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RIECHMANN 2 Titles
RIECHMANN
BB 027CD
Bureau B reissues Wolfgang Riechmann's Wunderbar, originally released in 1978 by Sky Records and an absolute gem of German electronic music. This album, however, is beautiful and tragic in equal measure, as Riechmann became the random victim of a knife attack just three weeks before the LP went on sale. Wolfgang Riechmann's career as a musician went all the way back to 1969, which was roughly when he met Michael Rother (Neu!, Harmonia) and Wolfgang Flühr (Kraftwerk), who would be his colleagues in the Spirits Of Sound Group. Later on (1973 to 1976) he played with Phönix, before going on to record two albums with Streetmark, who enjoyed great popularity at the time. From November 1977 onwards, he devoted his full attention to the Wunderbar LP. On his first and, regrettably, last recording as a solo artist, Riechmann went eclectic. Distant echoes of the so-called Berlin School (Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, and the like) can be detected on Wunderbar, as well as the clear influence of the so-called Düsseldorf School (Neu!, Kraftwerk, La Düsseldorf) -- not that Riechmann was attempting to copy their styles in any way. While contemporary influences need not be denied, Wunderbar hints at the direction he would take in terms of sound and composition, reflecting a powerful, independent musician's personality, one which would have caused quite a stir, had it been given the chance to unfold. This optimistic music is characterized by simple sequencers and drum patterns, with Riechmann adding his own individual layers of harmony. And then there are the melodies: simple, sometimes to the point of being simplistic, but never naive. Wunderbar is modern, electronic pop, perfectly and permanently frozen in time. Featuring rare photographs and liner notes by Asmus Tietchens, one of the original pioneers of electronic music.
BB 027LP
$25.00 LOW STOCK LEVEL
LP version. Bureau B reissues Wolfgang Riechmann's Wunderbar, originally released in 1978 by Sky Records and an absolute gem of German electronic music. This album, however, is beautiful and tragic in equal measure, as Riechmann became the random victim of a knife attack just three weeks before the LP went on sale. Wolfgang Riechmann's career as a musician went all the way back to 1969, which was roughly when he met Michael Rother (Neu!, Harmonia) and Wolfgang Flühr (Kraftwerk), who would be his colleagues in the Spirits Of Sound Group. Later on (1973 to 1976) he played with Phönix, before going on to record two albums with Streetmark, who enjoyed great popularity at the time. From November 1977 onwards, he devoted his full attention to the Wunderbar LP. On his first and, regrettably, last recording as a solo artist, Riechmann went eclectic. Distant echoes of the so-called Berlin School (Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, and the like) can be detected on Wunderbar, as well as the clear influence of the so-called Düsseldorf School (Neu!, Kraftwerk, La Düsseldorf) -- not that Riechmann was attempting to copy their styles in any way. While contemporary influences need not be denied, Wunderbar hints at the direction he would take in terms of sound and composition, reflecting a powerful, independent musician's personality, one which would have caused quite a stir, had it been given the chance to unfold. This optimistic music is characterized by simple sequencers and drum patterns, with Riechmann adding his own individual layers of harmony. And then there are the melodies: simple, sometimes to the point of being simplistic, but never naive. Wunderbar is modern, electronic pop, perfectly and permanently frozen in time. Printed inner sleeve featuring rare photographs and liner notes by Asmus Tietchens, one of the original pioneers of electronic music.


View Instagram Profile Without Account: Wish to check out Instagram's feed without an account? Certainly you're aware that these activities aren't possible when it comes to to be able to see anyone's content on this social media, you 'd need to have an account. But what happens if I informed you that it's not only possible yet that you can do it now? That's right, after checking out this overview, you'll be able to see anyone's account on Instagram. The most effective component is, that they won't even understand you existed. You'll be able to easily roam with Instagram without leaving a trace. Right here is the best ways to actually do it.
The initial part of this procedure is to utilize only checked software program that can permit you to see anybody's Instagram profile without actually having one. It's extremely simple so, as all you need to do is install the software program enter your target name and also you'll be able to take pleasure in downloading and install and also watching their photos. Although the procedure is fairly easy, as pointed out prior to you'll have to focus on exactly what software you're downloading and install. Numerous Instagram watching applications will assure anonymity and protection yet those may simply be the ones that you need to avoid making use of.
It's no surprise that there are a lot of scammers out there, whose only goal is to obtain your private information or to make money with you. They do that by launching a software program that guarantees certain benefits and also gains, yet in reality, just loses your time and energy. These are the ones that you should stay clear of, but just how do you recognize which are fake and also which applications are the genuine offer?
In order to utilize a free private Instagram visitor or in other words Instagram seeing hack, you'll have to become aware of it, right? If your good friend advises you a particular application of this type, you'll have needs to believe it holds true. As well as the possibilities are that it in fact does work. In that instance, you need to make use of the app without ever before worrying about your data safety and security while making use of that certain device. Nevertheless, if you discovered Instagram hacking app via a questionable website, and aren't sure just how or whether it works you'll need to believe on your own as well as decide whether it's a scam or a legitimate software.
When deciding whether a certain Instagram seeing application is fake or really works perfectly, there are a few variables to take into consideration. The initial one being aesthetics. Whatever the summary informs you if the website that advises or promotes the use of that software program looks like Windows 98 screensaver, possibilities are that it's fake. No right-minded web developer or marketing expert would permit that their job appears like that. So you can simply avoid software evaluated or advertised on those sorts of websites and you'll be just great.
An additional way to tell the difference between a working Instagram watching app as well as a fake one is its following. Despite the fact that it ought to be a key, these applications are being marketed as well as for the most parts end up as a page on Facebook or various other social platform. Exactly how large is their following reveals whether they are working or not. If they have only a couple of fans and there is little interaction on their articles, it's most likely a phony one as whatever is created. Beyond if the page advertising and marketing the app has a big following with a lot of satisfied individuals, you need to possibly explore extra. In this manner you'll identify if it's the genuine offer or still a fake.
So ways to do that and also discover if your lead is good? With these web pages, the only way that you could tell if the item they're marketing excels or otherwise is by inquiring as well as engaging the discussion. Ask straight and find out if the app is functioning or otherwise, how simple it is to utilize it or anything else that pops in your mind. The important point is to get a strong solution. If you do get an action, and a person (an admin) solutions your inquiry, you could safely claim that their software program functions without a doubt.
In a situation that you have actually already obtained an app that functions like a beauty and permits you accessibility to a private or otherwise locked Instagram account, you must understand the basics of using it. Being that this software uses unique decrypting formulas to process the information without subjecting you or your private data, it's natural to presume that you'll need to attach your account to Intaspy's data source. This way, the software will certainly have 'ground zero', or a location to utilize an individual in order to allow you access to various other's accounts. This does not suggest, however, that you'll be revealed or that the software uses your data for any kind of wrongdoing. While making use of these applications you'll be entirely anonymous, basically unnoticeable while strolling the net and also even more notably though Instagram.
Begin by inputting your username as well as creating your very own password. This will certainly permit you to utilize this application whenever you desire, without previous verification. So, merely click on remember me, and also you'll be visited each time you aim to utilize this application. Next, is the name of your target on Instagram.
Just enter their name, username or their email and proceed. Not every software of this kind will operate in the exact method, however the concept is the same. You go into the username of an account to enable the software program to consider as from audience's perspective, enter a name or account that you intend to spy on, as well as voila, you're currently there. When you find your favored Instagram seeing app, you'll have the ability to rely on it as well as spy on anybody that has an account on Instagram. If you haven't tried it yet, currently is a great minute to begin. Simply look for an app remembering the tips we offered below, as well as begin spying!


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Loosening Microsoft's hold over midmarket software vendors
Michael Vizard writes at eWeek's Channel Insider that some application software vendors are growing cool in their attitude toward Microsoft, as the software giant is increasingly moving onto their turf. He says that because the small and mid-size business (SMB) market is dominated by Windows, it has been a natural platform for software vendors targeting that market.
But a curious thing is starting to take shape in the SMB market as the loyalty to Microsoft among ISVs in this space becomes increasingly strained. The process that drove a wedge in that loyalty was Microsoft's decision to acquire a number of companies and begin aggressively marketing applications targeting the midmarket space. This naturally set ISVs on edge, with many of them shifting their stance from being pro to neutral about Microsoft to being neutral or against.
Vizard points to Cognos and Sage Software as two examples of vendors moving away from the Microsoft camp.
Is Microsoft dying?
Posted by Frank Scavo at 6/30/2006 01:59:00 PM 1 comment:
CDC Software weirdness
Earlier this month, Made2Manage and Onyx Software announced their agreement for Onyx to be acquired by M2M. Now, CDC Software, a Chinese software company based on Hong Kong is making a third offer to acquire Onyx, after having been rejected twice before by Onyx.
Josh Greenberg writes in Datamation about CDC's difficult-to-fathom behavior:
Onyx's weird trip started last December, when it received an unsolicited bid from CDC, a Chinese company that previously had bought up two minor companies, CRM vendor Pivotal Software and ERP vendor Ross Systems.
According to filings by Onyx, CDC embarked on a strategy of mixed messages and seemingly bizarre behavior, setting up meetings with Onyx executives and then putting out press releases claiming that Onyx was avoiding CDC. After a few weeks of this kind of behavior, CDC retracted its bid, only to reinstate it in March.
Even at this writing, with the M2M deal looking like it will gain widespread shareholder acceptance, CDC continues its pursuit of a very unwilling Onyx, claiming publicly that the fees Onyx would have to pay to retreat from the M2M deal were "unusually high" and offering to fight the fees in court. Meanwhile, CDC has written to the SEC claiming that Onyx failed to consider other legitimate offers. And so the saga continues.
CRM News has more on the CDC/Onyx drama.
Onyx CRM to be acquired by Made2Manage
Onyx Software becomes the latest catch for Made2Manage, which continues to build out its portfolio of software offerings. Onyx is one of the last remaining standalone CRM vendors.
The deal is worth about $92 million, all cash, and is expected to close in Q3.
In picking up Onyx, M2M is making an exception to its strategy of focusing on niche industry solutions. The deal appears simply to provide M2M with a good horizontal CRM product that it can offer to new prospects or cross-sell to its installed base.
M2M plans to operate Onyx as a separate business unit.
Making money in software with a niche-industry strategy (overview of M2M's strategy)
Why organizations choose open source software
Si Chen gave a presentation at the Enterprise Open Source Conference in New York this week on, Why Enterprises Are Adopting Open Source Applications. Chen and his firm, Open Source Strategies, are one of the driving forces behind the open source ERP application Open For Business (or, Open4Biz, or OFBiz), so he's well qualified to talk on this subject.
He's also posted his entire presentation transcript along with the slides on his blog. It should be required reading for anyone wondering what open source is really all about.
Chen starts by listing three companies that have adopted Open4Biz and why they went the route of open source:
Ameniti Travel Clubs, a subsidiary of UAL Corp and a sister company of United Airlines. They chose open source because it is easy to modify and allows them to move quickly with new business opportunities.
Snaidero Engineering and Trading, a subsidiary of the Snaidero Group, Italy's number one kitchen cabinet manufacturer. They liked the freedom to customize open source and implement it in many sites around the world without having to pay additional license fees every time they redeployed it.
British Telecom, one of the largest telecom firms in the world, which is implementing the Open4Biz application to support catalog management and online ordering for mobile products and services. Chen says, that British Telecom "will be serving all 18+ million residential and commercial customers in the United Kingdom with this system. As such, it is a very large deployment: they are scaling it out to support up to 16,000 simultaneous visitors using a cluster of 72 CPU's."
Concerning why British Telecom chose open source, Chen says,
When we asked British Telecom why they are going the open source route, we got a very interesting answer. The commercial solutions they looked at were expensive, given their volume and growth rate. It would have been several millions British pounds a year. More importantly, the commercial solutions would have still required a lot of coding and development. So it's like spending a lot of money to buy one of those mail order toys, only to get a box full of little plastic parts that you have to paint, glue, and assemble. Not much fun.
Conversely, with open source, they found that it had a reasonably good fit for their requirements. It still needed work, but they thought it was a good strating point because of a "well thought out data model," and it was "easy to change." Best of all, it was free, so the low cost helped as well.
The second part of Chen's presentation focuses more generally on the reasons that organizations choose open source over commercial software. Here he has a balanced view. His basic premise is that commercial software is the best choice when user requirements are generally the same across many organizations, there is little need for customization, and commercial software is not costly.
Conversely, however, when the organizations requirements are unique and there is the need to modify the software and the cost of commercial software is prohibitive, then open source is a good choice.
Although Chen doesn't put it this way, the point I got from this is that open source really shouldn't be viewed as an alternative to commercial software--it is an alternative to in-house custom development. Where companies today are spending much energy and effort to custom develop applications to support unique requirements, they really should be investigating whether there is an open source product that can be used as a starting point. The open source approach gives a head start to the development team and it also has the potential to leverage other development efforts of other organizations that are investing in the same open source product.
Chen has several other good points, which I won't elaborate on here. He talks about how service oriented architectures and the trend toward software as a service are catalysts for open source. He also talks about the current software vendor consolidation trend as reducing the choices in commercial software and thus strengthening the alternative of open choice.
I met Si Chen for coffee late last year and was impressed at the time with his vision for the potential of open source to change how business applications are developed and supported. Now, nine months later, he's still convincing.
Read his whole presentation on his blog.
Key advantage of open source is NOT cost savings
Open source: turning software sales and marketing upside down
Buzzword alert: "open source"
At Computer Economics, we've completed analysis of our survey on Windows vs. Linux as a server operating system.
For those that participated in the survey, thank you, and the full report will be coming your way shortly.
An executive summary of the Windows/Linux study is available at Computer Economics.
Loosening Microsoft's hold over midmarket software...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Introduce your child to mathematics with a trip to the Doodleburg Games.
Enter the Doodleburg Games, and help reporter Dianne Inkwell calculate the winners.
Trace and write numbers with stroke-by-stroke audio support, and watch them magically appear on mess-free paper.
Review key elements of mathematics—number writing, addition, subtraction and counting—with 40+ fun hands-on activities.
The Read and Write series supports reading and writing development with LeapFrog's mess-free writing paper.
Learn to Write Numbers provides immediate feedback to kids as they practice the fine motor skills needed to write numbers and draw shapes. Kids use these skills in a variety of fun activities including measuring, dot-to-dot and basic math facts.


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Home/Games_PC/Earth Defense Force 5 PC Download Free InstallShield
Earth Defense Force 5 PC Download Free InstallShield
Earth Defense Force 5 for PC Download The fifth full-fledged installment of the popular Japanese series of third-person shooters from Sandlot. The plot of Earth Defense Force 5 continues the threads known from previous parts of the cycle. Earth Defense Force 5 is a third-person shooter that continues the threads of the previous parts of the series. The game is the year 2022, and the earth has again fallen victim to the invasion of alien creatures, which players as members of the eponymous Earth Defense Force must face. A special military unit was created to defend the planet from space attack, which, as the story told in subsequent games shows, turned out to be a bull's-eye.
Download Earth Defense Force 5 for PC free InstallShield
Earth Defense Force 5 DownloadThe gameplay in Earth Defense Force 5 does not differ from the pattern that the previous installments of the cycle have accustomed us to. Therefore, we are dealing with a dynamic shooting in which the action is presented from the perspective of a third person. The pillar of fun is the elimination of opponents using a diverse arsenal. Machine guns, sniper rifles, laser weapons as well as explosives and a rocket launcher fall into our hands. Access to particular types of weapons, however, is determined by the class of characters we choose – these are diversified in terms of specialization, equipment and opportunities available on the battlefield. It is worth mentioning that military vehicles, including tanks, helicopters, and more sophisticated mechs also take part in the battles.
Our goal is primarily overgrown insects: hornets, spiders, and ants. However, other opponents often stand in our way, including well-armed amphibians. The key to success is developing a unique tactic, and the points received in exchange for the extermination of enemy forces can be used for various bonuses, such as the option of summoning meals. Just like it was before, we have at our disposal both a mission-divided story campaign and gameplay variants created for multiplayer gameplay.
Download and play Earth Defense Force 5
Earth Defense Force 5 works based on the technology created for the previous installments of the cycle. A breath of freshness, however, provides a modernized graphics, as well as a larger number of opponents visible on the screen. Complementing the whole is music composed for the needs of the game, reminiscent of songs known from class B horrors.
CPU: Intel Core i7-4770 3.40GHz/AMD Ryzen5 1400 3.20GHz.
OS: Windows 7 64bit, Windows 8.1 64bit Windows 10 64bit.
GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 4GB/AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB.
HDD: 30 GB.
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12 Şubat 2019 Salı 09:02 - 8 reads.
Back in July of this year, announced the actor Alexandre Willaume, that he had been divorced from his wife for 22 years.
But now he has found love again.
The write See and Hear.
to Ekstra Bladet confirms Alexandre Willaume the wonderful news.
The 45-year-old actor says that he now forms the pair with 40-year-old Lillie J., who operates the beauty salon Dollface in Copenhagen.
- It is true that I've got a girlfriend, and it's great and lovely, he says to Ekstra Bladet.
- But the more I don't want to say about it right now. It is very new, and I think that it is a private matter. I'll report more when I'm ready for it.
He therefore wishes not to tell, how the couple has met each other.
- But we have it really good together, saith the closing from Alexandre Willaume.
In July reported Alexandre Willaume out, he would divorce from his wife Henriette, as he at that time had been married to for 22 years.
According to the actor, it happened in peace and harmony.
'Henriette and I have chosen to go from each other after 22 years. It is of course not easy, but we part as friends and with a great respect and love for it, we have had, and the fact that we have two wonderful boys, we have created and will do everything', he wrote in a posting on Instagram.
En Ekstra Bladet spoke with Alexandre Willaume in connection with the publication of the divorce, he had not much more to add.
- It is not something I want to say great to the. It is, as it is. It is many years, and we part, as we do, with great love. I just go public with it, because we need to find an apartment on Østerbro to Henriette, it sounded at that time from the actor who now has found love again.


Look at the sky turn a hellfire red!
Well I asked my friend where is that black smoke coming from?
He just coughed and changed the subject and said oh I think it might snow some.
Just why and who could it be this time.
Sisters and brothers daddies mothers standing 'round crying.
When I reached the scene the flames were making a ghostly whine.
I said oh baby why'd you burn your brother's house down?
Well someone stepped from the crowd--he was nineteen miles high.
He shouts he's tired and disgusted so we paint red through the sky.
Try learning instead of burning, hear what I said.
'Cause when I reached the valley I looked way down cross the way.
It is reported that House Burning Down is Jimi Hendrix' comment on the violence during the Summer of 1968's riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. If so, it's amazing that there is nothing racial suggested in the lyric. Rather the message seems to be that we are all brothers & sisters and can figure out a way to the "truth" together. I include it among the psychedelic protest songs pleading for peace. Jimi Hendrix was loathe to call attention to racial issues during his career with the Experience; perhaps he didn't want to alienate the White audience that (let's face it) at the time made up the great majority of his fans. But by Electric Ladyland, it is evident that Jimi Hendrix was beginning to celebrate his Black heritage more in straight blues tunes. He might have become more outspoken about political matters had he lived. As it stands, he managed to tell a similar tale to that in Castles Made of Sand which is included on the Axis: Bold as Love album, down to the spaceship coming around to take the dead away.
The music to House Burning Down is extremely various, with guitar work vividly evoking both sirens of fire trucks and the whir of flying saucers. The verses have a martial beat, somewhat like the ominous and threatening Five to One by the Doors on Waiting for the Sun, to carry Hendrix verbose vocal lines. The choruses provide a passionate springboard for guitar breaks that seem to go up in flames. The intro sets the stage with its own shrieking melody, and the coda goes for quite some time as a separate movement of the song, allowing for much virtuoso improvisation.


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Park Inn by Radisson Cape Town Foreshore
29 Heerengracht, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
info.capetown@parkinn.com
View 1310 reviews
Superior Room - Mountain View
Superior Room with Balcony - Mountain View
Junior Suite with Balcony - Mountain View
Friends & Family Stay - Multiple Rooms
RBG Bar & Grill
Harald's Bar & Terrace
How to get to the Park Inn by Radisson Cape Town Foreshore
29 Heerengracht, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
Our hotel's location in Cape Town is near transport and popular attractions. Guests can walk to the train station as well as to must-sees like the Artscape Theater Center and Victoria & Alfred Waterfront from this hotel's location in Cape Town CBD. Business travelers appreciate convenient access to Cape Town International Convention Center. With a stop for the MyCiti bus just outside the hotel, it's easy to traverse the city and selected suburbs, and Cape Town International Airport (CPT) is just 20 kilometers away. We offer safe and secure indoor parking.
From Cape Town International Airport
By airport shuttle:
Take advantage of the hotel's convenient airport shuttle service at a cost of R 395.00 per way for 2 guests. An extra R 50.00 is charged per additional person.
By bus:
Take bus A01 to Cape Town Civic Center 1 4. The hotel is 500 meters away from the stop.
The airport is only 20km away from the hotel. Via N2 it is a 20-minute drive.
How to arrive at 29 Heerengracht, Cape Town,8000,South Africa
km mi


People often ask us the same question: "What's the best way to advertise my Home Improvement business and gather leads?" We've compiled a handy list of the 10 most useful tools to advertise your business and see results.
For what may seem like an obvious necessity for most, some companies still don't value the importance of a good website. While most companies do have an online presence, it may not be attractive or user-experience optimized. A good website should convey the businesses' goals, experience, qualities, and services in an easy to read way. There should be a blatant call to action, and sufficient information for the viewer. If the potential client can glance at your page and get all the important information needed, you are that much closer to reeling them in.
Many people think that SEO is solely related to building links and advertising your website link. A large part of search engine optimization is related to the way your page is set up. Are you taking advantage of meta keywords and titles? Are you using headers properly? Does your site have a large amount of unique content optimized for targeting certain keywords? These are all important things to consider.
Craigslist is a great way to advertise your services. You can hire a designer to create a small ad for you to embed into your Craigslist post, or simply use HTML to format a nice, easy to read, eye-catching advertisement. Re-post as per Craigslist's guidelines and keep your business's name out there.
Google provides a great PPC (pay-per-click) advertising system which will target related websites that use Google Adsense to display your ads. You can target your chosen demographic, choose how much you'd like to pay for every click, and modify the appearance of your ad. They offer text ads, image ads, and rich media ads (flash, animation).
These days social media is becoming the leading the way for advertising and creating a "friendly" relationship with your clients and fans. Create a Fan page on Facebook, establish a Twitter account, or create a blog. these are all great methods to attract your customers.
Find blogs related to your industry. Search them out, and post meaningful, relevant comments in the comments section. Be sure to add a link to your website, with a keyword that you'd like to target in the search engines. Slow and steady is the key to seeing results; keep at it on a daily/weekly basis and in due time you'll see results.
If your business is based locally, an ad in a local magazine or newspaper is a great option. Some companies provide direct mail advertising, which allows you to localize your advertisement in a demographic of your choice.
Creating and publishing unique content will provide your website visitors with an interesting read, a potential link-back, and will improve your chances at getting picked up by the search engines. Google is beginning to heavily penalize websites with unoriginal content, and content of poor quality. Don't get cut by the search engines. Keep your content interesting, unique, and greatness will follow.
Sometimes in these technological days we forget the importance of word of mouth! Don't ever underestimate the power of a good recommendation. Treat your customers with respect and handle their job with excellence and you just might get the good word passed on.
Physical advertisements such as billboards, bus benches, and other sign-age are often expensive, but they are generally high-profile and attention-getting. If you have the marketing funds available, give it a shot and see how it works. Create a marketing campaign and if the results are lower than you expected or needed, try another route.
While there are many methods that businesses use to market themselves, these are the top 10 ways to achieve positive results in this ever-advancing technological age. Try these steps for yourself and watch your business rise to success!


Although the story of the area would begin with the land and location, I will leave that story to the Geologists.
People were living on the land that would become Atlantic County for at least 2800 years. Evidence of their pottery making can be found in archaeological remains found in the area. You can see some of these items by visiting the Prehistorical Museum in Greenwich NJ . They have provided a nice .pdf file, that shows an overview of their displays along with a map and schedule of their hours.
During the American Revolution, Atlantic County vicinity was famous for it's Privateers. The Captains that sailed out of Chestnut Neck were particularly annoying to British. They were so annoying that in September on 1778 a fleet of ships were sent from New York to subdue "The Nest of Rebel Pirates." On October 6, 1778, Chestnut Neck was burned and the British tried to continue up the river to destroy the Iron Works at Batsto.
It is generally referred to as "The Battle of Chestnut Neck".
the battle of Ridgway Farm.
Iron production began here in 1802, after the state gave permission for the damming of the Great Egg Harbor River. The iron was produced using local bog iron and forged using charcoal made from the local peat and forests. During the war of 1812, it was a major supplier of shot and bombs to the US government. Other then the war of 1812, the production consisted mostly of cast iron water pipe with limited production of pots, stoves, and nails.
By1862, it could not compete with the production of iron forges using anthracite coal and a higher grade of iron or. The furnace seems to have burned the same year. (Would be interesting to see if there was an insurance claim on the burned business.) Follow this link to more information on the Pinelands Bog Iron Industry.
Located in the Atlantic County Park in Estelle Manor east of Mays Landing on Rt. 50.
In the mid-1860's the Weymouth Furnace site, became the site of 2 paper mills: Atlantic Paper Mills and Weymouth Paper Mills. They continued making paper from old manila rope, rags, etc, until 1897, when they could no longer compete with mills making paper from wood pulp. In 1916, the dam broke, which drained the mill pond. The stone from the mills were recycled by locals and the area was reclaimed by the Pinelands.
One thing that surprised me is that NJ did not vote to elect Abraham Lincoln to a second term. Instead McClellan carried the state. He would go on to become the Governor of the state.
and demonstrated at the Atlantic Highlands by Sandy Hook.
more then 100 were used by the allies in WWI.
Lot's of talk about the U-boats with the new movie in the theatres. Read about the real thing.
War II: How Atlantic City and the Surrounding Area Contributed to the War Effort.
"In effort to preserve an integral portion of Southern New Jersey history, this paper chronicles the significant contributions made by Atlantic City and the surrounding communities during World War II."
During WWII there were constant patrols off the coast to protect shipping and guard the coastline.
While I am working on other projects, I will refer you to the Atlantic County Library Site, which has a good start on the History of Atlantic County.
The Atlantic City Library, also, has a tremendous collection of historic resources, it is well worth a trip.


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Geschichtswissenschaften
The Jewish War (eBook, ePUB)
Redaktion: Goodman, Martin / Übersetzer: Hammond, Martin
Weitere 6 Ausgaben:
eBook, PDF
'I am Josephus...I myself fought against the Romans' In August of AD 70 the city of Jerusalem was destroyed by Roman forces after a six-month siege. This was the disastrous outcome of a Jewish revolt against Roman domination which began in AD 66 with some early success, but soon became mired in factional conflict. The war ended in the destruction of the famous Jewish Temple (rebuilt by Herod the Great a century before). The remarkable story of the war is narrated by an eye-witness and participant, Josephus. He was at first a rebel commander, then after his capture, supported Titus in the final…mehr
The Jewish War (eBook, PDF)
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Rome's Italian Wars (eBook, ePUB)
John F. Donahue
Food and Drink in Antiquity: A Sourcebook (eBook, ePUB)
The Histories (eBook, ePUB)
'I am Josephus...I myself fought against the Romans' In August of AD 70 the city of Jerusalem was destroyed by Roman forces after a six-month siege. This was the disastrous outcome of a Jewish revolt against Roman domination which began in AD 66 with some early success, but soon became mired in factional conflict. The war ended in the destruction of the famous Jewish Temple (rebuilt by Herod the Great a century before). The remarkable story of the war is narrated by an eye-witness and participant, Josephus. He was at first a rebel commander, then after his capture, supported Titus in the final assault on Jerusalem. Josephus spares no detail of a horrific conflict - atrocities on both sides, the reign of terror in Jerusalem, the appalling conditions of the siege, and the final mass suicide at Masada. His vivid narrative is our prime source for this period of history. It is a dramatic story, with resonances to the present day.
Verlag: Oxford University Press
Erscheinungstermin: 10. Februar 2017
Martin Hammond retired as the Headmaster of Tonbridge School in 2005. He has previously translated Arrian's Alexander the Great (2013) and Thucydides' The Peloponnesian War (2009) for Oxford World's Classics, as well as Homer's Iliad (Penguin, 1987) and Odyssey (Bloomsbury, 2014). His translation of Procopius' The Secret History for Oxford World's Classics is forthcoming. Martin Goodman is President of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies and Reader in Jewish Studies at the University of Oxford. He has edited a number of books including Rabbinic Texts and the History of Late-Roman Palestine (BA/OUP, 2011), The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies (OUP, 2002), and Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World (BA/OUP, 2002). His authored books include Rome and Jerusalem: the clash of ancient civilizations (Allen Lane, 2007) and Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Studies (Brill, 2007)
Select Bibliiography
The Jewish Wars
Geschichte Amerikas
Präkoloniale Zeit


This is a move in ready wonderful home. Gorgeous dark laminate flooring thru out with a wonderful open large updated kitchen that has a good size mudroom off the kitchen and garage. Backyard has been redesigned to be easy to maintain w/ raised enclosed garden beds & RV parking. You will just fall in love with this home.
Gales Way to Willamina Ave or Sunset Dr turn onto Willamina Ave.
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At Poo~Pourri we believe in bettering this beautiful world we poop in, which is why we've made a product that not only makes your #2 smell great, but can also help reduce the amount of water you're using each day.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), each American uses an average of 88 gallons of water a day at home. Yep, you heard that correctly… 88 GALLONS per DAY.
Yeah, yeah, yeah. We get it. That's a lot of water. But why should we care?
According to the 2014 Government Accountability Report, 40 out of 50 state water managers expect water shortages under average conditions in some portion of the states over the next day. Enjoy your excessive water usage while you can because soon you may not have that luxury.
Aside from the fact that we're literally running out of water, using all of this water costs a LOT of money. The average family spends more than $1,000 per year in water costs. By changing habits and switching to different appliances and fixtures, you could save more than $380 annually. Flush yeah!
We sat down with Katie Anderson from Save Water Co to discuss simple ways to cut back water use AND save you money.
Of all the things Katie listed, her #1 tip would be to not flush when you pee, even if just once a day. From data that Save Water Co has collected, they found that every time you flush the toilet you're using an average of 2.4 gallons of water. To show you the impact of what not flushing once a day could do for conserving water, let's do some simple math.
Dallas, Texas, has 1.318 million people.
You read that right. If the city of Dallas didn't flush after peeing, just ONCE per day, they could save over a BILLION gallons of water in a year. Billion—with a B. Holy you know what! Imagine if everyone in the United States let the yellow mellow.
Here are 10 easy peasy ways you can conserve water and help save the whole planet (and money)!
1. Turn off the faucet while brushing your teeth.
2. Wait to wash clothes until you have a full load.
3. Fix leaky toilets and faucets. Not only does it conserve water, it helps your Feng Shui!
4. Cut back on your time in the shower.
5. Avoid plastic water bottles and get a reusable one! Shop here.
6. Opt to take a shower instead of a bath.
7. Install a low-flow showerhead. Click here to shop showerheads.
8. Only run the dishwasher with a full load.
10. And our personal favorite: Spritz, pee and let it be to save gallons of water by flushing less!
Click here to start shopping for Poo~Pourri and cut back on how much water you're using.
Upgrading your bathroom doesn't have to cost a sh*t ton of money or take a lot of time.
Cancer: that dirty little word that's almost as taboo to say as poo. But what happens when cancer has everything to do with poo?
Want to Know Why Your Legs Fall Asleep When You Poop?
What causes this crazy phenomenon? We spoke to a couple of doctors and got the scoop on why your legs fall asleep sometimes when you poop.
Check out some of our small but mighty pootiques and see what's in store!
Stop by your local Bed Bath & Beyond to stock up for Thanksgiving!


text:
A little Cherokee history and genealogy mixed in with a whole lot of truth.
Fraudulent Organizations
Elizabeth Warren Information
The Gardner Green Series
Why the Elizabeth Warren Issue is Not About Her Race
As Elizabeth Warren supporters, including Deval Patrick, throw out terms like racism and "birther" in this hotly contested race for the Senate in Massachusetts, it is clear such people miss the point. Their argument is Elizabeth Warren has family lore that says she has Indian ancestors so she has the right to claim it. No one has said Elizabeth Warren can't share the family stories she has heard, but some people do take issue with her abusing the system and claiming it in order to benefit her career or to help her employers meet diversity goals.
The Warren supporters believe those who oppose what she has done are focusing on her race when it has nothing to do with race. This has to do with the sovereignty of Indian nations, their history of interaction with the United States government, the right to determine who is and is not a member of their nation, and the definition of Native American. Though many Americans assume that "Native American" is a racial or ethnic classification, it is actually a matter of citizenship in an Indian Nation.
In "What has become of all the Native American Law Students", the writer explains,
"As a legal matter, these assumptions are completely without foundation. In Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535 (1974), the United States Supreme Court confirmed that Native-American status was not a purely racial matter, but was derived from membership in a tribe recognized by the federal government."
They go on to further explain,
"Native American status is, therefore, a concrete matter of tribal citizenship and not an amorphous racial classification. Consequently, a law student without a Tribal Identification Number is technically not a Native American, no matter what her or his ancestry may be."
Though they were talking about law students, I think most of us can see, this would also apply to law professors as well as anyone else who claims to be Native American without tribal affiliation.
This is further supported by the requirements of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to be counted as a Native American for diversity purposes. The definition for American Indian:
American Indian or Alaska Native (Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
The use of "and" means there are two standards that must be met in order to be considered an American Indian. The second part, maintaining tribal affiliation or community attachment, is specifically in line with the ruling in Morton v. Mancari. It goes back to tribal affiliation.
In the book, "Becoming Indian: The Struggle over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-first Century" by Circe Sturm, anthropologist Michael Lambert, a citizen of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians described Cherokee identity politics as a "battle over sovereignty":
"One of the terrains on which this is being fought is that of how we define "Indian." The current effort to define Indian as a racial/cultural group is an effort to extinguish Indian sovereignty. The only way for Indian nations to defend and expand their sovereignty is to make exclusive claim to defining who is Indian and what it means to be Indian. If Indians have sovereignty, then culture, behavior, and belief should have nothing to do with who is or is not Indian. After all, we wouldn't deny someone's Germanness because they hate sauerkraut, nor would we have the audacity to recognize someone as German simply because they love it. German is what German does. Indian is what Indian does…
What does this have to do with non-enrolled Cherokees identifying as such? I see the basis of claims to Indian identity to be political acts. This is, and has been, a battle over sovereignty. One who bases their claim to Indian identity on any basis other than sovereignty is not taking a pro-Indian position."
How does this apply to the position Elizabeth Warren is taking? Let me repeat the words of Michael Lambert, "One who bases their claim to Indian identity on any basis other than sovereignty is not taking a pro-Indian position."
It is important that any candidate for the United States Senate understand sovereignty and Indian citizenship issues and how those things play a role in the definition of who is or is not a Native American. Not only is it clear Warren does not understand this, it is also clear that she doesn't care about it. She, along with her supporters, want to redefine who is entitled to claim the status of Native American, even if a person has no proof of American Indian ancestry. This is an anti-sovereignty stance and this way of thinking is a danger to our sovereignty.
Through her past behavior, Elizabeth Warren has shown she believes it is okay to use the status of Native American when she wants. While she claims being Native American played such an important part in the lives of her and her family, they seem to have never had any association with real Indians. She has never gotten involved in using her education or abilities to help Indians or tribes; never gotten involved in the Indian group activities at the various schools where she worked; and today she refuses to speak to American Indians.
As Elizabeth Warren continues to double and triple down on her family lore, claiming it is a huge part of her life and who she is, she leads people into confusing race for citizenship. She wants people to believe she really cares about her purported ancestry and that she is a Native American, but she doesn't fool us real Cherokees.
To us, there is no doubt that, if today they were rounding up citizens of the Cherokee Nation, a sovereign nation, and forcing us on a long walk in the dead of winter, Elizabeth Warren would not be voluntarily walking with the real Cherokees. She would claim to be white.
Those are my thoughts for today.
copyright 2012, Polly's Granddaughter - TCB
Posted by Twila at 2:16 PM
Labels: Democrats, Elizabeth Warren
There is nothing attractive about a person exhibiting the character trait of covetousness. Even less attractive is a society which intentionally dismisses the necessity for truth. Your perspective on sovereignty and those who qualify for its prerogatives pays great honor to the Cherokee Nation.
i think it should be concern to all americans and all voters that someone seeking office is willing to fraudulently use the ethnic/racial and tribal identity of others for personal gain. and that her party, the democrats, continue to allow her to get away with it particularly needs to be addressed.
barack obama is the head of the democratic party and deval patrick, beside being gov. of the state, is a very close political ally of mr. obama. elizabeth warren is also a close ally of mr. obama and worked for his administration. many people who are opposed to warren's actions concerning identifying as an Indian and "woman of color" are undoubtably democrats too. consider demanding some accountability from obama and the democrat party for enabling, shielding and supporting this woman. if she is successful it will encourage others to engage is similar fraud and theft because the rewards would clearly be seen as great while the punishment non-existant. the democrat party is complicitous in warrens ethnic charade as is harvard university. they should not be allowed to slide.
that this woman also seems to have practiced law in MA for a slew of very large corporation without being properly licensed reveals the same lack of character,the same questionable morality. this is not a honorable person but one who feels she may do and say anything she wishes while not following the rules or even the law. is that really the sort of person democrats want to put into office? maybe neither side gives a hoot about Cherokees or Indians but i would think a serious voter would question just what that sort of behavior would mean if directed toward another group of constituents-perhaps a group they are part of.
Your comments are welcome!
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Native America Calling - Monday, July 30, 2012 –Who Has The Right To Claim Native?
Indian Country Today - Cherokee Women Try to Meet With Elizabeth Warren
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America Live with Megyn Kelly - Fox News - "New calls for Elizabeth Warren to show proof about heritage"
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Elizabeth Warren's Ancestry - Part 1
For a few weeks, it has been pretty big news that US Senate hopeful from Massachusetts, Elizabeth Warren, has claimed to be Native American...
Unusual For Who? Cherokee Family Names - 1904
Below is a list of Cherokee family names listed in a 1904 newspaper article. According to the article, the names are unusual, but in my opi...
A Letter to Elizabeth Warren
Dear Ms. Warren, I am writing this letter in the hope it will help end the current situation you have found yourself in. It seems you a...
Bam! Last Nail in the Coffin on that Old Story!
Elizabeth Warren is the granddaughter of Hannie Crawford, daughter of John H. Crawford. Warren says the Crawfords were Cherokee. Accordin...
Elizabeth Warren is not a friend to Indian Country
I have serious concern over Elizabeth Warren's claim that she is a non-enrolled Native American, "proved" by DNA . My concern ...
We continue comparing Elizabeth Warren's ancestry with that of Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Bill John Baker. The pattern cont...
When Is An Elopement Not An Elopement?
When Elizabeth Warren says it's one, apparently. Many of us have repeatedly heard the "my parents were so in love…..blah, blah, ...
Did Warren invent the story of racist grandparents?
In 2012, while running for the US Senate, reporters at the Boston Herald discovered Elizabeth Warren had listed herself as a minority in la...
It has already been shown that Elizabeth Warren's direct ancestors were listed as white in all the records and documentation for the pa...
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The Katsina State Police Command has affirmed that the conflict among vigilantes and outfitted criminals in Tsamiyar Jino town in Kankara neighborhood government zone asserted 14 lives.
As indicated by Spokesperson of the Command, SP Gambo Isah, the vigilantes neglected to notice to police counsel and propelled an assault on the criminals in their den.
The new I am Northumbria Global EU Scholarship is now available on offer for the year 2019. Up to eight Undergraduate EU students can benefit from a scholarship worth up to £9,250 to help pay tuition fees and living costs.
The Northumbria University is a university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England. A former polytechnic, it was established as one of the new universities in 1992. It is a member of the University Alliance and the second University of Newcastle.
Scholarship Award: The University will be awarding five scholarships of £9,250 and three scholarships of £4,625 to EU students who start a full-time undergraduate programme in September 2019.
Nationality: Students from EU countries are eligible to apply.
Number of Scholarships: Up to eight scholarships are available.
Eligible Countries: Students from EU countries are eligible to apply.
Videos must be submitted by Friday 03 August 2019 by 17:00 BST.


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Science|Tortoise and Hare, in a Laboratory Flask
Tortoise and Hare, in a Laboratory Flask
By CARL ZIMMER MARCH 21, 2011
Ever since Darwin, biologists have recognized that life evolves. But in the past 25 years, some researchers have argued that certain organisms are better at evolving than others. Their genomes have a flexibility that lets them adapt effectively. The less evolvable species, by contrast, are too rigid to take advantage of new mutations or to find new solutions for survival.
Many biologists agree that evolvability makes sense in theory. But finding evidence of it in the natural world has proved difficult. Part of the problem is that natural selection can take a long time to act on a species. It is also difficult for researchers to identify the mutations underlying evolution. But in the latest issue of Science, a team of researchers reports a detailed example of evolvability in action, one that took place before their own eyes in a laboratory.
"I think it's a brilliant piece of work," said Massimo Pigliucci, a leading researcher on evolvability who teaches at Lehman College in the Bronx.
The new study emerged from the longest continuous experiment on evolution, which began in 1988 when Richard E. Lenski, now at Michigan State University, seeded 12 flasks with genetically identical copies of E. coli. He and his colleagues have reared the bacteria on a meager diet of glucose ever since.
Over the course of 52,000 generations, the bacteria have adapted to their peculiar environment. Every 500 generations, Dr. Lenski and his colleagues freeze some of the bacteria, which they can thaw years later to compare with their evolved descendants.
Dr. Lenski and his colleagues picked out one of the 12 lines for especially close study. "We wanted to trace the order in which mutations appeared and make sense of all that," he said.
The scientists observed that after 500 generations, two types of E. coli were dominant in the flask, each with a distinctive set of mutations. After 1,000 generations, however, only one type was left. Dr. Lenski and his colleagues dubbed them the "eventual winners."
They wanted to chart the course of that victory over the eventual losers. They thawed both types from the 500th generation and had them compete against each other. They expected the result to be a foregone conclusion: the eventual winners would already be showing their superiority. But they ran the experiment anyway, for the sake of thoroughness.
"We said, 'Let's dot our i's and cross our t's,' " Dr. Lenski said.
To their surprise, they were wrong. At the 500th generation, the eventual losers were far superior, growing 6.5 percent faster than the eventual winners. At that rate, they should have driven the eventual winners to extinction in 350 generations.
The scientists saw two possible explanations for the turnaround. One was that the eventual winners were more evolvable: they had more potential to increase their growth rate, allowing them to come from behind and win the evolutionary race.
The other possibility was that the eventual winners were just lucky, that at some point after the 500th generation they developed beneficial mutations that let them pull ahead.
"A weaker player in a game of cards may beat a better player once in a while just because they got dealt a royal flush," Dr. Lenski said.
He and his colleagues set up a new experiment to choose between the two possibilities. They thawed some of the eventual winners from the 500th generation and used them to start 20 new lines of bacteria. Likewise, they started 20 other lines with the eventual losers. Then the scientists allowed all the thawed bacteria to reproduce for 883 generations.
The eventual winners still consistently beat out the eventual losers, the researchers found. On average, they ended up growing 2.1 percent faster than their rivals. Their success, in other words, was not the result of good fortune. They were better prepared to make the most of beneficial mutations.
The experiments have allowed the scientists to reconstruct the evolutionary race. The eventual losers initially pulled into the lead with mutations that gave them a short-term increase in their growth rate. But those mutations set them up for long-term defeat because when the additional beneficial mutations appeared, the losers enjoyed only a small increase in their growth rates.
The eventual winners, on the other hand, got a big benefit from later mutations, allowing them to pull ahead and take over the flask.
Dr. Pigliucci said that evolvability could explain a number of important patterns in nature, like why some animals come in many different forms while their close relatives have not changed much in hundreds of millions of years. That would mean that evolvability would need to be present in the generation-by-generation struggle for survival. And Dr. Lenski's experiment documents that it can indeed make a difference for real organisms.
"That right there is a big deal," he said.
A version of this article appears in print on March 22, 2011, on Page D6 of the New York edition with the headline: Tortoise and Hare, in a Laboratory Flask. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe


text:
Q: Drop Down Division I'm trying to get a division, that when clicked, reveals itself and drops down below the menu, however, I can't get it to drop down the way that I need it to.  This is the first time I've really toyed around with something like this, so I'm not sure what needs to be done.
With the help of a few stack users, I've gotten the div to drop down and reveal itself just like I want, but the problem is that I have it set to an absolute position and instead of pushing the content below it down to make room for it, it just appears over whatever is below the menu.  (see screenshots)
This is the menu hidden:

This is the menu revealed:

Another problem I'm running into and I'm not 100% sure of a workaround is that I'm using a grid system, and the header division has 3 columns reserved for the logo (blur on the top left) and 9 columns reserved for the navigation menu.  The reason this is a problem is because the "menucontent" division - the one that's revealed - is in a list that's under the navigation division (9 columns).  I'm not sure if it's possible, but I'm hoping to get it to span the full 12 columns (978px) underneath.
I know this is probably hard to follow, so I'll post my css/html in a pastebin below.
-removed-
This should be everything.  I tried to cut down my CSS to the divisions that were being used in the header.  Thanks in advance for the help, Brian.

A: Your divs should be independent one from another if you want to use slideToggle feature, otherwise applying an effect to one div will shift another.
Consistent structure is the key to solve an issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It seems that this upgrade caused some problems with submit/updates containing 's.
Default in 5.2 was to add backslashes to text in POST value but this is deprecated now. Added the appropriate backslashing when needed. Tell me if you still get "Syntax Error near ... on line 1" bugs.
The LDDb.com server (sd-10941) that started operating early 2010 as a forced upgrage will be decommissioned in the next few days.
The "Best Offer" feature would sometimes generate -1% spurious offers when using Internet Explorer.
I changed the code to be more robust and ask for a more obvious confirmation for the bid. Let's hope it works this time!
Shops contents will now be sorted by title (and not by price anymore) on the default view.
Shop limit price is not $999.99 anymore, but was moved up to $9,999.99.
Inventory XLS export was updated with frozen split and colored rows.
The LDDb.com server (sd-1263) that started operating mid-2006 will be decommissioned at the end of February 2010.
A new similar server (sd-10941) has taken over the production site in the middle of the month.
HD: Seagate Barracuda 7200 9th Generation 160BG (online lifetime of 30,000+ hours) replaced by same model in RAID1 configuration.
Longest uptime was a little more than 600 days.
Was proudly 100% financed by generous donors. A respectful thank you to you all.


text:
Is the "Brother of Jesus" Inscription on the James Ossuary a Forgery?
The burial box of James, the brother of Jesus
Biblical Archaeology Society Staff	January 31, 2017 23 Comments 21508 views Share
This Bible History Daily feature was originally published in 2015.—Ed.
Although the famous "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus" inscription on an ancient ossuary (bone box) has been authenticated by two world-class paleographers, not everyone is convinced that the inscription is authentic.
The purported ossuary (bone box) of James, the brother of Jesus, is back in the news, as questions concerning its authenticity continue to plague the world-famous relic. The James Ossuary, as it's come to be known, is a limestone bone box that bears an Aramaic inscription reading "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus." Controversy—including charges of forgery—has surrounded this ossuary since the Biblical Archaeology Review first reported on the artifact in 2002. The saga of the James Ossuary culminated in 2012 with the acquittal of Israeli antiquities collector (and owner of the ossuary) Oded Golan in a seven-year "forgery trial of the century," but the story isn't over yet. In "Predilections—Is the 'Brother of Jesus' Inscription a Forgery?" in the September/October 2015 issue of BAR, Hershel Shanks reviews the latest argument against the authenticity of the inscription.
The antiquity of the 20-inch-long James Ossuary itself is not questioned—it dates between the first century B.C.E. and 70 C.E., a period when the practice of ossilegium (the collection of the bones of a deceased person) was prevalent among the Jewish population. It is the inscription on the James Ossuary—a mere 20 letters written in Aramaic—that has incited years of debate. If real, the inscription would be the earliest written reference to Jesus. Because the ossuary was purchased with an unknown provenance from an antiquities dealer, the authenticity of the "brother of Jesus" inscription needed to be verified by experts.
Our free eBook Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries brings together the exciting worlds of archaeology and the Bible! Learn the fascinating insights gained from artifacts and ruins, like the Pool of Siloam in Jerusalem, where the Gospel of John says Jesus miraculously restored the sight of the blind man, and the Tel Dan inscription—the first historical evidence of King David outside the Bible.
The Aramaic inscription on the so-called James Ossuary reads "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus." Drawing by Ada Yardeni.
The inscription, reading "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus" has been authenticated by two eminent paleographers (specialists in dating, interpreting and authenticating inscriptions): André Lemaire of the Sorbonne and Ada Yardeni of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2003, however, the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) appointed a committee of scholars to study the "brother of Jesus" inscription and report its findings. The committee concluded that the inscription was a forgery.
According to Dutch scholar Pieter van der Horst, who published an analysis of the IAA committee's report in his new book,1 the IAA "appointed almost exclusively committee members who had already expressed outspoken opinions to the effect that the inscription was a forgery." Van der Horst observes that the committee members didn't abide by the IAA guideline "to arrive at the truth based on pure research only—without taking into account any other related factors regarding the collector, current gossip, rumors or prejudices," nor did they follow the directive that each scholar "should work in his own discipline."
The "forgery trial of the century" charging five people of running a massive forgery ring lasted seven years and included 138 witnesses, more than 400 exhibits and over 12,000 pages of testimony. Three paleographers were called to testify: André Lemaire, Ada Yardeni and Christopher Rollston, now of the George Washington University. When Rollston took the stand, he refused to give an opinion on the authenticity of the "brother of Jesus" inscription because he did not specialize in Second Temple inscriptions (the time of the ossuary).
"I only talk about what I am sure of," Rollston said in court. "That is not my field."
The trial concluded with the acquittal of antiquities dealer and James Ossuary owner Oded Golan and the other defendants on all charges of forgery (though Golan was convicted of minor charges, including trading in antiquities without a license).
"I thought that this was the end of the matter until the Easter season in 2015, when I watched an hour-long TV program on CNN regarding the ossuary and its 'brother of Jesus' inscription," writes Shanks in his BAR article. "Only one scholar addressed the question of the authenticity of the inscription—the same Christopher Rollston who could not express an opinion at the trial. Now he was prepared to opine on the authenticity of the inscription—for all of 33 seconds."
What is Rollston's reasoning for why the "brother of Jesus" inscription is a forgery? Is his judgment based on his predilection against unprovenanced inscriptions, as Shanks suggests? Learn more by reading the full article "Predilections—Is the 'Brother of Jesus' Inscription a Forgery?" by Hershel Shanks in the September/October 2015 issue of BAR.
BAS Library Members: Read the full article "Predilections—Is the 'Brother of Jesus' Inscription a Forgery?" by Hershel Shanks in the September/October 2015 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review.
Not a BAS Library member yet? Join the BAS Library today.
This Bible History Daily feature was originally published on August 31, 2015.
For more on the "forgery trial of the century," visit the BAS Library to see a collection of BAR articles highlighting the various scholarly and scientific arguments that have been made both for and against the authenticity of the James Ossuary, the Yehoash tablet and other ancient artifacts.
1. Pieter W. van der Horst, Saxa Judaica Loquuntur: Lessons from Early Jewish Inscriptions, Biblical Interpretation Series 134 (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 67–87.
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The Nag Hammadi Codices and Gnostic Christianity
The Shapira Scrolls—Authentic or Forged?
By: BAS Staff
10 Great Biblical Artifacts at the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem
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Kathryn McMorrow says:
@ just
https://jamestabor.com/whats-what-regarding-the-controversial-james-ossuary/
just curious says:
What actually reads on the box? I found only English translation from the article.
Mario Cepeda says:
It is probably really an artifact from that time, regardless of whether it is James from Jesus Christ's family. Although, I do think it probably is.
Jesus, James and Joseph were all very common names back around the time of Christ. While the inscription may in fact be authentic, could it not be referring to just anyone who happens to have the names matching the New Testament Biblical names we are familiar with? Would it have been unusual for an ossuary inscription to list a little bit of family history, i.e. as in "brother of"? Can DNA tests be done on so-called Biblical sacred relics? For example, let's say that the bones in this ossuary are in fact the bones of the historical Jesus's brother James – can we do a DNA test on James' bones and then compare it to the DNA of the blood on Veronica's cloth or DNA of anyone else somehow purportedly related to Jesus's family? Was there not a tomb allegedly found which contained several ossuaries purporting to have some of the same names from Jesus's family? Any DNA matches here?
Vince Cushite says:
"The inscription, reading, James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus"
Well, we know that it really didn't say that, unless they wrote it in English. Saying that is was written in Aramaic inscription is one thing, so rather than saying that it means Jesus, if the real translation is Yahweh, this completely changes the discussion. Because Yahweh was a fictional God, one of many of the Canaanites. The ancient Hebrews borrow this God from them, as they themselves, had several fictional God characters.
Dougo says:
Herbert, sorry, but you're a bit confused. And went on an unrelated rant!
There are two clear indications it's in Aramaic rather than Hebrew:
ד before brother to indicate belonging
בר instead of בן (son – the same Aramaic word used for son in Psalm 2 interestingly!)
Furthermore, to be pedantic, Hebrew is written in Aramaic script, which the Jews picked up in exile. Same number of letters in both languages, and they share a common ancestor, so it was easy to transfer from Phoenician to Aramaic script.
You mentioned your own limitations in Hebrew – hope this helps clarify.
williamv45 says:
Even from the greek "Iacobus" you would know Yeshua's brother is named Jacob/Ya'akov. Preference for the King – James – in reporting I guess, even though historically incorrect… likewise with the name "Jesus" should be transliterated to Joshua in English. just like in the many other verses about Moses' successor and other similar named individuals in the bible, but replacement theology takes a hold.
Jashub ben Issachar says:
This artifact has heen proven to be authentic,and all the linguistic arguments are pointless no one cares about the transliteration the aramiac script complies with the names mentioned in the historical account.
Herbert Branch says:
Sorry for the typos that appeared in the above remarks. Tablet Keyboard has gone a bit "touchy" and the auto-spellcheck was shut off due to some bizzare behavior. Hope that you can read thru the several mis-spellings to see what I was saying. Happy New Year, by the way.
And Happy Jubilee Year to Israel and all the Hebrew / Jewish People worldwide; also, to all who believein the God of Abraham, Yitzak (Isaac) and Iyacov (Jacob)!
B-T-W: The Jubilee Year requires that all properties be returned to those who are deemed by God to be the rightful owners of the lands in question.
Two Jubilees ago, in 1917-18, the Balfour Declaration was made and Jerusalem was liberated from pagan Ottoman Empire control.
One Jubilee ago, in 1966-67, the Old City of Jerusalem and the balance of Judah (Judea) and Samaria, as well as the ancient Heights of Bashan (the Golan), plus anciet Philistia (Gaza Strip) were all restored to Israeli control. How? Because Israel was threatened with distruction by her national neighbors. Why? Because it was time for a restoration that the "powers-that-be" in this world didn't want to see happen. So, war was planned, but God turned the tables on those hostile to Israel. Now, it appears that pattern will repeat.
When will gentiles finally reconcile with Israel and the God of Israel? But, as it says in the Bible, "God has a dispute with the nations (the 'Goyim' / gentiles)." Since Israel's enemies are very adament in their hatred and intransigence, it appears that God's Word will come true again in our present day. God will use Israel (again) to smack-down His enemies (all those who refuse to believe Him and His Word).
So, we wait and watch to see that part fulfilled between now and next Yom Kippur (Jubilee Years are the longest in the Hebrew calendar cyce of years).
All the best to you,and may your faith in Adonai Aveenu (God our Father) increase.
I have a dispute with the insistance that the inscription is in Aramaic. We often hear that Yeshua (Jesus) and his Jewish disciples, along with most of their Hebrew fellows, all spoke Aramaic rather than Hebrew. Why is that? It seems that European cultural bias against "the Jews" was such that European academia embraced the posture of denigrating the Hebrew culture that existed during the days of Roman occupation. And that would come to include thinking and teaching that the Jews no longer even spoke or read Hebrew, even though there is no evidence of such a condition in the New Testament texts.
The text is in the Hebrew letters used during the period of time in question. It is a more modern version thatn the alphabet used during the times of King David. But, as a Hebrew reader of some limitations, I can tell you that I can read the inscription on the picture of the ossuary with no difficulty whatsoever. The New Testament refers in several places to the Jewish people speaking their own language, which of course would be Hebrew. Why then do western scholars keep insisting that it was Aramaic, unless those who began that academic "tradition" wish to use that remark to serve as a "mild denigration" of the Jewish people if Judea, Samaria, The Gallil (Gallilee), the Shomron, etc., as thought the Hebrew People were so downtrodden that they no longer knew nor used their own native language.
After many long years of study, research and thought,,I have decided that this pattern of western "scholarship" (originating from promonent European universities) has been a result of the wishes of European royalty giving preference to Roman Imperial wishes from the days of the Caesars to the times of Vatican supremacy over all,of Europe. The total and abject dissolution of all Jewish culture included academic distortions of actual history to preserve the Roman rewriting of history.
In the Book of Acts we see the Apostle Paul speaking Greek to the Roman soldiers who were trying to stop a great disturbance caused by those Hebrews who were opposed to Paul (because of false rumors spread about him). And then Paul turns aside and speaks to his people in their own language, in Hebrew. Why? Because they are all Hebrews, who are trained from age 5-10 to read and write the Hebrew language, so as to be able to study the Scriptures and to begin to prepare for their Bar Mitzvah at 13. Such things were required of them since the days of Moses. They were not like the European peasants kept in ignorance by those who ruled over them. The European pattern model of dominion over the masses through restriction of access to reading and knowledge did not exist in Hebrew culture, because that would entail a direct command of God to all the Cildren of Israel: "… you shall teach them (the Scriptures) dilligently to your children…" from Deuteronomy 6 v 4 and the following passage. God did not want any Israeli to be ignorant of what God wanted them to know, including what their heritage was.
But, ancient Eurpean rulers (after the Romans faded from power) wanted the vast majority of their vassals and peasants to be helplessly ignorant as a tool for population control. And so, they also required that churches and schools teach that that was the common way of the whole world. Therefore, eventually, that mode of thinking also tainted what European scholatship taught about Israel, the Hebrew People (then referred to by the European pejoritive term as "Jews," which became the European synonym for "scoundrel," "thief," etc.).
In any case, the Hebrews were not residents of "Palestine." No, they lived in the areas of former Israel (which Roman occupiers renamed to suit themselves,,and to insinuate that Judah and Israel were Roman property now, ad not the homeland of the Hebrew People). That area would not be named "Palestine" until Europeans did so centuries later. Why? To honor and perpetuate Roman cultural trumphalism over the "Jews," and the Roman actions to obliterate the name of Israel from history after the Second Jewish Revolt (132-135 CE/AD). Did the Jews have the right to stage such a revolt? Yes! It was their own land! Was Rome entitled to gain control over whoeer they wished to dominate. They thought so; but that did not make it so. Did it now?
Just as in the case of all ancient and modern forms of tyranny: the tyrant grants to himself the "right" to rule over whomever he envies and wishes to control for selfish purposes. Why? All tyrants are bullies who take all authority unto themselves. The same is true of persons like Russia's Putin, the Ayatollahs of Iran, and the leaders of the EU which push for a global power that they wish to exercise anf control. It is that same human factor of political greed for control of everyone around themselves.
Ao, such motivations were the root cause of academic patterns of denigration of the Hebrew People ("the filty rotten Jews"), to facilitate a permanent oppression of a dispised group of fellow human beings. Why? Resentment for their efforts to kick Roman control/ oppression out of their own land ("how dare they oppose us!"). It was all about human pride, arrogance and power. The tyrant grants himself prerogatives that are disallowed to all others. Why? The tyrant wants to be a god! "How dare the lowly, treacherous Jew try to prove himself equal to me!"
But, the Jewish People almost liberated themselves from Roman dominion. Had they done so it would have been the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire, and the leaders of Rome knew that. So, the resentment was enormous. The penalty for such an attempt must be so high that no other peoples would make any similar attempt. Rome ordered the eternal destruction of the existance of Israel, like they did to their rival empire, Carthage.
After 135 CE/AD the Romans renamed the region "Syria-Paelestina," after the two nations / colonies which were on either side of theformer Israel and Judah. Jerusalem was replaced with a Roman city named "Alea Capitolina," and the names of Jerusalem and Israel were banned from being spoken or written. Later on, when Christian scholars began writing more openly about the days of Jesus, they were only permitted to refer to the geographical region by the shortened version of the Roman decreed name of "Paelestina," or as the English called it, "Palestine."
And so, even today that Euro-centric gentile "tradition" refuses to give way to modern life and reality: Israel has been reborn as a nation (which God revealed to His prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and others that He would do at the appointed time). But again, European leaders are at the forefront of that ongoing gentile rejection of the State of Israel, and its being the legitimate home of the Hebrew People. Hmm! It appears that God Himself will have to spank the recalcitrant and rejectionist leaders of Europe, and all who choose to side with them against Israel.
The pictured inscription reads phonetically:
"Iyacov ben Yoseph, achi Yeshua."
In English: "Jacob son of Joseph, brother of Yeshua."
King James I was an anti-Semite, who required that there could never be a "Jacob the Just," so that the KJV would always read "the brother of our Lord" to be named "James" (after King James himself, and not by the name Jacob). Remember that King James I's mother was Roman Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots (Bloody Mary), who Christened her son as Roman Catholic.
Edward Woolf says:
If this is real, it makes Yakov more important compared to Saul. (Paul means small in Latin. What would be the name in Aramaic?) This would corroborate with Josephus concerning Yakov.
We don't here anything about Saul from secular sources until much later.
Eliezer Pennywhistler says:
Whoops. My bad. "Ya'akov bar-Yosef akhui diYeshua" would be JACOB, son of Joseph, brother of Joshua. (Not that I believe for ONE SECOND that this is the ossuary of "James the brother of Jesus".)
I wish there was an editing function here. Oh well. I shouldn't be typing on Shabbat anyway.
Or Latin. What do I know about "Jesus".
Um, it says "Ya'akov bar-Yosef akhui diYeshua". As this is ancient Israel, I would expect the English translation to be "James, son of Joseph, brother of Joshua". "Jesus" is Greek.
Bishop Dr Cephas Mangi says:
It is surprising is the the Holy scriptures were written through inspiration of the holy Spirit but today's deniers of the holy Spirit or neither Spirit filled would champion the cause. No wonder the ditch is the outcome. Simple using the heavenly standards this is true and you will discover. James or Jacob the elder in the congregation was proud to be a brother of Jesus and good testimony to speak to generation to come through his bones . Bishop Cephas Mangi, D.D
david allen south says:
if the inscription says jesus or james it is a forgery… James comes from king james who fostered the KJ version;
the brother of our Messiah was named Yaacov you say jacob, and 'issous"jesus' comes from "issue of Zeus" and has nothing to do with scripture or the congregation [it is the headway to the great deception, i.e. changing names, times, holy days etc… daniel 7]
Messiah's name is the same name as was translated Joshua, please, actually look at the book of Joshua and see the hebrew spelling of the name to break free from the false moniker forced clandestinely upon us…Yahushua is his name, remember Messiah comes in the fathers name Yahuah is the fathers name Yahushua means Yahuah savesredeems/rescues etc…
this will help you in your search for the truth…
http://cozmiqpylosopher.blogspot.com/2012/08/preface-illuminate-human-eliminate.html
also; the top comment is my most recent research post…
please enjoy and share if you find it acurate and enlightening
It wouldn't read "Jesus" either, in Aramaic His Name is Y'Shua, and Hebrew is Yahwshwa, so it would read Yaaqob achi Yahwshwa. Not "James, brother of Jesus." Jesus is from Latin, not English or Hebrew.
Albert E. says:
In Spanish, Yaaqov is Diego. and Santiago is St James. Go figure.
In Spanish too, Isabela is Elisabeth (otherwise Elishevaa Aaron's wife I would think ) not Izevel -wife of Ahab. The antiquities industry (industry, just that) in Israel, is unfortunately teeming with charlatans.
James g says:
James is the English translation of the Hebrew name Jacob (I assume Jacob in English is just a change a pronunciation without translation?). And it's in Aramaic so that's another translation I'm not qualified to speak to (my name is James, that's how I know about the other one) suffice to say though that the experts who examined it would have been able to, and since Israel spent around 10 years trying to discredit the box I'm sure they would have pointed it out if it was the wrong name.
Bert espinoza says:
If it takes several experts to say it is the real thing.and several experts to say it not the real thing, well, that makes the so called forger a better expert then all of them.
I don't think so!!. No I don't think so
Robert Miller says:
Does the inscription read James Or Jacob? The King James bible renamed Jacob to James.
Earl Littlefield Jr says:
100 % Phony….. Just how many "Brother of" or "Sister of" obits have shown up in antiquity????
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