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Medical and Drug Policies
mp-184 - Medical Policies - Alabama
Autism Spectrum Mandate
Blue Advantage Policies
Genetic Testing Management
Current Genetic Testing Policies
Draft Genetic Testing Policies
Medical Policies - Blue Advantage
Final Policies: A - E
Final Policies: F - J
Final Policies: K - N
Final Policies: O - S
Final Policies: T - Z
Provider-Administered Drug Policies (Excluding Oncology)
Current Provider-Administered Drug Policies
Draft Provider-Administered Drug Policies
Previous Provider-Administered Drug Policies
Provider-Administered Oncology Drug Policies
Current Provider-Administered Oncology Drug Policies
Draft Provider-Administered Oncology Drug Policies
Previous Provider-Administered Oncology Drug Policies
Radiation Therapy Management (RTM)
Chronic Condition Management
Hemophilia Drug Management
Draft Hemophilia Drug Policies
Final Hemophilia Drug Policies
Hemophilia Drug Pilot - PEEHIP Only
Hemophilia Drug Prior Authorization
Medical Policies
Draft Medical Policies
Final Medical Policies
Draft Provider-Administered Drug Precertification Policies
Final Provider-Administered Drug Precertification Policies
Provider-Administered Drug Claim Edit Policies
Provider-Administered Drug Forms
Voluntary Site of Service
Self-Administered Drug Policies
Draft Self-Administered Drug Policies
Final Self-Administered Drug Policies
Self-Administered Drug Forms
Transgender Services
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Policy Number: MP-184
Latest Review Date: September 2018
Category: Administrative/Pharmacy
Policy Grade: N/A
Description of Procedure or Service:
Off-label or "unlabeled" drug use is the use of a drug approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other uses or in treatment regimens or patient populations that are not included in approved labeling.
The FDA approves drugs for specific indications that are included in the drug's labeling. When a drug is used for an indication other than those specifically included in the labeling, it is referred to as an off-label use. Many off-label uses are effective, well documented in the literature, and widely used.
Unapproved or unlabeled uses of drugs include a variety of situations ranging from completely unstudied to thoroughly investigated drug uses where the FDA has not been asked for approval, whereas approved uses of drugs have been proved to be safe and effective by the FDA after the review of adequate and controlled clinical trials that have documented their uses.
Policy:
Off-label drug usage may be considered medically necessary for coverage when all of the following conditions are met:
The drug is FDA approved.
The drug is recognized as appropriate for the stated usage:
By one of the following drug compendia: the FDA (listing on the FDA Orphan Drug Approval web site), the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, Thomson Healthcare Inc. DrugPoints, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Drug & Biologics Compendium Category of Evidence and Consensus; OR
In the absence of being listed in the above named sources, a minimum of at least two articles from major peer-reviewed journals which supports the proposed use for the specific medical condition as safe and effective.
The drug is necessary to treat specific medical conditions, including life-threatening conditions or chronic and seriously debilitating conditions.
Off-label use of a drug does not meet medical criteria for coverage when the FDA has determined its use to be contraindicated.
FDA approved indications, also known as labeled indications, mean that the FDA has reviewed and approved the drug for the specified indications based on adequate, well-controlled clinical trials that have documented safety and effectiveness. The use of a drug for conditions or indication other than those approved by the FDA is known as off-label use.
Off-label use, Food and Drug Administration, FDA
Approved by Governing Bodies:
Benefit Application:
Coverage is subject to member's specific benefits. Group specific policy will supersede this policy when applicable.
ITS: Home Policy provisions apply
FEP contracts: Special benefit consideration may apply. Refer to member's benefit plan. FEP does not consider investigational if services or supplies are FDA approved and will be reviewed for medical necessity.
CPT codes: Not applicable
Policy History:
Medical Policy Group, July 2004 (1)
Medical Policy Administration Committee, July 2004
Available for comment July 29-September 13, 2004
Medical Policy Group, November 2008 (3)
Medical Policy Administration Committee, December 2008
Available for comment November 21, 2008-January 5, 2009
Medical Policy Group, June 2011 (2): Policy revision
Available for comment July 6 through August 22, 2011
Medical Policy Group, July 2011 (2): Revision based on provider comment
Medical Policy Group, January 2014 (1): Policy reviewed by consensus without literature review; no changes in policy statement
Medical Policy Group, September 2018 (2): Policy reviewed by consensus without literature review; no changes in policy statement.
This medical policy is not an authorization, certification, explanation of benefits, or a contract. Eligibility and benefits are determined on a case-by-case basis according to the terms of the member's plan in effect as of the date services are rendered. All medical policies are based on (i) research of current medical literature and (ii) review of common medical practices in the treatment and diagnosis of disease as of the date hereof. Physicians and other providers are solely responsible for all aspects of medical care and treatment, including the type, quality, and levels of care and treatment.
This policy is intended to be used for adjudication of claims (including pre-admission certification, pre-determinations, and pre-procedure review) in Blue Cross and Blue Shield's administration of plan contracts.
The plan does not approve or deny procedures, services, testing, or equipment for our members. Our decisions concern coverage only. The decision of whether or not to have a certain test, treatment or procedure is one made between the physician and his/her patient. The plan administers benefits based on the member's contract and corporate medical policies. Physicians should always exercise their best medical judgment in providing the care they feel is most appropriate for their patients. Needed care should not be delayed or refused because of a coverage determination.
As a general rule, benefits are payable under health plans only in cases of medical necessity and only if services or supplies are not investigational, provided the customer group contracts have such coverage.
The following Association Technology Evaluation Criteria must be met for a service/supply to be considered for coverage:
1. The technology must have final approval from the appropriate government regulatory bodies;
2. The scientific evidence must permit conclusions concerning the effect of the technology on health outcomes;
3. The technology must improve the net health outcome;
4. The technology must be as beneficial as any established alternatives;
5. The improvement must be attainable outside the investigational setting.
Medical Necessity means that health care services (e.g., procedures, treatments, supplies, devices, equipment, facilities or drugs) that a physician, exercising prudent clinical judgment, would provide to a patient for the purpose of preventing, evaluating, diagnosing or treating an illness, injury or disease or its symptoms, and that are:
1. In accordance with generally accepted standards of medical practice; and
2. Clinically appropriate in terms of type, frequency, extent, site and duration and considered effective for the patient's illness, injury or disease; and
3. Not primarily for the convenience of the patient, physician or other health care provider; and
4. Not more costly than an alternative service or sequence of services at least as likely to produce equivalent therapeutic or diagnostic results as to the diagnosis or treatment of that patient's illness, injury or disease.
CPT codes, descriptions and data copyright ©BCBSPREVIOUSYEAR American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS apply.
CDT codes, descriptions and data copyright ©BCBSPREVIOUSYEAR American Dental Association. All rights reserved.
© BCBSCURRENTYEAR Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association.


A few weeks ago I ran across a study that was conducted by The Barna Group regarding the changes in worldview among professing Christians in the United States. I was blown away by the results. I knew that the watering down of our Christian faith has had significant effect, but I had no idea it was this diluted.
We are becoming a people who has no understanding of our faith. We have forsaken the truth and each generation is getting less and less. In our postmodern culture where truth is relative and defined by the individual, our churches are becoming irrelevant.
Read The Barna Group's report and tell me what you think. Am I reading more into this than I probably should? What do you think?
This entry was posted in Alan's Blog and tagged barna group, biblical worldview, christian worldview by Alan Smith. Bookmark the permalink.
I recommend reading the book, unChristian. It goes into more detail with the problem of Christianity in our country and how it has gotten distorted. Really opens your eyes.


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Word for Word Poetry Blogs
We've tapped some very special guest bloggers to help us celebrate this summer's Word for Word Poetry series at Bryant Park. They provide a behind-the-scenes look at each event and divulge about the talented poets who share their work in the park. Experience Word for Word Poetry yourself every Tuesday through September 14, from 7pm to 8:30pm, at the Bryant Park Reading Room.
Anne Lovering Rounds on Word for Word Poetry, August 31
Before any of the poets took the mike on Tuesday night for a program entitled "The Katrina Project," Bryant Park's own Paul Romero shared two poems: Patricia Smith's "Siblings: Hurricaines 2005" and "Victoria Green (mother of four)," by Cynthia Hogue. Smith's poem, an alphabetical litany of hurricane names and personifications ("Rita was a vicious flirt"), came to Katrina only in its last, haunting line: "None of them talked about Katrina. She was the blood dazzler." The second poem, from Cynthia Hogue's recently-published When the Water Came, is an "interview-poem" whose speaker recalls Katrina with both tough irony and pride of place. Together, this pair of poems set the stage for a night whose three readers would cross genre boundaries, blend tones, report, reveal, remember. This past week, many "Katrina five years after" events have been in the atmosphere and in the media. The Katrina Project was not such a marking of anniversary, as if to celebrate; but nor was it all about anger; nor was it all about lament. What emerged from the three voices in this project—Nicole Cooley, Tonya Foster, and Yusef Komunyakaa— was power of poetry to intertwine creation, observation, and remembrance.
The first poem Nicole Cooley read, "September Notebook," immediately connected New York and New Orleans. At points, the poem put the two seasons of 9/11 and Katrina, and the two cities Cooley calls home, into mythical perspective, terms that transcended circumstance: "Once upon a time there were two Septembers in two cities: / the one of the towers on fire / and the one of floodwaters rising." At the same time, Cooley's takes on both events were always personal; the fire and the flood came across in memories of her child's hair, a family phone conversation: "The sharp smell threaded through / my daughter's hair for days"; "I / was on the phone with my parents, begging them to leave the city." Throughout, "September Notebook" maintained this balance between talking small ("I hold my daughter on my lap") and talking big ("I'd like to sit with her, Our Lady of the Breach"; "I'd like to force the floodwaters down her throat"). Throughout, Cooley's poems reflected the reach of disaster by calling out intimate details and individual memories, carefully listing the objects of land- and cityscape, then letting these portraits speak for themselves. In "Debris," for example, she turned her eye to the stratigraphy of rubble in New Orleans: "The face of a metal fan"; "A front door"; "A sign: do not destroy"; "A refrigerator spray painted Help Me Jesus"; "A sign: we're coming home." In "Write a Love Note to Camellia Grill," she catalogued messages on post-it notes that covered the iconic diner of New Orleans when it closed: "Dear street car"; "Dear neutral ground"; "I will stay hungry forever." A poem written along Highway 90, Hurricane Alley, described a "new lexicon" in "The spray painted X"; "The house marked O"; "Missing a whole story." By noticing that lexicon of destruction and naming its features in her poetry, Cooley suggests the stories that are missing, that we may otherwise have missed.
Tonya Foster's poetics is expansive, omnivorous, and rhapsodic. Foster read from A Mathematics of Chaos, a work she describes as blurring the boundaries between prose and poetry. The long poem took us from Harlem to the Big Easy, from the speaker's childhood to adulthood, and into every crevice of Foster's imagination. To hear this was to hear the poet thinking, linking, and revising, all in the space of a single work: "Thought bubble: hurt"; "There's water everywhere" "Water like language" "Like licking like lapping." As its fusion of genres suggests, Mathematics of Chaos is compelled by what is multiple. "The disaster has no single origin," Foster tells us; "Origins have their own origins." Foster's repetitions, and the resonances she sets up within and across lines, also bespeak a desire to amplify complexity, rather than eliminate it. Loops and reiterations pervade the poem, whether Foster is thinking about crime statistics, definitions of home, or communication through contemporary media: "If a body got got by a bullet"; "To the point or desired goal," "Into the desired position"; "I canceled my plans to cancel cable"; "Cellular circuits / Cellular circuits / Cellular circuits." The scope of this poem could have made it hard to follow—but the other piece Foster shared, "New Orleans Bibliography," was equally comprehensive. In final section of the poem ("Aside troix"), the title bibliography is realized. It's an alphabetical ecstasy: "Daughters / Dead-end / "Desire"; "Red beans / River / River / River / Semen / Seventh Ward"; "Vagina / Virginia"; "Where you at" / "Where you from"; "Zulu / Zydeco," and finally, the end to this accelerando: "Amen. / Only after taking in my mother landscape was speech possible." Foster's poetry "takes in" so much, and her incredible bibliography is at once an ordered series of keywords and an endless opening up of questions around race, place, gender. Foster doesn't answer these questions; she does more. As the language of her poems creates a space of productive relationships between them, Foster is asking us to do as the poem does: take it all in.
In a very different way, Yusef Komunyakaa asked us to do this, too. Komunyakaa is a poet of long sentences, accumulation of appositions and conjunctions, syntactic frameworks that demand way more than the one listen we were lucky enough to have. But like both Foster's and Nicole Cooley's, Komunyakaa's poems were about facing history. "You Made Me" narrates the personal ("I am a man who came as a boy / out of Little Rock, Selma, / Mobile & Bogalusa"), chronicles a broader history ("The past / rises in red bud & bluejay, in blood oath"), and gives us a speaker rising from blood and hurt: "Out of this," the speaker says, "out of spit & mud, straw / & myth," "still I sing / till the auctioned-off faces / rise out of the bottomland." I come forth, Komunyakaa said; I rise. That regeneration may not have been visible in "Requiem," the Katrina poem he closed with. When the water came, as the poem told it, "the Crescent City was already shook down to her pilings," "lost to waterlogged / memories & quitclaim deeds / exposed for all eyes, damnable / gaze & lamentation," and "already the last ghost song / of the Choctaw & the Chickasaw / was long gone," "a tally / of broken treaties & absences echoing cries of birds…" This isn't only a requiem for Katrina's victims and survivors. It's for all who have known "broken treaties & absences," all who have known the sullying of land, violence against the body, crimes against human dignity. Walt Whitman, at the end of "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," his elegy for President Lincoln, comes to "the song, / the wondrous chant of the gray-brown bird, / And the tallying chant, the echo arous'd in my soul." In "Requiem," Komunyakaa reminds us that tallies can measure the monstrous; what Whitman calls "the wondrous chant" doesn't always seem available. And yet. One phrase from "How It Is," the poem Komunyakaa read right before "Requiem," stands out. It was a poem on writer's block, on the unpredictable behavior of the muse. "A grace note": as I jotted down lines and phrases from the poem, I starred this one. Post-Katrina, man-made disaster, national shame, we need—and for this evening had—the grace notes, the notes of grace that poetry can strike.
Anne Lovering Rounds is Adjunct Professor of Humanities at Metropolitan College of New York and an editorial assistant at Cambridge University Press. She holds a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Harvard University. This is Anne Rounds's final blog post of the 2010 season.
Labels: anne lovering rounds, bryant park reading room events, guest bloggers, word for word poetry blogs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Four Ways For Your Resume To Shine!
We all have submitted a resume and never received an answer back. Here are four ways to increase your probability of getting a positive response, not just a "thank you" note.
Posted in Blog: Career Advice & Tips | Comments Off on Four Ways For Your Resume To Shine!
Want The Job? Ask The Right Questions!
Posted in Blog: Career Advice & Tips | Comments Off on Want The Job? Ask The Right Questions!
50+ And Need To Find Another Job?
Posted in Blog: Career Advice & Tips | Comments Off on 50+ And Need To Find Another Job?
Everyone has experienced making a bad decision, or a performance shortfall. You can never redo what has passed, but you can recover to a better place than where you were before. How?
Most importantly, if your attitude or behavior becomes an impediment, it will dramatically affect your future. As the saying goes, "When you're in a hole, stop digging". That doesn't mean you stop trying, just that you must turn your attention to positive strategies to move you in the right direction: Upward.
Having a business idea rejected is nothing new. What's different is the belief you have in your idea and the persistence in making it work. Most successful people I know have kept moving forward, figured out the barriers and made the changes that made the difference.
Some folk are just too impatient. I seldom see a business become an instant success, or someone new on the job become an outstanding performer overnight. If you have a terrific idea that no one is listening to, take a small project to demonstrate. Sometimes seeing is believing.
On the other hand, some folk are just too slow. There are some things you can't procrastinate. When you get a bad performance review, when you make a bad decision, or when you're terminated, if you don't get energized with an action plan, you lose. When you wait too long to find answers to questions that are career or life changing, the chances are they will be.
Seek out the people who can help you. Some unfortunates want to hide and try to recover all by themselves. Bad decision. The best help you can get are from those who know you well, and know what you are capable of achieving. Network your contacts to help them understand your situation, the "why", and what you need in order to find a solution.
When a bad decision is made, unmake it as quickly and smoothly as possible. Hoping a bad decision will go away doesn't work well. Make it better by figuring out how to reverse or modify the situation to give you time to make the right decision.
You may ask, "How do you know so much that you can give advice to me?". I have experienced each of the issues of rejection (starting my own business), bad decisions (joining a company that was incompatible) and leaving 2 companies (a mismatched merger and a paranoid boss). After each disaster I came out stronger and at a higher level than before. I only give these words of encouragement because they work.


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US stance holding up nations' pledges on climate change
FILE – In this April 3, 2014 file photo giant machines dig for brown coal at the open-cast mining Garzweiler in front of a smoking power plant near the city of Grevenbroich in western Germany. Fiji says uncertainty over whether the United States will pull out of the Paris Agreement won't stop the rest of the international community from trying to make progress at this year's international climate summit. The Pacific island nation will chair the talks in Bonn, Germany, from Nov. 6-17. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner, File)
BERLIN (AP) — Strong statements on the need to combat climate change have become staple fare at global summits — a problem, like terrorism, that all leaders traditionally agreed needs to be tackled even if they differed on the details.
But the issue could become a stumbling block at a G-7 meeting of leading Western powers in Sicily this month, amid uncertainty over whether the U.S. will withdraw from the Paris Agreement on fighting global warming.
"We are working very hard, our Italian friends are working very hard on a strong outcome," Jochen Flasbarth, a senior official in Germany's environment ministry, said Thursday at the end of a two-week meeting on climate change in Bonn, Germany.
U.S. President Donald Trump pledged during the election campaign to "cancel" the Paris climate accord, which was widely hailed as a key step toward cutting planet-warming carbon emissions when it was agreed upon in 2015. The White House recently said it will make a decision about the Paris agreement after the G-7 summit that takes place in Taormina, Sicily on May 26-27.
Flasbarth said the Trump administration's position is also being felt in preparations for his country's hosting of the Group of 20 leading and emerging economies in Hamburg on July 7-8.
"There is some uncertainty, both for the communique under the G-20 presidency as well as the G-7 meeting, because the position of the U.S. with regard to climate change policy is still under review," Flasbarth said.
Experts expressed concern at the prospect that differences over climate change would prevent the G-7 leaders from agreeing on a joint declaration next week.
"It's not acceptable for the other six to have no mention of climate in the final G-7 communique," said Alden Meyer of the Union of Concerned Scientists, a veteran observer of international climate negotiations. He said if there's no agreement, the other six G-7 countries may issue their own statement on climate change.
The State Department declined to comment on Flasbarth's comments or the complications posed for other G-7 countries by the U.S. position.
A State Department official said in an emailed statement that the Trump administration was "reviewing the United States' international climate change policies" and had no decisions to announce.
The statement echoed the words of American officials whenever they were pressed about the U.S. plans at the climate talks in Bonn this month.
Other nations insisted they would move ahead with ambitious goals to curb global warming regardless of the U.S. stance.
"At this point in time, of course, the United States has not made that decision (to withdraw from the Paris accord)," said Fiji climate envoy Nazhat Shameem Khan, but added: "We will not stop our work even if the result is a negative one."
The Pacific island nation will chair an annual climate summit in Bonn on Nov. 6-17.
Karl Ritter in Rome and Josh Lederman in Washington contributed to this report.
Follow Frank Jordans on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/wirereporter
Tags: climate change, global warming, U.S.. Bookmark the permalink.
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Results of New National Poll of Voters with and without Disabilities
Jennifer Laszlo Mizrahi Feb 14, 2018 #PwDsVote, Polls, Press Releases 5 comments
This is the first poll to cover a number of new issues from a disability perspective, including the views of the disability community on the NRA, pro-life groups, President Trump, healthcare, values and other issues.
(View all poll data, PDF and Accessible PPT)
Contact: Jennifer Laszlo Mizrahi | 202-365-0787 | jenniferm@respectability.org
Washington, D.C., Feb. 13, 2018 – A new national phone poll of registered voters shows the size, scope, and varied nature of the disability community in the United States. Fully 63 percent of American voters are in the extended disability community — people with disabilities, a family member with a disability, a close friend with a disability, work on behalf of people with disabilities, or volunteer for disability causes.
Half of electorate in disability community: 63% in extended disability community; 51% with disability connection; 54% in disability community
People with disabilities, 17 percent of voters, are 9 percent more likely to be extremely interested in voting in 2018 than those outside the extended disability community. While there are key issues on which the majority aligns with Democrats, such as support for the ACA and opposition to the new tax cuts, they are varied and dynamic in their political affiliation. Majorities in the extended disability community and outside of it agree that the country is on the "wrong track" (55 and 56 percent wrong track, respectively).
There has been a significant shift in voting patterns of this swing demographic over the past four years. In 2014, a 55 percent majority of voters with disabilities or a disability connection voted for Republican candidates for congress while in 2018, only 39 percent plan to vote for the Republican candidate. This shift is even greater than 17-point shift towards Democrats among voters that are not in the disability community.
Importantly, these voters with disabilities are more likely to be unemployed and looking for work. Fully 54 percent of voters without disabilities are employed full time compared to only 22 percent of their counterparts with disabilities. Only 4 percent of voters with disabilities who are unemployed are not in the market for work.
Only one-in-three working-age Americans with a disability has a job, despite the fact that studies show that 70 percent of the 21-million working-age people with disabilities are striving for work. More than 78 percent of non-disabled Americans are employed.
Both voters with and without disabilities place importance on the value of "treating everyone equally." People with disabilities, however, are more likely than those without disabilities to prioritize "loving, supporting & defending [their] country", "being loyal to family members", and "keeping [ones] promises & fulfilling [ones] duties."
Another bi-partisan poll from October 2016 of 900 likely 2016 voters found overwhelming support for a series of policies to advance opportunities for people with disabilities. More than 8 out of 10 voters are more likely to support a candidate who prioritizes "ensuring that children with disabilities get the education and training they need to succeed;" 61 percent are much more likely to support the candidate.
This national phone survey took place from January 6-11, 2018 among 1,000 registered voters from a voter file sample. Data shown in this deck is among all registered voters unless otherwise noted. Margin of error for the full sample is +/-3.1 percentage points at the 95 percent confidence level. Of the 1,000 respondents, 66 percent were interviewed via cell phone in order to accurately sample the American electorate.
*2014 congressional vote data from national "election night" survey conducted by Democracy Corps and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research from November 3-5, 2015 among 588 voters in 2014.
**2016 presidential vote data from national "election night" survey conducted by Lake Research Partners and The Tarrance Group from November 6-8, 2016 among 2,400 voters and likely 2016 voters.
***The October 2016 survey was conducted by Democratic polling firm Greenberg Quinlan Rosner and Republican polling firm North Star Opinion Research by phone of 900 likely 2016 voters from October 21 through October 24, 2016. Likely voters were determined based on stated intention of voting in 2016, and vote history in 2012 and 2014. Margin of error for the full sample is +/-3.27 percentage points at the 95 percent confidence level. Of the 900 respondents, 65 percent were interviewed via cell phone in order to accurately sample the American electorate.
There will be a full briefing via teleconference/web
Tuesday, Feb. 20th, 3:30 PM ET
Sign up HERE to attend
Live captioning will be provided
Moderator: Lauren Appelbaum, communications director, RespectAbility
Pollster: Stanley Greenberg PhD:
Stanley Greenberg is a New York Times best-selling author and polling adviser to presidents, prime ministers and CEOs globally and right now is conducting deep research in more than a dozen countries. He was the senior pollster for President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and President Nelson Mandela. Greenberg's corporate clients include Boeing, BP, Microsoft, and other global companies. Greenberg was inducted into the American Association of Political Consultants' "Hall of Fame." He has been described as "the father of modern polling techniques," "the De Niro of all political consultants," and "an unrivaled international 'guru.'" Esquire Magazine named him one of the most important people of the 21st century. Republican pollster Frank Luntz says, "Stan Greenberg scares the hell out of me. He doesn't just have a finger on the people's pulse; he's got an IV injected into it. He's the best." He is always on call because his research is relevant, innovative and deep, whether it is exploring the new economy, climate change, new gender roles, political reform, or the hegemonic role of millennials.
Jennifer Laszlo Mizrahi is the President of RespectAbility, a nonprofit organization fighting stigmas and advancing opportunities for people with disabilities. She regularly works with disability organizations, national, state and local policy leaders, workforce development professionals, media, employers, philanthropists, celebrities and faith-based organizations in order to expand opportunities for people with disabilities. To reach her, email JenniferM@RespectAbility.org.
Marsha Feb 14, 2018, 7:59 pm
Thanks so much for these polling results! Who commissioned the poll and who paid for it? Looking forward to web briefing next week!
Maureen Heyi Mar 1, 2018, 7:26 pm
Thank you for sharing that information
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Artvin is a city located in the east of the Black Sea region, near the border of Georgia. It's famous for its bulls which are the symbol of the city. About 55% of Artvin's land is covered by forest. It's truly a lush stomping ground, with magnificent plateaus (called "yayla," where people settle and that are perfect for escaping the heat in the summer), fields of tea, and waterfalls aplenty.
There are many places to visit in the city center and its surrounding areas, but you also have to travel all around. There's just so much to see and do in places like Borçka, Şavşat and Arhavi.
There's a special variety of corn bread along the Black Sea, as well as dishes like pilav covered with Hamsi (also called European anchovy), kale dishes, fried pickles, a cheesy corn/breakfast fondu kind of dish called muhlama, and many other local foods.
There are paths to hike along, rafting and canoeing facilities in the Çoruh River. There are many accommodation options, like hotels and local houses for camping, staying in a yayla or in the city center. Local houses might be a more off the-beaten-path experience with the great hospitality of local residents.
There are two Karagöl lakes in Artvin, one in Şavşat Karagöl and the other in Borçka Karagöl. Karagöl National Park, one of 40 national parks in Turkey, is divided into two separate areas: Karagöl and Sahara Plateau. Sahara Plateau has a wide range of green land and famous cold springs.
Karagöl in Şavşat is about 80 km. to Artvin city center, and the drive is easy as the roads are relatively newly paved. Renting a car is quite simple. There were 11 kinds of fish in the lake as well as the local carp. The non-carp fish were brought by an officer who worked there at the time, and they have adapted to the lake.
There is a beautiful trail that can be walked comfortably around the lake, and it's a nice easy stroll that won't tire you out. There are also tables and picnic areas dotted around if you feel like taking a break.
The Machakhlistskali River crosses between George and Turkey and features spots of true beauty. Machakheli means handwriting in Georgian and is named for Camili Village in the center with 5 villages around it as if they were 5 fingers. This region is still largely Georgian culturally, which can be seen in the cuisine.
Machakheli is the only UNESCO registered bio-reserve area in Turkey. It's also the only place in Turkey which plays host to the particular Caucasian bee species. This bee species can mine deeper into flowers than most other species and therefore can collect the sweetest nectar. They can collect more pollen and produce 1.5 times more honey than the average honeybee.
A green colored board-walk path brings you up to a waterfall through winding forest treks. It is located within the Machakheli borders and is 1,550 m above sea level.
The lake is rich with endemic vegetation and surrounded by massive, magnificent trees. There is a path that you can walk 2,450 meters around the lake, which is about 25 meters deep.
You can rent a boat to visit the lake. There is also a restaurant at which to relax and get a bite to eat.
After Borçka Karagöl, you can go to Kafkasör Plateau close to the center of Artvin. Kafkasör Plateau has an altitude of 1,250m and holds a cultural tourism and art festival every July. Bungalows are offered on the plateau for accommodation. In addition, the plateau has some healing spring waters called Cıskaro, Yalnızhasan and Acısu. It is commonly believed that these spring waters are good for some skin diseases in humans and animals.


In his first tweet since the attempt to repeal and replace ObamaCare failed, US President, Donald Trump says, 'ObamaCare will explode and we will all get together and piece together a great healthcare plan for the people'.
All seems well between Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode his predecessor in office and Minister of Power, Works and Housing, Mr. Babatunde Fashola as both men sat down for a chat in Lagos today.
Dino Melaye has vowed to make the publisher of online news website, Sahara Reporters, Omoyele Sowore, go to jail following reports of his alleged incomplete first degree programme at the Ahmadu Bello University ABU. Dino has petitioned the Inspector General of Police, Idris Ibrahim, alleging that Sahara Reports is Cyberstalling him.
President Muhammadu Buhari has sacked a Permanent Secretary, who has been using his office to defraud the Federal Government by awarding contracts worth billions of Naira to himself through the award of phantom contracts.
Veteran broadcaster and journalist, Soni Irabor celebrates his wife of 34 years and publisher, Betty Irabor, who turned 60 years today. He posted a throwback photo her, recounting how they met in 1982.
7th Republic Records presents its fresh artiste Ibe Franklin aka F2 and debut the Audio and Video of his fresh single titled Shima Produced by Wisdombeats, Video directed by Nigerian UK based director 'Chidube'. #ShimaByF2.
A Nigerian man has released a video to reveal that he is gay and interested in a relationship with a serious and well to do man who will take care of him. He introduced himself as Vickysexymama and said he's very hot right now and is interested in getting married ASAP.
On Friday, when news broke that the plan to repeal and replace Obama care by the Trump administration had failed, Twitter exploded with comments, jokes and memes.
Many responses involved jokes about Trump's book, "The Art of the Deal," or the pull-out method, and endless social media trolling. See more responses after the cut.
Are you Interested in the post study and work opportunities that lie beyond the shores of Nigeria talking Australia, Canada, USA, Ireland, Germany and more in September 2017/January 2018? Look no further, as Nigeria's foremost International Agency representing well over 150 Universities worldwide is inviting you to attend its 5th Annual Education Road Show.
President Donald Trump's frequent travel, large family and unusual living situation is apparently weighing heavily on the Secret Service's budget.
According to a Washington Post report, the agency recently requested an additional $60 million in spending for fiscal year 2018. Nearly $27 million of that was to be earmarked for security at the president's private residence at Trump Tower in New York, where first lady Melania Trump lives with their 11-year-old son.
5 More Days To The Big Unveil & The Slimtea Discount Continues!
It's Day 2 of the 7-day Easter discount with Slimtea!Have you bought your Slimtea yet? Customers get a whopping 15% off their Slimtea purchases so it's a win-win for your body and your wallet! The discount count-down started yesterday, the 24th of March and will end on the 30th of March!
Deepest Cut is a movie produced by one of Nollywood's versatile actresses Matilda Gogo Lambert and Directed by Africa's best Pascal Amanfo...Starring Majid Michel, Matilda Lambert, Zack Orji, Segun Arinze, Frederick Leonard, Nicole Banna, Larry Koldsweat, Titi joseph, Mickey Odey, Femi Afolabi etc was shot in the federal capital of Nigeria, Abuja.
Senator Dino Melaye who is currently facing a degree certificate scandal shared the photo of his mother's hand on his chest while placing his hand around her shoulder. Captioning the photo, he wrote: 'Sweet mother I love you'.
Join us on Saturday, 1st April, 2017 at The Shell Hall, Muson Centre, Onikan, Lagos. Time: 9am.
Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi-Adichie has been named among the top 50 world leaders for 2017 by Fortune Magazine. She was ranked 42 on the list that has Theo Epstein, President of the Chicago Cubs as number one.
The list ranks men and women transforming the world and inspiring others In business, government, philanthropy and the arts, and all over the globe to do the same.
Authorities of the Ahmadu Bello University have given a reason why they have not reacted to the ongoing certificate scandal involving one of its students, Senator Dino Melaye. Sahara Reporters had published a report alleging that Dino never completed his first degree programme in the school's department of Geography, an allegation Dino has since denied.
US authorities have revealed that Justice Derrick Watson, the federal judge from Hawaii who blocked president Donald Trump's revised travel ban has received numerous threats against his life. FBI spokeswoman Michele Ernst said Thursday that the agency is aware of reports of threatening messages against Watson, who presides over cases in Hawaii, and is prepared to help if necessary.
This girl tried to make her boyfriend jealous but did she go too far?


Horizon Laboratory is taken over by criminals who want to create a bomb and destroy the world. Among them was Doc Ock, Goblin and the Vulture. Therefore it needs your help to guide Spiderman in the laboratory as like Peter Parker. You must sneak and go undetected to shut this thing down.
You'll need a mouse to move in the desired direction. Avoid meeting with the guards and other people in the lab, you must make it unseen. It is an exciting and thrilling adventure, if necessary you can turn into Spiderman to pass certain obstacles.


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Category: Internet Tools
Android Apple Internet Tools Personal
Instagram Direct is Much Better Than Snapchat
By Zach | 2013-12-12 by Zach
With Instagram 5.0 (Google Play Store, Apple App Store), released earlier today, you can now send photos to specific people with a feature called "Instagram Direct." It's obvious that Instagram developed this feature to compete with Snapchat. I'd like to weigh the pros and cons of Instagram Direct, and hopefully steer you away from using Snapchat when you want to share a normal picture with a friend. I also want to discuss Instagram as a…
Internet Tools Uncategorized
17 Awesome Google Chrome Extensions You Should Use
Chrome is the most-used Internet browser in the world, and for good reasons – it's fast, powerful, and well-designed. Users can also install extensions for Chrome via the Chrome Web Store, which further expand its functionality. I've compiled a list of 16 of my favorite Google Chrome extensions, most of which are integral to my browsing experience.
Google Reader – An Introduction
NOTE: As of early July 2013, Google has discontinued Google Reader. I have since migrated to inoreader.com, a nearly equivalent RSS aggregator. The article below is still a useful read!


NGV Friday: A New Year and a New North Korea?
The reclusive regime over on the Korean peninsula created what would be one of the most intriguing and dangerous stories of 2017. With an economy and a government centered around the might of its military, North Korea terrified the United States and its allies with their threats. Kim Jong Un was not afraid to attack President Trump, threaten the contiguous United States, and even the naval base at Guam. The failure of past administrations was clear as North Korea was able to finally display the nuclear weapons they had acquired through the years. The Clinton administration had originally reached a deal in 1994 to deter the regime from acquiring nuclear weapons. The hasty agreement was quickly proven to be a mistake. During the Bush administration, the North Koreans first tested their weapons with subsequent launches over the next few years.
The Obama administration was not willing for the regime to continue their pursuit of nuclear weapons, but the policy of "strategic patience" proved not to be the most effective. There was not any productive dialogue during the Obama years and little visible cooperation with South Korea and Japan. Regardless, North Korea continued their policy of "military first" as the rest of the nation suffered. The change of leadership did not change this reality. Kim Jong Un had taken over after his father Kim Jong Il's death in 2011. He, like his father, maintained his iron grip on the nation by continuing his work to preserve the military strength of North Korea.
As the United States waged their own internal war over its next president in 2016, the threats of war and destruction by the hostile North Korean regime began to increase. During the presidential primary debates within the Republican Party, the topic of North Korea was frequently brought up. How would each of the candidates deal with a missile launch from the rogue regime? What was the proper military response? As many analysts realized, the situation was far more complex than originally thought. Any military action that was taken by the U.S. would cause a disastrous response that would severely threaten South Korea. Even a strike to destroy all of the nuclear launch sites was risky. Lack of credible intelligence, retaliation from the regime and general uncertainty posed a real problem for any military action.
The U.S. presidential election eventually took place and Donald Trump was left with quite a challenge from the rogue regime. However, unlike his predecessors, instead of waiting and relying on diplomacy, the new president focused on engaging with the dictator on social media, threatening to destroy the nation, and pressuring China to act. This was a completely new approach, but it did not guarantee success either. Many politicians and media figures thought that provoking the regime would be dangerous to national security. Thus far, it has not triggered a catastrophic response from the dictator, but has kept the fighting on social media and not with nuclear missiles.
With the ushering in of the new year, Kim Jong Un seems to have lessened his posture. After spending the past year being under the international spotlight for the wrong reasons, North Korea might be finally deciding to reform its approach. Although they most likely want to be respected by the world, the regime may have realized that its threatening posture was not producing the desired results. Similar to India, Pakistan, and Israel, North Korea claimed that the reason for possessing nuclear weapons was to ward off any country (especially those from dominant figures such as the U.S. and China) that they felt threatened their national security. Thus, giving up their arsenal to an organization sent by the United Nations or having them destroyed by the United States was not a viable option.
Ironically, the Winter Olympics are being held in South Korea this year. As the competition approaches, the regime has been leaning towards dialogue with the U.S. and its allies. The Trump administration and the South Korean leadership have been cautious with this new development. They cannot afford the major consequence of being tricked into a situation in which Kim Jong Un has the upper hand. It should be the mission of the U.S. and its allies to find out what the regime is seeking during this "thawing of relations" period. The powerful Chinese government, however, has refused to take any action that disrupts the North Korean government. The only encouraging sign was their recent vote in favor of strong economic sanctions on North Korea in the United Nations Security Council resolution on the matter. Despite the challenges, the U.S. should continue their diplomatic dialogue with China with the hope that they will eventually use their influence on North Korea to lessen the threat level.
As with any complex international affairs crisis, avoiding war should always be the most important focus. However, strong diplomacy should always backed by a powerful military (as Reagan did). With the Trump administration, any diplomatic action that the U.S. takes will come with the promise of a strong military response if a reached agreement is not carried out. This turn of events could be promising in that war could be avoided, but it will take time for U.S. to acknowledge a regime that starves and tortures its own people in the pursuit of military dominance.


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Тосканският диалект () е италиански диалект, който се говори в Тоскана, една от регионите на Италия.

Този диалект лежи в основата на италианския книжовен език заради шедьоврите на Данте Алигиери, Франческо Петрарка, Джовани Бокачо и Николо Макиавели. След италианските войни за независимост в Кралство Италия възниква необходимост от национален език, защото населението в Италия говори на много диалекти, което възпрепятства общуването. С подкрепата на големия писател Алесандро Манцони литературният тоскански диалект бе избран.

Разговорният тоскански диалект е доста различен от италианския книжовен език.

Говорещи
Около 3.500.000 души говорят на тоскански, тоест населението на цяла Тоскана, без жителите на провинцията Маса-Карара, които говорят на карарски, северен диалект.

Диалектни характеристики
Тоскайският диалект има хомогенни характеристики като между неговите поддиалекти има малки разлики.

Фонетика

Тосканско гърло

"Тосканското гърло" е фонетично явление на тосканския диалект: според него преградните съгласни звукове [k], [t] и [p] стават проходни между две гласни. Типичен пример е придиханието на 'c' (к) между две гласни.

Отслабване на g и c
Друго фонетично явление е отслабването на италианските меко g  (дж) и меко c  (ч) между две гласни. Между два гласни звука, звучната венечно-небна африката преминава в звучна венечно-небна проходна:

Това явление е силно разпространено и може да се чуе в разговорната реч (също в Умбрия): думата la gente, хората, на стандартен италиански звучи //, докато в Тоскана звучи //.

По същия начин беззвучната венечно-небна африката преминава в звучна венечно-небна проходна между две гласни:

Думата la cena (вечерята) на стандартен италиански звучи //, докато в Тоскана – //.

Африкатизация на s
Едно общо фонетично явление е преобразуването от беззвучния s или беззвучния венечен проходен съгласен звук // в беззвучния венечен преградно-проходен съгласен звук , когато го предшестват  [р],  [л], или  [н].

Например, "il sole" (слънцето) на стандартен италиански звучи //, а в Тоскана – //; така и може да се чуе в думи като "falso" (фалшив) // → //. Това е общо явление в Централна Италия.

Съкращаване на
Има два резултата от еволюцията на латинския гласен звук ŏ. През средните векове гласната  преминава в двугласна . Това явление никога не е било стабилно и двете предишни форми са се запазили. Двугласната навлиза в книжовния език (напр. fuoco, buono, nuovo), а гласната се запазва само в разговорния реч (foco, bono, novo).

Морфология

Удвояване на личните местоимение
Едно морфологично явление, цитирано от Алесандро Манцони в шедьовъра му "I promessi sposi" (Годениците), е удвояване на личното местоимение в дателен падеж.

В италиански език, както и български, има две форми за личните местоимения в дателен падеж: пълна форма, предлог + местоимение a me (на мене), и кратка форма, mi (ми). Тосканският диалект използва и двете форми във фразите, за да усили смисъла, както се случва и на български:

 на стандартен италиански: [a me piace] (на мене ми харесва) или [mi piace] (харесва ми)
 на тоскански: [a me mi piace] (на мене ми харесва)

Това явление се среща и в останалите диалекти на Централна Италия и само италианските лингвисти престават да смятат това за грешка. Съвременните езиковеди го приемат като стандартна пратктика.

В няколко поддиалекта може да се намери и удвоеното местоимение във винителен падеж (me mi vedi, мене ме виждаш), като на български, но то не се използва често.

Определителен член за мъжки род
Във флорентинския поддиалект определителният член за мъжки род има една-единствена форма  за единствено и за множествено число, но те се различават по фонетичното влияние, което упражняват върху следващия съгласен звук. Членът за единствено число предизвиква удвояне на съгласната:  'кучето', а членът за множествено число позволява съгласно отслабване или тосканското гърло:  'кучетата'.

Noi и безлично si
Едно морфологическо явление, което се среща в Тоскана, е личната употреба на безличното si (което не трябва да се бърка с пасивното si или с възвратното si) като трето лице множествено число на глаголите, подоно на употребата на местоимението On във френския език.

Възможно е да се използва конструкцията Si + трето единствено лице, към която може да се добави местоимението за първо лице множествено лице Noi, защото говорещите не забелязват "si" като независима частица, а като проста част на глаголното спрежение.
 на книжовен италиански: [Andiamo a mangiare] (Отиваме да ядем), [Noi andiamo là] (Ние отиваме там)
 на тоскански: [Si va a mangiare] (Отиваме да ядем), [Noi si va là] (Ние отиваме там)
Това явление може да се открие във всяко глаголно време, включително и в сложните. Днес частицата si изисква една от формите на глагола essere (съм) като спомагателен глагол, дори глаголът обикновено да изисква avere (има) като спомагателен глагол. Миналото причастие трябва да се съгласува с подлога по род и число, ако глаголът обикновено изисква essere като спомагателен глагол, а не трябва да се съгласува с подлога, ако глаголът обикновено изисква avere.
 на книжовен италиански: [Siamo andate a sciare], [Abbiamo mangiato al ristorante]
 на тоскански: [S'è andate a sciare], [S'è mangiato al ristorante]

Обикновено Si се съкращава S' преди è.

Fo (faccio) и vo (vado)
Друго морфологично явление на тосканския диалект е скъсяването на първо лице единствено число при сегашното време на глаголите fare (правя) и andare (отивам).
 Fare: faccio → fo (Аз правя)
 Andare: vado → vo (Аз отивам)
Тези форми са се появили по две причини. Самото фонетично изменение би обяснило загубата на  и редукцията от  в  в този случай:  → * → . По подобие на латинския език: sapio → италиански so (зная); ако това изменение не присъстваше, бъдещата форма на  щеше да бъде *, с общо удължаване на съгласния звук преди .

Преустройството на спрежението на тези глаголи ги сближава до глаголите dare (давам) и stare (стоя). Така, so, sai, sa... sanno ( 1, 2, 3 лице, ед. ч. и 3 л. мн. ч.) се спрягат подобно на do, dai, dà... danno и sto, stai, sta... stanno, и с fo, fai, fa... fanno и vo, vai, va... vanno.

Загуба на инфинитивното окончание "-re"
Едно фонетично-морфологическо явление, може би породило се в Тоскана, е загубата на инфинитивното окончание -re на глаголите.
 andàre → andà
 pèrdere → pèrde
 finìre → finì

Ударението не се мести в новата предпоследна сричка, както изискват фонетичните правила на езика. Така инфинитивните форми могат да съвпаднат с други форми на самия глагол: pèrde 'кратък инфинитив', pèrde 'той/тя губи'; finì 'кратък инфинитив', finì 'той/тя свърши'. Поради разликите в синтаксиса тези съвпадения не предизвикват двусмислие.

Неподвижното ударение може да се обясни със средна форма с -r (като инфинитивните форми на испански език).

В много говори (пизански или ливорнски) краткият инфинитив без -re са норма, а във флорентинския говор редуванията кратки/пълни форми са напълно правилни: има пълни инфинитиви на края на изречението и преди пауза. Първата съгласна на възможни енклитики се удвоява след кратките форми (per vedéllo 'за да го види', per portácci 'за да го донесе').

Речников състав
Тосканският диалект притежава лексика, която е много подобна на италианската, но съществуват и някои регионални думи.

Ето няколко известни тоскански думи:
 babbo вместо papà (баща)
 bove (литературна форма на стандартен италиански) вместо bue (вол)
 cacio вместо formaggio (сирене)
 chetarsi (литературна форма на стандартен италиански) вместо fare silenzio (мълча)
 codesto (литературна форма на стандартен италиански) е местоимение което посочва нещо далече от говорещия но близо до слушателия
 desinare (литературна форма на стандартен италиански) вместо pranzare (обядвам)
 diaccio вместо ghiacciato, "freddo" (замразен)
 ire вместо andare (отивам) (само в някои форми, например ito (отишъл))
 garbare вместо piacere (харесвам)
 gota (литературна форма на стандартен италиански) вместо guancia (буза)
 sciocco (което значи "глупав" на стандартен италиански) вместо insipido (безвкусен)
 sudicio вместо spazzatura (боклук) като съществително име и вместо sporco (мръсен) като прилагателно име.

Източници

Италиански език
Тоскана
Диалекти

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Connect to Recovery is a call tree designed to connect people struggling with drug addiction and recovery with established members of the recovery community who volunteer their time to provide support from a relatable perspective.
Who Operates Connect to Recovery?
The program was founded by Connect to Recovery's parent organization, New Directions Addiction Recovery Services (NDARS), and launched on November 1st, 2017. It joins The Other Side, a sober bar in Crystal Lake, and New Directions Sober Living, a structured housing program, as part of the range of services NDARS provides to serve the recovery community.
However, the volunteers in Connect to Recovery's call tree don't just come from NDARS. The program includes over 50 volunteers at least a year into recovery, and they come from all over the recovery community, including Alcoholics Anonymous and more Christian-based programs. This lets Connect to Recovery draw on many different styles of support based on different experiences and ways of looking at recovery.
Why Does Connect to Recovery Exist?
Connect to Recovery started providing its services to fill a gap in the resources available to people in addiction or early recovery. All too often, they'll complete a treatment program, get released, and then not be heard from until they eventually relapse and show up for treatment again.
The volunteers at Connect to Recovery make personal connections with these people and help introduce them into the community and lifestyle of recovery. This gives them that extra push they need to truly commit to their recovery and stay engaged with it, eliminating that treatment gap.
If you or a loved one are struggling with addiction or recovery, don't hesitate—call us at 847-512-8052.
We're always on call, and we're always here to help.


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Pharmacy Residency Programs
PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program
PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program in the Ambulatory Care/Specialty Setting
PGY2 Critical Care Residency Program
PGY2 Oncology Residency Program
Residency Preceptors
Prior Residents
Home / For Health Care Professionals / Education / Education A to Z / Pharmacy Residency Programs / Residency Preceptors
Pharmacy Residency Program Directors and Preceptors
The residency preceptors at Dartmouth-Hitchcock are committed to providing outstanding pharmacy post-graduate residency training. Our goal is to develop autonomous practitioners equipped to provide evidence-based direct patient care. Our team of preceptors are highly skilled, have diverse backgrounds and interests, and are passionate about fostering the future of pharmacy. Below you will find a brief biography for each preceptor, some of whom are involved in several of the residency programs.
Joseph A. Berndsen, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacist Lead-Anticoagulation
PGY1 Residency Program Director
Joseph Berndsen, PharmD is the Anticoagulation Clinical Pharmacy Specialist at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. After receiving a doctor of pharmacy degree from the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Dr. Berndsen completed a Pharmacy Practice Residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Dr. Berndsen joined the pharmacy department upon completion of his residency training in 2009 as a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Cardiology prior to serving in his current position.
Dr. Berndsen's areas of interest include anticoagulation stewardship, multidisciplinary approaches to optimize anticoagulation management, and cardiovascular diseases. He currently serves as co-chair of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Anticoagulation Subcommittee and is a member of the Anticoagulation Stewardship team.
Alyson M. Esteves, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacist Lead-Critical Care
PGY2 Critical Care Residency Program Director
Alyson Esteves, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP, is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Critical Care at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, as well as the PGY2 Critical Care Residency Program Director. After earning her doctor of pharmacy degree in 2012 from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Boston, Dr. Esteves completed a PGY1 pharmacy residency at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. She then completed a critical care specialty residency at Baylor University Medical Center, before coming to DHMC in 2014.
Among critical care topics, Dr. Esteves has particular interests in sedation management and delirium. She is currently the medical intensive care (MICU) preceptor for both PGY1 and PGY2 residents. Dr. Esteves also offers a variety of student rotations. She is a member of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Outside of work, she enjoys hiking, snowboarding, traveling, and spending time with her dog, family, and friends.
Joyce Gawron, PharmD, BCPS
Associate Director of Pharmacy Services
Joyce Gawron, PharmD, BCPS, is the Associate Director of Pharmacy Services for hospital operations at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dr. Gawron joined the pharmacy department at DHMC in 2006 and served as the Clinical Manager from 2008 to 2016 before assuming her current position. Dr. Gawron earned a Bachelor of Science degree in pharmacy from the University of Rhode Island and a Doctor of Pharmacy from Albany College of Pharmacy. She practiced many years as a staff pharmacist before assuming leadership roles including Clinical Coordinator and Director of Pharmacy at different institutions. Dr. Gawron serves as a preceptor for the administration rotation and her areas of interest include process improvement and the advancement of both pharmacist and technician roles.
Staci A. Hermann, PharmD, MS
Chief Pharmacy Officer
Staci Hermann was named Chief Pharmacy Officer in Nov 2018. In this role, she leads and provides executive leadership for all of Dartmouth-Hitchcock's Pharmacy business lines: Hospital, Infusion & Research, Retail/Outpatient, Clinical Ambulatory, ACO/PBM Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy Supply Chain/340B Programs and regional Pharmacy NEPC/NEAH programs spanning all Dartmouth-Hitchcock (D-H) sites. Additionally, she is responsible for and provides strategic oversight and direction of pharmacy programs across the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health system (member entities of the system).
Before stepping into this role, Hermann was the System Director of Clinical Pharmacy Services and Interim Chief Pharmacy Officer at D-H. In that role, she managed the System Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee, specifically focusing on system clinical integration and formulary alignment across the system. In addition, she oversaw clinical pharmacy program growth in both the Ambulatory Clinic space, Inpatient setting and pharmacy residency/ student programs. In her role, Hermann also provided clinical guidance to the retail and specialty pharmacy programs. She also collaborated with Human Resources to ensure formulary/policy alignment between the organization and the benefit program.
Prior to joining D-H, Hermann served as the Assistant Director of Acute Care Services and Interim Director of Pharmacy at Services for the Lahey Clinic Medical Center in Burlington, MA, the flagship hospital for the health system. She had direct management and oversight of Lahey's inpatient operational and clinical services, which also included overseeing the clinical relationships with Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Northeastern University Schools of Pharmacy and residency programs. In this interim role, she also had oversight of the Ambulatory Pharmacy practices, pharmacy supply chain and contracting.
Hermann received a Doctorate of Pharmacy degree from the University of Rhode Island. She also completed a year of post-graduate residency training at Aurora Healthcare in Milwaukee, WI, followed by a two-year focused post-graduate residency training in Pharmacy Administration while completing a Master of Science in Pharmacy Administration from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She continues to remain active in Vizient University Health System Consortium Pharmacy Network committees and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists committees.
Katie Karkowski, PharmD, BCOP
Clinical Pharmacist Lead, Hematology Medicine
PGY2 Oncology Residency Program Director
Katie Karkowski, PharmD, BCOP is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Hematology Medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center as well as the PGY2 Oncology Residency Program Director. She earned her doctor of pharmacy degree in 2014 from the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy. Dr. Karkowski then completed a pharmacy practice residency at Providence St. Peter Medical Center followed by an oncology specialty residency at Geisinger Medical Center. She joined the team at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in August 2016.
Dr. Karkowski serves as the preceptor for PGY1 residents during the elective inpatient hematology/TCT rotation which focuses on inpatient hematology, transplantation and cellular therapy, and related supportive care topics.
Matthew J. Maughan, PharmD
Director of Telepharmacy
Matthew Maughan is the Director of Pharmacy Operations at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. His current scope of responsibility includes working with the pharmacy leaders in the Dartmouth-Hitchcock system to organize and implement system pharmacy projects, as well as serve as the Director of Telepharmacy. He has held positions as the Director of Pharmacy at Sidra Medical & Research Center in Doha, Qatar, Director of Pharmacy at Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Manager of the Children's Hospital Pharmacy at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Medical Center, Adjunct Assistant Professor with the South Carolina College of Pharmacy and Northeast Ohio Medical University.
Dr. Maughan received his Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and completed both a PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residency and a PGY-2 Health-System Pharmacy Administration Residency at the Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center.
Dr. Maughan has led efforts to streamline the pharmacy operations while further showcasing clinical pharmacy practice to nurse and physician colleagues. He is always excited to build dynamic health care teams that can rapidly and effectively treat any patient.
Marva Williams-Lowe, PharmD, MHA
Regional Pharmacy Director, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health
Dr. Marva Williams-Lowe is the Regional Pharmacy Director for the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health System. She provides oversight for acute care and hospital-based ambulatory pharmacy operations at Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital in Lebanon, NH; Mount Ascutney Hospital and Health Center in Windsor, VT; the National Cancer Institute designated Norris Cotton Cancer Center sites in Lebanon, NH and St. Johnsbury, VT. Her areas of responsibility include research pharmacy, medical infusion, and medication management oversight for the Outpatient Surgery Center in Lebanon, NH.
Dr. Williams-Lowe has led the development of pharmacy practice models at Dartmouth-Hitchcock while serving in clinical and administrative positions and on various health system committees. She has led the implementation of various forms of automation and technology, facility design, space redesign, staff education and development programs, and expansion of pharmacy services to include specialized areas of clinical and operational pharmacy practice.
Dr. Williams-Lowe is committed to the development of high reliability pharmacy programs and systems that improve medication safety and quality of patient care.
Dr. Williams-Lowe received her Bachelors of Science degree and Doctor of Pharmacy degree from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy in Boston, MA and completed a Management Certificate program at Boston University and a Masters of Health Administration at the University of Ohio.
Dr. Williams-Lowe serves as one the preceptors for the Administration rotation.
Michelle Blesso, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Staff Pharmacist – Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine
Michelle A. Blesso, PharmD, BCPS, is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and currently serves as preceptor for PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residents. Dr. Blesso earned her doctorate of pharmacy degree in 2016 from the University of Saint Joseph – School of Pharmacy in Hartford, CT. She then completed a PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residency at DHMC..
Dr. Blesso continued her career path at DHMC after residency working as a Clinical Staff Pharmacist. Her clinical areas of interest include behavioral health and substance use disorders. She is currently a member of the Sedation-Analgesia Panel of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and the Opioid Addiction Treatment Collaborative. Outside of pharmacy Dr. Blesso enjoys hiking, traveling, and spending time with her dog, family, and friends.
Amanda C. Chuk, PharmD, BCPS, CPHQ
Pharmacy Manager-Medication Use and Standards
Amanda C. Chuk, Pharm.D., BCPS, CPHQ is the Pharmacy Manager - Medication Use and Standards. After receiving her doctor of pharmacy degree from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Dr. Chuk completed a two-year residency in pharmacy practice and critical care pharmacotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. Dr. Chuk first joined the pharmacy department at DHMC in 2006 as a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Critical Care and served as the Clinical Pharmacist Lead-Critical Care from 2008 to 2013 before serving in her current position.
Dr. Chuk serves as a resource for the Medication Safety longitudinal rotation. She is also co-chair of the institution's Medication Safety Committee, a group that works to maintain standard and safe medication practices across all patient care areas.
Matthew D. Delisle, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacist Lead – Informatics
Matthew Delisle, PharmD is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Pharmacy Informatics at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dr. Delisle earned his doctor of pharmacy degree in 2016 from The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy. He completed a PGY1 pharmacy practice residency at Cleveland Clinic Hillcrest Hospital in 2017. He then completed a PGY2 pharmacy informatics residency at the Cleveland Clinic main campus in 2018. Dr. Delisle joined the pharmacy team at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in August 2018. He is involved in developing and validating build solutions for all Dartmouth-Hitchcock sites on their electronic health record.
Dr. Delisle serves as the preceptor for residents and students interested in learning more about pharmacy informatics and its evolving role in pharmacy practice. He focuses on utilizing technology and data to develop programs and best practices that continually improve pharmacy practice and patient outcomes. Dr. Delisle's interests are clinical decision support, data analytics and reporting, and antimicrobial pharmacokinetics.
Outside of pharmacy, Dr. Delisle enjoys watching and attending sporting events (especially The Ohio State University Buckeyes), trying out new restaurants, drinking coffee and spending time with family.
Liv S. Erhard, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Staff Pharmacist-Critical Care
Liv Erhard, PharmD, BCPS, is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Critical Care at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dr. Erhard received her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Connecticut. She then completed her PGY1 pharmacy residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Dr. Erhard is the surgical ICU preceptor for the PGY2 pharmacy critical care residency program. She also precepts PGY1 residents and pharmacy students in critical care. Her areas of interest include infectious disease and antimicrobial stewardship. Dr. Erhard holds an appointment as an adjunct assistant professor at the University of Connecticut. Outside of work, she enjoys running, ultimate, board games, and spending time with her friends, family, and dog.
Ashley Fay, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Education
Ashley Fay, PharmD, BCPS is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Education at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC). After earning her Doctor of Pharmacy degree in 2013 from the University of Connecticut, Dr. Fay completed a PGY1 pharmacy practice residency at DHMC. She was a clinical staff pharmacist covering internal medicine and cardiology prior to her current role.
Dr. Fay's areas of interest include internal medicine, cardiology, and continuing professional development. Dr. Fay is an internal medicine preceptor for the PGY1 residency program in addition to offering advanced pharmacy practice institutional and internal medicine student rotations. She also serves as co-chair for the P&T Policy Panel and as an adjunct assistant professor at the University of Connecticut. Outside of work, she enjoys spending time with her family and friends, traveling, swimming, hiking, and cooking.
Angie Forbes, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Staff Pharmacist- Critical Care and Internal Medicine
Angie Forbes, PharmD, BCPS, is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Critical Care and Internal Medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. After receiving her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of New England, she completed her PGY1 pharmacy residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Dr. Forbes remained at DHMC following her residency and now serves as a preceptor for PGY1 residents and pharmacy students in the critical care and general medicine areas. She enjoys the variety of disease states in these care areas and specific interests include medication reconciliation and sedation/analgesia. Outside of pharmacy, Dr. Forbes enjoys skiing, sailing, rock climbing, reading, and board games.
Lauren M. Foss, PharmD, BCGP
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Medicine/Surgery
Dr. Lauren Foss is originally from Andover, Massachusetts. She earned her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Rhode Island in 2010. After completing a PGY1 Pharmacy Residency at the VA Boston Healthcare System, Dr. Foss joined the D-H Pharmacy staff as a Clinical Staff Pharmacist prior to serving in her current position as the Medicine/Surgery Clinical Pharmacist Lead.
Dr. Foss' professional areas of interest include geriatrics, diabetes, COPD, pain management, anticoagulation and medication reconciliation. Throughout the year, Dr. Foss offers rotations to both students and residents as part of their required internal medicine rotation. She currently serves as co-chair of the Formulary Panel of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and is a member of the American Geriatrics Association and the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists. Dr. Foss is also an active board member of the New Hampshire Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
In her spare time, she enjoys trying new recipes, shopping, playing tennis, kayaking and spending quality time with friends and family.
Anastasia M. Gregg, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Staff Pharmacist- Cardiology and Solid-Organ Transplant
Anastasia M. Gregg, PharmD, BCPS, is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Cardiology and Solid-Organ Transplant at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. She currently serves as preceptor for PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residents in the Solid Organ Transplant Longitudinal Ambulatory Care Rotation.
Dr. Gregg earned her doctorate of pharmacy degree in 2011 from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences in Boston, Massachusetts. She then completed a pharmacy practice residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Dr. Gregg continued her career path at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center after residency, working as a clinical staff pharmacist in inpatient cardiology. She began working as the interim solid organ transplant pharmacist in August of 2012. Her areas of interest focus on a variety of cardiology topics, as well as immunosuppression and medication reconciliation. Outside of pharmacy, Dr. Gregg enjoys skiing, hiking and rock climbing.
Laura Hackett, PharmD, BCOP
Clinical Pharmacist Lead, Medical Oncology
PGY2 Oncology Residency Program Coordinator
Laura J. Hackett, PharmD, BCOP is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Medical Oncology at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. She serves as the preceptor for the elective ambulatory hematology/oncology rotation.
Dr. Hackett earned her doctor of pharmacy degree in 2012 from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Boston. She then completed a pharmacy practice residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center followed by an oncology specialty residency at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Dr. Hackett rejoined the team at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in January of 2017.
Her areas of interest include supportive care, oncologic emergencies and chemotherapy patient education. She is also a member of the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association. Outside of pharmacy, Dr. Hackett enjoys running, snowboarding and hiking.
Oleksandra Katrych, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Medication Use and Standards
Oleksandra Katrych, Pharm. D, is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead for Medication Use and Standards at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center. Prior to transitioning into her current role Dr. Katrych earned her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from Albany School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, completed her PGY-1 at DHMC and joined DHMC as Clinical Staff Pharmacist.
Dr. Katrych serves as preceptor for the Medication Safety Longitudinal Rotation for PGY-1 Residents. Her project work includes antimicrobial desensitization protocol development, renal dose adjustment per pharmacy, and chlorhexidine bathing. Outside of work she enjoys cooking, gardening and spending time with her family.
Elizabeth A. Koczera, PharmD, BCACP
Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
Elizabeth A. Koczera, PharmD, BCACP, is an Ambulatory Care Pharmacist in the primary care clinics at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Heater Road, and Lyme. She currently serves as a preceptor for PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residents in the Primary Care Longitudinal Ambulatory Care Rotation.
Dr. Koczera earned her doctorate of pharmacy degree in 2014 from the University of Rhode Island in Kingston, Rhode Island. She then completed a community pharmacy practice residency at Froedtert and the Medical Colleges of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, WI before returning to the east coast to complete a second year residency specializing in ambulatory care at Boston Medical Center.
Dr. Koczera continued her career path at Dartmouth-Hitchcock after residency, working as the first ambulatory care pharmacist in the primary care clinic within the medical center. Her areas of interest include geriatrics, infectious disease, and generally promoting the pharmacy profession. Outside of pharmacy, Dr. Koczera enjoys rock climbing, trying out new restaurants, and relaxing with her dog, family, and friends.
Brian Lopez, PharmD
Clinical Staff Pharmacist - Critical Care
Brian Lopez, PharmD, is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Critical Care at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. He serves as one of the preceptors for PGY-1 pharmacy practice residents in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). He is also the preceptor for the elective MICU rotation in the PGY-2 pharmacy critical care residency program.
Dr. Lopez received his Doctor of Pharmacy degree from Belmont University College of Pharmacy. He completed his PGY-1 residency training at Williamson Medical Center in Franklin, TN. He then completed a critical care specialty residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. His areas of interest include antimicrobial stewardship, sedation, and delirium. In his free time he enjoys golfing, hiking, and spending time with his family.
Jeffrey K. Low, PharmD, BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Pediatrics
Jeff Low, PharmD, is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead-Pediatrics for the Children's Hospital at Dartmouth Hitchcock. He also serves as an instructor in pediatrics at The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and an adjunct assistant professor at the University of Connecticut.
Dr. Low earned a doctor of pharmacy degree from the University of Kentucky and completed a pharmacy practice residency at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. Before joining the staff at DHMC, Dr. Low was an Assistant Professor at North Dakota State University where he taught courses in pediatric pharmacotherapy and pharmacokinetics. Dr. Low was the co-founder of the pharmacy residency program at Dartmouth-Hitchcock in 2001 and served as the Director of the Postgraduate Year One Pharmacy Residency Program from 2006-2011. An active member of the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group, Dr. Low has served as the Vice President for Member Services, Chair of the Board of Directors, and is currently serving as Treasurer.
Dr. Low's areas of interest focus on pediatric pharmacy, including medication safety and quality of care in the intensive care nursery and pediatric intensive care unit. He has delivered a variety of lectures and poster presentations related to pediatric pharmacy and pharmacotherapy. Dr. Low precepts PGY1 residents during the required rotation in pediatrics, and he offers elective rotations in the pediatric intensive care unit and neonatal intensive care unit.
Robert W. Maloney, PharmD, BCPS
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Cardiology
Robert Maloney, PharmD, BCPS is the Cardiology Clinical Pharmacist Lead at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. After earning his doctor of pharmacy degree from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Boston, he completed a pharmacy practice residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. Before coming to DHMC, he worked at MGH in both cardiology and general medicine.
Dr. Maloney's areas of interest within cardiology include heart failure, pulmonary hypertension. Dr. Maloney precepts both students and residents during their required rotation in cardiology. He currently serves as a co-chair of the Cardiopulmonary Subcommittee of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee.
Douglas D. Parr, PharmD
Clinical Pharmacist Lead- Investigational Drug Services
Douglas Parr, Pharm.D., is the Clinical Pharmacist Lead – Investigational Drug Services at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dr. Parr earned his doctor of pharmacy degree from the University of Michigan. Prior to joining the staff at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, he was the oncology clinical pharmacist at ProMedica Health System in Toledo, OH.
Dr. Parr is a member of the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, the Clinical Cancer Review Committee, the Quality Improvement Committee of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, the Institutional Biosafety Committee – Gene Transfer Subcommittee, and the Hematology-Oncology Subcommittee of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Dr. Parr also serves as chairperson of the Clinical Trial Investigational Order Set Committee.
Dr. Parr's area of interest is to prepare the investigational pharmacy for new studies that will become active/enrolling. He also provides assistance to research teams who are developing investigator-initiated clinical trials. Dr. Parr precepts residents for the elective investigational pharmacy rotation.
Gabrielle Plaia, PharmD, AAHIVP
Specialty Pharmacist
Gabrielle Plaia, PharmD, AAHIVP is a Specialty Pharmacist at Dartmouth-Hitchcock. She was born and raised in New York City. At the age of 24, she graduated with her Doctor of Pharmacy degree. She completed a Post-Graduate Year 1 residency at Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York in 2017 and a Post-Graduate Year 2 residency in Ambulatory Care and a focus in HIV/AIDS at Northwell Health – North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York in 2018. Gabrielle has presented her research on the subject of HIV/AIDS at a number of regional and national conferences, including ASHP Midyear in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Gabrielle received her American Academy of HIV Pharmacist certification in 2017. After her PGY-2 residency was completed, she moved up to the Upper Valley to begin her career at Dartmouth-Hitchcock. Gabrielle is proud to be part of the amazing team at D-H Specialty Pharmacy!
Geoffrey A. Rickrode, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP
Geoffrey Rickrode, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP is a Clinical Staff Pharmacist in Critical Care at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Dr. Rickrode received his BS in microbiology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and proceeded to earn his doctor of pharmacy from Northeastern University. He completed his PGY1 pharmacy residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Dr. Rickrode is currently the trauma preceptor for the PGY2 critical care residency program. He also precepts PGY1 residents and pharmacy students in critical care, and previously served as the longitudinal drug information preceptor for the PGY1 program. Dr. Rickrode holds an appointment as adjunct assistant professor at the University of Connecticut, and is a lecturer in critical care pharmacology for the physician assistant program at Franklin Pierce University.
Dr. Rickrode's areas of clinical interest are in trauma, ICU delirium, and antimicrobial stewardship. He is a member of the American College of Clinical Pharmacists and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Outside of work, he enjoys golf, swimming, music, and spending time with his family and friends.
Craig P. Worby, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacist Lead - Infectious Disease
Dr. Worby received his PharmD at the Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy in 2011. After completing a PGY-1 at Eastern Maine Medical Center and a PGY-2 specializing in Critical Care at Maine Medical Center, Dr. Worby spent 3 years teaching aminoglycoside/vancomycin pharmacokinetics and cardiology/critical care therapeutics at the University of New England College of Pharmacy prior to joining DHMC as the Emergency Medicine Lead. In 2018, Dr. Worby transitioned to Infectious Disease Lead at DHMC.
Dr. Worby's clinical interests are pharmacokinetics in obese populations and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. He currently serves as preceptor in the PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residency for infectious disease as well as in the PGY-2 Critical Care Residency for infectious disease. Dr. Worby is also a member of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, contributor to the ACCP Infectious Disease PRN, and member of the Infectious Disease Society of America.