text:
Excerpt of California Calling, by Natalie Singer
By TNB Nonfiction
There are four stages of interrogation; the first is called Formation. Before the interrogation comes the need for it to occur and the mandate to undertake it. At this stage, the framework is established for how the interrogation may be determined, including the level of coercion that is permitted or not allowed.
What happened in the library?
My affair with California begins long before we meet. I am nine, tucked between stacks in the school library on the second floor. For years after, decades, I will have dreams about the second floor of this school. I will wrestle in my sleep to remember what the hallway looked like as it hooked a sharp right, to the farthest reaches of the building where only the sixth-graders went. I will smell the disinfectant wafting off the floors and hear the squeak of untied sneakers. I will remember, without knowing if it is real, a tide of anxiety about the girls' bathroom—dirty stalls, cold tile, donut-shaped communal drinking fountain into which one could easily fall, or be pushed.
Episode 503 — Liska Jacobs
By TNB Editors
Now playing on Otherppl, a conversation with Liska Jacobs. Her debut novel Catalina is available from MCD/FSG.
Get the free Otherppl app.
Listen via iTunes.
Support the show at Patreon or via PayPal.
Patrick O'Neil: The TNB Self-Interview
My memoir: Gun Needle Spoon begins with the last years of my heroin addiction, my consequent descent into crime, primarily armed bank robbery, and my eventual incarceration. My final arrest was June 25, 1997, and I look back at the person that I was then and wonder who that person was. He certainly is not who I am today. Over the last 18 years I have worked hard to instigate such an internal psychological change. If you had told me then that I'd become a recovering drug addict, a published author and a college instructor, I would have laughed and told you, "no fuckin' way, dude!" Heroin addiction's mental and physical stranglehold combined with the junkie tunnel vision of procuring the drug at all costs, mentally altered me from the person I was meant to be and the direction I was heading. In 1977 I was an artistic kid at art school right as punk rock hit the radar and the music world exploded, flash-forward twenty years later, I was a semi-illiterate career-criminal facing a 25 to Life Sentence under California's Three Strike Law, and wondering how the hell it had all turned out so wrong. Patti Smith said, "I never thought I was gonna make 30." Well, I never thought I was going to make 21. It has been a long road to get to who and where I am now, and it makes me wonder what the "1997 Patrick" would have to say to the Patrick of today.
Excerpt of Gun, Needle, Spoon, by Patrick O'Neil
San Francisco, June 25, 1997
Chunks of the doorframe fly through the air and fall on either side of me. I stand there, immobile. A hundred cops outside, some in uniform, some not, guns drawn, faces and bodies tense. A tall, heavyset blonde police officer steps forward through the doorway and smacks me in the face with the butt of her shotgun as more cops push past her and into the apartment. I lie on the floor, a foot across my throat, a knee in my groin, a shotgun and a 9mm leveled at my head.
Review of California by Edan Lepucki
By Adam Colman
In Edan Lepucki's California, a novel about life after widespread economic, political, and ecological collapse, a main character regards herself as a performer without appreciators. This character, Frida, lives in the woods after cities have crumbled due to all manner of human weakness, and she realizes that here, "No one was looking. Her audience was sucked away." It's one of the stranger promises of the end of the world: should you somehow survive it, no one will see you anymore. If, however, you're inclined toward narcissism and an unmet craving for attention, you might already have experience with this heightened sense of yourself surrounded by little else.
Rod's Lonely Night
By Aram Saroyan
In the winter of 1976, I committed the professional and personal faux pas of giving a poetry reading with Rod McKuen. It took place at the Veterans Auditorium in downtown San Francisco and was supposed to be a benefit for the San Francisco State University poetry program.
Inside Change: What Actually Happens in 'Ex-Gay' Therapy
By Peter Gajdics
There's no doubt that with the California state legislature passing a bill to ban therapies aimed at trying to "change" the sexual orientation of minors, "reparative therapy" is once again going to make headlines. I was in a form of reparative therapy in British Columbia, Canada, for six years, after which I filed a medical malpractice suit against my former psychiatrist, "Dr. Alfonzo," for treating my homosexuality as a disease. If this new law in California is to be criticized, it is because the use of "change" therapies on people older than 18 should be prohibited as well. I was 24 when I met Dr. Alfonzo, 31 when I left his therapy, and almost 40 when the lawsuit ended in an out-of-court settlement in 2003.
The Breakup Lullaby of Broadway
By Lauren Eggert-Crowe
At 3 a.m. on the morning before Independence Day, I drove six hours from Santa Cruz to Los Angeles on a mission to seduce my closest male friend. Nathan and I had been buddies in high school but drifted apart afterwards; it was only recently that we'd rekindled our connection. We'd spent the past year logging long hours in online conversations laced with a potent combo of flirty chemistry and neediness. Our chats were late-night confessionals on crushes, love, and sex; I was his virtual wing-girl. We were building a strong friendship too, but I knew I was falling for him when I wanted to stay up past midnight basking in the twin glows of my laptop screen and my newly minted role as Nathan's confidante, instead of crawling into bed with my boyfriend of six years, who I lived with.
What It Was Like Writing a Book
of Nonfiction
By Jamie Iredell
I drove en route to a one-bedroom cabin set off a lonely road from a remote highway in the north Georgia mountains where I'd have no cell phone reception. The cabin came with a mini-fridge, a shower and kitchen sink, a twin bed, a desk upon which I'd perch my computer, and the chair in which I'd sit to write. The windows looked out on a swath of mixed evergreen and deciduous forest that, in the duration of my stay, would blend into a kaleidoscopic of green and the yellow, orange, and red of fall.
Review of NowTrends, by
Karl Taro Greenfeld
By Richard Thomas
Karl Taro Greenfeld's NowTrends (Short Flight/Long Drive Books) is worth reading simply for the exotic locations and unique settings, but there is much more going on in this collection. A layered sadness permeates these stories, often soliciting sympathy for the main characters. At other times, a sense of entitlement causes the reader to become frustrated and even angry at these spoiled people. And still other stories allow us to understand the uncertainty that life offers up, even amidst important events and epic moments, unsure of how to take these revelations, unable to change—even when willing.
The Merry-Go-Round is Beginning to Taunt Me: An Exchange Between Cris Mazza and Davis Schneiderman
By Cris Mazza & Davis Schneiderman
(The Merry-Go-Round is Beginning to Taunt Me[1])
1. Author As [not circus] Dog Trainer (Cris)
You can't lie to a dog. Or you can't lie badly. While training dogs, you need to be "telling" them, with both body-language and voice, that they are the center of the universe to you, and that what they do for you—and what you're doing together—makes you happier, and means more to you, than anything else in the world. They can tell if you're lying. If you're unconsciously communicating to them that you're disappointed or upset because you're thinking about something else, something offstage—whether your life's true dilemma or your most current disappointment—they take it on as stress. To dogs, it's all about them. So the trainer has to be able to convince the dog of that, whether it's true in the trainer's larger life or not. Problem is, the dog can usually tell. A good trainer doesn't have "a larger life." It's never "just a dog" and therefore easy to lie to.
By Kris Saknussemm
For years I lived in fear of the monster that I believed emerged from a pond in the movie Hush, Hush Sweet Charlotte. I could hear the eerie song echoing in my head from some movie preview seen in childhood…visions and memory scent of the Grand Lake theater in Oakland or the Oaks in Berkeley…scenes and shadows seemingly cast on the cavernous walls of Larry Blake's restaurant where everyone in the family ate salad but me. I see the old decaying house and the long spiralling staircase from the monster's point of view as it climbs the steps, dripping leaves and mud…some awful shape of nightmare curiosity…
When I finally saw the movie all the way through many years later, I realized it wasn't a pond, but a creek, and the monstrous shape I'd been imagining all that time was really Joseph Cotten. He and the crooked Olivia de Havilland are trying to drive Bette Davis mad. What I'd been seeing in my mind and dreams was a supposedly drowned Joseph Cotten come back from the dead.
Flashback to a summer night in Tahoe…
My father's friend Bill with the deep smoky voice, his ballerina wife and their two children, Wade and Wendy, are there. Bill is going bald and his skin has a stained leather look. I think he has liver spots. The wife's hair is pulled back tight into a bun, her body is slender and petite, her face vaguely Spanish looking. My mother never knows what to say to her unless they're beating the men at bridge. She dislikes them because Bill and Dad disappear off to Stateline or Reno and gamble all night. Bill plays blackjack and has won as much as $5,000 in a weekend. Wade is a weird kid and Wendy wets her pants and cries. We go to the movies. The drive-in in South Lake Tahoe. (My God, there are still drive-in's.) A Hammer horror film is showing, The Mummy's Shroud. I cover my eyes throughout, only glimpsing up at the most terrifying moments which two decades later I realize are actually quite ludicrous. It's a hot dark August night full of bugs thick like fog in the light, and far outside the glow of the giant screen and the cinderblock snack bar the stars are trembling.
I see now that it's Bill I'm really afraid of. But back there in the car before the shining screen I don't know why. I only sense it. A darkness taking shape. I think what I'm afraid of is his deep smoky voice and the curling lip of his laugh which I never know how to take-and the way he always says my mother's name as if it's a question. It's not the colors of the movie that I close my eyes to hear…it's the way he wants me to look, the way he likes that I'm afraid. The way he eats his Good n' Plenty with methodical calm.
Wade whispers about penises and ladies' things. Wendy sobs softly and the stars dissolve over the Sierras. The smell of popcorn and steamed hotdog buns fills the car and for years I'll be afraid of a bad movie, not knowing why.
21 Questions with Colin Cunningham
By Colin Cunningham
A&C Interviews
Please explain what just happened.
There was a Big Bang, Elvis died, and then Obama tripled the deficit.
What is your earliest memory?
My ears scraping across a birth canal.
If you weren't an actor/writer/director/producer, what other profession would you choose?
One that pays.
The Thing and Where It Is (Part 2)
Continued from here
We woke up early the next morning to check the surf. It was smaller than yesterday and all blown out.
"Looks pretty shitty out there," Marty said. "And the tide's low. Maybe we should head south and get our morning session in someplace down the road."
I agreed. I'd break my neck on that reef if the waves any shallower than yesterday.
Jesus in the Sand
By Reno J. Romero
I arrived at Steve's house early in the morning. Our plan was to hit the lake early, catch some fish, and get out before the wind gathered up and froze us out. On the drive we counted four cars sporting Jesus stickers on their bumpers.
No Jesus? No peace. Know Jesus. Know Peace.
He died for me…I'll live for him.
Got Jesus?
Have a Nice Day with Jesus!
I was raised Catholic and the first chance I got to ditch Father Lopez, his unholy stink-eye, and his evil band of moody Sisters I did. I was in the 5th grade. After three years of fear sermons I'd seen and heard enough and told my parents that I quit. Even at that early age there was something about Christianity that didn't jibe with me. I found it depressing. I found it negative. I found it cruel and unsettling. And the people that packed Our Lady of Guadalupe on Sunday mornings with their cut-out smiles and scripted greetings? I thought they were professional hypocrites and full of shit.
Despite my skepticism towards the credibility of his followers I liked Jesus and his message. As a kid I prayed to Him constantly. Prayed that my family lived peacefully. Prayed that my father would stop drinking. Prayed that I'd finally kiss Anna Hernandez.
"And Jesus maybe tomorrow you'll allow me to kiss Anna. Just one kiss. You know how much I like her."
That prayer never was answered.
In fact, a lot of them were never answered.
I told Steve about my Christian background. That I went to some old church in LA called Our Lady of Guadalupe. That I hated it and wanted out. That the people that attended the church judged and fucked people over for six days and on the seventh day they clutched their worry beads and mumbled like babies. I told him that over the years I've mellowed my feelings towards Christianity. That I tried not to think of their bloody history or their blatant hatred of all things non-Christian. I told him that religion rarely crossed my mind but when I think of Christianity these days I think of Jimmy Swaggart, the insular musings of Rick Warren. I told him I think of naughty Ted Haggard and Stephen Baldwin.
"Baldwin? Isn't he an actor? The one who called his daughter a pig?"
"No, that's another Baldwin. There's like ten of them."
Steve and I have a system when we go fishing. It's very simple. He fishes and I sit on my ass looking for wildlife. When I grow bored of that I read. And when that runs its course I take a stab at writing some fiction that's void of plot and structure—all that technical business I learned in the stuffy English rooms of UNLV. At that time I was putting together a collection of creature stories. Snakes. Insects. Dogs.
A giant hog named Benny that lives in Barstow and dreams of eating.
A rattlesnake that kills a bartender.
An aging flying squirrel that takes his last flight.
Two stinkbugs that get pissed on by a dog.
A donkey that shits money.
A scorpion that sings.
Steve is a master fisherman. Has all the gear. Has a beautiful boat loaded with gadgets and blip machines. He reads the water, knows all the tricks. On this day he'd catch five beautiful big-mouth bass. Gorgeous fish painted in greens and golds. This was our first fishing trip since my return from my spiritual retreat where I ditched my cell-phone, truck, the Internet, all that. I was to pay attention to my damaged heart and soul and not my addictive mind that wanders in bad places. So that's what I did. I hunkered down and returned to the desert bright-eyed and clear. I returned to the desert a better man.
Sometime in the middle of the day the Dr. Peppers got to me and I had to piss. Steve pulled us into a cove. After I was done I walked around lifting fallen tree limbs and rocks looking for lizards and whatnot. Then something caught my eye. It was a knotted sandwich bag that contained two stones and a folded piece of paper that had Bible passages typed on it. I picked it up and read the typed messages. I'd never seen anything like it. Whoever put it together wanted someone to find it. I was that person. I looked to see if anyone was around. Nothing. Nada. I raised my eyes to the sky. Just like I did when I was a kid. Blue skies running from the San Bernardino Mountains to Barstow.
But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on His name. John 1:12
Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28
Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved. Acts 4:12
I showed it to Steve.
"Seems like Jesus is always around," he said.
I sat on the shore, memories spinning up and over the mountains and sloping down into Rancho Cucamonga, Ontario. Here I was again. Back in California, my birth state. Here I was again twenty-five minutes from the desert where it all began. I came full circle. Jobs and girlfriends. Old songs and new ones yet to be named. Dog-eared books and divorce. Poems and rejection slips. From Jesus to Buddha. Sand and scorpions.
For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast. Ephesians 2:8
I came home and put the bag next to my Buddha and my jade Trickster. They make a good team and look beautiful on my desk. The Buddha and Trickster a gift from a beautiful friend with a big heart. The "Jesus bag" a gift from a stranger that I will keep forever. Everyday before I leave the house I smile their way and open the door with the best of intentions. It's easier that way.
« Previously on TNB


text:
New Islamabad International Airport
Alex April 22, 2018 air traveling, Airline, Airline News, Attractions, cheap flights, Destinations, direct flights, flights, History, Holiday, holiday travel, journey, News, Packages, tourism, Travel, travel and tourism, Travel News, traveling, vacation Destination, vacation plans, Vacations No Comments
The 'Active' mode of the New Islamabad International airport designed by French company Aéroports de Paris Ingenierie and CPG Corporation of Singapore is still waiting to be switch on. Earlier it was decided to make it operational on April 20 but due to lack of satisfaction of the authorities regarding the systems and devices, it has been held up till 3rd of May 2018. In a report of The News Prime Minister's Advisor on Aviation Sardar Mahtab Khan revealed with a strong determination that the Airport is going to welcome its commuters with the official name "Islamabad International Airport (IIAP)". This decision is condemning the idea of naming it after a personality's name.
By the superficial furnished looks of arrival and departure systems are really appealing. These attractive comports are finely parallel to internationally standardized Airports. It is tagged as the first Greenfield Airport in Pakistan established with cutting edge technology. How it meets the 21st century challenges revealed by its service to 9 million passengers and carrying 50,000 metric tons cargo. A huge part of the land has been allotted for the sake of commercial spots including shops free of duty-charges, 5 star hotel and traditional center, branded coffee area, food courts and business lounges. More than that shopping Mall, theme park, cinema and golf course are the exceptions. An analytic visit to this mega project highlights the completion of major ratio of work but minor reflections of few attention seeking shortcomings are still waiting to be addressed. A general review also indicates that the accessibility to the Airport is possible only through personal conveyance. Management puts it's leveled its satisfying claim against this drawback that a contract has been knotted with a private corporation for the availability of bus service to maintain a link with Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Moreover lack of an accomplished residential society for the aviation and security staff is a big question mark for the management. Question also arise on the increasing flow of the budget which was initially just 37 billion in 2006 and later on it is augmented with 68 billion while a senior official of Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) reported a recent escalation by adding 23.9 billion with it.
While focusing the lens on the mechanical shades of the Airport, Kasana Dam is registered in the future plans of the authorities. It will be spanned on seven-hundred acres in close proximity of Airport to execute the consumption of water at Airport. Already Rama Dam which is extended over 282 acres is working efficiently that is enough for more than a year.
Delay in the operational schedule of Airport decided after a detailed visit of the new Airport by high authorities including Sardar Mahtab Khan on 18th of April. He expressed his wish of establishing the Airport to the international intensity. He had showed a general satisfaction over the facilitative readiness of the Airport.
"For that matter he gave directions to concerned authorities and particularly to CAA to do more tests and trials in order to improve reliability and efficiency of systems," says a statement issued by CAA.
A media visit to the airport was prearranged by CAA while authority's Deputy Director General Aamir Mehboob guided media about the grand project.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Washington, D.C. – Senator Cory Gardner (R-CO) applauded the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announcement that they have approved Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District's Windy Gap Firming Project, which will allow for construction of Chimney Hollow Reservoir. During his time in the House of Representatives and since being elected to the U.S. Senate, Gardner has been a leading voice to move forward additional water storage projects in Northern Colorado – including Chimney Hollow Reservoir.
Initial phases of construction for the reservoir, which will be built southwest of Loveland in Larimer County, will likely begin in late 2018 or 2019. It will store approximately 90,000 acre-feet of water.


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Home Food & Agriculture
The unique pollination strategies of plants ensure their survival
in Food & Agriculture
South Africa is filled with an array of remarkable plant species. Landscape designer Leon Kluge spoke to Magda du Toit about this mysterious world of flora and the tricks they have developed to attract pollinators in order to survive.
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Beetle daisy (Gorteria diffusa) flowers have markings that mimic female monkey beetles.
Photo: Louis Kluge
South Africa's diverse landscapes are home to a unique and astounding variety of fauna and flora. "South Africa is the hub for the world's flora. Across the globe, South African plant species are planted in gardens and used as cut flowers," says Leon Kluge, an award-winning South African landscape and garden designer.
Speaking at a South African National Parks Honorary Rangers online seminar in April, Kluge pointed out that plants and animals are closely linked.
"Fauna and flora are interconnected: the one needs the other to survive. People need to be introduced to plants and made aware of this relationship.
"Communities, especially those in the agriculture sector, need to know more about plants before they can understand and fall in love with them."
The diversity of pollinators found in nature ensures that pollination services are provided to a wide variety of plants. Insects normally visit several different plants in a single afternoon, and they collect pollen and nectar from each. As they travel from plant to plant, they deposit pollen from the male reproductive organs of some plants onto the female reproductive organs of others, allowing for fertilisation.
Insect pollination, or entomophily, includes that performed by bees, moths, flies, wasps, beetles, ants and butterflies. Pollination is also conducted by mammals such as bats, monkeys, bushbabies, rodents and squirrels. Birds such as sunbirds are also well-known pollinators.
Honeybees are important pollinators. For thousands of years, humans have kept them to harvest their honey and assist with the pollination of certain crops. Without the pollination services provided by honeybees, farmers wouldn't realise the yields they have grown accustomed to, some pollinator-dependent crops would fail altogether, and certain sectors of the agriculture sector would struggle to exist.
Flies are also regular pollinators of flowers, visiting them to forage for nectar and pollen, lay eggs, or feed on other smaller insects that may be visiting the plant. Flies are important pollinators of crops such as mango, avocado, carrots and cacao.
Wasps inadvertently carry pollen from flower to flower, whether they are feeding on the pollen itself or, in the case of parasitic wasps, other insects.
Beetles are especially important pollinators in arid areas. Ladybirds can often be found in search of prey on agricultural crops such as peas, sunflowers and tomatoes, and on flowers such as marigolds, orchids and roses. Leaf beetles are often seen on Acacia trees and play an important role in pollinating their flowers.
Moths are largely active at night, and because colours are not clearly distinguishable in the dark, they are attracted by scent more than anything else. Certain flowers have strong fragrances that are often only released at night.
The large-flowered campion (Silene undulata) is a perennial herb that can grow up to 1,2m tall. Between October and April, it bears white to pale-pink flowers that open at dusk, releasing a specific scent to which moths are attracted. Various African orchids are also pollinated only at night by moths.
Butterflies, which are active during the day, are often attracted to red flowers. Since they must land to feed, they prefer large, flat flowers.
Ants visit flowers for their nectar or for the opportunity to prey on other insects. In some harsh and arid areas, plants such as succulents rely on ants for pollination.
Rodents pollinate many Protea species. Field studies show that the flowers of the Whiteheadia bifolia of the family Hyacinthaceae, a plant occurring in the arid winter rainfall areas of southern Namibia, Namaqualand and the Western Cape, are visited at night by rodents.
Bats are nocturnal, and the flowers they pollinate open in the evening, contain nectar, and have evolved to produce strong fruity scents. Baobab trees (Adansonia spp) produce huge, white flowers containing nectar, which are pollinated mostly by fruit bats and occasionally by bushbabies. The bats also feed on flower parts and insects that may be in the flower. Because bats can fly great distances, they may feed on many trees, carrying pollen from flower to flower and tree to tree.
Flowers of the baobab tree (Adansonia spp) are pollinated mainly at night by fruit bats. Photo: Magda du Toit
They also pollinate sausage and mango trees, as well as banana plants. Birds tend to pollinate flowers that are large and colourful, as they are easy to spot against a background of leaves. These flowers have plenty of nectar, often at the bottom of a tube of petals. When the birds brush against the anthers and stigmas while reaching for the nectar, the flowers' pollen is transferred to their beaks and feathers.
How plants attract pollinators
Plants use a number of methods to entice pollinators, including the production of sweet-smelling fragrances and sugary nectar. And while some plants deliver on their promise of sweet nectar, others employ trick tactics to facilitate pollination.
Red is a spectacular and eye-catching colour in nature. This is especially true for the Table Mountain beauty or mountain pride butterfly (Aeropetes tulbaghia), which is attracted to red flowers. It is native to Southern Africa, where it occurs in South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini and Zimbabwe.
One of the butterfly's favourites is the waterfall gladiolus (Gladiolus cardinalis), a rare South African flower with a vibrant tomato-red colour splashed with cream, which occurs near waterfalls and blooms in late spring.
"The flowers aren't strong enough for sunbirds to perch on, so they depend on the mountain pride butterfly for pollination," explains Kluge.
Flowers are able to evolve and change their colours to suit the prevalence of local pollinators. A flower may have a certain colour where bees are the main pollinators, but can change its colour if flies or beetles dominate the community, as these insects have different colour perceptions and preferences.
A change in colour doesn't occur only because of certain insects. Some flowers change colour after they have been pollinated. Certain environmental conditions such as soil acidity and a response to pH changes in a plant's cells also have an influence on colour, as is the case with some varieties of morning glory, where flowers start out pink as a bud, turn blue in full bloom, and revert to pink as the flowers wilt.
Flowers also use coloured markings to lure insects. The beetle daisy (Gorteria diffusa) is a small annual herbaceous plant. It has bright-orange flowers with green and black markings that mimic female monkey beetles (Clania glenlyonensis). The male beetles see the 'females' on the flowers and try to mate with them. After their unsuccessful attempts at mating, they fly off to other flowers where they are similarly tricked and, in the process, pollinate the flowers.
Some flowers provide a landing platform for insects or birds. In some cases, the flowers are shaped in such a way that pollinators have no choice but to brush against their anthers and stigmas.
Sweet fragrances
Certain flowers, such as the bucket orchids (Coryanthes spp) attract bees with alluring fragrances. While feeding, the bees may slip and fall into the bucket-shaped flowers. In the process of crawling out, they collect pollen, which is then transferred to another flower in a similar way.
Starry wild jasmine (Jasminum multipartitum) is a climber that attracts pollinators with a very sweet perfume produced by its small flowers. Some irises also produce a sweet vanilla scent to attract insects.
Scent of rotting fruit and meat
A number of plants produce the smell of rotting fruit, which is similar to the scent produced by yeast during the fermentation process. Flies are attracted to this scent, and the plant then traps them inside its flowers. In an attempt to escape, the flies move around inside the flowers, and through this activity pollinates them. When the flowers open the next day, the flies are released.
The African starfish flower or, as it is known in South Africa, the carrion flower (Stapelia spp) is known for its foul-smelling blooms that give off a smell reminiscent of rotting meat. The colouration of the flowers and the hairs on their surfaces mimic decaying animal matter, attracting flies that act as pollinators.
Many plants produce a sugary nectar to attract insects such as ants, butterflies and bees, as well as birds. Euphorbia are hardy Southern African succulents that produce nectar to attract their pollinators. The nectar is a valuable food source for ants and other insects.
Sexual trickery
The flowers of the mirror orchid (Ophrys speculum) are shaped like female wasps to attract male wasps, which act as pollinators. Disa atricapilla is another orchid species that employs sexual trickery to entice pollinators. Not only do its flowers look like female wasps, but they also produce molecules that mimic the female wasp's mating pheromones. When a male tries to mate with the 'female', it picks up pollen on its body. As it flies away in search of an actual female wasp, it may be fooled once again by another orchid. When it tries once again to mate with the new 'flower', the pollen stuck to its body comes into contact with the flower's stigma and leaves the orchid pollinated.
Agricultural crops
Honeybees pollinate approximately half of all agricultural crops across South Africa, as many of these crops are not indigenous and the insects that pollinate them in their natural habitats don't occur here. But that's not to say that other insects cannot contribute towards effective crop pollination.
Many of the same crops that are dependent on pollinators are also threatened by weeds, insect pests and diseases. As a result, farmers often use pesticides and herbicides to protect their crops; however, crop protection must go hand in hand with pollinator protection.
Maize and sweetcorn, which belong to the grass family, are pollinated by wind. Wind-pollinated flowers tend to have small, dull-coloured petals or, in the case of grasses, no petals at all. They also don't produce nectar or fragrances, as they don't need to attract animals or insects for pollination.
In addition, the pollen grains are not sticky, unlike like those of plants pollinated by animals. However, the receiving plants' stigmas are sticky, and they catch the pollen carried by passing breezes.
In contrast, cotton, soya bean and wheat are mostly self-pollinating. Honeybee pollination is essential for crops such as kiwifruit, passion fruit, rowanberry, watermelon, members of the pumpkin family, almonds, macadamias and Brazil nuts.
Sunflower (Helianthus annus) is pollinated by insects (mostly bees), and farmers will often contract beekeepers who provide a pollination service. Since the flowers have both male and female parts, they can self-pollinate or cross-pollinate.
To prevent self-pollination, avocados have a curious flowering system. Each tree produces thousands of tiny flowers, each of which can change their sex. These changes vary according to the cultivar.
A flower will open in the morning as a female with a stigma, then close at about midday. When it reopens in the afternoon of the next day, it will be a male with pollen. The flowers are pollinated by insects, so growers bring honeybee hives into the orchards for pollination.
Kiwifruit flowers are pollinated by insects, but it is not a straightforward process. Each female flower needs to gather thousands of pollen grains from male flowers on its stigma.
The male and female flowers grow on separate plants. The female flowers also produce pollen to attract insects, but the pollen is sterile. As insects visit the flowers, they collect pollen from male flowers and take it to female flowers. Fruit is only formed by the female flowers.
Macadamia trees carry their flowers on long, narrow racemes emerging from the axils of leaves or from the scars of leaves that have been shed. The flowers develop on mature wood on the inside of the tree. The raceme clusters comprise as many as 500 small flowers, each of which has its own pedicel. The proximal flowers bloom first, and although they don't have real petals (only four petaloid sepals), they do contain male and female parts.
Pollen is released inside the flower one to two days before it opens, and then again one or two hours before. Flowers remain attractive to insects for about three days. Litchi trees flower for as many as 21 days during spring and produce both male and female flowers on the same panicle.
When the flowering period starts, mature trees produce only male flowers for a week or more, after which they switch to producing female flowers for another week or so. They then switch again to produce a second type of male flower. Successful cross-pollination, mostly by honey bees, determines the fruit yield and quality.
Email Leon Kluge at [email protected].
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Each profession has its own insider language. Thick with acronyms and polysyllabics, such argot helps colleagues communicate complex ideas precisely and with as few words as possible. But even by the standards of technical talk, the jargon of education often seems unnecessarily, perhaps willfully, opaque—even to other educators. To the uninitiated, it can sound like speaking in tongues. Such doozies as "phonemic awareness," "morphosyntactic skills," and the constantly shifting quicksand of euphemistic acronyms—EALR, anyone?—can give fits to parents trying to read a report card, school board members trying to follow the money, and textbook writers just trying to stay afloat on the sea of verbosity.
The Confusion: These words, uttered by Grace Cook, an instructional coordinator for Louisiana's St. John the Baptist Parish Schools, were part of a routine board presentation about how Title I money was being allocated. But to veteran school board member Russ Wise, they were a confirmation that Cook was speaking a foreign language. When she'd finished, Wise, a self-proclaimed campaigner for simple English, asked sharply for a translation. "Am I an area resource person?" he says today. "It's one of these beautiful, high-flying phrases that defy interpretation." He was particularly troubled that a report scheduled to go out to the public included both terms. "When we send form letters asking [parents] to come and discuss their kids, it's not clear if we're sending kids to an advanced course or sending them to jail," he says.
The Solution: Grow up. After seven years of baffling teacher conferences, during which Bongard eventually found out the acronyms stood for "grade-level expectations" and "essential academic learning requirements"—two standardized gauges of student progress—Thor graduated to Sacajawea Middle School. The new environment, she reports, offers an annual open house, complete with samples of coursework and explanations of teacher expectations. And with the parents outnumbering the teachers, Bongard noted with relief, plain English usually beats out gobbledygook.
The Confusion: Though educators often get the blame for disseminating edu-babble, even they can't always decipher the elaborate stream of code that parades under their reading lamps. Such was the case recently at Shakespeare Squared, a Chicago-area educational writing company that provides content to textbook publishers, which the firm's president sees as the source of educationese. "The root ... is the publishing industry," says Kim Kleeman, a former English teacher. "They create the jargon and throw it around in e-mails and sales meetings and marketing materials, and it sort of filters its way in." But one new employee—an accomplished educator and jaded veteran of many subspecies of teacher patois—was finally stumped by the latest batch of idiolect to land on her desk. Basals? Ancillaries? What's the difference between a TWE, a PE, and an SE? She ended up returning the project to her boss unfinished. "Even though you are writing for a teacher, it's still an entirely different beast than instruction in the classroom," confesses the employee, who remains nameless at the company's request.
The Solution: Define "solution." Kleeman solved the immediate problem by reassigning the work, but the problem is pervasive enough that she also created a constantly updated glossary, including such words as "basal" (textbook) and "ancillary" (workbook). Weekly staff meetings are also held to keep up with the terminology, which often varies from publisher to publisher, supplemented by private meetings Kleeman holds with textbook reps.
"Interview: Conference Calls," September 1, 2003.
"Say What?," January 1, 1998.
"Straight Talk," January 1, 1997.
"Talking to Parents About School Reform," November 6, 1996.
"Bullish On Education," May 1, 1996.
"Prodigal Parents," May 1, 1992.


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Home › All Games Fighting Arcade Puzzle Platform game Adventures Shooter Driving Sports RPG
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Hook is a game that was released in 1992 on four different consoles. The original version for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was designed and developed by a Japanese game developer, Ukiyotei. The Sega Mega Drive/Genesis and Sega Mega-CD/Sega CD ports were handled by Core Design. The Sega Game Gear port was handled by Spidersoft (this was also supposed to be released for the Sega Master System; a prototype exists). All versions were published by Sony Imagesoft and were essentially identical; however, the Sega CD version has the musical score from the film and better cut scenes with voice actors and digital stills.
↑ = up
→ = right
↓ = down
← = left
X = A Button
Z = B Button
S = X Button
A = Y Button
Q = L Button
W = R Button
R = Select
Enter = Start
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All graphics, games, and other multimedia are copyrighted to their respective owners and authors.


WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Congressman Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) and Senator Tim Kaine (D-Va.) introduced resolutions in both the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate to congressionally designate the George C. Marshall Foundation's museum and library located in Lexington as the "National George C. Marshall Museum and Library." These resolutions are cosponsored by the entire Virginia delegation in both the House and Senate.
Background: These resolutions would grant an honorary designation and will result in no cost to American taxpayers. The George C. Marshall Foundation was established in 1953 and officially opened in 1964 on the post of Virginia Military Institute, General Marshall's alma mater. Since 1964, the Foundation has devoted its mission to educating the public about the important contributions of General Marshall through its Museum and Research Library. The Museum Research Library preserves a large collection of documents pertaining to General Marshall's life and modern military history as well as housing several exhibits and General Marshall's 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. Similar legislation introduced by Congressman Goodlatte, H. Con. Res. 138, was passed in the 114th Congress by the House of Representatives.


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Movie Review: Us
by David Castro | Mar 25, 2019 | What to Watch
Following his spectacular solo debut with 2017's hit Get Out, Jordan Peele returns with another horror film that he wrote, produced, and directed himself with Us. Staring Black Panther alums Lupita Nyong'o and Winston Duke, the movie follows a family, hunted by dark mirrors of themselves. While this movie is amazing, just as great as Get Out was, what it has to say is less blunt and obvious, and thus, might not be as clear to moviegoers, but please be rest assured, Us has as much to say as his previous film.
There are spoilers to follow, beware.
More than anything else, Us showcases how amazing of an actress Nyong'o is. In a film where all the characters must play double duty as themselves and a monstrous version of themselves, Nyong'o's twin performances really show you how skilled she is, and with hopes, leads to her getting more leading roles in the future. On the other hand, while Duke gives a perfectly fine performance and is passing as a sort-of lame dad, the tenor is voice takes to do an American accent make him seem as though Duke is doing an admittedly not terrible Jordan Peele impression throughout. While it was amusing and his character provided the much-needed levity that horror so often requires but fewer filmmakers forget, how much he sounded like a Key & Peele character was distracting.
What makes Us amazing is the same thing that, to me, made Get Out great, Peele's dedication to world building. Both, on top of the obvious horror/thriller motifs, have a strong science fiction vibe to them. Both films have a world and backstory bigger than the events of the film itself, and both have many unanswered questions, but unlike Get Out, where Peele went in depth about the history of the group, the director has come out saying that he won't be doing the same for Us. We, the fans of this amazing movie, will have to take what we will from the evidence he put down and figure out what all these things mean on our own.
The world Peele presents in Us is one in which some organization has cloned every American in the hopes to be able to control their actions by a connection through the clone, but the experiment fails. The clones are identical, but without souls, and are connected, but the connection only goes one way, the things the originals do and experience are mirrored in their bestial clones. Abandoned in the hundreds of miles of abandoned tunnels that, according to text shown at the start of the film, exist under all of America, these clones, or Tethers, form vicious relationships with the clones of those of us who pair in the overworld, until the start of 'The Untethering', when they come above ground to cause mayhem and murder.
Nyong'o's character, Adelaide, saw another version of herself, what we find out is her Tether, as a child, and has been afraid of her for her entire life, these fears coming true when her Tether and the Tether versions of her husband and children, invade their home and assault them. This dark mirror explains how everything that has happened to Adelaide in her life happened to her, but worse, meeting her husband that she doesn't love but has to be with because it's who her original loves, having children with him, and having to perform a c-section on herself because that's what happened when their son was born. Escaping them, Adelaide and her family flee to their friend's home, only to find that they were already murdered by their Tethers, and that this is not an isolated incident, but happening all over Santa Cruz, the corpses piling high.
Eventually, we learn the ultimate twist of the film. Throughout the film, we get scenes of her childhood, going through therapy to help with the trauma of getting lost and seeing her other self as a child, which caused her to be mute for a time. We learn that, in fact, when she saw her Tether that day, the clone incapacitated her and trapped her in the realm of the Tether, replacing her in the normal world, and that the version of Adelaide we've rooted for the whole film, was the clone all along.
The twist is, in and of itself, been done in body double media before, but how it was done, how the movie reveals it, is what makes it amazing, as well as Nyong'o's performance as both characters, makes me wonder if the film wants me to pity the Tethers, as it is not their fault that they are what they are, regardless of what they did, while Adelaide being one who escaped and was not violent until forced to give me the sense of a nature versus nurture element to this all. Should I, as a viewer, root for the victims who are privileged in comparison to the violent attackers who are a literal underclass and are starting what could be thought of as a revolution against those who oppressed them? You can take from the film what you want, but I choose to believe that these things are muddy, purposefully so, as regardless of how hostile and animalistic these others, the Tethers are, as 'Red' the crimson-suited villainous Nyong'o character says in the film, Americans.
Us is in theaters wide everywhere.
David Castro is a Puerto Rican writer from New York City. He has worked on the upcoming Undead supplement for Chill Third Edition and is working on launching a Patreon. You can find him on Twitter (@theinkedknight), on Tumblr (thedevilsyouknew), on Facebook (facebook.com/inkstainedstudios), and at davidrcastro.com.


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Cadence of Hyrule - Crypt of the NecroDancer Feat. The Legend of Zelda
Crypt of the Necrodancer meets Zelda in Cadence of Hyrule
After opening with Cuphead, Nintendo closed its Nindies Showcase with a Zelda-themed surprise.
Link and Zelda are joining the Crypt of the Necrodancer family with Cadence of Hyrule, a Zelda-themed toe-tapping roguelike (we're assuming it's a roguelike based on our time with Crypt) that borrows the excellent rhythm mechanics from the original, and wraps it up in a Zelda theme that should appeal to a lot of people (us included).
The game will have procedurally-generated levels and players will be tasked with saving Hyrule as either Link or Princess Zelda, and they'll be able to do so using items from The Legend of Zelda series, as well as spells and weapons from Crypt, all to the tune of 25 remixed classic Zelda tunes.
If the new content set in Hyrule compares to the original, we should be in for an absolute treat when Brace Yourself Game's adventure lands on Nintendo Switch this spring.
REVIEW. Written by Mike Holmes on the 19th of June 2019 at 15
"Just like the title that inspires and defines it, Cadence of Hyrule is addictive and engaging and a whole ton of fun."
Cadence of Hyrule gets new story as free update
NEWS. Written by Sam Bishop on the 19th of December 2019 at 11:34
Octavo's Ode is free for all players, and takes us on a new adventure in the crossover that released this year.
Nintendo releases free Cadence of Hyrule demo
NEWS. Written by Jonas Mäki on the 10th of August 2019 at 10:56
An accolades trailer gave us the news, and this lets us sample the Zelda mashup with Crypt of the Necrodancer.
Crypt of the Necrodancer: Cadence of Hyrule releasing in June
NEWS. Written by Sam Bishop on the 31st of May 2019 at 14:48
The Zelda mashup also has new gameplay courtesy of Nintendo's recent Indie World event from Japan.
NEWS. Written by Mike Holmes on the 20th of March 2019 at 17:28
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System: Nintendo Switch
Genre: Action, Music, Adventure
Developer: Brace Yourself Games


Now in its sixth year, the Golden Baobab Prizes inspire the creation of enthralling African children's stories by African writers. To date, the prizes have received nearly 2000 stories from all over Africa. In 2013, to increase its support of the African children's literature industry, the organization, Golden Baobab, introduced the brand new the Golden Baobab Prizes for African Illustrators. This prize will complement Golden Baobab's efforts in literature by discovering and celebrating Africa's most exciting artists and illustrators who are creating images to tell stories to children.
My children's picture book story, The Lemon Tree, made it to the Golden Baobab longlist!


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Femmedina: Inclusive City Program in Tunis
There is a need to rethink the way cities are planned and managed. Men and women have different lifestyles, experiences and uses of the city. Public spaces provide avenues for women to participate equally in the cultural, social, and political transformation of their communities and country.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Cities Alliance, in collaboration with the City of Tunis, are implementing Femmedina, a gender-focused project that aims to rehabilitate and activate the public spaces in the historic centre of Tunis, the Medina, through a broader process of women's participation.
This 18-month project examines gender-sensitive approaches to urban planning that support women living in these areas, along with helping city leaders to improve participatory decision-making.
The project is called Femmedina, a combination of the terms "femmes (women)" and "medina" (historical city), because cities have a key role to play in promoting gender equality and empower women and girls. Public spaces can bring together communities and facilitate cultural expression and diversity, so it is important to look at how public spaces can promote women-city relationship building.
Making the Medina safer for women, who could then take advantage of the space as a business location, would lead to job creation.
Peter Riley, USAID Mission Director in Tunisia
A full participatory process in the historic and symbolic Medina of Tunis is the nucleus from which to engage women. It will also help identify key public spaces for small-scale physical interventions to improve women's empowerment and safety in public spaces. The involvement of the local community and women in the process of urban renewal is necessary to create spaces that reflect the stories and needs of people who live there.
The Femmedina project aims to bring out the voices of women who have been marginalized and engage them in the rehabilitation of the public spaces. It seeks to identify and implement small-scale refurbishment of public spaces to make them more inclusive towards women's needs. Throughout the process, women residents and city leaders will improve their ability to make collective decisions on how to create a better quality of life.
A woman's place is in the city.
Giulia Maci, Urban Specialist and Gender Focal Point for Cities Alliance
The project and its goals have been welcomed by the mayor of Tunis, Souad Abderrahim. At Femmedina's launch, she emphasized that leadership is important to give women greater space to adapt and learn lessons and that the sky is the limit when women's capacity is reinforced.
The Minister of Women, Family and Elderly Affairs, Imen Zahouani Houimel, highlighted the importance of the role played by local authorities and civil society in supporting the efforts of the national government in advancing gender equality in Tunisia.
Launch event of the participatory assessment report
Event on the 1st of October 2021: Inclusive Public Spaces in the Medina of Tunis
How can spatial justice be strengthened to build egalitarian cities for all? How can women's participation contribute to more inclusive and safe public spaces?
Learn more about the event here
Read this Tunisian newspaper article about the launch of the report and watch this video taken at the launch event, highlighting the important role that women play and need to continue to play in reviving the Medina.
Testimonies of women living in the Medina
"A women's place: Voices of women from the Medina" is a two-part series of testimonies from Tunisian women and their approach to the Medina (old Town) of Tunis. These stories are included in the Femmedina Magazine which is published Tunisian Arabic language.
Tunis: Voices of Women from the Medina. Part 1 and Part 2
Videos: The voices of women living, working and studying in the Medina are also captured in four short videos. Video 1, Video 2, Video 3 and Video 4
Report: Participatory assessment - Women's Participation in the Medina of Tunis
As part of the programme's first phase, a report has been published which presents the results of a participatory evaluation of women's social, cultural, economic, political, and institutional participation in the Medina of Tunis, particularly in the districts of Medina Centrale, Bab Souika, Bab Bhar, and Sidi el Bechir.
Download in English or in French
Workshop: Women's Participation Assessment in the Medina of Tunis
As part of the project's first phase, Cities Alliance organized in March 2021 an in-person participatory assessment workshop. The event gathered key local stakeholders to discuss in-depth the economic, politic-institutional, spatial, and civic-cultural aspects of women's participation.
Femmedina Launch Event in December 2020
Launch Event Highlights
Facebook Livestream
Webinar: The Feminist City
Webinar: Beyond the Revolution - Women's Political and Cultural Participation in Tunisia
Tunisia: Cities Alliance Cities for Women Programme
Phases of the Femmedina Project
The Femmedina project comprises three phases that reinforce each other. It begins with gathering information and data, then implementing the information gathered, and finally sharing the knowledge from the project. The projected started in January 2021 and will continue through April 2022.
Phase 1: A participatory assessment. (January to June 2021) During the first phase, local experts and citizens living in the vicinity of the Medina were being engaged to identify the sorts of interventions necessary to improve the public space for women's participation. Vital information and data were being collected through interviews, workshops, and surveys, which helped to identify potential locations suitable for interventions and transformation. Read the final reports of the assessment here.
Phase 2: The creation of inclusive public space projects in the Medina. (June 2021 to February 2022) This phase will test an innovative and comprehensive approach for planning, implementing, and managing safe and inclusive public spaces in Tunis. The municipality of Tunis will lead the physical interventions that take place. Identified changes may include improvements in, for example, lighting or seating in public spaces or the rehabilitation of used public buildings. The specific uses and facilities of the space will be defined through a participatory process, and local labour and local artists will undertake the technical coordination of public space projects.
Phase 3: A city-to-city exchange to share the approach and results of the Tunis activities with other Tunisian cities. (October 2021 to April 2022) Practices developed and implemented successfully in Tunis will be showcased across the country through online or offline learning events. This will multiply the impact of the Femmedina project across Tunisia and facilitate peer-to-peer exchange and networking amongst Tunisian cities.
Tunisia Country Programme
Tunisia: Femmedina Launch Event Highlights
Women's Participation Assessment in the Medina of Tunis
Report: Women's participation in the Medina of Tunis


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Constructivism in International Relations
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 indicated the end of the Cold War. The surprising end of the Cold War shifted not only the world order but also debates in international relations theories. It was unexpected by current international relations theories. Without any large conflict and war exploded furthermore without any transformation in the world system(anarchical), for instance, neorealists predicted that the world's bipolar order would persist. Neorealists also claimed that international institutions did not have any effect to make war away because International institutions is a matter of material power challenge between states which are not only worried about the unlimited gain, but also relative gain in cooperation and integration.
After the Cold War, international relations discourse provided more diverse approaches to understand and analyze world politics. Constructivism theory is one of the models of the progressing emergence of international relations theory. Rather than diminishing other major theories, according to its holders and proponents, constructivism theory provides wider illumination a larger explanation for determining the dynamic and the function of world politics.
While realism and liberalism concentrate on material factors like power or corporation, constructivist theory tends to focus on the influence of ideas. Rather than considering the state for granted and claiming that it totally aims to survive, constructivists consider the identity and interests of states as an extremely flexible output of special historical processes. Moreover, the constructivists focus is on the predominant discourse in society. This is because discourse shows and changes interests and beliefs, and sets accepted values, norms of behavior. Thus, constructivism is mainly interested in the main sources and roots of alteration and this approach has broadly substituted Marxism.
Constructivism, especially state identity theory explained by Alexander Wendt and Peter Katzenstein, has become far from the almost particularly rationalist mainstream of international relations theory. The constructivist theory, mainly seen as the most significant challenge to rationalist dominance, argues that the theoretical framework focusing on the concept of state identity, can provide an important alternative and option to rational choice theory. State identity is mainly about the non-material factors such as values, culture, norms, ideas etc, studied by the constructivist scholars. It provides very important causal links to support the basic arguments of constructivist theoretical framework.
The term Constructivism was adopted by Nicholas Onuf in 1989 and introduced as "people and societies construct or constitute each other". the main assumption of constructivists is that the fundamental structures of international politics are social and these structures shape actors' identities and interests. Therefore, the world is structured by both knowledge and material factors, according to constructivists the main important relation is between agents and structures. Moreover, constructivists adopt a common concern when understanding and explaining how international structures are defined by ideas and how identities and interests of the states and non-state players are influenced by the structures.
The post-Cold War era played a significant role in legitimating constructivist approach because both liberalism and realism were unsuccessful in predicting this event and had difficulties explaining it. On the contrary, constructivists had an explanation based on ideas and norms; for example, the idea of "common security," adopted by Gorbachev.Furthermore, constructivism theory argues that we live in a period where ancient values and norms are being challenged, limits and boundaries are fading and matters of identity and culture are becoming more prominent and outstanding. Unexpectedly, researchers have been drawn to theories that put these issues front and center.In the post Cold War era constructivism emerged into the stage of debates in international relations theories. However, some researchers and scholars criticize that constructivism "remains a method than anything else, according to them constructivism does not offer an essential theory of world politics.Moreover, it provides a research approach that can be employed to understand and explain international political economy.Therefore, Constructivism should operate with other theories from different disciplines and branches like comparative politics, social psychology..etc.
On the other hand, constructivism has demonstrating itself as an effective theory in understanding and explaining world politics, especially after Alexander Wendt published his article, Anarchy is What States Make of It, which developed the basis of constructivism approach. It focuses more on the nonmaterial world and considers that material world changes are changed by the social world. Thus, the distribution of power and State's military power do not automatically construct an international social structure. Even without any central governance which has authority over all states in the world, the international system does certainly become a "competitive security system".
From a constructivist approach, the main problem in the post-Cold War world is how various groups visualize their interests and identities. However, power is not unrelated. Constructivism focuses on how ideas, norms, values, and identities are created and constructed, how they develop, and how they change the way states comprehend and react to their situation.Thus, it matters whether the United States adopts or denies its identity as "global policeman and whether Europeans realize themselves mostly in national or continental terms. Constructivist approaches are highly varied and do not provide a unified group of expectations on any of these matters.
Constructivism varies itself from neoliberalism and neorealism by emphasizing and highlighting the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge. It does not mean that constructivism neglected the material world because intersubjective knowledge and material world interact affect and influence each other. Furthermore, both the material world and intersubjective knowledge are not independent and not separated. They have relative autonomy.
According to Constructivism theory, the material world does not completely define how people, or states, behave. It only limits the chance of interpretation and the intersubjective world that people can build. Moreover, material body enforcing is restricted to social structure. Thus, constructivists do not mean the unlimited possibilities of social structure. However, people have the capability to interpret, as they cannot easily interpret the social world and their own material world. There is restriction of interpretation of the social world, that.the material world changes and is changed by the social world.
Constructivism theory discusses the issue of anarchy in the international system, At a simple conceptual level, Alexander Wendt claimed that the realist conception of anarchy does not explain why conflict occurs between states enough. The main thing is how anarchy is understood, and Wendt argues that "Anarchy is what states make of it." He also argues that transnational communication and shared civic values are weakening traditional national obeisance and make an extremely new genre of political alliances. Furthermore, Constructivist theory focuses more on the role of norms, claiming that international law and other normative principles have decreased mainly the notions of sovereignty and changed the legitimate purposes for which state power may be used.
Constructivism theory recognizes the significance of nonmaterial power (culture, ideas, language, knowledge, and ideology) as well as material power because the two powers connect and interact to build the world order. For instance, nonmaterial power works through creating and recreating intersubjective meaning. It clarifies how the material structure, states' identity, interactions and relations between states, and any other social facts should be realized and comprehended.
The end of the Cold War came as a surprise to the classical dominant theories, who failed to predict or explain the changes in global politics. However, it provided the opportunity for more evolution of critical thoughts, which started since the mid-1980s. The Realist approach in international relations was criticized largely for their materialistic approaches by constructivism, which speedily boomed and was known as a theory that focuses on the social dimension of international politics. This improvement towards the chance of change helped the theory to catch significant elements of the world's relations: the many factors of mainstream presumptions and norms in world politics, which were threatened and challenged by constructivism.
Constructivism defied the theory of power politics, especially dominant perception of the threat and conflict in global politics and picked a fully different approach in studying the construction of the threat through their fundamental focus on the social dimensions of international politics, therefore, it recognizes them as socially constructed elements in the process of identity formation under the influence of the norms and shared values of society.
The work of constructivists was established around their aim in explaining the changes in world politics in the period towards the end, and after the Cold War especially when dominant international relations approaches and theories failed to predict the sudden change in the global politics. Moreover, this transformation raised the question about social construction and the methodology of international relations theories and their involvement and effects in the production of international power.
The main dominant international theories were unable to explain the collapse of Soviet Union, especially the theories which focus on material power, and nuclear weapons. This is because, despite being a nuclear power, the Soviet Union collapsed. Neorealists tried to provide a simple explanation by telling the decline of Soviet power. But, the explanation focused more on domestic politics and economy than on the material structure of world's distribution of power.Thus it could not explain enough why the Soviet Union and Gorbachev adopted decisions which could endanger its national security and survival and stop it from increasing its hegemony and power, However, neorealists were still certain about the significance of neorealism.
Another explanation was given by Democratic liberalists who tried to stress the people's aims for freedom and objections to communism. Neoliberalism and the market economy favorably forced their hegemonies to the world and increased the validity of tyranny and command economy. However, while this evidence could explain the decline of communist ideology in the Soviet Union, it could not explain why such transformation and change happens in the 1980s. However, Neoliberals provided another explanation. Liberalism and communism interacted across political borders, especially the new way of thinking among top political leaders decreased the hegemony of communism and made the Soviet Union collapse. Therefore, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War presented a significant challenge for constructivists to understand. Wendt said that "material structure can have special impacts.
The distribution of power, anarchy in international relations and military power do not fix states' identities and relations. State military power can be understood as a threatening power as well as protecting power for other states.
In addition, a nuclear weapon is a matter of perception. For instance, nuclear weapons in the hands of United States has a different meaning for Taiwan than a nuclear weapon in the hands of China. Therefore, considering states "like billiard balls of varying size" is not enough to explain and understand reality. Military capabilities of any state and the distribution of power in the international system are interfering elements but they are not able to understand relations between states. For example, two enemy or allied states can be divided by defining the material military structure. However, the states identification and social structure are important elements which define relations between states. Constructivism theory argues that common identities and a long history of alliance and cooperation between two states can be a strong ground of cooperative security system. On the other hand, other identities and a long history of conflict and struggle can build a competitive security system based on conflict and wars.
The article concludes that Constructivism is not a theory, but rather an ontology. It is a group of assumptions and hypotheses about three main spheres: humans, the world, and agency. It succeeds in challenging and defying the rationalists' theories and approaches like realism and liberalism, moreover, Constructivism theory provides constructivist alternatives which can explain and understand world politics through the material and nonmaterial factors. It also adopts different levels of analysis including the international, regional, and internal level.
Amel Ouchenane is a member of the organization of Security and Strategic studies in Algeria. She is also Research Assistant at the Idrak Research Center for Studies and Consultations. Ms. Ouchenane was researcher at Algiers University from 2011 to 2018.(Department of International relations and African studies).
Ian Hurd, Constructivism, (January 18, 2008 ) http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~ihu355/Home_files/17-Smit-Snidal-c17.pdf visited on 01-05-20170.
-Maysam Behravesh , Constructivism: An Introduction, E International relations,(3 February,2011) http://www.e-ir.info/2011/02/03/constructivism-an-introduction/ visited on 01-05-2017
- Anne-Marie Slaughter, International Relations, Principal Theories, Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, 2011), https://www.princeton.edu/~slaughtr/Articles/722_IntlRelPrincipalTheories_Slaughter_20110509zG.pdf visited on 03-05-2017.
Constructivism in International Relations,UK Essays,(23rd March, 2015),https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/an-explanation-of-constructivism-in-international-relations-politics-essay.php#ftn2
Thu, November 16, 2017 02:49 AM (about 45562 hours ago)
I am interessted in such topics ...useful article keep going amel.
I am interessted in such topics..useful..keep going amel.....hocine laarid
Tue, February 20, 2018 07:34 AM (about 43254 hours ago)
we would be keen on reposting your text, please contact us for approval dessa@ifimes.org
Wed, March 21, 2018 01:59 PM (about 42551 hours ago)
we would wish to re-publish your text
Mon, March 09, 2020 12:55 AM (about 25308 hours ago)
Never learned Constructivism Theory is such an easy way. Thank you very much for your article.


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New Game Releases Oct. 19-26
This will be busy week for gamers as we have 3 new game releases. First off is the Spider-Man: Web of Shadows from Activision. This game features a new combat system and allows you to play as red or black spider-man. This game is rated T for the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, Wii, and Windows PC, and rated E10+ for the Nintendo DS, Playstation 2, and PSP. Price for the Spider-Man: Web of Shadows is: $59.99 (Xbox and PS3), $49.99 (Wii), $39.99 (for the PS2 and PSP), and $29.99 (PC, and DS).
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If your home already has a sump pump, or you have been told that installing a sump pump would be a smart idea, you might want to know a bit more about sump pump operation in Hamilton. The concept of using a sump pump is to collect water that lingers around your foundation and steer it elsewhere. This would prevent mold problems, potential foundation failures, and avoid having to pay thousands of dollars of damage.
There are different sump pumps. The first style that you may find is submersible. Both the motor and pump are underneath the cover. When the crock fills with water (and the float subsequently rises), the pump becomes active. The pump will continue until the float falls to the side after the crock drains down.
The second different type of sump pump is called the pedestal. This is not unlike what we see in a toilet and it has a float. The rod attached to the float sticks up through the cover of the crock. It is then attached to the motor that is located above it. There are different benefits to different sump pumps, so you want to talk to your local plumbing professional to find out what the right option is for you.
Most sump pumps turn on automatically through a pressure sensor or float activator. Whereas the float activator works like what we find in our toilet tank, the pressure sensor only begins to function if the water places more pressure on the sensor than the air does.
There are manually operated pumps, but as you can imagine those are less popular. Especially because you will have to operate them manually if you have a flooding situation. Alternatively, their lack of convenience is only highlighted by the fact that the automatic pumps have an option for manual activation if the sensor or float arm fails to work.
It is possible to install your sump pump yourself. Especially if you are good at manual labor and you are very handy, this is something that you could do. However, most people prefer to leave the job to the professionals. That is the best way to ensure that your sump pump operation in Hamilton is going according to plan. After all, why would you want to save a few dollars now, only to end up with the disastrous effects of flooding later? Make sure to call the Hamilton professionals at Dr. Pipe Drain and Plumbing to help with your installation.


In our goal to achieve significant weight loss, it is important to understand how fiber affects our diet plans. Such understanding is essential to make our hcg injections work more effectively. We hear our doctors constantly remind us how important it is to include fiber rich foods in our diet, especially if our goal is to shed some of our body's excess weight. A reminder we do not take seriously. And if we do, the effort starts and stops with sipping a can of pineapple juice. But really, what is the role of fiber in effective weight loss programs such as hcg injections?
Basically, there are two types of fiber: soluble, which dissolves in water, and insoluble, which does not. Soluble fiber helps lower our body's cholesterol levels. 30 grams of fiber intake can help you lose weight, lower blood pressure and improve the body's response to insulin.
High fiber food tend to contain low calories. Women aged 50 and below are required to take 25 grams of fiber everyday, while those aged 51 and older are supposed to intake 21 grams of fiber on a daily basis. Men, on the other hand, are supposed to have more fiber intake as those aged 50 and younger are required to take 38 grams of fiber everyday, while those who are aged 51 and over are supposed to have lesser fiber intake of 30 grams everyday.
So does fiber help in effectively losing weight?
Shedding begins from the digestive system, how the body absorbs nutrients and how it excretes waste. Fiber normalizes our body's bowel movement which decreases the possibility being constipated. It also helps prevents the development of colorectal cancer, which is an abnormal growth of cells which can spread to other parts of the body.
If the body's bowel movement works as it should be, our body avoids the risk of developing hemorrhoids. It lowers cholesterol level and controls our body's blood sugar level which reduces the risk of developing heart diseases, as well as type 2 diabetes. High fiber foods are more filling in the stomach which lessens our food intake. It also has fewer calories which is helpful in weight loss.
The busy and demanding careers of people nowadays have left us resorting to take outs for dinner and instant meals for the rest of the day, we simply cannot eat healthy meals three times a day, no matter how much we want to. And so, we substitute the nutrients we lack which we are supposed to get from healthy and hearty meals with vitamins and other food supplements. But Dr. Frank Hu, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health stresses the importance of adequate fiber intake. For him, it is best to get fiber from actual food, and not from food supplements.
Sources of natural fiber comes from everyday food that we can buy in the grocery store on our way home from work such as wheat oats, vegetables, fruits such as banana, legumes such as nuts and seeds, whole grains, and beans.
Fiber works best when it can absorb water. HIgh amount of water can help in making the stool soft and bulky. Be careful in your fiber intake, though. Adding too much fiber in the diet quickly can promote intestinal gas, abdominal bloating and cramping. So in order to balance out the fiber in our body, drink plenty of water.


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'Africa needs strong institutions not strong men'
Benin's petrol black market
Benin can't end the illegal fuel trade that keeps the country's limited transport running, even though it's losing millions in tax revenue.
by Sabine Cessou
Huge glass carboys, gleaming fluorescent green, appear by the roadside at night in Cotonou and Porto-Novo, Benin's two biggest cities. Neon lights on wooden tables signal that someone is selling contraband petrol — kpayo (in Gungbe, a local language, the word means ersatz). It's smuggled across the porous 770-km border between Benin, a country of only 10 million people, and its giant eastern neighbour Nigeria, with a population of 177 million. Selling it is the only way for thousands of Beninese to earn a little money.
Achille and Marcel, brothers aged 21 and 17, tend their stall on a boulevard near Cotonou's Dantokpa Market, the city's biggest, covering 20 hectares. With a garden hosepipe and plastic funnels, they carefully decant the petrol, breathing in the fumes since they don't have masks. The copper liquid flows slowly from drums into glass jars or drinks bottles. Achille left school after his baccalaureate. Marcel is still at school, and helps out after he's done his homework. Their mother is bringing up four children alone. "We have to help our family, and it's no use having qualifications," says Achille. "You can't get a job here unless you've got connections."
They sell 1,000-1,500 litres a week, making $165-220 profit a month — far more than the $65 a month minimum salary for a civil servant. Like the estimated 200,000 other kpayo sellers they are prepared to accept the risks.
There is significant price fluctuation. Kpayo prices almost doubled between May and August 2015, after a price rise in Nigeria because of its government's heavy debts to oil companies and uncertainties over the presidential election at the end of March 2015. Kpayo was no longer competitive with legal petrol, imported by several operators and sold at filling stations. The trade in smuggled fuel continued, though the sellers made no money. But the black market is so big that the official networks, not as developed as those in Togo, Ghana or Côte d'Ivoire, (...)
Sabine Cessou
Translated by Charles Goulden
(1) Jihad vs. McWorld, Ballantine Books, New York, 1996.
(2) John Gray, False Dawn, New Press, New York, 1998; William Greider, One World, Ready or not: the Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1997; and Doug Henwood, Wall Street, Verso, London 1997.
(3) See Thomas C Frank, "France, an unforgivable exception", Le Monde diplomatique, English Internet edition, April 1998.
(4) These "dimensions" are politics, culture, national defence, financial markets, technology and environment.
The return of presidents for life
Tierno Monenembo Preview
Democracy advances in Africa, but heads of state still manipulate constitutions to extend their reign. Most of these elected dictators are in francophone countries. The constitutional referendum held on (...) →
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français — Le Bénin carbure à la contrebande
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English — Benin's petrol black market
Here is a terrific article you should definitely read: "Benin's petrol black market", by Sabine Cessou (subscribers, January 2016) // https://mondediplo.com/8015
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