text:
Marine Megafauna
Mark Meekan
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Australia
Rebecca R. McIntosh
Phillip Island Nature Parks, Australia
Brittany Hanser
National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA), United States
Front. Mar. Sci., 06 January 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00272
Illegal Trade of Marine Mammal Bone Exposed: Simple Test Identifies Bones of "Mermaid Ivory" or Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)
Lorelei D. Crerar1*, Elizabeth W. Freeman2, Daryl P. Domning3 and E. Christien Michael Parsons4
1Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
2School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
3Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
4Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
In the US, marine mammals are protected by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Most of these species are listed by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and thus international trade in their products is restricted. Therefore, commercial sale of unfossilized marine mammal bone is largely prohibited. Sale of Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) bone is legal, however, since the animals have been extinct since 1768. The current study outlines a simple test that can identify bone which is bona fide Steller's sea cow—and thus legal to sell. The test uses a segment of the D-loop of the mitochondrion, which has the power to exclude samples which are not specifically H. gigas or a Sirenian relative. The test also includes a reliable method to extract DNA from bone and amplify it using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Extracted DNA was sequenced to verify that only manatees, dugongs, elephants, and their relatives produced a positive result. Using this test, products being sold commercially as legal "mermaid ivory" (Steller sea cow bone) were found to actually come from gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), and white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) bone. This finding indicates that government agencies should monitor bones being sold as "mermaid ivory" because protected species are being illegally traded under the guise of being legal Steller's sea cow bone.
With many animal species threatened by illegal trade in wildlife products, it is important to be able to distinguish between products that are legal to sell and those that are not. All of the marine mammals in the US are protected by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 which have provisions related to controlling trade of marine mammal products. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) of 1973 further governs and technically limits the international trade in these products. Sale of unfossilized bone from marine mammals is generally prohibited. There is an exception that allows extinct marine mammal bone, often worked into products by Alaskan native artisans, to be sold in the US. These carved products are either sold directly to visitors to St. Lawrence Island or resold by dealers. One such dealer is Alaskan Ivory Tower, which works with customers through Ebay. The sale of Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) bone is legal because the animals were driven to extinction in 1768 via over-exploitation by Russian fur hunters (Stejneger, 1887; Domning, 1978).
In recent years, there has been an active trade in bone samples advertised as Steller's sea cow from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska (63°3′ North 173°2′ West). These bones are sometimes sold under the epithet "mermaid ivory." There does not seem to be regulation of this trade by authorities. The raw bones are sold to dealers who come to St. Lawrence Island. The Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971 gave the Yupik title to the land and the legal right to sell ivory and other artifacts from the island (43 USC Ch. 33: ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT). Due to the fact that H. gigas bone is pachyosteosclerotic (formed entirely of compact rather than cancellous bone), this material is prized among artisans who make decorative knife handles and carved pieces. Thus, most of the bone fragments coming from St. Lawrence Island are not large enough to positively identify them to species by their morphology. Regulation of this trade is really necessary as some of the bone being sold from the island is not legal to sell. We have developed a simple, successful test that allows for differentiation of Steller's sea cow bone, which is legal to sell, from that of other North Pacific marine mammals.
In order to determine whether bone being sold as Steller's sea cow was actually from a sea cow, 158 bone pieces of carved statuettes were collected from several sources. The vendors of this bone can be found on the Internet, on Ebay, and at large knife shows around the US.
The verification test used a segment of the displacement loop (D-loop) of the mitochondrion that has the power to exclude samples that are not H. gigas or a tethytherian relative. Tethytherians include dugongs (Dugong dugon), manatees (Trichechus spp.), elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta spp.), mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), and mastodons (Mammut americanum). Since all other extant Sirenians are warm-water species, it was hypothesized that bone from St. Lawrence Island yielding a positive result most likely would be either Steller's sea cow, mammoth, or mastodon bone. Since mammoth and mastodon bones are truly ancient, DNA extraction from these bones is more difficult and unlikely to work using this method, reducing the likelihood of a positive identification via this test. For the unknown samples from St. Lawrence Island, there was the greatest sequence homology with the initial reference sequence for the Steller's sea cow deposited by Ozawa et al. (1997). While there was sequence homology between the unknown samples and the mammoth and mastodon reference sequences, it was much lower than even homology of the unknowns with manatee and dugong reference sequences.
Three fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were extracted, amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The first two pieces of mtDNA are segments of the D-loop and the third is a small segment of the cytochrome b gene. None of these fragments overlap. It was hypothesized that only the sea cow, mammoth or mastodon would produce a positive result in this test. Sequencing the DNA would identify the species. This test uses simple electrophoresis and agarose gel visualization to determine whether a bone was H. gigas and the test does not require DNA sequencing.
Sample Acquisition
In order to verify the identity of bones sold as Steller's sea cow, over 150 bones or pieces of bone were collected (LDC). Some bones were carved into decorative statuettes by artisans in Alaska (Figure 1). The bone samples were purported to come from St. Lawrence Island, which was verified for a sub-set of samples via referral to shipping manifests. Radioisotope analysis identified the St. Lawrence bone as coming from a population distinct from Bering Island samples (Crerar et al., 2014). A sample with provenance as coming from Bering Island was used as a positive control for the test.
Figure 1. Examples of samples obtained from Alaska Ivory Tower, Fairbanks, AK (photo by Lorelei Crerar).
Samples include 11 carved pieces that were purchased from Alaska Ivory Tower (Fairbanks, AK) (Figure 1). Most of the remaining samples (N = 147) were purchased from David Boone at Boone Trading Company (Brinnon, WA 98320) (N = 51), Jerry Kochheiser at Alaskan Fossil Ivory (Mansfield, OH 44904) (N = 46), Meriam Linder at Converging Traditions (N = 7), Yinan Wang (N = 6), and Damian O'Halloran (N = 1). Dealers bought bone in the town of Gambell on St. Lawrence Island, AK (63.7° N, 171.7° W) from local people who collect the bone from middens located within 10 km of Gambell and the dates of visits were documented using airline receipts. A verified H. gigas rib was loaned from the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC) (USNM#593920) and there were 24 other samples extracted from shards in the drawers of various specimens at the US NMNH. Extraction was also attempted on 11 samples of mammoth bone from Webb Knives and Jewelry (Seabeck, WA) but no DNA was retrieved from these samples. Manatee blood used as a positive control was provided by Dr. Bob Bonde at the U.S. Geological Survey Sirenia Project (Gainesville, FL). DNA was also extracted from a known blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) (USNM#124326) for comparison. At this point in time, all of these presumptive sea cow samples have been sequenced for several sections of the DNA, multiple times (Table 1).
Table 1. Identification of samples based on species.
All of the bone samples were cleaned using 30% sodium hypochlorite as recommended by Rohland and Hofreiter (2007). After cleaning and drying, the samples were drilled with a Proxxon Micromot 50/E and 2.78 mm tungsten vanadium drilling bits (No. 28722). Drilling the bone produces a fine powder suited to DNA extraction. After collecting each sample, the lab bench was cleaned with 30% sodium hypochlorite and the fume hood was cleaned between each extraction or PCR session.
Care was always taken to eliminate cross contamination between samples. In order to prevent contamination, DNA extraction of bone and blood were carried out on different days and the extraction area was always carefully cleaned before DNA extraction. Extraction blanks for the DNA extractions never produced a positive result after PCR. DNA was also extracted in a clean fume hood. All work was carried out in a lab that does not process DNA.
The method for DNA extraction was a modification of a standard protocol for the Qiagen DNeasy Kit (Product Number 69504). Samples over 100 g were placed into a 50 mL Falcon conical tube with 40 mL of 0.5 M EDTA at pH 8.0 in a 37°C rocking water bath. Samples under 100 g were extracted in 2 mL tubes using 1 mL of 0.5 M EDTA at pH 8.0 in a 37°C rocking water bath. After 3 days, the samples were washed with HPLC water and 50 mg of the resulting pellet was removed from the tube and weighed on a Mettler Toledo NewClassic MF balance (MS 4035) with a disposable spatula (USA Scientific 9101-7211) and then placed into a new 2 mL tube. To digest the remaining proteins, 40 μL proteinase K was added to the pellet with 360 μL of Qiagen ATL tissue lysis buffer (Product Number 939016). This mixture was returned to a 56°C water bath for 3 h. The rest of the DNA extraction protocol followed the user developed protocol for extracting DNA from bones and teeth published by Qiagen for the DNeasy Kit.
Primers from Ozawa et al. (1997) were used to obtain the cytochrome b gene sequence. The primers extract a segment of the cytochrome b gene that is 230 bp in length. The sequences for these primers are:
fragment 3: L15306 5′-CGATTCTTCGCTTTCCACTTCATCCTACCATT-3′
H15494 5′-TAGTTGTCCGGGTCTCCTAG-3′
The D-loop primers used in the study were created using Lasergene® PrimerSelect™(DNA Star). A consensus sequence was created using published sequences from a manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris; GenBank accession number 59799930) and a dugong (Dugong dugon; GenBank accession number 17981678). This sequence was then used to create the D-loop consensus primers:
Consensus_Dloop1_1: 5′-CCTGGCATCTGGTTCTTT-3′
Consensus_Dloop1_2: 5′-CGGCCTAGTTGAGTCGKT-3′
Consensus_Dloop2_1: 5′-ATCCTGTACTTCTCCATCATCCTC-3′
Consensus_Dloop2_2: 5′-AGTAGAATTTCAGCTTTGGGTGTT-3′
Primers were ordered from Invitrogen. The Qiagen TopTaq DNA Polymerase Kit (Product Number 200201) was used to amplify DNA. The mixture used a 10 mM primer concentration in a 20 μL reaction mixture. The reaction contained 6 μL TopTaq buffer (Qiagen #200201), 0.5 μL dNTPs (Qiagen #201900), 1 μL of the forward and reverse primers, 8.375 μL of HPLC grade water, and 0.125 μL of TopTaq polymerase (Qiagen #200201).
DNA was amplified using an initial heating step of 95°C for 5 min to activate the polymerase, a denaturation step of 94°C for 30 s, an annealing step of 57–53°C for 1 min, an extension step at 72°C for 1 min and a repetition of this program for 40 cycles. An additional extension step at 72°C for 10 min was added. This program was run on a PTC-200 Thermocycler.
After amplification, DNA was visualized on a GelPilot Small Fragment 3% agarose gel (Qiagen Product Number 129832). A Gel Pilot 100 bp ladder (Qiagen Product Number 239035) was used to monitor the size of the fragments. Manatee blood was used as a positive control and for each PCR reaction a negative control was used. If the negative controls produced a product, the reaction was discarded and run again.
The DNA was cleaned up using ExoSAP-IT® (USB® Product number 78200/01/05/50). A reaction mixture of 5 μL of DNA and 2 μL of ExoSAP-IT® was heated to 37°C for 60 min to dephosphorylate the DNA and then heated to 80°C for 20 min to inactivate the enzyme.
The DNA was sent to Eton Bioscience, Inc. (104 T.W. Alexander Drive, Building 7, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) in 0.2 mL strip PCR tubes. DNA samples were sequenced using ABI automated sequencers and compared to H. gigas voucher sequences in the GenBank database (Ozawa et al., 1997) using DNA Baser™.
The Dloop_2 segment of DNA was sufficient to determine identity of the samples. The only samples that provided a bright band on the agarose gel were either confirmed or presumed Hydrodamalis gigas or a tethytherian relative. Samples that were not sirenian did not produce a positive result on the gels. A bone from Bering Island was used as positive identification for the DNA. When the proposed sea cow fragments were sequenced, a 100% match for H. gigas was obtained from GenBank. Figure 2 shows an example of an electrophoresis gel with positive results for known and presumed H. gigas samples and a 100 bp ladder running in the extreme left lane. The known H. gigas DNA was extracted from a rib housed in the USNM (#593920) collection. The final three samples were all taken from that same rib at different locations on the bone. The electrophoresis gel shown in Figure 3 demonstrates negative results arising from samples that were not H. gigas. The sample in lane 2 was extracted from bone known to be from the blue whale for comparative purposes. The sample in lane 4 (a negative result) was sold as H. gigas, but when the DNA sequence was uploaded into the BLAST database, it was identified as coming from a white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). The test demonstrated here that the white-beaked dolphin caused a negative result in the gel.
Figure 2. Electrophoresis gel of samples. Lane 1: T. m. latirostris blood (positive control); Lane 2: Dugong dugon (USNM#28495); Lanes 3 and 4: H. gigas from St. Lawrence Island (GMU#00003 and 00004); Lanes 5, 6, 7: known H. gigas DNA from three different areas of a rib (USNM#593920).
Figure 3. Electrophoresis gel of samples. Lane 1: T. m. latirostris blood (positive control); Lane 2: blue whale (USNM# 124326); Lane 3: elephant (USNM#20922); Lane 4: GMU#00006; Lane 5 and 6: elephant (USNM#49489 and 16323); Lane 7: dugong (USNM#28495); and Lane 8 is a PCR negative.
Sequencing data were used to create a multiple alignment in Sequencher® 5.1 (Gene Codes Corporation in Ann Arbor, MI). Many DNA sequences from the bones were an exact match for each other. This was expected from such a small section of DNA. Only six of the bones have been examined using radiocarbon data to suggest an origin for the bones other than Bering Island (Crerar et al., 2014). Four more samples were examined in 2016 and were all consistent with having come from St. Lawrence Island (unpublished). As the sea cow is a large animal, it is possible that some of the samples could have come from the same animal. Work to identify the number of individuals in the current sample is on-going. GenBank reference D-loop sequences for the Amazonian manatee (T. inunguis) and dugong (D. dugon) were used to identify unknown samples. An example of a match between sample USNM#593920 (Sbjct 716) and the reference sequence for H. gigas is shown in Figure 4. The diagram seen in Figure 4 shows the sequence homology between the submitted sequence, from our sample, and the sequence deposited in GenBank for a sea cow. Missing vertical lines indicate a mismatch in the sequence. Sequencing confirmed that there were samples from a gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) (Figure 5), a pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) (Data not shown), and a white-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris) (Data not shown) which were sold as H. gigas. It can easily be seen in Figure 5 that our sample was a 95% match with the reference sequence for the gray whale. A list of the samples and their identification is summarized in Table 1.
Figure 4. Data from GenBank for USNM#593920 sequence BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
Figure 5. Data from GenBank for GMU#00006 sequence BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
Electrophoresis gels visualizing DNA were sufficient to identify a bone as sea cow. Samples sold as Steller's sea cow which did not produce a positive result were then sequenced. Sequencing the DNA confirmed that there were three samples from protected species sold as Steller's sea cow.
The gray whale is listed on CITES Appendix I, and trade of products from this species is highly controlled. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List classifies the gray whale as either of "least concern" for the eastern Pacific population, or "critically endangered" for the western Pacific population. The western population is listed as "endangered" under the ESA and "depleted" under the MMPA. Gray whales occur in the North Pacific, with sightings as far north as 71°N (Rugh and Fraker, 1981), which is north of St. Lawrence Island. Hypothetically, the gray whale bone could have been from an animal stranded on St. Lawrence Island, and was mistakenly sold as a Steller's sea cow bone or it could have been from an animal killed in the past. In order to determine which of these is true, radiocarbon dating would need to be performed on the sample.
Both the pantropical spotted dolphin and white-beaked dolphin are listed under CITES Appendix II, and as of "least concern" by the IUCN. Under the MMPA, the Pacific northeastern offshore stock of the spotted dolphin is listed as "depleted." The pantropical spotted dolphin has a tropical habitat and thus is unlikely to have been stranded or washed ashore on St. Lawrence Island. The white-beaked dolphin is only found in the North Atlantic, and this bone is also unlikely to have come from an animal that stranded on St. Lawrence Island. Therefore, illegal transport of dolphin bone is a valid conclusion.
Genetic verification of samples to determine levels of illegal trade has been conducted for many marine mammals. Baker et al. (1996) purchased whale meat from commercial sources in Japan. Using DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing, several species of protected whales were identified in meat, including fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). It was also found that dolphin meat was being sold as whale meat (Baker et al., 1996). Palumbi and Cipriano (1998) also identified protected species for sale in Asian markets using mtDNA analyses, including endangered Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni).
Lee et al. (2009) and Vogel et al. (1990) used mtDNA to identify sources of ivory and verify samples that were legal to sell. As international trade in elephant products is controlled by CITES, a method for identification of illegal ivory is important. Lee et al. (2009) used mtDNA to track ivory back to the source population. Vogel et al. (1990) also located the environment in which animals lived using mtDNA from ivory.
Identifying the source of bone carvings has also been undertaken previously. Using a segment of D-loop, Gupta et al. (2011) extracted DNA from two ivory idols, the first study to accomplish this from ivory statuettes, and found that these were from Asian elephant (E. maximus) ivory. Similar work was carried out in this current study, extracting DNA from carved statuettes of Steller's sea cow bone (shown in Figure 1). All of the carvings were subsequently positively identified as Steller's sea cow. As the number of carved samples is so much smaller (N = 11) than the raw bone (N = 147), it could simply be chance that all of the carved bone was sea cow. It could also be that artisans carving the bone prefer to work with "mermaid ivory" and are able to distinguish that bone from other species using morphological properties of the bone.
Genetic analysis is very useful for forensic identification of illegal wildlife trafficking (Gupta, 2012). For example, animal products more than five years old were used to identify tiger-derived products and bring the poacher to justice (Gupta, 2012). However, a major problem with DNA analysis for forensic identification is that there are few sequences published in GenBank that are useful for sample identification (Gupta, 2012). This was the case in the current study as it was the first time a D-loop sequence was obtained from Steller's sea cow bone.
Using cytochrome b and the newly documented D-loop sequences, it was possible to determine whether a bone was a bona fide Steller's sea cow product. The new H. gigas D-loop sequences can also be used to verify the identity of ancient bones that are fragmented or badly weathered, such as ones from archeological sites. The relatively simple method of identification used in this study could be used on bone pieces or statuettes that cannot be readily identified using morphological analysis, with minimal damage to the art pieces (i.e., a small hole drilled in the base). Given the sample collected for this study, it seems that most of the bone (93%) coming from St. Lawrence Island is in pieces too small to be identified morphologically, so this test could be quite useful as a general screening for bone being sold from the island. It may be more useful to test bone that is already in the hands of dealers. However, policing this trade may be quite difficult.
The findings of this study support the idea that government agencies, such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service, should monitor the sale of "mermaid ivory". Even though only three samples were not Steller sea cow products, the samples from the gray whale, pantropical spotted dolphin and white-beaked dolphin were effectively being traded illegally, with the latter two items being derived from a location far removed from St Lawrence Island, and thus transport and trade of these items were potentially a violation of CITES. Unfortunately, the dealer of these particular bones was unable to provide information on specifically where the bones were purchased, so it is difficult to determine how or when the animals came to St. Lawrence Island. Information of this type could be determined using stable isotope analysis, which is more difficult and expensive than the scope of this test allowed.
The animals are extinct. Although bone was used, no animals were harmed to conduct this research.
LC conceived the experimental design and completed the sample collection and processing. LC and EP interpreted the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final submission.
This work was funded by George Mason University and Andrew P. Crerar. Publication costs of this article were kindly funded for LC, EF and EP by the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund.
LC gratefully recognizes the help of Andrew Crerar (who funded this work) and Dan Horner (who prepared the bone), the Gillevet Lab (GMU), and lab assistants Chris Broadhurst, Chris Monk, J. Stuart Pate, Henry Johnson, Michael Harpole, Jeffery Warner, and Caroline Benzel. We all thank the wonderful reviewers and editors of this manuscript.
Baker, C., Cipriano, F., and Palumbi, S. (1996). Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan. Mol. Ecol. 5, 671–685. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00362.x
Crerar, L. D., Crerar, A. P., Domning, D. P., and Parsons, E. C. (2014). Rewriting the history of an extinction—was a population of Steller's sea cows (Hydrodamalis gigas) at St. Lawrence Island also driven to extinction? Biol. Lett. 10:20140878. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0878
Domning, D. P. (1978). Sirenian evolution in the North Pacific Ocean. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 118, 1–176.
Gupta, S. K. (2012). DNA wildlife forensics: present and future. J. Forensic Res. 3:e103. doi: 10.4172/2157-7145.1000e103
Gupta, S. K., Thangaraj, K., and Singh, L. (2011). Identification of the source of ivory idol by DNA analysis. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 1343–1345. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01750.x
Lee, J. C., Hsieh, H. M., Huang, L. H., Kuo, Y. C., Wu, J. H., Chin, S. C., et al. (2009). Ivory identification by DNA profiling of cytochrome b gene. Int. J. Legal Med. 123, 117–121. doi: 10.1007/s00414-008-0264-0
Ozawa, T., Hayashi, S., and Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within Tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 44, 406–413. doi: 10.1007/PL00006160
Palumbi, S. R., and Cipriano, F. (1998). Species identification using genetic tools: the value of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences in whale conservation. J. Heredity 89:459. doi: 10.1093/jhered/89.5.459
Rohland, N., and Hofreiter, M. (2007). Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth. Nat. Protoc. 2, 1756–1762. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.247
Rugh, D. J., and Fraker, M. A. (1981). Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) sightings in eastern Beaufort Sea. Arctic 34, 186–187. doi: 10.14430/arctic2521
Stejneger, L. (1887). How the great northern sea-cow (Rytina) became exterminated. Am. Naturalist 21, 1047–1054. doi: 10.1086/274607
Vogel, J., Eglington, B., and Auret, J. (1990). Isotope fingerprints in elephant bone and ivory. Nature 346, 747–749. doi: 10.1038/346747a0
Keywords: Steller's sea cow, illegal trade, DNA, Hydrodamalis gigas, wildlife products, Sirenian
Citation: Crerar LD, Freeman EW, Domning DP and Parsons ECM (2017) Illegal Trade of Marine Mammal Bone Exposed: Simple Test Identifies Bones of "Mermaid Ivory" or Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). Front. Mar. Sci. 3:272. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00272
Received: 26 July 2016; Accepted: 08 December 2016;
Published: 06 January 2017.
Mark Meekan, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia
Rebecca Ruth McIntosh, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Australia
Brittany Hanser, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, USA
Copyright © 2017 Crerar, Freeman, Domning and Parsons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lorelei D. Crerar, lcrerar@gmu.edu


text:
Thomas Schwiebert, Co-Editor-In-Chief
On July 21, 2017, Bendites filled the Old Mill movie theater once again. Giddy viewers streamed into the theaters to see the first screening of Dunkirk, a film that would later stand at the forefront of sound design in film. The speakers breathed iron into the air, jolting the guests to the edges of their seats- erecting them as if the moviegoers were soldiers at attention. The theater flooded with sound. Sound that burned your nose like the stench of bloodsoaked sea salt. Sound that tickled your skin like the near-miss of a bullet.
These sounds make up a facet of filmmaking that solidifies its genius and dignity as an artform: the musical score. A good score not only tells a story, but elicits an emotional or perhaps even physical response from the viewer. This duality establishes music as perhaps the most significant periphery discipline of filmmaking.
The academy award winning film, Dunkirk, was celebrated for its masterful blend of soundtrack and visuals, which culminated into its famously realistic and bone-chilling depiction of The Battle of Dunkirk in 1940. Hans Zimmer, the musical composer, and Director Chistopher Nolan worked closely to ensure that the film's music blended seamlessly with its breathtaking cinematography. In a Deadline interview, Zimmer went so far as to describe his work as a "co-score" with Nolan.
The coordination between Nolan and Zimmer is clear. The film oozes with long, expansive shots packed to the brim with war imagery- taut with the icy grip of suspense. Dialogue is sparse and minimal, leaving a vacuum for the captivating score to push the story along the bloodied beaches of Dunkirk.
The plot is tackled in a trilinear fashion, depicting the horrors of warfare from land, sea, and sky. The score accommodates these settings, mixing the music to resemble the crushing nautical pressure of a German U-boat, or the deafening buzz of an RAF fighter plane.
Zimmer's task was a near impossible one. He endeavored to create a score that not only captures the suspense of a WWII combat setting, but also to nudge the plot along in the place of dialogue. It was these requirements that convinced Zimmer that an Objective Score would work best- that is, a score that doesn't appeal to emotion.
The score isn't heroic, it isn't heartfelt. In Zimmer's own words: "You have to think about it. It comes from a much darker place". The intention is to mirror the visuals, and foster a maddening amount of suspense. Zimmer achieves this through a series of tricks and auditory illusions, some of which he has kept secret.
The most famous of Zimmer's tools is the Shepard's tone, an illusion in which an arpeggio ascends seemingly indefinitely. It leads the listener down a corridor of suspense, bringing them to a climax that has no assurance of even existing. This effect is most apparent in "The Mole", but it's laced under every track in the score. Also featured in "The Mole" is the nervous ticking of a watch along with the underlying moan of a sonar reading.
By Zimmer's own account, there is much more going on in these songs than even the most attentive listener could glean, "there is a secret underlying this whole score that we're not going to give away. Let somebody figure it out."
The synergy between the elements of Dunkirk's composition is not just some film-buff fan service. It leads to a noticeable, tangible increase to the quality and aesthetic of the art. It doesn't take a musical genius or the most perceptive viewer to appreciate this level of unity.
Hans Zimmer and Christopher Nolan created something beautiful in Dunkirk. They perfected the symbiosis of filmmaking, and captured the imagination of casual viewers. Dunkirk stands at the pinnacle of filmmaking as an art form, and it should serve as a powerful example of music's abstract capabilities.
Thomas Schwiebert is a senior at Summit High School and Co-Editor-In-Chief at The Pinnacle. In his free time, he enjoys rock climbing and listening to music. When he's not editing, he can often be found...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace PSX\Sql\Tests;

use PSX\Sql\TableInterface;
use PSX\Sql\TableManager;
use PSX\Sql\Tests\Generator\HandlerCommentRow;
use PSX\Sql\Tests\Generator\HandlerCommentTable;

/**
 * TableAbstractTest
 *
 * @author  Christoph Kappestein <christoph.kappestein@gmail.com>
 * @license http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * @link    https://phpsx.org
 */
class TableAbstractTest extends TableTestCase
{
    use TableQueryTestTrait;
    use TableManipulationTestTrait;

    /**
     * @var \PSX\Sql\TableManagerInterface
     */
    protected $manager;

    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();

        $this->manager = new TableManager($this->connection);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the table which should be used for the test. The table must
     * have the following fields: id, userId, title, date. And the following
     * default values:
     * <code>
     *  id = 1,
     *  userId = 1,
     *  title = 'foo',
     *  date = '2013-04-29 16:56:32'
     *
     *  id = 2,
     *  userId = 1,
     *  title = 'bar',
     *  date = '2013-04-29 16:56:32'
     *
     *  id = 3,
     *  userId = 2,
     *  title = 'test',
     *  date = '2013-04-29 16:56:32'
     *
     *  id = 4,
     *  userId = 3,
     *  title = 'blub',
     *  date = '2013-04-29 16:56:32'
     * </code>
     */
    protected function getTable(): HandlerCommentTable
    {
        return $this->manager->getTable(HandlerCommentTable::class);
    }

    public function testGetName()
    {
        $this->assertEquals('psx_handler_comment', $this->getTable()->getName());
    }

    public function testGetColumns()
    {
        $expect = array(
            'id'     => TableInterface::TYPE_INT | 10 | TableInterface::PRIMARY_KEY | TableInterface::AUTO_INCREMENT,
            'userId' => TableInterface::TYPE_INT | 10,
            'title'  => TableInterface::TYPE_VARCHAR | 32,
            'date'   => TableInterface::TYPE_DATETIME,
        );

        $this->assertEquals($expect, $this->getTable()->getColumns());
    }

    public function testGetDisplayName()
    {
        $this->assertEquals('comment', $this->getTable()->getDisplayName());
    }

    public function testGetPrimaryKey()
    {
        $this->assertEquals('id', $this->getTable()->getPrimaryKeys()[0]);
    }

    public function testHasColumn()
    {
        $this->assertTrue($this->getTable()->hasColumn('title'));
        $this->assertFalse($this->getTable()->hasColumn('foobar'));
    }

    public function testTransaction()
    {
        $table = $this->getTable();

        $this->assertEquals(4, $table->getCount());

        $table->beginTransaction();
        $table->delete(new HandlerCommentRow(['id' => 1]));
        $table->commit();

        $this->assertEquals(3, $table->getCount());
    }

    public function testTransactionRollback()
    {
        $table = $this->getTable();

        $this->assertEquals(4, $table->getCount());

        $table->beginTransaction();
        $table->delete(new HandlerCommentRow(['id' => 1]));
        $table->rollback();

        $this->assertEquals(4, $table->getCount());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
#NewtownPA Township Pursuing Safety Measures For Newtown-Yardley Rd Mid-Block Crossing
From patch.com - December 17, 2022 7:59 AM
UPDATE (12/19/2022): Newtown Traffic Engineer Recommends 25 MPH Speed Limit for Section of Newtown-Yardley Rd: https://sco.lt/84UXGC
Pedestrian-activated overhead flashing strobe lights and a reduction in the speed limit [to 25 MPH] have been put forward as solutions for an unsafe mid-block pedestrian crossing at Tara Boulevard and the Newtown-Yardley Road.
In response to concerns raised by the residents of Newtown Walk, the supervisors voted on Dec. 7 to move the improvements forward to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation for consideration. [See Summary of the Dec 7 BOS meeting.]
The crosswalk is heavily used by the residents of Newtown Walk to access the Newtown Trail on the south side of the Newtown-Yardley Road. The trail provides safe pedestrian access to downtown Newtown Borough.
"I appreciate the motion because that's the appropriate culmination of all of our discussions," said resident Charlie Feuer. "But it's got to be both - the speed limit and the flashing strobes. I think this will resolve the issue. I sure hope so."
According to Valerie Mihalek, a small group of residents began knocking on doors in July. "Every person we talked to told us a horror story. Everyone joined the effort because they, too, had an experience where they were almost hit or felt like they were going to get hit."
According to the township's traffic engineers, a preliminary look at crash history, sight distance and speed data currently would not warrant a reduction in the speed limit under PennDOT standards.
The speed limit in the borough is 25 mph, but at Elm (the borough line) it ramps up to 35 mph just before the mid-block crossing. The residents would like to see the 25 speed limit extended from Elm to Rick Steele's Gulf Station.
"This is a residential area. Why can't we continue the 25 mph into the township to coordinate with the borough speed limit? It's the same road," asked Supervisor Phil Calabro adding justification to the township's request to reduce the speed limit. "We're just asking for an extension past some residential properties. Why would it be so hard to show PennDOT that this could be a continuum of the 25 mph speed limit? PennDOT should be notified and presented with this scenario."
Supervisor John Mack added additional justification, noting that the only way for pedestrians from Newtown Walk to access downtown Newtown is to cross the highway and take the trail into town.
Meanwhile, residents have been looking into who actually owns the road and have turned up documentation that would suggest the township at one point had taken back the road from PennDOT. If that's the case, the township may not need PennDOT approval to lower the speed limit.
"We (our team ) just discovered that the Newtown-Yardley Road is a 'turn back' road," said Mihalek. "It was originally state-owned, but the state gave it back to the township."
"It looks as if the speed limit part could happen faster possibly as a result of this finding as it would not have to go through PennDOT," she said.
Q: Why Did Charlie Feuer Cross the Road?
A: To demonstrate that this crosswalk is dangerous!
"Newtown Supervisors Act To Improve Pedestrian Safety"; https://sco.lt/6efhVQ
"Sycamore Street Is Popular, But Is It Safe?"; https://sco.lt/4jmHZo
"Pedestrian Struck and Killed on North Sycamore Street in Newtown Township While Catching an Uber"; https://sco.lt/5ZbqZE
"Silo Drive & North Sycamore: A Dangerous Intersection in Newtown Township!"; https://sco.lt/5TA4WW
"Crosswalk Visibility Study: Which Type of Crosswalk is Most Visible to Motorists?"; https://sco.lt/960gSG


If baking a loaf of bread like this makes you nervous, relax! Even though it looks super fancy, it's not necessarily any more difficult than other bread recipes. I first shared this braided Challah recipe in 2009, but today I'm giving it a complete overhaul with more information and resources. The recipe is exactly the same though, it's tried and true!
Challah (pronounced holla) is an "enriched yeast bread", which means it has a higher fat and sugar content than other yeast breads. It's made with eggs, butter, honey, bread flour, yeast, salt, and water.
It's traditionally a part of Jewish cuisine, typically served on special occasions like Sabbath and other major Jewish holidays.
Why do you braid Challah Bread?
Because Challah is made with extra butter and eggs, the dough is very soft and doesn't hold its shape well. Braiding the challah gives it structure during proofing and baking. You can also bake it in a loaf pan, but braiding is more traditional (and much prettier!).
You can do a simple three-strand braid  (as I've done here) or a four , five  or six-strand braid , and even a round braided challah loaf  if you'd like. Follow the links for very helpful online video tutorials that will walk you through how to make each of these shapes. Don't be intimidated, it really is quite easy!
Can Challah Bread be made ahead?
Let the braided loaf rise in the fridge overnight. When ready to bake, let it come to room temperature first.
Freeze unbaked braided loaf for up to 1 month or more. Make sure that it's double-wrapped in plastic. When ready to bake, let thaw in the fridge overnight, then let it come to room temperature and rise before sliding into the oven.
Freeze baked braided loaf for up to 1 month of more. You can freeze the whole loaf or a few slices. Again, make sure that it's double-wrapped in plastic. To thaw and serve, unwrap and heat in a 325°F oven for 20-25 minutes for the full loaf, or 5 minutes for a slice. Do not let the bread thaw at room temperature or it could actually cause it to go stale.
Challah Rolls  — just like this bread, only in single-serving portions!
Note: this recipe was originally published February 2009.
Melt butter in a small saucepan over low heat. Add honey and water and heat to 120-130°F, or until very warm but not too hot to the touch.
Add 3 cups of the flour, salt and yeast to the bowl of a stand mixer. Add butter mixture and eggs and mix until it forms a very wet dough.
With the mixer fitted with a dough hook on medium speed, add the remaining flour 1/4 cup at a time. You may not need all 6 cups of the flour, or you may need more. Use only enough dough to achieve a dough that is moist and sticky, but does not actually stick and come off on your hands when handled.
Knead the dough until smooth and elastic, another few minutes more.
Place dough in lightly greased bowl, cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, about 1 to 1 1/2 hours.
Punch down dough and divide into 6 equal portions. On a clean un-floured surface, roll each portion into rope-like pieces approximately 18 inches long. Work with 3 ropes at a time to braid into two loaves, pinching and tucking the ends under.
Place dough on parchment paper lined sheet pans. Cover with plastic wrap and let rise until doubled again, about 45 minutes.
Whisk together egg and brush onto loaves. Bake at 350°F until loaves are golden brown and sound hollow when thumped, approximately 40 minutes. Cool completely before slicing.
I'd love to hear about it! Leave a comment below, send me an email , or take a photo and tag it on instagram  with #completelydelicious .


text:
'Rip off': Gas station owner to stop selling fuel
by: Kate Wilkinson
Posted: Jun 9, 2022 / 01:58 PM EDT
AMHERST, Mass. (WWLP) – The fuel nozzle will soon be shut off at a Massachusetts gas station – not because of a shortage or hard times, but because the owner feels customers shouldn't have to pay these prices.
"When they said to go up 20 cents one day and 20 cents the next morning, that's 40 cents in two days? I knew it was a rip-off," said Reynold Gladu, the owner of Ren's Mobil in Amherst.
Tampa Bay gas price tracker: Find cheapest fuel near you
He has been serving customers since 1973 when he said it was $1.39 for super. During that time, he's seen gas shortages, and the price bump with the recession.
But Gladu said nothing compares to the record-breaking numbers we see now.
Gladu gets his gas supply from Exxon Mobil. He said he's particularly frustrated with this most recent quarterly report.
Gas prices soaring: Could simple mistake be costing you money?
In the first few months of 2022, he said the earnings – excluding identified items – were $8.8 billion, which the company notes was a $6 billion increase compared to the same timeframe in 2021.
"They won't stop," Gladu said. "They're number one in the country and they'll always be because there is no conscience and I have one."
Once they run out of gas, Gladu said they will not close their doors. They will still offer auto repair services.


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Dog Walkers in Eagan, MN - Dog Walking Near You | Wag!
A green suburb of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul muttropolitan area, Eagan is blessed with a myriad of walking trails, lakes, ponds, and open spaces. There's always something for puppers to do here, and looking after the pooches visiting and living in this dog-friendly city are seven veterinary hospitals.
If your pup is new in town, the best place to make new friends is at the fenced-in, off-leash dog park in Thresher Fields Park. Here, Fido is free to run and play in a "rugged" natural setting with trails, rolling hills, varied terrain, and wooded areas. There is a separate area for small dogs as well. Permit tags are required to enter the dog park, and these can be purchased at Eagan Parks & Recreation, Eagan Community Center, or online.
Looking for something a little different? Caponi Art Park is an outdoor sculpture garden that unites art and nature for a distinctive experience. Aside from art, the park features paved walkways, nature trails, spaces for reflection, and a large amphitheater.
And should you need to spend a few days in Eagan, there are eight pooch-friendly hotels that would welcome Fido, typically for an additional fee. Options include Days Inn, Extended Stay America, and Best Western Plus. Call or book online first to reserve a dog-friendly room.
The City of Eagan is waiting for you and your pup to visit!
The largest park in Dakota County, Lebanon Hills Regional Park is a dream come true for puppers who love to sniff, walk, and explore, or basically every dog. This puptacular destination is not to be missed when you and Fido are in Eagan. Sprawling across nearly 2,000 acres, Lebanon Hills Regional Park comprises several lakes, trails, and attractions. For four-legged visitors, the most attractive features would likely be the 19 miles of trails that meander throughout the park, with different trail lengths to choose from. Remember to always keep Fido on a leash and clean up after him. Admission to the park is free for all, so go ahead and take in the beautiful scenery and fresh air with your best pal.
Located in the neighborhood of Blackhawk Lake South, Blackhawk Park is a furrific place to spend a lovely afternoon with the family—four-legged members included, of course! Fido is welcome to join you at the park as long as he remains leashed, so put on your walking shoes and pack a picnic. There's plenty to see and do in Blackhawk Park, including walking paths, playground equipment, tennis courts, a large pavilion, a canoe launch, and an observation deck. The paths will bring you and your pooch around Blackhawk Lake and through the woods, where you're likely to come across some wildlife.
Locals describe O'Leary Park as a small, but nice park. This quiet oasis in the middle of the city offers a half-mile paved loop and some dirt trails, making it ideal for a quick, leashed stroll with your best friend. Walking around O'Leary Park will provide you and Fido with views of tall trees, O'Leary Lake, and possibly some wildlife. If you're feeling hungry after your walk, the adjacent neighborhoods of Forest Ridge and City Vue house some pup-friendly restaurants. One of these is Kyoto Japanese Restaurant, where you can enjoy some sushi with Fido by your side at one of their two outdoor tables.
With its multiple walking trails, abundant wildlife, and native prairie, Thomas Lake Park is the perfect place for you and Fido to get close to nature. No matter what season you visit, you'll be treated to beautiful views of the local flora and fauna, and Thomas Lake as you walk along the trails. After exploring the park, head to The Mason Jar for some comfort food. You and your pooch can lounge on the dog-friendly patio, which is decked out with umbrellas, overhead lights, and a couch. Don't worry if you forgot to bring a water bowl, as this can be requested from the restaurant.
Cliff Lake Rd is home to a few dog-friendly restaurants where you and your pooch can grab a bite to eat and hang out. At Wyatt's Twisted Americana, you can order the kids' burger for your dog and they'll substitute the fries with carrots. Right across the street is Wag N' Wash Natural Food & Bakery, where gourmet dog treats are baked fresh daily. After you've filled your tummies, you and Fido can take a walk at nearby Rahn Park, located in the adjacent neighborhood of Cedar Cliff. Aside from multiple athletic fields, the park has walking trails and a sliding hill, which is useful for burning those extra calories.


text:
Behind the scenes with Tom Hart
Photo © Matthew During
By Lauren De Vos, 3rd November 2021
Dr Tom Hart is a self-professed penguinologist whose interest lies in collecting sound, long-term data that allow us to track change in wild places. He is also a research fellow at Oxford University in the United Kingdom. Working together with Heather Lynch at New York's Stony Brook University, Oceanites' Antarctic Site Inventory, the Australian Antarctic Division, NOAA and the Zoological Society of London, Tom aims to increase the scale and scope of monitoring in challenging polar reaches like Antarctica by harnessing cost-effective technologies. The goal? To use long-term, remotely collected datasets to track the changing environment for seabirds and marine mammals on the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands – and disentangle the possible causes of their declining populations. We chatted to Tom to find out more about what got him started, why he stays committed and what he hopes to see for the future of this frozen part of our planet.
Dr Tom Hart in the field. Photo © Thomas Peschak
Q1. There are many different routes that researchers take to end up in their fields of expertise. You studied macaroni penguins for your PhD and now run Penguin Watch. Why penguins?
Tom Hart: Well, it's not because of the penguins themselves that I've ended up where I am. It's because of … data! The real reason I've ended up studying penguins is because they are found everywhere around the Antarctic Peninsula and therefore they are something that you can measure. They are indicators. So it's less that I am someone who loves penguins than it is that I am someone who loves the process of tracking change and wants to work to conserve functional ecosystems. For me, wild spaces that happen to have penguins in them (and you can measure penguins!) are what is important – and it's those wild spaces that I'm interested in monitoring and conserving properly. Penguins are a really good indicator of what is happening to that environment over time. We are able to measure a number of threats and their impacts in this way, including climate change. But we can also measure the impact of the presence of people, and fishing. I want to contribute to maintaining a wild, functioning ecosystem in Antarctica. It just so happens that climate change is a major factor in Antarctica, where I work, which is why it becomes one of the main threats that is monitored.
Adelie penguins and chick. Photo © Tom Hart
Q2. But then, why Antarctica?
Tom Hart: Antarctica is tough. It's incredibly beautiful. That's really where my real passion lies – in that wildness and in the challenge of understanding it well enough to do right by it. I certainly always wanted to visit Antarctica and I fell in love with the place on first seeing it. My first experience was on the subantarctic island of South Georgia, which is where I did my PhD, and that's where I just fell for the landscapes and sense of wilderness.
Overlooking a penguin colony. Photo © Penguin Watch
Q3. The Antarctic Peninsula is about as far from everywhere that anyone can hope to reach on this planet. In fact, in some instances, it's closer to launch into space than it is to travel so far south. What are some of the logistical challenges of working in Antarctica as a scientist?
Tom Hart: I met Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield and we worked out that between space and Antarctica, we'd been each other's next nearest neighbours! Long-term monitoring in such a remote place relies on thinking differently about how to scale data collection so that we are collecting enough quality information to say something sound. That's why our project approach has been to rewire the traditional way of thinking and doing things so that we can move away from time-limited research that can only happen where there are established research bases and camps. Many places across Antarctica are simply too hard to reach to stay for any length of time and yet we require information over long timescales if we are to say anything meaningful about change on this continent. So I'd say rather than being limited by the challenges of the environment, we're hacking new, remote ways of looking at this landscape over huge spatial and temporal scales – a way of working around the traditional challenges of exposure, limited time and limited access due to distance.
Adélie Penguins at Paulet island, Antarctic Peninsula. Photo by Ignacio Juarez Martinez | © Penguin Watch
Q4. What sparked your thinking differently about how to conduct research on the Antarctic Peninsula, resulting in your project?
Tom Hart: It was simply necessary. One of the major impetuses came from when I was using a tour ship to sample feathers and guano about 12 years ago. The embarrassing realisation was that the tour guides on board knew more about the natural history of the place and its seabirds – and its penguins – than I did. They had intimate local knowledge of the differences from site to site. They knew which colonies bred first and they knew which ones were not being captured in scientific research. I realised then that there was all this local knowledge that was simply not captured or used by the scientific community. The question then became 'Well, how do we capture this information?' One way was to turn the guides into citizen scientists, but there would still be variance between the data different observers were collecting and they were still only visiting a few times a year. So the question then became 'What can we do that measures everything all the time?' And when you start thinking like that, it allows for vastly different possibilities. The trick is having that initial thought or observation that can change your perspective. That's the hard bit. Once you've changed your perspective, it becomes more obvious what needs to be done. Rather than thinking 'What can we do next? How do we add to this?', start thinking 'I want to know everything. And I'm prepared to lose some things that aren't important in order to get information on this scale.' This gives you an entirely different way to go about your work.
Dr Tom Hart in the field. Photo © Thomas Peschak.
Q5. What, if anything, have you noticed changing most on the Antarctic Peninsula since you started working there?
Tom Hart: In some places you really do see a difference in ice, particularly in South Georgia. I have some photos that date back 10 years and you can see major retreats in ice coverage. This is different when we look at what we get from the cameras: there are a few colonies where I can visually detect declines, but for the most part you can't detect anecdotally that form of trend. That's why long-term data are so important; you don't see change in the same way when you're on the ground. And it's not the change I would see if I were there observing all year round. The whole point of the cameras is that they capture the things that I would otherwise not notice.
Dr Tom Hart and his team looking over a penguin colony. Photo © Penguin Watch
Q6. Some of the findings must be really disheartening and having direct observations of the effects of our changing climate must be hard to keep facing. How – and why – do you stay committed?
Tom Hart: A day in Antarctica still feeds your soul, there's no doubt about that. It's stunningly beautiful, so actually it's easy to forget some of the bad news day to day. You're reminded only when you go to those sites where you can see a change, for instance at Bailey Head where the chinstrap penguin colony has halved – and it was a big colony, so the fact that you can see this impact is significant. Seeing some of these glaciers that have collapsed, or places in South Georgia where there was once a glacier and now there's a bay – that's disheartening. But we've had results. The creation of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area is an example of a major step forward. At the time of its creation, it was the biggest marine protected area in the world – and that kind of achievement buoys you up to keep working for the next challenge: the creation of a marine protected area around the Antarctic Peninsula.
Checking on the camera setup at an adélie penguin colony. Photo © Penguin Watch
Q7. Antarctica is remote, but what happens there has consequences for us all. How do you connect at home with a place that seems as out of reach as space? And what might this mean for those of us who have never visited it?
Tom Hart: I think it's easier to be inspired when you see wilderness. That's the dose that gets me through the rest of the year! I think that measuring the impacts of our actions, particularly where we see their overall consequences in a wilderness as far away as Antarctica, has affected our team and determined how we behave at home. That can be whether we ride bicycles to lower our daily carbon footprint or avoid any products containing krill. It could be us taking care with the seafood we consume or making use of the new potential that the pandemic has brought us in the form of Zoom meetings that lessen the need for us to fly to conferences and workshops. None of us are by any means perfect, but I do think we are affected by what we see and we use what we know to determine our daily choices. There are wise choices to make that are reasonably simple fixes, and in many cases that would make financial sense for all of us individually. It's annoying that governments have all these policy levers and yet they're not pulling them. However, you can definitely make your own choices. In our discussions and daily advocacy, it helps to talk about what the consequences of our changing climate or declining biodiversity will be for us all. For instance, we know the price of fuel will go up as our reliance on fossil fuels drives our carbon footprint ever higher. So it makes individual sense, monetarily speaking, to stop driving a 4×4 in the city and make a different choice whenever possible.
Disentangling the drivers of Antarctic Peninsula penguin colony declines
Tom has a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to tease apart the impacts of human visitation, climate change and fishing on Adélie, Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins. Using drone footage, camera data and faecal samples collected in 2020/21 and into 2022, he's monitoring Antarctica in years with minimal human footprint due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Tom wants to know whether rising sea temperatures, increasing krill fishing or a growing tourism presence is driving declines of Antarctic Peninsula penguins. By comparing 10 years' of monitoring data to these data, he hopes to use his findings to inform policy decisions to conserve the Antarctic Peninsula's penguin colonies.
See project and more news


Shark Addicts was launched due to the necessity for public education about finning and culling. Sharks are irreplaceable components of our seas–as apex predators, they support healthy fisheries by ostensibly regulating the ocean's marine life. 100 million are killed annually; A dangerous number for our oceans health and sustainability.


In this formulation, Elina uses a synergetic blend of friendly bacteria, which is proven to balance your skin. Probiotic Peel is a leave-on organic skin restoring and healing serum. It helps to smooth texture, reduce skin irritation and discoloration for a healthier, and more radiant appearance. It is especially beneficial for an oily prone, acne or rosacea complexion.
Directions: Use at night over clean face 1-2 times a week. Or, you can use daily to spot treat problem areas. Proceed with your night time moisturizer.
All ingredients certified organic: Purified water, Fulvic Acid ,Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii , Bifida Ferment Lysate, Organic Sugar Cane extract, Organic Vegetable glycerin, Rice bran, Sea Salt, Noni juice, Essential oils: Lavendula angulstifolia (Lavender) Leaf / Flower Absolute , Citrus sinensis (Orange Sweet) , Citrus aurantium var.Amara (Neroli (Petitgrain)).


Along a cross country ski trail, sharp elevation changes, narrow fairways, and fantastic mountain views. Hiking boots recommended. Nice facilities at the Lodge. In the winter - there is restricted disc golf access (if any) - contact Alan or the Centre for details.
Follow Nordic Centre signs from Canmore, go past flags and park in far parking lot, go under bridge to 1st tee, course on 5 km X country ski loop.
Quite challenging course with narrow fairways and high trees around. Great views - one of the most beautiful courses in the world! Baskets a bit old. Helpful staff at Nordic Centre info desk.


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Elon Musk in 2017.
Photo: Mark Brake (Getty Images)
Elon Musk is set to make an announcement about Neuralink, a company designing brain-computer interface technology, on Friday, August 28. It sounds like science fiction, but research in this area has progressed rapidly in recent years, though we're still far from being able to send emails with our minds. Unlike Musk's other famous ventures, SpaceX and Tesla, however, Neuralink will be vastly more limited in terms of how fast it can innovate and push out consumer products. Here's what you should know about the project, including what's theoretically possible, how skeptical you should be, and who else is designing brain-computer interfaces.
Announced by Elon Musk in 2017, Neuralink will attempt to use "ultra-high bandwidth brain-machine interfaces to connect humans and computers," or more simply, to connect human brains with computers via implantable brain chips.
At first, Neuralink's brain-machine interfaces could be used to treat brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and depression. They could also be used in conjunction with advanced assistive devices, in which a person's thoughts could control artificial limbs or other prosthetics. Should Musk's ultimate vision be achieved, however, this technology would take on a more transhumanistic complexion, allowing future humans to control external devices with their minds, transmit thoughts directly to another person's brain, and even augment cognitive capacities, such as increased intelligence and memory.
More conceptually, Musk has positioned Neuralink as a potential way for humanity to prevent an AI apocalypse, saying the technology could help us "achieve a sort of symbiosis with artificial intelligence," as he said when the project was launched three years ago. By boosting our puny brains, he argued, we will stand toe-to-toe with our advanced technologies, in a kind of "can't beat 'em, join 'em" solution to the pending problem, which I critiqued back in 2017.
Illustration for article titled What to Know About Neuralink, Elon Musk's Brain-Computer Interface Project
Elon Musk Is Wrong to Think He Can Save the World By Boosting Our Brains
Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has announced a new venture called Neuralink, a startup which aims…
These ideas are nothing new, of course. Science fiction has been on top of this for decades, whether it be William Gibson's cranial jacks, Iain Banks's neural lace, The Matrix's brain plug, or any speculative vision in which human minds commune directly with the digital realm.
So this all sounds very fascinating—and it is—but here's the requisite bucket of cold water: Unlike electric cars or rockets, brain-computer interfaces are considered medical devices, which means the company will have to go through the appropriate regulatory channels to get its experiments and products approved for use in humans, including consent from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Like other drug and medical device developers, whether public or private, Neuralink will have to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of its products, typically through meticulous and time-consuming clinical trials. Given that the company wants to implant chips into people's brains—including the brains of perfectly healthy people—this will present some unique challenges, involving timeframes that may be measured in decades. Neuralink will also be hampered by the fact that some of its more futuristic offerings will be considered an enhancement, not a therapy, which will undoubtedly further complicate regulatory approvals.
Despite these challenges, scientists have made great strides over the years as they try to turn science fiction into reality. Elon Musk might get the most media attention, but not-so-famous researchers have been making breathtaking progress in this area, giving us a sneak preview of what might actually be possible.
Last year, a team of neuroscientists from Columbia University translated brain waves into recognizable speech, while a team from the University of California San Francisco built a virtual vocal tract capable of simulating the mechanical aspects of verbal communication by tapping directly into the human brain. In 2016, a brain implant allowed an amputee to use their thoughts to move the individual fingers of a prosthetic hand. Brain-machine interfaces have also been used to create mind-controlled robotic exoskeletons and restore a sense of touch and partial motor function in people with spinal injuries. Some interesting work has also been done to mediate brain-to-brain communication in humans, though it's still early days.
Work in nonhuman animals has also yielded good results. Notable examples include a wireless brain-machine interface that allowed a monkey to control a wheelchair with its mind and a brain implant that enabled monkeys to type at 12 words a minute using only their thoughts.
Musk's foray into this world is hardly groundbreaking, at least for now. What's potentially different is the scale, funding, and intent of the Neuralink mission, not to mention the charismatic nature of Elon Musk himself. That said, there are some rival projects outside of academia, including similar endeavors launched by Facebook (which recently purchased neural interface startup Ctrl-labs in a deal worth somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion); Kernel (a $100 million project launched by Braintree founder Bryan Johnson); and the U.S. government's DARPA, which has devoted $65 million to its effort. Musk, it would seem, is hardly the only person throwing big money at this sort of initiatives, and it remains to be seen if Neuralink will succeed in what appears to be an increasingly competitive space.
The Neuralink system will employ "neural lace" technologies (an apparent hat tip to author Iain Banks)—presumably a method for using brain implants, or a kind of implantable mesh, to connect brains with an external computer using a "direct cortical interface," as the Wall Street Journal reported back in 2017.
As of 2019, $158 million in funding has been channeled to the project, including $100 million from Mr. Musk himself, reports the New York Times. The company already employs 90 people and has plans to include neurosurgeons from Stanford University and possibly elsewhere.
Neuralink will take an incremental approach to the problem, starting with the treatment of brain disorders and then scaling up to more enhancement-minded applications. Boosting the bandwidth of information coming out from the brain will be critical to any progress. This will almost certainly have to involve wireless brain implants (as opposed to non-invasive techniques such as EEG), requiring surgery and flexible, durable, biocompatible components.
"Only time will tell whether Elon has backed the right horse."
Musk disclosed further details of the Neuralink approach back in July 2019 during a live-streamed presentation at the California Academy of Science. Their solution, as also elucidated in the company's whitepaper, would involve a sewing machine-like robot, which a surgeon would use to implant ultra-thin threads, or probes, into a person's brain. At just 5 to 6 nanometers wide, these threads would be thinner than human hair.
These threads would connect to chips embedded in the skull, like strings of pearls. As noted in the whitepaper, the machine would be capable of implanting six threads, or 192 electrodes, per minute. The Neuralink team has already demonstrated "the rapid implantation of 96 polymer threads, each thread with 32 electrodes for a total of 3,072 electrodes," according to the paper. Brain surgery would still be required, but Neuralink president Max Hodak envisions the same task being accomplished by lasers, as a way of avoiding mechanical drilling, according to the New York Times.
Neuralink has already demonstrated a system capable of reading information from 1,500 implanted electrodes, though in rats. Still, this is 15 times better than current systems used on humans.
"It's impressive to see how quickly they have got to this point, and will be interesting to see how far they get," wrote Andrew Jackson, professor of neural interfaces at Newcastle University, in an email. "Theirs is one of a number of efforts to 'read' the electrical activity of large numbers of brain cells. The Neuralink approach is to insert many flexible polymer threads into the brain using a sort of sewing machine. The threads attach to an electronic package implanted under the skin."
Jackson described other notable approaches in which electronics are incorporated onto small silicon needles, including the Neuropixels probe developed by Tim Harris from the Naelia Research Campus at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The $5.5 million collaboration has already produced probes capable of recording more than 700 neurons simultaneously. Jackson also pointed to a concept called "neural dust," in which many small, wireless implants are distributed throughout the brain.
"Only time will tell whether Elon has backed the right horse," said Jackson. "One thing this does demonstrate is the potential for commercial investment to advance the field of neural interfaces. Until recently, neuroscientists were using some pretty old-fashioned equipment to record from the brain, so it's great to see this kind of interest and investment from Silicon Valley."
Neuralink was supposed to have started tests on human subjects by now, but it hasn't. It's possible the company was overly ambitious with its timelines, or it was denied the requisite approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but we really don't know. The company has expressed interest in opening its own animal testing facility in San Francisco, highlighting its need for ongoing experimentation with animal models.
Kevin Warwick, an expert on brain-machine interfaces from Coventry and Reading Universities, likes that Neuralink is using thin polymer probes, and not just because they're flexible.
"This is great because different patterns of multiple electrodes can be fabricated. It should also help with regard to mechanical issues, as they're unlikely to break," he explained in an email. "The problem is how to insert it into the brain, for which they have designed a robot."
Warwick says the whitepaper includes a "hand waving" description of the robot, which is regrettable, as it's "critical to the whole method," he said. "If the robot can do what they say it can, then we would be able to have many electrodes in multiple sites. But for me, this is the part that needs to be proved—can they insert such polymer probes reliably, safely, accurately into the brain, and show that the robot works on the human brain?"
Looking ahead, the Neuralink team—and anyone else working on neural interface devices—will need to overcome several major challenges, including the invasive nature of the technology, developing a universal way to map brain signals (each system will have to learn the idiosyncrasies of each person's brain), and scaling the required testing (both in nonhuman animals and people) in safe, ethical, and effective ways.
They'll also have to deal with potential unforeseen problems, such as excessive heat generated by the implants or rapid obsolescence of implanted devices. Importantly, the researchers will have to determine if all that data being transferred out of the brain can actually be applied to something useful and in a way that attracts commercial interest. There's still lots we don't know about the human brain and how it works, so it may be a stretch to assume these current strategies will work as intended.
We're interested to hear Musk's announcement on August 28 and to learn what progress has been made in the past year. But we're not ready to hype up this project just yet, as we should expect slow and incremental updates, given the complex nature of the endeavor.
George is a senior staff reporter at Gizmodo.
What to Know About Neuralink, Elon Musk's Brain-Computer Interface Project Photo: Mark Brake (Getty Images) Elon Musk is set to make an announcement about Neuralink, a company designing brain-computer interface technology, on Friday, August 28. It sounds like science fiction, but research in this area has progressed rapidly in recent […]
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HomeBizWoodfield Mall, Chicago Premium Outlet in Aurora, Gurnee Mills, Orland Square in Orland Park Closing 7PM Wednesday March 18, 2020 Until March 29, 2020
Woodfield Mall, Chicago Premium Outlet in Aurora, Gurnee Mills, Orland Square in Orland Park Closing 7PM Wednesday March 18, 2020 Until March 29, 2020
Mar 18, 2020 06:45 pm Cardinal News Biz, Healthy & Fit, Shopping Comments Off on Woodfield Mall, Chicago Premium Outlet in Aurora, Gurnee Mills, Orland Square in Orland Park Closing 7PM Wednesday March 18, 2020 Until March 29, 2020
CBS 2's Steven Graves reports the nation's biggest mall owner is closing all its U.S. properties because of the coronavirus.
The Simon Property Group, whose properties include Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, announced Wednesday afternoon that it will shut its doors Wednesday night March 18, 2020 at 7:00 p.m. The Simon Property Group properties in the Chicago area include Chicago Premium outlet in Aurora, Gurnee Mills, Orland Square in Orland Park and Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg.
"Simon will close all of its retail properties, including Malls, Premium Outlets and Mills in the U.S. This measure will take effect from 7:00 p.m. local time today and will end on March 29," according to a Simon Property Group news release.
"The health and safety of our shoppers, retailers and employees is of paramount importance and we are taking this step to help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in our communities."
— David Simon, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Simon
Fashion Outlets of Chicago in Rosemont, owned by the Macerich development company, has not yet announced a closure.
Some other stores had already closed at Woodfield Mall, ahead of the Simon Property Group closure of the entire mall.
The largest owner of shopping malls in the nation is closing its 209 malls and outlets starting tonight https://t.co/ZeWZPYguXz
— USA TODAY (@USATODAY) March 18, 2020
JUST IN: Simon Property Group, the largest owner of shopping malls in the nation, is closing all of its malls starting at 7 p.m. Wednesday. There are three local Simon Malls in our area. https://t.co/iwOESOSn9B
— News4JAX (@wjxt4) March 18, 2020
#BREAKING: Simon Property Group will close all malls and retail properties on Wednesday night. They will stay closed until March 29. https://t.co/YtZ65rGjWd
— WISH-TV (@WISH_TV) March 18, 2020
Several area malls will close because of the coronavirus. The Simon Property Group, whose properties include the Woodfield Mall, will shut its doors Wednesday night. https://t.co/IToqaRgEag pic.twitter.com/8isG47Pvwh
— CBS Chicago (@cbschicago) March 18, 2020
THANKS FOR READING CARDINAL NEWS …
THANKS FOR READING CARDINAL NEWS
The corporate owners of both Haywood Mall and and the Gaffney outlet mall — the Simon Property Group — announced Wednesday that all of its malls nationwide would close at 7 p.m. and not open until later in the month. https://t.co/EGUGHTZS6G
— The Greenville News (@GreenvilleNews) March 18, 2020
Simon Property Group is closing all properties until March 29. Simon owns SouthPark Mall, Charlotte Premium Outlets and Concord Mills @wsoctv pic.twitter.com/BNmGWvnUsq
— Joe Bruno (@JoeBrunoWSOC9) March 18, 2020
Coronavirus closure
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Three Transient Male Suspects Face Murder and Robbery Charges After Man Found Dead, Floating in Water at Crystal Lake's Three Oaks Recreational Area
Republican Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart U.S. Representative for Florida's 25th Congressional District, First Member of Congress to Test Positive for Coronavirus


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According to University Senate rules, all occasions of cheating and plagiarism must be reported to the Executive Director of Residential Living and Student Conduct, together with a statement of the penalty imposed by the faculty member. If, in the opinion of the Executive Director of Residential Living and Student Conduct, other problems of a personal or an emotional nature are present, a referral or disciplinary action will be made.
Cheating is officially defined as giving or attempting to give, obtaining or attempting to obtain, information relative to an examination or other work that the student is expected to do alone and not in collaboration with others, or the use of material or information restricted by the instructor. Each instructor will indicate beforehand work that may be done in collaboration with other students. A "Zero," or whatever is the equivalent of the lowest failing grade possible, shall be assigned for that piece of work to any students cheating on a non-final examination or other piece of work.
Plagiarism is no lesser an offense than cheating. Examples of plagiarism as stated in the Modern Language Association's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers include but are not limited to repeating another's sentences as your own, adopting a particularly apt phrase as your own, paraphrasing someone else's argument as your own, and presenting someone else's line of thinking in the development of a thesis as though it were your own.
A "Zero," or whatever is the equivalent of the lowest failing grade possible, shall be assigned on a final examination to any student cheating on a final examination.
An "F" shall also be assigned as the course grade to any student cheating on a comprehensive final examination. A "Zero," or whatever is the equivalent of the lowest failing grade possible, shall be assigned for the piece of work to any student plagiarizing on a non-final piece of work. In the case of a student plagiarizing on a final research paper or project, an "F" shall also be assigned as the course grade.
For repeated or aggravated offenses additional action, including dismissal from the University may be taken pursuant to the Student Handbook procedures related to the University Conduct System and the disciplinary sanctions for violation of University regulations.
If the student objects to the instructor's conclusion that cheating or plagiarism has occurred, the student may consult the University Ombuds and/or appeal the instructor's conclusion through the instructor's director or chairperson to the Dean, or to the Dean's designee(s), of the college in which the course is offered within 20 days of the time that the student receives written notification of the instructor's conclusion. A copy of the notification will be filed with the Executive Director of Residential Living and Student Conduct. Due process requirements for a fair hearing before the Dean or the Dean's designee(s) shall consist of written statements of the instructor and student in support of their positions provided prior to the hearing and a tape recording or transcript of the hearing itself. An appeal of the decision of the Dean or the Dean's designee(s) may be made within ten days of the decision by written appeal to the University Student Grievance Committee.
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You can actually purchase your Theme Park tickets completely separate from your Resort reservation if you'd like to. You can complete the purchase online within the Walt Disney World website. You will then be able to link the tickets in your My Disney Experience account by clicking on "MagicBands and Cards" and simply entering the information from the confirmation of your purchase.
I hope this helps, Debra! Please don't hesitate to let us know if we can help with any other questions you have!


LOVE,This is so gorgeous in beauty and the message and the Name.Love colors also. Thnk you for liking my Orange flowers. Hugs,Marsh Bless you!
Thanks a million, Marsha. Hope you're feeling better.
I love the use of all your elements in the design of so many of your works !!
Thanx, Ana. I love working with textiles... glad you like this one.


Welcome to our new blog at the Stanford Copyright and Fair Use site. We just added a number of RSS feeds to our CURRENT tabs. Featured cases are cases in the news that Justia has chosen to supply readers with the full text of district court filings. Readers can subscribe to updates on all the featured cases, or on inidivual cases. Dockets are new filings in the district courts, categorized under "copyright" in the PACER system. Legislation is a list of pending legislation, listed by the Copyright Office and linked to opencongress.org, which shows current status of the legislation, and links to the legislation full text, news and blog posts when available. Regulations are Federal Register notices from the Copyright Office and the Copyright Royalty Board, LIbrary of Congress, collected by the Justia Regulation Tracker. Articles are primarily law review articles – coming from SSRN (search term "copyright") and Tarleton Law Library Current Copyright Literature, and more sources may be added later. News is a simple "copyright" keyword search using Google news for now, and Blogs are entries from hand selected blogs that are especially strong on copyright issues, from various viewpoints.


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The British International School of Stockholm believes in encouraging children to consider those who are less than themselves. The school run a charity programme, providing sustained and regular support for both local and selected international charities. Money is raised through both school and community events, such as bake sales, quiz nights and concerts. There are plenty of opportunities for both students and parents to get involved with these events.
One of the important local charities we support here at BISS is The Foundation for the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital. The money raised works to make the stay in hospital for very sick children as pleasant and comfortable as possible. The Foundation has provided facilities such as a library, a swimming pool, a sensory experience room, multi-media equipment and toys. Our school has a strong relationship with the Foundation through our ongoing contributions to their projects.
In addition, the school and school community regularly fund raise in response to world emergencies.
Operation Christmas Child is a UK-based organisation that distributes festive wrapped shoe boxes filled with small gifts for children, such as toys, toiletries, pens and paper. This well-established organisation now distributes such boxes to over 100 war-torn or developing countries worldwide, offering a gesture of hope and friendship to the world's children who are in need most. Children who contribute towards a box feel a great sense of satisfaction and empathy, knowing that their gift will reach a disadvantaged child, somewhere, in time for Christmas.