Today, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), there are around 6.5 million construction workers at about 252,000 construction sites across the United States. With this immense amount of people on construction sites and with the countless risks that construction sites pose, personal injuries run rampant.
Construction sites also pose the risk of death! About a week ago, a 47-year old demolition employee was standing on a lift below a highway and cutting steel bracing between two large 45-ton beams supporting the above highway. Suddenly, one of the beams collapsed on the employee instantly killing him. Subsequent to this fatal construction accident, the employee's employer was fined $152,000.
Construction sites are certainly dangerous. Construction sites normally have the following risks/dangers: scaffolding risk, risks of falling from heights, trench collapses, and head injuries. This article will delve into these risks/dangers and propose ways to say safe. First, though, if you or a loved one were injured on a construction site, it is important that you hire an experienced personal injury attorney for your case. You may be entitled to compensation for your injuries.
Our lawyers stand by the idea that employees ought to be able to trust and expect that the environment in which they are working is safe and they are not in harm's way when going about their assigned duties. This means that equipment should be properly functioning, that the worksite has been inspected for dangers, that employers have provided proper training, and that the company has safety protocols in place to prevent serious workplace injuries from occurring. When a company fails to ensure the safety of its workers and an employee is seriously injured, the employee may be able to hold the employer accountable for his or her workplace accident injuries that could have been prevented.
According to a recent report by ABC Chicago, an Illinois worker was recently injured on a job site at the Jardine Water Purification Plant of Chicago. The injured roofer worked for a roofing company and suffered injuries after being pinned between dumpster and roofing equipment. Reports did not say how he became trapped or if negligence played a role in his injuries.
When workers suffer serious injuries as a result of unsafe work environment or the negligence of other workers, they may be able to take legal action. Often, investigations can point to the fault or failed safety measure or procedure that was not followed to pinpoint how an accident occurred. Legal analysis may question as to why it is so difficult to discern the cause of this accident, and may question whether there were numerous safety violations that make it difficult to pinpoint among many wrongful actions as to what caused this accident.
Every day millions of construction workers put their lives on the line, and unfortunately many suffer injuries. Construction accidents are especially unfortunate if they occur because contractors, construction companies, or other workers have not taken proper safety measures to protect valued employees. Workers deserve to work in a safe environment and to be free from foreseen dangers, and employers owe a duty of care to its employees to be free from dangers, have safety equipment, and to work safely in their working environment. That is why special laws are in place to protect the health and safety of construction workers.
A Chicago suburban Palos Park native was killed in a worksite accident in Vernon Hills last week, according to the Chicago Tribune. The victim was a demolition crew member who died as a result of being struck by falling concrete when part of a wall collapsed at the demolition site where he was working. According to reports, a crew of workers was knocking down an exterior wall of the Westfield Hawthorn Mall. When they were removing an outer layer of brick, concrete pieces fell from the top of the wall and hit three workers. The federal Occupation Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) is investigating the incident. Federal investigators have been inspecting the site to determine if proper safety procedures were followed by the company.
OSHA requires workplaces to provide a safe and healthy working environment. Management should regularly conduct health and safety meetings that involves employees, managers, and supervisors. Management should also maintain consistent worksite analysis to ensure health and safety. This include reevaluating and updating policies for workplace activities where materials and machinery. There should also be consistent and regular inspections, and upon identifying any hazards, management needs to take corrective actions.
A construction worker has been identified after he was killed while on the job at a construction site on Northwestern's Evanston campus. The worker was killed when a beam on the site fell from six stories up in the air and hit him, causing fatal head and chest injuries. The beam was knocked loose when a construction crane struck the beam, knocking it off where it had been positioned unsecured.
According to the Chicago Tribune, the victim was immediately rushed to NorthShore University Hospital, however he was pronounced dead as a result of his severe personal injuries about an hour and forty five minutes after the workplace accident occurred. The beam did not strike any of the other construction workers and no one else was injured.
OSHA is investigating the accident to further determine what exactly happened to lead to the accident, which includes interviewing all witnesses, interviewing the victim's employer and checking out the scene of the accident to try to better understand the horrible accident. The investigation could take up to six months according to OSHA representatives, as it is crucial to try to understand the accident so better precautions may be taken to insure another workplace accident like this does not happen again.
Our firm achieved a $1.5 million settlement for an injured construction worker and his family on December 28, 2012. Steven Levin and Michael Bonamarte represented the plaintiff in the case. Our client was working as a temporary laborer at a residential construction site hired to do clean-up work at the site. While there, the victim was sweeping and picking up various debris on the second floor. Another temporary laborer from the agency and the victim moved a piece of plywood that was covering a chimney stack opening to that they could sweep around and underneath it. Our client did not see the large hole because the piece of plywood was obstructing his view and fell through the opening to the ground floor, sustaining serious injuries. His injuries included a fractured ankle, fractured pelvis, and fractured hip.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's ("OSHA") law requires holes like the one that our client fell through to be affixed and marked. The chimney that our client fell through was neither fixed nor marked. OSHA is the main federal agency charged with the enforcement of safety and health legislation, especially in the workplace. These laws are in place to protect the health and safety of all workers, including construction workers.
If you or a loved one has been injured at a construction site, it is important that you understand your rights to any benefits and compensation owed to you under the law. Construction site accidents can be severe and life altering. Our firm understands that after going through such trauma your goals are to make sure your medical bills are paid and covered, that you do not suffer financially through lost wages, and that your insurance company will pay for future treatment relating to your work. Our firm has significant experience handling cases for victims of construction accidents and their families. This experience in matters of construction workplace liability has enabled us to recover millions of dollars in verdicts and settlements for our clients in such cases. If you or a loved one has been injured at a construction site, please contact our experienced construction accident attorneys for a consultation to review the specific facts of your case with you and inform you of your legal rights, free of charge.
According to the Illinois Workers' Compensation Commission, approximately 250,000 work-related accidents occur each year in Illinois alone. The statistics are overwhelming, and the injuries often devastating.
Recently in Wisconsin, a workplace accident lawsuit was settled for $ 1.6 million, after a former maintenance worker was injured by a manhole cover, which blew off a boiler and struck the maintenance worker in the head.
According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, the accident occurred in 2009, and the corporations charged with liability were the company servicing the boiler – a company by the name of BurCon, and BurCon's insurance company.
A family has filed a Cook County wrongful death lawsuit on behalf of their loved one, a man who was crushed and killed by industrial equipment while working on a construction project at the Calumet Water Reclamation Plant, according to the Chicago Breaking News Center. The victim was using a skid steer loader during construction of industrial fencing and gates at the plant on the west perimeter when his harness on his body had become entangled with the equipment. A skid steer loader is an engine-power machine that uses many attachments to reportedly save on labor costs. The Illinois wrongful death lawsuit alleges that the entanglement caused the victim to be thrown to the ground and crushed to death by the machine.
The Chicago wrongful death lawsuit names the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, the maker of the loader machine, and a construction company as defendants. The Chicago-are victim was an iron-worker with a wife and three children. At the time of his wrongful death, he had been working for Industrial Fence, Inc. The Cook County wrongful death lawsuit seeks damages great than $50,000.
The term "wrongful death" is a legal term that a death has been caused by the fault of another person. For example, deaths caused by drunk driving, the manufacture of a defective or dangerous product, or the construction of an uninsured structure or building, may be considered under the law as "wrongful death." The Illinois wrongful death lawsuits are usually filed by family members of the decedent. Some times, these claims are filed in order to obtain monetary damages in order to cover the earnings the deceased person would have provided. Otherwise, they may be recovered to include expenses associated with death, lost benefits, lost inheritance, or pain and suffering.


The railway by Batoum to Baku by way of Tiflis has tended greatly to turn the channel of commerce from Trebizond into Russian territory, since it helps to open the route to Erivan, Tabriz and the whole of Persia.
Long; its principal tributary is the Zanga, which flows by Erivan and drains Lake Gokcha or Sevanga.
Transcaucasia supplies, chiefly from the government of Erivan, some 12,000 tons of raw cotton annually.
The greatest recorded range of temperature is at Erivan (altitude 3230 ft.), namely, of 64° between a January average of 14.9° and an August average of 78.8° F.
The Erivan line is being continued into Persia, namely, to Tabriz via Julfa on the Aras.
Gumri), a Russian town and fortified camp in Transcaucasia, government of Erivan, near the junction of the Arpa-chai with the Aras, 48 m.
Tchihatchef mentions that at Erivan in Russian Armenia the mean winter temperature is 7 0.1 C. and falls in January to - 30° C., and at Bokhara the mean temperature of January is 4° C. and the minimum -22° C., and yet at both places the vine is grown with success.
ANI (anc. Abnicum), an ancient and ruined Armenian city, in Russian Transcaucasia, government Erivan, situated at an altitude of 4390 ft., between the Arpa-chai (Harpasus) and a deep ravine.
There is more than one meaning of Erivan discussed in the 1911 Encyclopedia.
IVAN FEDOROVICH PASKEVICH (1782-1856), count of Erivan, prince of Warsaw, Russian field marshal, descended from an old and wealthy family, was born at Poltava on the 19th (8th) of May 1782.
In reward of his services he was named by the emperor count of Erivan, and received a million of roubles and a diamondmounted sword.
J7~5 ~ It shows, during the reign of the Safawids, Tiflis, Erivan, Khoi and Bagdad to have been within the limits of Persia on the west, and in like manner Balkh and Kandahar to have been.
In the following year Abbas Mirza advanced upon Shishah, the chief of which place and of the Karabagh had declared for Russia; much fighting ensued, and Erivan was formally taken possession of in the name of the shah.
But Russia demanded Erivan and Nakhichevan as well as the cost of the war; and in 1827 the campaign was reopened.
Briefly, after successive gains and losses, not only Erivan was taken from Persia but Tabriz also, and finally, through the intervention of Sir John Macdonald, the English envoy, a new treaty was concluded at Turkmanchai, laying down the boundary between Russia and Persia.
Among the hard conditions for the latter country were the cession in perpetuity of the khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan, the inability to have an armed vessel in the Caspian, and the payment of a war indemnity of some 3,000,000.
Among the remarkable occurrences may be noted the murder at Teheran in 1828 of M - Grebayadov, the Russian envoy, whose conduct in forcibly retaining two women of Erivan provoked the interference of the mullas and people.
It thus includes the governments of Baku, Elisavetpol, Erivan, Kutais and Tiflis; the provinces of Batum, Daghestan and Kars; and the military districts of the Black Sea (Chernomorsk) and Zakataly.
(6) The mountain Tatars (about 850,000), divided into many tribes and of an origin still undetermined, are scattered throughout the provinces of Baku, Erivan, Tiflis, Kutais, Daghestan, and partly also of Batum.
NAKHICHEVAN, or Nakhjevan, a city of Russian Armenia, in the government of Erivan, 85 m.
In 1897 there were 970,656 Armenians in Russia, of whom 827,634 were in the provinces of Erivan, Elisavetpol and Tiflis.
In 1639, the province of Erivan, which included Echmiadzin, was assigned by treaty to Persia, and it remained in her hands until it passed to Russia, 1828, under the treaty of Turkman-chai.


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Miss You Already
Susan Wloszczyna November 06, 2015
If a well-intentioned, occasionally funny, often moving yet nonetheless flawed "womance" (the en vogue female term for bromance) causes you to desperately fumble about in the dark for that wad of tissue in the recesses of your purse, does that alone qualify it as a success?
In the case of "Miss You Already," an all-too-literal bosom buddy, disease-themed dramedy that is part-"Cake," part-"50/50" and a whole lot of "Beaches," the answer is "yes." When crying time does arrive, it will feel like a symphonic wave of waterworks accompanied by an anvil chorus of rhythmic sniffling. Judging by my crowd, the result is enough to make chopped onions jealous.
But it's a "yes" that carries several reservations. This London-set weeper about two late-30ish BFFs since early childhood—Jess, a sensible boho-chic American transplant (Drew Barrymore, essentially playing her adorable, wonky-smile self) and Milly, a glam go-getter of a PR whiz and mum of two (Toni Collette, whose prickly rendering of a self-absorbed double-mastectomy patient anchors the proceedings with a healthy dose of realistic grit, earning her the MVP crown)—doesn't always justify the means to its geyser-inducing end.
As directed by teen-angst specialist Catherine Hardwicke ("Thirteen," "Twilight"), who takes a rare step into the arena of adult issues, "Miss You Already" examines—with unflinching honesty—the innately female health concerns involved with breast cancer and fertility problems. At the same time, the film has a slick predictability that can feel overly manipulative. It also has a bad case of Nancy Meyers-itis, where style in the form of character-defining wardrobes, lipstick hues, perfect manicures, footwear choices and hip home décor distracts as much as enhances the goings-on.
Milly, who quickly finds out about her troubling diagnosis soon after a sprightly opening montage narrated by Jess that brings their like-glue relationship up to date, eventually undergoes all the usual cancer trauma—denial, chemo, hair loss and an up-and-down recovery. The difference here is that she faces her situation not with a noble "Dark Victory" resignation but with a defiant air of irreverence and a deep concern about maintaining her status as an object of desire. Kudos to Hardwicke for not shying away from revealing Milly's post-op body. The tenderness and intimacy shown by Barrymore, as her Jess tends to ailing Milly after surgery, is one of the highlights of the film.
Also adroitly handled is a heartfelt sequence where Milly tries on a series of wigs—ranging from ridiculous to perfect—while tended to by the dry-witted character actress Frances de la Tour. It's one of the times when "Miss You Already" manages to successfully combine laughter and poignancy to great effect.
But then there are the jokes. When Jess first hears about her pal's bad news, she inquires, "How could the tumor have gotten so big?" Milly snaps back: "It's aggressive—just like you." Yes, there is a load of grim-reaper humor in the script by British comic performer Morwenna Banks (adapted from her radio play) that tends to be sitcom-ish, even if the cast sells it as well as they can.
As for Barrymore's Jess, she and live-in boyfriend Jago (portrayed with lovable lug finesse by Paddy Considine) are desperate to have a child. "Your eggs are ready," he says while preparing breakfast. "Not according to this," quips Jess while scowling at a negative pregnancy test.
Let's address the problem of imbalance as well. As Milly, Collette is endowed with a flamboyant personality and rich story arc, which she nails in nearly every scene. She also has Dominic Cooper as sexy-beast husband Kit, a onetime rock 'n' roll roadie turned record producer. Their existence together is much more varied and complicated, as they cope with the demands of raising children and the effect that her illness has had on their once-lusty bedroom romps. She is granted a well-meaning yet capricious TV star mum in the welcome form of Jacqueline Bisset, hiding behind a mound of bleached-blond hair but as lithe as ever at age 71.
Meanwhile, I would be hard-pressed to tell you what exactly Jess does for employment and, although they reside in a canal barge turned into a cozy houseboat, I didn't know what Jago did with himself besides fret about their childless state—until he suddenly showed up on an oil rig rather late in the proceedings. It also seems that the couple discusses little else other than the possibility of using IVF to have a baby.
Some have criticized Jess and Milly's spontaneous late-night detour to the stormy Yorkshire moors in honor of their shared appreciation of "Wuthering Heights" as being gratuitous. But it does give the two actresses a nice chance to bond (they dance outdoors in the rain while singing R.E.M.'s "Losing My Religion"), as well loudly air their grievances with one another. Besides, the Brontë family rarely gets as much referential treatment in movies as Jane Austen does. And the downpour nicely foreshadows the tears that will flow soon enough.
Susan Wloszczyna
Susan Wloszczyna spent much of her nearly thirty years at USA TODAY as a senior entertainment reporter. Now unchained from the grind of daily journalism, she is ready to view the world of movies with fresh eyes.
Museum Town
Yalda, a Night for Forgiveness
Miss You Already (2015)
Rated PG-13 for thematic content, sexual material and some language.
Drew Barrymore as Jess
Toni Collette as Milly
Dominic Cooper as Kit
Jacqueline Bisset as Miranda
Paddy Considine as Jago
Tyson Ritter as Ace
Mehmet Ferda as Ahmed
Janice Acquah as Nisha
Honor Kneafsey as Scarlett
Morwenna Banks
Elliot Davis
Philip J. Bartell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Yorkshire homeless charity, Simon on the Streets, has launched a campaign to raise awareness of rough sleeping during the festive season.
In partnership with Imagine If Theatre Company, students from Leeds Arts University and MacComms PR agency, the charity has produced a short film with an aim to encourage the public to empathise with rough sleepers during the Christmas period.
The narrative of the film focuses on a homeless woman who shares a moment of nostalgia when a child passing by drops his brown teddy bear beside her. It takes her back to happy memories when she was a child, receiving a similar bear for Christmas.
The film aims to portray the loneliness of rough sleeping, particularly at this time of year, and that there are many reasons as to why people become homeless so the charity hopes to encourage people not to make judgements.
The film offers a stark contrast to the Christmas advertisements from various big brands seen every year.
A real collaboration project, CEO of Imagine If, Francesca Joy, film and media students Joel Nundy and Julie Dekimpe, Emily Docherty of MacComms and the Malyk family have all donated their time and resources to put the film together.
The independent charity, which was established in 1999, relies solely on sponsorship, fundraising and donations.
It works with local people who are affected by homelessness and rough sleeping in Leeds, Bradford and Huddersfield. The organisation offers street-support to individuals who have complex needs and cannot access mainstream services, due to behavioural issues or mental illness.
The charity is encouraging the public to share the film and get involved in the conversation on social media using the hashtag #ChristmasOnTheStreets. View the film on the charity's YouTube channel.


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Biografia
Medico specializzato in endocrinologia presso l'Università di Perugia e in nefrologia presso l'Università di Firenze, è autore di varie pubblicazioni scientifiche. È stato responsabile dell'Unità operativa di dialisi peritoneale presso l'ospedale di Foligno.

Esponente della Democrazia Cristiana, dal 1985 al 1995 è consigliere provinciale della provincia di Perugia. Dopo lo scioglimento della DC, nel 1994, aderisce al Partito Popolare Italiano, divenendone segretario regionale in Umbria; nel 1995 passa ai Cristiani Democratici Uniti e, nel 1996, viene eletto al Senato. Nell'ottobre 1998 aderisce tuttavia al Centro Cristiano Democratico, in contrasto con la decisione del CDU (nel frattempo confluito nell'UDR) di sostenere il governo D'Alema I.

Successivamente si candida, con il sostegno della Casa delle Libertà, a presidente alle elezioni regionali umbre del 2000: ottiene il 39,2% dei voti ed è sconfitto dalla candidata di centro-sinistra Maria Rita Lorenzetti. Si dimette comunque dal Senato, optando per la carica di consigliere regionale, ruolo che mantiene per un anno.

Nel 2001 viene rieletto al Senato, dove è Presidente della Commissione agricoltura e fa parte del gruppo CCD-CDU, che poi nel 2002 diventa UDC. Nel 2006 è eletto alla Camera dove svolge il ruolo di Vicepresidente del gruppo UDC. Conclude il proprio mandato parlamentare nel 2008. Dal 2009 al 2014 è di nuovo consigliere provinciale a Perugia.

Alle elezioni politiche del 2013 è nuovamente candidato al Senato della Repubblica, in regione Umbria, nella lista Con Monti per l'Italia (in seconda posizione, in quota UDC), risultando tuttavia il primo dei non eletti.

Già Coordinatore Regionale dell'UDC Umbria, Responsabile Nazionale degli Enti Locali e membro della Direzione nazionale del partito.

Nel 2016 ha fondato il Movimento per l'Umbria, soggetto politico centrista che aggrega diversi consiglieri Comunali e assessori.

È stato Vice Presidente dell'Ancitel. Membro di CdA di società pubbliche e private. Già Dirigente responsabile nella Direzione Sanitaria della ASL 2 Umbria. Opinionista politico, ha un blog.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Senatori della XIII legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Senatori della XIV legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Deputati della XV legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Politici della Democrazia Cristiana
Politici del Partito Popolare Italiano (1994)
Politici dei Cristiani Democratici Uniti
Politici del Centro Cristiano Democratico
Politici dell'Unione di Centro
Consiglieri regionali dell'Umbria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Vetter&Blez with 214mph Triumph Bonneville 'Cigar'
Submitted by paulblez on 26-Aug-09 7:16am
Craig Vetter and Paul Blezard with the original Triumph Bonneville streamliner which hit 214mph way back in 1956.
The 'Texan Cigar' as it is also known, is owned by the National Motorcycle Museum in Solihull and usually resides there, but this photo was taken 20 miles down the road at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, where the 'cigar' was one of the prime exhibits at the 50th anniversary of the Triumph Bonneville. Craig gave a talk there on Saturday August 22nd 2009 and although it was mostly about his involvement with Triumph through his TT and Hurricane designs, he ended it by talking about his current quest to make road-going motorcycles more aerodynamic and streamlined, so this photo was more than appropriate. (Lots more about craig's own streamliner at craigvetter.com and also in this folder)
The Triumph streamliner also featured in the 1988 Top Gear TV programme on FFs which you can read about here: http://www.bikeweb.com/image/tid/102.
That was filmed long before the National Motorcycle Museum burned to the ground and both the Quasar and the 'Cigar' very badly damaged. The streamliner has been immaculately restored, as you can see.
Sadly, the Quasar has not.....
Photo taken by Carol Vetter with Blez's EOS.


WINDHOEK, 09 SEP (NAMPA) - The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF), with the assistance from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)-Namibia, launched the Indigenous Plant Products in Namibia book here on Tuesday.
This is the first comprehensive all-in-one book on indigenous natural products (INPs) in Namibia. It provides a snapshot of the current status of the commercialisation of INPs in Namibia, as well as other relevant and related information.
Launching the book, MAWF Permanent Secretary (PS) Joseph Iita said the commercial development of INPs is a long-term undertaking, where issues such as product quality and reliable and sustainable supply are crucial for success in a market where competition is fierce and international regulatory requirements are challenging.
The line ministry therefore emphasises the need for continued efforts towards building additional capacity focused on local value addition to expand the opportunities for and benefits to rural producers, he said.
Many challenges remain to be overcome for the INP sector to realise its full potential.
These challenges include dealing with aspects such as resource-based sustainability, management and technical capacity of producers, processors and local product formulators, managing supply and demand issues.
Other challenges include undertaking local research and development, attracting appropriate investment, and consolidating and increasing markets locally and internationally.
Addressing these challenges requires a long-term development view with necessary ongoing investments into all facets of the sector, said Iita.
"It is hoped that an increase in awareness and knowledge of INPs at all levels will be fostered, from informal markets to fully commercialised trade," he said.
The PS said INP have made a valuable contribution to its people's nutrition, health and body care for millennia and continue to do.
Speaking at the same event, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of MCA-Namibia Penny Akwenye said the NIP project benefited more women and throughout the project, primary producers were supported in training activities which focused on organisational, business and technical skills.
Over 9 200 primary producers have been trained in quality control, resource management, business management and contract negotiation, while over 5 200 people were trained in the sustainable harvesting techniques of Devils' Claw.
She noted that since 2010, the number of products containing Namibian INP ingredients is estimated to be 130 for Devils' Claw; 45 for Ximenia oil; 325 for marula oil; 80 for Kalahari Melon Seed; and 34 for commiphora.
There are potentially many more products in the international market that contain Namibian INP ingredients.
Akwenye noted that MCA-Namibia recognized that most harvesters, producers and processors will understand better and faster if the information is translated into their local languages and to this effect, some training materials and marketing bulletins are translated.
The book targets researchers, Government officials, service providers and the general public.


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Bletchley Park and The National Museum of Computing
During the second world war Bletchley Park was home to the Government Code and Cypher School and played a critical role deciphering encrypted messages. I first visited a several years ago before it was opened to the public, it seamed a shame then that such an important part of British history wasn't more accessible.
Since then some of the site has been turned into a museum with work under-way to preserve more of the historical buildings.
The site is a bit unusual in that different buildings are used by other companies and organisations. The main museum is managed by the Bletchley Park trust which includes the mansion house and access to some of the huts that were used in the code breaking. Another museum on the site is The National Museum of Computing, which houses the rebuilt of Colossus, the world's first electronic computer which was used to help decipher the code used between Hitler and his generals. The National Museum of Computing also has many other exhibits which are not directly related to the work at Bletchley Park.
Access and parking on the site is free, but then the two museums have their own entrance fee. The Bletchley Park museum is more expensive, but is valid for 12 months. The ticket for The National Museum of computing is much cheaper, but does not cover as much and is only valid for the one day. Both are worth visiting and we covered both on the same day, although I plan to return again using my annual ticket.
Bletchley Park Museum
The museum at Bletchley Park is suitable for all ages, with some trails and activities for children. The museum covers a variety of different topics based around codes and ciphers and life at Bletchley Park during the war. It's good to see such an important site being preserved for future generations to see and learn about what was done there.
I enjoyed Hut 11 which housed the Bombes. It had some lifesize models and some interactive exhibits. It was a little noisy for my children which is part of the effect showing what it used to be like.
There is a new visitor centre in Block C which did not open until after we had visited and more of the blocks are being developed.
** Update ** Several more blocks have opened since my earlier visit which include interactive exhibits. These are very good when there are not many visitors although the exhibits are not so easy when there are lots of visitors trying to watch or participate.
When we visited it was a nice sunny day and we ate a picnic on the lawn by the lake which was nice. There is also a restaurant in one of the old huts and a Costa coffee shop although neither appeared to cater very well for children.
National Museum of Computing
The National Museum of Computing provides a history of computers from a rebuild of Colossus the first ever electronic computer up to the recent Raspberry Pi.
There are some static exhibits, but a large part of the museum is setup for hands on interacting with the computers. This includes some old home computers (many will be familiar to those that had a computer around the 1980s) a room full of BBC micros and some modern programming examples such as Scratch.
It would have been easy to spend a lot of time in the National Museum of Computing, but we were able to go around the museum in a couple of hours.
** Update ** on a subsequent visit we manage to spend more time with some of the volunteers giving demonstrations of programming to other visitors and my own son. This include the Raspberry Pi powered Fuze and some web based programming tools. If you have time to spare and there is a free volunteer then they can be a great help in showing what can be achieved.
My son, although only 6 years old, has already done some Scratch programming. He sat down at a one of the computers with Code.org Flappy Bird. Whilst I was talking to the volunteer my son was able to get up to level 8, creating his own game on the computer. Unfortunately we had to leave to catch our train, but it goes to show what even fairly young children can do.
Previously it was easier to walk through from the Bletchley Park museum to the National Museum of Computing, which was great as Colossus really fits in well with a visit around the rest of the park. Unfortunately the Bletchley Park museum is now fenced off, it's only a few minutes walk between the two museums, but make sure you don't miss out on seeing this historic computer if visiting Bletchley Park.
The National Museum of Computing
Some of the other attractions around the site include the Leighton Buzzard Model Boat Club and a Toy Museum. Both of these were free of charge. My children particularly enjoyed the model boat club which included a boat play area.
Visit to Sony Raspberry Pi Factory Wales
Programming games with Pygame Zero


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SIEWERT: WE ARE ALL HUNGRY FOR THIS GAME
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Adam Tomlinson
@htafcdotcom
Jan Siewert previews his first game as Huddersfield Town Head Coach
- Jan Siewert speaks to the press ahead of Town's match against Everton
- Town's Head Coach on fitness of Aaron Mooy
- Subscribe to #HTTV+ to watch the full press conference
Huddersfield Town Head Coach Jan Siewert admitted that his players are "all hungry" for the upcoming Premier League game against Everton.
Siewert was appointed as Town's Head Coach last week (Monday 21 January 2019) and has since worked furiously with his players to get across his philosophy.
That period included a four-day training camp in Portugal, one that he believes has been really valuable.
"I learnt many things about my players. It was really intensive, and it was the best way for me to see the players all around the clock," said Jan Siewert.
"I saw how they behaved, their togetherness and we had time to focus on the things we want to show on the pitch.
"All the players got my ideas, we are really working on it and the process is really starting now.
"What I appreciated was the players' open-mind, we really started working hard and they realised it; I was really thankful for that."
Supporters will have seen Aaron Mooy involved with First Team training during that period.
Siewert gave the latest fitness update on him and his teammates.
"I think he (Aaron) could be involved, but as you can imagine, I don't want to give my line-up away!
"He's close, he's in training and I'm glad to see him back on the pitch.
"You all know that Philip Billing was injured. He still has some problems, but he could be back on the pitch soon. It might be tomorrow or Wednesday. I'd like to see him on the pitch, but for Philip, it's definitely too soon for him to play tomorrow.
"Hamid Sabiri also trained with us. He joined the trip to Portugal, trained fully and is back."
This game will be Jan Siewert's first match in charge of Huddersfield Town. He explained what he knows about the Toffees and how he can't wait to be on the touchline at the John Smith's Stadium.
"I had the opportunity to observe Everton against Millwall, which was good for me. I immediately got an impression about how they could play.
"I am excited. I've been to the Stadium once, during a game, I am really looking forward to feeling the atmosphere there.
"The fans at this club are very special and they give a certain atmosphere, that's why I'm excited."
Tickets are still available for Jan Siewert's first game in charge! CLICK HERE to buy yours now!
You can watch clips from his press conference below on #HTTV!
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Huddersfield Town vs Everton on 29 Jan 19
Jan Siewert
Head Coach's Comments
#HTTV+
CARLOS PLEASED WITH FIRST 50 MINUTES AGAINST SHEFF WED
Carlos Corberán after Town's win over Sheffield Wednesday
CARLOS: WE NEED TO REACT
Town's Head Coach previews midweek encounter at St. Andrew's
CARLOS: WE WANT TO CREATE ONE IDENTITY
New Head Coach on his preferred style of play
CARLOS: WE NEED TO LEARN FROM THIS
Carlos Corberán frustrated with defensive elements against Stoke City
CARLOS REVIEWS WATFORD DEFEAT
Town Head Coach gives his verdict on Watford loss
ÁLEX: WE HAVE TO KEEP GOING
Town midfielder reviews Watford defeat
CARLOS PREVIEWS WATFORD TEST
Town's Head Coach details what he's made of Saturday's opponents
TEAM NEWS UPDATE AHEAD OF WATFORD
Town's Head Coach gives an update on the squad's fitness ahead of Watford


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Below: We're located in Harpswell, Maine ('A'). Wiscasset, Maine ('B') is about 22 miles (straight line distance) away.


Today I helped a 15 year old young person mark the anniversary of the death of one of their parents. This young person has no faith, did not mind whether I prayed or not and could not verbalise in any way how they were feeling. They did, however, ask to light a candle and have some 'time' while I read something from the BIble (I chose the first few verses of John 14).
The grief in the space was tangible, almost tastable, definitely intoxicating. The sadness was so heavy it moved me to tears. It felt like there was nothing either of us could give, and nothing either of us could receive in this desperately sad situation. The silence in the space was filled with 'something' that I have not experienced in such times before. It was like there was a hope, but a fear of realism. A desire for the words of John 14 to be true, but despair at a secular discrediting of those words.
As we sat in silence my mind moved to Mary. Were her feelings similar to this? Was there an expectation balanced against a fear, a voice of realism suggesting that the miracle she had been told about would not, and could not, happen? Was there just an air pregnant with hope? But a resigned hope with the acknowledgment there was nothing she could do apart from wait?
Today we waited. In silence. Maybe we gave ourselves and received each other ….. a common humanity in hope … because there simply was nothing else there.
This entry was posted in advent by robryan65. Bookmark the permalink.


All fragrances can be divided into families, indicating the overall fragrance impression on which all the fragrance notes are structured. The fragrance families hold the key to each person's dislikes, likes and loves.
There are four main families of home fragrances for you to discover.


text:
Tag Archives: Castles
Fuengirola Sohail Castle
June 22, 2011 Ronda Today
The first data that exists about the Fuengirola Sohail Castle refers to the Phoenicians, who arrived in Fuengirola to trade with the towns of the surrounding areas of Andaulucia.
It appears that Suel is the name of a star in the Constellation of Argos, which could be clearly seen from the hill where the castle now stands. In it's beginning, Fuengirola as a town it was dedicated to fishing and agriculture. With the arrival of the Romans Fuengirola acquired great importance in Betica (the historic name of Andalucia), and was granted the status of city in 53AD, at the same time as Malaga, by Emperor Vespasian, which permitted it to set up its own institutions.
It was the Romans who built the Fuengirola Sohail's first fortress atop the hill to protect the town from frequent pirate incursions. The Romans also left Fuengirola the thermal baths of Torreblanca, and traces of Cañada Real and Mijas Quarry.
The Visigoths seized Suel and held it until they were displaced by the Arabs in the 8th century (there is Visigoth necropolis next to the thermal baths at Torreblanca). The name the castle bears to this day is Sohail and it was the Arabs who changed this name. The Roman fortress was practically destroyed by a Viking assault in 858AD and was not reconstructed until 924.
The name Fuengirola first appears in a Catalan Atlas in 1375AD. At least eight different spellings were used! The name derives from the giratory spring at the foot of the castle. After being reconquered by the Catholic kings in 1485AD the coastal defences were reinforced and in 1730 the castle was reconstructed to counter the prevalent smuggling in the area.
At the end of the 18th century Fuengirola was an important center for then provisioning of boats going to Gibraltar. In particular the Genoese were devoted to skittles, from which derives the name Los Boliches (The Skittles).
In the War of Independence, which we know as the Peninsular War, Fuengirola was blockaded by the English General, Lord Blayney (of whom nothing else is known). French forces broke the siege under General Sebasitiani, who did have an illustriuos career. He was ambassador at Naples and London and was made Marshal of France in 1840. Napoleon's army was thrown out of Fuengirola in 1812 by the Spanish General Francisco Ballesteros (Ballesteros means crossbow!)
In the modern era of the castle is a focus for social events, with a full calendar which last year included a medeival fair, concerts and the Tapas Festival.
CastlesFuengirola


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Reef Carbonate™is a concentrated (4,000 meq/L) optimized blend of carbonate and bicarbonate salts designed to restore and maintain alkalinity in the reef aquarium. Calcium and carbonates are essential to all coral growth. If either becomes deficient, coral growth will cease, followed by a rapid decline in coral health. To prevent this you must provide carbonates (Reef Carbonate™) and calcium (Reef Advantage Calcium™ or Reef Complete®).
BEGINNER: Use 1 capful (5 mL) per 80 L (20 gallons) twice a week. Best if diluted into a cup of freshwater, then added. Check alkalinity every 2 weeks and adjust dose or frequency accordingly.
ADVANCED: Check alkalinity, then follow dosing regimen above until alkalinity is adjusted to 4–5 meq/L. Each dose will raise alkalinity by about 0.25 meq/L. Size or frequency of dose can be adjusted, but do not exceed 1 meq/L per day. Thereafter, use as required to maintain alkalinity.
EXPERT: After determining the alkalinity consumption rate, set up a continuous drip system. Use the following formula to determine how much to add to your top-off water: m=va (m=mL of product to add to top off water, v=volume of tank in gallons, a=amount to raise alkalinity in meq/L). For example, if you want to raise alkalinity by 1 meq/L in a 50 gallon tank, then you would add 50x1=50 mL into the top-off water.
HINTS: Best to pour in gradually near strong water movement. Do not add to a sump or other area of slow water exchange. Use MultiTest:™ Marine pH & Alkalinity to measure total alkalinity or Reef Status™: Magnesium, Carbonate & Borate to measure carbonate alkalinity.


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Nigeria and Cameroon set to join Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana cocoa alliance
October 19, 2022 October 20, 2022 Editor 0 Comments
Nigeria and Cameroon have expressed interest in joining the alliance for economic relations on cocoa between Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana; the two-leading cocoa-producing countries in the world.
The two West African countries believe joining the initiative will enhance the effort of the alliance to deliver a better price and remuneration for cocoa farmers. The initiative was set up following a declaration by the Presidents of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana to harmonise the cocoa trading strategies of the two countries to improve the incomes of cocoa farmers in the two countries in the wake of persistently low cocoa prices on the world market.
The initiative has so far instituted the Living Income Differential (LID), the component of the cocoa trading mechanism operated by the two producer countries, which ensures that every tonne of cocoa beans sold attracts an extra $400.00 which is paid to farmers.
The two countries joining Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire will create an alliance of countries, whose total cocoa production constitutes 75 per cent of the world's supply.
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New Barça Lassa head coach Georgios Bartzokas could not have wished for a better competitive home debut at the Palau. The hugely satisfying win against the ever-difficult Baskonia was a dramatic affair, with the Catalans eventually clinching it in overtime.
Doellman and Rice with 24 and 20 points respectively, were the standout performers for the home side and at this early stage of the campaign, Barça are one of just five teams with a 100 per cent record in the Liga Endesa.
They looked cool and composed for the entire first half, with Rice providing plenty of magic with a series of assists that had the Palau on its feet. Doellman's 69% for two point attempts was another of the positives, as was the intensity in defence, and that was despite leaking 47 points in the first two periods.
Baskonia were being outclassed but they never lost contention. Following the break, and spurred by some fine 3-point shooting, they started to create problems. The intensity seemed to have gone out of Barça Lassa's game and all of a sudden there were just three points in it.
The Basques could smell hope and the final period promised to be a lively affair. After Barça had looked so in control of matters, they suddenly found themselves dipping behind. The lead continued to switch from side to side as the seconds ticked away, with Rice in dazzling form and Doellman also making a key contribution to the Barça end game, but Baskonia always finding some kind of reply.
But Baskonia had run out of gas, while Rice still had plenty left in his own tank as he fuelled the charge to the finish with yet more spectacular play. Despite the tense climax to regular time, Barça ended up crusing it in added time by six points. The win was important enough in itself, but it was also a massive mental boost for the team, and for Bartzokas. Things for Barça Lassa are looking very promising indeed!


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Holidays should be a season of joy and song. It is a time to enjoy with family and friends. The holidays are also a busy time for shoppers.
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Pick up your newspaper and mail as soon as possible.
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Do not display pictures of purchased items on cardboard in your recycle bin.
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Lock up everything in your trunk and do not leave any items inside your car.
Scan the area from your car looking for persons acting suspicious or just sitting in their vehicles for no apparent reason.
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\section*{The QG vortex gas}

Denoting as $\left< \cdot \right>$ a spatial and time average and as $\psi_x=\partial_x \psi$ the meridional barotropic velocity, our goal is to determine the meridional heat flux $\left< \psi_x \tau \right>$, or equivalently the diffusivity $D=\left< \psi_x \tau \right>/U$ that connects this heat flux to minus the background temperature gradient $U$. A related quantity of interest is the mixing-length $\ell=\sqrt{\left< \tau^2 \right>}/U$. This is the typical distance travelled by a fluid element carrying its background temperature, before it is mixed with the environment and relaxes to the local background temperature. It follows that the typical temperature fluctuations around the background gradient are of the order of $U \ell$. We seek the dependence of $D$ and $\ell$ on the various external parameters of the system. It was established by TY that, for a sufficiently large domain, the mixing-length saturates at a value much smaller than the domain size, and independent of it. The consequence is that the size of the domain is irrelevant for large enough domains. The small-scale dissipation coefficient -- a hyperviscosity in most studies -- is also shown by TY to be irrelevant when low enough.
The quantities $D$ and $\ell$ thus depend only on the dimensional parameters $U$, the Rossby deformation radius $\lambda$, and the bottom drag coefficient, denoted as $\kappa$ in the case of linear friction (with dimension of an inverse time) and as $\mu$ in the case of quadratic drag (with dimension of an inverse length)~\cite{Arbic,Chang}.
In dimensionless form, we thus seek the dependence of the dimensionless diffusivity $D_*=D/U \lambda$ and mixing-length $\ell_*=\ell/\lambda$ on the dimensionless drag $\kappa_*=\kappa \lambda /U$ or $\mu_*=\mu \lambda$.

We follow the key intuition of TY that the flow is better described in physical space than in spectral space. In Fig.~\ref{fig:gas}, we provide snapshots of the barotropic vorticity and baroclinic streamfunction from a direct numerical simulation in the low-drag regime (see the numerical methods in the Supplementary Information, SI): the barotropic flow consists of a ``gas'' of well-defined vortices, with a core radius substantially smaller than the inter-vortex distance $\ell_{iv}$. \cor{Vortex gas models were introduced to describe decaying two-dimensional (purely barotropic) turbulence. It was shown that the time evolution of the gross vortex statistics, such as the typical vortex radius and circulation, can be captured using simpler ``punctuated Hamiltonian'' models~\cite{Carnevale,WeissMcWilliams,Trizac}. The latter consist in integrating the Hamiltonian dynamics governing the interaction of localized compact vortices~\cite{Onsager}, interrupted by instantaneous merging events when two vortices come close enough to one another, with specific merging rules governing the strength and radius of the vortex resulting from the merger. These models were adapted to the forced-dissipative situation by Weiss~\cite{Weiss}, through injection of small vortices with a core radius comparable to the injection scale, and removal of the largest vortices above a cut-off vortex radius. The resulting model captures the statistically steady distribution of vortex core radius observed in direct numerical simulations of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations~\cite{Borue}: $P(r_\text{core}) \sim r_\text{core}^{-4}$ for $r_\text{core}$ above the injection scale. One immediate consequence of such a steeply decreasing distribution function is that the mean vortex core radius is comparable to the injection scale. Similarly, the average vortex circulation is dominated by the circulation of the injected vortices. In the following, we will thus infer the transport properties of the barotropic component of the two-layer model by focusing on an idealised vortex gas consisting of vortices with a single ``typical'' value of the vortex core radius $r_\text{core}$ comparable to the injection scale, and circulations $\pm \Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is the typical magnitude of the vortex circulation. For baroclinic turbulence, both linear stability analysis \cite{Salmonbook,Vallisbook} and the multiple cascade picture \cite{Salmon} indicate that the barotropic flow receives energy at a scale comparable to the deformation radius $\lambda$. As discussed above, the typical vortex core radius is comparable to this injection scale, and we obtain $r_\text{core} \sim \lambda$. We stress the fact that such a small core radius is fully compatible with the phenomenology of the inverse energy cascade: inverse energy transfers result in the vortices being further appart, with little increase in core radius. The resulting velocity structures have a scale comparable to the large inter-vortex distance, even though the intense vortices visible in the vorticity field have a small core radius, comparable to the injection scale. Finally, it is worth noting that there is encouraging observational evidence both in the atmosphere and ocean that eddies have a core radius close to the scale at which they are generated through baroclinic instability~\cite{Schneider,Tulloch}. }

A schematic of the resulting idealized vortex gas is provided in Fig.~\ref{fig:gas}d: we represent the barotropic flow as a collection of vortices of circulation $\pm \Gamma$ and of core radius $r_\text{core}\sim \lambda$, and thus a velocity decaying as $\pm \Gamma /r$ outside the core~\cite{Charney63}.
The vortices move as a result of their mutual interactions, with a typical velocity $V  \sim \Gamma / \ell_{iv}$. Through this vortex gas picture, we have introduced two additional parameters, $\ell_\text{iv}$ and $V$ -- or, alternatively, $\Gamma=\ell_\text{iv} \, V$ -- for a total of five parameters: $D$, $\ell$, $\ell_\text{iv}$, $V$, and a drag coefficient ($\kappa$ or $\mu$). We thus need four relations between these five quantities to produce a fully closed scaling theory.

The first of these relations is the energy budget: the meridional heat flux corresponds to a rate of release of APE, $U  \left< \psi_x \tau \right> / \lambda^2 = D U^2 / \lambda^2$, which is balanced by frictional dissipation of kinetic energy in statistically steady state. The contribution from the barotropic flow dominates this frictional dissipation in the low-drag asymptotic limit, and the energy power integral reads (see e.g. TY, and the SI):
\begin{eqnarray}
 \frac{D U^2}{\lambda^2} =  \left\{ \begin{matrix}
 \kappa \left< {\bf u}^2 \right> \ & \text{for linear drag     } \, , \\
 \frac{\mu}{2} \left< |{\bf u}|^3 \right> \ & \text{for quadratic drag} \, ,
\end{matrix} \right. \label{Ebudget}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bf u}=-\boldsymbol{\nabla}\times (\psi \, {\bf e}_z)$ denotes the barotropic velocity field. Our approach departs from both TY and CH in the way we evaluate the velocity statistics that appear on the right-hand side: we argue that a key aspect of vortex gas dynamics is that the various velocity moments scale differently, and cannot be estimated simply as $V$ above. Indeed, consider a single vortex within the vortex gas. It occupies a region of the fluid domain of typical extent $\ell_\text{iv}$. The vorticity is contained inside a core of radius $r_\text{core} \sim \lambda \ll \ell_\text{iv}$, and the barotropic velocity ${\bf u}$ has a magnitude $\Gamma/2 \pi r$ outside the vortex core, where $r$ is the distance to the vortex center. The velocity variance is thus:
\begin{equation}
\left< {\bf u}^2 \right> = \frac{1}{\pi \ell_\text{iv}^2} \int_{r_\text{core}}^{\ell_\text{iv}} \frac{\Gamma^2}{4 \pi^2 r^2} \, 2 \pi r {\rm d} r \sim V^2 \log \left( \frac{\ell_\text{iv}}{\lambda} \right) \, . \label{velvariance}
\end{equation}
This estimate for $\left< {\bf u}^2 \right>$ exceeds that of TY by a logarithmic correction that captures the fact that the velocity is strongest close to the core of the vortex. This correction will turn out to be crucial to obtain the right scaling behaviors for $D_*$ and $\ell_*$. In a similar fashion, we estimate the third-order moment of the barotropic velocity field as:
\begin{equation}
\left< |{\bf u}|^3 \right> = \frac{1}{\pi \ell_\text{iv}^2} \int_{r_\text{core}}^{\ell_\text{iv}} \frac{\Gamma^3}{8 \pi^3 r^3} \, 2 \pi r {\rm d} r \sim V^3 \, \frac{\ell_\text{iv}}{\lambda}  \, , \label{vel3}
\end{equation}
where we have used the fact that $r_\text{core}\sim\lambda \ll \ell_\text{iv}$. Again, this estimate exceeds that of CH by the factor $\ell_\text{iv}/\lambda$, a correction that arises from the vortex gas nature of the flow field.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=9 cm]{fig3a.eps}
\includegraphics[width=9 cm]{fig3b.eps} }
\vspace{2 cm}
\caption{Dimensionless mixing length $\ell_*$ and diffusivity $D_*$ as functions of dimensionless drag, for both linear and quadratic drag. Symbols correspond to numerical simulations, while the solid lines are the predictions [\ref{ellthlinear}], [\ref{Dthlinear}], [\ref{scalingellquad}] and [\ref{scalingDquad}] from the vortex gas scaling theory. \label{figscaling}}
\end{figure*}

The next steps of the scaling theory are common to linear and quadratic drag. As in any mixing-length theory, we will express the diffusion coefficient $D$ as the product of the mixing-length and a typical velocity scale. In the vortex gas regime, one can anticipate that the mixing-length $\ell$ scales as the typical inter-vortex distance $\ell_\text{iv}$, an intuition that will be confirmed by equation [\ref{ellvselliv}] below. However, a final relationship for the relevant velocity scale is more difficult to anticipate, as we have seen that the various barotropic velocity moments scale differently. The goal is thus to determine this velocity scale through a precise description of the transport properties of the assembly of vortices.

Stirring of a tracer like temperature takes place at scales larger than the stirring rods, in our problem the vortices of size $\lambda$. \cor{At scales much larger than $\lambda$}, the $\tau$ equation [\ref{eqtau}] reduces to~\cite{Salmon80,Larichev,Thompson}:
\begin{equation}
\partial_t \tau + J(\psi, \tau)= U \psi_x -\nu \Delta^4 \tau \, . \label{tauLS}
\end{equation}
$U \psi_x$ represents the generation of $\tau$--fluctuations through stirring of the large-scale temperature gradient $-U$, and the Jacobian term represents the advection of $\tau$--fluctuations by the barotropic flow. Equation [\ref{tauLS}] is thus that of a passive scalar with an externally imposed uniform gradient $-U$ stirred by the barotropic flow.
\cor{To check the validity of this analogy, we have implemented such passive-tracer dynamics into our numerical simulations: in addition to solving equations [\ref{eqpsi}] and [\ref{eqtau}], we solve equation [\ref{tauLS}] with $\tau$ replaced by the concentration $c$ of a passive scalar, and $-U$ replaced by an imposed meridional gradient $-G_c$ of scalar concentration. In the low-drag simulations, the resulting passive scalar diffusivity $D_c=\left< \psi_x c \right>/G_c$ equals the temperature diffusivity $D$  within a few percents, whereas $D$ is significantly lower than $D_c$ for larger drag, when the inter-vortex distance becomes comparable to $\lambda$. This validates our assumption that the diffusivity is mostly due to flow structures larger than $\lambda$ in the low-drag regime, whose impact on the temperature field is accurately captured by the approximate equation [\ref{tauLS}]. We can thus safely build intuition into the behavior of the temperature field by studying equation [\ref{tauLS}].}

A natural first step would be to compute the heat flux associated with a single steady vortex. However, this situation turns out to be rather trivial: the vortex stirs the temperature field along closed circles until it settles in a steady state that has a vanishing projection onto the source term $U \psi_x$, and the resulting heat flux $\left< \psi_x \tau \right>$ vanishes up to hyperviscous corrections. Instead of a single steady vortex, the simplest heat carrying configuration is a vortex dipole, such as the one sketched in Fig.~\ref{figdipole}a: two vortices of opposite circulations $\pm \Gamma$ are separated by a distance $\ell_{iv}$ much larger than their core radius $r_\text{core} \sim \lambda$. This dipole mimics the two nearest vortices of any given fluid element, which we argue is a sufficient model to capture the qualitative transport properties of the entire vortex gas. Without loss of generality, the vortices are initially aligned along the zonal axis, and, as a result of their mutual interaction, they travel in the $y$ direction at constant velocity $\Gamma/2\pi \ell_{iv}$. For the configuration sketched in Fig.~\ref{figdipole}a the meridional velocity is positive between the two vortices and becomes negative at both ends of the dipole. For positive $U$, this corresponds to a heat source between the vortices, and two heat sinks away from the dipole. These heat sources and sinks are positively correlated with the local meridional barotropic velocity, so that there is a net meridional heat flux $\left< \psi_x \tau \right>$ associated with this configuration. We have integrated numerically equation [\ref{tauLS}] for this moving dipole, over a time $\ell_{iv}/V$, which corresponds to the time needed for the dipole to travel a distance $\ell_{iv}$. This is the typical distance travelled by these two vortices before pairing up with other vortices inside the gas. Panels \ref{figdipole}c,d show the resulting temperature field and local flux $\psi_x \tau$ at the end of the numerical integration (see the SI for details).
A suite of numerical simulations for such dipole configurations indicates that, at the end time of the numerical integration, the local mixing length and diffusivity obey the scaling relations:
\begin{eqnarray}
\ell & \sim & \ell_{iv} \, , \label{ellvselliv} \\
D & \sim & \ell_{iv} V \label{Dtemp}\, ,
\end{eqnarray}
while the variance and third-order moment of the vortex dipole flow field satisfy [\ref{velvariance}] and [\ref{vel3}]  at every time. It is interesting that the velocity scale arising in the diffusivity [\ref{Dtemp}] is $V$ and not the rms velocity $\left< {\bf u}^2 \right>^{1/2}$. This is because the fluid elements that are trapped in the immediate vicinity of the vortex cores do not carry heat, in a similar fashion that a single vortex is unable to transport heat. Only the fluid elements located at a fraction of $\ell_{iv}$ away from the vortex centers carry heat, and these fluid elements have a typical velocity $V$.

The relations [\ref{ellvselliv}] and [\ref{Dtemp}] hold for any passive tracer. However, temperature is an active tracer, so that the velocity scale in-turn depends on the temperature fluctuations, providing the fourth scaling relation. This relation can be derived through a simple heuristic argument: consider a fluid particle, initially at rest, that accelerates in the meridional direction by transforming potential energy into barotropic kinetic energy by flattening the density interface as a result of baroclinic instability. In line with the standard assumptions of a mixing-length model, we assume that the fluid particle travels in the meridional direction over a distance $\ell$, before interacting with the other fluid particles. Balancing the kinetic energy gained over the distance $\ell$ \cor{with the difference in potential energy between two fluid columns  a distance $\ell$ apart}, we obtain the final barotropic velocity of the fluid element: $v_f \sim U \ell / \lambda$. This velocity estimate does not hold for the particles that rapidly loop around a vortex center, with little changes in APE; it holds only for the fluid elements that travel in the meridional direction, following a somewhat straight trajectory (these fluid elements happen to be the ones that carry heat, according to the dipole model described above). Such fluid elements have a typical velocity $V$, which we identify with $v_f$ to obtain:
\begin{eqnarray}
V \sim U \ell / \lambda \, . \label{ff}
\end{eqnarray}
\cor{A similar relation was derived by Green \cite{Green}, who computes the kinetic energy gained by flattening the density interface over the whole domain. In the present periodic setup the mean slope of the interface is imposed, and the estimate [\ref{ff}] holds locally for the heat-carrying fluid elements travelling a distance $\ell$ instead. The estimate [\ref{ff}] is also} reminiscent of the ``free-fall'' velocity estimate of standard upright convection, where the velocity scale is estimated as the velocity acquired during a free-fall over one mixing-length
~\cite{Spiegel63,Spiegel,Gibert}. The conclusion is that the typical velocity is directly proportional to the mixing length. The baroclinic instability is sometimes referred to as slant-wise convection, and the velocity estimate [\ref{ff}] is the corresponding ``slant-wise free fall'' velocity.  To validate [\ref{ff}], one can notice that, when combined with [\ref{ellvselliv}] and [\ref{Dtemp}], it leads to the simple relation:
\begin{eqnarray}
D_* \sim \ell_*^2  \, . \label{Dell2}
\end{eqnarray}
Anticipating the numerical results presented in Fig.~\ref{figscaling}, this relation is well satisfied in the dilute low-drag regime, $\ell \gtrsim 10 \lambda$, the solid lines in both panels being precisely related by [\ref{Dell2}] above.
A relation very close to [\ref{Dell2}] was reported by Larichev \& Held using turbulent-cascade arguments \cite{Larichev}. Their relation is written in terms of an ``energy containing wavenumber'' instead of a mixing-length. If this energy containing wavenumber is interpreted to be the inverse inter-vortex distance of the vortex-gas model, then their relation becomes identical to [\ref{Dell2}].

\begin{figure*}[h!]
    \centerline{\includegraphics[width=18 cm]{fig4.eps} }
   \caption{\textbf{Testing the diffusive closure.} Snapshots and meridional profiles of the dimensionless temperature $\tau/\lambda^2 Q^{1/2}$. The solid lines are the zonal and time mean from the numerical simulations, while the dashed lines are the theoretical expressions [\ref{taulin}] and [\ref{tauquad}]. a. Linear drag, with $\kappa/Q^{1/2}=0.5$ and $\lambda/L=0.02$. b. Quadratic drag, with $\mu_*=10^{-2}$ and $\lambda/L=0.01$.    \label{figheat}}
\end{figure*}

The four relations needed to establish the scaling theory are [\ref{Ebudget}], [\ref{ellvselliv}], [\ref{Dtemp}] and [\ref{ff}]. In the case of linear drag, their combination leads to $\log(\ell_*) \sim 1/\kappa_*$, or simply:
\begin{equation}
\ell_* = c_1 \, \exp\left({\frac{c_2}{\kappa_*}}\right) \, , \label{ellthlinear}
\end{equation}
where $c_1$ and $c_2$ are dimensionless constants. The vortex gas approach thus provides a clear theoretical explanation to the exponential dependence of $\ell$ on inverse drag reported by TY, which is shown to stem from the logarithmic factor in [\ref{velvariance}] for the dissipation of kinetic energy. It is remarkable that these authors could extract the correct functional dependence of $\ell_*$ with $\kappa_*$ from their numerical simulations. We have performed similar numerical simulations, in large enough domains to avoid finite-size effects, and at low enough hyperviscosity to neglect hyperdissipation in the kinetic energy budget. The numerical implementation of the equations, as well as the parameter values of the various numerical runs, are provided in the SI. In Fig.~\ref{figscaling}, we plot $\ell_*$ as a function of $\kappa_*$. We obtain an excellent agreement between the asymptotic prediction [\ref{ellthlinear}] and our numerical data using $c_1=3.2$ and $c_2=0.36$. The dimensionless diffusivity is deduced from $\ell_*$ using the relation [\ref{Dell2}], which leads to:
\begin{equation}
D_* = c_3 \, \exp\left( {\frac{2  c_2}{\kappa_*}}\right) \, . \label{Dthlinear}
\end{equation}
Once again, upon choosing $c_3=1.85$ this expression is in excellent agreement with the numerical data, see Fig.~\ref{figscaling}.

When linear friction is replaced by quadratic drag, only the energy budget [\ref{Ebudget}] is modified. As can be seen in equation [\ref{vel3}], the main difference is that quadratic drag operates predominantly in the vicinity of the vortex cores, which has a direct impact on the scaling behaviors of $\ell_*$ and $D_*$. Indeed, combining [\ref{Ebudget}], [\ref{ellvselliv}], [\ref{Dtemp}] and [\ref{ff}] yields:
\begin{eqnarray}
\ell_* = \frac{c_4}{\sqrt{\mu_*}} \, , \label{scalingellquad}
\end{eqnarray}
which, using [\ref{Dell2}], leads to the diffusivity:
\begin{eqnarray}
D_* = \frac{c_5}{\mu_*} \, . \label{scalingDquad}
\end{eqnarray}
Using the values $c_4=2.62$ and $c_5=2.0$, the predictions are again in very good agreement with the numerical data, although the convergence to the asymptotic prediction for $D_*$ seems somewhat slower for this configuration, see Fig.~\ref{figscaling}.

\section*{Using these scaling-laws as a local closure}

We now wish to demonstrate the skill of these scaling-laws as local diffusive closures in situations where the heat-flux and the temperature gradient have some meridional variations. For simplicity, we consider an imposed heat flux with a sinusoidal dependence in the meridional direction $y$. The \cor{modified} governing equations for the potential vorticities $q_{1;2}$ of each layer are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\partial_t q_1 + J(\psi_1,q_1) & = &  Q \sin(y/L) -\nu \Delta^4 q_1 \, , \label{q1flux}\\
\partial_t q_2 + J(\psi_2,q_2) & = & -Q \sin(y/L) -\nu \Delta^4 q_2 + \text{drag} \label{q2flux} \, .
\end{eqnarray}
It becomes apparent that the $Q$-terms represent a heat flux when the governing equations are written for the (total) baroclinic and barotropic streamfunctions $\tau$ and $\psi$: the $\tau$-equation, obtained by subtracting [\ref{q2flux}] from [\ref{q1flux}] and dividing by two, has a source term $Q \sin(y/L)$ that forces some meridional temperature structure. By contrast, the $\psi$-equation obtained by adding [\ref{q1flux}] and [\ref{q2flux}] has no source terms. The goal is to determine the temperature profile associated with the imposed meridionally dependent heat flux. This slantwise convection forced by sources and sinks is somewhat similar to standard upright convection forced by sources and sinks of heat \cite{Lepot,Bouillaut}.
We focus on the  statistically steady state by considering a zonal and time average, denoted as $\overline{\cdot}$. Neglecting the dissipative terms, the average of both equations [\ref{q1flux}] and [\ref{q2flux}] leads to:
\begin{eqnarray}
Q \sin(y/L)=-\frac{1}{\lambda^2}\partial_y \overline{\psi_x \tau} \, . \label{fluxbalance}
\end{eqnarray}
Provided the imposed heat flux varies on a scale $L$ much larger than the local mixing-length $\ell$, we can relate the local flux $\overline{\psi_x \tau}(y)$ to the local temperature gradient $U(y)=\partial_y{\overline{\tau}}$ by the diffusive relation $\overline{\psi_x \tau}(y)=D U(y)= D_* \lambda |U(y)| U(y)$. In the case of quadratic drag, inserting this relation into [\ref{fluxbalance}] and substituting the scaling-law [\ref{scalingDquad}] for $D_*(\mu_*)$ yields:
\begin{eqnarray}
-\frac{c_5}{\mu_*} \partial_y \left[  |\partial_y \overline{\tau}| \partial_y \overline{\tau} \right]  =  Q \sin(y/L) \, .
\end{eqnarray}
In terms of the dimensionless temperature $\tau_*=\tau/\lambda^2 \sqrt{Q}$, the solution to this equation is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\overline{\tau}_*(y/L) = 2 \left( \frac{L }{\lambda} \right)^{3/2} \sqrt{\frac{{\mu_*}}{{c_5}}} \, {\cal E} \left( \frac{y}{2L} | 2 \right) \, , \label{tauquad}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal E}$ denotes the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind. Expression [\ref{tauquad}] holds for $y/L \in [-\pi/2;\pi/2]$, the entire graph being easily deduced from the fact that $\overline{\tau}_*(y/L)$ is symmetric to a translation by $\pi$ accompanied by a sign change.

In the case of linear drag, we substitute the scaling-law  [\ref{Dthlinear}] for $D_*(\kappa_*)=D_*(\lambda \kappa/|\partial_y \overline{\tau}| )$ instead. The integration of the resulting ODE yields the dimensionless temperature profile:
\begin{eqnarray}
\overline{\tau}_*(y/L) = \frac{\kappa L}{c_2 \lambda \sqrt{Q}} \int_0^{y/L} {\cal W} \left( \frac{c_2}{\kappa} \sqrt{\frac{ L Q}{c_3 \lambda } \, \cos s  } \,  \right) \mathrm{d}s \, ,\label{taulin}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal W}$ denotes the Lambert function. Once again, [\ref{taulin}] holds for $y/L \in [-\pi/2;\pi/2]$,  the entire graph being easily deduced from the fact that $\overline{\tau}_*(y/L)$ is symmetric to a translation by $\pi$ accompanied by a sign change.

To test these theoretical predictions, we solved numerically equations [\ref{q1flux}-\ref{q2flux}] inside a domain $(x,y)\in[0; 2\pi L]^2$ with periodic boundary conditions, for both linear and quadratic drag. We compute the time and zonally averaged temperature profiles and compare them to the theoretical predictions, \cor{using the values of the parameters $c_{1;2;3;4;5}$ deduced above.} In Fig.~\ref{figheat}, we show snapshots of the temperature field in statistically steady state, together with meridional temperature profiles. The predictions [\ref{tauquad}] and [\ref{taulin}] are in excellent agreement with the numerical results for both linear and quadratic drag, and this good agreement holds provided the various length scales of the problem are ordered in the following fashion: $\lambda \ll \ell \ll L$. The first inequality corresponds to the dilute vortex gas regime for which the scaling theory is established, while the second inequality is the scale separation required for any diffusive closure to hold. For fixed $L/\lambda$, the first inequality breaks down at large friction, $\kappa_* \sim 1$ or $\mu_* \sim 1$, where the system becomes a closely packed ``vortex liquid''~\cite{Arbic2004,Arbic}. The second inequality breaks down at low friction, when $\ell \sim L$. From the scaling-laws [\ref{ellthlinear}] and [\ref{scalingellquad}], this loss of scale separation occurs for $\kappa_* \lesssim 1/\log(L/\lambda)$ and $\mu_* \lesssim (\lambda/L)^2$, respectively for linear and quadratic drag.

\section*{Discussion}

The vortex gas description of baroclinic turbulence allowed us to derive predictive scaling-laws for the dependence of the mixing-length and diffusivity on bottom friction, and to capture the key differences between linear and quadratic drag. \cor{The scaling behavior of the diffusivity of baroclinic turbulence appears more ``universal'' than that of its purely barotropic counterpart. This is likely because many different mechanisms are used in the literature to drive purely barotropic turbulence. For instance, the power input by a steady sinusoidal forcing \cite{TsangYoung,Tsang} strongly differs from that input by forcing with a finite \cite{Maltrud} or vanishing \cite{Grianik} correlation time, with important consequences for the large-scale properties and diffusivity of the resulting flow. By contrast, baroclinic turbulence comes with its own injection mechanism -- baroclinic instability -- and the resulting scaling-laws depend only on the form of the drag.}
We demonstrated the skills of these scaling-laws when used as local parameterizations of the turbulent heat transport, in situations where the large-scale forcing is inhomogeneous.
While this theory provides some qualitative understanding of turbulent heat transport in planetary atmospheres, it should be recognized that the scale separation is at best moderate in Earth atmosphere, where meridional changes in the Coriolis parameter also drive intense jets. On the other hand, our firmly footed scaling theory could be the starting point towards a complete parameterization of baroclinic turbulence in the ocean, a much-needed ingredient of global ocean models. Along the path, one would need to adapt the present approach to models with multiple layers, possibly going all the way to a geostrophic model with continuous density stratification, or even back to the primitive equations. The question would then be whether the vortex gas provides a good description of the equilibrated state in these more general settings. Even more challenging would be the need to include additional physical ingredients in the scaling theory: the meridional changes in $f$ mentioned above, but also variations in bottom topography, and surface wind stress. Whether the vortex gas approach holds in those cases will be the topic of future studies.

\paragraph{Data availability.} The data associated with this study are available within the paper and SI.

\showmatmethods{}

\acknow{Our work is supported by the generosity of Eric and Wendy Schmidt by recommendation of the Schmidt Futures program, and by the National Science Foundation under grant AGS-6939393. This research is also supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under grant agreement FLAVE 757239.}

\showacknow{}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


PORTSMOUTH - Cheryl Denise Ney, 72, of Portsmouth, RI passed away on Friday, October 12, 2012 with her children at her side, and joined her husband, Roger D. Ney.
She was born on July 1, 1940 and was the daughter of the late George and Claire (Sullivan) Chamberlin.
Mrs. Ney worked for 35 years as a bookkeeper and devoted much of her time and energy to her children and grandchildren. Her interests included reading, video games, shopping and cake decorating.
Two sisters and three brothers as well as her daughters, Cheryl Augustine, Robin Pacheco, Leslie Paquette, Lisa Peterson, and her son John Ney survive Mrs. Ney. She is also survived by 10 grandchildren; and 1 great-grandchild with another on the way, and her long time friend Mary Hagen.
Calling hours will be held on Sunday, October 14, 2012 from 6-8 p.m. in the Connors Funeral Home 55 West Main Road, Portsmouth, RI.
Her funeral will be on Monday, October 15, 2012 at 8 a.m. in the funeral home, with a Mass of Christian burial at 9 a.m. in St. Lucy's Church, 909 West Main Road in Middletown, RI.
Burial will be in Trinity Cemetery, 367 East Main Road, Portsmouth, RI.


As a spooky and special effects-driven thriller, Monsters works remarkably well. And filming in Mexico, Edwards makes extraordinary use of several eye-catching locations. But what's most striking about the film is the way in which it smartly undermines audience expectations by overturning genre conventions. Terrific.
General release from Fri 3 Dec.


Newsweek magazine reported on what it called the new wave of mountain men. It's estimated that there are some sixty thousand serious mountain climbers in the U.S. But in the upper echelon of serious climbers is a small elite group knows as "hard men." For them climbing mountains and scaling sheer rock faces is a way of life. In many cases, climbing is a part of their whole commitment to life. And their ultimate experience is called free soloing: climbing with no equipment and no safety ropes. John Baker is considered by many to be the best of the hard men. He has free-soloed some of the most difficult rock faces in the U.S. with no safety rope and no climbing equipment of any kind. His skill has not come easily. It has been acquired through commitment, dedication and training. His wife says she can't believe his dedication. When John isn't climbing, he's often to be found in his California home hanging by his fingertips to strengthen his arms and hands.
Just like John has committed his life to be the best mountain climber he can be by working hard at it all the time. We need to commit to being the man or women of God and work at it with all our strength.
Dear Lord, we thank You that You are there for each of us. Help us to be committed to be our very best and bring honor to You in all that we do. In the Name of Jesus, Amen.


text:
Pennsylvania unemployment officials announce $300 weekly boost in benefits
Pennsylvania's citizen militias say they're protecting everyone's rights, but critics say they're right-wing intimidators
Steelers veteran kicker Suisham continues to strive for perfection
By By Ralph N. Paulik
Of The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (TNS) |
Pittsburgh Steelers kicker Shaun Suisham (6). The 10-year veteran has scored 123 points this season. (Charles LeClaire, USA Today Sports)
The Steelers offense has rewritten the franchise record book this season. Also, it's first or second in the NFL in several key categories, including total offense and passing yards.
As expected, the Big Three - quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, running back Le'Veon Bell and wide receiver Antonio Brown - all were Pro Bowl selections.
In a season in which an explosive offense has garnered most of the attention, kicker Shaun Suisham has added a significant contribution. If not for his game-winning 41-yard field goal as time expired in the season opener against Cleveland, the Steelers probably would have entered Sunday's regular-season finale still seeking a playoff slot.
The 10-year veteran has played with immeasurable confidence, especially down the stretch with the Steelers jockeying for playoff position. He has converted 27 of 30 field-goal attempts and made all 42 extra-point tries.
Most impressively, Suisham hasn't missed a field-goal attempt within the 40- to 49-yard range since 2012. Also, he made a career-best 53-yarder earlier this season, the fifth longest in franchise history.
Yet, it's the misses that haunt the Canadian-born Suisham. Admittedly, he leaves himself no room to err.
"It's taken years for me to develop that, and how to harness that emotion," Suisham said. "I don't remember making kicks, but I do remember missing them. It's my job to make them, so when I miss it's certainly frustrating.
"I'm both stubborn and competitive. Sometimes, I drive my wife crazy because of it. I don't take work home with me, and we don't talk about football. When I'm here, I have a sense of responsibility to do the best I can."
Suisham has been at his best since missing a 23-yarder against the New York Jets at MetLife Stadium, where he also kicked his 53-yarder. In the past, it was the kind of a miss that ultimately left him with a pink slip while playing with Washington and Dallas.
"I think some of things that happened earlier in my career helped strengthen me mentally," Suisham said. "I'm much further along than I was five or 10 years ago."
Suisham has scored 123 points, ninth best among kickers. Since rejoining the Steelers in 2010, he has converted a franchise-record 87.8 percent of his 139 field-goal attempts.
Still, the numbers pale in comparison to the trust Suisham has earned from his teammates. There's an expectation he will deliver at crunch time if needed against the visiting Bengals on Sunday night with the AFC North title on the line.
"A guy like Shaun is mentally tough," long snapper Greg Warren said. "For him, every kick is to win the Super Bowl because there is no room for error. We go out there every single time knowing we've got to be perfect."
Suisham and Warren have been paired together five seasons. They agree that continuity on special teams is invaluable.
"You can't fabricate the kind of trust we have," Suisham said. "There's a lot that's unspoken, and it makes my job a lot easier.
"You have to be cautious with being overconfident because the moment you relax is when you have the silly mental errors that result in a miss. It's my job to maintain the focus necessary. It's not that difficult to miss a field goal. It's what drives you crazy."
The thought of missing drives Suisham, too.
"Shaun hates to miss - ever," Warren said. "He gets upset missing a 60-yarder in pregame. I have to tell him, 'Dude it's 60 yards,' but he wants to make everything. He knows exactly what he needs to do. It's why he's mentally tough under pressure."
The pressure is even greater now that the Steelers are back in the postseason for the first time since 2011.
Distributed by Tribune News Service
Shaun Suisham


Be pro-active and set your puppy up for the very best in life! Our uniquely designed puppy preschool training program in Brisbane's Southside, is a vital step in the development of a happy and healthy puppy. We have two age groups for our puppy preschool program. One for puppies 8-14 weeks old and the other for puppies 14-24 weeks. This ensures puppies learn to mingle with others of a similar age in environments that cater to their training needs best.
This 8-week puppy preschool training program is designed to successfully set you up with your K9 buddy to develop the best relationship possible, that is based on trust, respect, and clear communication. You will learn everything you need to know in teaching and guiding your K9 buddy in everyday life situations. Puppies will learn how to interact and play appropriately with other dogs and learn how to be a polite puppy from an early age in everyday life situations.
*An understanding of different positive training methods, and the best ones to use and when.
*Canine communication and body language.
If a puppy preschool training lesson is missed a make up lesson may be provided.
We hold our first five puppy preschool training classes indoors in Brisbane's Southside suburb, Wishart , providing your pup with a safe, clean and comfortable environment. Your puppy only needs to have had its very first vaccination for these sessions, and once they are fully vaccinated, we will move outside for the remainder of the training.
You won't just get the training itself you will also recieve a puppy preschool training manual, and complimentary interactions sessions. These are available every Saturday morning and possibly some Thursday evenings so you and your K9 buddy get the very best from the puppy preschool training program.
"If we hadn't found Zigrid when we did we probably would have rehomed our crazy Labrador. Zigrid taught us K9 communication and how to be K9 parents. Zigrid's sole focus was the welfare of our dogs and our sanity. Thankyou Zigrid!"
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text:
River Information Services (RIS) of ook wel Rivier Informatie Diensten genaamd, is een pakket van geharmoniseerde informatiediensten om het verkeer en transport in het binnenland te ondersteunen. Het wordt vooral gebruikt in de binnenvaart om een snelle elektronische data-overdracht te creëren tussen water en land. Het toepassingsgebied is zeer ruim, zowel op gebied van verkeer- als vervoersprocessen vormt RIS dus een platform door middel van de veiligheid en efficiëntie te  verhogen.

Al op 30 september 2005 is de RIS directive gepubliceerd. In de daarop volgende jaren zijn steeds meer RIS standaarden aangenomen door de Centrale Commissie voor de Rijnvaart, zoals de standaard voor elektronische navigatiekaarten (Inland ECDIS) en een standaard voor de uitwisseling van scheepvaartberichten en -meldingen (Notices to Skippers en Electronic Reporting).

Globaal beslaat RIS dus cartografie en berichten-uitwisselingen naar en van schepen. De CCR heeft in het kader van RIS voorgeschreven, dat op termijn alle belangrijke vaarwegen in Europa gedekt moeten zijn door aan de Inland ECDIS standaard voldoende navigatiekaarten (ENC's). Nog dit jaar geldt die verplichting in ieder geval voor de CEMT klasse IV en V vaarwegen. Helaas is deze kaartdekking nog lang niet overal op orde.

Gebruik
River Information Services richt zich vooral op het vervoer over de binnenwateren, alsook de havens. De zeevaart en de recreatievaart spelen uiteraard ook een belangrijke rol. Zo worden de toepassingen van RIS voor al deze partijen toegankelijk.

Aangezien het ICT gebruik zich aan land verder ontwikkelde, was er dus dringend nood aan zo een systeem op het water met name voor scheepvaart. Het is in 1998 dat de Europese Unie dan begonnen is met het ontwikkelen van een platform dat nu nog steeds een grotere rol begint te spelen in deze sector. De belangrijkste landen op dit moment die gebruikmaken van River Information Services zijn Oostenrijk, Duitsland, en Nederland. Toch is dit een Europese Unie aangelegenheid en zou het bereik niet beperkt mogen worden binnen deze grenzen.

Toepassingen
Er is heel veel informatie over de vaarwegen bij de diverse overheden en vaarwegbeheerders, maar de toegankelijkheid van deze informatie was (en is voor een deel nog altijd) bedroevend. Hier kan RIS een oplossing bieden, mits de overheden en beheerders zich houden aan de door de E.U. opgelegde informatieplicht. In principe moet het zo zijn, dat een centrale server of een centraal loket alle overheidsinformatie beschikbaar stelt over vaarwegen, waterstanden, cascodata, het weer, scheepsbewegingen en dergelijke. Die informatie moet dan, al dan niet gefilterd en geselecteerd door ICT toepassingen, direct bruikbaar zijn voor de vaarweggebruikers.

Uiteraard zijn er bedrijven die zich bezighouden met toepassingen te maken op dit platform. De huidige toepassingen zijn onder andere:
 Inland ECDIS cartografie; kaartviewers en navigatiesystemen kunnen toegang verlenen tot de gestandaardiseerde elektronische navigatiekaarten van overheden en beheerders;
 Berichten aan de scheepvaart; door de voor de scheepvaart belangrijke berichtgeving qua formaat en inhour te standaardiseren, wordt de informatie die daarin besloten ligt gemakkelijker toegankelijk (b.v. omdat een reisplan-toepassing direct kan uitselecteren, welke berichten voor een bepaalde reis of voor een bepaald schip relevantie hebben);
 Real-time waterstanden: Deze worden dan geïmplementeerd in het navigatiesysteem van het schip zodat zij eenvoudig af te lezen zijn, zelfs door de computer.
 Informatie- & Volgsysteem Scheepvaart (IVS): Systeem dat schepen herkent aan de hand van (ENI) Europanummer
 De weersverwachtingen of condities op een bepaalde plaats;
 De positie van schepen aan de hand van hun AIS (automatic Identification System) signaal.
 Calamiteit bestrijding voor incidenten op en langs de waterwegen op basis van elektronische informatie op basis van RIS

Besluit
RIS is een systeem in ontwikkeling. Er komen dus nog steeds nieuwe toepassingen bij.

Externe links
  RIS in Europa
  Informatie Rijkswaterstaat
  Bureau Telematica Binnenvaart
  RIS in Vlaanderen

Binnenvaart
Scheepvaartvolgsysteem


text:
Валерий Григорьевич Корзун е руски космонавт, извършил два космически полета, 351-ти човек в космоса, 85-и от Русия.

Биография
Роден е на 5 март 1953 г. в Красни Сулин, Ростовска област, СССР, (дн. Русия. През юни 1970 г. завършва средно училище в родния си град и постъпва в Качинското Висше военно-авиационно училище за летци "А. Мясников" през 1974 г., специалност "Пилотиране и експлоатация на летателни апарати", квалификация "летец-инженер". На 23 юли 1987 г. завършва командния факултет на Военновъздушната академия "Ю. Гагарин", специалност "Командно-щабна и оперативно-тактическа авиация", квалификация "офицер по управление на бойни действия".

Военна служба
 от 10 декември 1974 г. - летец, а от 8 август 1975 г. – старши летец 899 изтребителен полк, 1 гвардейска изтребителна дивизия в 15-а въздушна армия на Прибалтийския военен окръг;
 от 28 октомври 1976 г. – старши летец в 234 гвардейски изтребителен полк на 9 зтребителна дивизия;
 от 23 ноември 1981 г. - командир на звено, от 17 ноември 1983 г. – командир на ескадрила в 234 гвардейски изтребителен полк.

Космическа подготовка
 На 26 март 1987 г. е зачислен в отряда на космонавтите на ЦПК/ВВС (8-а група);
 От 30 август 1989 г. е космонавт-изпитател 1 група;
 Има квалификации военен летец 1 клас (1978 г.); космонавт 1 клас (2004 г.).

Космическа кариера

Подготовка като дубльор
 9 октомври 1991 г. - март 1992 г. - командир на резервния екипаж по програмата на 11-а основна експедиция на станцията "Мир";
 октомври 1995 г. - юли 1996 г. - командир на втория екипаж по програмата на 22-ра основна експедиция, заедно с Александър Калери, Джери Лененджър (САЩ) и Леополд Ертц (Франция);
 24 февруари 1998 г. - назначен за командир на основния екипаж на Експедиция-5 и потвърден като командир на дублиращия екипаж на Експедиция-3;
 юни 1999 г. - командир на дублиращия екипаж на полет MKC-1R (със запазване на другите назначения) за полет до МКС в случай на нескачване на модула "Звезда" със станцията;
 15 юни 1999 г. - 6 юли 2000 г. - преминава подготовка в състав на дублиращия екипаж МКС-1R, заедно със Сергей Трещев и Пеги Уитсън (САЩ).

Космически полети

Първи полет
От 17 август 1996 г. до 2 март 1997 г. като командир на космическия кораб (КК) "Союз ТМ-24" и ОК "Мир" по програмата на 22-ра основна експедиция, заедно с А. Калери, Клоди Андре-Деше и Райнхолд Евалд. Работи на станцията с екипажите на основна експедиция 21 (Юрий Онуфриенко и Юрий Усачев) и основна експедиция 23 (Василий Циблиев, Александър Лазуткин), а така също и по програмата НАСА-3 (с Шанън Лусид), НАСА-4 (с Джон Блаха), НАСА-5 (Джери Лененджър) и с посетителската експедиция STS-79 (Уилям Реди, Терънс Уилкът, Томас Ейкърс, Джером Апт. Карл Уолц) и STS-81 (Майкъл Бейкър, Брент Джет, Марша Айвънс, Джон Грунсфелд, Питър Уайсоф). Извършил две излизания в открития космос с обща продължителност 12 часа и 36 минути. Продължителността на полета е 196 денонощия 17 часа 26 минути 13 секунди. Позивна: "Фрегат-1".

Втори полет
От 6 юни - 7 декември 2002 г. като командир на Експедиция-5 на МКС, заедно с Пеги Уитсън (бординженер-1, НАСА, САЩ) и Сергей Трещев (бординженер-2). Направил две излизания в открития космос с обща продължителност 11 часа и 16 минути. Продължителността на полета е 184 денонощия 21 часа 15 минути.

След космоса
 от 2004 г. е произведен в звание генерал-майор;
 от 2003 г. е заместник-началник на ЦПК "Ю. Гагарин".

Награди
 Герой на Русия (11 април 1997) – за мъжество и героизъм, проявени по време на продължителния космически полет на 22-ра основна експедиция на орбиталния научноизследователски комплекс "Мир"
 Орден "За заслуги пред Отечеството" – IV степен (4 февруари 2004) – за мъжество и висок професионализъм, проявени при осъществяване на космическия полет на Международната космическа станция
 Медал "За заслуги в провеждането на преброяването на населението"]]
 Медал "За отличие във военната служба" – II степен
 Пет други медала
 Кавалер на Орден на Почетния легион (Франция)
 Медал "За космически полет" (NASA Space Flight Medal)
 Медал на НАСА "За обществени заслуги" (NASA Public Service Medal)
 Летец-космонавт на Русия (11 април 1997)

Външни препратки
 Герб на рода на Корзун
 Биография на сайта на ЦПК

Бележки

Хора от Ростовска област
Космонавти на Русия
Герои на Русия
Носители на ордена на Почетния легион