 Juristic acts contrary to social order rendered as null and void under Article 103 of the Civil Act include not only acts whose rights and obligations contravene good morals and other social order, but also acts which contravene social order because of its nature of being contrary to social order, arising from their mandatory implementation by law, or its combination with motive which is contrary to social order, and acts whose motive, expressed or known to the other party, is contrary to social order.
 In the case where a person enters into an insurance contract for the purpose of unjust acquisition of insurance proceeds through a large number of insurance contracts, it will engender deviation from social appropriateness because it will encourage abuse of insurance and speculative mental attitude attempting to gain unjust enrichment, and it will further undermine the purpose of insurance system, i.e., reasonable diversification of risk, destroy a fortuitous nature of the occurrence of risks, and bring about the sacrifice of numerous bona fide purchasers of insurance contracts, thereby impairing the very foundation of the insurance system. Therefore, such insurance contract is null and void as against good morals and other social order.
[Defendant-Appellant] Shindonga Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.
Of the judgment of the court below, the part that ruled against the defendant is reversed and the corresponding part of this case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
A. The non-party 1, the father of the plaintiff, entered into a Chamteunteun child love total insurance (insurance certificate no. 6890006912) (hereinafter referred to as "insurance contract in this case") with the defendant on August 20, 1999, according to which the plaintiff is the insured, and the insurance period is from August 20, 1999 to August 20, 2014. Under the policy, the insurer shall pay 20,000 won per each hospitalization day up to 180 days to the insured in case of bodily injuries caused by sudden and fortuitous accidents.
B. The plaintiff suffered from a right-side humerus fracture (hereinafter referred to as "insurance accident in this case") on September 15, 1999, when he fell down at the roller skating stadium located in Koheung, the Province of Jeonnam, and was treated for 52 days from Sep. 15, 1999 to Nov. 5, 1999 at the Korea Orthopedics Clinic in Koheung in the Province of Jeonnam. Article 28 of the insurance contract clauses in this case provides that "the company determines the insurance proceeds promptly upon the receipt of the notice of occurrence of losses, and make payment within 3 days from the determination (Paragraph 1); when the company receives the documents claiming the insurance proceeds, it should issue the receipt, and make payment within 10 days from its issuance; however, where it is obvious that the investigation and determination of losses will take more than 30 days, the company shall notify the ground to the insured or the beneficiary, and make payment within 3 days from the resolution of such cause (Paragraph 2)."
According to its fact findings, the court below found that the defendant was obligated to pay to the plaintiff the total expenses of hospitalization for injury of 1,040,000 won (20,000 won x 52 days) plus damages for any delay in payment, under the insurance contract in this case. The court below rejected the defendant's affirmative defense that the insurance contract in this case is null and void as being contrary to good morals and other social order since the non-party 1 entered into the insurance contract in this case for the purpose of unjust acquisition of insurance proceeds. The court below based its decision on the ground that the insurance contract in this case cannot be determined as being null and void for being contrary to good morals and other social order merely because the non-parties 1 and 2, the wife of the non-party 1, concluded multiple insurance contracts and no other evidences were submitted to prove that the non-party 1 entered into the insurance contract in this case for the purpose of unjust acquisition of insurance proceeds.
However, we cannot agree with the above decision of the court below for the following reasons.
Juristic acts contrary to social order rendered as null and void under Article 103 of the Civil Act includes not only acts whose rights and obligations contravene good morals and other social order, but also acts which contravene social order because of its nature of being contrary to social order, arising from their mandatory implementation by law, or its combination with motive which is contrary to social order, and acts whose the motive, expressed or known to the other party, is contrary to social order (see Supreme Court Decisions 99Da56833 delivered on Feb. 11, 2000, 99Da33311 delivered on Nov. 27, 2001). In the case where a person enters into an insurance contract for the purpose of unjust acquisition of insurance proceeds through a large number of insurance contracts, it will engender deviation from social appropriateness because it will encourage abuse of insurance and speculative mental attitude attempting to gain unjust enrichment, and it will further undermine the purpose of insurance system, i.e., reasonable diversification of risk, destroy a fortuitous nature of the occurrence of risks, and bring about the sacrifice of numerous bona fide purchasers of insurance contracts, thereby impairing the very foundation of the insurance system. Therefore, such insurance contract is null and void as against good morals and other social order (see Supreme Court Decision 99Da49604 delivered on Feb. 11, 2000).
The facts on the records reveal the followings: the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 successfully bid for four-story building for motel and pub in Koheung, the Province of Jeonnam with the loan from the financial institution and completed a title transfer registration under the non-party 1's name on November 16, 1996, but the financial institution secured a collateral upon the above building to the maximum amount of 706 million won by August 18, 1998, and thus, they practically could not exercise any property right as to the building; the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 defaulted on monthly interest payment of 2,500,000 won on the loan from the financial institution for the difficulties in operating the pub and the motel, and thus the Korea Exchange Bank filed a prejudgment attachment on November 7, 1998, and the Kwangju Bank filed for a voluntary auction on February 23, 1999; the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 entered into about 25 insurance contracts (mostly after 1998) under their names and those of their young children, the plaintiff (born in 1992) and the non-party 3 (born in 1996), and thereafter, additional 72 insurance contracts were intensively concluded up until the end of 1999, and the total of 97 insurances was concluded under the names of the non-parties 1,2, 3 and plaintiff (mostly accident insurance, with the total monthly insurance premium of around 3,749,890 won, the total insured amount of around 1,500 million won; the total number of insurance contracts would be 156, if insurances concluded under the name of relatives and friends of the non-parties 1 and 2 would be included.); the insurance contract in this case was concluded on August 20, 1999, which belongs to the period between around November 1998 and the end of 1999, the period when the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 massively purchased 97 insurance contracts under their names and those of their children, and the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 had already concluded about 60 insurance contracts prior to concluding the insurance contract in this case; non-party 1 and the non-party 2 made a living by selling the non-party 2's real estate properties or loan by providing them as collateral without any particular job or income when they entered into the aforementioned insurance contracts, and it appears that there were no reasonable reasons for the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 to conclude such a large number of insurance contracts within a short period of time; it appears that the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 did not give proper notice on the presence of other insurance contracts at the time of purchasing such a large number of insurances; the non-party 1, the non-party 2, their children (the plaintiff, the non-party 3) received the insurance proceeds of about 310 million won between 1999 and 2000 by reporting occurrences of insured risks and submitting multiple claims, and also filed lawsuits against the insurance company which refused to voluntary pay insurance proceeds; the non-party 1 and the non-party 2 were sentenced to four year imprisonment, and four year probation of two year and six months imprisonment, respectively, on September 3, 2004 in the Pyungtaek Branch of Suwon District Court for committing the crimes of fraudulent acquisition of insurance proceeds or attempting the same, by entering into a large number of insurance contracts during a short period of time, and then filing false claims, pretending the occurrences of insured risks or using forged certificates of medical treatment (hospitalization); the insured risk in this case occurred 26 days after the insurance contract in this case was concluded, the hospitalization period as alleged by the plaintiff is relatively a long term compared to the history of the accident and the extent of injury; and the amount of insurance proceeds that other insurance companies voluntarily paid to the plaintiff for this insured accident exceeds around 30 million won.
In light of the above legal principles, if we consider all relevant circumstances including the occupation and property ownership of the non-party 1 and the non-party 2, their reasons for concluding a large number of insurance contracts, the size of insurance contracts, the circumstances that existed after the conclusion of the insurance contracts, etc., it is difficult to find that the non-party 1 concluded the insurance contract in this case for the pure purpose of preparing for a fortuitous occurrence of risk to life and body, but it is possible to infer that it was concluded for the purpose of unjustly acquiring insurance proceeds under the pretense of occurrence of insured risks or exaggerating the size of damages. Therefore, the insurance in this case is null and void as against good morals and other social order under Article 103 of the Civil Act.
Nevertheless, the court below rejected the defendant's affirmative defense that the insurance contract in this case is null and void as against good morals and other social order under Article 103 of the Civil Act, because it was concluded for the purpose of unjustly acquiring the insurance proceeds. The above decision contains an error of law such as misconception of facts in violation of the rules of evidence or the misunderstanding of legal principles as to the validity of multiple insurance contracts and Article 103 of the Civil Act, and the errors affected the conclusion of judgment.
Therefore, of the judgment of the court below, the part that ruled against the defendant is reversed, and the corresponding part of the case is remanded to the court below for a new trial and determination. It is so decided as per Disposition with the assent of all participating Justices.
 민법 제103조에 의하여 무효로 되는 반사회질서 행위는 법률행위의 목적인 권리의무의 내용이 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 위반되는 경우뿐만 아니라, 그 내용 자체는 반사회질서적인 것이 아니라고 하여도 법률적으로 이를 강제하거나 법률행위에 반사회질서적인 조건 또는 금전적인 대가가 결부됨으로써 반사회질서적 성질을 띠게 되는 경우 및 표시되거나 상대방에게 알려진 법률행위의 동기가 반사회질서적인 경우를 포함한다.
 보험계약자가 다수의 보험계약을 통하여 보험금을 부정취득할 목적으로 보험계약을 체결한 경우, 이러한 목적으로 체결된 보험계약에 의하여 보험금을 지급하게 하는 것은 보험계약을 악용하여 부정한 이득을 얻고자 하는 사행심을 조장함으로써 사회적 상당성을 일탈하게 될 뿐만 아니라, 또한 합리적인 위험의 분산이라는 보험제도의 목적을 해치고 위험발생의 우발성을 파괴하며 다수의 선량한 보험가입자들의 희생을 초래하여 보험제도의 근간을 해치게 되므로, 이와 같은 보험계약은 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효이다.
 보험계약자의 직업 및 재산상태, 다수의 보험계약의 체결 경위, 보험계약의 규모, 보험계약 체결 후의 정황 등 제반 사정상 보험계약 체결이 순수하게 생명, 신체 등에 대한 우연한 위험에 대비하기 위한 것이라고 보기는 어렵고, 오히려 보험사고를 가장하거나 혹은 그 정도를 실제보다 과장하여 보험금을 부당하게 취득할 목적으로 체결하였음을 추인할 수 있으므로, 보험계약이 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효라고 한 사례.
가. 원고의 아버지인 소외 1은 1999. 8. 20. 피고와 사이에 참튼튼자녀사랑종합보험(증권번호 : 6890006912) 계약(이하 '이 사건 보험계약'이라 한다)을 체결하였는데, 위 보험계약에서 피보험자는 원고로 하고, 보험기간은 1999. 8. 20.부터 2014. 8. 20.까지로 하며, 피고는 피보험자가 급격하고도 우연한 외래의 사고로 신체에 상해를 입은 경우 그로 인한 상해입원비는 사고일로부터 180일 한도로 입원 1일당 2만 원씩을 피보험자에게 지급하기로 약정하였다.
나. 원고는 1999. 9. 15. 전남 고흥에 있는 로울러스케이트장에서 넘어지는 바람에 우측상완골외과골절상을 입고(이하 위 사고를 '이 사건 보험사고'라 한다), 1999. 9. 15.부터 1999. 11. 5.까지 전남 고흥에 있는 한국정형외과의원에서 52일간 입원치료를 받았으며, 이 사건 보험계약 보통약관 제28조는 "회사는 손해발생 통지를 받은 후 지체 없이 지급할 보험금을 결정하고 지급할 보험금이 결정되면 3일 이내에 이를 지급하여 드립니다(제1항). 회사가 보험금 청구서류를 접수한 때에는 접수증을 교부하고 그 접수증을 교부한 날로부터 10일 이내에 보험금을 지급하여 드립니다. 단, 손해조사, 결정에 소요되는 기간이 30일을 초과하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 그 사유를 피보험자 또는 보험수익자에게 통지하여 드리며 그 사유가 소멸되는 날로부터 3일 이내에 보험금을 지급하여 드립니다(제2항)."라고 규정하고 있다.
원심은 위 인정 사실에 기하여, 피고는 이 사건 보험계약에 따라 원고에게 52일분에 해당하는 상해입원비 합계 1,040,000원(20,000원 × 52일) 및 이에 대한 지연손해금을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하고, 나아가 소외 1이 보험금의 부정취득을 목적으로 이 사건 보험계약을 체결한 것이어서 이 사건 보험계약은 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효라는 피고의 항변에 대하여, 소외 1이나 그의 처 소외 2가 다수의 보험계약을 체결한 점만으로는 이 사건 보험계약이 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효인 계약이 된다고 단정할 수 없고, 달리소외 1이 보험금의 부정취득을 목적으로 이 사건 보험계약을 체결하였다는 점을 인정할 증거가 없다고 보아 위 항변을 배척하였다.
민법 제103조에 의하여 무효로 되는 반사회질서 행위는 법률행위의 목적인 권리의무의 내용이 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 위반되는 경우뿐만 아니라, 그 내용 자체는 반사회질서적인 것이 아니라고 하여도 법률적으로 이를 강제하거나 법률행위에 반사회질서적인 조건 또는 금전적인 대가가 결부됨으로써 반사회질서적 성질을 띠게 되는 경우 및 표시되거나 상대방에게 알려진 법률행위의 동기가 반사회질서적인 경우를 포함하고(대법원 2000. 2. 11. 선고 99다56833 판결, 2001. 11. 27. 선고 99다33311 판결 등 참조), 보험계약자가 다수의 보험계약을 통하여 보험금을 부정취득할 목적으로 보험계약을 체결한 경우, 이러한 목적으로 체결된 보험계약에 의하여 보험금을 지급하게 하는 것은 보험계약을 악용하여 부정한 이득을 얻고자 하는 사행심을 조장함으로써 사회적 상당성을 일탈하게 될 뿐만 아니라, 또한 합리적인 위험의 분산이라는 보험제도의 목적을 해치고 위험 발생의 우발성을 파괴하며 다수의 선량한 보험가입자들의 희생을 초래하여 보험제도의 근간을 해치게 되므로, 이와 같은 보험계약은 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효라고 할 것이다(대법원 2000. 2. 11. 선고 99다49064 판결 등 참조).
기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원고의 부모인 소외 1과 소외 2는 전남 고흥읍에 있는 4층 여관 및 주점 건물을 금융기관으로부터 받은 대출금을 이용하여 낙찰받아 1996. 11. 6. 소외 1 명의로 소유권이전등기를 마쳤으나, 1998. 8. 18.까지 위 건물에 대하여 금융기관 등에 채권최고액의 합계 706,000,000원 상당의 근저당권설정등기를 경료해 주어 사실상 위 건물에 대한 권리행사가 곤란한 상태였던 사실, 소외 1과 소외 2는 위 주점 및 여관의 운영이 어려워 금융기관으로부터의 대출금 등에 대한 이자 매월 2,500,000원 정도를 변제하지 못하였고, 이에 위 건물에 대하여 한국외환은행은 1998. 11. 7. 가압류를, 광주은행은 1999. 2. 23. 임의경매를 각 신청한 사실, 소외 1과 소외 2는 자신들 또는 어린 자녀들인 원고(1992년생), 소외 3(1996년생)의 명의로 위 가압류 무렵인 1998. 11. 20.경까지 약 25건 정도의 보험계약을 체결한 바 있고(대부분이 1998년 이후에 체결된 것이다.), 그 이후 1999년 말경까지 추가로 72건의 보험계약을 집중적으로 체결하여, 소외 1, 소외 2, 원고, 소외 3 명의로 15개 보험사에 합계 97건의 보험계약이 체결된 사실(대부분이 상해보험이고, 월보험료는 합계 3,749,890원 정도이며, 보험가입금액은 합계 15억여 원 정도이다. 그 외소외 1과소외 2의 다른 친족이나 지인의 명의로 체결된 보험계약까지 포함하면 합계 156건의 보험계약이 체결되었다.), 이 사건 보험계약이 체결된 시점이 소외 1과 소외 2가 자신들과 자녀들 명의로 97건의 보험계약을 집중적으로 체결하던 1998년 11월경부터 1999년 말경까지의 사이인 1999. 8. 20.이었고, 이 사건 보험계약 체결 이전에도 이미 60여 건의 보험계약이 체결되어 있었던 사실, 소외 1과 소외 2는 위 다수의 보험계약을 체결할 당시 특별한 직업이나 수입이 없어 소외 2가 보유한 부동산을 처분하거나 담보로 제공하면서 생활해 온 사실, 그럼에도 소외 1과 소외 2가 단기간 내에 보험계약을 대량으로 체결하여야 할 합리적 이유가 있는 것으로 보이지 아니하는 사실, 소외 1과 소외 2는 다수의 보험가입시 다른 보험계약의 존재에 대하여 제대로 고지하지 아니한 것으로 보이는 사실, 소외 1, 소외 2와 그 자녀들인 원고 및 소외 3은 위와 같이 체결된 보험계약에 기하여 여러 차례에 걸쳐 보험사고가 발생하였다면서 보험금의 지급을 청구하여 1999년부터 2002년경까지 합계 약 310,000,000원 상당의 보험금을 지급받는 한편, 임의 지급을 거절하는 보험사를 상대로 다수의 소송을 제기한 사실, 소외 1과 소외 2는 단기간에 다수의 보험계약을 집중적으로 체결한 다음 보험사고가 발생하지 아니하였음에도 불구하고 사고가 발생한 것으로 허위로 보험금 지급 청구를 하거나 위조된 의사의 치료(입원)확인서를 행사하여 보험금을 편취하였거나 미수에 그쳤다는 등의 범죄사실로 수원지방법원 평택지원에서 2004. 9. 3. 소외 1은 징역 4년을, 소외 2는 징역 2년 6월에 집행유예 4년을 각 선고받은 사실, 이 사건 보험사고가 이 사건 보험계약 체결 후 26일 만에 발생하였고, 그 발생 경위나 상해 정도에 비추어 원고 주장의 입원 일수가 비교적 장기이며, 원고가 이 사건 보험사고에 기하여 이미 보험사들로부터 임의로 지급받은 보험료만도 약 3,000여만 원을 상회하는 사실 등을 알 수 있다.
앞서 본 법리에 비추어 위 소외 1과 소외 2의 직업 및 재산상태, 다수의 보험계약의 체결 경위, 보험계약의 규모, 보험계약 체결 후의 정황 등 제반 사정을 고려하여 보면, 소외 1이 이 사건 보험계약을 체결한 것은 순수하게 생명, 신체 등에 대한 우연한 위험에 대비하기 위한 것이라고 보기는 어렵고, 오히려 보험사고를 가장하거나 혹은 그 정도를 실제보다 과장하여 보험금을 부정하게 취득할 목적으로 체결하였음을 추인할 수 있다고 할 것이어서, 이 사건 보험계약은 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효라고 보아야 할 것이다.
그럼에도, 원심이 이 사건 보험계약이 보험금의 부정취득을 목적으로 체결된 것이어서 민법 제103조 소정의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하여 무효라는 피고의 항변을 배척한 조치는 채증법칙을 위반하여 사실을 오인하거나 다수 보험계약의 효력과 민법 제103조에 관한 법리를 오해하는 등으로 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 것이다.
그러므로 원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.


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Columbus Crew signs with Metrica Sports
Metrica Sports are proud to announce a 2 year partnership with founding member of the MLS the Columbus Crew.
The addition of Columbus to the growing number of MLS teams using the league's leading performance analysis and player tracking software Metrica PLAY is an exciting development for Metrica and further highlights the appitite from MLS teams for access to data fueled performance insights.
Teams from the MLS accessing the insights provided by Metrica now include, the Professional Referee Organization, Seattle Sounders, LAFC, LA Galaxy, Vancouver Whitecaps, Portland Timbers, Colorado Rapids, Houston Dynamo & Toronto FC in accessing Metrica PLAY.
The partnership with Columbus will provide its coaching staff with access to AI powered tracking data for all 22 players and ball for all regular season and post season MLS games. This tracking data along with event data and Wide-angle autozoom video will allow staff to look at the game in a custom and unique way via Metrica's Personal Pattern Alarms which identify and present moments in the game that are related to the Crew's specific style of play.
Metrica Sports Managing Director, Ewan Robson described how excited Metrica is to have the opportunity to work with the Columbs Crew:
"We are proud to get the chance to work with President Tim Bezbatchenko and Technical Director Pat Onstad in their efforts to create a data driven approach to player development and performance analysis and have a front row seat in watching the development of this great club under its new ownership."
Metrica Sports provides a combination of tracking, event and dynamic video visualizations solutions to track every player's movement in games. Providing data points 15 times per second the Metrica software allows coaches and analysts to make data driven performance decisions and provides a platform to identify technical and tactical movement patterns that are specific to an individual team's style of play or coaching philosophy.
LA Galaxy, Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps become the latest clubs to join Metrica Sports

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


History: The Eskimos, Aluets, and the Indians are the three known peoples that were living in Alaska prior to European exploration. When Russia discovered Alaska in 1741 they remained as whalers and fur traders, later establishing a trading post on the Kodiak Islands. In 1867 the United States bought Alaska from Russia for the price of $7.2 billion. The discovery of gold in Alaska brought the first rush of Americans into the area. After officially becoming an American territory in 1912, copper and coal mines opened in the area. (Many years later after the majority of the mines were closed, it would be oil that brought Alaska wealth.) During World War II the Aleutian Islands of Agattu, Attu and Kiska were taken by the Japanese and won back by the Americans a year later. This was the only fighting in that war that occurred on American soil.
Geography: Alaska's Mt McKinley is the highest point in North America reaching a height of 20,320 feet. The largest of all the states, Alaska covers 570,380 square miles and has a very diverse landscape, from the populated south-central coastal regions to uninhabited tundra. The Aleutian islands contain many active volcanoes while the North Slope of Alaska is known for oil reserves and an extreme, inhospitable climate.
Aleksandr Andreyevich Baranov (1746-1819) Russian fur trader who founded present-day Sitka and served as the first governor of Russian America.
E.L. "Bob" Barlett ((1904-1986) Alaskan Congressman who fought for Alaskan statehood; grew up in Fairbanks.
Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681-1741) Danish-born navigator for Russia who discovered that Siberia and North America were separate continents; the Bering Strait is named after him.
Jewel (1974-) Famous singer and musician.
Carl Ben Eielson (1897-1929) First pilot to make an Alaska airmail flight in 1924.
Elizabeth Wanamaker Peratovich (1911-1958) Native Alaska who fought for Native rights in Alaska; born in Petersburg.
State and National Parks National Parks include: Alagnak Wild River, Aleutian World War II National Historic Area, Kenai Fjords National Park, Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park, Kubuk Valley National Park, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Cape Krusertern National Monument, Denali National Park and Preserve, Gates of the ARtic National Park and Preserve, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Noatak National Reserve, Northwest Alaska Areas, Glacier Bay National Park, Sitak National Historic Site, Inupiat Heritage Center National Historic Park, Wrangell- St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Katamai National Park and Preserve, and Yukon- Charley Rivers National Preserve. There are state parks located in Interior Alaska, the Kenai Peninsula, the Kodiak Islands, the Matanuska and Sustina Valleys, Prince William Sound and throughout Southern Alaska.
Misc: Alaska has the most water of any state in the US. The coastline of Alaska is longer than all other state's coastlines put together. Alaska also has more inland water than any other state and with over 100,000 glaciers, approximately 75% percent of that water is stored as glacial ice. The capital of Alaska can only be reached by boat or plane and is also the largest city in the United States.


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A Date With Dr Zakir – Ep31
Channel: Zakir Naik
give charity for the pleasure.
Pleasure.
You believe breathe
every native
dear brothers and sisters in Islam and humanity
as salaam alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakaatuh May the peace, the mercy and the blessings of Allah subhanho wa Taala be on all of you.
Welcome to the show Ramadan, a date with Dr. Zakir I'm your host use of chambers and today we will be discussing the topic, voluntary fasts and prohibited fasts.
Dr. Zakir Assalamu alaykum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh walakum wa salaamu alaikum.
Folks Exactly. The first question I'd like to pose to you is,
are there any other fasts other than the obligatory fasts in Islam? and hungry Allah? Wa Salatu was Salam ala rasulillah, Allah Allah if ibH mean, Am I bad? Also below him in the shade Tony regime. rajim Bismillah R Rahman Rahim, rubbishing a Saturday, where psyllium Li 100 of the Tamil srtf Kirkcaldy in Islam, the deeds and the actions, they are divided into two types, one is the obligatory known as the fourth and the other is a voluntary, that is known as optional.
Same thing in fosse also, we have the obligatory fast learner the fourth fast and the one defiers known as the tofu. Allah subhanho wa Taala has made certain deeds and actions for for all Muslims. This is the minimum requirement for every Muslim to fulfill for every believer to complete
and actually do it
by the grace of Allah subhanaw taala he has kept things which are voluntary, so that we get most of our we get more blessings and it can even compensate and repay and fulfill some of the obligated things we have missed or some mistakes we do. So hamdulillah into the grave Allah Subhana Allah Masha Allah subhanaw taala that he has made things which are voluntary, which gives more chance to compensate for things they have missed, and more chances to go to agenda. So similarly in the pillar of fasting, we have the obligatory fast as well as the voluntary fires known as the dough.
Okay, thank you. Well, in that case, could you actually highlight or mentioned what are the voluntary fasts as recommended by the prophet Muhammad Sallallahu I leave Islam as far as voluntary fasts are concerned. Beside the days which are further fast, that's the month of Ramadan.
And those days, which are prohibited to fast, a Muslim can fast on any other day in the full year. But there are certain days, which the Prophet has recommended, where a Muslim if he fast, it is much more preferable, and he'll get masala first is fasting in the month of Muharram, especially Ashura.
Number two is fasting on the day of arafah. Number three is fasting during the first 10 days of the month of the lodge.
Number four, fasting
in the month of chawan. Number five is fasting in the month of Siobhan. Number six is fasting during the forebrain months,
I should have room the forbidden months. Number seven is fasting on the speed. That's three days in the month 13 14th and 15th of every month.
Number eight is fasting on Mondays and Thursdays. And number nine is fasting on alternate days of the year. So these are the nine types of fast which the Prophet had originally recommended.
So nine different categories Could you tell us which are the most important of all the voluntary fast
important of all the warranty fast is fasting in the month of March, especially the assurance that the identity of Mara
and our beloved prophet masala slim said, it's mentioned in hadith of say Muslim woman number two, in the book of fasting, added number 2612. A person as the Prophet, that which is the most important
of the prayers, after the prescribed prayers after the first praise, and which is the most important fast after the fourth faster after the first in the month of Ramadan, have replied, the most important prayer after the further prayers is the prayer at night. And the most important fast after the fast in Ramadan is fasting in Muharram. Fasting in the month of Ramadan with the most important and a beloved partner Salah slim further said, it's mentioned in the heartbeat of Timothy in the book of fasting, how did number seven five to the Beloved Prophet said that well fast on the day of Ashura expansion have a sense for the previous years. Dolphins that it did in the previous year, it
will be expanded another edition of say Buhari
word number three in the book of fasting Hadith number 2004. It says that Abner Bassman Lopez with him, he says that Prophet Musa Salam. When he reached Medina, he asked the Jews who is too fast on the 10th day of Muharram that why do you fast on the 10th of March? So they replied that the Bani Israel
got the freedom from the enemies and Allah subhanaw taala gave them freedom on this day. And Prophet Moses peace be upon him he fastened on this day. So prime minister also replied that we have more right over Prophet Moses peace be upon him than you do. And he commanded the Muslims that they should fast on the 10th of Muharram Ashura.
There's another Hadith in
Suna without warning number two, in the book of fasting, and ID number 2439. Where if no boss says hello Peter, Tim, that
when prophet masala Sallam said that the Muslims should fast on the 10th of Muharram. On the day of Ashura, some of the Sabbath some of the companions of the Prophet came and told him that this is the day
which is celebrated by the Jews.
It's an important day for them. Prophet said next year, inshallah will also fast on the ninth. But unfortunately, the Prophet did not live
to see the next year expired before that is mentioned on the site. Book of fasting, added number 2416 that the Prophet did not miss four things. Number one is fasting and prayer for Shura. Number two fasting the first 10 days of the lodge. Number three, fasting three days every month, I am unburied, and praying the sooner Salah before the age of Salah.
So based on this, you come to know that
it's very good to fast on assura. That is the 10th day of martyrdom. But to be different.
The Jews, it's preferable that you fast on the ninth also for the West is too fast on the ninth and the 10th. But if you're someone faster on the 10th only scholars say it's fine. Some scholars say that you can also fast on the 10th and 11th to be different than the Jews. Okay, thank you very much Dr. Zakir. Dr. Zakir, could you outline the significance of fasting on the day of arafah? And could you also tell us is it recommended that the pilgrims also join in the fast of alpha. As far as fasting on the day of alpha is concerned, the day of alpha is on the ninth day of the night, where all the pilgrims, they gather on the field of alpha and deplete Allah subhanaw taala it's the time
when Allah subhanaw taala listens to the prayers of the Muslims
and the Hajj, the garden, the farofa that is the reason when the pilgrims are praying to Allah subhanaw taala all the Muslims toward the world and they join them in the way of fasting wherever they are. And it's mentioned in same Muslim world number two, in the book of fasting, how did number 2603 a person as the Prophet that what is the significance of fasting on the ninth of the light that is on the day of arafah
Prophet says anyone who fasts on the day of arafah on the ninth of the lodge, two years of history will be expected. That is one year that
This the preceding year, and one is the following year. The next person asked that
what is the reason for fasting on the day of Ashura as the 10th of march from the Prophet replied, fasting on the day of Ashura expired the sins of the previous year. So the main reason we fast under frfr is that it expired the sins of two years, the PVC as well as the following year, and there was a misunderstanding. Some people think that it should not fast on the default offer, because there are these talking about that, but this is specifically for the people who are performing hajj.
And the Hadith mentioned in, say, Bukhari one number three, in the book of fasting, I did number 1988, where when the Prophet performed Hajj, the companions were wondering whether the prophet of fasting or not, so there were doubts among the companions. So one lady, she offers a glass of milk to the prophet in the rain, the camel, the prophet brings the milk indicating that he was not fasting. So, this is particularly for the people who are performing hajj and they are at the day of alpha, they should not find the reason is Allah subhanaw taala does not want to overburden them, because as it is, they are performing hajj and taking all the troubles additional trouble is not
required. Allah says no Quran Surah Baqarah chapter two, verse number 26, that Allah Subhana Allah does not lay on a person, a burden greater than he or she can bear. And furthermore, since the people are travelling in heist, that traveling as it is for a traveler, fasting is exempted. So that is the reason for a person who's performing hajj performing pilgrimage for him or her fasting is prohibited. But for the other Muslims throughout the world, they should fast on the day of alpha. Certainly there's good reason for them to fast. I mean, it's a having expectations of citizens from two years. That's good enough for me so upon Allah and Dr. zacky, could you possibly tell us what is
the importance of fasting 10 days in the ledger? As far as fasting on the first 10 days of the month of the ledger? It's mentioned in Sona without one number two, in the book of fasting, and it number 2432 that the Beloved Prophet no Salaam said that
Allah subhanaw taala likes the virtue the most of a person who fast in these days that the 10 days of the ledger, and he likes it a lot. So personas that does he like even more than the journey of Allah subhanaw taala one of the Sahaba he has that does Allah like it more than even doing jihad, the number of Allah subhanaw taala so the Prophet replies, yes, even more than that, unless a person goes out. For cattle, that's the battlefield, which is life and wealth, and does not come back with both of them. Except for that it felt better during January of Allah subhanaw taala. So this is the importance of fasting in the first 10 days of Hajj. Just like Lucha did the Prophet Muhammad
sallallahu alayhi Salaam mentioned any particular six days for a Muslim to fast in the month of showen or cannibalism randomly select those days at his own well, as far as fasting in the month of show while the blood was possible cells from said it's mentioned in say Muslim, or in the in the book of fasting, added number 2614. The Prophet said that anyone who fasts in the month of Ramadan and follows it with six days of fasting in the month of Shabbat. It is as though he has fasted for the full life fasted perpetually, or fasted for one year that a big word is that it means perpetually a full life. One of its meanings is also for one full year. So if you fast in the month
of Ramadan, the completement followed with six days in the month of Chahal. It's as though you're fasted for the full year. As far as fasting is concerned, that should be fasted immediately after the month of Ramadan, or can we fast later on?
Or should we fast consecutively? Or can we fast at random separately, the views of the scholars differ
as far as this is concerned. But according to authentic ruling to the best of my knowledge, since it does not specify that it should fast immediately. You can fast any six days in the month of Chahal after the month of Ramadan has ended, except for the day that it should hit in the good deeds. So if you use that logic, then the earlier you fast the better it is
so that you hit in the good deeds as far as fasting consecutively or separately doesn't make any difference. Though there are some people who say that we should fast together, then only it's valid, but there's no need to prove that you can fast together or at random or separate yourself.
long as you fast in the month of Sha one.
And the third point of difference among the scholars is that since is the volunteer fast you can even decide you can get up in the morning. And if you want to give me the Nia that time also does some of the scholars say no, because it's important voluntee fast you should make the Nia one night before. But 100 ruling authentic audit, you can even get up in the morning and then decide to fast as long as you have not eaten or drank anything. You haven't violated the rules of fasting. These three points, passing them on the show while does differ. But the authentic I feel is that you can fast any time of the month, either starting ending or late. You need not fast conservatively can
fast consecutively also as well as separately, and you can make the Nia even late as long as you don't break any of the fasting. Furthermore, it's not necessary that you have to fast every year. If you fast it's good to can fast one year next year, don't fast or slow, no sin
and suppose you don't fast and only two days of hawala left. That does not mean you cannot fast. If you fast for two days we'll get off for two days.
So the main Hadith says that we should fast for six days in the month of Chahal.
After keeping them done, it will seem as though you have fasted for the full year. Dr. Zakir just further to the issue of fasting the six days In short, did the Prophet Mohammed Salah slim select number six, six days for any particular why wasn't it for instance five or seven or eight or nine?
The reason homosassa I'm selected six days to fight him on the show while is because the computer these days you fast the complete month of Ramadan, then followed with six days as they are faster for the full year and one Mojave to save that one deed is multiplied by 10 deeds, then hasna. So if you fast for one month in the month of Ramadan, it's as though you're fasted for 10 months
and then follow it up with six days. Take them multiply by 10 it becomes 60 days, that's two months. So 10 plus two months becomes 12 months. So that is the logic. He said six days so that if you multiply the full month of Ramadan plus six day that is equivalent to one full year. Well, that's interesting. Dr. zacky is it recommended that one fasts the entire month of chabanne
as far as fasting in the month of Siobhan is concerned, it's mentioned in say Bukhari born number three, in the book of fasting and number 1969 of the Dasha we live brigitta she says that Prophet masala Salam used to never fast the full month, except the month of Ramadan, and prognose wa sallam never fasted more than any month as compared to the month of Siobhan. This shows that muscle loss alum faster to compete not only the month of Ramadan, and after I'm done, the maximum of fasting was in the month of Siobhan may be preparing for the rest of the month to come. That is the reason and people have misconception that it should fast. The Government of Japan there's no such thing you
should fast for the half month of Shabbat but there's a need which is mentioned in
Sunday night without warning number two in the book of fasting added number 2330 the Beloved Prophet Musa Salim said
that you should not fast after half the month of harmonica what that means to the 15th of sound you can fast after 16th you should not and there's another Hadith which is mentioned say Buhari warm number three book of fasting How did number 1914 where the beloved's personal Saracen said that you should not fast one or two days before the month of Ramadan
because these are the days of doubt. So should not fast on these two days. So, based on this idea after the 15th that is from 16 onwards, you should not fast unless
Yeah, this continues that unless you are used to fasting and are filled fast, used to fashion and wanting to fast, maybe three days, every month, the aim will be or you're used to fasting on Mondays and Thursdays or alternate days. It's accepted otherwise, otherwise you should not. So this is what a person should foster the month of Shabbat as much as possible.
Okay, doctor.
The next issue which you briefly
highlighted at the beginning of the interview was fasting in the four forbidden months of which you said I believe was the son of the Prophet Mohammed Salah Aslan, could you tell us which are those months? The full forbidden months known as I should hurum the full 14 months where it is sooner? It's voluntary. It's segmented fast. Ah dilkusha delicia more RAM and Roger if anyone fast during these four months
It is recommended it comes in the volunteer fast.
Okay, thank you. Another of the nine categories you mentioned is the fasting on Monday and Thursday. Can you tell us why the Prophet Mohammed Salah stem recommended Monday and Thursday for fasting? The reason why peninsula salon recommended the Muslims to fast on Monday and Thursday. According to the heartbeat of Muslim, Mr. Orban number 200 number 86. One, the beloved Prophet Musa lessem said, when someone asked him that, why do you fast on Mondays and Thursdays, he said, these are the two days when the deeds of the human beings are shown to Allah subhanaw taala and he pardons the believers
unless two believers who don't look at one another. So Allah says the angel that delay them. That's the reason for Salaam preferred fasting on these two days, when the deeds are exhibited to a last minute Allah, he preferred fasting on those days further the Hadith in
the Muslim world number two, Book of fasting, number 2606. That once a person has the profit that why do you fast on Mondays? The Prophet said, I fast on Mondays because that is the day that I was born.
And that is the day when the Quran was revealed to me. So because of these two reasons, firstly, a Monday is also recommended
that a very excellent day Monday and Thursday to fast May Allah make it easy for us to focus on those two days continuously inshallah throughout the year. Dr. Zakir another of the categories you mentioned that Muslims are encouraged to fast throughout the year is the AML beat, which you've mentioned 13th 14th and 15th, the middle portion of the each lunar month, could you explain the significance of those days please?
I am will bead
are the days of the full moon and that is the 13th 14th and 15th of every lunar month. And the Beloved Prophet naturalism said as mentioned on the site book of fasting, added number two for two for that the beloved partner Salaam said
that you should fast three days every month.
And that would be equal to as we have fasted for the full year.
And the other audit of say Buhari was number three, fasting number 1975 says that
when you fast for three days every month, for the full year
it is as we have fasted for the full year because every deed gets multiplied by 10 times. So if you fast three days every month it's equal to full month and we fast three days every month and become the full year. So that varies in the province. There are some said fast three days every month so that as they are faster for the full year. And if you fast
every year of your life every month that they are faster for the full life. So that's the reason why moose Rossum said fast during the exam will beat the will makes absolute sense, doesn't it?
The other thing I was going to ask you is about profit download. Elisa Lam. What's the significance of his fast and what form of fast did the profit narrowed le Selim do? The fasting we just preferred masala Salaam. He said the best type of fasting and fasting without the discipline. And the details are given in, say Buhari one, number three, in the book of fasting. I did number 1975 were one of the Sabbath of the lamelo Pizza Tim, the prophet had heard, they approached him and said, I have heard that you fast every day.
And you prayed for night. The Sabbath siddhis
the Prophet told him that you should fast for some days, and break the fast for some days.
And you should pray at night and eventually bath night. Because your body has right over you. Your wife has told you your family has a right to you and your guests have a right to you.
And then the Prophet said, you fast for three days every month, it will be as though you have fasted for the full year
to the subacid. But Prophet, I can do much more than that,
than the Prophet said. Fast like the first of all the lesser lamb and the summer asked him that what type of fast did he keep? The Prophet said He fasted half a year. That means every day
for the full year. The other added of say Buhari or number three book of fasting added number 1976 the same
This period but in the end he says fast like the faster though there is a lamb and the other Lissa lamb fasted one day and broke the first day of the day. That means He fasted alternatives are fully.
Okay, thank you for shedding light on the fast food Darrell Elisa Lam, how does the voluntary fast differ from the obligatory fast in Islam? As far as the voluntary, fast and obligated fasts are concerned? They are one in the same as far as relief concerned, except for two things. That is one is the near default between the two. And the second is, the prophet said, the person who
does volunteer fast, he varied off himself. If you want, you can break it whenever he wishes. And these to leave the drive from that the the hustler seldom, it's mentioned in such an essay
in the book of fasting, how did number 2323 that one is the Prophet masala sallam, he asked his wife Aveda millo Peter in the morning, do you have something to eat? She says no, the prophet replies that I'm fasting. That means he did not have the need to fast one night before which is required for an obligatory fast, you're a person who gets up as long as had not eaten anything or have not drank anything. He can do the Nia on the spot. Also, it's solid. The second thing as I mentioned, that the person who keeps the holdfast he's a leader of his own self, or herself, and they can break the fastener they wish they had it
mentioned in tirmidhi, in the book of fasting, number 72, that mahana man Lupita she says that, on the day of the victory of Makkah, when we when somebody house masala Salaam, was given water to drink, after drinking, give it to me. And she told the Prophet that I'm fasting. So the Prophet says
that is it for atonement, or the warning first, he said, No, it's a warranty fast. So then the Prophet says, the person who keep the warranty fast in the master of him or her self, and they can break the fast whenever they wish. So if you want to break, you can break, if you please, you can break the fast or you need not optional.
And a similar date is mentioned in sunon bakkie added number 8362
where wear one, one of the Sahaba he invites musallam to his house, and the Prophet goes with other Sabbath. And when the food is served, my man says that I'm fasting.
So the Prophet says
the man has taken the trouble to make food for you. And he spent money.
So you break a fast and if you wish, you can make it up later. So these are these are come to know that number one Nia is not the same as obligated fast, it doesn't have to be made one night before, but especially for fasting on RFID and tend to do have more RAM assura it's preferable it's done before but otherwise in warranty facets on a master camera later on so and a person can bring the fast efficient after a break if you weren't seeking compensate, or you did not compensate that is up to him and his or her fiance doctor. And the next question I'd like to pose to you relates to the facets which are not allowed in Islam. There are some facets which are not allowed in Islam, could
you mention those
different fast place the days on which fast are prohibited? Number one is fasting on the two aids
that he then it will fit it and other
number two
fasting three days after each other is known as
the the tertiary three days of the Shree. Number three is Yama shuck. The days of doubt fasting one or two days before lunch starts. Number four is singling out Friday for fast. Number five, singling out Saturday for fasting. Number six is
someone that is fasting for the full life. That privated number seven is bizarre. That is fasting consecutively day and night. That's not allowed. Number eight is if a woman is married, and if she has to keep rolling fast. She has to take the permission of the husband without the permission of the husband she cannot keep any volunteer fast. So these are the eight categories of fast which are prohibited in the warranty fast. One of those categories you've mentioned is of course the two aids of the zakka. Why is fasting prohibited on the two eats
The then the two IDs, it will fit that any the other. They are the days of festival. And a Muslim normally goes out to pray. In congregation, he comes back he meets his family members meet the relatives meet the friends, so but natural, the day of festival and fasting don't go together. And furthermore, during the fitter, it is the end of the month of fasting. So how can you fast after the end of the month of fasting, and either other, it's a double sacrifice, you saw an animal imagine you sacrifice an animal, and you're not eating the meat of the animal you have sacrificed. So that the reason that these two days it's probably too fast. And the beloved partner xlsm said, it's
mentioned in Santa Ana without warning number two, in the book of fasting, added number two for one, zero, that the Prophet said, it is prohibited to fast on the two ends.
It will either because you sacrifice the animal and you'll not be able to eat the meat of the animal sacrifice, and it will fit it because it marks the end of fasting. So these two are the reasons why too fast on either in the two days.
Had the Prophet Muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, you know forbade fasting, three days after it will fit. I would have quite clearly understood that because we just fasted the whole month of Ramadan. But why is it that the Prophet Muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam has forbade the fasting in the days of tashlich. The three days after eat
there is a prophet masilela salam has forbidden fasting on days of the Shri that is three days fasting either other. The reason is because these three days are the days of festival. The days that the Muslims meet the families meet the friends meet the relatives, and they eat and they drink. So it's the days of festival these three days perfectly after each other. And plus, we are also allowed to sacrifi the animal besides each other, even on the days of the Sri towards four days of sacrifice. So imagine we sacrifice the animal and don't eat the meat. But these are the reasons which is also mentioned in the hadith of Muslim Ahmed. On number two, page number 513.
Or did number 10664 were aboard era men libraries with me shave that profit Mozilla salon. He sent up the lobby today for Menlo Palooza Tim, to go and tell to the people of Mina who were performing the proclamation that they should not fast for the three following days after the date of the Sri because these are the days of eating and drinking and remembering Allah subhanaw taala. So based on that, since this guidance was given to the people who perform the proclamation that the pilgrims, it's also understood that Muslim throughout the world, they should not fast on the three days of tertiary saccade Could you explain to the viewers what are the days of doubt, which you've mentioned
earlier, when a Muslim is not supposed to fast? The day though doubt, that's known as normal check some yummy fasting on days without
is when you doubt whether it is the month of Ramadan or not. And if you're in doubt yet to be on the safe side of a person fast whether before I'm done, starts in doubt you fast. After I'm done I ended without the 900 if you fast during the days of doubt it is permitted. As the blood was paternalism said it's mentioned in the Hadith of the enemy, the book of fasting Hadith number 686. That
when the moon is not seen, and people doubt, whether it's the last day of Siobhan, or the first deal from Nan and the first, this is prohibited. Fasting because of doubt is prohibited. But people have doubted you know that moon has not been seen so maybe it's the last day of Shabbat or the first day of Ramadan. So why not fast it's preferable when in doubt, minority first which is prohibited in Islam further as mentioned in the hadith of say Buhari
was number three in the book of fasting handed number 191 for the Beloved Prophet masala slim said that it is prohibited to fast one or two days before I'm done.
Because of doubt, unless a person is used to keeping the novel fast, it used to keep in the warranty fast and it coincides with he used to fasting on Monday and then the first two days before I'm done coincides or he is used to fasting every alternate day and coincide without that exception. Fasting on the day of doubt is permitted.
Further it's mentioned soon without warning number two book of fasting number two three to seven that once
We were there at the day of sighting of the moon. And people doubted whether
the moon was seen or not. And there was division between the people and when God was cut.
And it was given, some people didn't have the meat, because they're fasting. So immediately when the Saba says that all those who fast on this day, they have disobeyed our customer, our customer the name of musallam, you know, the father of custom. So it becomes a deal feed.
If some people said saw the moon, some people said no is not sure. And they found that when they're fasting on their feed, even this is Yama shock. They were shocked of two types. One is before a man starts, you know, firstly, the month of Siobhan and one is after I'm done gets over fasting in the month of Chihuahua. So both these are prohibited, because you know what near to me that I am fasting, I don't know whether some done or not, and you're fasting in doubt. So when a Muslim does an act, or did something good, we should be sure they cannot be in doubt. And then fast in doubt, and then of course, Allah doesn't make sense. And that's absolutely very clear, I believe, following
on from that, another category of prohibited fasts, Fridays, and incredibly special day for all Muslims, wherever you are.
So why is it that it can't be singled out on its own as an object of fast as far as
singing on Friday, for keeping the warranty fast, it is prohibited? Because Friday is the main day for the Muslims in the week, we can call it the weekly or the day is important day for the Muslims. And we offer congregation Salah, and we meet the roll days they meet our friends sort of fast on this day, it's not preferable. And furthermore,
it is negating, doing the opposite of what the Jews and Christians do. They prefer fasting on the Monday, that is Jews prefer fasting on Saturday, and the Christians on Sunday. And they consider as a religious day. And all the other days they do all their activities with no problems. So you don't believe in that. They're only doing acts of good deeds on Friday and not doing on the other days of the week. Based on these two reasons, Professor solemn has prohibited singling out Friday for fasting. But this prohibition is not complete prohibition without a macro. And he said that if you have too fast, you can fast on Friday, along with fasting one day before or one day afterwards. That
means we're not singing or fasting. Or if you're used to fasting on particular days, you know, like maybe three days in a month, the yam will be unbearable to be afraid in the no problem. Or if you're fasting alternate day, then that happened to be a fairly the no problem. Otherwise singling out only Friday is not permitted. It's mentioned in the hadith of
say body worm number three, we'll go faster. How did number 1986 that once the Prophet met you were MLR be pleased with her. And she was fasting on Friday. So the Prophet asked her that did you fast yesterday? She said no. Do you have intention to fast tomorrow? She said no. Then you break your fast produce Allison and further said its mission in the Muslim world number two, in the book of fasting, how did number 2546
the blood Prophet said that do not single out the night preceding Friday for offering the night Salah night prayer and neither single out Friday for a voluntary fast unless used to fasting unless accustomed to fasting and then finally falls on that. So as I mentioned earlier that Fidesz not be singled out, you know because we don't want to copy the other non Muslim the Jews and Christians unless it's a normal practice and you habit and it happens to fall on the day No problem. If you fast on a Friday if it's preceded by fasting one day before or one day after there's no problem or if it falls on your normal routine of fasting like alternate days or the tedious I am will be
perfectly fine. Okay doctors Thank you. But what about Saturday? Saturday cannot also cannot be singled out for voluntary fasting is that correct? The blood Prophet said it's mentioned something without wanting to go fasting. I did number 2415 that do not single out Saturday for fasting
and even if you have to choose a grape skin or a piece of fruit Intuit, but don't single out Saturday fasting. The reason profit muscle are seldom particularly said do not single out Saturday for fasting is somewhat similar reason for Friday, because the Jews they foster on Saturday, and it's their day of festival. So don't imitate them. And we want to be away from them and that there is a need for Sunday, which is done with the Christians. So this is
Usually not the single without. That is the reason the producers will forbid, too fast singling out Saturday, unless it's your normal routine, and it happens to coincide with the day. Okay, folks, exactly another point, which is quite interesting. I mean, fasting has many benefits. And you know, you've explained so many of those over the last three weeks or so. Could you explain to the viewers, why shouldn't we fast the whole year through? Why is it just one month, particularly that we're being told to fast as far as fasting the whole year's concerned, the reason profit, muscle solemn, has provided fasting every day, the full year of fasting for the full life is it would lead to one's
physical ruin, it can lead to one's moral ruin, it can lead to religious mysticism, all of which are prohibited in Islam, and they may be health problems, medical problems, it would be now the old way. And Allah says in the Quran in surah, Nisa, chapter four was number one from day one, lithography do not commit excesses in religion. That is the reason the Prophet is prohibited. And almost sort of from says in say, Buhari, we're number three, in the book of fasting. How did number 1977 that he says that anyone who fasts everyday thought in life, he had not fasted at all.
And that it is accorded earlier say Buhari, or number three book of fasting number 1975. That Abdullah bin Alas, he narrates malarkey the team that the Prophet said, Oh, Abdullah, have I heard that you fast everyday? And you pray the full night and replied, Yes, oh Prophet, the prophet replies that you fast for some days, and you break the fast for some days, you pray for part of the night and you sleep for part of the night
Your wife has right over you, your body has right over you, your relatives have right over you, your guests have a right to you. So if you do this you're ruining your social life etc. and your family life
and the profit contingencies that if you fast for three days and every month, it has a faster for the full year. But Abdullah replies me like pleases Him, but I can do much more than the profit safe. Fast like the fast without the lesser now. We ask what are the faster though that Islam, the Prophet replied, He fasted for half a year, that will be faster alternate days, one day kept a fast one day broke the fast one day kept the fast and that is the best of fast. So this is the reason why profundo Serrano privated posting every day of the year every day of the life. Islams intrinsic balance, yes again.
It's middlemost religion. Absolutely. hamdulillah thank God for that. Second, what about the fast fasting continuously through the day in the night that's prohibited for Muslims, isn't it? As far as the Fall is concerned? fasting can finish the day and night without breaking the fast. The Prophet said in, say Buhari, word number three book of fasting and eat number 1966. The blood Prophet said that do not fast continuously day and night until it tries not fast continuously day and night. The word is bizarrely used here. So Saba says the Prophet Rudy do it sometimes. The Prophet said Allah subhanaw taala provides me food and drink when I'm sleeping, that means he has the power he said
that you don't overdo it you don't burden yourself and for this mentioned in say Buhari on number three book of fasting halit number 1967 that do not fast continuously day and night.
If you want to do it, maximum you can do is you can fast up to the server time. So you can fast from flooding have done continuously build the next time that is the maximum we can do. That's permissible if we want to do it. Beyond that it's not permissible because again, it would not be medically right it will cause damage to the body and other parts and the social aspect, ratio aspect etc. of this idea why is it compulsory for a wife to seek permission of her husband before she performs a voluntary fast?
The Beloved Prophet masala slim said it's mentioned in say Buhari word number seven. And it's number 5192. The Prophet said that no woman should perform warranty fast without the permission of the husband, if he's at home. A similar deed is mentioned in Muslim Mr. Bob number two, page number two for 500 number 7343 where the beloved person was listening said that no woman should fast even a single day without the permission of the husband if he's at home except in the month of Ramadan. You know, the reason is that if she performs the voluntary fast, she's infringing on the rights of the husband.
Maybe he would want to have me on to spend time with her. And if she fast without taking his permission, she may be infringing on his rights. And furthermore, it may even tempt him to do a sin. Because if you want sign fee bakes a fast, it's a sin. And furthermore, we come from God, that if the husband is not at to manifest traveling, then she did not take the permission, or if he's disabled, etc, and diseased and doesn't require her, then the FDA has said that even at that time, she noted the permission as a normal time in that home, she should take the permission. Okay, just like color hair doctors. Okay, last question today.
If a woman has missed some of her Ramadan fasts, and she hasn't made the first sub yet, and then the ledger comes, and she wants to fast the first 10 days is she allowed.
As far as permissibly is concerned, a woman who has not made have a person who has not made up the mist fast, because our fast of Ramadan can fast the ledger and later on makeup the fast, but it's preferable that the person first completes the obligatory fast, fast which a person has missed, whether man or woman off from done, it's more important to complete that then keep the warranty fast with the ledger. So it's preferable that flashy, fast, the first fast cover and then the warranty fast. But if she wishes and if the ledger has come, she can do the ledger as long as she knows that there is time that she can make up for the complexity faster before the next time than both are
permissible, the better is filtering the data first, and then the ledger fast, or you can put together that she can do the Nia of the data fast as well as the fast for the ledger and inshallah Allah will reward her for both together, which is our caller here. Dr. Zakir, we've come to the end of the show yet again. And
thank you very much for your answers and your consistency and sitting with me over these number of days. Alhamdulillah Allah subhanho wa Taala Bless you. And all of the Muslims in Sharla and all the viewers in sha Allah, just like a Lucha
brothers and sisters, thank you once again for having the patience to sit down and watch the show. May Allah subhana wa Taala bestow benefit upon you and knowledge upon you and the ability to act upon that correct knowledge. Alhamdulillah May Allah subhanho wa Taala make it easy for all the Muslims to undergo the test and trial in this world and to receive the benefit of the blessings of Allah subhanho wa Taala in this world and the Hereafter, I ask Allah subhanaw taala indeed to bless all the Muslims and I asked you to turn your set on once again the same time tomorrow when we will be discussing the topic inshallah.
From this Ramadan to the next Ramadan inshallah, as salaam aleikum wa rahmatullah. He


text:
Confucius: The Most Famous Teacher in Chinese History
Apr 3, 2013 Annie Chen Attractions and Travel Icons, China Travel Guide, Cities and Towns, Culture and History, Facts about China, Key Facts, Places to Go, Provinces and Territories One comment
Confucius, known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was born 2,500 years ago in Qufu, Shandong Province. As the founder of Confucian culture, Confucius is a world-renowned great thinker, statesman and educationist.
Confucius is an ancient sage to Chinese people, his words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects, which is an enduring classic of Chinese culture. The Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the over 2,000-year-long history of China after Confucius. No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book. Confucius has enjoyed the reputation of being "Ultimate Sage, Foremost Teacher", "Great Perfection, Ultimate Sage, Culture-Propagating King", "Model Teacher of All Ages". His historical status in the Chinese cultural and ideological history has been matchless.
Confucianism founded by Confucius experienced ups and downs in China's long feudal history. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 24) decided on "paying supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thought", Confucius' doctrines began to be carried forward and has gradually become the orthodox and traditional base of Chinese culture. In the following 2,000 years, Confucianism has always occupied the dominant position. As a headstream of the Eastern civilization, Confucianism has exerted extremely significant influence on the formation of the national characters of the Chinese people.
While Confucius was given numerous posthumous titles and honors in successive dynasties, his descendants also received many titles and honors. The eldest grandson of Confucius received the hereditary title Duke Yansheng, who was top-rank civil official in the Ming Dynasty and was allowed to ride a horse in the Forbidden City in the Qing Dynasty, which is a great honor in ancient time because everyone needed to dismount from the horse when entering the Forbidden City.
The later generations have not only built up a large number of temples of Confucius all over the country, but also kept expanding his temples, adding numerous materials to the records of the Temple of Confucius in Qufu. The former Imperial Palace in Beijing, the Mountain Resort of Chengde and the Temple of Confucius in Qufu are known as the three major complexes of ancient Chinese architectural structures in China. The Kuiwen Pavilion in the Temple of Confucius is the largest pavilion among China's existing ancient pavilions. The Dacheng Hall in the Temple of Confucius, the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the former Imperial Palace in Beijing, and the Tiankuang Hall at the Daimiao Temple in Tai'an are known as the three major palaces in China.
With an area of over 70,000 square meters, the Mansion of Confucius has nine courtyards, the most prestigious style in traditional Chinese architecture. The Cemetery of Confucius is a family cemetery with the longest history in China. After the disciples of Confucius buried their teacher here in 479, a large number of the descendants of Confucius of over 76 generations have been buried here over the past 2,500 years. You can read "Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion" for more details.
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← Al Tropico del Cancro (1972)
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Le Seuil Du Vide (1972)
Posted on January 10, 2021 by bandsaboutmovies
Threshold of the Void is all about an artist named Wanda Leibovitz who comes to Paris to escape heartbreak, only to find a room for rent — once kept for the dead sister of her landlord, now containing a forbidden door — that will dominate her life.
Of course, Wanda is told that she can't ever open that door, but she does, and once she experiences the exquisite unending blackness of that room, she learns that she can paint better than she ever has in her life. That said, she now feels like she's dying and that all of the people in her life — like her landlady and her brother's friend Dr. Liancourt — are not what they seem.
When Michel Lemoine (he directed and starred in Seven Women for Satan and also appears in Castle of the Creeping Flesh) is in a movie, nothing normal is about to happen. This is kind of 70's slow creeping burn — think Rosemary's Baby and Don't Look Now — and proves to me that that decade was the most downer ten years of all time.
Director Jean-François Davy's career is mostly in adult, with movies like Wife Swapping: French Style and Infidélités to his credit. But this one, well, he's making an art film that I guess you could call a giallo just because it really doesn't fit any other category.
Based on an André Ruellan's novel — the author also wrote the script — this is the kind of forgotten movie that once it comes out on blu ray will blow people's minds.


We originally came across this idea on our forum, and after giving it some thought we think our members might really be onto something.
You see, the $2018 Challenge will have two autocrosses instead of its usual format (an autocross and a drag race). We won't dwell on the details, but we will point out this interesting glitch in the matrix: It's much easier to build a good autocross car than it is to build a car that can autocross and drag race, and we're awarding a prize that's worth nearly as much as the event's budget cap: Miller Electric is providing a Multimatic® 215 Multiprocess Welder with TIG kit.
$2018 Challenge online registration closes Friday, October 5th, though we always accept walk-up registrations on the day of the event.
Clicking this link will take you to a Craigslist search for the term "Miata" costing less than $2018 near the $2018 Challenge.
Good luck! We'll see you there, right?
Join Free Join our community to easily find more $2000 Challenge news.
Please don't let a Miata win.
This makes me want to buy the $2k Sentra that has been sitting on the street for a month.
So you're saying I should run a primered BP+T 323.
Yes, dare to be different.
That's the most sub $2k miatas I've ever seen on CL. Florida is a snowbird location for Miatas too!
41 entries so far. Not to shabby considering there are no drags.


Have you heard all of your friends bragging about how comfy their Twisted X mocassins are? Wish you had a pair too? We can help you! Get yourself a pair of Twisted X mocassin's today. They are so comfy that you will never want to take them off. Wear them to the next rodeo, stock show, horse show, fair, or just out running around.


Stivarga, a kinase inhibitor, operates by blocking a variety of enzymes that promote the growth of any cancerous cells.
This is the first FDA-approved treatment for a liver cancer in nearly 10 years.
"Limited treatment options are available for patients with liver cancer", Richard Pazdur, director of the FDA's Oncology Center of Excellence, said.
The phase 3 RESORCE study randomized 573 patients with HCC in a 2:1 ratio to receive best supportive care plus either Stivarga (n = 379) or placebo (n = 194).
Thursday, the FDA green-lighted Stivarga as a second-line treatment for patients with unresectable forms of the disease.
"We know that there are other drugs being studied in this area, but those would be one-off approvals-front line, second line-but not necessarily this continuum approach that we could actually offer physicians as they think about the totality of treatments for the patients", company oncology head Robert LaCaze told FiercePharma at October's European Society for Medical Oncology annual meeting. The overall response rate for patients taking Stivarga was 11 percent, compared to 4 percent of patients taking placebo. The trail measured the overall survival of patients after receiving treatment, the length of time tumors did not grow after treatment and the overall response rate of patients whose tumors shrank after treatment. The most common side effects included gastrointestinal and abdominal pain, skin reactions, fatigue, diarrhea, loss of appetite, high blood pressure and infection.
Treatment with regorafinib is associated with serious risks, including hepatotoxicity, infections, hemorrhage, gastrointestinal perforation or fistula, dermatological toxicity, hypertension, cardiac ischemia and infarction, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, and wound-healing complications.
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take Stivarga because it may cause harm to a developing fetus or a newborn baby. And both genders of child-bearing age who take the drug should use contraception, the agency added. The drug is separately undergoing regulatory review for the HCC indication in the EU, Japan and China. It also received Orphan Drug designation, which delivers motivations to help and inspire the progression of drugs to cute rare diseases.


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Taco's First Take on... Tesla vs. Edison: Duel
2017 Early Preview Copy (*Preview copy provided)
Published by: Artana Games
# of Players: 2
Coming to Kickstarter April 2017
Artana is adding a new 2 player game to their Tesla V. Edison line of games. Tesla vs. Edison Duel is a card game that involves card drafting and area control to give the feel of the struggle between Tesla and Edison. Each game will have players picking an inventor and using inventions, stocks, and assistants to gain PR and control of New York, New England, and Out West. Each inventor has their own way to win or a player can win by having the most PR points by the end of 3 rounds. While Tesla vs. Edison was an epic 2 hour plus journey, Tesla vs. Edison Duel is a compact 30 minute struggle of tension. Does it live up to it's predecessor? Does Tesla vs. Edison provide enough enjoyment in 30 minutes of less? For the answer to these questions and how the game plays, I invite you to read along as I give you a sneak peak at Tesla vs. Edison Duel.
Tesla vs. Edison: Duel has players competing to get the most PR by the end of 3 rounds or meeting their own special end game criteria. Players will start by selecting one of 8 inventors. (Only Tesla and Edison were provided for this preview) Each player will get 5 stock in their inventor's company and will place it next to the region that it matches. There are 3 regions that players will be fighting for control over. Players will gain control by adding projects and stocks to the 3 regions. The 6 company stocks that are not owned by one of the 2 inventors chosen will be placed to the side to be able to purchase during an action. On the other side will be cities where you will have projects located in. There are also 3 technology cards. 1 technology card will be randomly given to the first player and the other two will be given to the other player. Also on the side is a track to keep score of PR gained during the game. If a player reaches an increment on 3, they will get a free action to take. Once all of that is set up, players will be dealt 3 assistant cards. Each player will keep one and pass the rest to the other player. The players will then select a second card from the remaining two that they were given and pass the final card back to the other player for them to keep. Assistant cards are the actions you will be taking during your turn. During the first and third round, the first player will start the round. During the second round, the other player will start the round. 3 new assistant cards are drafted at the start of each round.
Each card will have 2 actions that you can take. You do have the option to take one if you desire. There are 5 different types of actions. You can claim a project card and place in the region that matches the color of the project. You can not claim a project of a color region that has "no AC or DC" power token that matches your power type. Instead of claiming a project, you can discard the 3 projects available and draw 3 new projects. The next action you can take is to claim a stock of a technology you currently control. Each stock has a certain technology listed at the top that shows what is required to claim it. When you claim a stock, you will place in the region that matches in color to the stock. Once per turn you can also sell a stock you own to get a free action of your choice. This is mainly used to try and meet your end game criteria before a round is over or to take and a technology from the other player. The next action you can take is to advance a technology. This is a fancy way of saying that you are stealing one of the technology cards from the other player. Another action is to simply advance on the PR track by the number of icons on the card. Finally the last action lets you add or remove a "No AC/DC " power token from a region. This is used to block an opponent or to open up the region that was previously blocked.
After each player has played their 3 assistant cards and taken all free actions, the round is over. Players will determine who has control of each region and will be awarded a bonus after all the regions have been determined. Players will get 2 points of control for each project in a region and 1/3/6/9/12 for each set of 1/2/3/4/5 of a company stock they have in the region. Player with the most points in a region has control over it for the round. New England awards a player 2 PR. New York gives the player a stock in any one share, even if you do not currently own the required technology. Out West awards allows the player to claim a project and add it to the matching color region even if the no AC/DC token is on the region. Players will check to see if they meet their inventor's end game criteria. If not or if both meet the criteria, players will move on to the second round. If a single player has met the criteria the game is over. If neither or both players meet the criteria after 3 rounds, the player with the most PR wins the game.
Picture credit: Thinkgeek.com
Tesla vs. Edison Duel is very different from the previous entries that Artana Games has produced. Tesla vs. Edison Duel is a fast pace game with a good amount of tension. Players will feel they are so close to their goal while struggling to also prevent the other person from obtaining their goal. I like how simple it is to teach and set up. I am not the biggest fan of all the icons, but you will learn them fast. My hope is that they will add a player aid for each player to help guide players and also know each others end game criteria. I only had Tesla and Edison to choose from, but even just having the two allowed me to enjoy the game for multiple plays. Card drafting is done it the usual way and works smoothly for the game. If you liked the art and color scheme of previous Tesla vs. Edison games, you will like Duel's art as well. My biggest worry is how similar of a strategy will be with the other inventors. I hope that each has their own feel in terms of end game and strategy. Tesla and Edison both play out very differently when it comes to trying to meet their end game goal. If you are a fan of 2 player duel games, you will enjoy Tesla vs. Edison Duel. You should not expect to play a shrunk down version of Tesla vs. Edison War of Currents. That is a deep economic game, while this is a mix of several mechanics in a quick, simple package. Tesla vs. Edison Duel provides some of that same tension and suspense that players feel during 7 Wonders Duel, but in a even quicker game that will be done in 30 minutes of less. If your looking for a fun, 2 player filler type game, Tesla vs. Edison Duel will be a nice addition to your gaming collection. I look forward to trying out the final edition and exploring the complete game.
Taco gives Tesla vs. Edison Duel a rating of...
(Note: Score is based on preview copy)
+ Good amount of tension in a 30 minute or less game
+ Theme works well with game play
+Easy to teach, set up and play anywhere
+8 Inventors will hopefully add plenty of variety
- Having the Tesla vs. Edison name may confuse some buyers
- Due to limits of preview copy, I do not know how much replay is in the final version
- Lots of Icons.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Models.ProfileModels
{

	public class EarningsProfile : BaseProfile
	{
		public double LowEarnings { get; set; }
		public double MedianEarnings { get; set; }
		public double HighEarnings { get; set; }
		public int PostReceiptMonths { get; set; }
		public string SourceUrl { get; set; }
	}
	//

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


MILWAUKEE - The Department of Public Works has called for a city-wide overnight snow removal operation from Monday to Tuesday.
The snow removal calls for cars to park on the even side of the street from 11 p.m. on Monday through 6 a.m. on Tuesday so that DPW crews can plow snow efficiently.
There are designated Milwaukee Public Schools lots available to park in during snow removal operations starting at 7 p.m. Vehicles must be removed from the MPS lots by 7 a.m.
Failure to comply with the snow operation may result in a $40 ticket. Your vehicle could be towed if you have multiple outstanding tickets.
The only exception to complying with the operation is if a sign is posted on your street prohibiting parking along the even side.


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Writers Guild Noms Include 'Orange Is the New Black,' 'House of Cards'
By Sam Laird 2013-12-05 21:03:48 UTC
Two Netflix originals are among the 2014 Writers Guild Awards nominees.
Orange Is the New Black, Netflix's most-watched original show, is nominated for best new series as well as best comedy series. Two of its episodes, including the show's pilot, are nominated for best comedy episode. Meanwhile, House of Cards is up for best new series as well as best drama series, with one specific episode picking up its own nomination as well.
See also: Netflix Announces 'House of Cards' Season 2 Premiere Date
The annual Writers Guild Awards celebrate the year's best writing in TV and radio. That two Netflix originals are among this year's nominees is notable for a number of reasons.
First, it signals a mainstream acceptance of programming that audiences can't consume in traditional ways. Second, it proves that companies such as Netflix can produce original content that pleases both critics and audiences. Third, it points to what we'll likely see as a growing trend of of on-demand original programming that never gets broadcast on TV.
Orange Is the New Black, which follows the lives of women in federal prison, debuted in July to rave reviews. Season one was not eligible for the Emmys Awards in 2013, but it will be in 2014. Political thriller House of Cards, which returns for a second season on March 14, made history at the Emmys in September by becoming the first web-only series to win an award during a Primetime Emmys. The series stars Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright.
Other Writers Guild nominees include Showtime's Masters of Sex, NBC's Parks and Recreation and ABC's Modern Family. You can check out the full list of nominees on the here.
Winners will be announced Feb. 1.
BONUS: 24 Crucial Life Lessons From 'Orange Is the New Black'
Life Lessons from Orange Is the New Black
1. It's important to know your world history.
Image: Tumblr, janaewatsons
2. Hold on to simple pleasures as a light of guiding hope.
Image: Tumblr, thisgifneeded
3. Always have confidence.
Image: Tumblr, c-mines
4. Stick to sweets, kids.
Image: Lionsgate Television
5. There are times to break the rules, and times to follow them.
6. Chocolate can make any bad day better.
Image: Imgur, findingausernamethatisnttakenisreallyhard
7. Don't dress for the job you have, dress for the job you want to have.
Image: Tumblr, void666
8. Never underestimate the power of a doughnut.
9. Teach what you know.
Image: Imgur, idrankthecyanide
10. Stating the obvious makes you look like a doofus.
11. Poultry might or might not have mystical powers.
Image: Tumblr, piperalexs
12. This one's self-explanatory.
Image: Tumblr, misha-collins
13. Recognize the sacrifices that others make for you.
Image: Tumblr, dearlyndsayy
15. Always be clear with your hairdresser.
16. Nobody likes a tattle-tale.
17. The best self-defense is offense.
18. Don't exclusively label people.
19. Some people will never understand your music taste.
20. It's important not to overreact.
21. Today's pop culture has made a spectacle out of young ladies.
Image: Tumblr, octopussoir-
22. Always maintain your online presence, even in jail.
Image: Tumblr, dianaprince
23. Correct grammar is a necessity.
24. And never forget...
Image: Tumblr, -watchthesky
Image: Netflix
Topics: Entertainment, house of cards, netflix, Orange is the New Black, streaming tv, Television


Getting there. Couple of details shots.
An interesting moment as the texture is added. Form, particularly muscles, tend to look very hard in sculpture. A human body is soft, and slightly translucent. With clay, the form is solid, and we can see the difference clearly. This is one of the problems with adding muscular definition, or veins along the surface. They need to be clear, but if they're too clear, they look unnatural and overdeveloped. In this shot I'm about a third of the way through adding arm hair to soften the the surface, and make it more human. I can't think of many examples of body hair in sculpture, except for the super-realists like Ron Mueck and Evan Penny (they inject silicone hairs with a needle), and sometimes it surprises me. Body hair, after all, is a real thing, with real implication in terms of how we see the body.
On the other hand, as we can see (or not see) from advertising all over the world, body hair is not part of the physical ideal. It makes us a little uncomfortable. It's a little gross, in the sense of being crude, or coarse. That, of course, is part of what I'm going for, and is undoubtedly the reason that my work was recently described, not unkindly, as "not very salable". I'm after that gross, human quality. I don't just like the fat and the hair, it feels important to me. To hide it, or clean it up, is to pretend we're something other than what we are - something less flawed, less animal, less vulnerable and dangerous.
Anyway, here it is, mostly done. It will undoubtedly get a few more passes, softened, roughed up, and softened again, before it's all done.
The pants and belt up by the pocket. For some reason I'm particularly pleased with the seam along the edge. Subtle, but catching just enough light to make a difference.
The wrinkles behind the knees, where I've spent entirely too much time.
New solution for the helmet, which I'm quite pleased with. Those engraving marks were too generalized to work against the rest, which is so specific. This deco-ish solution is happily anachronistic, and works better inside the medium. It's not a solution a helmet maker would love, but clay is not a surface you want to engrave. At some point you've got to follow the material.


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Investigation of Combination Treatment With an Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and Carboplatin-Based Therapy for Postmenopausal Women With Advanced NSCLC
Elsevier, JTO Clinical and Research Reports, Volume 2, April 2021
Introduction: Estrogen receptors (ER) (ERα, ERβ) and aromatase (key enzyme for estrogen synthesis) are expressed in most human NSCLCs. High intratumoral estrogen levels and elevated aromatase expression in NSCLC predict poor outcome. This open-label, phase 1b, single-center study evaluated the safety and tolerability of escalating doses of the aromatase inhibitor, exemestane, in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed in postmenopausal women with stage IV nonsquamous NSCLC.
Gender equality and women's empowerment; Diversity and inclusion, Global
Sex Differences in Pulmonary Hypertension
Elsevier, Clinics in Chest Medicine, Volume 42, March 2021
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) occurs in women more than men whereas survival in men is worse than in women. In recent years, much research has been carried out to understand these sex differences in PAH. This article discusses clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated the influences of sex, serotonin, obesity, estrogen, estrogen synthesis, and estrogen metabolism on bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II signaling, the pulmonary circulation and right ventricle in both heritable and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
Health and wellbeing; Health and population, Global
European Society for Sexual Medicine Position Statement "Assessment and Hormonal Management in Adolescent and Adult Trans People, With Attention for Sexual Function and Satisfaction"
Elsevier, Journal of Sexual Medicine, Volume 17, April 2020
Background: There is a general lack of recommendations for and basic information tailored at sexologists and other health-care professionals for when they encounter trans people in their practice. Aim: We present to clinicians an up-to-date overview of clinical consensus statements on trans health care with attention for sexual function and satisfaction. Methods: The task force consisted of 7 clinicians experienced in trans health care, selected among European Society for Sexual Medicine (ESSM) scientific committee.
Health and population; Human rights; Gender equality and women's empowerment; Diversity and inclusion, Europe
Transgender health: Hormonal management at 50 years and beyond
Elsevier, Maturitas, Volume 126, August 2019
This review discusses established transgender individuals on hormones who have reached their desired post-pubertal phenotype. Current guidelines have not clearly integrated specific considerations for the older population. This review focuses on changes in physiology with age, recommended maintenance therapy and safety evaluation to mitigate the risks of hormone therapy with a focus on the older population.
Health and wellbeing; Diversity and inclusion; Health and population, Global
Deconstructing the Gestalt: Mechanisms of Fear, Threat, and Trauma Memory Encoding
Elsevier, Neuron, Volume 102, 3 April 2019
Threat processing is central to understanding debilitating fear- and trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Progress has been made in understanding the neural circuits underlying the "engram" of threat or fear memory formation that complements a decades-old appreciation of the neurobiology of fear and threat involving hub structures such as the amygdala.
Health and wellbeing, Global
Changes in hormonal and metabolic parameters in transgender subjects on cross-sex hormone therapy: A cohort study
Elsevier, Maturitas, Volume 107, January 2018
Objectives Gender identity disorder is defined as a strong and persistent cross-gender identification that is associated with a remarkable uneasiness of living in an incongruent gender (gender dysphoria). We performed a retrospective study on the hormonal and metabolic effects of cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) in a small cohort of transgender patients. Study design Retrospective study. Mean outcome measures Hormonal and biochemical parameters at baseline (i.e.
Health and wellbeing; Diversity and inclusion; Health and population, Europe


Oxford School Shakespeare is an acclaimed edition especially designed for students, with accessible on-page notes and explanatory illustrations, clear background information, and rigorous but accessible scholarly credentials. Macbeth is one of the most popular texts for study by secondary students the world over. This edition includes illustrations, preliminary notes, reading lists (including websites) and classroom notes.


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Lipstick actor Aahana body-shamed for wearing a bikini
MUMBAI: When Lipstick Under My Burkha actress Aahana Kumra posted pictures from her trip to Australia, little did she know that she would become the target of trolls. Aahana, who was in the country to attend the Darwin International Film Festival (DIFF), decided to have some fun as well. She ...
These bollywood actors are making more money than US stars
BOLLYWOOD: Shah Rukh Khan made more than Samuel L. Jackson, Ryan Gosling and Matt Damon–without a hit in Hollywood. Bollywood titan King Khan earned $38 million pretax in our scoring period, good enough for the top spot on Forbes inaugural tally of Bollywood's Highest-Paid Actors. He banks big from starring ...
Sunny Leone new ad 'Play with love' stirs controversy
GUJARAT: Indian authorities tore down dozens of billboards after a slew of complaints over an advertisement depicting a former porn star promoting condoms ahead of a major Hindu festival. The image of Sunny Leone, a Canadian actress of Indian origin, advertising contraceptives ahead of the religious celebration of Navratri proved ...
Katrina Kaif crosses the 5 million mark on Instagram
BOLLYWOOD: The low-key and social media-shy Katrina Kaif has always guarded her privacy zealously. One look at her airport and event pap shots can vouch for the fact that she doesn't really like posing and quickly walks past the shutterbugs, jumping into her car. She even kept away from social ...
Criminal complaint filed against Shraddha Kapoor
MUMBAI: A clothing manufacturer has filed a complaint against actor Shraddha Kapoor and one of the producers of the upcoming film 'Haseena Parkar' accusing them of cheating and criminal breach of trust. The criminal complaint has been filed against Shraddha Kapoor for allegedly not promoting fashion label 'AJTM' during the ...
Lucknow Central: Farhan Can't Rock On Behind Bars
Cast: Farhan Akhtar, Diana Penty, Gippy Grewal, Deepak Dobriyal Director: Ranjit Tiwari The importance of a solid supporting cast cannot be overstated. Ranjit Tiwari's Lucknow Central, a film about prisoners who form a band – a surprisingly popular theme this season – can be called engaging only because it is ...
Aamir Khan caught in his bad boy look for 'Thugs of Hindostan'
BOLLYWOOD: Dangal star Aamir Khan, known for his perfection in acting and adoption for the whole character, has now got into the shoes of a real thug. His rough attire, untidy hair and angry expressions are a proof that he has already adopted the role in Thugs of Hindostan. A ...
Esha Gupta seeks help from PM Modi
BOLLYWOOD bold actress Esha Gupta, who made a lot of headlines recently for her hot pictures on Instagram and social media, has written an open letter to PM Narendra Modi. Now if you are thinking that she has asked for PM Modi's help in saving her from the trollers on ...
Ileana D'Cruz: I was the Akshay Kumar of South
Ileana D'Cruz has been a part of several successful movies in Bollywood and down South, but the actor says there was a time when she would sign a film without giving it a serious thought. The 30-year-old actor has worked in more than 15 films in her six year-long career ...
Juhi Parmar May File For Divorce From Husband Sachin Shroff
NEW DELHI: Television actress Juhi Parmar is reportedly all set to file for divorce from her actor husband Sachin Shroff. Indian media report stated that Juhi and Sachin have been living separately for a year and chances of reconciliation are minimal. Juhi Parmar, best known for her role in Kumkum, ...
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As efforts continue to curb the opioid addiction epidemic in the US and reduce deaths from overdoses, the underlying problem of overprescribing remains very much in the spotlight. There's growing evidence that clinicians writing prescriptions for Vicodin, Percocet, OxyContin, and the like are adhering to new, stricter guidelines, and doing a better job keeping track of their patients taking opioids. But with these changes in prescribing, experts and providers are now looking to alternative ways to treat chronic and severe pain, especially for people vulnerable to addiction.
On the January 11 episode of WIHI, we talked to providers from West Virginia, Alaska, and Massachusetts about new processes to help providers make careful decisions about the use of opioids, including expanding the use of physical, traditional, and integrative medicine as alternatives to prescribing opioids. We were joined by IHI Director Mara Laderman, co-author of an IHI Innovation Report,Addressing the Opioid Crisis in the United States. She helped draw connections between improving pain management and the other critical drivers of the opioid crisis in America.