text:
Facebook faces £2.3bn legal claim over social media dominance
Facebook is facing legal action in the UK that claims the social network should pay £2.3bn to its 44m British users for exploiting its dominance to hoover up personal data.
The claim, which amounts to £52 per user, was lodged at the Competition Appeals Tribunal on Thursday by Liza Lovdahl Gormsen, a competition researcher and adviser to the Financial Conduct Authority.
It is backed by Innsworth, a major litigation funder. The case is being lodged as an opt-out class action, meaning that Facebook users would not have to register to be part of it.
Ms Lovdahl Gormsen claims that Facebook, recently rebranded as Meta, used its overwhelming market power to "strike an unfair bargain with users", taking their personal data with no compensation.
The claim covers the period between October 2015 and December 2019.
Facebook is the world's biggest social network and also owns Instagram and WhatsApp, which critics say has given it immense market power that it has exploited.
"In a free and fair market, competition should lead to lower prices and increased quality. But the bigger a company is in the market, the less choice we have, no matter what else they're doing. Facebook has exploited its dominance at its users' cost," Ms Lovdahl Gormsen said.
She argued that Facebook's power meant it was able to set an "unfair price" of users' personal data for access to the network, for which they should be compensated.
Law firm Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan have written to Facebook informing the company of the claim at the tribunal.
Meta said it delivered value for users. "People access our service for free. They choose our services because we deliver value for them and they have meaningful control of what information they share on Meta's platforms and who with. We have invested heavily to create tools that allow them to do so," a spokesman said.
The Facebook owner is battling a US government lawsuit seeking to break up the company.
The US Federal Trade Commission secured a breakthrough this week when a judge ruled its case could proceed, after an earlier case was dismissed.
Media stocks lost over $500 billion in value this year — here's what happens next


Nonpartnership activities. If a tax-exempt organization engages in an activity other than a partnership, it should use the six-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes to determine if it has more than one unrelated trade or business. This is considered "a reasonable, good-faith interpretation" of the rules. Use of fewer than six digits would result in overly broad categories.
GILTI. For purposes of computing UBTI, global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) is treated as a dividend, which is generally excluded from UBTI. This is consistent with other tax treatment of GILTI.
Employee fringe benefits. Under another provision in the TCJA, transportation fringe benefits (such as mass transit passes and parking fees) provided to employees of a tax-exempt organization must be included in UBTI. These amounts aren't subject to the rules requiring a separate calculation for each trade or business.
These highlights just scratch the surface of this complex topic. The recent IRS Notice also details various transitional rules, including those regarding NOLs from unrelated business activities of tax-exempt organizations. The key takeaway is that computing UBTI isn't a do-it-yourself proposition. It's important to rely on your SSB tax advisor to steer you in the right direction and help strategize ways to minimize the adverse effects of the new UBTI rule.


text:
Q: No such file or directory in find running .sh Running this on osx...
    cd ${BUILD_DIR}/mydir && for DIR in $(find ./  '.*[^_].py' |  sed  's/\/\//\//g' | awk -F "/" '{print $2}' | sort |uniq | grep -v .py); do
            if [ -f $i/requirements.txt ]; then
               pip install -r $i/requirements.txt -t $i/
            fi

            cd ${DIR} && zip -r ${DIR}.zip *  > /dev/null && mv ${DIR}.zip ../../ && cd ../
        done

    cd ../

error:
(env) ➜ sh package_lambdas.sh find: .*[^_].py: No such file or directory
why?

A: The find(1) manpage says its args are [path ...] [expression], where "expression" consists of "primaries" and "operands" (-flags).  '.*[^-].py' doesn't look like any expression, so it's being interpreted as a path, and it's reporting that there is no file named '.*[^-].py' in the working directory.
Perhaps you meant:
find ./ -regex '.*[^-].py'

A: find takes as an argument a list of directories to search.  You provided what appears to be regular expression.  Because there is no directory named (literally) .*[^_].py, find returns an error.
Below I have revised your script to correct that mistake (if I understand your intention).  Because I see so many ill-written shell scripts these days, I've taken the liberty of "traditionalizing" it.  Please see if you don't also find it more readable.
Changes:

*

*use #!/bin/sh, guaranteed to be on an Unix-like system.  Faster than bash, unless (like OS X) it is bash.

*use lower case for variable names to distinguish from system variables (and not hide them).

*eschew braces for variables (${var}); they're not needed in the simple case

*do not pipe output to /usr/bin/true; route it to dev/null if that's what you mean

*rm -f by definition cannot fail; if you meant || true, it's superfluous

*put then and do on separate lines, easier to read, and that's how the Bourne shell language was meant to be used

*Let && and || serve as line-continuation, so you can see what's happening step by step

Other changes I would suggest:

*

*Use a subshell when changing the working directory temporarily.  When it terminates, the working directory is restored automatically (retained by the parent), saving you the cd .. step, and errors.

*Use set -e to cause the script to terminate on error.   For expected errors, use || true explicitly.

*Change grep .py to grep '\.py$', just for good measure.

*To avoid Tilting Matchstick Syndrome, use something other than / as a sed substitute delimiter, e.g., sed  's://:/:g'.  But sed could be avoided altogether with awk -F '/+' '{print $2}'.
Revised version:
#! /bin/sh

src_dir=lambdas
build_dir=bin

mkdir -p $build_dir/lambdas
rm -rf $build_dir/*.zip
cp -r $src_dir/* $build_dir/lambdas

#
# The sed is a bit complicated to be osx / linux cross compatible :
#   ( .//run.sh vs ./run.sh
#
cd $build_dir/lambdas &&
    for L in $(find .  -exec grep -l '.*[^_].py' {} + |
                    sed  's/\/\//\//g' |
                    awk -F "/" '{print $2}' |
                    sort |
                    uniq |
                    grep -v .py)
    do
        if [ -f $i/requirements.txt ]
        then
            echo "Installing requirements"
            pip install -r $i/requirements.txt -t $i/
        fi
        cd $L &&
        zip -r $L.zip *  > /dev/null &&
        mv $L.zip ../../ &&
        cd ../
    done
cd ../

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
J A M M U & K A S H M I R
People raid hotel, damage vehicles
Srinagar, March 9
Hundreds of people, including women, raided a hotel, damaged furniture and parked vehicles in the city this afternoon. Official sources said a large number of people raided Hotel Le-Meridian near Iqbal Park on the airport road this afternoon.
Police officers remove a burnt car after an attack by a mob outside a local restaurant in Srinagar on Friday. The mob attacked and ransacked a local restaurant which they said was being used for 'immoral activities'. — Reuters photo
Gnanpeeth award for Rahman Rahi
Renowned Kashmiri litterateur Rahman Rahi has been awarded the Gnanpeeth Puraskar for his contribution to the Kashmiri language and literature which he has been nurturing for the past about six decades.
Belgium offer to treat Geelani
A hospital in Belgium has offered to treat ailing Syed Ali Shah Geelani, chairman of the breakaway Hurriyat Conference (HC). "We have received a communication from Saint Luc Hospital in Belgium offering to treat Geelani, who is suffering from cancer," HC spokesman Aiyaz Akbar said.
Amarnath board to charge fee for langars during yatra
Harkat chief killed in encounter
Panel discusses Constitution amendment
Carrying of rail coaches by road from next week
SC quashes govt list of forest officers for induction inIAF
Jamwal, Kawinder in mayoral race
1,900 more passengers airlifted
Challan produced against 7 SOG men
Militant killed
A listed militant of the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) was killed and two hideouts were busted in Jammu and Kashmir last night. The SSP, Anantnag, said a tip-off was received that some militants were hiding at Dachan Yaripora village, Kulgam, in south Kashmir last evening.
Hundreds of people, including women, raided a hotel, damaged furniture and parked vehicles in the city this afternoon.
Official sources said a large number of people raided Hotel Le-Meridian near Iqbal Park on the airport road this afternoon immediately after the Friday prayers were over.
They alleged the hotel was being used for "immoral activities."
The agitators later damaged furniture in the hotel.
They also damaged about half-a-dozen parked vehicles and set on fire another vehicle of the hotel owner before the police could reach there.
About six persons, including a photo journalist, were injured in the stone pelting and police action.
The raid on the hotel came five days after two militants outfits, Al-Badr and Al-Madina, imposed a ban on some cable channels in the valley.
Dukhataran-e-Milat (DeM) chief Asiya Andrabi told UNI that they have no role in today's raid on the hotel. It was a "spontaneous raid" by the people, she added.
The DeM in the past had conducted massive raids on hotels and other places in the city which, according to them, were being used for immoral activities.
A number of DeM activists, including Asiya, were taken in custody by the police for raiding the hotels last month. However, they were later released on bail. — UNI
The decision to grant him this award has been widely hailed in the valley, particularly in literary circles. Various prominent writers, poets, cultural organisations and political leaders have welcomed this award and described it as recognition not only to Rahman Rahi but also to the Kashmiri language and its people.
Talking to this correspondent, Rahman Rahi said it was a great occasion and a great honour not only to him but to the people of Kashmir and the Kashmiris. He was told about this honour telephonically at his Srinagar residence this morning, that followed a beeline of callers from different walks of life.
Rahi, born in 1925 in Srinagar, had been interested in poetic works in Urdu from his school days, he commented. He had started writing in different genres of Urdu since his early days and later switched over to Kashmiri, mainly poetry since 1949.
A hospital in Belgium has offered to treat ailing Syed Ali Shah Geelani, chairman of the breakaway Hurriyat Conference (HC).
"We have received a communication from Saint Luc Hospital in Belgium offering to treat Geelani, who is suffering from cancer," HC spokesman Aiyaz Akbar said.
He said Van Caugh has said the hospital was fully equipped to treat such patients and they would be pleased to admit Geelani.
Akbar said Van, in the communication, said the hospital would conduct tests on Geelani, if accepted the offer, from March 12 so that treatment could be started as soon as possible.
Former cricketer-turned-chief of Tehreek-e-Insaf party in Pakistan Imran Khan has also offered to treat Geelani in Showkat Khanam Hospital, named after his mother in Lahore.
Senior leader of the other faction of the Hurriyat Conference Shahidul Islam has offered a kidney to Geelani.
The Regional Passport Office (ROP) in Kashmir today issued a passport to Geelani's wife. "We have received the passport of Geelani's wife this afternoon," Aiyaz Akbar said.
Jammu: Jammu and Kashmir Panthers Party (JKNPP) supremo Bhim Singh on Friday offered to bear all the expenses on the treatment of Geelani.
Talking to reporters here, Singh said he would like to bear all the treatment expenses of the ailing Hurriyat leader.
Mr Geelani (77) has been reportedly diagnosed with malignancy in his only kidney and needs immediate surgery. — UNI
A listed militant of the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) was killed and two hideouts were busted in Jammu and Kashmir last night.
The SSP, Anantnag, said a tip-off was received that some militants were hiding at Dachan Yaripora village, Kulgam, in south Kashmir last evening.
He said a police party was immediately rushed there and the area was sealed from all sides. However, as the police personnel were about to storm a particular house, they came under heavy fire from the militants. The fire was returned and in the fierce clash, which continued for several hours, a militant was killed.
According to the SSP, the militant, identified as Sayar Ahmad, was involved in a number of militancy-related incidents in the area and was carrying a reward.
He said a AK-47 rifle with UBGL and some magazines were recovered from the site of the encounter.
An official spokesman said security forces busted a hideout at Kirpalpura. — UNI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


← World of Blyton Blog has had 2,000 views!
This series of posts is inspired by a thread on the Enid Blyton Society Forums, where members are discussing which Blyton was the first they read or bought. Many of them have fond memories of a particular copy of the book(s) they first read, and often lament the loss of such copies due to clear outs or house moves.
As a child I had a rather eclectic Blyton collection. Very little of it matched – I had tatty hardbacks, a few neat hardbacks with dustjackets, varying styles of Armada and Knight paperbacks and some rather ugly shiny modern paperbacks (modern = from the 90s!) Most, if not all the older books were handed down from my mum, aunts, uncles and cousins. Despite all these different copies a lot of my 'main' series weren't complete and some series were missing altogether.
Now I have an awful lot of old hardbacks my paperbacks are relegated to a box in the loft, but seeing their covers often evokes a particular feeling about the stories they contain or where they came from. Using the wonderful Cave of Books, an amazing project by Tony Summerfield, I have pulled together as many images of my childhood Enid Blyton books as I could and I'm going to attempt to write about their origins and their effect on my childhood reading.
I adored the stories of Amelia Jane as a child, in fact I still have a soft spot for them. I remember being horrified at the things she did – especially her first story where she got scissors and cut holes in things like the carpet, the curtains even snipping off the pink rabbit's tail. Funnily, my sister did something rather similar aged 5 or so (cutting holes in a half knitted jumper and my favourite home-made Sindy dress amongst other things) I wonder if Amelia Jane inspired her?
"Naughty Amelia Jane" and "Amelia Jane Again", Dean impressions illustrated by Rene Cloke.
I had the first two books in the series, brightly coloured Dean & Son hardbacks. I'm usually quite disparaging of the Dean editions (been bitten once too many times by sellers describing them as firsts) but I rather like these two as they're familiar and immediately put me in mind of the wonderful stories inside. I often turn my nose up at reprint illustrators (Rene Cloke included) but looking at the dustjacket for the first edition, I find myself preferring Cloke's image of Amelia Jane, though it's clear it's closely based on Sylvia Venus' work. Cloke's internal images may not be better than Venus' but I find their familiarity comforting, and her particular style takes me right into that nursery alongside the toys. I also think Cloke's Amelia looks more doll-like, while Venus' Amelia could be a real child.
Illustrations of the same scene from "Naughty Amelia Jane", on the left by Sylvia Venus and the right by Rene Cloke.
I just love the cheeky smile on Amelia Jane's face in Cloke's illustrations.
I had several versions of Famous Five books in my collection (I did have all 21 though). Several (Books 1-3: Treasure Island, Adventuring Again, Run Away Together, 5 and 6: Caravan and Kirrin Island Again, 9 and 10: Fall Into Adventure and Hike plus 14 and 15: Plenty of Fun and Secret Trail) were Hodder and Stoughton hardbacks with red boards. They'd all been owned by two or three family members before me, so were really rather tatty – several didn't even have their spines any more. I only had book 4 Five Go to Smuggler's Top and book 11 Five Have a Wonderful Time with dustjackets, (I'm ashamed to say I lost the one from Smuggler's Top as I liked to display the lovely clean and bright boards underneath it).
The second version dustjackets from "Five Go to Smuggler's Top" and "Five Fall Into Adventure".
Book 8: Five Get into Trouble, as well as books 16-19 (Billycock Hill, Fix, Finniston Farm and Demon's Rocks) were Knight paperbacks from the 70s, bought by my mum to fill the gaps in her collection.
And lastly were the 90s paperbacks (in two different styles) bought by my parents so I could read all of the books. Those were Camp (book 14) Sea (12), Mystery Moor (13), Mystery to Solve (20) and Together Again (21).
I loved my hardbacks – reading them felt more special somehow than picking up a paperback. I remember classifying the smell of old books as "the smell of adventure" as the two were so intrinsically linked for me. Saying that some of my hardbacks fell into what I'd consider my "least favourites" category while some of the paperbacks are amongst my favourites. I certainly much prefer Eileen Soper's illustrations to those of Betty Maxey, and for me Soper's depictions ARE the Five.
Depictions of the same scene from "Five on a Treasure Island", on the left by Eileen Soper and the right by Betty Maxey. Soper captures George's haughty walk but Maxey seems to have her sleepwalking past! Likewise, the others actually look surprised in Soper's illustration and completely indifferent in Maxey's. The less said about the flares the better.
Having said all that I'm not offended by Maxey's covers for the paperbacks I had – but that may just be because they are familiar and remind me of the stories. Most of my 90s paperbacks are amongst my least favourites (Sea being the only real exception) I don't know if that's down to the stories themselves, the covers or the complete lack of illustrations.
Anyway, I think I've rambled enough for one post!
Did/do you have any of these editions? If so, do you love them or do you prefer another version?
This entry was posted in Personal Experiences, Purchases and tagged Amelia Jane, Betty Maxey, Dean & Son, Editions, Eileen Soper, Hodder, Hodder and Stoughton, Illustrators, Knight Books, My Childhood Books, Rene Cloke, Sylvia Venus, The Famous Five. Bookmark the permalink.
bacame the most precious possession. We borrowed other Famous Fives from the Boots Lending Library. Of course since then I have been buying the series in hardback – by no means all with dustwrappers, I also have a selection of paperback copies from the various reprints. I agree (having grown up during the fifties and sixties) that Eileen Soper captured the five to perfection.
Lovely article,that somehow I missed….
I think I'm the only person who loves both artists equally???. Both were a lovely,enjoyable part of my childhood reading the Five's.Unless there is anyone else in Blytonland who feels the same?
Don't be intimidated,the Soper fans won't bite you!!


The unique Spanish horses known as the Carter Reservoir Wild Horse Herd are located in a very isolated area of northeastern California and northwestern Nevada. They are considered a California wild horse herd as they are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) at the Cedarville, CA Surprise Field Station.
The Carter Reservoir wild horses exhibit physical color characteristics known as the "dun factor," which was also common to a major portion of the horses which the Spaniards reintroduced into North America in the 1600s. Color classification of the dun factor are: dun, red dun, grulla ( mouse gray), buckskin, claybank and variations of these colors. Markings on horses having the dun include dorsal stripes, herringbone strips, zebra stripes on knees and hocks, chest, rib, and arm bands, outlined ears, top 1/3 of the ear on its backside darker than body color, fawn color inside of ears, multicolored mane and tail, cob webbing on face and face masks. An individual having the dun factor may have many, but not all of these markings.
The Carter Reservoir mustangs are not easy to spot as their coloring can cause them to blend into the landscape. The herd roams in a remote desolate area in the high desert, where sagebrush, juniper trees, lava rock rim rocks, hills, valleys and canyons are plentiful. Great caution should be taken when traveling into this remote region located near Cedarville, California. Coyotes, antelope, deer, elk, mountain lions, bob cats and birds are most commonly seen along with the wild horses. Horseback is recommended.
Let Jim be your guide to watch these amazing creatures roam wild. Jim Massey, your Wilderness Guide, has the first northwestern Nevada guide permit on a million-plus acres near Cedarville, California to view mule deer, antelope and the recently registered Carter Reservoir Mustangs, which Jim monitored for 12 years while working at the Bureau of Land Management. Bring your horse or mule and ride into an area very seldom visited by riders, viewing spectacular scenery and abundant wildlife. All-day treks for up to six people are available. Contact Jim to make your reservation today.
Not suitable for pets, except horses are highly recommended to observe these wild horses in their element.
These beautiful wild horses have been DNA tested to be direct descendents of Spanish Horses. Don't miss a chance to see these beautiful animals.
Are the Carter Reservoir Wild Horses still there? Are they scheduled to be removed by the BLM. So many wild horses have been removed illegally and sold for slaughter. These horses who have lived free for 400 years should be saved.
The Carter's are still there, but with the gather from 2009 dropping the numbers down so low we haven't seen any horses with the really strong markings. We are working hard to get this herd protected & to keep the genetics viable (hopefully it's not to late). Right now the gather that was planned is on hold.
I adopted a Carter Reservoir BLM Mustang and I love her. Everyone comments on her unique Spanish look.
Is there only four mares with foals and the stallion?
https://www.facebook.com/WildHorseEducation/photos/a.198574450214931.48828.138523892886654/705455022860202/?type=1&theater Please be aware and act on this. The Carter horses are on the BLM schedule for roundup. Please help to stop this from happening.
There aren't enough wild horses left to do any damage to the range. Observation has shown that the damage is being done by the mega herds grazing there illegally. What is this campaign to eradicate all wild horses from public lands? Tourists come west and one of the things they expect to see is wild horses. They don't come to see mega herds of cattle or sheep, or oil and fracking rigs, or strip malls, or housing developments. They come to see what the imagine the "real West" to still be and that includes wild horses.
What it would be like to see history in real life! Would be amazing to see these horses in person. What amazing sight it would be.
Are these horses ever offered for adoption?
Yes, Leah, the Carter Reservoir horses do come up for adoption whenever they remove some. You can contact us through our website (the link is above) or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/carterreservoirmustangs and we'd be happy to notify you when there are some available.
Hello, just checking....so u have rides each day? Cost? And do we need our own horses or mules? We are vacationing from the east coast and would love the opportunity to witness wild mustangs in their natural environment.
HI, I do not have my own horse or mule. Do you arrange trips for those of us who don't?


text:
Monthly Briefing
Monthly Briefing November 9, 2017
November 2017 Monthly Briefing
The Federal government is currently operating under a Continuing Resolution that expires on December 8
Key appropriations panels have funded ASPPH priority programs
ASPPH's efforts to defeat proposals to abolish the Fogarty International Center and to cap NIH F&A reimbursements appear to have been successful
ASPPH's legislative agenda continues to focus on advocating for adequate appropriations for academic public health's priority agencies and programs, and to oppose the Trump Administration's policy proposals regarding health care access, immigration, the elimination of the Fogarty International Center and cutting Facility & Administrative (or indirect) Costs on NIH extramural awards. Final fiscal year 2018 appropriations action was expected in December, but due to the tax reform debate, another short term Continuing Resolution is likely. Executive orders imposing arbitrary restrictions on citizens from selected countries Immigration reform proposals continue to be subject to litigation and the Speaker of the House is assuring members that legislation restoring the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) will be included in a final budget agreement. A bipartisan agreement on sustaining the Affordable Care Act may also be included in a final deal. The proposals to eliminate Fogarty and impose a cap on indirect costs have been successfully rebuffed.
Temporary Funding and Debt Level Extension Enacted; Expires on December 8
Congress in early September gave final approval to a temporary deal (H.R. 601) to continue funding the government, provide initial funding for Hurricane Harvey recovery operations, and extend the debt limit. The Continuing Resolution and debt limit expire on December 8.
ASPPH's FY 2018 Program Priorities Funded by the Senate Appropriations Committee; Elimination of Fogarty and Cap F&A Costs Rejected
The Senate Appropriations Committee in early September approved the fiscal year 2018 Labor-HHS Education Appropriations measure (bill/report). The panel's bill fully funds all of ASPPH's appropriations priorities. The panel also rejected two Administration proposals that the Association actively opposed: the elimination of the Fogarty International Center and placing a 10 percent cap of Facilities and Administrative (or indirect) costs. The Association organized letters signed by many deans and program directors on both issues earlier this year (FIC letter/F&A letter). The letters were cited several times in the legislative debate on the proposals. ASPPH's updated talking points and funding chart on its FY 2018 funding priorities are available online.
The Senate bill provides NIH with a $2 billion increase in funding, $900 million more than provided in the House's version of the bill, which cleared the House Appropriations Committee in July and received full House approval in August. The Senate bill provides a modest increase in funding for the Fogarty International Center.
CDC was provided with an appropriation of $7.18 billion in the Senate, down slightly (-1.1% or $80 million) from FY 2017. The Prevention Research Center program and the Centers for Public Health Preparedness were funded at the same level as in FY 2017. The NIOSH Education and Research Centers and the Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Centers received modest increases. HRSA received a $4 million increase over the FY 2017 level. The HRSA Public Health Training Centers (PHTC) Program was level funded in the senate. The PHTC Program was not funded by the House.
ACA Repeal Efforts Fail (Repeatedly); Further Repeal Efforts Certain
Faced with another defeat, the Senate GOP leadership in early October withdrew the proposed Graham-Cassidy amendment that would have repealed the Affordable Care Act. The move came after the Congressional Budget Office released a preliminary score for the amendment. It estimated that between 2017 – 2026, the measure would reduce federal spending by $133 billion. This is the same projected savings as the ACA-repeal bill that passed bill House in May. Additionally, CBO estimated that "millions" would lose health insurance coverage under the proposal.
In late October, Senators Lamar Alexander (R-TN) and Patty Murray (D-WA), chair and ranking member respectively of the Senate Health, Education Labor and Pensions Committee, announced that they had reached agreement on legislation to sustain the Affordable Care Act. Specifically, the bill would restore cost sharing reduction payments, fund outreach and enrollment activities, and make the state waiver process easier while maintaining ACA-mandated patient protections. The agreement was introduced with 12 GOP sponsors and 12 Democratic sponsors. The bill language is here and a section-by-section summary is here. Even those in Congress who are not enthusiastic about the agreement believe there is a fair chance it will be included in a final budget agreement.
Trump Administration Releases New Immigration Ban
The Trump Administration issued a revised immigration ban in late September. According to the White House, most citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea will be indefinitely banned from entering the United States. The policy is more detailed than Trump's earlier executive order. This time, according to the White House, "each country has its own set of restrictions, and citizens of Iraq and some Venezuelans who seek entry will also face restrictions or heightened scrutiny." Sudan, included in the earlier policy, is not included in this version. The Administration released the announcement, a fact sheet, and a set of FAQs on the new policy.
The Supreme Court was scheduled to hear oral argument on the earlier Executive Order on October 10, but postponed the hearing and subsequently dismissed the cases. ASPPH joined in an amicus brief filed with the Supreme Court in opposition to the earlier executive order. The new policy was scheduled to go into effect on Oct. 18. However, U.S. District Judge Derrick Watson, a federal judge in Hawaii, blocked the Trump administration from enforcing its latest travel ban, just hours before it was set to take effect. He granted Hawaii's request to temporarily block the policy. He said Trump's new order ''suffers from precisely the same maladies as its predecessor'' in that it ''plainly discriminates based on nationality in the manner that the 9th Circuit has found antithetical to … the founding principles of this nation.'' A Federal judge in Maryland, Theodore Chuang, issued a slightly more limited ban on the new restriction a day later.
ASPPH Calls on Congress to Restore DACA Program
ASPPH joined more than 70 other associations in a letter to Congress urging legislative action on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy. The letter responded to the Administration's September 5 decision to rescind DACA. The letter stated, "[W]e urge you to ensure that all members of the health care workforce with [DACA] status are able to continue their employment, education, training, and research, with passage of a permanent legislative remedy, such as the bipartisan, bicameral Dream Act of 2017 (S. 1615, H.R. 3440). By providing a legal pathway to permanent residency for undocumented Americans brought to the U.S. as children, Congress can help our country produce a diverse and culturally responsive health care workforce to meet the needs of underserved populations, improve cultural awareness, and promote health equity." ASPPH also sponsored a webinar in September featuring experts on the legal, regulatory, and legislative status of the DACA policy and the implications of its potential repeal. The session also considered what the leaders, faculty, and students of academic public health can do to support affected students.
ASPPH Calls on FEMA to Expend All Available Resource to Restore Essential Services in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
In a September 29 letter to Brock Long, Administrator, Federal Emergency Management Agency, the ASPPH's leadership said it is increasingly concerned about the situation in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. ASPPH called on FEMA "to expend all available resources to restore essential services to the affected populations. Any delay in meeting the needs of the citizens of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is unacceptable." The letter, signed by ASPPH Board Chair Dr. Donna Petersen and ASPPH President Dr. Laura Magaña, also called on FEMA and the Administration to "focus resources on expeditiously meeting the needs of the University of Puerto Rico so that it can again provide essential services to the island's citizens. Of particular concern is the ability of the University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health to function effectively. In addition to providing essential educational services to graduate students who will become future public health leaders, the school provides critical services to the Commonwealth and its citizens… In the island's current situation, the School's services are essential."
Previous Month's Briefings
July 2017 Monthly Briefing
The Trump Administration has proposed a draconian fiscal year 2018 budget that would slash critical domestic programs of interest to academic public health. Fortunately, Congress appears to be largely ignoring the Administration's proposals and priorities.
May 2017 Monthly Briefing
March 2017 Monthly Briefing
ASPPH has engaged the Trump Administration related to the Federal hiring freeze and the January 31 executive order on refugees and immigrants. The Association is also preparing for the upcoming legislative fights on health insurance and the fiscal year 2017 and 2018 appropriations bills.
View All Monthly Briefings


Abstract: The underrepresentation of women and students from particular racial and ethnic groups in physics has been well documented and is a source of concern for both policy makers and educators. Considerable research has shown a connection between students' confidence in their ability to perform well (also known as self-efficacy) and persistence in science fields. In this presentation I will share research that demonstrates that self-efficacy is a positive predictor of success for students in introductory physics and discuss how traditionally underrepresented students draw from different experiences when evaluating their self-efficacy. I will then describe how at Michigan State University, we have designed an integrated lab-lecture (studio style) introductory physics course that is intentionally designed to support self-efficacy development. In this presentation I will describe how I use a design-based research approach to examine how these goals create a positive affective experience for students.


Your best friend is getting married. This is exciting! But she is not into any marriage related classic versions of celebrations whatsoever. In fact she literally hates weddings and so she starts to call her own wedding day – a summer party. OK, to make a long story short you still need to throw her a "hen's party" aka "bachelorette party" aka "we get drunk in a female way" party. It wouldn't be the most difficult task if she indeed liked to dress up, wear high heels and drink straight from the bottle that she previously opened with a bottle opener in a shape of a willy. Your friend is faaaaaar away from this version. She is into cats and zero waste life, restricted to Chinese Medicine diet and loves to do gardening. Not an easy target to satisfy when it comes to "hen parties" and we are not talking about chickens (which she would probably love to pet).
You love your friend and you think she deserves some kind of celebration to mark that important decision she just made, which is to marry her boyfriend. You love your friend and you amongst others who also love your best friend girlfriends have commonly decided to organise something for this occasion. Something… but what is it?
– Spa Day without any freebies and anything that is not reusable.


Midland Commercials Limited is located in Central Worcester convenient for the Midlands.
Experienced mechanics on hand for queries / advice.
Contract maintenance on all types of commercial vehicles.
We have a wealth of knowledge in dealing with vehicles of all shapes and sizes.


text:
MOI CAVA
Dream Folk // Detroit, MI
Dream folk artist Moi Cava is from Michigan – though she had a five year stint in Europe, living abroad in England, Austria, Germany and Portugal (as well as another five years in New York City working as a designer before returning to the Midwest). All of the experiences, people and sounds have had a profound effect on her art and music – from the rhythm of trains and subways, to hearing and speaking new languages (she learned to speak French and German) to adjusting to different paces of life.
Photo taken in Muir Woods, outside of San Francisco, CA (also the cover image of 'Soft Heart'
Natural sounds and rhythms will also find themselves into her songs, which comes from longtime love of walking in the woods and being anywhere near water – her music is often dubbed 'beachy' and 'dreamlike', probably for that reason. Lyrically poetic, her desire is for the songs to spark the imagination of others. In a world that's so hectic, her aim is to create music that's relaxed and a type of escapism for the listener.
Above photo is where she grew up, in a North/East suburb of Detroit, Michigan.
Moi Cava formed in 2016 and is found on all major streaming and download sites (see links in the top bar). Her music has also been played on online radio stations (Big Indie Giant in South Africa has been the most supportive – where the songs 'Fading' and 'Soft Heart' have both ranked in the top ten) through the Radio Indie Alliance. Musical influences are Mazzy Star (Hope Sandoval), Velvet Underground (Lou Reed), Neil Young, & many others.
Moi Cava's favorite things outside of music are her husband (the director of the music videos for 'Is It You?' and 'Wind it On'), her rescue dog 'Foxy', travel, interior design, walking in the woods, swimming in lakes, having hours to cook big meals and wine.
Pictured above on a lazy Sunday with her rescue dog 'Foxy'.
Listen & Connect
Moi Cava is an indie artist from Detroit who started releasing songs in 2016. Due to shyness, she chose to release under the moniker 'Moi Cava' which in French means 'I'm alright/fine' (and doubly, 'Moi' or Me and 'Cava'' being the first four letters of her last name).
Through her many collaborations with other artists (namely John Kalle and Andrew Giambertone) the album 'Moi Cava' released in 2017 was possible. It's for the most part mellow rock with heavy folk influences from the likes of Neil Young, Mazzy Star and the Velvet Underground.
Let's Connect via Email
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text:
Horseback Trails By Region
Stehekin, Washington
Michelle Schmidke DVM
You can't drive to Stehekin.
Go by boat, fly, or ride a horse; no road will take you there.
The remote community of Stehekin lies at the north end of the 55-mile long trench of Lake Chelan in north central Washington state. The easiest way to get there is by boat from the town of Chelan, 190 miles east of Seattle, at the lake's south end.
If you're more adventurous, you can ride your horse to Stehekin along a wilderness trail. When you get there, treat yourself to the comforts and camaraderie of a stay at the Stehekin Valley Ranch.
Last summer, I rode to the ranch with my husband, George Schoenfeld; we were accompanied by our two Australian Shepherds. My husband rode Picholo, a 16-hand-high Pinto gelding and a veteran of many trail rides. I rode Rhia, a Paint Horse mare, used most of the time for barrel racing. Picholo and Rhia are calm, surefooted, and fit; desirable traits for trail horses.
Planning the Ride
Before we left home, we inspected our tack and gear for any wear and tear. We called the National Park Service and the United States Forest Service for information about trail conditions. Our route passed through the North Cascades National Park and the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, so we made sure we were in compliance with their respective regulations.
You need a permit to camp in the national park. You can get a permit, free of charge, at a national park ranger station. Only 12 "heartbeats" - human, horse, or dog - are allowed in a designated wilderness area.
Dogs aren't allowed on any national park trails, except for the Pacific Crest Trail. On any trail, they must be well-behaved and under voice control.
Check trail conditions before you leave home. Downed trees, washed-out bridges, and deteriorating, poorly maintained trails ruin many rides. Washington state trails have been hard hit by recent floods and windstorms, and many trails, once rideable, are no longer maintained.
Our point of departure was the Bridge Creek trailhead between Rainy and Washington Pass, elevation 4,500 feet, on State Route 20, the North Cascades Scenic Hwy., 67 miles from Seattle. The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the highway here.
The trailhead is right off the highway. You'll find plenty of room for trucks and horse trailers. You can pay a daily parking fee or buy an annual Northwest Forest Pass that covers parking fees in the North Cascades National Park and USFS trailheads. Vandalism and gas theft can be a problem.
In the coolness of the early morning, we started south on the PCT. We carried everything we needed for a day ride, including rain gear for the often-inclement weather in the North Cascades. Luke, our 10-month old Australian Shepherd, carried a pack filled with dog food. About a mile down the trail, he ditched his pack, so the dog food ended up in our saddlebags.
We rode down the heavily forested valley of Bridge Creek, occasionally catching sight of snow-covered peaks. Streams, tumbling down from the mountains around us, crossed the trail frequently and provided plenty of water for the horses and dogs.
Many of the trees in the Bridge Creek drainage were rusty brown, dead and dying from spruce budworm infestation. This is an eco-disaster in the making. All the dead trees are prime fuel for a forest fire that could raze the entire valley.
The PCT from State Route 20 to the Stehekin Valley was safe for horses and well- maintained. In the first nine miles, we crossed water, went over several bridges, and experienced minimal elevation changes.
The scariest things for the horses were humans with flapping ponchos and bulging backpacks. We encountered the occasional backpacker, notably one who was annoyed when our dogs barked at him. I apologized for their behavior, but I could understand the dog's alarm. He looked as though he'd been on the trail for a long time.
My husband and I are both members of our local chapter of Backcountry Horsemen of Washington. We practice the BCH's trail-riding philosophy of "leave no trace," minimizing our impact on the land while riding horses in the backcountry.
Backpackers often take a negative view of riders. They associate horses with trail degradation and messy, manure-filled campsites.
We attempt to improve their perception by being good ambassadors for trail riders.
We stopped for lunch at the junction with the North Fork trail. This is a good place to tie horses, about nine miles from the trailhead. After lunch, we crossed to the other side of Bridge Creek and gently descended into the Stehekin River Valley at Mile 12.
Shortly after entering the valley, we passed Bridge Creek Camp, a park service horse camp with corrals, hitch rails, and water. This is the only designated horse camp in the Stehekin Valley and a great place to stay if you don't plan to continue on to the Stehekin Valley Ranch, seven miles farther.
After 19 miles of trail riding, we reached our destination. We were looking forward to the hot showers and ranch-style meals. We took the horses to their accommodations, small individual corrals with water. The horses were eager to be unsaddled and brushed down. The dogs just wanted a shady place to sleep.
The Stehekin Valley Ranch
The Stehekin Valley Ranch is a wonderful place to stay. It's owned and operated by the Courtney family, longtime valley dwellers. The Courtney family also owns the Stehekin Pastry Co. and Cascade Corrals. Your stay at the ranch can include trail rides on their Norwegian Fjord horses, day hikes, rafting the Stehekin River, kayaking on Lake Chelan, and, always, a stop at the pastry shop for treats.
Meals, lodging, and transportation are included in the price. We stayed in a tent cabin, simple but very comfortable. Also available are cabins that sleep up to six people, with bathrooms and electricity. Rates vary, depending on the number of nights you stay, your age, and lodging choice.
The food is plentiful and delicious. I'd characterize it as Western-style comfort food: plenty of meat and potatoes, but an ample spread of salads and fruit. Meals are served family-style in the main ranch house.
Tables are shared with the other guests. At our dinner, we all swapped stories. Everyone wanted to hear about our ride to the ranch. We became fast friends with two women in their late 60s, avid outdoorswomen and very fit. When we rode the trails the next day, they followed close behind us on foot.
During dinner, the ranch's Fjords were turned out into the pasture in front of the ranch house. The dun-colored herd galloped past us, delighted at their release from the day's chores. They're used for lessons, day rides, packing, and supported trekking.
On our second day, we explored the trails surrounding the ranch. In retrospect, we should've taken it easy and rested up for our ride out the next day.
The Ride Out
All too soon, we had to saddle up our horses and head back. The shorter way out was the way we came. A longer, more scenic loop goes over McAlester Pass and ties into the PCT about three miles from State Route 20.
Gluttons for punishment, we opted for the scenic route. It was definitely not the easy way out; we recommend it only for experienced trail riders on very fit horses.
After a four-mile ride down the Stehekin River Road, the only road servicing the valley, we reached the Rainbow Loop trailhead. Forest fires were raging in the mountains above us. The scent of smoke filled the air. The trails accessing the Chelan Sawtooth Wilderness from here were closed due to fire hazard, but the trail to McAlester Pass was still open.
The only way out of the valley was up. We reached a stunning overlook of Lake Chelan after about a 1,000-foot elevation gain in two miles. Everyone posed for photos: dogs, horses, and humans.
The trail continued to climb as it followed a stream for another two miles, then dropped as we approached the junction with the Rainbow Lake trail. Beside us, the rushing torrent of Rainbow Creek cascaded down from the mountains surrounding Lake Chelan.
After we crossed Rainbow Creek, the trail climbed even higher. It was so strenuous that the younger of our two Australian Shepherds wandered off to rest in the shade underneath a tree. I got off my horse and urged him back on the trail. We were all tired.
At 6,000 feet, we reached the lovely meadowlands of McAlester Pass and the junction with the South Pass and McAlester trails. We'd gained more than 5,000 feet since leaving the valley. We reined left on the McAlester trail. We rode past McAlester Lake, swamp-like and buggy, with campsites for hikers and riders. The next four miles dropped gently to our loop's completion at the PCT.
We met up with more members of the Courtney family at Fireweed camp, a horse camp at the junction of the PCT and McAlester trail. They staged their Fjord-horse-supported treks from this camp. All the hikers have to do is show up; the horses carry all their food and equipment, and the Courtneys prepare all their meals.
After 28 miles of riding, a long day in the saddle, we finished our ride. Heading west on the North Cascades Highway, we anticipated the perfect ending to our adventure: berry shortcake at the Cascadian Farm roadside stand in Rockport. The dogs, in the backseat of the pickup, slept all the way home.
The Trail RiderHR
Trail Riding in Bridgeport, California
Yukon Crossing Alaska
Trail Riding in Oregon's Central Cascades
Trail Riding in the Channeled Scablands
Trail Riding on the California Coast


Fishing kayaks are like a boat with hand paddles which you can take while going for fishing. Choosing fishing kayak is not an easy task; there are various things that need to consider for making the right decision. Following the expert's tips helps you to choose the right and best tandem fishing kayak.
Two different styles are available for a fishing kayak; firstly you need to choose one of them. The first style is sit-on-top and the second one is sit-in fishing kayak. Sit-in kayak refers to the traditional design and such feature design of an interior seat. This type of kayak helps you to prevent water, wind and provides you extra coverage.
Sit-on-top designs of the fishing kayak are referred to as user-friendly kayak, and if you are going on fishing, it is a perfect option. If you are a beginner in fishing, this kayak is recommended for you as it contains versatile design.
After selecting the style and design of fishing kayak, you need to choose the length of the fishing kayak. Mostly 2.6m to 2.8m lengths are considered as best suited for narrower and smaller bodies of water. It helps you to turn quickly with the help of kayak paddles.
If you are going on a long journey or day/overnight adventures, then 4.00m+ kayaks are recommended for you.
After deciding the length of the kayak, the next thing that needs to consider is the hull shape of the kayak. If you are going to paddle on lakes, bays and rivers, you need to select a kayak with good primary stability. Primary stability means how the kayak is stable while sitting in a stationary position.
If you are planning to go on an ocean and long trip then more secondary stability are recommended for you. Considering hull shape is vital for you to choose the best tandem fishing kayak.
The game of Walking Dead Our World is an exciting an awesome game for adventure and battle hand in hand. Gamer of the game has to deal with the world of dead hordes to kill them and save the other human beings of the game. The gamers can use several weapons and join the group of players who are the survivor of the humanity.
For novice player there is Walking Dead Our World Hack and guideline to play the game by having cards and gold and keep the energy meter fueled up. The gamers can play both modes solo and with multiplayer.
The gamer of the game has to do many tasks and events to play the Walking Dead Our World game like loot of crates, and events which are scattered everywhere in the game. For searching them, gamer can explore the city with the help of map. On the way gamer encounters with walkers, infestations, protect the survivors and take them to safer places. Along the ways, gamer can collect weapons as well as hero cards.
Weapon cards – weapon cards indicates the wealth of weapons and guns to mow down dead walkers.
Hero cards – these cards bring companions to help gamer in the battle.
Perks cards – these are incredibly assets passive storage cap and state increaser.
Weapon and Perk cards can be differentiating by the rarities. But hero cards also come with multiple rarities. Now, choose the weapons and areas to play the game.
The Sims Mobile is the game in which there are thousands of different and interesting tasks and activities present which the users need to complete in order to make progress in it. The game is recently launched by Electronic Arts, and its size is almost 97 MB. In the same game, there are various types of in-game currency present which the players have to earn an effective amount to play it easily without facing any type of problem.
The more and more currency you have in the game the easier it becomes for you to deal with it. Not only is the in-game currency, in The Sims Mobile there are various objectives, but challenges and events also present which people need to accomplish as to earn currency or to move to the next level in the same game. In it, players can also make use of The Sims Mobile Hack 2019 to unlock everything they want, and with the help of it, they also get an unlimited amount of currency and all other significant things.
In-app purchases – the major thing which every player should know that they are provided with in-app purchases feature in the game. It means that they can purchase anything which is present with the help of their real-life money also.
Cheats and hack – another major thing is that if the players of The Sims Mobile feel that the game is little harder, then they can also make use of cheats as well as The Sims Mobile Hack 2019 to make it's easy or to get anything easily.
Tasks and activities – it means that in the same game there are thousands of different and classic activities given. It is important for the players to complete these activities and all the tasks to go far in The Sims Mobile.
Therefore, these are 3 main or you can say interesting things about The Sims Mobile which every player should know.
In today's costliness, world currencies are the crucial part most of the games. The company will give it for knowing the value of real-life currencies in human life. There are lots of these kind games available on the store, but empires and puzzles are best one. Here you can easily play with friends and worldwide players. It is contained with amazing graphics which will allow you to experience the real action puzzle world. On the store, this is also called a source of happiness because of its amazing features. In the game, you can easily utilize your spare time.
Here the currencies play a potential role for performing different kinds of activities. We can also say that if you want to do purchase and sale related tasks, then currencies are needed. Here today we will share some deep guide about coins. If you want to get information, then read the article with focus.
It is called the primary type of currencies for upgrading the elements. It is essential for enchasing the cards skills and performance. Via help of it you can quickly boost the winning chances and level. You can also use it for unlocking some premium resources with Empires and Puzzles Hack 2019. Here this is not easy to obtain but some special ways like connect with a social site and complete all challenges make it possible.
Here the iron is types of premium currency which is helpful too but premium things. IN the empires and puzzles you can use it to purchase the foods and heroes. You can also spend it for boosting the level and unlock some resources. Via collecting the daily rewards and completing the daily challenges, you can quickly gain lots of rewards. Under these rewards a huge amount of iron is present.
Hope that this complete guidance is useful to get the whole detail about currencies. You should always spend it on valuable items because these both are man part of the game. If you have enough amount of Gems and iron, then upgrade the cards skills and abilities.
Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire – More Things to Know!
Well, the games are the best source to utilize your free time as by playing it regularly. By playing the game daily, one can become stress-free and also feel relaxed. Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire is the top-grossing game these days with more than over 100 million downloads.
Epic Action LLC produced Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire and its size is varies with device. Users can download the game from either the Play store or Apple store. Another easy way to get the game is by downloading its apk from different sources on the internet and then easily installs it in your mobile or device.
It means that the rewards and gifts which are present in the game. Users should collect all their earned rewards in order to get a good amount of in-game currency with Final Fantasy XV A New Empire Hack. They need to play more and more missions in order to gain a right of in-game currency or many other useful rewards.
The game also contains various types of daily quests which the users need to complete. The more and more daily quests they accomplish in Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire the more they earn rewards and gifts which plays an essential role in the game.
Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire consists of various types of special events which are necessary for the users to complete. Every week there are some new and interesting events added to the game. By completing the events, one should earn a good amount of in-game currency which is used in every activity in the game.
The game we are talking about is the best strategy based game with almost 100million downloads. It is the most playable game among all and spreads rapidly all across the world. The players need to practice it a lot in order to play it properly and perfectly. In order to become the best player in it, one must play it regularly on a daily basis. The more you play the game, the more you become perfect in it.


Being a parent in today's world is not an easy task. In general parents tend to face lots of challenges when it comes to bringing up their kids, to make things even worse is the fact that being a parent in today's world brings with it lots of scrutiny from all sides. Despite all those issues parents of this age are blessed to have technology that never existed in the past. For instance, there are lots of cool gadgets that you can use as a parent so as to make parenting much easier for you and with things such as IndieGoGo and Kickstarter, there are bound to be other useful gadgets that you can make use off. In this article we will be looking at some of this gadgets that if purchased can go a long way in you out with parenting.
On of the toughest issues that are associated with being a parent is making sure that your kid eats his/her vegetables. This particular process is usually very had and some parents have even given up on feeding their kids vegetables as its simply impossible for them to eat it. The Nutri Ninja Pro will come in handy when dealing with such issues as it will help you sneak in vegetables like a pro with your kids even knowing about. So how does it work? Well, you can easily make veggie or fruit smoothies for your kid and trust he/she won't know exactly what they are sipping. The Nutri Ninja Pro goes for around 99 U.S. dollars.
Checkout out next article for more on cool gadgets all parents should have.


text:
#include "lodepng.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*
3 ways to decode a PNG from a file to RGBA pixel data (and 2 in-memory ways).
*/

/*
Example 1
Decode from disk to raw pixels with a single function call
*/
void decodeOneStep(const char* filename)
{
  unsigned error;
  unsigned char* image;
  unsigned width, height;

  error = lodepng_decode32_file(&image, &width, &height, filename);
  if(error) printf("error %u: %s\n", error, lodepng_error_text(error));

  /*use image here*/

  free(image);
}

/*
Example 2
Load PNG file from disk to memory first, then decode to raw pixels in memory.
*/
void decodeTwoSteps(const char* filename)
{
  unsigned error;
  unsigned char* image;
  unsigned width, height;
  unsigned char* png = 0;
  size_t pngsize;

  error = lodepng_load_file(&png, &pngsize, filename);
  if(!error) error = lodepng_decode32(&image, &width, &height, png, pngsize);
  if(error) printf("error %u: %s\n", error, lodepng_error_text(error));

  free(png);

  /*use image here*/

  free(image);
}

/*
Example 3
Load PNG file from disk using a State, normally needed for more advanced usage.
*/
void decodeWithState(const char* filename)
{
  unsigned error;
  unsigned char* image;
  unsigned width, height;
  unsigned char* png = 0;
  size_t pngsize;
  LodePNGState state;

  lodepng_state_init(&state);
  /*optionally customize the state*/

  error = lodepng_load_file(&png, &pngsize, filename);
  if(!error) error = lodepng_decode(&image, &width, &height, &state, png, pngsize);
  if(error) printf("error %u: %s\n", error, lodepng_error_text(error));

  free(png);

  /*use image here*/
  /*state contains extra information about the PNG such as text chunks, ...*/

  lodepng_state_cleanup(&state);
  free(image);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  const char* filename = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "test.png";

  decodeOneStep(filename);

  return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our program is a unique combination of best middle school practices and Montessori education. We provide a small and trusting community that allows students to explore the construction of themselves while engaging in meaningful and challenging work. Our curriculum is based on experiential learning, meaning that students learn through hands-on experiences and by doing their own research. Large blocks of interrupted work time are built into the day for students to create their work schedule. This is very different from traditional schools where classes and time are divided time by individual subjects. The concepts that are studied in Montessori schools are integrated into all subject areas so that students are able to see a connecting theme in language arts, social studies, science, math, and the real world. The Montessori teacher is trained in each subject, enabling deeper learning between subjects to occur.
There is a high level of expectation on all assignments and assessments and students must demonstrate mastery of a concept before moving on to the next. The program curriculum is differentiated and student-centered so that each student may proceed at her own pace. The parent, student, teacher partnership is essential and involves communicating clearly with each other on a regular basis. Students lead their own conferences each semester and use this time to self-assess their academic achievement, academic skills, and life related skills. All of these practices empower students to take responsibility of their own learning.
Each academic year includes five cycles of work followed by an immersion week for service learning, field trips, and business internships. Our ongoing service learning project is in partnership with a local nature preserve. We work on and with the land together as it is the Montessori philosophy to connect with nature. Our field trips are always related to what we are studying and help students apply what we are learning to what is going on in the community.
This is a crucial time for students to establish independence in the classroom, at home, and in the larger community. Montessori middle school does not just prepare students for high school, it is a place for transformative learning. Our ultimate goal is for students to be academically competent, self-aware, engaged in the community, and respectful to all others and the environment. We hope that our adolescents grow to be the creative, compassionate, highly-adaptive, solution oriented adults of tomorrow.
Kat has worked with all ages at Alegria since 2012. She is finishing her Montessori Secondary training at Houston Montessori Center in Texas. She is in the process of obtaining a Master's in Education with a focus on Montessori Integrative Learning from Endicott College in MA. Kat is a St. Petersburg native and Florida State University graduate. Kat loves nature, art, music, traveling and spending quality time with family and friends. She is excited to start the middle school program at Alegria and share her passion of learning with students.


text:
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    xmlns:card_view="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:clickable="true"
    android:foreground="?android:attr/selectableItemBackground"
    card_view:cardBackgroundColor="?attr/appBackgroundColor"
    card_view:cardCornerRadius="0dp">

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical"
        android:paddingBottom="10dp"
        android:paddingTop="15dp">

        <include layout="@layout/item_userinfo" />

        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/statusTextView"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_marginBottom="5dp"
            android:layout_marginLeft="15dp"
            android:layout_marginRight="15dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
            android:textSize="16sp" />

        <include
            android:id="@+id/urlPreviewLayout"
            layout="@layout/url_preview"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="96dp"
            android:layout_gravity="center"
            android:layout_marginLeft="15dp"
            android:layout_marginRight="15dp" />

        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/retweetTextView"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_marginLeft="15dp"
            android:layout_marginRight="15dp"
            android:fontFamily="sans-serif-thin" />

        <include layout="@layout/item_interaction" />

    </LinearLayout>

</android.support.v7.widget.CardView>


DC Comedy Club Tickets for 2 – 9 Show Dates!
Enjoy a side-splitting night out with two tickets to the DC Comedy Club! Featuring some incredible live stand-up comedy from a variety of knock out comedians. Follow them on Facebook to find out which faces will be appearing! At The Derby Conference Centre in Wilmorton, just outside Derby city centre. Takes place at 7.30pm on the following dates throughout the year: 16th Feb, 23rd Mar, 27th Apr, 18th May, 28th Jun, 19th Jul, 14th Sep, 19th Oct and 16th Nov 2019!


Pacific Standard Time (PST) on January 8th, 2014 and lotto results and prizes ending at 7:00.m.Ive used my version for gift card application years and.During the Twitter party Ill be tweeting about my own appliances, my favorites and which ones I cant live without, sharing a few appliance..
At the time of print, subscription to the service.99 per month.Battlefield 1 Standard is available for pre-order at a number of different retailers and will be released on 21st October 2016 for Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC or players can pre-order Battlefield 1 Early Enlister Deluxe Edition..
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The village of Pentridge, whose name comes from the Celtic and means 'hill of the wild boar', lies in an isolated spot on Cranborne Chase in the north-east corner of Dorset. The village can only be reached by a narrow, winding cul-de-sac, which runs south-east off the old Roman road between Blandford and Salisbury. It is an ancient landscape with seventeen scheduled ancient monuments lying within the parish: Bokerley Dyke, Ackling Dyke Roman, part of the Dorset Cursus (associated with the Neolithic cult of the dead), an Iron Age hill fort on Penbury Knoll, ancient field systems and a number of long and round barrows. In 1841 there were 52 houses in Pentridge, housing a total population of 244 people. In the intervening years the population has declined sharply and there are now just 29 houses in Pentridge, with a total of seven Grade II listed buildings.
On 25 September 1776 Cornelius, the son of John and Mary Kerley, was baptised in the parish church of St. Rumbold. As far as we know, Cornelius Kerley left no written record of his life but a great deal can be pieced together from official records: his story - and the immense distances that he travelled from his Dorset home - is therefore the story of the great events that took place while he was serving with two different regiments over a period of almost twenty years. Described later as 'Five Feet eight & ½ Inches in height, Dark Brown Hair, Grey Eyes, Fair Complexion and by Trade a Labourer', he enlisted in the 54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot on 18 December 1797, having been recruited by Lieutenant Charles Frederick at Rathkeale, a small market town near Limerick. It was an entirely appropriate - but almost certainly completely accidental - choice of regiment. The 54th Foot, having become desperately depleted during the campaign on St. Vincent in the Windward Islands, had arrived in Ireland on 18 March 1797 just 150 strong.
Having played a minor role in the suppression of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, fomented by Wolfe Tone and the Society of the United Irishmen, the 54th Foot sailed for England on 1 March 1800. By 1 July 1800 the Regiment had completed the formation of two battalions and both sailed from Netley, near Southampton, to take part in that autumn's abortive expedition to raid the Spanish arsenals at Ferrol and Cadiz. After spending two uncomfortable and frustrating months in transports, there was suddenly the prospect of some real fighting. On 1 July 1798 Napoleon had landed in Egypt with 34,000 men, defeating Murad Bey's army in the Battle of the Pyramids outside Cairo three weeks later. However, disaster struck the French when, in an audacious stroke on 1 August, Nelson destroyed Napoleon warships anchored in Aboukir Bay (the transports had already sailed back to France). The vaunted Armée de l'Orient was now cut off in Egypt. A year later, after an abortive attempt to capture St. Jean d'Acre, news reached Napoleon that there was turmoil in France following a setback in Italy: he slipped past the Royal Navy blockade and left Egypt, never to return. On 24 October 1800 both battalions of the 54th Foot sailed from Gibraltar to join the expedition, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, to expel the French from Egypt. Private Cornelius Kerley was a member of Captain John Cairnes's Company of the 2nd Battalion, 54th Regiment of Foot. On 8 March 1801 - after pleasant soujorns for resupply, exercise and training at Minorco, Malta and Rhodes - the British landed at Aboukir Bay.
As far as the 2/54th was concerned, the landing was inexpensive: it cost the Battalion just one man killed and one officer and ten men wounded. On 13 March, however, the Battalion suffered badly from artillery fire, to which it was unable to reply, during an abortive British advance. In all, twelve men were killed and six officers (including Captain Cairnes, whose company was hardest hit) and 37 men wounded. After an encouraging start, the day had ended in something of a stalemate, and the attack was abandoned. Eight days later the French sallied forth in strength, leading to a desperate encounter, during which Sir Ralph Abercromby was fatally wounded. During this series of engagements the two battalions of the 54th Foot had suffered casualties of eleven officers and 142 men. The monthly Muster Books record that Private Cornelius Kerley was 'sick present' on both 24 March and 24 May, as were approximately 20% of the men of his Battalion. There was then an interlude during which new British Commander-in-Chief, Major-General John Hely Hutchinson, persuaded Général Belliard to surrender the garrison of 13,000 soldiers in Cairo on 29 June, on the promise of a safe passage to France.
Private Cornelius Kerley In the meantime the 54th Foot was engaged in a holding operation in front of Alexandria, with the French not daring to test their resolve after the drubbing they had received on 21 March. In mid-August General Hutchinson - boosted by reinforcements from England - decided to outflank Alexandria and attack from the west. The 1/54th was to reduce Fort Marabout, 'a very strong regular fort', in a commanding position in the British rear. Under covering fire from the 54th's Light Company, two batteries of guns were hauled over the sand and, after three days of heavy shelling, Fort Marabout had fallen, enabling British ships to enter the Old Harbour. On 22 August the main assault force - which included the 2/54th - commenced five days of determined advance on the city's defences, before the French asked for terms on 26 August. It had been a hard campaign and, in addition to the battle casualties, 'dreadful fevers and dysentery had been terribly rife, while ophthalmia had left several hundreds completely blind besides affecting the sight of others.' Looking through the Pay Lists, it is interesting to note that, while the lieutenant-colonel was paid 15s 11d per day, a private soldier received just 15s 6d per month.
On 6 July 1802 all regiments that took part in the campaign were awarded the distinction of 'Egypt' with the Sphinx above 'as a distinguished mark of His Majesty's royal approbation'. In January 1842, by way of compensation for the withdrawal - for the inevitable cost reasons - of the second of the two guns captured at Fort Marabout, which had hitherto been allowed to accompany the 54th Foot on its various postings, the Regiment was awarded the unique battle honour 'Marabout'. After the Egyptian expedition both battalions returned to Gibraltar on 15 March 1802, with Cornelius Kerley switching between two transports, the Fydes and the Osborn. The Peace of Amiens, which was signed on 27 March 1802, led to premature optimism about the prospects for long-term prospects for a lasting peace in Europe and the resulting disbandment of the 2nd Battalion, 54th Foot just three months later. In any event many of the soldiers were Militia men who had extended their service for the prospect of some fighting.
That December the 54th Foot helped to suppress a mutiny on Gibraltar, prompted by the harsh disciplinary measures of the new Governor and Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of Kent. On Christmas Eve the men of one battalion, having just received their pay (always the most vulnerable moment in army life), broke into their armoury, seized weapons and swarmed into the town. However, the 54th Foot remained steadfast under orders, disarmed the mutineers, arrested the ringleaders and restored order, as they were to do again two days later, when another battalion mutinied. In gratitude, the Duke of Kent, later the father of Queen Victoria, presented the 54th Foot with a fine silver punchbowl on which is recorded his 'high sense' of the Regiment's 'steady discipline and good conduct'. In late autumn 1804 'a malignant fever' struck Gibraltar and, according to a letter published in The Times, 'two-thirds of the inhabitants, it was supposed, had fallen, to the number of 3,000'. Although the garrison was less affected, there were 450 cases out of a total strength of 750 in the 54th Foot: over 100 died, including no less than seven officers. Just days after the battle of Trafalgar the bulk of the 54th Foot returned to England, being stationed at Colchester, before sailing for Jamaica in January 1807.
However, Cornelius Kerley's experiences were very different. On 14 December 1805 a transport carrying three officers and 132 men of the 54th Foot - including Cornelius Kerley - was intercepted off Brest by a French squadron under Admiral Willaumez, flying his flag in the Foudroyant. Three days later the same squadron captured three companies of the Queen's Regiment on another transport returning home from Gibraltar and all the prisoners were transferred to the 1,084-ton, 40-gun frigate Volontaire, under the command of Captain Bretel. On 4 March 1806 the Volontaire sailed into Table Bay, the rendezvous agreed with Amiral Willaumez. Duped by the fact that the forts still flew the Dutch flag, although the British had taken possession on 12 January that year, the Volontaire found itself threatened by three 64-gun British ships, HMS Diadem, HMS Raisonable and HMS Belliqeux - and promptly struck its colours. Although a dozen of the prisoners of the 54th Foot had since died, the rest were released from beneath the hatches, where they had been held since their capture. However, they were soon launched upon another adventure.
Having heard from the master of an American merchantman that the inhabitants of the cities of the Rio de la Plata were 'so ridden by their government' that they would willingly join the British, Commodore Sir Home Popham took it upon himself to organise an expedition. On 14 April 1806 Popham's entire squadron of nine warships, together with a small invasion force under Major-General William Carr Beresford (later 1st Viscount Beresford), sailed from Cape Town. Buenos Aires, even then a substantial city, with a population of over 70,000, surrendered on 2 July. According to Fortescue in his History of the British Army: 'Sir Home Popham, for his part, took the extraordinary step of sending a circular round the leading merchants of London, reporting that he had opened a gigantic market for their goods and inviting them to take advantage of it.' In response to Beresford's urgent appeal for reinforcements, two battalions, including all the members of the 54th Foot still fit for duty - two officers and 110 men, Cornelius Kerley among them - found a safe anchorage on the south side of the Rio de la Plata, within striking distance of Montevideo, on 4 October. Before they even arrived, however, things had already begun to go badly awry: Beresford and his men had been forced to surrender, after a three-day insurrection on 12 August, having suffered heavy casualties.
It wasn't until Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty, with an additional 4,000 troops - together with numbers of merchants, speculators and opportunists - arrived in January 1807 that the British force was strong enough to invest and assault the city of Montevideo. The small party of the 54th Foot were assigned the role of the 'forlorn hope': while they had the honour of being the first through the 'practicable' breach in the city walls, there was little expectation that many would survive the ordeal. Storming through the breach three abreast in the early hours of 3 February, the 54th's 'forlorn hope' played a full part in the capture of the city, which surrendered the same day. One participant later wrote: 'We drove the enemy from the batteries, and massacred with sword or bayonet all whom we found carrying arms - the general's orders had been not to plunder or enter any house, or injure any woman, child, or man not carrying arms. When we reached the gunwharf, we found some twenty or thirty negroes chained to the guns. We spared them and later found them useful for burying the dead.' Four regiments - the 38th, 40th, 87th and 95th Foot - were awarded the battle honour 'Monte Video'. The British then made a crucial mistake by publishing a bilingual newspaper, La Estrella del Plata, in which they demanded that the colonists should agree to become part of the British Empire, which served only to alienate most of them. It did not help that the British also turned 14,000 inhabitants out of their houses.
Unfortunately that singular success, achieved by nine o'clock that morning, was a rarity on a day that was to see two British brigades routed and most of their men forced to surrender (including the detached Light Company of the 1/87th at the Convent of Santo Domingo). Having had over one-third of his force incapacitated, General Whitelocke decided to withdraw. Terms, including the release of the prisoners, were agreed two days later. That terrible day the 87th Foot lost no less than seven officers and 80 men killed and ten officers and 320 men wounded - and were reduced to just 225 effectives. Of the officers, only Lieutenant-Colonel Butler and seven subalterns remained on their feet. The British troops withdrew from Buenos Aires on 12 July and on 2 August the survivors of the 1/87th Foot embarked at Montevideo to return to the Cape of Good Hope. There were no battle honours or medals for a defeated army, however gallantly they had fought. Both Commodore Sir Home Popham and General John Whitelocke were court-martialled: the former was 'severely reprimanded' for 'quitting his station without orders' while the latter was 'cashiered, and declared totally unfit, and unworthy, to serve his Majesty in any Military Capacity whatever'. The whole episode served to spur the colonists towards self-government: on 9 July 1816 the Congreso de Tucumán proclaimed the independence of the Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata, which became the Argentine Confederation in 1831 and the Argentine Republic in 1860.
The campaign in South America evidently had an adverse effect on the 1/87th Foot. When they were reviewed on 11 May 1808 the inspecting officer noted that courts-martial were 'very frequent' while 'there are many characters of the worst description in this Regiment, presumably drafted into the Corps on its leaving South America for this Colony'. On 23 October 1810 the 1/87th Foot sailed from the Cape of Good Hope, part of an expeditionary force tasked with seizing control of Mauritius from the French. On 29 November the fleet anchored in Grande Bale, twelve miles north-east of Port Louis, and a strong naval brigade was landed. This force proved too strong for the disaffected French militia and the island surrendered on 2 December, without any input from the officers and men of the 87th Foot. The 1/87th Foot remained on garrison duties on Mauritius for almost five years and, although the fighting was over, the Casualty Returns show that an average of ten men per month died from disease. While there wasn't a great deal to do, 'the men got plenty of musketry practice'.
On 16 June 1815 the bulk of the Battalion sailed from Port Louis, arriving at Fort William (now Calcutta) in Bengal on 3 August. Not long after their arrival the Rajah of Nepal refused to ratify the treaty agreed by his ambassadors, and a punitive expedition was despatched, under the command of Major-General Sir David Ochterlony. On 9 February 1816 the soldiers began their march through the Sal forest: 'Objects of the strangest nature continually attracted attention. Magnificent trees, covered with fruit, of various unknown species; birds of rich plumage but most discordant notes; bands of monkeys, chattering as the troops marched under the huge trees, in which these denizens of the forest had remained undisturbed for ages, excited the surprise of the soldiers. Great difficulty was also experienced in carrying the guns through the forest, which was accomplished by the personal exertions of each individual.' On 28 February the Light Company of the 1/87th Foot suffered ten killed and 34 wounded during heavy fighting on a ridge near Muckwanpore. The expedition was successful and a treaty was signed on 3 March 1816.
However, Private Cornelius Kerley took no part in this campaign: his military career was drawing to a close. According to the records, he sailed from 'Isle France' in March 1816 and, by 24 March, was 'on command at Calcutta', a member of Captain William Cavanagh's Company. However, just a week later, Cornelius Kerley was 'in consequence of ophthalmia of long standing, contracted in Egypt on service, considered unfit for further Service Abroad, and is proposed to be Discharged and has been ordered to the Army Depôt in the Isle of Wight that his case might be finally determined, on having first received all just demands of Pay, Clothing &c from his entry into the said Regiment to the date of this Discharge as appears of the back hereof.' On 3 June 1816 Private Cornelius Kerley acknowledged that he 'had received all my Clothing, Pay, Arrears of Pay and all just Demands whatsoever from the time of my enlisting in the Regiment mentioned on the other side to the day of my Discharge.' It was noted that he had 'received his Coat, Cape, and Shoes, and Ten Shillings and Sixpence Sterling to complete his Clothing for the Year 1815'. Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Miller, his Commanding Officer, wrote: 'I hereby certify that the cause which has rendered it necessary to Discharge the within mentioned Private Corns Curley stated on the opposite side has not arisen from vice or misconduct and that he is not to my knowledge incapacitated by the sentence of a General Court Martial from receiving his Pension.' He spent the rest of that year 'invalided at Calcutta'.
Some time after 25 March 1817 Private Cornelius Curley was 'invalided and sent to Europe'. On 9 February 1817 it was officially confirmed by the Physician to the Forces that Cornelius Curley was 'unfit for further service' and the complicated discharge process was finally completed on 11 November 1817. Private Cornelius Kerley was duly discharged to pension after a total of twenty years' service: 9 years and 6 months with the 54th Foot and 10 years and 6 months with the 87th Foot. In an astonishing odyssey, he had served in Ireland, at both ends of the Mediterranean, in South Africa and South America, on Mauritius and in India. Now he was free to return home to Dorset - to domesticity and a well-deserved pension. Cornelius Kerley was married, at St. Rumbold, Pentridge on 16 August 1818, to Mary Bright of the neighbouring hamlet of Woodgates. On 12 September 1819 their only daughter, Sarah, was baptised in the same church. In both the 1841 and 1851 censuses of Dorset, Cornelius Kerley described himself as a 'Chelsea Pensioner'.
On 1 June 1847 Horse Guards issued a General Order, published in the London Gazette, inviting applications for the Military General Service 1793-1814. As an afterthought, the bar for Egypt, the most distant in date, was authorised in 1850, two years after the medals had first been issued. Since it was almost fifty years after the events that it commemorated, it is perhaps unsurprising that there were just 47 successful applications - 6 officers and 41 men - from those who had served in that memorable campaign with the 54th Foot. Private Cornelius Kerley was one of them, having been able to demonstrate through the carefully-preserved Muster Lists that he took part in the campaign. In the case of those who had died between application and dispatch, the medals were sent to the next-of-kin.
According to his death certificate, Cornelius Kerley died at Cranborne on 31 January 1855, having suffered from dropsy - or a swelling of the tissues due to the accumulation of excess water - for four months. His daughter, Sarah Sellwood, was 'present at the death'. On 4 February 1855 Cornelius Kerley was buried in the churchyard of St. Rumbold: the Reverend Duncan Campbell, Rector of Pentridge, officiated at the ceremony. There is no gravestone in the churchyard to Cornelius Kerley and, at this distance in time, it is quite possible that his medal is the only physical relic of a varied and unusual life.


text:
Q: Laravel Service Provider bypassed I have the following Class:
<?php

namespace App\CustomClasses;

class Disqus {

    protected $secretKey;
    protected $publicKey;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->secretKey = 'abc';
        $this->publicKey = '123';
    }

    public function payload()
    {
    ...
    }

}

I have also created a Service Provider (simplified bellow), to bind this class to the IOC container:
<?php namespace App\Providers;

use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
use App\CustomClasses\Disqus;

class DisqusServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider {

    public function register()
    {
        $this->app->singleton('Disqus', function() {
            return new Disqus();
        });
    }

    public function boot()
    {
        //
    }

}

And in my controller:
<?php

use App\CustomClasses\Disqus;

class ArticlesController extends Controller {

    public function view(Disqus $disqus)
    {
    ...
    //$disqus = App::make('Disqus');
    return View::make('articles.view', compact(array('disqus')));
    }
}

The problem is that whenever I use the $disqus variable, it is not 'generated' from the Service Provider, but the Disqus class itself.
However, when I have $disqus = App::make('Disqus');, the variable goes through the service provider.
So my question is, since the binding exists in the Service Provider, shouldn't the $disqus variable come from the DisqusServiceProvider rather than the Disqus class directly when I use it in my controller?
Am I missing something?
Thanks in advance for any help.

A: When the controller's action requires an object of class App\CustomClasses\Disqus to be passed, the service container searches its mappings for the class name of the dependency to see if it has the corresponding service. However, it uses the fully qualified class name and this is the reason it doesn't work correctly in your case.
In your service provider you have bound the service to Disqus, while the fully qualified class name is App\CustomClasses\Disqus. Use the fully qualified class name in the provider and it should work.


RunningAHEAD - Topic: Hey the shirts not too small after all.
User Groups > Harpeth Hills Flying Monkey Marathon > Forum > Hey the shirts not too small after all.
Didn't you get two shirts?
Ha. I guess you could keep one of those Monkey tats in reserve for you son just in case he starts to grab the shirt.
FWIW - I lost the t-shirt to one of my boys. Right out of the damn hamper. And I quote - "This shirt is very cool dad. How come you have it?"
Hey, this is Trent's way of "helping" us all to eat healthy, and keep running. Especially during this holiday time when all the goodies are waved in front of our faces! Mazel tov, Trent, you did it again!
my shirt fit me just fine. what's the dealio?


Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a Russian scientist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, is widely regarded today as the 'father of rocketry.' Among his many contributions to the fields of astronautics and cosmonautics, Tsiolkovsky was the first to solve the problem of propelling a rocket against the forces of the Earth's gravitational field, an innovation that paved the way to space exploration. Tsiolkovsky believed that his theories regarding space exploration would not become useful for many generations. In fact, his work was rapidly enlisted in the spate of 'Space Age' research that began within just decades of Tsiolkovsky's death.
Tsiolkovsky was born in 1957 in Izhevskoye, Russia, to a Polish deportee. When he was ten years old, Tsiolkovsky contracted scarlet fever. As a consequence of his illness, he became deaf, which required him to withdraw from standard schooling. Biographers also attribute the disease and its effects as dramatically shaping Tsiolkovsky's social development and his 'immersion' in his scientific interests. Instead of studying in the village school, Tsiolkovsky studied independently at home. He systematically read every book in his father's library. By the age of 16, he had adequately prepared himself to be accepted into a program of university studies in Moscow. Upon graduation, Tsiolkovsky became a teacher of science and mathematics, living in Borovsk and later in Kaluga.
Tsiolkovsky's achievements were not only theoretical. He also drew up plans for a monoplane in 1894, which was flown successfully over twenty years later, in 1915. In 1897, he built the first wind tunnel in Russia, which proved vital for future research projects.
Tsiolkovsky also had great faith in a vision of mankind successfully expanding beyond Earth, in triumphant colonization of space. He famously wrote, 'The Earth is the cradle of humanity, but mankind cannot stay in the cradle forever.' In his scientific and his more novelistic writings, Tsiolkovsky affirmed the goal of space exploration to be the pursuit of happiness, both for human beings and any other forms of life. Tsiolkovsky believed, further, that living in outer space, without the forces of gravity, would positively impact human development, both physiologically and mentally. He predicted that mankind's expansion into outer space would transform our thinking patterns and even elevate our moral and ethical sense.
Today, Tsiolkovsky's writings are considered the founding works of the field that became known as rocket dynamics. While the use of rockets dates back to 12th century China, Tsiolkovsky was the first to study their operation within a mathematical and scientific framework, eventually laying the groundwork for rocket-powered launches beyond the Earth's atmosphere. For these reasons, Tsiolkovsky is often considered a principal forerunner to the space age.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Brochures - The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum provides a short overview of Tsiolkovsky's accomplishments and three brochures.
NASA Bio: Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky - NASA's website offers a biography of Tsiolkovsky.
New Mexico Museum of Space History - This article from the New Mexico Museum of Space History details Tsiolkovsky's life and accomplishments.
Tsiolkovsky, Goddard and Obert: Three Fathers of Rocketry - This article covers three major figures in the history of rocketry.
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky: A Biography - The Aeronautics Library for Science, Technology and Research covers Tsiolkovsky's life.
All About Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky - This site offers a biographical account of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's life and scientific legacy.
Nikolai Federov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the Roots of the Russian Space Program - This overview of a public talk outlines the contributions of three scientists.
Russian Space Web: Tsiolkovsky Articles - This website offers several detailed articles on Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's life, legacy and beliefs.
Selected Works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - A book review outlines Tsiolkovsky's body of work and legacy.
The Foundations of the Space Age - An in-depth article on Tsiolkovsky covers his early biography and later achievements.
"On the Moon", by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - This story by Tsiolkovsky was translated into English by Sibelan Forrester.
Prominent Russians: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - In a feature on prominent Russians, Russia Today provides background on Tsiolkovsky's life and accomplishments.


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