education institutions Supervising trainees and apprentices (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies On education institutions Tuition fees, private institutions (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies On education institutions Contract research (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Other expenditure on education Total other expenditure on education (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Other expenditure on education Child care allowance education component (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Other expenditure on education Scholarships of companies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Subsidies received Total subsidies received (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Subsidies received Transport of pupils (million euros)
Expenditure on education Companies Subsidies received Supervising costs of companies (million euros)
Expenditure on education Foreign countries Total foreign countries (million euros)
Expenditure on education Foreign countries On education institutions Total on education institutes (million euros)
Expenditure on education Foreign countries On education institutions International funds (million euros)
Expenditure on education Foreign countries On education institutions Contract research (million euros)
Expenditure on education Foreign countries EU subsidies (million euros)
Indicators Expenditure on education Total expenditure on education (million euros)
Indicators Expenditure on education In % of GDP (% of GDP)
Indicators Expenditure on education Per capita (euro)
Indicators Government expenditure on education Total government exp. on education (million euros)
Indicators Government expenditure on education In % of GDP (% of GDP)
Indicators Government expenditure on education In % of total government expenditure (%)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions Total on education institutions (million euros)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions In % of GDP Total in % of GDP (% of GDP)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions In % of GDP Government (% of GDP)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions In % of GDP Households, companies, foreign countries (% of GDP)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions Per student, including R&D (euro)
Indicators Expenditure on education institutions Per student, excluding R&D (euro)
Total education
49,524 40,387 37,295 35,792 827 676 3,190 231 218 21 63 326 2,332 2,717 98 0 35 63 7,827 4,435 3,373 1,916 889 568 2,356 429 1,829 35 63 7,827 1,294 255 21 63 59 896 1,436 2,718 4,197 4,378 3,152 516 710 145 86 59 326 218 326 505 505 41 464 0 49,524 6.2 2,845 43,203 5.4 11.3 45,551 5.7 4.7 1.1
(Pre-)primary education
13,436 12,911 12,544 12,272 272 367 231 128 8 0 0 426 176 79 97 513 429 85 263 255 8 0 86 86 86 0 128 13 13 13 0 13,436 1.7 772 12,911 1.6 3.4 12,733 1.6 1.6 0.0 8,570 8,570
Pre-primary and primary education
Special needs primary education
1,504 1,492 1,483 1,465 18 9 9 1 0 0 12 7 7 6 6 1 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1,504 0.2 87 1,492 0.2 0.4 1,490 0.2 0.2 0.0 21,941 21,941
20,344 16,385 15,133 14,864 269 1,283 90 8 63 294 829 490 31 0 12 19 191 1,648 1,033 253 309 471 972 941 12 19 191 357 8 63 0 286 543 490 2,295 2,589 2,440 149 0 0 294 90 294 16 16 16 0 20,344 2.6 1,169 16,907 2.1 4.4 18,771 2.3 1.9 0.5 12,098 12,098
Secondary general education
11,967 10,907 10,747 10,557 190 160 90 5 63 2 0 0 986 522 0 176 346 533 533 69 5 63 0 58 60 9 51 0 0 2 90 2 16 16 16 0 11,967 1.5 688 10,907 1.3 2.8 11,345 1.4 1.3 0.1 11,358 11,358
Senior voc. and gen. adult sec. educ.
8,377 5,478 4,386 4,307 79 1,123 3 0 292 829 490 31 0 12 19 191 662 511 253 133 125 439 408 12 19 191 288 3 0 0 286 543 490 2,237 2,529 2,431 98 0 0 292 292 0 0 0 0 8,377 1.1 481 6,000 0.8 1.6 7,426 0.9 0.6 0.4 13,435 13,435
15,744 11,091 9,618 8,656 827 135 1,540 5 32 1,503 2,227 67 0 23 44 7,636 2,361 2,164 1,663 501 871 803 23 44 7,636 674 5 59 610 893 2,228 1,816 1,789 712 367 710 59 59 32 32 476 476 12 464 0 15,744 1.9 904 13,385 1.7 3.5 14,047 1.8 1.2 0.6 16,521 10,470
Higher professional education
6,734 4,625 3,615 3,497 38 80 1,045 3 32 1,010 1,227 35 0 12 23 4,024 1,193 1,078 880 198 518 482 12 23 4,024 403 3 0 400 610 1,227 905 937 712 145 80 0 32 32 11 11 0 11 0 6,734 0.8 387 5,887 0.7 1.5 5,641 0.7 0.5 0.3 11,801 11,219
9,010 6,466 6,003 5,159 789 55 495 2 0 493 1,000 32 0 11 21 3,612 1,168 1,086 783 303 353 321 11 21 3,612 271 2 59 210 283 1,001 911 852 222 630 59 59 0 0 465 465 12 453 0 9,010 1.1 517 7,498 1.0 2.0 8,406 1.1 0.7 0.3 22,580 9,509
Source: CBS.
Table description
This table gives an overview of expenditure on regular education within the Netherlands.
The government finances schools, colleges and universities. It pays for research which is done by universities on its behalf. Furthermore it provides student grants and loans, allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability and child care allowances as well as subsidies to companies and non-profit organisations. The government reclaims unjustified payments for student grants and loans and allowances for school costs. It also receives interest and repayments on student loans as well as EU subsidies for education.
Parents and/or students have to pay tuition fees for schools, colleges and universities, parent contributions and contributions for school activities. They also have to purchase books and materials, pay for transport from home to school and back for students who are not eligible for subsidised transport, pay for private tutoring, pay interest and repayments on student loans, and repay wrongfully received student grants, loans and allowances for school costs. Parents and/or students receive child care allowances, provisions for students with a disability and an allowance for school costs as well as student grants and loans and scholarships of companies.
Companies and non-profit organisations incur costs for supervising trainees and apprentices who combine learning with work experience. They also contribute to the cost of work related education of their employees and spend money on research that is outsourced to colleges for higher professional education and universities. Furthermore they contribute to the childcare allowances given to households and provide scholarships to students. Companies receive subsidies and tax benefits for the creation of apprenticeship places and trainee placements and for providing transport for pupils.
Organisations abroad contract universities in the Netherlands to undertake research for them. The European Union provides funds and subsidies for education to schools, colleges and universities as well as to the Dutch government. Foreign governments contribute to international schools in the Netherlands that operate under their nationality.
The table also contains various indicators used nationally and internationally to compare expenditure on education and place it in a broader context. The indicators are compounded on the basis of definitions of Statistics Netherlands and/or the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). All figures presented have been calculated according to the standardised definitions of the OECD.
In this table tertiary education includes research and development, except for the indicator Expenditure on education institutions per student, excluding R&D.
The statistic on Education spending is compiled on a cash basis. This means that the education expenditure and revenues are allocated to the year in which they are paid out or received. However, the activity or transaction associated with the payment or receipt can take place in a different year.
Statistics Netherlands published the revised National Accounts in June 2018. Among other things, GDP and total government expenditures have been adjusted upwards as a result of the revision.
Data available from: 1995
Status of the figures:
Data recorded in the last available year are definite figures.
Changes as of 29 December 2022:
The figures for 2020 have been adjusted from provisional to definite.
When will new figures be published?
The provisional figures for 2021 will be published in the second quarter of 2023.
The final figures for 2021 and the provisional figures for 2022 will be published in December 2023.
Description topics
Expenditure on education
Expenditure on education institutions and education by the government, households, companies, non-profit organisations and organisations abroad. Also includes government expenditure with regard to education on households and companies.
Income received is subtracted from this expenditure. For the government this includes reclaimed wrongfully paid student grants and loans, and allowances for school costs as well as interest received on student loans and EU subsidies for education. For households these are child care allowances, the allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability, scholarships of companies and part of the student grants and loans meant as an allowance for school and college fees, books and materials and public transport. For companies the compensation in the costs of supervising apprentices and trainees are subtracted from their expenditure. Except for the interest received this is done to avoid double counting, because the received income is used to cover (part of) the expenses.
Some expenditure and receipts are not included in the calculation of the total expenditure on education. For the government these are the student loans provided and received repayments on these loans. For households these are the allowances for the cost of living, the student loans and the repayments of these loans. For companies these are the subsidies received for providing transport for pupils. Student loans and the repayments are not included because they are not considered real expenditures as they will be repaid after a given time.
The allowances for the cost of living have a general purpose rather than education and are therefore not included in the cost of education. Similarly the subsidies given to companies outside the education sector for providing transport for pupils are excluded, as they provide this service purely for commercial reasons.
Total expenditure on education
Expenditure by central and local government on education institutions and education. Reclaimed wrongfully paid student grants and loans, and allowances for school costs as well as interest received on student loans and EU subsidies for education are subtracted from this expenditure. The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes student loans and the repayments on these loans.
Total government
On education institutions
Expenditure by central and local government on education institutions. This includes lump sum financing, operating costs and expenditure on contract research.
Total on education institutions
Lump sum financing
Financing of education institutions intended for the provision of education and other non-education ancillary services (and research at universities). The institution's governing body school receives this as a block grant without any regulatory spending conditions set by the government. The central government passes part of the European subsidies it receives on to education institutions via the block grant. For primary and secondary education, the funds spent on municipal investment in school buildings are included under the lump sum financing.
For colleges and universities block grant funding also includes the funding of the research they need to perform in accordance with their legal obligations.
The government contracts universities to carry out research on its behalf. The education institutions consider contract research as a commercial activity done at the request of third parties such as the government.
Operating costs include the costs of monitoring the quality of education and of policy making and administrative work of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, other ministries and local authorities. They also include the subsidies given to school support institutes, etc. These costs are attributed in proportion to the education institutions.
Subsidies and tax benefits
The government subsidises participation in education and training by providing allowances for school costs and student grants and loans. These serve to compensate completely or in part students or their parents for their expenditure on tuition fees, books and materials, public transport and the cost of living. Students with a disability receive government allowances for provisions that enable them to participate in regular education. The government also provides child care allowances to households and subsidies to preschools and day care institutions. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in preschool and day care and is counted as expenditure on education. The government also gives subsidies and tax benefits to companies to provide transport for pupils and subsidies and tax benefits that partly compensate companies for the costs they incur for supervising trainees and apprentices at various levels (vmbo, mbo and hbo) that combine learning with work experience. The student loans are not included in the total expenditure on education.
Total subsidies and tax benefits
The government subsidises education and training by providing allowances for school costs and student grants and loans. These serve to compensate completely or in part students or their parents for their expenditure on tuition fees, books and materials, public transport and the cost of living. Students with a disability receive government allowances for provisions that enable them to participate in regular education. The government also provides child care allowances to households and subsidies to preschools and day care institutions. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in preschool and day care and is counted as expenditure on education. The government also gives subsidies and tax benefits to companies to provide transport for pupils and subsidies and tax benefits that partly compensate companies for the costs they incur for supervising trainees and apprentices at various levels (vmbo, mbo and hbo) that combine learning with work experience. The student loans are not included in the total expenditure on education.
Education component preschool, day care
For children from three years on preschool and day care offer an educational component in the activities of the children, meant to stimulate the development of the child. The government provides subsidies to preschools and day care institutions and child care allowances to households. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in preschool and day care and is counted as expenditure on education.
Transport of pupils
Local authorities provide subsidies to transport companies for transporting pupils. This transport is intended for pupils in primary or secondary education (including special needs education) who cannot travel independently because of a disability or the distance between home and school.
Provisions for disabled students
From primary to higher education, pupils and students with a disability (or their parents) receive a government allowance for provisions that enable them to participate in regular education. These include provisions such as an interpreter for deaf students, an adapted computer, adjusted school furniture and reading and writing aids. For students in senior secondary vocational and higher education these also include provisions that enable them to travel to and from their education institution, such as an allowance for taxi costs, an adapted car on loan, or compensation for adaptations to their own car combined with a kilometre-based allowance.
Allowance for school costs
Allowance paid by central government to compensate students or parents for the costs of education. These contributions are primarily for (parents of) students older than 18 in secondary or students younger than 18 in senior secondary vocational education or basic secondary education for adults. This allowance does not have to be repaid to the government.
Supervising costs of companies
The government provides subsidies and tax benefits to companies to stimulate the creation of apprenticeship places and trainee placements. These tax benefits and subsidies partly compensate the companies for the costs of supervising trainees and apprentices. The subsidies have been partially contributed by the European Union. The trainee places are for students in senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bol) or full-time higher professional education (hbo). The apprenticeship places are for students in preparatory secondary vocational education (vmbo), the apprenticeship-based track of senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bbl) or the apprenticeship-based track of higher professional education (hbo).
Grants paid by central government to compensate students or parents for the costs of studying. This includes the grants under the former student grants regulation applicable to 2005 for students aged 18 years and older in senior secondary vocational education, and the first-year of the supplementary grant and part of the basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card that were converted to a gift after initially being a conditional loan. These grants do not have to be repaid to the government.
Loans by central government to students or parents to contribute to the costs of studying. These loans are conditional and unconditional. The basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card are conditional loans. A conditional loan will be converted to a gift on completion of the student's studies within a given period. If a student does not complete his/her studies within this period it will remain a loan and will have to be repaid. The conversion of a loan to a gift is a cancellation of the loan. Cancelled loans are deducted from the conditional loans.
The interest-bearing loans and loans intended especially for payment of tuition fees are unconditional loans. An unconditional loan always has to be repaid. Student loans are not included in the total expenditure on education, as they are not considered real expenditure because they are repaid in due course.
Receipts of central government are refunded student grants and loans, returned allowances for school costs, interest and repayments on student loans as well as EU subsidies for education. The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes repayments on these loans.
Total receipts
EU subsidies
The Dutch government receives an annual sum from the European Social Fund (ESF) of the European Union for several long-term projects in the field of education. These are subsidies to stimulate the provision of apprenticeships and trainee placements and to support education of underprivileged youth so that they get a better working position. The government passes the subsidies on to schools, colleges and universities as well as companies that offer apprenticeship places and trainee placements.
Repaid student grants and loans and…
Repaid student grants and loans and allowances for school costs. Allowances for school costs and student grants and loans have to be repaid if they are unjustified, or if the amount paid is too high.
Interest on student loans
Interest received by the central government on both conditional and unconditional loans. The interest-bearing loans and loans intended especially to pay the tuition fee are unconditional. The basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card are conditional loans. If a student does not complete his or her study within a given time, the conditional loan is not converted into a gift but remains a loan on which interest must be paid.
Repayments on student loans
Repayments on both conditional and unconditional loans. The interest-bearing loans and loans intended especially to pay the tuition fee are unconditional. The basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card are conditional loans. If a student does not complete his or her study within a given time, the conditional loan is not converted into a gift but remains a loan on which interest must be paid.
The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes repayments on these loans.
The repayments are not considered real receipts because they are repayments on previously received loans.
Expenditure by households on education institutions and other expenditure on education. Child care allowances, allowances for school costs, provisions for students with a disability, scholarships of companies and part of the student grants and loans are subtracted from this expenditure. The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes repayments on these loans and compensation for the cost of living.
Total expenditure by households
Expenditure by households on education institutions comprises tuition fees for government subsidised and private education institutions, parental contributions and contributions for school activities.
Tuition fees, subsidised institutions
Expenditure by households on tuition fees for schools, colleges and universities that are subsidised by the government.
Tuition fees, private institutions
Expenditure by households on tuition fees for private schools, colleges and universities.
Parental contribution, school activities
Expenditure by households on voluntary parental contributions and on school activities such as excursions, school trips, etc.
Other expenditure on education
Expenditure by households other than on education institutions but necessary to participate in regular education, such as expenditure on books, education tools, materials, non-subsidised public transport between home and school and private tutoring. Household expenditure on three-year-olds attending preschool or day care is also included, for as far as the expenditure relates to the education component in the activities of the children. Also includes payments of interest and repayments on student loans and refunds of wrongfully received student grants and loans and allowances for school costs. The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes repayments on student loans.
Total other expenditures on education
For children from three years on preschool and day care offer an educational component in the activities of the children, meant to stimulate the development of the child. The household expenditure on preschool and day care that is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in preschool and day care is counted as expenditure on education.
Books, materials, public transport and…
Books, materials, public transport and private tutoring. Expenditure outside education institutions on books, education tools, materials, non-subsidised public transport between home and school and private tutoring. This expenditure is necessary to participate in regular education.
Wrongfully received student grants and…
Wrongfully received student grants and loans and allowances for school costs. Student grants and loans and allowances for school costs have to be repaid if the government has either wrongfully paid them or paid too much to households.
Interest paid on both conditional and unconditional loans. The interest-bearing loans and loans intended especially to pay the tuition fee are unconditional loans. The basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card are conditional loans. If a student does not complete his or her study within a given time, the conditional loan is not converted into a gift but remains a loan on which interest must be paid.
These are repayments of both conditional and unconditional loans. The interest-bearing loans and loans intended especially to pay the tuition fee are unconditional loans. The basic grant, supplementary grant and the student travel card are conditional loans. If a student does not complete his or her study within a given time, the conditional loan is not converted into a gift but remains a loan on which interest must be paid. The calculation of total expenditure on education excludes repayments on student loans. The repayments are not considered real receipts because they are repayments on previously received loans.
Allowances received
Allowances that students or parents receive from the government or companies as a compensation for the costs of education or study. These include the allowance for school costs, student grants and loans, provisions for students with a disability as well as scholarships of companies. Also the child care allowances households receive for their three year old children attending day care are included, for as far as it relates to the education component in the activities of the children. Allowances for the cost of living and the received student loans are excluded from the calculation of total expenditure on education.
Total allowances received
Child care allowance education component
For children from three years on day care offers an educational component in the activities of the children, meant to stimulate the development of the child. The government and companies provide child care allowances to households. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in day care and is counted as expenditure on education.
Allowances for school costs
Grants of the central government to compensate students or parents for the costs of education. These contributions are primarily for (parents of) students older than 18 in secondary or students younger than 18 in senior secondary vocational education or basic secondary education for adults. These contributions do not have to be repaid to the government.
Scholarships of companies
Students in higher education are supported in the cost of their education through scholarships that are made available by companies.
Student grants for school fees, books,…
Student grants for school and college fees, books, materials and public transport. Grants of the central government to compensate students or parents for the costs of studying. These grants do not have to be repaid to the government. This is the part of the grant that is meant to compensate for the costs of school and college fees, books, materials and public transport.
Student grants for the cost of living
Grants of the central government to compensate students or parents for the costs of studying. These grants do not have to be repaid to the government. This is the part of the grant that is meant to compensate for the cost of living, such as rent, fixed expenses and groceries. As this is general expenditure not specifically required for participation in education, these allowances are not included in the calculation of the total of the expenditure on education.
Expenditure by companies and non-profit organisations on education institutions and other expenditure on education. The subsidies and tax benefits that partly compensate companies for the costs of supervising trainees and apprentices are subtracted from their expenditure. Subsidies for transport of pupils are excluded in the calculation of total expenditure on education.
Total companies
Expenditure by companies and non-profit organisations on education institutions consists of the costs of supervising trainees and apprentices, tuition fees paid to private schools, colleges and universities and expenditure on contract research.
Total on education institutes
Supervising trainees and apprentices
Expenditure by companies and non-profit organisations for supervising trainees and apprentices during the practical part of their education or study. The trainee places are for students in senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bol) or full-time higher professional education (hbo). The apprenticeship places are for students in preparatory secondary vocational education (vmbo), the apprenticeship-based track of senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bbl) or the apprenticeship-based track of higher professional education (hbo). The personnel costs of the supervisors account for most of the expenditure, but it also includes expenditure on education materials, workplace equipment and recruitment. The compensations and wages for trainees and apprentices are not included in expenditure on supervising.
The contributions of companies and non-profit organisations for the training costs of employees in work related education at a private school or college. This only includes recognised training courses lasting for longer than six months which are not in-company courses.
Companies and non-profit organisation contract higher education institutions to carry out research for them. Education institutions consider contract research as a commercial activity done at the request of third parties such as companies.
The other expenditures on education of companies and non-profit institutions are the employer's share of the child care allowance and scholarships for students in higher education. Of the child care allowance is counted only the part that is related to the educational component in the activities of three-year-old children in day care.
Total other expenditure on education
For children from three years on day care offers an educational component in the activities of the children, meant to stimulate the development of the child. Companies provide the employer's share of the child care allowance to households. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in day care and is counted as expenditure on education.
Companies and non-profit institutions offer scholarships to students in higher education in order to support them in the cost of their education.
Subsidies received
Companies receive subsidies and tax benefits from the government. These are subsidies to provide transport for pupils and subsidies and tax benefits that partly compensate companies for the costs they incur for supervising trainees and apprentices at various levels (vmbo, mbo and hbo) that combine learning with work experience. The transport subsidies are not included in the total expenditure on education.
Total subsidies received
Transport companies receive subsidies from local authorities for transporting pupils. The transport is intended for pupils in primary or secondary education (including special needs education) who cannot travel independently because of a disability or the distance between home and school. The subsidies for transport are given to companies outside the education sector, who provide these services purely for commercial reasons. For this reason the received subsidy is not considered a receipt for education and is thus excluded from total expenditure on education.
The government provides subsidies and tax benefits to companies to stimulate the creation of apprenticeship places and trainee placements. Through these tax benefits and subsidies the companies are partly compensated for the cost of supervising these trainees and apprentices. The subsidies have been partially contributed by the European Union. The trainee places are for students in senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bol) or full-time higher professional education (hbo). The apprenticeship places are for students in preparatory secondary vocational education (vmbo), the apprenticeship-based track of senior secondary vocational education (mbo-bbl) or the apprenticeship-based track of higher professional education (hbo).
Expenditure by foreign organisations on education institutions in the Netherlands and subsidies by the European Union (EU) to the Dutch Government for projects in the field of education.
Total foreign countries
Expenditure by foreign organisations on education institutions consists of EU funds directly provided to schools, colleges and universities, contributions from foreign governments to international schools in the Netherlands and expenditure on contract research.
Dutch education institutions receive funds from the Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP, LLP) of the European Union. The funds are intended to promote international student mobility in higher education, European cooperation between secondary schools and pupil exchanges. Also foreign governments contribute to international schools in the Netherlands that operate under their nationality.
foreign organisations contract higher education institutions to carry out research for them. Education institutions consider contract research as a commercial activity done at the request of third parties such as foreign organisations.
An indicator is a figure that gives an accurate indication of the value of something. The indicators Expenditure on education, Government expenditure on education and Expenditure on education institutions are used to place expenditure on education in a national or international context. The indicators are expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP), per capita, as a percentage of government expenditure or per student. The indicators are compounded on the basis of the definitions of CBS and/or the OECD.
Expenditure on education (CBS).
This indicator is based on the CBS definitions of expenditure on education. This is the expenditure on education institutions and education by the government, households, companies, non-profit organisations and organisations abroad. Also includes government expenditure with regard to education on households and companies.
In % of GDP
The expenditure on education is expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator is based on CBS definitions of expenditure on education.
The calculation of the expenditure on education per capita is based on the population on 1 January of each year. This indicator is based on CBS definitions of the expenditure on education.
Government expenditure on education
Government expenditure on education (OECD).
OECD Government expenditure on education. Following the OECD definitions this is government expenditure on education institutions and on households, companies and non-profit organisations. Student loans provided to households are included, government receipts are not. On these two points government spending according to the OECD differs from the public expenditures such as compiled by Statistics Netherlands under the subject 'Total expenditure on education – Government' in this table.
Both central and local government spend on education institutions: lump sum financing, operating costs and expenditure on contract research.
The government subsidises education participation through allowances for school costs and student grants and loans. These compensate students or their parents entirely of in part for the costs of tuition fees for school and college, books and materials, public transport and the cost of living. Students with a disability receive government allowances for provisions that enable them to participate in regular education. The government also provides child care allowances to households and subsidies to preschools and day care institutions. Part of it is related to the educational component of the activities of three-year-olds in preschool and day care and is counted as expenditure on education. The government also gives subsidies and tax benefits to companies. These are subsidies for providing transport for pupils and subsidies and tax benefits that partly compensate companies for the costs of supervising trainees and apprentices at various levels (vmbo, mbo and hbo) that combine learning with work experience.
Total government exp. on education
Total government expenditure on education. Following the OECD definitions this is government expenditure on education institutions and on households, companies and non-profit organisations. Student loans provided to households are included, government receipts are not. On these two points government spending according to the OECD differs from the public expenditures such as compiled by Statistics Netherlands under the subject 'Total expenditure on education – Government' in this table.
Government expenditure on education is expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator is set by the OECD.
Total government expenditure on education includes expenditure on education institutions and on households, companies and non-profit organisations. Student loans provided to households are included in this indicator, government receipts are not.
In % of total government expenditure
Government expenditure on education is expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure. This indicator is set by the OECD. Total government expenditure on education includes expenditure on education institutions and on households, companies and non-profit organisations. Student loans provided to households are included in this indicator, government receipts are not.
Expenditure on education institutions
Expenditure on education institutions (CBS/OECD).
Based on CBS/OECD definitions this is direct expenditure by the government, households, companies, non-profit organisations and foreign organisations on education institutions. Only the education institutions that provide regular education are included. These are government subsidised as well as private education institutions. This indicator is compiled in the same way by both CBS and the OECD, except that the expenditure on the educational component of the activities in preschool and day care are included in other expenditure on education by CBS and not in the expenditure on education institutions as is done by the OECD. As a result the figures for pre-primary education here are somewhat lower than in publications of the OECD.
Expenditure on education institutions based on CBS/OECD definitions. This is direct expenditure by the government, households, companies, non-profit organisations and foreign organisations on education institutions. Only the education institutions that provide regular education are included. These are government subsidised as well as private education institutions. This indicator is compiled in the same way by both CBS and the OECD, except that the expenditure on the educational component of the activities in preschool and day care are included in other expenditure on education by CBS and not in the expenditure on education institutions as is done by the OECD. As a result the figures for pre-primary education here are somewhat lower than in publications of the OECD.
Expenditure on education institutions is expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator is compiled in the same way by both CBS and the OECD, except for the figures on pre-primary education. The expenditure on the educational component of the activities in preschool and day care are included in other expenditure on education by CBS and not in the expenditure on education institutions as is done by the OECD.
Total in % of GDP
Direct expenditure by the government on education institutions is expressed here as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP).
Households, companies, foreign countries
Direct expenditure by households, companies, non-profit organisations and foreign organisations on education institutions is expressed here as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP).
Per student, including R&D
Per student, including R&D (CBS/OECD). Expenditure on education institutions is expressed per student, including expenditure on R&D in the higher or tertiary level of education. Expenditure on R&D (research and development) consists mainly of the lump sum financing that the universities receive from central government for scientific research. This is research that leads to fundamentally new insights, not specifically aimed at usability in industry or business. Institutions for higher professional education receive a relatively small amount of (lump sum) funding for conducting practical research.
R&D expenditure also includes contract research subsidised by central government and conducted by institutions for higher professional education and universities. This indicator is compiled in the same way by both CBS and the OECD, except for the figures on pre-primary education. The expenditure on the educational component of the activities in preschool and day care are included in other expenditure on education by CBS and not in the expenditure on education institutions as is done by the OECD. CBS and the OECD calculate the expenditure per student both including and excluding changes in fund balances of education institutions. Here the indicator is presented including changes in fund balances.
Per student, excluding R&D
Per student, excluding R&D (CBS/OECD). Expenditure on education institutions is expressed per student, excluding expenditure on R&D in the higher or tertiary level of education. Expenditure on R&D (research and development) consists mainly of the lump sum financing that the universities receive from central government for scientific research. This is research that leads to fundamentally new insights, not specifically aimed at usability in industry or business. Institutions for higher professional education receive a relatively small amount of (lump sum) funding for conducting practical research.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
SYNOPSIS [6th July,2020] Day 23: IASbaba's TLP (Phase 2): UPSC Mains Answer Writing (General Studies)
1. The executive has the power to issue ordinances in exceptional circumstances. A series of such ordinances have been issued during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Can you recall the most important ones?
कार्यकारी के पास असाधारण परिस्थितियों में अध्यादेश जारी करने की शक्ति है। अभी चल रहे COVID-19 महामारी के दौरान इस तरह के अध्यादेशों की एक श्रृंखला जारी की गई है। क्या आपको सबसे महत्वपूर्ण याद हैं?
Demand of the question:
It expects students to write about ordinance making power of the executive i.e. President (Union) & Governor (State) in specific. It also expects students to recall & write about the most important ordinances promulgated by the President during the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic.
The executive has been empowered to promulgate Ordinances based on the advice of the central government & state government under Article 123 & 213 respectively of the Constitution. As Indian Parliament shut down due to ongoing COVID-19 crisis, President of India promulgated number of ordinances to deal with the situation during this period; same practise has been followed by Governors of various states.
Conditions to issue Ordinances:
Executive can promulgate an ordinance only when both the Houses of Parliament/Legislature are not in session or when either of the two Houses of Parliament/Legislature is not in session. The second provision implies that an ordinance can also be promulgated by the president only when one House is in session because a law can be passed by both the Houses and not by one House alone.
An ordinance issued by him/ her has the same force and effect as an act of the Parliament/Legislature.
Promulgation of ordinances during COVID-19:
Since the start of lockdown period till today, a series of Ordinances are promulgated by the President; important ones with their respective importance and impact are mentioned below:
Taxation and other Laws (Relaxation of Certain Provisions) Ordinance, 2020:
Taxation and other Laws (Relaxation of Certain Provisions) Ordinance, 2020 has been promulgated to provide relaxation in the provisions of certain Acts a including extension of time limit, in the taxation and other laws.
A special fund "Prime Minister's Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES FUND)" has been set up for providing relief to the persons affected from the outbreak of Corona virus.
Keeping in view the challenges faced by taxpayers in meeting the compliance requirements under such conditions these kind of relaxations proved to be helpful to reduce taxpayers hardships.
Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020:
30% reduction in salaries payable to MPs to meet exigencies of COVID 19.
It in turn led to divert the expenditure from spending on salary to spending on healthcare infrastructure.
Epidemic Diseases (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020:
To protect healthcare service personnel and property including their living/working premises against violence during epidemics.
The Ordinance provides for making such acts of violence cognizable and non-bailable offences and for compensation for injury to healthcare service personnel or for causing damage or loss to the property in which healthcare service personnel may have a direct interest in relation to the epidemic.
This Ordinance issued with hope that it will infuse confidence in the community of healthcare service personnel so that they can continue to contribute to serving mankind through their noble professions in the extremely difficult circumstances being witnessed during the current Covid-19 outbreak.
Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020:
It was promulgated to make sure the sufficient availability & affordability of essential commodities to people during the COVID-19.
Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020:
The Ordinance amends the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 as applicable to Cooperative Banks.
Ordinance seeks to protect the interests of depositors and strengthen cooperative banks by improving governance and oversight by extending powers already available with RBI in respect of other banks to Co-operative Banks as well for sound banking regulation, and by ensuring professionalism and enabling their access to capital.
But, Ordinance making power of executive comes in contradiction with the principle of Participative democracy. In Participative democracy representative come together, debate, discuss and then form a law for the welfare of people.
Our Constitution does not prohibit meetings that may require maintenance of physical distancing or remote meetings.
It states that the President may summon Parliament "to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit".
Rules of procedure of house specify that Speaker has the power to decide how to organize sittings. Speaker may permit meetings to be held outside. Thus, there is no prior parliamentary action required to permit meetings through video-conferencing.
Though the Ordinance making power of executive comes in contradiction with the Participative democracy it seems suitable when it comes to emergency situations like COVID-19.Hence, In a democracy like India, Ordinances play a pivotal role but it should be taken care of that their nature should not turn harmful to democracy.
2. How are the activities pursued by pressure groups different from lobbying? Explain. What role do pressure groups play in the polity? Discuss.
दबाव समूहों द्वारा की जाने वाली गतिविधियां लॉबिंग से अलग कैसे है? स्पष्ट करें। राज्यतंत्र में दबाव समूह क्या भूमिका निभाते हैं? चर्चा करें।
It expects student to write about the difference in activities pursued by pressure groups and lobbying. The Question also expects student to discuss the role pressure groups play in polity.
In general terms a pressure group is a group of people who are organised actively for
promoting and defending their common interest. Whereas the term 'lobbying' means any attempt to influence the decision-making of a government or opposition representative in the exercise of their official functions on behalf of a third party, for a fee or other reward.
Difference in Activities pursued by Pressure groups & Lobbying:
The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. They are concerned with specific programmes and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members by influencing the government.
Whereas Lobbying activity may corresponds to interest of small section of people's interest, company or organisation.
The pressure groups influence the policymaking and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods like correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, informing legislators and so forth.
Whereas lobbying activities emerged as more of sophisticated activities where direct contact with legislator is established in terms of give and take.
Sometimes Pressure groups resort to illegitimate and illegal methods like strikes, violent activities and corruption which damages public interest and administrative integrity.
Lobbying activities are back stage activities where no one can surely say who the real people are involved in it. Depending on the type of polity in the country lobbying activities can be legal or illegal. As lobbying is legitimate in some of the states of USA whereas it has no legal basis in India.
Role of Pressure groups in Polity:
Pressure groups in India represent interest of various sections of Indian society and economy such as Business groups, Trade unions, Professionals group, Students organisation, Agrarian groups etc.
Interest Articulation: Pressure Groups bring the demands and needs of the people to the notice of the decision-makers.
e.g. Narmada Bachao Aandolan.
Agents of Political Socialisation: Pressure groups are agents of political socialisation in so far as they influence the orientations of the people towards the political process.
Pressure Groups and Administration: Pressure Groups are actively involved with the process of administration. e.g. Student groups play a pivotal role in helping the administration for implementation of various schemes & scholarships for students.
Pressure groups play a leading role in the formulation of public opinion.
Pressure groups help in improving the quality of government. Consultation with affected groups is the rational way to make decisions in a free society.
Pressure groups complement the work of opposition political parties by exposing the bad policies and wrongdoings of the government. Pressure groups thereby improve the accountability of decision makers to electorates.
Pressure groups help to educate people, compile data and provide specific information to policy makers, thus they work as an informal source of information.
Shortcomings of Pressure Groups:
Misuse of power: Instead of the pressure groups exerting influence on political process, they become tools and implements to sub serve political interests.
Narrow selfish interests: Some Pressure Groups promote narrow selfish interest.
Instability: Most pressure groups do not have autonomous existence; they are unstable and lack commitment, their loyalties shift with political situations which threatens general welfare. They many a times resort to unconstitutional means like violence. Naxalite movement started in 1967 in West Bengal is one such example.
Propagating extremism: Pressure groups can allow too much influence over the government from unelected extremist minority groups, which in turn could lead to unpopular consequences.
Democratic politics involves taking decisions through consultation, debate, discussions etc. Pressure groups can form good channel of communication between citizen and government but at the same time their vested interests if any needs to be checked so that true meaning of democracy can be fulfilled i.e. "participative democracy".
3. India's traditional medicine and way of life hold immense trade and brand potential. Do you agree? Substantiate your views.
भारत की पारंपरिक चिकित्सा और जीवन शैली काफी हद तक व्यापार और ब्रांड क्षमता रखती है। क्या आप सहमत हैं? अपने विचारों की पुष्टि करें।
It expects students to write about importance of India's traditional medicine and way of life. The question also expects students to analyse whether India's traditional medicine and way of life hold immense trade and brand potential or not with Substantiation.
India has a very rich and diverse treasure of traditional medicine and way of life. The COVID-19 crisis underscored the importance of India's traditional medicine and way of life, hence it holds immense trade & brand potential but at the same time there are some concerns regarding its contemporary life application.
Potential of India's Traditional medicine & way of life:
India has the unique distinction of having six recognized systems of traditional medicine. They are-Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, Naturopathy and Homoeopathy.
Synthetic drugs, surgeries have some adverse side effects with their own limitations.
Traditional Indian medicines hold an advantage in this scenario as they pose no side effects and have a wide scale application because of its consonance with nature.
e.g. Simple cure for Cough is mentioned in Ayurveda to chew the leaves of Tulsi along with Clove.
Mostly traditional medicines are made from the plant extracts as they are naturally available so it proves to be more cost effective when compared with the costly allopathic medicines.
As these medicines stand test of time for thousands of years there is no need to invest more money and time to do new research in it. So, it increase their trade value because of reduction in cost of research and development.
e.g. Sushrut Samhita contains description of about 650 drugs and discusses different aspects related to other surgery.
As this knowledge is available to all, A small household business can also be started in the form of MSME.
The Indian pharmaceutical industry, currently stands at around Rs 1,00,000 crore industry. As per the estimation, the international market for traditional medicine is anticipated to acquire a market worth of US $5 trillion by the end of year 2050.
As per study conducted by Spain based "Natural Products and Chemistry Research Organisation" the extent of Indian exports of the medicinal and aromatic plants has increased from 2010 to almost double the value in the year 2014. Despite India's share in global export market of traditional medicine being 0.5%, the country still holds a great importance at global level and more so in the upcoming years.
India's traditional way of life signifies living in consonance with nature. Where it focuses on habit building as per the natures rule, which in turn helps to live a healthy life
e.g. Waking up before Sun rise helps a person to get Vitamin D from early morning sun rays.
Indian traditional way of life not just holds unique things about leading a healthy life style but they hold unique things about how to live in society, how to maintain relations, how to behave with the animals,birds etc.
As Western civilisation is facing crisis in terms of family values, societal relations and health; projection of Indian way of life and promoting traditional medicine in trade has potential to be the "Brand of India".
However, there are some concerns regarding contemporary life application of traditional medicine and way of life:
Traditional medicines though effective, they require more time than allopathic medicines to show its effect. So, in today's fast moving world waiting for a long period of time doesn't seems applicable.
Also some of the traditional medicines need rare earth metals such as gold, silver etc, which may increase the cost of medicine.
Traditional way of life doesn't suits current work culture of working late night, working for long hours, having ,meals at specific interval of time etc.
Traditional medicines may not stand challenges posed by new diseases like currently the whole world is striving hard to find cure for COVID-19.
Government of India has taken steps to promote traditional medicine & way of life:
With the proclamation at United Nations, world started celebrating 21 June as Yoga day. So, Yoga became a global brand.
Government of India established Ministry of AYUSH in 2014 to ensure the development and propagation of AYUSH systems of medicine and health care.
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is a pioneering Indian initiative to prevent exploitation and to protect Indian traditional knowledge from wrongful patents.
It is a well-known fact that Indian traditional medicines & way of life played an important role in meeting the global health care needs and helped people to live a satisfactory life. Hence, it is visible that Indian traditional medicine and way of life holds an immense trade & brand potential but at the same time it needs to address the needs & challenges posed by modern lifestyle.
TLP HOT Synopsis DAY_23 PDF
Tag:IASbaba's High Order Thinking (HOT) Questions, IASbaba's Mains Answer Writing Initiative, IASbaba's Think Learn Perform (TLP), IASbaba's Think Learn Perform (TLP) 2020, UPSC Mains Answer Writing


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