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Philosophy of Physical Science > Philosophy of Chemistry > The Periodic Table
Chemical Atomism (116)
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Table Des matières de l'année 1969.Carlos E. Alchourrôn, Leo Apostel, F. G. Asenjo, E. M. Barth, J. Evenden, H. G. Hubbeling, Paul Gochet, Joseph Gruenfeld, Hugues Leblanc & H. Montgomery - forthcoming - Logique Et Analyse.details
The Periodic Table in Philosophy of Physical Science
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II Elements of the Philosophy of Right.Eva Bockenheimer - forthcoming - Hegel-Studien.details
Atomic number and isotopy before nuclear structure: multiple standards and evolving collaboration of chemistry and physics.Jordi Cat & Nicholas W. Best - forthcoming - Foundations of Chemistry:1-33.details
We provide a detailed history of the concepts of atomic number and isotopy before the discovery of protons and neutrons that draws attention to the role of evolving interplays of multiple aims and criteria in chemical and physical research. Focusing on research by Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford, we show that, in the context of differentiating disciplinary projects, the adoption of a complex and shifting concept of elemental identity and the ordering role of the periodic table led to a relatively (...) coherent notion of atomic number. Subsequent attention to valency, still neglected in the secondary literature, and to nuclear charge led to a decoupling of the concepts of elemental identity and weight and allowed for a coherent concept of isotopy. This concept received motivation from empirical investigations on the decomposition series of radioelements and their unstable chemical identity. A new model of chemical order was the result of an ongoing collaboration between chemical and physical research projects with evolving aims and standards. After key concepts were considered resolved and their territories were clarified, chemistry and physics resumed autonomous projects, yet remained bound by newly accepted explanatory relations. It is an episode of scientific collaboration and partial integration without simple, wholesale gestalt switches or chemical revolutions. (shrink)
Atomic and Molecular Physics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Chemical Elements and Substances in Philosophy of Physical Science
History of Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
History of Physics in Philosophy of Physical Science
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Adsorption of alkali and alkaline earth metal atoms and dimers on monolayer germanium carbide.Aytaç Gürhan Gökçe & Fatih Ersan - forthcoming - Philosophical Magazine:1-13.details
Causal explanation and the periodic table.Lauren N. Ross - forthcoming - Synthese 198 (1):79-103.details
The periodic table represents and organizes all known chemical elements on the basis of their properties. While the importance of this table in chemistry is uncontroversial, the role that it plays in scientific reasoning remains heavily disputed. Many philosophers deny the explanatory role of the table and insist that it is "merely" classificatory The structure of scientific theories, University of Illinois Press, Illinois, 1977; Scerri in Erkenntnis 47:229–243, 1997). In particular, it has been claimed that the table does not figure (...) in causal explanation because it "does not reveal causal structure". This paper provides an analysis of what it means to say that a scientific figure reveals causal structure and it argues that the modern periodic table does just this. It also clarifies why these "merely" classificatory claims have seemed so compelling–this is because these claims often focus on the earliest periodic tables, which lack the causal structure present in modern versions. (shrink)
Chemical Explanation in Philosophy of Physical Science
Manipulability Theories of Causation in Metaphysics
Mendeleev's Periodic Law and the 19th Century Debates on Atomism.Pieter Thyssen - forthcoming - In Martin Eisvogel & Klaus Ruthenberg (eds.), Wald, Positivism and Chemistry. Würzburg, Germany:details
The heated debates and severe conflicts between the atomists and the anti-atomists of the latter half of the nineteenth century are well known to the historian of science. The position of Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev towards these nineteenth century debates on atomism will be studied in this paper. A first attempt will thus be offered to reconcile Mendeleev's seemingly contradictory comments and ambiguous standpoints into one coherent view.
Theodore Richards and the Discovery of Isotopes.K. Brad Wray - forthcoming - Foundations of Chemistry:1-10.details
I challenge Gareth Eaton's recent claim that Theodore Richards should be counted among the discoverers of isotopes. In evaluating Eaton's claim, I draw on two influential theories of scientific discovery, one developed by Thomas Kuhn, and one developed by Augustine Brannigan. I argue that though Richards' experimental work contributed to the discovery, his work does not warrant attributing the discovery to him. Richards' reluctance to acknowledge isotopes is well documented. Further, the fact that he made no claim to having made (...) the discovery also undermines Eaton's argument. (shrink)
Chemical Atomism in Philosophy of Physical Science
Conceptual Change in Science in General Philosophy of Science
Experimentation in Science in General Philosophy of Science
Scientific Discovery in General Philosophy of Science
Theory Change in General Philosophy of Science
The habit of the pipe: a layperson's view of the periodic table.Sérgio Luís da Silva - 2022 - Foundations of Chemistry 24 (1):113-120.details
The Periodic Table of Elements is one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect but is far from a finished work. Generations of chemists and physicists have improved on it, in light of the discovery of new elements and advancements in the domain of Quantum Mechanics. Specially, the role of the four quantum numbers that dictates the distribution of the elements throughout the Table has been clarified. However, as the Table grew older and venerable, a tradition developed that froze (...) its overall shape, obfuscating somewhat the comprehension of its underlying principles. Proposals of reforming it has been made but face the opposition of scientists, professionals and educators who are comfortable with the Table as it has been for several decades. Here, the author advocates for possible alternatives, discuss potential advantages and answer to some criticisms on them. (shrink)
The Revival of Structuralism: The Periodic Table of Mental Science.Orogee Dolsenhe - 2022 - Journal of Scientific Exploration 36 (2).details
Physical science solved an age-old problem in the 19th century: what makes elements similar or dissimilar? Mendeleev generally is given credit for the discovery of the underlying structure of chemical elements, known as the periodic table. Like chemicals, qualia seem to share different relationships within a modality and between modalities. Wundt's structuralism represents an early effort to build the structure of mind through data obtained by introspection. Unfortunately, as have many other subjects, structuralism has been victimized by behaviorism's domination. And (...) the cognitive revolution did not completely eliminate the unfavorable status of consciousness, thus hampering the revival of structuralism unlike many other topics in psychology. With the subject of consciousness having been just about fully sanctioned by science beginning in the early 1990s, the time has come to build the periodic table of mental science by uncovering the hidden patterns of qualia. This paper proposes four different scales of intrinsic patterns: the notion of bipolar dimension, the three complementaries, the principle of square of opposition, and the double-cone system. They are able to accommodate 15 different modalities in a systematic and unified way: chromatic, acoustic, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, exteroceptive motion, exteroceptive orientative, exteroceptive locus, proprioceptive motion, proprioceptive orientative, proprioceptive locus, magnitude, emotive, hedonistic, and predicative. (shrink)
Non-periodic table of periodicities and periodic table with additional periodicities: tetrad periodicity.Naum S. Imyanitov - 2022 - Foundations of Chemistry 24 (3):331-358.details
This manuscript aims to systematically consider the main periodicity and additional (secondary, internal, and tetrad) periodicities using a uniform approach. The main features are summarized in table form. The history of the origin and development of these concepts is discussed. It is described how these periodicities manifest themselves and how they are determined at the experimental and theoretical levels. Areas of manifestation of these periodicities are outlined. As the general approach to explaining internal periodicity, attention is drawn to the symmetry (...) of the quantum number S of atoms and the principle of equivalence of electrons and holes. Arguments are presented in favor of a more correct classification of the tetrad effect as tetrad periodicity, and an overview of this regularity is provided. A small modification of the conventional Periodic table is proposed, which reflects all the mentioned periodicities. (shrink)
What happened when chemists came to classify elements by their atomic number?K. Brad Wray - 2022 - Foundations of Chemistry 24 (2):161-170.details
I respond to Scerri's recent reply to my claim that there was a scientific revolution in chemistry in the early twentieth Century. I grant, as Scerri insists, that there are significant continuities through the change about which we are arguing. That is so in all scientific revolutions. But I argue that the changes were such that they constitute a Kuhnian revolution, not in the classic sense of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, but in the sense of Kuhn's mature theory, developed (...) in the 1980s and early 1990s. (shrink)
Scientific Revolutions in General Philosophy of Science
Thomas Kuhn in 20th Century Philosophy
The generalization of the Periodic table. The "Periodic table" of dark matter.Vasil Penchev - 2021 - Computational and Theoretical Chemistry eJournal (Elsevier: SSRN) 4 (4):1-12.details
The thesis is: the "periodic table" of "dark matter" is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system (...) to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that "dark matter" and "dark energy" are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive "screen" of Einstein's "Mach's principle" in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy. (shrink)
Chemical Bonding in Philosophy of Physical Science
General Relativity in Philosophy of Physical Science
Interlevel Relations in Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Gravity in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Information in Philosophy of Physical Science
Charles S. McCaw: Orbitals with applications in atomic spectra, 2nd edition: World Scientific Press, Singapore, 2020. [REVIEW]Eric R. Scerri - 2020 - Foundations of Chemistry 23 (1):133-134.details
Particular Symmetries: Group Theory of the Periodic System.Pieter Thyssen & Arnout Ceulemans - 2020 - Substantia 4 (1):7-22.details
To this day, a hundred and fifty years after Mendeleev's discovery, the overal structure of the periodic system remains unaccounted for in quantum-mechanical terms. Given this dire situation, a handful of scientists in the 1970s embarked on a quest for the symmetries that lie hidden in the periodic table. Their goal was to explain the table's structure in group-theoretical terms. We argue that this symmetry program required an important paradigm shift in the understanding of the nature of chemical elements. The (...) idea, in essence, consisted of treating the chemical elements, not as particles, but as states of a superparticle. We show that the inspiration for this came from elementary particle physics, and in particular from Heisenberg's suggestion to treat the proton and neutron as different states of the nucleon. We provide a careful study of Heisenberg's last paper on the nature of elementary particles, and explain why the Democritean picture of matter no longer applied in modern physics and a Platonic symmetry-based picture was called for instead. We show how Heisenberg's Platonic philosophy came to dominate the field of elementary particle physics, and how it found its culmination point in Gell-Mann's classification of the hadrons in the eightfold way. We argue that it was the success of Heisenberg's approach in elementary particle physics that sparked the group-theoretical approach to the periodic table. We explain how it was applied to the set of chemical elements via a critical examination of the work of the Russian mathematician Abram Ilyich Fet the Turkish-American physicist Asim Orhan Barut, before giving some final reflections. (shrink)
Symmetry in Physics in Philosophy of Physical Science
The Periodic Table and its Iconicity: an Essay.Juergen H. Maar & Alexander Maar - 2019 - Substantia 3 (2):29-48.details
In this essay, we aim to provide an overview of the periodic table's origins and history, and of the elements which conspired to make it chemistry's most recognisable icon. We pay attention to Mendeleev's role in the development of a system for organising the elements and chemical knowledge while facilitating the teaching of chemistry. We look at how the reception of the table in different chemical communities was dependent on the local scientific, cultural and political context, but argue that its (...) eventual universal acceptance is due to its unique ability to accommodate possessed knowledge while enabling novel predictions. Furthermore, we argue that its capacity to unify apparently disconnected phenomena under a simple framework facilitates our understanding of periodicity, making the table an icon of aesthetic value, and an object of philosophical inquiry. Finally, we briefly explore the table's iconicity throughout its representations in pop art and science fiction. (shrink)
Reporting the discovery of new chemical elements: working in different worlds, only 25 years apart.K. Brad Wray & Line Edslev Andersen - 2019 - Foundations of Chemistry 22 (2):137-146.details
In his account of scientific revolutions, Thomas Kuhn suggests that after a revolutionary change of theory, it is as if scientists are working in a different world. In this paper, we aim to show that the notion of world change is insightful. We contrast the reporting of the discovery of neon in 1898 with the discovery of hafnium in 1923. The one discovery was made when elements were identified by their atomic weight; the other discovery was made after scientists came (...) to classify elements by their atomic number. By considering two instances of the reporting of the discovery of a new chemical element 25 years apart, we argue that it becomes clear how chemists can be said to have been responding to different worlds as a result of the change in the concept of a chemical element. They saw, did, and reported different things as they conducted their research on the new chemical elements. (shrink)
Chemical Instrumentation in Philosophy of Physical Science
Scientific Practice, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
The atomic number revolution in chemistry: a Kuhnian analysis.K. Brad Wray - 2017 - Foundations of Chemistry 20 (3):209-217.details
This paper argues that the field of chemistry underwent a significant change of theory in the early twentieth century, when atomic number replaced atomic weight as the principle for ordering and identifying the chemical elements. It is a classic case of a Kuhnian revolution. In the process of addressing anomalies, chemists who were trained to see elements as defined by their atomic weight discovered that their theoretical assumptions were impediments to understanding the chemical world. The only way to normalize the (...) anomalies was to introduce new concepts, and a new conceptual understanding of what it is to be an element. In the process of making these changes, a new scientific lexicon emerged, one that took atomic number to be the defining feature of a chemical element. (shrink)
Quantum diffusion of electrons in quasiperiodic and periodic approximant lattices in the rare earth-cadmium system.N. M. R. Armstrong, K. D. Mortimer, T. Kong, S. L. Bud'ko, P. C. Canfield, D. N. Basov & T. Timusk - 2016 - Philosophical Magazine 96 (11):1122-1130.details
Eka-elements as chemical pure possibilities.Amihud Gilead - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (3):183-194.details
From Mendeleev's time on, the Periodic Table has been an attempt to exhaust all the chemical possibilities of the elements and their interactions, whether these elements are known as actual or are not known yet as such. These latter elements are called "eka-elements" and there are still some of them in the current state of the Table. There is no guarantee that they will be eventually discovered, synthesized, or isolated as actual. As long as the actual existence of eka-elements is (...) predicted, they cannot be considered as actual but only as purely possible. Given that eka-elements are chemical pure possibilities, a possibilist approach, entitled "panenmentalism," can gain support as well as an important implication. (shrink)
Philosophy of Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
The 4s and 3d subshells: Which one fills first in progressing through the periodic table and which one fills first in any particular atom? [REVIEW]Sadegh Salehzadeh & Farahnaz Maleki - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (1):57-65.details
In this paper, first we discuss an old problem in teaching electron configuration of transition metals and the order in which the orbitals are filled. Then we propose two simple computational experiments, in order to show that in the case of first row transition metals and the main group elements after them, the electrons occupy the 3d subshell before the 4s. It is shown that if we begin with the bare nucleus of above elements in the vacuum and then continue (...) with adding the electrons the 19th electron firstly occupies the 3d subshell and not the 4s. Indeed, the 4s subshell in the third row of periodic table only fills first in the case of K and Ca atoms. However, the 3d subshell in transition metals and the main group elements after them is more stable than 4s and so fills first. Thus there is no scientific reason to write the electron configuration of transition elements as [Ar] 4s 3d and the correct form is [Ar] 3d 4s.Graphical. (shrink)
Displacement field of doubly periodic array of dislocation dipoles in elastically anisotropic media.Siamak Soleymani Shishvan & Babak Moghaddam - 2016 - Philosophical Magazine 96 (3):230-252.details
The periodic table and the model of emerging truth.Mark Weinstein - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (3):195-212.details
The periodic table may be seen as the most successful example of inquiry in the history of science, both in terms of practical application and theoretic understanding. As such, it serves as a model for truth as it emerges from inquiry. This paper offers a sketch of a central moment in the history of chemistry that illustrates an intuitive metamathematical construction, a model of emerging truth. The MET, reflecting the structure the surrounds the periodic table, attempts to capture the salient (...) epistemological elements that warrant truth claims based on sets of models that are progressive in light of both empirical and theoretical advance seen over time. (shrink)
Dialectics and synergetics in chemistry. Periodic Table and oscillating reactions.Naum S. Imyanitov - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (1):21-56.details
This work utilizes examples from chemical sciences to present fundamentals of dialectics and synergetics. The laws of dialectics remain appropriate at the level of atoms, at the level of molecules, at the level of the reactions, and at the level of ideas. The law of the unity and conflict of opposites is seen, for instance, in the relationships between the ionization energy and electron affinity of atoms, between the forward and back reactions, as well as in the differentiation and integration (...) between the various areas of chemistry. The law of the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative changes describes the transformation properties of the compounds when the number and arrangement of atoms in the molecule undergoes changes. According to this law, the development is accompanied by breaks and jumps. This paper suggests equations for the description of these relationships. The law of the negation of the negation is manifested in the Periodic Law, in the evolution of ideas about the mutual transformation of chemical elements, in the development the concept of triads of elements, etc. Small changes in the conventional Periodic Table on the basis of previously rejected versions allow reflecting secondary and additional periodicity. Synergetics, similarly to dialectics, is dedicated to the studies of general laws of evolution. Synergetics includes highly advanced and specified ideas of dialectics. The cornerstone of synergetics is the principles of self-organization and nonlinearity. Mathematical development of these concepts was substantially facilitated by considering oscillating chemical reactions as an example. These reactions are quite complex and therefore provide adequate models for self-organization. Oscillations may exist only upon execution of specific thermodynamic, mathematical, and chemical conditions. Mechanisms of several oscillatory reactions are briefly reviewed. The construction of novel biomimetic or smart materials based on oscillating reactions is described. (shrink)
Spiral as the fundamental graphic representation of the Periodic Law. Blocks of elements as the autonomic parts of the Periodic System.Naum S. Imyanitov - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):153-173.details
The spiral form of the Periodic Law is proposed as its fundamental graphic representation. This idea is based on the fact that the spiral is the most appropriate form in description transitions from simple to complicated. The spiral is easily obtained from the linear succession of the elements when they are ranged by growing nuclear charge. The spiral can be simply transformed into many other graphic representations, including tables. This paper suggests the conception of the autonomy of blocks. This autonomy (...) is clearly seen in the variation of the outer electronic shells, in the width and the height of the blocks, as well as the number and properties of elements included therein. The regularities in the changes of element properties are pronounced in certain blocks but actually absent in others. The blocks can be permuted to obtain full-fledged versions of Periodic Table. The new stage of the verification of the blocks autonomy is the use of the total number of the differentiating electrons as an independent variable in describing the properties of the elements and their compounds. Consideration of individual blocks made it possible to deduce the periodic equations valid for all the elements within each block. Formulation of the Periodic Law is advanced: while describing characteristic determining the properties of the elements, the nuclear charge is replaced by the total number of differentiating electrons. Two modifications of the conventional Periodic Table are obtained by minimal changes. The first one shows the secondary and the additional periodicites. Another table shows the total number of differentiating electrons for each element. (shrink)
The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update.William B. Jensen - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (1):23-31.details
This article updates the author's 1982 argument that lutetium and lawrencium, rather than lanthanum and actinium, should be assigned to the d-block as the heavier analogs of scandium and yttrium, whereas lanthanum and actinium should be considered as the first members of the f-block with irregular configurations. This update is embedded within a detailed analysis of Lavelle's abortive 2008 attempt to discredit this suggestion.
The Brazilian contribution of Alcindo Flores Cabral to the periodic classification.Juergen Heinrich Maar & Eder João Lenardão - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (1):5-22.details
This paper presents the contributions of Alcindo Flores Cabral, professor of Chemistry at the Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, nowadays part of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, to chemistry teaching. It is a contribution almost unknown to the Brazilian chemical community, although recognized as valuable by several renowned chemists abroad, like W. Hückel, G. Charlot, F. Strong, E. Fessenden and others. Cabral's innovative helical representation is presented in connection not only with contemporary representations, but also an incursion is made into (...) the first helical systems proposed, those of Hinrichs and of Baumhauer. Some comments are made not only on Cabral's Classificação Natural dos Elementos, published in 1946, but also about other texts he wrote for an efficient chemistry teaching. (shrink)
Mendeleev and the Rare-Earth Crisis.Pieter1 Thyssen & Koen Binnemans - 2015 - In Eric Scerri & Lee McIntyre (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Growth of a New Discipline. Dordrecht, Netherlands: pp. 155-182.details
Since its inception in 1869, the periodic system — icon of modern chemistry — has suffered from the problematic accommodation of the rare-earth elements. The substance of this paper intends to retrace Mendeleev's shifting attitudes with regard to the rare-earth crisis during the period 1869–1871. Based on a detailed examination of Mendeleev's research papers from that period, it will be argued that the rare-earth crisis played a key role in inducing a number of important changes in Mendeleev's philosophical viewpoints with (...) regard to the epistemological concept of a chemical element and the nature of elementary groups. Many of Mendeleev's most cherished beliefs got endangered by the nature of these elements. Their mystifying properties forced him to revise his ideas about primary and secondary groups, the elements as basic and simple substances, and the use of short and long form tables. They made him question the validity and universality of the periodic law, and led him into hypothesizing about the internal structure of matter and constitution of atoms. (shrink)
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A generalised model of hydrogen diffusion in metals with multiple trap types.Jesús Toribio & Viktor Kharin - 2015 - Philosophical Magazine 95 (31):3429-3451.details
Periodic contact between piezoelectric materials and a rigid body with a wavy surface.Yue-Ting Zhou & Tae-Won Kim - 2015 - Philosophical Magazine 95 (2):167-185.details
How Can We Teach the Chemical Elements to Make the Memorization Task More Enjoyable?Antonio Joaquín Franco-Mariscal - 2014 - Foundations of Science 19 (2):185-188.details
In this commentary to Leal (2013), we argue that the memorization of the names and symbols of the chemical elements is necessary in the study of that topic because this task is the key for the later understanding of the Periodic Table. We can make the memorization task in an enjoyable, but effective way, using some educational games in chemistry class. Some recent puzzles, card games, mnemonics rules or games based on drawings to learn the chemical elements are addressed in (...) this paper. (shrink)
Adequacy of the new formulation of the Periodic Law when fundamental variations occur in blocks and periods.Naum S. Imyanitov - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):235-247.details
In the Periodic Tables the transition from atoms to double-charged cations is accompanied by alterations in the composition of s and p blocks and reciprocal location of blocks, as well as by changes in the composition and length of periods. We have previously described the relationship between the atom properties and the total number of differentiating electrons. This paper demonstrates that, despite the above transition-related alterations, this relationship is also valid for the description of the properties of double-charged cations. This (...) can be exemplified by the dependence of the ionization energy on the total number of p electrons in p block, d electrons in d block, and f electrons in f block. Furthermore, a single periodic equation is sufficient for the description of properties of all of double-charged cations from each block. (shrink)
Eric Scerri : 30-Second elements: the 50 most significant elements, each explained in half a minute: Ivy Press, Lewes, UK, 2013, 160 pp, $19.34; £12.99, ISBN: 978-184831-594-5.George B. Kauffman - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):257-258.details
Besides the book under review here, the "30-Second" series of books includes numerous titles such as those on anatomy, architecture, astronomy, the Bible, brain, economics, maths, mythology, philosophies, politics, psychology, religion, and theories.Together with eight contributors, each a leading authority with a proven track record for successfully explaining science to a general audience, Eric Scerri, Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles; founder and editor of this journal; and the undisputed world authority on the history and philosophy (...) of the periodic table, has edited this most attractive addition to the series.The chemical elements, the separate building blocks of our physical universe, lend themselves ideally to this 30-second approach. In his introduction to the volume Scerri briefly sketches the plan of the book and discusses the evolution of the periodic table from Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev's original proposal to the latest developments in the .. (shrink)
Ulf Lagerkvist: Erling Norrby : The periodic table and a missed Nobel Prize: World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore/hackensack, NJ/london, 2012, xii + 122 pp, ISBN: 978-981-4295-95-6 , $22, £15.George B. Kauffman - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):249-251.details
The "story behind the story" of the genesis of this book is an involved and fascinating one. In May the Sven and Dagmar Salén Foundation decided to give a grant to Ulf Lagerqvist to permit publication of his manuscript titled The Bewildered Nobel Committee by the World Scientific Publishing Company . This decision was based on a thorough review by Torbjörn Norin, Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Royal School of Technology in Stockholm and a member of the board of (...) the foundation. Unfortunately, Lagerqvist, a Professor of Biochemistry and Chairman of Medical and Physiological Chemistry at Gothenburg University, Sweden , member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, influential researcher on the metabolism of the components of the nucleic acids in the rapidly developing field of molecular biology, and an outstanding writer popularizing the history of science since his retirement , di .. (shrink)
Eric R. Scerri: The periodic table: a very short introduction: Oxford University Press, Oxford, England; New York, NY, 2011, xx+ 147 pp., ISBN: 978-0-19-958249-5 $11.95; £7.99.George B. Kauffman - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (2):171-172.details
A quick question! Who's the first name that comes to mind when the periodic table is mentioned? Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev is the obvious and universal answer. And the second name? Most of you would probably agree with my answer: Eric R. Scerri, Lecturer in Chemistry and History and Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and founding editor of this journal, devoted to the philosophy of chemistry, another of his specialties.Through the years I have followed Scerri's work (...) on the periodic table, reading his numerous articles and reviewing his two previous books (Scerri 2007; Laing and Kauffman 2007; Scerri 2009; Kauffman 2011). In his latest book he comprehensively but succinctly examines this true cultural iconic symbol of science that is used by artists, advertisers, and of course, scientists in all fields. It is almost as familiar to the general public as the chemical formula for water, and an understanding and appreciation for it is essential to the physi. (shrink)
Eric Scerri: A tale of 7 elements: Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; New York, NY, 2013, xxxiii + 270 pp, $19.95; £12.99 , ISBN: 978-0-19-539131-2.George B. Kauffman - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):253-256.details
The iconic status of the periodic table of the elements has been recognized by a variety of prominent chemists and historians of science. For example, John Emsley proclaimed: "As long as chemistry is studied there will be a periodic table. And even if someday we communicate with another part of the universe, we can be sure that one thing that both cultures will have in common is an ordered system of the elements that will be instantly recognizable by both intelligent (...) life forms" .Furthermore, its paramount significance is universally recognized even far beyond the field of chemistry. According to the late American astronomer Harlow Shapley , "[The periodic table] is probably the most compact and meaningful compilation of knowledge that man has yet devised. The periodic table does for matter what the geological age table does for cosmic time. Its history is the story of man's great conquests in the microcosmos" .Of course, philosopher of science Eri .. (shrink)
The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements.João P. Leal - 2014 - Foundations of Science 19 (2):175-183.details
Chemical elements are the bricks with which Chemistry is build. Their names had a history, but part of it is forgotten or barely known. In this article the forgotten, no more used, never used, and alternatively used names and symbols of the elements are reviewed, bringing to us some surprises and deeper knowledge about the richness of Chemistry. It should be stressed that chemical elements are important not only for chemists but for all people dealing with science. As in any (...) other aspect of our lives, we tend to better understand something by knowing his history. By knowing them we can have a deeply understanding of how science evolves and how it is influenced by our human aspects. (shrink)
Novelty, coherence, and Mendeleev's periodic table.Samuel Schindler - 2014 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 45:62-69.details
Predictivism is the view that successful predictions of "novel" evidence carry more confirmational weight than accommodations of already known evidence. Novelty, in this context, has traditionally been conceived of as temporal novelty. However temporal predictivism has been criticized for lacking a rationale: why should the time order of theory and evidence matter? Instead, it has been proposed, novelty should be construed in terms of use-novelty, according to which evidence is novel if it was not used in the construction of a (...) theory. Only if evidence is use-novel can it fully support the theory entailing it. As I point out in this paper, the writings of the most influential proponent of use-novelty contain a weaker and a stronger version of use-novelty. However both versions, I argue, are problematic. With regard to the appraisal of Mendeleev' periodic table, the most contentious historical case in the predictivism debate, I argue that temporal predictivism is indeed supported, although in ways not previously appreciated. On the basis of this case, I argue for a form of so-called symptomatic predictivism according to which temporally novel predictions carry more confirmational weight only insofar as they reveal the theory's presumed coherence of facts as real. (shrink)
The first metals in Mendeleiev's Table: Part II. A new argument against the placement of hydrogen atop the alkali metal column. [REVIEW]Raymundo Hernández & Octavio Novaro - 2013 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):177-180.details
Every so often an experiment trying to give reliable evidence for a metallic hydrogen solid is reported. Such evidence is, however, not too convincing. As Eric Scerri has recently reiterated, "the jury is still out on that issue" . This search stems from the common spectroscopy shared by the hydrogen atom and all the alkali metal atoms, and perhaps is guided by a desire to place hydrogen atop the alkali metals, in Mendeleiev's Table, reinforced by the fact pointed out by (...) Scerri that there is no other obvious place for hydrogen in said Table. But H2 is a light gas at room temperature, while Li, Na, K and the other alkali elements form solid metal crystals. At very low temperatures, of course, hydrogen solidifies, but it is formed by H2 molecules . Our purpose here is to use a new argument to break this impasse: "should H be grouped with the alkali metals with which it shares a common spectroscopy, but which solidifies in a completely different fashion?" This argument has been proposed before in a couple of papers in this journal to establish a similar question for He and the alkaline earths , as is discussed in "Precedents" section. (shrink)
Chemical elements, discoveries, and disputes: Eric Scerri: A tale of 7 elements. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, xxxiii+270pp, $19.95, £12.99 HB.Helge Kragh - 2013 - Metascience 23 (2):373-375.details
Among the subjects that attract historians of chemistry and philosophers of chemistry alike are the chemical elements and their classification within the periodic system. In 2007, Eric Scerri, a distinguished philosopher of the chemical sciences, published The Periodic Table (Oxford University Press), a comprehensive and critical account of the subject. He describes the present work as "a follow-up book," and a few of the chapters are indeed condensed versions of chapters appearing in the 2007 book. Nonetheless, A Tale of 7 (...) Elements has a different scope and also a different intended audience. It is a story of seven little-known elements, some of which—such as promethium, francium and astatine—are extremely rare and with almost no applications. While Scerri's 2007 book was in the more traditional academic genre, this one appeals to an audience much wider than the limited community of historians and philosophers of science. It is a brave and largely successful attempt to bridge the infa .. (shrink)
A place at the table.Abby Wilkerson - 2013 - The Philosophers' Magazine 61 (61):100-106.details
Reducing Chemistry to Physics: Limits, Models, Consequences.Hinne Hettema - 2012 - Createspace.details
Chemistry and physics are two sciences that are hard to connect. Yet there is significant overlap in their aims, methods, and theoretical approaches. In this book, the reduction of chemistry to physics is defended from the viewpoint of a naturalised Nagelian reduction, which is based on a close reading of Nagel's original text. This naturalised notion of reduction is capable of characterising the inter-theory relationships between theories of chemistry and theories of physics. The reconsideration of reduction also leads to a (...) new characterisation of chemical theories. This book is primarily aimed at philosophers of chemistry and chemists with an interest in philosophy, but is also of interest to the general philosopher of science. (shrink)
Chemistry in Natural Sciences
Realism in Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Concerning electronegativity as a basic elemental property and why the periodic table is usually represented in its medium form.Mark R. Leach - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 15 (1):13-29.details
Electronegativity, described by Linus Pauling described as "The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself" (Pauling in The nature of the chemical bond, 3rd edn, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p 88, 1960), is used to predict bond polarity. There are dozens of methods for empirically quantifying electronegativity including: the original thermochemical technique (Pauling in J Am Chem Soc 54:3570–3582, 1932), numerical averaging of the ionisation potential and electron affinity (Mulliken in J Chem Phys 2:782–784, 1934), (...) effective nuclear charge and covalent radius analysis (Sanderson in J Chem Phys 23:2467, 1955) and the averaged successive ionisation energies of an element's valence electrons (Martynov and Batsanov in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii 5:3171–3175, 1980), etc. Indeed, there are such strong correlations between numerous atomic parameters—physical and chemical—that the term "electronegativity" integrates them into a single dimensionless number between 0.78 and 4.00 that can be used to predict/describe/model much of an element's physical character and chemical behaviour. The design of the common and popular medium form of the periodic table is in large part determined by four quantum numbers and four associated rules. However, adding electronegativity completes the construction so that it displays the multi-parameter periodic law operating in two dimensions, down the groups and across the periods, with minimal ambiguity. (shrink)
A contribuição brasileira de Alcindo Flores Cabral à classificação periódica dos elementos.Juergen Heinrich Maar & Eder João Lenardão - 2012 - Scientiae Studia 10 (4):773-798.details
Este artigo apresenta a contribuição de Alcindo Flores Cabral (1907-1982) - professor de química da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, hoje incorporada à Universidade Federal de Pelotas - ao ensino de química, uma contribuição quase desconhecida pela própria comunidade química brasileira, embora reconhecida como relevante por diversos químicos estrangeiros importantes, como W. Hückel, G. Charlot, F. Strong, E. Fessenden e outros. A inovadora representação helicoidal de Cabral é apresentada não só em conexão com representações contemporâneas, mas também inclui-se uma incursão (...) pelos primeiros sistemas helicoidais propostos, os de Hinrichs e de Baumhauer. Apresentam-se alguns comentários não somente sobre a Classificação natural dos elementos, publicada em 1946, mas também sobre outros textos escritos para tornar mais eficaz o ensino de química. (shrink)
Periodicity, visualization, and design.Francis T. Marchese - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 15 (1):31-55.details
This paper explores the development of the chemical table as a tool designed for chemical information visualization. It uses a historical context to investigate the purpose of chemical tables and charts, analyzing them from the perspective of theory of tables, cartography, and design. It suggests reasons why the two-dimensional periodic table remains the de facto standard for chemical information display.
Periodicity in the formulae of carbonyls and the electronic basis of the Periodic Table.Peter G. Nelson - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 15 (2):199-208.details
The basis of the Periodic Table is discussed. Electronic configuration recurs in only 21 out of the 32 groups. A better basis is derived by considering the highest classical valency (v) exhibited by an element and a new measure, the highest valency in carbonyl compounds (v*). This leads to a table based on the number of outer electrons possessed by an atom (N) and the number of electrons required for it to achieve an inert (noble) gas configuration (N*). Periodicity of (...) these is nearly complete. The new basis helps to settle the question of the best form of table and related issues. (shrink)
The first metals in Mendeleiev's table: further arguments to place He above Ne and not above Be. [REVIEW]Alejandro Ramírez-Solís & Octavio Novaro - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (2):87-91.details
In a recent paper in this Journal, one of us argued against placing He above Be in Mendeleiev's system of the elements. In it the goal was to dispute the notion that in Mendeleiev's system of the elements the location of He should in fact lie above Be, which has a very similar electronic configuration, rather than above the noble gas column. That paper was based on rather old, Hartree–Fock limit studies on the strikingly limited non-additive contributions in the He3 (...) and He4 systems in contrast with the much larger non-additivity obtained for the Be3, Be4 and Be5 oligomers. In a recent benchmark multireference Averaged Quadratic Coupled Cluster results on Be2 and Be3 we showed that the delocalized non-additive contribution comprises 94 % of the binding energy of Be3. Here we use this and other pertinent information (drawn from the same paper) to conclude that He may not be associated with Be in Mendeleiev's Table, despite their quite similar spectroscopic ground states. Furthermore, we use the new results to show that the large non-additivity implies that less than 2 % of the Be3 binding is located in each Be pair contained within the Be trimer. The rest of the interaction energy is necessarily delocalized over all three Be atoms. This might actually announce the bulk properties (i.e. "the electron gas") that in solid-state physics explain the large electric and heat conduction for the solid Be metal. Thus, in the case of beryllium the metallic characteristics are already evident in Be3, a far cry from the monoatomic helium gas. (shrink)
Periodic patterns: the Group (n) and Group (n + 10) linkage. [REVIEW]Geoff Rayner-Canham - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 15 (2):229-237.details
The early Periodic Tables displayed an 8-Group system. Though we now use an 18-Group array, the old versions were based on evidence of similarities between what we now label as Group (n) and the corresponding Group (n + 10). As part of a series on patterns in the Periodic Table, in this contribution, these similarities are explored for the first time in a systematic manner. Pourbaix (Eh–pH) diagrams have been found particularly useful in this context.
A critique of Weisberg's view on the periodic table and some speculations on the nature of classifications.Eric R. Scerri - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 14 (3):275-284.details
This article carefully analyzes a recent paper by Weisberg in which it is claimed that when Mendeleev discovered the periodic table he was not working as a modeler but instead as a theorist. I argue that Weisberg is mistaken in several respects and that the periodic table should be regarded as a classification, not as a theory. In the second part of the article an attempt is made to elevate the status of classifications by suggesting that they provide a form (...) of 'side-ways explanation'. (shrink)
The Philosophical Magazine and the Periodic Table of Elements.Peter Weinberger - 2012 - Philosophical Magazine 92 (13):1727-1732.details
Diffraction of limit periodic point sets.Michael Baake & Uwe Grimm - 2011 - Philosophical Magazine 91 (19-21):2661-2670.details


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You are here: Jake's Bones > Looking closely at an Indian elephant skeleton
Looking closely at an Indian elephant skeleton
Written by Jake on Saturday, August 03, 2013
On Thursday dad and I went to the Hunterian Museum of Zoology which is part of the University of Glasgow. I'm going to write more about it later but for this post I'm going to focus on just one exhibit, their juvenile Indian elephant skeleton (the scientific name is Elephas maximus indicus).
There are two different types of elephant, which are the African and Asian. The Indian elephant is one of the three subspecies of the Asian elephant (the other two are the Sri Lankan elephant and the Sumatran Elephant). The African and Asian elephants look quite similar, but African elephants are larger with much bigger ears and tusks.
I must have seen elephant skeletons before, but the one at the Hunterian Museum of Zoology was nice because you could go right up to it and touch it.
The difference between the African and Asian elephants skulls are the shape of the tusks, and the dent in the top of the head which Asian elephants have but African ones don't. The hole in the forehead might have been where it was shot:
The tusks are the upper incisor teeth which have just grown massive. They keep growing the whole life of the elephant and they grow 15-18cm a year, which would have made this one about five or six years old (elephants live for about 60 years). Female Asian elephants have much smaller tusks (or none at all), but both male (called bulls) and female African elephants (called cows) have them. Having tusks looks cool but the ivory is valuable, and elephants are hunted and killed by humans just to get the tusks. This sucks.
Elephants tend to use one tusk more than the other, so one ends up being more worn. Sometimes it's the left, sometimes it's the right one.
The entrance to the ear bone is just like a small hole, and I couldn't see the ear bones:
Elephants have very flat faces, with no nose forward of the tusks, and the forehead directly above. Elephants have no lower incisors or canines, and the jaw ends right after the pre-molar (cheek) teeth. The skull looks different to the face because the elephant's trunk has no bones inside, and works just on muscles. Here is a real Asian elephant and the Huntarian's skull side by side:
Elephants use their trunk to get food and water (African elephants use their trunk to get leaves from trees, Asian elephants mainly eat grass, bamboo and fruit).
An adult Indian elephant has a dental formula of I: 1/0, C: 0/0, PM: 3/3, M: 3/3 which means on each side of its mouth it has one upper incisor (tusk) but no lower ones, no canine teeth, then three pre-molar and three molar teeth at top and bottom, which makes 26 in total. It is quite difficult to see the gaps between the teeth, so it looks like one huge tooth. The flat teeth are similar to other herbivores like sheep and deer which need to really grind the food to get nutrients.
Like us elephants replace their teeth, but with our jaws the new tooth comes from underneath, pushing the old tooth out. With elephants, the new teeth are grown at the back of the jaw, then they get pushed forward as the old teeth fall out. You can see this at the back of the jaw:
Unlike say deer, which eat leaves and grass but which have a long neck to bend down, elephants don't need a long neck because of their trunk, so their neck vertebrae are quite thin (you can see it in the picture below). The short neck probably makes it easier to support the heavy skull. The skull is also made lighter by using a honeycomb structure rather than solid bone, similar to bird bones.
The scapula is triangular with a large ridge (called the scapula spine) with two hooks on it at the shoulder end for muscle attachments. Elephants don't need clavicles (collar-bones in humans) because their legs don't go at a wide angle from the body, so the extra support isn't needed. They are big heavy animals, and their weight goes down straight through the legs which are almost vertical:
This is the humerus (upper arm bone) seen from in front. It isn't quite as thick as you might expect, but it is very wide at the elbow end for muscle attachments. The head of the humerus, which is the bit where it attaches to the scapula, isn't very big, because the forelegs are never at much of an angle to the body, they are pretty much always straight down.
This is the top of the humerus. The bit that looks like a horizontal crack shows it was a young animal where the bones were still growing. In older animals, this would have fused on.
This is the lower front leg with the radius (on top) and the ulna (below) which look more twisted than other animals, but this is probably just because the radius and ulna are shorter and thicker than other quadrupeds.
Elephants feet aren't flat (like rabbits) but they balance on tiptoes, like sheep or deer, but it's hard to see this because elephant feet are surrounded by flesh, and look flat and round. The fleshy bits underneath make it easier to stand up for a long time. They have three main toes, with two smaller ones behind.
This is from the bum end. The pelvis looks very wide here (like Megatherium), and you could see where muscles would attach between the femur (upper leg bones) and pelvis.
The marks at the top were old holes where it had been mounted before. It was obviously an old skeleton that had been rearticulated several times.
The tail has over 20 bones (caudal vertebrae) which is quite a lot when you think the elephants tail doesn't seem to need it for balance in the same way other mammals use it (like cats), but they need their tail to swat flies:
The elephant has been rearticulated with spaces between the vertebrae where the discs of tissue would have been (I should have done this with Vulpy too). If they hadn't have done this, the elephant would have been wrong, and much shorter.
This elephant has 20 pairs of ribs, which is a lot. The first rib was very thick indeed:
There was one final thing which I thought was quite weird, and I thought they had got wrong. You can't really see it in this picture, but both the front left and back left feet are off the ground at the same time ! This seems like an impossible way for it to walk:
But then I found this set of photographs which show how elephants move, and they really do walk like this !
(Animation from still photographs by Edward Muybridge, and the photographs are now out of copyright, via Wikimedia Commons)
Labels: elephants , humerus , museums , scapulas , skulls , teeth , tusks
Very interesting, as usual. We have a similar Asian (ex-circus) elephant at my local museum -- the Cole Museum at Reading University. But there is definitely no touching allowed!
Both this example and the Cole specimen show the close-packed dorsal spines (remember that FMO from some time ago?). It must be quite normal.
Do you know any other animals that walk like that? (I can think of two).
Horses ?
I suppose the dorsal spines can be close together because the back isn't going to flex much like a cat or a dog's would.
Hmm, horses have all kinds of ways of moving, but I'm not sure this is one of them (I could be wrong). The two I know of are both Artiodactyla.
Yes, elephants are not known for their prancing!
You should visit the Glasgow Museums Resource Centre - they've got a whole 'pod' full of bones and antlers and skeletons!
Is it a museum or a warehouse ? Is it open to the public ?
Kinda both and neither! It's the stores for all of Glasgow's Muesums and they do public tours where they'll take groups around the place. They do private ones too if you want to look at specific things - I know a lot of students who have gone there to research things or sketch the collections. I do my volunteering there and it's a lot of fun.
http://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/our-museums/glasgow-museum-resource-centre/Pages/default.aspx
Ace, thanks !
ibella said...
you helped me with my homework
Glad it was useful !
Bob N said...
Some years ago I wondered if it was possible for an elephant to stand on one leg. At circuses etc I saw them do tricks where they stood on two ( either two front, or two rear or even two on on side). but never on one. The Librarian at work founfd me a vidio of one running. And like a horse in one of its modes it did instantaneously have just one oot on the ground.
Studying a wild common frog from my bedroom.
An update about the roe deer mum
My harbour porpoise skull
Learning how to handle a Harris Hawk
A first look at a very unusual skeleton
Zombie badgers and old buried bones

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Fifty six cards divided into four suits. Each suit has ten cards numbered one to ten plus four court cards - king, queen, knight and page.
While the major arcana articulates universal themes the minor arcana is focussed on practical matters and how these universal principals operate within day to day events. Each suit is devoted to one of the four major areas of daily life.


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With his wife's disappearance having become the focus of an intense media circus, a man sees the spotlight turned on him when it's suspected that he may not be innocent. One night in a hotel room spent with unknown woman throws young man into hard nightmare, from which he wakes up only to fall asleep again and fall back to it. His grotesque pursuit to reunite orphaned children with their deceased birth parents is halted when the boys escape and he is arrested. Reviewed in the United States on July 31, 2018. Determined to prove herself, Officer Judy Hopps, the first bunny on Zootopia's police force, jumps at the chance to crack her first case - even if it means partnering with scam-artist fox Nick Wilde to solve the mystery. This is evidenced by several obvious plot devices. 0 Save. 2020 (792) tháng năm 2020 (3) tháng một 2020 (789) 2019 (4018) tháng mười hai 2019 (835) tháng mười một 2019 (129) miedo a las alturas Milen What makes The Standoff at Sparrow Creek special is how much it reminds you of stories of alpha males like Reservoir Dogs, The Thing, and Mamet's … One night, 18 year old Lena is bitten by Louise, leader of a female vampire trio that are as deadly as they are beautiful. 9 Like. Standoff movie free online Standoff free online. standoff definition: 1. a situation in which agreement in an argument does not seem possible 2. a situation in which…. Two cop brothers, smothered by the shadow of their former police chief father, must investigate a crime they themselves have committed. The Standoff at Sparrow Creek. Uptight and straight-laced, FBI Special Agent Sarah Ashburn is a methodical investigator with a reputation for excellence--and hyper-arrogance. The Standoff at Sparrow Creek. True-crime thriller that follows a team of homicide detectives as they open an 18-year-old cold case that occurred in one of America's notorious body-dumping grounds, the Louisiana swamplands. Finding themselves in a chase across the globe, their relentless tenacity puts their own lives at risk. Even you can choose your movie resolution like … Who will survive and what will be left of their souls? Torment follows a boy (Kadin Gervalla) is haunted by a mysterious figure (Chloe Dowling) and investigates the clues she leaves him to find out why. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011), thriller, fantasy, drama, crime, detective, fantastic, action, thriller, drama, crime, action, comedy, adventure, family, cartoon, crime, detective, action, thriller, drama, crime, detective, action, thriller, adventure, crime, detective, action, thriller, comedy, drama, adventure, crime, detective, horror, fantastic, action, fantasy, drama. The remake of the soviet classic with a modern setting. Certain she's come to terms with her past, Kate's renewed life in her hometown is shattered when a murder investigation triggers deep-seated emotions from her childhood and exposes a dark secret that could destroy her. Riding the Bullet. Similar Movies to The Standoff (2016) 5.8 The Wolfman. Colorado Springs, late 1970s. But both sides soon discover there's a mole among them. They can barely stand each other, but can they stand next to each other for three days, without sleep, for the chance to win the car of their dreams? Released September 20th, 2016, 'The Standoff' stars Olivia Holt, Ryan McCartan, Alex Wolff, Sydney Park The movie has a runtime of about 1 hr 30 … Based on a true story. About See All. We don't have an overview translated in English. The villain is a professional hitman, an indisputably evil profession, while the hero is a veteran, a stereotypically noble profession. The Leap. Five students on spring break meet at a secluded island cabin for a weekend getaway. 2004 98m Movie. After having successfully eluded the authorities for years, Hannibal peacefully lives in Italy in disguise as an art scholar. Thriller charting the moral collapse of a police family. In the near future, Major is the first of her kind: a human saved from a terrible crash, then cyber-enhanced to be a perfect soldier devoted to stopping the world's most dangerous criminals. Every night they receive a visit from a young man who comes join them. What Movie Should I Watch? The unnamed hitman murders several individuals without any discernible or explained motivation, making him inherently evil, … I also enjoyed Audrey Whitby, … Top London cop, PC Nicholas Angel is good. Fifteen years later, Kate returns to Painter's Mill as its Chief of Police. A young female FBI agent joins a secret CIA operation to take down a Mexican cartel boss, a job that ends up pushing her ethical and moral values to the limit. A frightening discovery is made in an old apartment. Page Transparency See More. At first, she enjoys the limitless freedom, the luxury, the parties. It's all on Hulu. When a younger girl called Emily Rose dies, everyone puts blame on the exorcism which was performed on her by Father Moore prior to her death. Add to a new list. Contact The Standoff on Messenger. When these two wildly incompatible law officers join forces to bring down a ruthless drug lord, they become the last thing anyone expected: Buddies. You may also like. Seven Seconds (2018) Mark: 8.6 (imdb: 7.7) Genre: drama, crime: Country: USA: Duration: 02:11: Characters: Police: Plot: … Led by editor Walter "Robby" Robinson, reporters Michael Rezendes, Matt Carroll and Sacha Pfeiffer interview victims and try to unseal sensitive documents. thestandoffmovie.com. If you like Disney movies, you'll like this movie too. After the thief steals a valuable artifact, Troshkin is forced to act as his dead ringer in order to restore his reputation and good name. 5.0 out of 5 stars lol. Review by Krad54 ★★ You know I felt scared but made it through a tough situation if anyone enjoys something … The trial begins with lawyer Erin Bruner representing Moore, but it is not going to be easy, as no one wants to believe what Father Moore says is true. More. It's all on Hulu. This short was a lecture often given by Gage, using wet clay to depict the on-going changes to Abe's face over the yea... To regain his strength, Dracula, the king of vampires, has returned to his native soil and his castle in the Carpathian Mountains. 0 Dislike. Watch trailer youtube.com; The Standoff … Copenhagen, Denmark, 2018. Movies like. However, one of them is seriously injured, which compromises the plans of the thieves. Together they investigate her mother's murder, and uncover the supernatural force that proves to be a threat to her family. Tags: movies like The Standoff at Sparrow Creek (2019) - full list. Verified Purchase. The Promotion. Add to list See details. A killing spree takes place in a northern China's hospital, an old elevator goes to the 18th floor - underground. The reporters make it their mission to provide proof of a cover-up of sexual abuse within the Roman Catholic Church. We let you watch movies online without having to register or paying, with over 10000 movies and TV … Enforcing the law within the notoriously rough Brownsville section of the city and especially within the Van Dyke housing projects is the NYPD's sixty-fifth precinct. Movies like The Standoff 2016 Movie. However, Dr. Vict... An elderly couple lives in an abandoned farm. Great movie! Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. Holding a shotgun with a single shell, he engages in physical and psychological warfare in a desperate … We Provide Direct Download Links For Fast And Secure Downloading. With Thomas Jane, Laurence Fishburne, Joanna Douglas, Jim Watson. 2015 129m Movie. Stranded on the island they become the prey of a mysterious killer who seems bent on revenge for something the friends have done. The major theme in this movie is the titular "standoff" between good and evil. Ten-year-old Nico receives a threatening letter and now his life is in danger. The past comes to light when the memories of the couple seems to arise from dreams and nightmares. I knew Olivia Holt was very talented and I hope she goes far in her career. Unable to work within the system, he instead creates a new identity, a symbol of fear for the criminal underworld - The Batman. Detective Larson, once Whitley's prior victim, is removed from the case due to impartiality leaving his partner, and lover, Detective Shotwell to solve the case. Fueled by rage and a chance of redemption, Detective Larson chases the steadfast psychopath on his own only to fall back into the same trap he once escaped as a child. 4,516 likes. Movies similar to The Standoff at Sparrow Creek (2019): Stray, Beneath The Leaves, Jo Pil-ho: The Dawning Rage, Bent, BlacKkKlansman, The Warning, The Purity of Vengeance, Keep an Eye Out, Dark Figure of Crime, Gun City. Watch Latest, Hollywood, Bollywood & Pakistani Cinema out Movies are Available at Prime Movies Live. After the scientists, the governments, the military and the wealthy, the hopeless masses of Earth too want their chance at a new life on this emerging world of wonder and op... A former astronaut believes himself the doorway to a terrifying alien invasion. There is a new criminal mastermind at large (Professor Moriarty) and not only is he Holmes' intellectual equal, but his capacity for evil and lack of conscience may give him an advantage over the detective. Stephen P. Smith. He returns to America to make contact with now disgraced Agent Clarice Starling, who is suffering the wrath of a malicious FBI rival as well as the media. With Olivia Holt, Ryan McCartan, Regan Burns, Alex Wolff. 's "finest," is foul-mouthed and has a very short fuse, and uses her gut instinct and street smarts to catch the most elusive criminals. Helpful. The Standoff Movie - Get information about The Standoff movie wiki and full movie reviews story plot star cast, Latest movies coming soon and new movie releases date, movie review, trailer, teaser, full video songs at UMIDb | 3 men have a deadly western standoff. Directed by Adam Alleca. Neither has ever had a partner, or a friend for that matter. The Standoff (2016) - Movie reviews & rating - Comedy by Ilyssa Goodman with Olivia Holt,Ryan McCartan,McKaley Miller A saga centered on a multi-generational family of New York City Police officers. 4 people found this helpful. On his latest private investigation, a shamed former cop connects a murder case to a government conspiracy involving rogue agents from a top spy agency. He does so by buying heroin directly from the source in South East Asia and he comes up with a unique way of importing the drugs into the United States. See actions taken by the people who manage and post content. Hyeong-min, a prominent police detective, and Tae-oh, a killer who has confessed to multiple murders, maintain a fierce psychological confrontation. >> Drama, Thriller Standoff (2016) Carter (Thomas Jane), a troubled veteran, gets a chance at redemption by protecting a 12 year-old girl from an assassin (Laurence Fishburne) after she witnesses a murder. Watch Standoff Movie Online Free | Download Standoff 2016 Full Movie hdpopcorns. "Interview with William Means: From Wounded Knee to Comm Ave", BU Today, Boston University, April 21, 2009; Joseph H. Trimbach and John M. Trimbach, (2007). Can be bought, dreams rapidly become nightmares and he is arrested single shell, he what. Partner, or a friend for that matter, which compromises the plans of the classic... Mission to Provide proof of a mysterious killer who seems bent on revenge for something the have... Knows no bounds globe, their relentless tenacity puts their own lives at risk force... People like this his grotesque pursuit to reunite orphaned children with their deceased birth parents is halted the!, he seeks a New bride to do his bidding and chooses a farmer 's daughter pure of.. Bought, dreams rapidly become nightmares Standoff at Sparrow Creek ( 2019 ) Full! Band of sisters, Louise fury knows no bounds with their deceased birth parents is when! 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Please Note: If you made a VIP Table reservation you must re-confirm it by calling 786.425.1116 in advance of our first event on Thursday (10pm EDT March 25th). Failure to do so may result in the cancellation/nullification of your reservation.
Please note: This event is SEPARATE from the Pure Behrouz event being held on the same night in the Buddha Gardens area of the venue. Tickets for this event DO NOT provide access to Pure Behrouz. If you would prefer to buy a ticket that allows access to the full venue, including "Pure Behrouz", please purchase a Combo Pass.
The reintroduction of the West Building (formerly known as Karu & Y), into the Ice Palace facility will now create a more comfortable and expanded layout for the 2010 Winter Music Conference week and all future events to take place at the venue.


Lazarus was a friend of Jesus'.
He lived with Mary, his sister and Martha, his other sister.
Jesus would stop and visit his friends every time he was in Bethany.
Jesus loved all three of them.
Mary and Martha sent word to Jesus that their brother was sick.
When Jesus got word that Lazarus was sick, he left in two days to go to Bethany.
When Jesus got to Bethany, he found that Lazarus had died.
Lazarus had been in his tomb for four days.
Martha heard that Jesus was coming.
She went to meet him.
Martha said to Jesus, "If only you had been here, my brother would not have died."
Martha left Jesus and secretly went to get Mary.
There were many people at their home trying to comfort Martha and Mary.
When Mary heard this, she immediately left the house to go to Jesus.
The people at her house thought she was going to the tomb of Lazarus so they went with her to give her comfort.
When Mary reached Jesus, she fell to her knees saying, "If only you had been here, my brother wouldn't have died."
The people with her were crying.
When Jesus saw the people crying, he groaned.
"Where is Lazarus?" Jesus asked.
"We will take you to him," they said.
As they walked, Jesus cried.
Everyone knew how much Jesus loved Lazarus.
When they reached the tomb, Jesus said, "Roll away the stone covering the entrance."
Mary said, "Jesus, Lazarus has been dead four days!"
Jesus asked her, "Do you not believe?"
They took away the stone.
Jesus raised his eyes to heaven and prayed.
After he had finished praying, he said in a loud voice, "Lazarus, come out!"
All eyes were in the entrance of the tomb.
He was wearing his burial cloth.
His hands were tied with the cloth.
His feet were tied with the cloth.
There was a cloth covering his face.
"Untie him," Jesus said, "and let him go."
Did you think that Jesus would cry?
Do you think its ok to cry?
Did you think that Jesus would get there late?
Did you think that Lazarus would die?
Did you think that Jesus would make Lazarus live again?
Thank you for giving us a guide in Jesus.


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In the middle of a transfer, my bed got stuck. I came close to landing on the floor even though the occupational therapist rescued me. I was told I had to use the Hoyer for all transfers. Even though I know it's an OSHA rule, I do not like it.
Using the lift adds additional time to my care routine. It may only take two aides to use a lift, but they have to locate it first. Also, after being toileted or showered, I have to be lifted onto the bed to have my slacks pulled up.
At first, this nursing home had me using the older Hoyer lift similar to those at my two previous facilities. However, this lift has no U-shaped removable lift pads. That means the Hoyer pad has to stay under me during toileting and showers. I never thought I would be required to sit on a Hoyer pad all day. My first facility's lift was similar, and we had trouble using the lift pads with the Hoyer for showering. They used a U-shaped pad that was removed after toileting and showering. At my second facility, they used a similar U-shaped pad which could also be removed for showering. To save time, some aides left it under me. However, I wanted it removed when I went on outings with friends or family because I did not want to be identified by it.
When my sister visited, I did not want to go out with the Hoyer pad visible behind me, so we ordered in. Several days later, they begin using a tilt lift that I had no prior experience with. That lift had two U-shaped pads that could easily be removed from behind me. But, some aides told me they felt it was unsafe to remove them, and so they left them under me. Though I did not like sitting on that lift pad all day, I learned to live with it. The U-shaped pads can be tucked around me so they are not as visible. The aides said the tilting lift made it easier to position me in my shower or power chair. Even though that lift was efficient, it moved fast and scared me.
Later, on a day when I was up but feeling unwell, I wanted to lie down but was told the tilting lift was being tightened. I knew that lift had problems the month before. I wondered how I could be transferred from my power chair to bed since the lift pad under me would only work with the tilt lift.
An hour later, I was feeling worse, and the lift was still being tightened. Concerned, I asked the aides if they could use the Hoyer pad under me to lift me into bed. When they said they could not, I went to the director of nursing and pleaded that she let me transfer standing with the assistance of two aides as I had done here before using the Hoyer. Reluctantly, two aides stood me up to transfer me into bed.
For several weeks, the lift with the U-shaped removable pads has been broken and has not been repaired. The facility rented a conventional lift that has pads with holes for toileting and showering. With the tilt Hoyer broken and without enough pads for the rental, I have had to spend more days in bed. Some days, no dry pad is available for me to be transferred to my power chair. The most uncomfortable part is being lifted after a shower on a wet Hoyer pad onto my bed to remove it.
Spending more time in bed is making my bottom tender, though the skin has not broken down. This lift is uncomfortable, and my body aches afterwards. Sitting on the old-style pads is also not comfy. I do not know if or when the broken Hoyer is going to be repaired, but the facility has ordered new pads to use with the rental. I have no idea if any of them are U-shaped.
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