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'The Door Noises Made Us Deaf': An Oral History Of 'Star Trek'
Filed to:Star Trek
Via CBS
In 1964, an Air Force veteran and erstwhile LAPD officer named Gene Roddenberry sold a science fiction pilot script to NBC. Called Star Trek, it envisioned an adventurous, utopian 23rd century where people of all races – even extraterrestrials – cooperated towards common ends. Though it only ran three seasons with middling ratings, Star Trek would become a cultural juggernaut, influencing everything from pop culture fandom to the phones in our pockets to real life outer space exploration. Fifty years later, the people who built this cultural monolith have come together to tell its story, including never-before-seen interview transcripts with the cast and crew we've lost. This is the oral history of Star Trek.
Chapter 1: Where No Man Had Gone Before
Via startrek.com
Herb Solow (former VP of production, Desilu Studios): Sixties TV came in waves. One network would put out a hit show, and the rest would pile on with imitations. ABC had recently scored big with Zoo Commando, with Charles Bronson as a Green Beret who kept falling into animal enclosures and fighting his way out with his wits and his fists. NBC had The Aquarium Strangler and CBS had Samurai Of The Barnyard, but they were all running out of live animals, and the fad was waning. So when Gene Roddenberry told me he had something new, I listened.
Rod Roddenberry (son of Gene): Dad had lived many lives before Star Trek. During World War II, he'd been decorated for crashing his bomber into a Bavarian castle full of Hitler's most fertile mistresses. As a Pan Am pilot, he'd been promoted for crashing his cargo plane into a container ship loaded with dangerous raw eggs. As an L.A. policeman, he got commended for requisitioning a Cessna and crashing it into Robert Duvall's garage, presumably for a good reason. Those brushes with death gave him a real appreciation for life's possibilities.
Gene Roddenberry (executive producer—1989 interview): In outer space, there's very little to crash into, besides planets, but you can see those coming.
Dorothy C. Fontana (story editor): Gene was an optimist. He truly believed that once people entered space and stopped colliding with objects, they would be able to set aside their differences, put on matching uniforms, and track down where other civilizations kept their mummies.
Gene Roddenberry: Earth stopped making new mummies centuries ago. Someday we're going to run out of them, and then what? I wanted to wake people up to that, and maybe entertain them along the way.
Herb Solow: All the key elements of the show were in Gene's original pilot script, except for a captain. The crew spends the whole episode in a state of total chaos: wrestling over the controls, slashing each other's throats, building and worshipping idols. Spock spends the whole episode pulling wiring out of the walls to sell, before another crew member crushes his head with a stool. It was very exciting, but NBC sent it back; they said it needed focus.
Dorothy C. Fontana: We knew our captain needed to be able to command your attention. And when Bill [Shatner] walked in to audition, he got our attention.
William Shatner (actor, "Captain James T. Kirk"): I showed up to my audition in my Mickey-Mouse-trying-to-make-himself-throw-up-a-bad-plate-of-scampi T-shirt and extremely tight cowboy boots. Gene was there, wearing pretty much the same outfit, and as soon as he saw me, he stood up and shouted, "Yes! Matching! Yes!" Of all the actors they'd auditioned, he said only I understood his vision for the future, which revolved heavily around matching uniforms.
Leonard Nimoy (actor, "Mr. Spock"—2008 interview): The best decision I ever made was wearing my T-shirt that had Marvin the Martian dry-heaving into a potted ficus to my audition, because when Gene saw me wearing the same shirt as him, he just went wild. He said he had the perfect part for me: a dead-eyed slab named Spock who constantly points out people's mistakes and sleeps in the hallway.
Matt Jefferies (production designer): We shot our pilot with basically no budget. The sets, the costumes, the matching uniforms, the mummy: We had to make them out of leftover craft-services scraps swiped from other NBC lots. The whole set stank like rotting meat, and coyotes kept swarming onto the lot, drawn from the hills by the stench.
Leonard Nimoy: We kept having to pause production to behead coyotes. It wasn't easy, but it taught us how to work together, and how to get good leverage with garden shears.
William Shatner: If you watch that original pilot, those matching coyote-tooth necklaces we're all wearing? Real coyotes' teeth.
Matt Jefferies: A lot got figured out on the fly. I built the bridge of the Enterprise on a tilting stage, so the set could shake when the ship was attacked. All the stools would tumble to one end and bury Nichelle [Nichols] under a big heap, and we'd spend the next half hour digging her out. It wasn't efficient, but you can't fake real.
Herb Solow: NBC said they'd never seen anything like our Star Trek pilot. We had our show.
Chapter 2: These Are The Voyages
Premiering in 1966, Star Trek's groundbreaking multiracial cast, imaginative future technology, and thought-provoking messaging, along with its spirit of chummy adventure, quickly turned it into a cult hit. And as the cast found their footing, the show found its voice.
Herb Solow: Gene always believed that we weren't just making a show; we were showing people a blueprint for humanity's future. Every episode had some piece of his utopian ideals in it.
Dorothy C. Fontana: While we were writing the first season, Gene called me into his office to ask me, "What brings people together?" Without thinking, I said the Olympics. "Exactly!" he said. It dawned on me: We had the opportunity to create a world where the Olympics are always happening. So we did. We worked at least three mentions into every episode.
William Shatner: I relished the challenge of finding emotion in lines like "Lt. Uhura, open a hailing frequency with the Klingon vessel, and someone do me a favor and turn on the Olympics." It helped me grow as an actor.
George Takei (actor, "Hikaru Sulu"): Those early episodes were a blast, and they felt important. When Sulu helps Kirk build a spiral staircase for the alien race that's spent centuries living on two unconnected floors of a big duplex in "As Above, So Below," it wasn't just a thrilling hour of television; it was showing what we can accomplish when we set aside our differences and do metaphors.
Nichelle Nichols (actor, "Nyota Uhura"): At first, Star Trek was just a paycheck to me. Then I got a fan letter from a young black girl in Nashville who'd seen "Computer, Call Me Ishmael." Watching Uhura rewire the ship's dumbwaiter into a guillotine for a bat in case one ever got in through a window, she said she realized black women really were capable of anything. I did later find out that Gene forged that letter, but I don't think it's any less meaningful for it.
William Shatner: Everyone remembers the action scenes: When Kirk kicks the face off the Andorian usurper and rips off its faceless head in "Unto The Breach"; when Kirk rams the Enterprise into the Star Goliath's chest and then gets out and kicks off its head in "King David's Lyre"; Kirk's all-or-nothing ritualistic head-pulling-off match with She-Spock in "Isn't That She-Spock?" But for me, the real Kirk, the idealist, comes out after the fight, when he starts mumbling "sorry" and tries to stick their head back on.
Rod Roddenberry: Star Trek didn't really become Star Trek until "The Jester And The Concubine." If you remember, a transporter accident fuses Dr. McCoy into the swollen belly of an enormously pregnant aquatic slug-beast. The crew is faced with a choice: Do they cut the creature open to get the doctor out, or slide a pole in there and see if they can pull him free? But Spock convinces them there's a third way: Let nature run its course. Sure enough, two years later, the slug violently gives birth to a litter of healthy pups and a healthy, well-rested Dr. McCoy. Those were Star Trek's core values in a nutshell: optimism, pacifism, and the benefits of live adult rebirth.
Leonard Nimoy: Those episodes were full of milestones: The first-ever televised interracial kiss. The first ghost caught on camera. The first time ceviche was prepared in the U.S. The first time I threw up and swallowed it all back down without anyone noticing. The first ghost sent to hell on camera. We were making history.
Gene Roddenberry: It was important to me that the cast really understand my vision for a better tomorrow. To that end, I made them live on the show's set.
George Takei: We all lived together on the Enterprise from 1966 to 1969. The best part was how close our little family got. The worst part was how the door noises made us deaf.
Matt Jefferies: At Gene's insistence, I built the ship's automatic sliding doors to be fully functional. The machinery really made that signature "whooshing" sound you hear on the show. We did have to mix it much quieter in post-production, though, because in reality, it sounded like Godzilla's lung being punctured.
Nichelle Nichols: The doors screamed open at 125 decibels, which is about as loud as a motorcycle revving inside a handicap porta-john.
Matt Jefferies: Revving a Harley inside a porta-potty is the caviar of thrills.
William Shatner: I didn't mind the howling doors because they masked the sound of me narrating my wet dreams, in what I'm told is a Casey Kasem voice.
Leonard Nimoy: Spock sleeps in the ship's hallway, so Gene made me sleep in the hallway. If someone walked down the hall to the ship's one bathroom, every door would scream itself open. It sounded like hell's own Pledge of Allegiance, even inside my little lean-to of discarded meal trays.
George Takei: Leonard lost most of his hearing within the first week of shooting, so he never really took direction. So the things that make Spock Spock came directly from him: his signature moves, the on-camera haircuts, the barnyard odor you could smell through the television and taste a little bit. Leonard's why Spock became such a fan favorite.
Leonard Nimoy: The screaming doors trapped me in a prison of my own brain, and I'm still stuck there.
James Doohan (actor, "Scotty"—2003 interview): Gene never told me why I was the only one who had to keep living on set after the show wrapped. But I have faith in his vision, so here I stay.
Chapter 3: He's Dead, Jim
Though the series gained popularity, keeping the show going proved to be no cakewalk, as ego battles between cast members and network interference threatened to bring a premature end to the Enterprise's five-year mission.
Herb Solow: By the end of the first season, Leonard was getting hundreds of fan letters a week. Stuff like "I smelled you through my television and rubbed myself down with Timothy hay so I could smell just like you, Spock!" and "I thought it was so neat when you completed most of a front flip and landed hard on your elbows in front of the Romulan ambassador!" All that attention got under Bill's skin.
Nichelle Nichols: Bill couldn't stand not having the spotlight. If Chekov was giving Spock a haircut, Kirk would bust into the scene and start tugging out clumps of his own hair. When Bill found out fans were smelling and slightly tasting Spock through the TV, Kirk started turning right to camera and barking "Sniff me up—I'm marvelous!" We didn't have the budget to shoot around him, so it all went to air.
Dorothy C. Fontana: The stereotypical Star Trek episode is, "The crew finds a planet where there's mummies, Kirk trades Spock for his weight in mummies, the crew rigs up a last-minute solution to get Spock back." But really, that came from Shatner pressuring us to write Spock out of the show.
George Takei: Bill would pitch a fit if he didn't get his way. He even started changing other characters, just to flex his authority. Sulu was supposed to be a 9-foot-tall, 275-pound colossus of tomorrow, but Bill forced me to become much shorter so I wouldn't steal focus from him.
Nichelle Nichols: DeForest Kelley was the only actor who stood up to him, so Bill had him fired. For the rest of the series, Dr. McCoy was played by a live coyote they'd caught in a flour sack, though our makeup and wardrobe team did an incredible job easing the transition.
William Shatner: I'm not the narcissistic egomaniac some people make me out to be. But without Captain Kirk, there's no Star Trek. If I used that leverage to make the show's star shine a little brighter, so what?
Nichelle Nichols: Right in the middle of filming "Atlas Of Yesteryear," after a line about women's shot put, Bill calmly reached over, popped out Leonard's left eye, and smashed it with his other palm, like how a bartender smacks a mint leaf. Well, that was the last straw for Gene.
Gene Roddenberry: I sat the two of them down in my office. I said, "Enough of this squabbling. You're a family; act like it. Bill, give Leonard your eye," and he did. He popped his own eye into Leonard's head. I said, "Bill, I'm giving you my eye, because that was very big of you," and I did. When the cast found out about what I'd done, George donated his eye to me. Then Walter [Koenig] gave his eye to George, and so on throughout the cast, until just about everyone had someone else's eye in their head. Ultimately, it brought us all closer together.
James Doohan: I gave my eye to the coyote in the flour sack, but Gene instructed everyone else not to give me their eye. He pointed to my head and said, "The buck stops there." He was very principled. And at the end of the day, he's right. One eye's really just one fewer than two, and that's not much difference at all.
Herb Solow: People loved Star Trek, but Gene and NBC just rubbed each other the wrong way. The network censors were always raising objections that having Spock live in the hallway sent the message that it was okay to live in the hallway, which for Gene was exactly the point.
Dorothy C. Fontana: We used to write scenes that we knew the censors would cut, to distract them from our more controversial messaging. Usually it was a scene where Sulu silently undoes his uniform and methodically works his nipple like taffy until it dangles past his belly button, and then pulls the nipple taut and plucks it like a guitar string. Once, they accidentally let it slip past, and it ended up being a really poignant climax to "The Iphigenia Complex."
George Takei: I miss my old, concise nipple.
Leonard Nimoy: Eventually, the execs decided our ratings weren't worth the headache, and they announced they were planning to cancel Star Trek at the end of the season. That's when the fans started coming out in force.
Herb Solow: I was in [NBC executive] Grant Tinker's office when a well-dressed man knocked on the door. He told Grant that recently a few very aggressive raccoons had taken over his house and forced him to flee, but that watching the crew work together to send Mussolini's ghost to hell on Star Trek had inspired him to ally with his neighbors and chase out the raccoons with tennis rackets. Grant was very moved.
Dorothy C. Fontana: Day after day, fans from all walks of life were showing up or sending letters with stories of Star Trek inspiring them to take their home back from marauding animals. We even got a letter from Isaac Asimov saying he'd spent the last year creeping in and out of his basement window, terrified of a billy goat upstairs, until he finally defeated it using Spock's signature "Three Taped-Together Hammers" move.
Herb Solow: NBC had never seen an outpouring of support like that. These were huge, huge fans writing long, long letters delivered by big, big mailmen. The top brass were convinced. They rescinded the cancellation.
Nichelle Nichols: We had one more season, but Gene was out. The network was sick of Gene writing in scenes where a pipe bursts on the Enterprise and drowns the crew just so he could shower on set, and Gene was sick of looking at Leonard Nimoy's stupid fucking face.
George Takei: Without Gene, that final season just didn't have the same spark as the rest of the show. It was definitely thrilling to see the crew finally return to Earth in the season premiere, but once Kirk realizes he's locked out of his house and spends the rest of the season revisiting every planet we'd been to, in case he dropped his keys there, you could tell the well had run dry.
William Shatner: There's still some magic in those last episodes. Like in the series finale, when Kirk's given up on ever finding his keys, only to discover he can actually jimmy his laundry-room window open if Spock and Chekov give him a boost. That teamwork and ingenuity is as quintessential Trek as Kirk's immortal final words: "It's star treks."
Chapter 4: To Seek Out New Life
Via imdb.com
Star Trek ended after three seasons, but its legacy continues to resonate to this day, spawning four spin-off series and 13 movies and still inspiring countless fans, dreamers, and visionaries. The story of Star Trek is still being told.
William Shatner: Star Trek wasn't just a show; it was a whole philosophy. People don't love Star Trek just because it's got wacky aliens. They love it because the wacky aliens bonk each other with goofed-up widgets while a bunch of dunces in matching pajamas yammer on and on as their doors whoosh back and forth, all to make some Dr. Seuss-type point.
Leonard Nimoy: I'm proud to have played Spock. Over the years, I've heard from so many fans who grew up thinking they'd go their whole lives without ever seeing Spock on television. Now, I'm told, you can see Spock in a movie, and even on some paper plates.
George Takei: Even 50 years later, people still come up to me on the street, plant their feet in a wide stance, point at me with both hands, and violently dislocate their jaw so their mouth dangles slack. They didn't do that before I was on Star Trek, so I have to assume it's related.
Nichelle Nichols: My first Star Trek convention was a little overwhelming. It was surreal seeing fans dressed up as our nude bodies, and you couldn't walk 10 feet without someone coming up and begging you for one of your bones for their reliquary.
George Takei: I once saw one of my bones sell on eBay for over $6,000. It's flattering, but at the same time, jeez, you know? It's just a bone.
William Shatner: Our fans love Star Trek so much that, in order to celebrate it, they're willing to be around people so similar to them that they could switch lives without anyone ever noticing or caring if they did. I don't understand it, but I admire it.
James Doohan: Gene said fan mail would only go to my head, so I've never really had any contact with them, but he's assured me they wouldn't have much interest in meeting a one-eyed man who lives in the rafters of a soundstage.
Matt Jefferies: When we were designing the technology of Star Trek, we never dreamed it would inspire a generation of engineers to cop out and steal our best fucking ideas. Had we known so many smart, capable young people nursed the heart of a jackal in their breast, we would have dropped in on a few MIT parties with Louisville sluggers and scored their janitors some overtime pay, if you know what I mean.
Sir Richard Branson (founder, Virgin Group): Growing up, I was obsessed with Star Trek, particularly the Replicator, a device that creates a very hot onion wrapped in foil out of nothing but an onion and some foil. For years, I threw myself into designing and testing a real-life version of the Replicator. I never did bring my dream to fruition.
Ridley Scott (director, Blade Runner): Star Trek gave me the idea for Chewbacca, but then it turned out someone else did Chewbacca first.
Herb Solow: Ultimately, Star Trek was about asking people what they wanted the future to look like. Will we learn from the past and stride hand in hand towards a brighter tomorrow, or will we become a society that worships enormous, veiny udders that dangle from silver blimps and drip salty gray milk, like the inhabitants of Cocytus IV in "Look To The Skies"?
Gene Roddenberry: When I die, I want people to say, "Now that Gene Roddenberry's dead, I'm thinking we should do Star Trek for real, with all the computers and shit." And then I'm hoping someone else says, "Way ahead of you," and yanks a sheet off where they've built a gigantic computer that dispenses so much money that money gets abolished, and additionally, the computer is a woman. I truly hope I made that clear enough, or this was all for nothing.
William Shatner: As long as I live, I'll never forget what I wore on Star Trek. And if I ever do, I can easily look it up.


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Rutgers Professor Insists Israel 'Harvests' Terrorist Organs [on Jasbir Puar]
A Rutgers professor uses new anti-Semitism in an old blood libel, this one about Arab terrorist organs.
by Hana Levi Julian
https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/23426/rutgers-professor-insists-israel-harvests
A Rutgers University associate professor of women's and gender studies claims Israel is stealing organs from the bodies of Arab terrorists — and she's threatening to sue anyone who publishes a recording of the lecture at Vassar College in which she made the claim.
Professor Jasbir Puar's February 3 lecture "was taped without my permission or that of the people who had invited me," she said. Nevertheless, she slammed a "current Zionist strategy" of what she called "silencing and intimidation tactics" aimed at stifling the "exercise of free speech and academic freedom."
Moreover, Puar recently canceled a scheduled lecture at Fordham University on the "biopolitics of debility in Gaza" – because the administration insisted on recording the talk and making it publicly available, according to The Tower.
For some odd reason she appears unwilling to see that her unwillingness to share her words with the rest of the world is if anything, a much greater self-censorship – one that raises deep suspicions about the legality of what she said.
In a column written in Jadaliyya, (produced by the Arab Studies Institute, ASI) Puar writes about her Feb. 3 lecture, which she said was delivered to a "welcoming and enthusiastic audience." ASI has received funding from the Social Science Research Council, and the Open Society Institute, supported by George Soros.
The Jadaliyya publication combines local knowledge, scholarship and advocacy aimed at audiences primarily in the United States and the Middle East. The site currently publishes posts both in Arabic, French, English, and Turkish.
"The fraught history of organ mining practices from both IDF soldiers and Palestinian bodies during the 1990s is well documented. During the second intifada, Palestinian bodies were held at the Abu Kabir Institute of Forensic Medicine for prolonged periods without explanation. Even mainstream Israeli press such as Ha'aretz have reported on the collecting of illegally obtained organs at Abu Kabir," Puar wrote.
"In my lecture, I made clear that I was not making any empirical claims about current organ mining. Rather, I was conveying a small part of the sheer terror of life in the West Bank since the uprising began in October 2015. I can only surmise that the charges of anti-Semitism and blood libel leveled against me were intended to discredit scholarship about the deleterious effects of the occupation on Palestinian daily life.
"It is as if those engaged in trying to smear me believe that Palestinians have no right to legitimate and very human emotions of grief, anguish, and historical trauma.
"Further, the manufactured controversy surrounding my talk was no doubt intended to derail the momentum of the Vassar BDS resolution, spearheaded by Students for Justice in Palestine and Jewish Voice for Peace. In the wake of this diversion, the Vassar administration threatened to withhold student activity fees from the Vassar Student Association if they voted to pass the BDS resolution—which they passed despite this threat."
"The talk was taped without my permission or that of the people who had invited me, and the transcript was disseminated to right wing media, inciting hateful responses," she complained.
"They are desperate to contain the popular movements of students, many of them Jewish Americans, galvanizing around BDS," she claimed.
Related Topics: Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS), Rutgers University, Vassar College receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free mef mailing list

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Categories: Companies in the NASDAQ-100 IndexCompanies listed on NASDAQAmazon (company)1994 establishments in Washington (state)3D publishingAmerican companies established in 1994Android (operating system) softwareArts and crafts retailersBookstores of the United StatesCloud computing providersE-book suppliersInternet properties established in 1994IOS softwareMobile phone manufacturersMultinational companies headquartered in the United StatesOnline music storesOnline retailers of the United StatesRetail companies established in 1994Review websitesSelf-publishing companiesSoftware companies based in SeattleSoftware companies established in 1994Technology companies established in 1994TvOS softwareUniversal Windows Platform appsWebby Award winners
Although the company did raise the minimum wage for all of its employees earlier this month, it's plowing ahead on warehouse robotics and automation in a way that could fundamentally reshape how its lowest-paid employees perform work — and how many of those employees it needs to retain. Amazon now uses more than 100,000 robots in warehouses around the world to help move and organize products, according to The New York Times, and it also sponsors an annual robotics competition to help spur innovation in AI that could result in more dexterous and intelligent robots capable of performing complex physical tasks.
In addition to strict acceptance to be sold by As Seen On TV Incorporated, Telebrands and other distributers, the most successful products have almost always served to provide a solution to a common problem - and this has inspired inventors worldwide to share their creations and push the industry. The industry leaders have always been smart when it comes to marketing, and have recently started making more of a transition towards ecommerce – using micro websites to push their products, and making good use of affiliate programs. Infomercials now support awareness in addition to creating it.
You should never share your debit or credit card password with any Amazon seller unless you are at the checkout page requiring you to enter these details. And besides, the only card password you'll need aren't any passwords you set up online - the three digit pin that can be found on the front or back of the card are those digits you'll need to input for the purchase to be sent out Amazon's door.
In May 2018, Amazon threatened the Seattle City Council over an employee head tax proposal that would have funded houselessness services and low-income housing. The tax would have cost Amazon about $800 per employee, or 0.7% of their average salary.[202] In retaliation, Amazon paused construction on a new building, threatened to limit further investment in the city, and funded a repeal campaign. Although originally passed, the measure was soon repealed after an expensive repeal campaign spearheaded by Amazon.[203]
Goodreads is a "social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10 million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[100]
Amazon, seeing the obvious opportunity here, reportedly outbid none other than Google to become Twitch's parent company three years later, with the AWS infrastructure a big part of why Twitch CEO Emmett Shear decided to take the deal. Now, four years later, Twitch has outlasted both YouTube and Facebook's attempts to snatch away its market share and, given the popularity of titles like Epic Games' Fortnite, has become an even more integral fixture of modern online life and youth culture. Amazon has more recently integrated Twitch into its Prime subscription, giving subscribers free games and complementary channel subscriptions.
In the course of a single generation, Amazon has grown from fledgling online bookseller to one of the most valuable and powerful corporations in modern history. The empire of CEO Jeff Bezos has grown so vast that critics, overseas regulators, and Washington politicians are all now wondering whether the company has become an unstoppable force, and what, if anything, is capable of reining in its reach. A recent spat with Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-VT) resulted in a minimum wage hike for tens of thousands of employees, but Amazon still operates largely without any meaningful checks on its power even as it aggressively expands into physical retail, the smart home, and warehouse and aviation robotics.
Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. The service was first established as a spin-off of a general-interest streaming service known as Justin.tv. Its prominence was eclipsed by that of Twitch, and Justin.tv was eventually shut down by its parent company in August 2014 in order to focus exclusively on Twitch.[104] Later that month, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for $970 million.[105] Through Twitch, Amazon also owns Curse, Inc., an operator of video gaming communities and a provider of VoIP services for gaming.[106] Since the acquisition, Twitch began to sell games directly through the platform,[107] and began offering special features for Amazon Prime subscribers.[108]
Amazon was never going to be able to compete with Google's YouTube in user-uploaded video content, and it didn't have the social infrastructure of Facebook to become a destination where people discuss their lives and share videos from around the web. But what Amazon did have was the resources to purchase a company that was poised to outrun both Facebook and YouTube to a new type of business: live-streaming, in particular video games live-streaming. The pioneer of that market was Twitch, which Amazon purchased in 2014 for just shy of $1 billion.
I do not like the security of this apps. By default any one in my home can just open it up and start buying things on my account. I would like it to just add things to my cart on the TV and them buy on "My" Computer or "My" phone. I know you can setup a PIN for "videos, purchasing and certain types of content".But, you then need to enter the PIN for $0 videos. Also, anybody with access to the Fire TV remote can just install the apps and start buying things, no pin, no password, just because you have a Fire TV setup on your account. Amazon you need to have a separate PIN for Buying videos, parental control (ratings), Apps and Shopping. And by default the app should setup a PIN.
If your new dress doesn't fit right or a gadget arrives broken, Amazon accepts returns on most sales within 30 days of delivery. In general, third-party sellers offer the same policy, although you'll usually have to pay for return shipping to the seller unless the seller advertises free returns, whereas Amazon often provides a prepaid shipping label for its own returns. The cost of the return may be subtracted from the refund if the item was returned for some other reason than Amazon's mistake.
With over 230 million active customer accounts, the online giant, Amazon, is the most popular online store at the time of publication, and even ranks as one of the ten most popular websites on the entire Internet. Even if Amazon's own warehouses don't have what you're looking for, one of its third-party Marketplace sellers might -- though potentially at a high price. Whether you want to shop from Amazon directly or in the Marketplace, head to Amazon's website to start browsing the shelves or use a sky mall that curates different products from Amazon.
Twitch started in 2007 as a 24-hour live stream of co-founder Justin Kan's life (he coined the term "lifecasting") called Justin.tv, but it became very clear very quickly that live gaming content was more popular than pretty much anything else. In 2011, Twitch spun off gaming-centric channels as Twitch.tv, and it grew exponentially as online games and the technology to broadcast them live on the internet became more widespread and popular.
On January 22, 2018, Amazon Go, a store that uses cameras and sensors to detect items that a shopper grabs off shelves and automatically charges a shopper's Amazon account, was opened to the general public in Seattle.[54][55] Customers scan their Amazon Go app as they enter, and are required to have an Amazon Go app installed on their smartphone and a linked Amazon account to be able to enter.[54] The technology is meant to eliminate the need for checkout lines.[56][57][58] Amazon Go was initially opened for Amazon employees in December 2016.[59][60][61] In August 2018, the second Amazon Go store opened its doors.[62][63]
Hi, To provide a more secure and pleasant fashion experience at hm.com, login by using your email. Just enter your current password to continue. If you need help, feel free to get in touch with us at {0} Make sure to be the first to know what's going on in the world of fashion, sign up to our newsletter. Hi, To provide a more secure and pleasant fashion experience at hm.com we ask you to use an email address as your Username. If you need help, feel free to get in touch with us at 855-466-7467.
After the introduction of the September 5, 2018 'Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act', Amazon announced to its workers on October 2, 2018, that the minimum wage paid to salaried workers be increased to $15 per hour.[153] The wage increase applies to about 350,000 workers. It does not apply to the majority of Amazon's employees who are contract workers. Furthermore, Amazon has also removed some grants and stock options.
Whether you're cleaning the garage or cleaning yourself, preparing for work or preparing a snack, you'll enjoy using brilliant items from HSN. Find a great present for a friendly coworker or a personal and thoughtful item for your close family member. Browse these highly-rated items today and discover gifts of many styles and sizes for all the important people in your life.


Create love bird cookies for a romantic celebration with these stylish cookie cutters. Simply add icing for a layer of color to finish.
Pack contains 2 stainless steel cookie cutters.
Pack size: 1 x 5 x 4 inches.


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The Christmas tree collection in aid of Trinity Hospice in Blackpool not only generated a significant sum of money for the hospice which serves the Blackpool, Fylde and Wyre areas but also contributed towards the sand dunes restoration project on the St Anne's beach.
2019 was the second year for the Christmas tree collection for Trinity Hospice and it was tree-mendous collection with more than 1,285 trees collected over the weekend of the 12th and 13th January in many FY postcodes raising £11,005.54.* The collection had the full support of Fylde Council who were pleased with the results offering a convenient solution to local residents who need to get rid of their tree after the Christmas festivities.
Over 90 volunteers helped over the weekend including individuals, local businesses and the council who generously gave up their time or donated resources such as vans to collect the trees.
The trees have been planted on the St Anne's beach as part of an ongoing restoration project to reduce the erosion of the dunes by trapping windblown sand and encourage the dunes to move seaward. The dunes also provide a unique habitat for many plants and animals and also act an an effective sea defence for the local community.
Streetlife is an organisation which assists vulnerable young people in Blackpool, a lot of whom access the service as homeless. Their aim is to enable and empower them to make informed choices, about issues affecting their lives. They provide support – for those up to the age of 26 – from The Base, the Day Centre, and Night Shelter, which serves as emergency accommodation for those who need it most.
The Boathouse Youth is a Registered UK Charity that works with children and young people in Blackpool. It aims to provide a variety of educational and recreational activities that will build confidence restore self-esteem and, above all, bring happiness to the lives of its young members.


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>>True. Use cases and requirements first.
>>fact that APIs have been contributed.
Please do not combine versioning with contributions. These are different things.
BTW: I do not say that any contributed API should be taken as is, but why to reinvent the wheel?
The contributed APIs seem to be based on various governing principles / design patterns and probably they could be discussed first with the hope that a set of principles could be found that would combine the best of the contributed ones and that we could agree on them.
>>avoid having "a solution looking for a problem".
The initial problem is that there is no device API in W3C, I think.
And the contributions just try to help solve this problem.
> In versioning the most important seems to be not the version identifier of the specification document, but the version identifier of the specification embedded in the content.
> It provides means for the potential implementation to identify the content for potential incompatibilities.
>>> Levels: build ontop, don't break backwards compatibility.
> I am all for not breaking the backwards compatibility.
> As Anne stated earlier in the case of XHR the bc was broken and handled implicitly.
> What then if we would really have to break backwards compatibility?
> Shall we give up the whole related ecosystem?
> Wouldn't it be better to state now - at start - that breaking of the backwards compatibility is not intended, but MAY happen, and we are prepared for it?
>>> Sure. Is the above ok?
> Not really. I think about some technically detailed solution, a kind of pattern for handling this issue.
>>> down to something more reasonable.
> I am not sure whether less entities will handled the planned use cases.
> Also I do not know what number is meant as reasonable and whether minimizing that number is our ultimate target.
> I may however think of the distribution of the entities, e.g. more constants and less interfaces or so.
> This is then an API Design Pattern that we could elaborate on.
avoid having "a solution looking for a problem".
Next message: Marcos Caceres: "Re: ISSUE-4 (api-versioning): API Versioning [APIs - General]"
Previous message: Marcos Caceres: "Re: ISSUE-4: Versioning Straw Poll"


[Translate] What I've heard about Eastern Standard is the good cocktails and it is close to Fenway Park. Though I'm not a baseball fan, it's fun to see the diners and locals (some wearing the Red Sox's jerseys) hanging out at the large bar before the opening day game taking in the excitement. This decade-old restaurant is a big, bustling brasserie that isn't overdone or self-conscious. On one side is the dining room, with burgundy banquettes and white tablecloths crowded with thick, red-rimmed china platters filled with food. On the other is a large bar, a length of white marble..
[Translate] The Butterfly – Exterior, Interior and Our drinks & brunch menu Chef Michael White's newest venture opened in late June of this year called The Butterfly. This is place is meant to be a place for well made cocktails (the drinks menu is collaborated with one of the most respected bartenders in the industry, Eben Freeman (if you could recall the olden days of Tailor with the solid cocktails)) that serves very good retro American food. The retro theme of the 1950s are nuanced throughout the restaurant from the font on the menus, the classic cocktails like Mai Tai..
[Translate] The past Friday afternoon my boss sort of surprised me for my birthday. What happened was my boss inquired me the past week when's my birthday since I've sent out a mass e-mail to share out my week-early birthday cake to my co-workers (see photo here). She managed to remember my birthday (despite of her busy schedule) and asked one of my other co-workers, Deniz to pick up my birthday cakes. I remember seeing her rushing into my boss's office that morning lugging in two large shopping bags, making me wonder if we're having a party? But I thought,..


text:
Home Democracy UN relationship with Samoa under a cloud over 'political breaches'
RNZ Pacific
UN relationship with Samoa under a cloud over 'political breaches'
The UN's Resident Co-ordinator in Samoa, Simona Marinescu (right), with Samoa's former prime minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi ... allegations over gender MPs political issue. Image: D. Solofa/UNRCO_Samoa/File
By Johnny Blades, RNZ Pacific journalist
The United Nations has glaring problems in Samoa where the government is calling for the UN's role in the country to be reviewed.
The most pressing immediate problem concerns the UN Resident Co-ordinator in Samoa, Simona Marinescu, and the local government's allegation that she has interfered in domestic politics.
Samoa's ruling Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi (FAST) party has accused Marinescu of breaching UN principles of neutrality by actively working against the party during this year's election.
READ MORE: More Samoan politics reports
The FAST claim partly relates to Marinescu's involvement in the push to increase the number of women MPs in Samoa. The issue of a quota for women's seats in Parliament became a central point of contention in the drawn out impasse between the former ruling Human Rights Protection Party and FAST over election the election in April, which was won by FAST.
Marinescu, a former politician in Romania who took up the Apia post in early 2018, is a vocal advocate of women's rights.
However, by pushing the women MPs issue during the testy initial post-election stages, she was accused of having favoured HRPP and its leader, Samoa's long-time prime minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielagaoi, who aimed to prevent Fiame Naomi Mata'afa becoming the country's first woman prime minister.
After months of court action over the election outcome, as well as rallies by HRPP supporters which FAST has accused Marinescu of helping to instigate, Fiame is now installed as prime minister — and her government has the knives out for the UN representative.
Push for law change
FAST party chairman deputy prime minister La'auli Leuatea Schmidt has also questioned Marinescu's role in a reported recommendation to legalise abortion in Samoa made as part of a submission by the UN country office for Samoa's recent Universal Periodic Review at the UN Human Rights Council.
Samoan Prime Minister Fiame Naomi Mata'afa addresses the 76th UN General Assembly by video link. Image UNGA
La'auli said it was not Marinescu's place to have pushed for changes to Samoa's laws in the area of women's rights, adding that she had crossed a line.
"She should not affiliate with our local domestic politics," he said.
"That is our main concern, because we found out that she has been involved with our political affairs locally."
The diplomat has been unavailable for RNZ Pacific's requests to comment. Having attended COP26 in Glasgow, Marinescu remains out of the country, and it is uncertain if she is welcome to return to Samoa given the new government's feelings.
Tuilaepa, now the opposition leader, came out in defence of Marinescu and called for an apology from La'auli whose attacks he described as "uncalled for".
Samoan government building, Apia. Image: Johnny Blades/RNZ
Sources close to the UN in Samoa described it as unlikely that Marinescu had sought to help HRPP win government over FAST, but said her interventions were ill-judged, badly timed and came across as high-handed.
Climate project under UN corruption probe
During Marinescu's tenure in Samoa, a major climate change resilience project under the UN umbrella has gone awry with the emergence of corruption allegations.
The Vaisigano River Catchment Project, a US$65 million flood proofing project to fortify a main river in Samoa's capital Apia from rising sea levels, was to be 90 percent funded by the UN's Green Climate Fund.
But the UN Development Programme (UNDP) has been investigating allegations of corruption in the project since last year, and the project has stalled. In its preliminary form, the work proved insufficient to prevent significant damage from last December's floods in Apia.
Furthermore, the Samoa Observer recently revealed that the UN's Samoa office (a multi-country desk which also oversees the UN's Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau programmes) was stripped of its authority to manage the Vaisigano Catchment and other development projects due to the concerns about its financial mismanagement.
The UN's Bangkok office is now controlling expenditure over up to a dozen projects under the Samoa office, also including a US$52 million project for increasing the country's production of renewable energy, and several projects in Niue and the Cooks.
Regarding the Vaisigano project, the UNDP said formal investigations were launched by its Office of Audit and Investigation, "appropriate follow-up actions have been initiated", and the case had been referred to national authorities.
Mismanagement of major climate resilience projects is a concern for regional countries like New Zealand, which last month committed US$900 million over four years to support mainly Pacific countries on climate change efforts.
Climate partnership funding
NZ Climate Change Minister James Shaw said New Zealand's work in climate funding was primarily geared toward working with partner countries directly, rather than through multi-lateral funds such as the Green Climate Fund.
"One of the reasons for that is when you're working bilaterally, directly, you've got much better line of sight of the projects, and so that helps us to manage around any issues of corruption that might arise."
The Vaisigano River Project in Apia … now the subject of a UN corruption probe. Image: Samoa Observer
Sources have told RNZ Pacific of their concern that there was a lack of checks and balances over the Vaisigano Catchment Project, as well as a lack of progress in the project generally since it was signed off in 2016.
Marinescu has not had direct oversight of UNDP projects since the role was de-linked from that of Resident Co-ordinator, and new UNDP Resident Representative Jorn Sorensen arrived in late 2019.
However, Samoa's prime minister has said she was considering lodging a formal complaint about Marinescu's behaviour in relation to alleged interference in local politics.
FAST party wins four byelections
The emerging problems in the UN Samoa relationship came as the country headed back to the polls last week for six byelections — four of them being won by the FAST party to boost their numbers in the House to 31.
The byelections were the result of post-election legal challenges, which led to HRPP election-winners for these electorates giving up their seats.
Meanwhile, Fiame's government has called for a review of the UN role in Samoa.
La'auli has acknowledged the good work that the UN has done over many years in Samoa.
But he said the new issues that had arisen highlighted a need to revisit the relationship with the UN in the interests of protecting Samoa's culture and Christian values.
This article is republished under a community partnership agreement with RNZ.
SOURCERNZ Pacific
Aid projects
FAST party
HRPP
NZ aid
NZ climate aid
Political interference
UN aid
UN climate aid
UN Resident Coordinator
Vaisigano River
Auckland thunderstorm: Furore over unsent Civil Defence warning texts
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PNG rural agency condemns 'ghost projects' in K1 billion delivery cash...
NZ floods: Heavy rain hits Waikato, Waitomo and derails train


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Il dipartimento di Transua è un dipartimento della Costa d'Avorio situato nella regione di Gontougo, distretto di Zanzan.La popolazione censita nel 2014 era pari a 83.478 abitanti.

Il dipartimento è suddiviso nelle sottoprefetture di Assuéfry, Kouassia-Niaguini e Transua.

Voci correlate
 Dipartimenti della Costa d'Avorio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/tep/teppwp/wp14-09.html
Effects of immigration in frictional labor markets: theory and empirical evidence from EU countries
Eva Moreno-Galbis
Ahmed Tritah
Eva Moreno Galbis
Immigrants are newcomers in a labor market. As a consequence, they lack host-country-specific labor market knowledge and other country-specific and not directly productive valuable assets affecting their relative bargaining position with employers. We introduce this simple observation into a search and matching model of the labor market and show that immigrants increase the employment prospects of competing natives. To test the predictions of our model, we exploit yearly variations between 1998 and 2004 in the share of immigrants within occupations in 13 European countries. We identify the impact of immigrants on natives׳ employment rate using an instrumental variable strategy based on historical settlement patterns across host countries and occupations by origin country. We find that natives׳ employment rate increases in occupations and sectors receiving more immigrants. Moreover, we show that this effect varies depending on immigrants׳ characteristics and on host country labor market institutions which affect relative reservation wages.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Eva Moreno-Galbis & Ahmed Tritah, 2014. "Effects of immigration in frictional labor markets: theory and empirical evidence from EU countries," TEPP Working Paper 2014-09, TEPP.
Handle: RePEc:tep:teppwp:wp14-09
File URL: http://www.tepp-repec.eu/RePEc/files/teppwp/TEPP-wp-14-09-emg-at.pdf
Moreno-Galbis, Eva & Tritah, Ahmed, 2016. "The effects of immigration in frictional labor markets: Theory and empirical evidence from EU countries," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 76-98.
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Giovanni Peri & Chad Sparber, 2008. "Task Specialization, Immigration, and Wages," CReAM Discussion Paper Series 0802, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), Department of Economics, University College London.
Giovanni Peri & Chad Sparber, 2009. "Task Specialization, Immigration and Wages," Working Papers 91, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics.
Giovanni Peri & Chad Sparber, 2008. "Task Specialisation, Immigration and Wages," Development Working Papers 252, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano.
David Card, 2009. "Immigration and Inequality," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(2), pages 1-21, May.
David Card, 2009. "Immigration and Inequality," CReAM Discussion Paper Series 0907, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), Department of Economics, University College London.
David Card, 2009. "Immigration and Inequality," NBER Working Papers 14683, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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J61 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Job, Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
J64 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
NEP-LAB-2014-11-17 (Labour Economics)
NEP-MIG-2014-11-17 (Economics of Human Migration)
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Home Student Services Financial Aid Veterans Benefits New to Calhoun and VA Benefits?
If you have never used your VA educational benefits before, you will need to complete a couple of steps depending on the chapter for which you qualify. Please remember that it will take the Department of Veterans Affairs at least eight weeks to process your application and send you a Certificate of Eligibility.
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Complete the VA Statement of Understanding.
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text:
Splinter Cell Remake Officially In Development At Ubisoft Toronto
Ubisoft has revealed that 2002's Splinter Cell will be getting a remake, with efforts led by Ubisoft Toronto. Splinter Cell will be rebuilt from the ground up using Ubisoft's own Snowdrop engine, which is currently also being used for the company's upcoming Star Wars and Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora games. Ubisoft says the Splinter Cell remake will feature dynamic lighting and shadows, which will be incorporated into the game's level design.
Splinter Cell will also be a linear experience, as Ubisoft added that Sam Fisher's return won't take place in an open-world sandbox.
"Although we're still in the very earliest stages of development, what we're trying to do is make sure the spirit of the early games remains intact, in all of the ways that gave early Splinter Cell its identity," producer Matt West explained in Ubisoft reveal post. "So, as we're building it from the ground up, we're going to update it visually, as well as some of the design elements to match player comfort and expectations, and we are going to keep it linear like the original games, not make it open world."
Call Of Duty's Ricochet Anti-Cheat Launches Globally For Warzone On PC
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Lord Of The Rings Cast Celebrate The First Film's 20th Anniversary With Some Hot Raps


SRF's take on a classic! Similar to mohair, but in new colors and styles. Great for leeches and all balanced bugs.
This is a product of Snake River Fly.
The Moonlit ML056 hook is excellent for tying a balanced leeches and the Chartreuse Tungsten Beads are excellent for the Burnt Toast Leech fly.