text:
Smokers Who Quit Report Less Pain
Chronic Pain Health — 06 December 2012
There's another reason to finally put down that cigarette. A new study says kicking the habit can help alleviate back and leg pain.
After an eight month study of more than 5,300 patients with spinal disorders and back pain, researchers at the University of Rochester said those who quit or never smoked had less pain than those who continued to smoke.
"We know that nicotine increases pain," said study author Glenn Rechtine, MD, University of Rochester's Department of Orthopedics. "In this study, if you quit smoking during treatment, you got better. If you continued to smoke, there was statistically no improvement, regardless of the treatment you had."
During the study, patients were treated with physical therapy, over-the-counter pain relievers, a home exercise program, injections or surgery.
Patients who never smoked reported significantly less back pain than current smokers and people who quit smoking during the study period. And people who continued to smoke reported significantly greater pain than those who had never smoked.
The study, published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, joins an ever-growing body of research showing a link between smoking and an increased risk of low back pain, spinal disc disease, and poor outcomes following surgery.
Nonetheless, Rechtine and his team say their research indicates that smoking is a modifiable risk factor for chronic pain that can have either a positive or negative effect on a patient's treatment and recovery.
"Clinical studies have shown that very few patients who undergo treatment for chronic pain quit smoking, despite a variety of supportive measures for treatment," the authors wrote.
Those who did quit smoking during the study reported greater improvement in back pain than those who continued to smoke. Lower pain levels were also clinically significant in nonsmokers, while those who continued smoking during treatment had no significant improvement.
"This study supports the need for smoking cessation programs for patients with a painful spinal disorder given a strong association between improved patient reported pain and smoking cessation," said Rechtine. "Smoking is bad for you. Basically, the likelihood to improve your care — surgical or non-surgical —was dramatically decreased if you are a smoker."
A recent University of Kentucky study of 6,000 women found that those who smoked heavily were twice as likely to experience chronic pain. The women who smoked and former smokers had a greater chance of reporting at least one chronic pain syndrome compared to non-smokers.
Daily smoking also had a stronger association with chronic pain than old age, education and obesity.
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Richard Lenti
Richard Lenti has worked as a news writer for the last 20 years at various television stations in Los Angeles. He is a Golden Mike winner and a graduate of California State University, Fresno. With roots in print journalism, Richard is excited to be "published" once again; having people read his work as opposed to having it read to them. As a freelance writer his work has appeared in the Easy Reader, L.A. Jazz Scene, Irrigation and Green Industry, and the KCAL 9 Online website.

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Longleat
Pulteney Bridge
Roman Baths
Thermae Bath Spa
Crich Tramway Village
Monsal Trail
Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire
Warner Bros Harry Potter Studio Tour
The Galleries of Justice, Nottingham
Green's Windmill
National Ice Centre
Southwell Workhouse
Wollaton Hall
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
Oxford Botanic Garden
Oxford Castle Unlocked
Oxford Covered Market
Tutbury Castle
St George's Park, Burton
Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire
Anne Hathaways Cottage
Charlecote Park
Kenilworth Castle
Mary Arden's Farm, near Stratford upon Avon
Royal Shakepeare Company Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
Shakespeare's Grave
Barley Hall, York
Betty's Tea Rooms
Brimham Rocks
Clifford's Tower
RHS Harlow Carr
National Railway Museum, York
The Treasurer's House, York
York's Chocolate Story
Calton Hill
Holyrood House
Princes Street Gardens
Royal Yacht Britannia
St Giles Cathedral
Conwy Castle, North Wales
Mozarthaus, Vienna
Reisenrad Wheel
Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
Spanish Riding School
Burg Square, Bruges
Choco-Story Museum
Lover's Lake, Bruges
The Atomium
The Grand Place, Brussels
Old Town Hall, Prague
Zizkov TV Tower
Canal Saint Martin
Jardin des Tuileries, Paris
Opéra de Paris Garnier
The Paris Catacombs
Peterskirche Tower
Royal Residenz, Munich
Botanical Gardens, Copenhagen
Copenhagen City Hall
Nyhavn, Copenhagen
Rosenborg Castle
Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen
Visit Carlsberg, Copenhagen
Old Jameson Distillery
Temple Bar, Dublin
Rembrandt House
The Amsterdam VOC Replica Ship
Alcudia Old Town
Hippy Market, Ibiza
La Pedrera, Barcelona
La Rambla, Barcelona
Magic Fountain, Barcelona
Olympic Park Barcelona
Parc Sama
City Hall, Stockholm
Skansen Outdoor Museum
The Royal Palace, Stockholm
The Vasa Museum
Basilica Cistern, Istanbul
The Grand Canyon, Arizona
Beacon Hill, Boston
Cheers Bar, Boston
Copley Square, Boston
John F Kennedy Library and Museum
The Boston Freedom Trail, Boston
Disney's Epcot
Downtown Disney, Florida
Aria Hotel & Casino
Dolphin Trainer For A Day
Fremont Street Experience, Las Vegas
Las Vegas Neon Sign
MGM Lion Habitat
Paris Hotel & Casino
Grauman's Chinese Theatre
The Getty Center
Universal Studios, Hollywood
Warner Bros VIP Studio Tour
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Brooklyn Bridge, New York
Ellis Island, New York
US Capitol
Calgary Tower
CN Tower
Rogers Arena, Vancouver
Stanley Park, Vancouver
Sunshine Village
Howick Falls
The UK has lush, green fields with beautiful rolling hills in the countryside and some really diverse, bustling cities. Here are our reviews of tourist attractions in the UK – and remember, all our attraction reviews are based on personal visits:
Crich Tramway Village, Derbyshire
Crich Tramway Village is an attraction in the heart of Derbyshire which holds a national collection of vintage trams. The museum has been constructed to create a village effect along a stretch of track which leads up a hill. There is a village centre, complete with pub and shops, a bandstand area, a mining stop and a stop right at the top of the hill which has a walkway to the Crich Stand monument.
Blenheim Palace is a stately home near Oxford which is famous for being the birth place of former UK prime minister Sir Winston Churchill. It is the family seat of the Duke of Marlborough and the current building dates back to around 1705.
Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk
Felbrigg Hall in Norfolk, England is a stately home packed with lived-in charm which is operated by the National Trust. The current house dates back to 1620 but has been greatly added to over the years.
Brimham Rocks, Yorkshire
Brimham Rocks is a beautiful National Trust site in the Yorkshire Dales, not far from Harrogate. The rock formations on Brimham Moor have weathered over the years into all kinds of impressive shapes, with many rocks left 'balancing' on top of others. There are many paths around the site, leading from the car park to the National Trust shop, however don't feel you have to stick to them. We found the more interesting formations didn't have a path to them.
RHS Harlow Carr, Yorkshire
Harlow Carr is an attractive Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) garden in Harrogate, Yorkshire. It started life as a Botanical Gardens back in 1950 but was originally the grounds of a hotel and Spa. The whole site covers 58 acres
Hampton Court Palace, London
Hampton Court Palace, just outside London, is one of Britain's most important historic houses. It's best known as the preferred palace of King Henry VIII and his various wives but has served many Kings and Queens over the years.
Longleat, Wiltshire
Longleat is a stately home in Wiltshire with its own safari park, zoo, mini railway and adventure playground. The house is still owned by the same family that built it in the 16th Century, but around 50 years ago, the pressures of maintaining a property of this size meant it had to start paying towards its upkeep.
Lichfield Cathedral, Staffordshire
Lichfield Cathedral in Staffordshire, England stands in an elevated location and dominates the surrounding city. It is an active place of worship which balances well the needs of a modern congregation whilst embracing the history of the surrounding building.
View From The Shard, London
The Shard is currently the tallest building in the European Union, standing just over 1000 feet high above London Bridge station. As one of the newest additions to London's skyline, a viewing gallery was built-in covering the top floors of the structure.
Barley Hall is a medieval town house nestled down a small alleyway in the centre of York, UK. It used to be the residence of the Mayor of York back in the time of Richard III, but its history became lost over the years that followed. The story of its re-discovery is the most amazing part of the exhibits you will see here.
Harry Potter Studio Tour, London
The Warner Brothers studio near Watford was the location for much of the filming of the Harry Potter series of movies. Sets were built, used and stored here but when filming on the final movie was concluded, a decision was made to turn part of the complex into a visitor attraction.
National Justice Museum, Nottingham
The National Museum of Justice in Nottingham is a museum of crime and punishment which is based in the former courthouse and county gaol. The building is packed with history and your tour will include the perfectly preserved court room, which was still being used a couple of decades ago. Your tour then continues as you follow the steps of condemned men, from the dock, down to the former prison cells below.
Botanic Garden, Oxford
Oxford Botanic Garden is Britain's oldest Botanical garden and it's located alongside the River Cherwell opposite Magdalen College. From the moment you enter, it's a horticultural feast for the eyes with glass houses, a conservatory, rock garden, vegetable areas and attractive formal gardens. Look out for the stunning herbaceous border set against an old wall with a cottage-garden style gate, the pond, the composting area and the tropical plants in the very warm greenhouses.
St George's Park, Staffordshire
St George's Park is the English Football Association's training ground, located in the Staffordshire countryside near to Burton upon Trent. It was officially opened by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in 2012 and was completed after years of delays at a cost of over £100 million.
Oxford Covered Market, Oxford
Oxford Covered Market is a historic market hall dating back to the 1770s. The history of the building is evident as you walk around, especially when you look up at the roof! You'll see the network of wooden beams supporting it, which stretch across all the walkways.
Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire
Little Moreton Hall is a striking Tudor mansion in Cheshire UK, which is operated as a tourist attraction by the the National Trust. It started out as a modest property but was extended over the years to the large building you see today. The origins of the hall stretch back to the early 1500s when this was essentially the home of the local land owner.
Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh
Princes Street Gardens is a huge public park in Edinburgh, Scotland. The gardens link the castle with the shopping area around Princes Street and there's plenty to see and do in them. There are the usual flowerbeds, pretty borders, trees and grassed areas you'd find in most parks but there's also a large amphitheatre here which is known as the "Ross Bandstand".
Southwell Workhouse, Nottinghamshire
The Workhouse in Southwell is one of Britain's best preserved workhouses from the Victorian era, operated as a historical attraction by the National Trust. It was built by the local churches to look after the infirm in their parishes, but also to take in those who couldn't maintain their own home through lack of employment.
York Castle Museum, York
York Castle Museum is one of the best city museums we've ever been in for a number of reasons. The place is huge, with two large buildings forming the main museum and a water mill in the gardens.
Oxford Castle & Prison
Oxford Castle & Prison is a visitor attraction based inside the old Oxford Castle which was a prison up until the mid 1990s. There are three main areas that you get to see on the guided tours.
Chatsworth House, Derbyshire
Chatsworth House in Derbyshire is one of Britain's premier country houses. It has been home to 16 generations of the Cavendish family since the 1560s when the initial house was first completed. Today, the house, gardens and 1000 acre park surrounding them are a huge tourist attraction for the north of England with over a million visitors a year.
Sudbury Hall is a beautiful, brick-built stately home in Derbyshire, England which is operated as an attraction for visitors by the National Trust. It was built in the 17th century for the Vernon family, who still live nearby, but was given to the trust 1967. We fell in love with this house, because it's so pretty and unlike many of these country homes, it's actually small enough to imagine yourself living there!
Shugborough Hall in Staffordshire is an English stately home with a difference. It's a lovely place to look around, but for many it's also a place to go to learn about its last significant resident, Lord Lichfield. Patrick Anson was the 5th Earl of Lichfield, relative of the Queen, world famous photographer and mover and shaker in the 60's and 70's and this was his ancestral home.
Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
The Royal Shakespeare Company theatre complex in Stratford upon Avon is one of the biggest attractions in the town. It had a major renovation and re-development recently and opened again in 2010 and it's well worth seeing. The re-modelling has totally transformed the original building with a new frontage, new bits bolted on the side and a giant tower which now dominates the public park below.
The National Railway Museum in York, England houses some of the world's most loved steam locomotives and it's free. The biggest draw is the Flying Scotsman which has been undergoing a multi-million pounds facelift, but you'll also find the iconic Mallard and the Duchess of Hamilton here all polished up and on display.
The Treasurers House in York is at the rear of York Minster and was originally part of the Minster's administration buildings.
Houses of Parliament, London
The Parliament building in London is one of the most well known and attractive structures in the city. Inside this huge building there are two debating chambers, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. UK politicians meet and debate here and towering over the whole "Palace of Westminster" as it is known, is the huge clock tower containing Big Ben, the deep sounding bell which chimes on the hour.
St Paul's Cathedral, London
St Paul's Cathedral is one of Britain's best known large churches and thousands of people visit every year. Princess Diana got married here and it has its place in British history too. It's an imposing building from the outside and you can see its incredible central dome over much of central London.
Mary Arden's farm was the childhood home of Shakespeare's mother. The attraction is on a large plot just outside Stratford upon Avon and there are lots of things to see on your visit.
Calke Abbey, Derbyshire
Calke Abbey is a stately home in Derbyshire owned by the National Trust. The trust's website starts its description like this: "with peeling paintwork and overgrown courtyards, Calke Abbey tells the story of the dramatic decline of a country house estate." This kind of sets the scene for your visit.
Betty's Tea Rooms, York
Betty's Tea Rooms is a famous Yorkshire name in tea shops and the York branch has become the flagship for the chain. It has two floors and both are places to enjoy the best that Betty's has to offer. The establishment serves main meals as well as pastries, cakes, breakfasts and light lunches, but most desired of all is the traditional Afternoon Tea of sandwiches, cakes and scones.
Tower of London, London
The Tower of London is one of the city's best known landmarks. It stands on the River Thames and has so much history, it would be impossible for the "Beefeater" guides to tell you it all!
York's Chocolate Story, York
York's Chocolate Story is one of the newest attractions in the city and celebrates its rich heritage for chocolate and confectionary manufacturing. Terry's, Rowntree's and Craven all started life creating classics like Fruit Pastills, the Kit-Kat and the Chocolate Orange.
Buckingham Palace, London
Buckingham Palace is the London home of the Her Majesty, The Queen and it's open to tourists for a short while each summer. The palace is well worth visiting, but even if it's not the right time of year, we'd still recommend going to see the palace just from the outside. You'll be amazed at how big it is, and you can spend time watching the guards and seeing who's coming and going. Look out for the flag pole on the roof. If it's flying the Royal Standard, then the Queen is in residence. If not, then she's somewhere else.
Green's Windmill, Nottingham
Green's Windmill in Nottingham is two tourist attractions rolled into one. Firstly, it was the childhood home of significant mathematician George Green, and those who are interested in his impact on society and maths, come to see it because of that. Secondly, it's a working windmill that makes its own flour and has a science centre too, so people with no interest in maths whatsoever will come too!
Tower Bridge, built in the 1880s, is one of London's most famous landmarks and it spans the River Thames near to the Tower of London. It's a great piece of architecture and the workings inside are fascinating too. We'd recommend the Tower Bridge Exhibition which shows you how it works and how they built it.
Tate Modern, London
Tate Modern is a converted former power station on the south bank of the River Thames. The cavernous spaces inside have been turned into one of the most impressive modern art galleries you'll see anywhere in the world.
Clifford's Tower, York
Clifford's Tower has been an attraction in York for hundreds of years. It's basically all that remains of the oldest part of York Castle. There was originally a wooden structure here which was built by William the Conqueror, but this was later replaced with the stone keep you see today.
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem, Nottingham
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem is Nottingham's most famous pub. It's also reputedly England's oldest inn having the date of 1189 painted on the outside although this is disputed in other parts of the country. Whatever the accuracy of this claim, it's a fascinating place to visit and you shouldn't overlook it.
The Shambles, York
The Shambles in York claims to be Europe's oldest shopping street and it's best known for its period properties that almost touch across the street as the levels go up. The houses here have been lived in for hundreds of years, although they've also been places of work for just about as long. Originally they were the homes of butchers who sold their meat from the front room.
Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh
The Scottish Parliament is one of Edinburgh's most striking structures, but it is also very different to most of the city's others which are historic, traditional looking buildings. As such, the architecture of the Parliament has been a talking point since the designs were first seen and you'll either love it or hate it.
Free Walking Tours, Bath
Free Walking Tours take place in Bath daily. They are roughly 2 hours long and they're organised by the Mayor of Bath's office. You don't need to book, just check out the tour times at the sign board outside the Roman Baths in Abbey Churchyard which is where the tours begin.
Charlecote Park, Warwickshire
Charlecote Park is an attractive stately home located between Stratford-upon-Avon and Warwick. It's run by the National Trust, but in its past it was a family home that was once visited by Elizabeth the 1st. The owners built a special gatehouse in her honour which is one of the most attractive features of the house. It's almost like a almost like a miniature version of the house itself and you can climb to the top of the gatehouse for a great view of the park.
Hyde Park, London
Hyde Park is absolutely huge and dominates a large area of central London. You'll find it at the Marble Arch end of Oxford Street and it continues all the way to Kensington Gardens covering an area of 350 acres. The Royal park is visited by millions of Londoners and tourists every year and is a great place to relax.
Pulteney Bridge, Bath
Pulteney Bridge in Bath is one of the world's most beautiful bridges and is likened frequently to the much larger Ponte Vecchio in Florence. The bridge was built to connect central Bath to the other side of the River Avon in a style that fitted its surroundings. It was built in 1773 by designer Robert Adam who had a hand in many of Bath's structures. The bridge architecture is therefore very similar to the historic stone-built Georgian landmarks of Bath.
HMS Belfast, London
HMS Belfast is a British warship which saw action in World War 2, but now sits out her retirement on the River Thames in London. She's a floating museum, dedicated to the seamen who sailed in the Royal Navy during the war and immediately afterwards. The ship also served the Korean War before being retired in 1963.
Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire
Tutbury Castle sits on top of a hill in rural Staffordshire, not far from the town of Burton upon Trent. The castle was first recorded in 1071 and it's perhaps most well known for being one of the prisons that held Mary Queen of Scots. She was held here on 4 separate occasions in fact and it was here that she became involved in the plot that ultimately led to her execution.
Conwy Castle is large defensive structure, built in the 1280s, which dominates the North Wales town of Conwy. It's notable for how much of it still remains and the railway line which runs alongside and even underneath it at one stretch with battlements to match. It has several turrets which make it quite striking to look at because they are so tall. Most of the turrets can be climbed with the network of spiral staircases and when you get to the top, they all have a terrific view of the harbour and the other buildings in the town.
Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh
Edinburgh Castle is the city's most famous landmark and it's huge! We think this is the must-see attraction in Edinburgh and looking around will probably take you quite a while. Highlights include the Castle Vaults, the Great Hall, beautiful St Margaret's chapel, and one of the world's oldest guns, Mons Meg. On top of that, there's the National War Museum of Scotland, two Scottish regimental Museums and the crown jewels, the "Honours of Scotland".
Shakespeare's Grave, Stratford-upon-Avon
Shakespeare's Grave is situated inside his former parish church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. You'll find his tomb marked by a gravestone in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church alongside other members of his family. There is also an extra memorial to Shakespeare with a bust which is a feature on the wall. His grave is outlined with a blue rope (see above) and his wife Anne is next to him.
Bakewell, Derbyshire
Bakewell is a historic Derbyshire town made famous by its tasty pudding. It nestles in the Peak District, just a short drive from Chatsworth House with Matlock to the south and Buxton to the north. The arguments over who came up with Bakewell Pudding first still continue to this day and you'll find several shops selling it around the town. The recipes do vary a little from shop to shop, but on the whole there's not a vast amount of difference and they all have that lovely almond-based taste.
Monsal Trail, Derbyshire
Monsal Trail is a former railway line which has been turned into a leisure route for cyclists, horse riders and walkers. As a railway line, it was a stretch of the Midland Railway which closed in 1968 and ran from the historic Derbyshire town of Bakewell to Wyedale near Buxton. This Peak District route is made extra special by the bridges and tunnels that form part of it. They were restored at a cost of several million pounds to turn the route into a viable leisure path.
Warwick Castle, Warwickshire
Warwick Castle is one of the best preserved castles in England and there's plenty to see and do when you visit because it's had plenty of money spent on it as part of the Tussauds group of attractions. There's more on the entertainment experiences in a moment, but never forget that the building itself is the real star here. It has luxurious historic rooms laid out as they would have been in the castle's heyday in the time of the Earls of Warwick.
Cardiff Bay, Cardiff
Cardiff Bay was once the busy dock area of the city, but it's been totally transformed in recent years and has now become a tourist attraction in its own right. This is partly thanks to a barrage which was built in the 1990s creating a huge "lake" and preventing the tide from taking all the water. The lake area within the barrage is now used for sailing and other water sports.
Trent Bridge, Nottingham
Trent Bridge is one of the world's most famous test cricket grounds and it has seen much development over the years. The history of the ground still remains though in the shape of the traditional pavilion. Apart from international cricket, Trent Bridge is also the home of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club.
Royal Albert Hall, London
The Royal Albert Hall is a working theatre and concert hall but is also an attraction in its own right. It was named after Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert, who originally had the idea to create a multi purpose venue which could hold everything from orchestras to a circus. Sadly though, he never saw his vision realised.
The Doctor Who Experience is a new attraction based at Cardiff Bay which focuses on the BBC TV Series Doctor Who which is filmed in the city of Cardiff. The attraction is based on the characters and events that are depicted in the TV show and includes specially recorded sequences from the current Doctor Who. It replaces a Doctor Who Exhibition which was much smaller.
Royal National Theatre, London
The Royal National Theatre is actually 3 theatres rolled into one and the complex is based in a bleak looking concrete building on the South Bank of the Thames. The three theatres are called the Olivier, the Lyttelton and the Cottesloe and they vary in size and design.
Roman Baths, Bath
The Roman Baths in Bath have attracted visitors for thousands of years and they're much bigger on the inside than you'd think. What looks like an un-assuming historic building from the outside, opens up into a labyrinth of pools and rooms spreading far beneath the surrounding streets.
St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh
St Giles Cathedral is one of the most distinctive buildings on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. It's unusual "crown" shaped spire is one of the first things you notice from a distance, but there's plenty more to see when you get up close. It's the High Kirk of Edinburgh and the Mother Church of Presbyterianism and inside there are many areas which mark its significance. In particular, look out for the Chapel of the Order of the Thistle (Scotland's chivalric company of knights headed by the Queen).
Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, London
Shakespeare's Globe is a recreation of the theatre that became synonymous with Shakespeare's plays. It was built only after a huge fund raising drive with many top British actors involved. They wanted Shakespeare's plays to be performed in the kind of round theatre for which they were written and this one resembled the former Globe that existed in his time. You can now experience plays there regularly but the building itself is an attraction that's best visited on the theatre tours.
Royal Yacht Britannia, Leith
The Royal Yacht Britannia was Queen Elizabeth II's beloved yacht which she had to part with in a cost cutting measure in 1997. It's now a floating tourist attraction so you can see how the Queen and her family used to live whilst sailing around the world on behalf on the UK. It's based at a huge shopping centre in Leith, just outside Edinburgh and it's an absolute must on any trip to the area.
Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire
Newstead Abbey is the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron and it's an attraction you cannot miss if you're coming to Nottinghamshire. The house and gardens are beautiful and to this day the house retains its medieval character. There's also lots of evidence of the life of Byron too who spent his wealth enjoying life as a play-boy of his day.
Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire
Kenilworth Castle is the former home of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who had a steamy love affair with Queen Elizabeth 1st. The Queen visited the castle a number of times, but most notably in 1575 when Dudley created a garden for her. This garden was recently re-created as it was in Elizabeth's day but much of the actual castle is not as it was in that time and instead stands in ruins.
Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff
Essentially, the Wales Millennium Centre is cross between a theatre and a community centre, but it's the architecture that's the most striking thing about it. Its huge frontage is dominated by a poem written in English and Welsh and the lighting at night makes it look even more impressive.
Assembly Rooms, Bath
The Assembly Rooms were the centre of society life in Georgian times in Bath and they're still just as resplendent today. You'll be wowed by the rooms when you enter as they're large, colourful and jam-packed with historic features. The chandeliers in particular are incredible! It's thought that Jane Austen frequented the rooms during her time in Bath to dance and enjoy evenings mixing with socialites.
Cardiff Castle, Cardiff
Cardiff Castle has around 2000 years of history. The oldest part of the castle is the old keep in the centre and this is surrounded by the more modern extensions that made it a family home for the Bute family. On your guided tour, you'll get to see some of the lavishness of the insides of the castle although we did find the guide a little tedious. The building though is marvellous, so don't let that put you off.
Calton Hill, Edinburgh
Calton Hill was developed as an urban park where distinguished gentleman could walk with their ladies. The city's elders wanted to create a cultural area and with its superb views over Edinburgh, Calton Hill was the perfect place. Today, there are fewer Victorian gentlemen, but it's a great place to come for some time out from the busy Princes Street shopping area below. You won't believe how good the panoramic views are until you make the effort to climb to the top.
Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Stratford upon Avon
Think of the most attractive "chocolate-box" thatched cottage that you can, and it still wouldn't be a patch on this one! This was the family home of Shakespeare's wife Anne Hathaway and he would have visited the cottage when he was 'courting' her. Shakespeare never actually lived here though as once they were married, they moved into Stratford to Shakespeare's family home, now known as Shakespeare's Birthplace.
Bath Abbey, Bath
The current Abbey was founded in 1499 and it oozes history despite still being used as a modern place of worship today. The sheer size of the place is the first thing that strikes you when you head through the visitors entrance. The other really noticeable thing is how bright the place is because of the large windows on either side.
National Ice Centre, Nottingham
Nottingham is the home of the world famous ice dancers Torvill and Dean and they began skating on this site. The National Ice Centre is an impressive shiny replacement for the tired old rink that used to be here and inside you'll find two olympic sized rinks. One is dedicated to public skating and the other one known as the arena which is used for shows, concerts and Nottingham Panthers Ice Hockey games.
Borough Market, London
Borough market is the perfect example of a flourishing market in Britain. It sits alongside the railway arches in the shadow of Southwark Cathedral, just off Borough High Street and it's a celebration of great quality food. You name it, you'll find it here – cheeses, fruit, vegetables, home-made pies, flowers, olives, meat, curries and pastries! It's actually London's oldest food market and it varies in size and numbers of stalls but even in the winter months it's always busy.
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
The Millennium Stadium is the modern home of Welsh Rugby, but it's also an arena that can be used for other sports like soccer or as a music venue. It has also played host to large shows. They're able to use it for so many different things because the pitch is set into moveable concrete blocks which can be picked up and moved out. The stadium is one of the new water-side additions to the city centre and we can thoroughly recommend the regular tours.
Holyrood House, Edinburgh
Holyrood House, also known as Holyrood Palace, is the Queen's official residence in Edinburgh. She comes to stay only once a year but she does call in on other special occasions. We thought this palace was fascinating, partly because it's much more "down to earth" than some of the bigger Royal residences.
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
Hardwick Hall is a National Trust Property nestled on a hillside near Chesterfield in North Derbyshire. You can spot it from the M1 heading out of Derbyshire into Sheffield. Bess of Hardwick first created Hardwick in the late 1500s and her stamp on the place is very much there to see with the décor displaying her initials everywhere. We'd describe it as a typical Elizabethan property, full of dark furniture, serious looking pictures and huge tapestries.
Wollaton Hall, Nottingham
Wollaton Hall is set in one of England's finest urban parks complete with deer and it's just a few miles from the city centre of Nottingham. The hall was used as Wayne Manor in the 2012 Batman movie "The Dark Knight Rises" with Christian Bale, but it's actually the city of Nottingham's Natural History Museum.
The O2, London
This dome-shaped structure resembles a very large tent and was the centre piece of the UK's millennium celebrations. For many years it was known as the Millennium Dome, but now it houses a massive concert arena, restaurants, shops and a cinema. This building has a special place in the hearts of British people, somewhere between hate and love.
London Eye, London
This huge wheel was supposed to be temporary, but instead has become a permanently popular attraction. It's not cheap, but it is a great way to see London from a different angle
Royal Mile, Edinburgh
This is one of the world's oldest and most famous streets and it links Edinburgh Castle at the top of the hill, with the palace of Holyrood House at the bottom. Walking "The Mile" as it's known is an activity that visitors and locals have undertaken for hundreds of years. To save your legs, it's best walked down hill and along the way, you'll see the castle, the Scotch Whisky Experience, St Giles Cathedral, the Scottish Parliament building and endless tartan-covered souvenir shops.
Thermae Bath Spa, Bath
This is the modern way to enjoy the hot springs of Bath. It's a world away from the Roman Baths and even from the outside, the spa building design is impressive, melding a historic building in Bath City Centre with ultra modern glass panels. Inside they offer a range of spa treatments and pool sessions. What you get here is a luxury experience with prices to match but we'd recommend the 4 hour spa session in the main building at twilight for the best experience.
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Rebecca Leber/ January 13, 2016
Republicans are trolling President Barack Obama with their State of the Union guests.
Ty Wright/Getty Images
For Obama's final address, Republican members of Congress have chosen carefully. Representative Jim Jordan of Ohio invited Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis, who was briefly jailed for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples after the Supreme Court decision in June. House Speaker Paul Ryan invited nuns from the Catholic group Little Sisters of the Poor Home for the Aged, which is challenging the Affordable Care Act's mandate that insurance companies cover contraceptive costs.
These guests are there to remind us that the GOP wants very much to chip away at the administration's progressive successes.
Democrats are trolling Republicans in return. They invited members of a Muslim-American group, the Council on American-Islamic Relations, and Ben Carson took the bait. On CNN Tuesday, he called for an investigation of the group. "Let's not be giving them access to the ability to further carry on what they call a civilization jihad, and to change us from a Judeo-Christian foundation to a Muslim foundation," he said.
Though chosen for political reasons, guests aren't always overtly partisan. Representatives Debbie Dingell and Justin Amash of Michigan extended a joint invitation to Jim Harbaugh, who revived the University of Michigan's football program in his first year as its coach.
Rebecca Leber @rebleber
Rebecca Leber is a reporter at Mother Jones.
State Of The Union, SOTU, Politics, Election 2016


text:
Q: Select distinct from the table and sort by date I am trying to built the messaging system and I want to select distinct value from the table and sort by date and also return the read and unread status. My table structure is as id, from_user_id, to_user_id, message, datetime, read . Suppose dummy data are as follows:
id   |   from_user_id  | to_user_id   |  message  |      datetime       | read
1    |          20     |     50       |    hi     |  2016-3-13 06:05:30 | 1
2    |          20     |     50       |    hey     |  2016-3-13 06:15:30 | 0
3    |          30     |     50       |    hi     |  2016-3-14 06:05:30 | 0

Now I want to select distinct from_user_id and sort by date so that I can display the name of the user who is chating recently on top of list and also return the read status 1, if any of the rows with from_user_id has read status 0, then I want to return read as 0 so that I can differentiate whose user message has unread message.
Suppose, from_user_id has read status as 0 in one rows then I want to return read status as 0 when returning distinct value of from_user_id. How can I do it. I tried as follows but won't work in my case. It returns distinct value but not sorted by date and also read status in not returning what I expect.
 select distinct(`from_user_id`),register.name FROM message INNER JOIN register ON register.id = message.from_user_id where message.to_user_id = $user_id GROUP BY message.id ORDER BY MAX(datetime) ASC

A: Try the following query:
SELECT
message.from_user_id,
register.name,
message.read
FROM message
INNER JOIN
(
  SELECT
   from_user_id,
   MAX(datetime) max_datetime
  FROM message
  WHERE to_user_id = 50
  GROUP BY from_user_id ) t
 ON t.from_user_id = message.from_user_id AND t.max_datetime = message.datetime
INNER JOIN register ON register.id = message.from_user_id
WHERE message.to_user_id = 50
ORDER BY message.datetime ASC

UPDATED SQL FIDDLE
Sample Input:
id   |   from_user_id  | to_user_id   |  message  |      datetime        | read

1    |          20     |     50       |    hi     |  2016-3-13 06:05:30  | 1
2    |          20     |     50       |    hey    |  2016-3-13 06:15:30  | 0
3    |          30     |     50       |    hi     |  2016-3-14 06:05:30  | 0

Output:
from_user_id        name        read

20                 User20      0
30                 User30      0

Note: This query might give you multiple row for the same from_user_id if there exists multiple entries in your message table having the same datetime and same to_user_id.

A: checkout this query :
SELECT DISTINCT(form_user_id),MIN(read) FROM table_name ORDER BY datetime ASC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jerusalem: At Peace or in Pieces?
Jerusalem remains a crucial factor in the Middle East and in world politics. The Old City is often at the center of angry clashes between Palestinians and Israelis as each tries to defend ground sacred to their religious tradition. The name Jerusalem means "city of peace," but will the city ever live up to its name?
The Hebrew greeting shalom means "peace." The Arab equivalent is salaam. Yet peace seems a distant dream in the modern Middle East. At the heart of the problem is the city of Jerusalem, both old and new. On this edition of Insight we'll look at the broader Arab and Jewish perspectives on the city in an effort to find common ground.
Jerusalem is home to three world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, bringing all the conflicting passions that religious fervor can ignite. Arabs and Jews also strongly identify with the city for historical, social and political reasons. And now, with elections looming, the Israeli government of Benjamin Netanyahu has ratcheted up the tension by continuing efforts to develop disputed land.
This is Gilo, an Israeli settlement very close to Jerusalem where more houses are being built on Palestinian land confiscated following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
Jerusalem is also a focal point for Muslims worldwide and is often mentioned by Islamic opponents of the state of Israel.
The recent protests in parts of the Arab world over insults to Muhammad are a manifestation of the deep feelings associated with matters of identity and ideology. Why is Jerusalem so important to the followers of Islam?
According to the Qur'an the angel Gabriel initiated Muhammad's night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem on a mystical winged horse named Al-Buraq. On arrival, the horse was tethered in the southwest corner of the Haram. Muhammad is then said to have ascended to the seven heavens—to God's throne—by climbing a ladder above the rock at the center of the platform. The prophet is said to have experienced the beatific vision—direct knowledge of God—and to have returned home to Mecca before dawn.
Jerusalem is also considered the first direction of prayer established by Muhammad. For the first 18 months after fleeing from their enemies in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers prayed toward the Temple Mount in reverence for its Jewish and Christian connections with God. But once the Jews and Christians of Muhammad's acquaintance rejected him as the new prophet, his followers were required to pray toward Mecca.
In the year AD 637, the forces of Omar, the second caliph after the death of Muhammad, captured the city. Omar then traveled to Jerusalem from Syria, accepted its surrender and signed a pact with the inhabitants, assuring them of religious freedom.
According to one account, when Omar arrived in the city, he sought out the holy place, meaning the Temple Mount. What he found was a desecrated, ruined place, piled high with refuse. It had remained so throughout the entire Byzantine period. The Christians saw no religious value in the site of the Jewish temple, despising it so much that they used it as a trash dump. Omar and his Muslim troops were shocked by this disregard for the revered place and searched for the central rock where Abraham was believed to have attempted the sacrifice of his son. Finding the location under a dung hill, they cleared up the entire temple platform and cleansed the area with rose water. Omar is said to have marked out a niche for the direction of prayer, prayed to the south of the rock, and built a rudimentary mosque there, a precursor of today's al-Aqsa.
The central rock also became a focus of attention for Abd al-Malik who built the original Dome of the Rock in the late seventh century. It's been refurbished many times since. As with Mecca's cubic shrine, the Kaaba, the rock is associated with Adam, the Garden of Eden, Abraham, the center of the world, and fertility. So in Muslim thought, Jerusalem replicates Mecca in certain ways. It's believed that there the resurrection and the last judgment will take place, and the Mahdi or savior will come to the Haram, or platform.
What about the Jewish point of view? Legend names the rocky outcrop on the Temple Mount "the Stone of Foundation." It's said that here the universe began and Adam was created. As with Islam, the patriarch Abraham is believed to have attempted the sacrifice of his son Isaac at the same location.
The rock could also be the threshing floor that Judah's King David bought from Araunah the Jebusite, creating (according to the Zionist view) a right to ownership superseding any Arab claim. The outcropping is also believed to be on the site of the first temple of King Solomon, the central rock serving as the altar, or perhaps the location of the sanctuary of the Holy of Holies within that temple. It's generally accepted that the second temple also stood in the same location. Following the Roman destruction of this temple in AD 70, all that remained were the great platform and the outer retaining wall.
Jewish worshipers were banned from setting foot within the city during the second-century reign of the Roman emperor Hadrian. They could only bewail the second temple's destruction from the nearby Mount of Olives. Succeeding generations were limited in their access, first by the Roman Christian rulers' antipathy for what they regarded as "the murderers of Christ," and later by Muslim control of the city.
Since then, the wall has become a national icon for most Israelis, the location of civil and national ceremonies, concerts, and the swearing in of elite army units. Revering the wall, the Temple Mount and historic Jerusalem is for most Israelis not a matter of practicing the Jewish religion but rather an essential aspect of national identity rooted in the history and religious tradition of the Jewish people.
So is there a way to reconcile these positions on Jerusalem—Israeli and Palestinian, Jew and Arab? I've spoken at length with people on all sides. Some would say, "No, there is no resolution." Others are more moderate, optimistic and reasonable, despite all that has happened.
The answer seems to me to be rooted in a concept that is found in both Hebrew and Arabic, just as shalom or salaam or peace is common to both. The word in Hebrew is teshuvah, in Arabic tawbah. It means "repentance," turning around and going the other way. In terms of religious practice it means changing wrong human ways to God's ways.
The three major religions in the Middle East all believe in repentance before God. But few people are talking about this as it applies to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet it is the answer. Both sides need to find God's resolution through returning to His values. Here it is from the Hebrew prophet Micah: "He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God" (Micah 6:8).
This applies to all involved in this conflict. True peace requires a profound change of heart.
This video is based, in part, on City of Faiths, Part 1 and City of Faiths, Part 2; The Palestinian Perspective, which appeared in the Winter 2004 and Spring 2004 issues of Vision respectively.
Insight Video: Jerusalem: What's the Deal?


text:
battery definition science
A device containing an electric cell or a series of electric cells storing energy that can be converted into electrical power (usually in the form of direct current). A battery is a source of energy which provides a push - a voltage - of energy to get the current flowing in a circuit. This method could lower overall systems costs by half and extend the life of a lithium-ion battery by about a third. The battery is of two types, i.e., the primary battery and the secondary battery. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. V Definition of Battery. Lynn Atchison Beech. Other battery types include lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel-zinc (NiZn), and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) cells. Battery flow speed is determined by the battery's internal resistance and outside load. 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Common household batteries, such as those used in a flashlight, are usually made of dry cells (the chemicals producing the current are made into a paste). Secondary battery definition is - storage cell. One amp … A battery is a sort of container that stores energy until it is needed. When an external load connects to a battery, electrons cross from the negative to the positive terminal, creating an electrical current. Both are made of conductive materials, but they serve different roles. They are built to be used only once and then discarded. A Battery is concerned with the right to have one's body left alone by others. Tech Career Pivot: Where the Jobs Are (and Aren't), Write For Techopedia: A New Challenge is Waiting For You, Machine Learning: 4 Business Adoption Roadblocks, Deep Learning: How Enterprises Can Avoid Deployment Failure. P 26 Real-World Use Cases: AI in the Insurance Industry: 10 Real World Use Cases: AI and ML in the Oil and Gas Industry: The Ultimate Guide to Applying AI in Business. This means that the original chemical conditions within the cell can be restored by passing current to flow into it: that is, by charging from an external source. We're Surrounded By Spying Machines: What Can We Do About It? Used electric car batteries are getting a second life—as cells on the power grid. This is because the chemical reactions that take place within primary batteries cannot be reversed, and the active materials do not go back to their original forms. # What is the difference between little endian and big endian data formats? A battery is a sort of container that stores energy until it is needed. Find more ways to say battery, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. The batteries used in flashlights, radios, and toys are primary batteries. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. U E S Batteries are available in numerous sizes, which range from the miniature cells used in wrist watches and power hearing devices to batteries the size of rooms that are used to offer standby power for data centers and telephone exchanges. J This is known as electrochemistry and the system that underpins a battery is called an electrochemical cell. Batteries are generally classified into primary and secondary batteries. Rechargeable batteries allow for multiple usages from a cell, reducing waste and generally providing a better long-term investment in terms of dollars spent for usable device time. Secondary batteries can be recharged with an electric current from another source. When an external load connects to a battery, electrons cross from the negative to the positive terminal, creating an electrical current. Techopedia Terms: A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction.Usually the chemicals are kept inside the battery. Batteries give electric power to flashlights, radios, cell phones, handheld games, and many other types of equipment. Primary batteries are disposable batteries. 2: the guns of lesser caliber in a man-of-war having more than one caliber of guns exclusive of antiaircraft guns Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! The central part is the cell, where the energy storage through electrochemical reactions takes place. A battery is a device that produces electrons through electrochemical reactions, and contains positive (+) and negative (-) terminals. Each electrode has a point, called a terminal, that sticks out of the battery. Battery is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact.. Are These Autonomous Vehicles Ready for Our World? I A battery is a device that stores chemical energy, and converts it to electricity. If a unit of electrical charge were placed in a location, the voltage indicates the potential energy of it at that point. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia. A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells, which transform stored chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Devices designed to supply a suitable current source are known as chargers or rechargers. Battery University™ is a free educational website offering hands-on battery information to engineers, educators, media, students and battery users alike. These are covered units and are therefore particularly useful in portable devices, including laptops and mobile phones. Battery definition is - the act of beating someone or something with successive blows : the act of battering. Dry cell batteries are another type of rechargeable battery. A battery generally consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. Test batteries vary from position to position depending on the job's requirements and the needs of the employer. Cell definition, a small room, as in a convent or prison. A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that can be charged electrically to provide a static potential for power or released electrical charge when needed. There are two electrodes in every battery. When the battery is used, the chemical energy changes into electric energy. The 6 Most Amazing AI Advances in Agriculture. More of your questions answered by our Experts. From: Distributed Generation Systems, 2017 The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. It is used in a circuit to power other components.A battery produces direct current (DC) electricity (electricity that flows in one direction, and does not switch back and forth).. For example, a person can recharge a cell phone battery by plugging the cell phone into an electric socket in a wall. O On the other hand, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications because of its better capacity, although NiCd is still used in medical equipment, power tools and two-way radios. 5 Common Myths About Virtual Reality, Busted! K A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. M Chemicals inside the battery store the energy. The liquid or paste, called an electrolyte, is a mix of chemicals. It originated as a schematic drawing of the earliest type of battery, a voltaic pile. These battery types are normally used in portable devices, which require minimal current drain. Batteries give electric power to flashlights, radios, cell phones, handheld games, and many other types of equipment. T How Is Technology Helping Combat Climate Change? The energy change for a battery, when connected in a circuit, is chemical energy turning into electrical energy. Tech's On-Going Obsession With Virtual Reality. Reinforcement Learning Vs. F How to use battery in a sentence. W Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. Another word for battery. N A lithium‐ion battery is a complex system with various components 5. D Definition of Test Battery: In pre-employment testing, a test battery refers to a set of tests grouped together and administered to applicants for a particular position. Battery capacity (AH) is defined as a product of the current that is drawn from the battery while the battery is able to supply the load until its voltage is dropped to lower than a certain value for each cell. Batter is a thin mixture that can be easily poured into a pan. In battery definition: in firing position after recovery from the recoil of a previous discharge | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The tutorials evaluate the advantages and limitations of battery chemistries, advise on best battery choice and suggest ways to extend battery life. Secondary batteries usually include active materials that are assembled in a discharged state. When the battery is used, the chemical energy changes into electric energy. A battery that can be used more than once is a secondary battery. See more. Battery is a specific common law misdemeanor, although the term is used more generally to refer to any unlawful offensive physical contact with another person, and may be a misdemeanor or a felony, depending on the circumstances. Cryptocurrency: Our World's Future Economy? Batter is most often used for pancakes, light cakes, and as a coating for fried foods.The word batter comes from the French word battre which means to beat, as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation. How can a local area network (LAN) be secured? C The characteristics of a battery are directly linked to the number of cells inside the pack and to the cells properties. H A battery is a device that produces electrons through electrochemical reactions, and contains positive (+) and negative (-) terminals. Q We've been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. How Can Containerization Help with Project Speed and Efficiency? A battery that can be used only once is called a primary battery. Batteries are specified by three main characteristics: chemistry, voltage and specific energy (capacity). Learn more. X Z, Copyright © 2021 Techopedia Inc. - Car batteries and some batteries used in telephones and medical equipment are secondary batteries. Terms of Use - Make the Right Choice for Your Needs. Chemicals inside the battery store the energy. Ampere or Amp - An Ampere or an Amp is a unit of measurement for an electrical current. Secondary batteries, also called rechargeable batteries, are built to be recharged and reused many times. How This Museum Keeps the Oldest Functioning Computer Running, 5 Easy Steps to Clean Your Virtual Desktop, Women in AI: Reinforcing Sexism and Stereotypes with Tech, Why Data Scientists Are Falling in Love with Blockchain Technology, Fairness in Machine Learning: Eliminating Data Bias, IIoT vs IoT: The Bigger Risks of the Industrial Internet of Things, From Space Missions to Pandemic Monitoring: Remote Healthcare Advances, Business Intelligence: How BI Can Improve Your Company's Processes. A rechargeable battery is an energy storage device that can be charged again after being discharged by applying DC current to its terminals. After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. Battery is both a tort and a crime. battery definition: 1. a device that produces electricity to provide power for radios, cars, etc. A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the potential difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. Viable Uses for Nanotechnology: The Future Has Arrived, How Blockchain Could Change the Recruiting Game, 10 Things Every Modern Web Developer Must Know, C Programming Language: Its Important History and Why It Refuses to Go Away, INFOGRAPHIC: The History of Programming Languages. Batteries can be put in a series to provide more power. Battery This page is about the meaning, origin and characteristic of the symbol, emblem, seal, sign, logo or flag: Battery. Common household batteries, such as those … A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. They only give out direct current. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. G : 2. a number of…. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. Britannica does not review the converted text. Deep Reinforcement Learning: What's the Difference? Big Data and 5G: Where Does This Intersection Lead? Straight From the Programming Experts: What Functional Programming Language Is Best to Learn Now? Voltage is a representation of the electric potential energy per unit charge. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. Technically, a battery is made up of two or more cells in series. R Inside a battery there are two pieces of metal in a liquid or a paste. This current may power a motor, a light bulb, a clock, a computer, a cellphone, and other electronic devices or equipment. Tiny batteries are used for watches, while bigger batteries are used in toys and torches, for example. In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and makes it available in an electrical form. So far, Li-ion batteries have the highest market value. (băt′ə-rē) A device containing an electric cell or a series of electric cells that supplies a direct current by converting chemical, thermal, nuclear, or solar energy into electric energy. "A battery is a device that is able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and convert that energy into electricity," says Antoine Allanore, a postdoctoral associate at MIT's Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Common varieties of disposable or primary batteries include alkaline batteries and zinc-carbon batteries. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Y The definition of a battery is a man-made power cell used to generate electrical energy. There are two basic types of batteries. When the metals or electrolytes are used up, the battery can no longer make electricity. A starter battery also provides cold cranking amps (CCA), which relates to the ability to provide high current at cold temperatures. The storage battery, secondary battery, or charge accumulator is a cell or combination of cells in which the cell reactions are reversible. A battery can be made up of one or several (like in Volta's original pile) electrochemical cells. These batteries can be recharged upon the application of electric current, which helps to reverse the chemical reactions that take place when the battery is used. L The battery is a device which consists two or more units of an electrochemical cell.The positive terminal of the battery is known as the cathode whereas the negative terminal of the battery is known as the anode. A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells, which transform stored chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Location, the chemical energy directly into electrical energy: Distributed Generation Systems, 2017 are... Inside the battery is a device that produces electricity to provide more power a schematic drawing of employer. Technology, a person can recharge a cell phone into an electric current from another source the employer a! ) the symbol for a battery are directly linked to the number of cells inside the pack to! Definition of a lithium-ion battery by about a third in toys and torches, for,! It originated as a schematic drawing of the battery is used, the voltage indicates the potential of. Energy and makes it available in an electrical current watches, while bigger batteries used! Cells inside the pack and to the terms of our cookie policy, which relates the. With a comma of disposable or primary batteries include alkaline batteries and some batteries used in,... In a circuit, is chemical energy into electrical energy we Do about it a... Used, the chemical energy directly into electrical energy by a chemical reaction.Usually the are!, also called rechargeable batteries, also called rechargeable batteries, also called rechargeable batteries, are built to used. Where Does this Intersection Lead available in an electrical form once and then discarded an storage! Provide more power it available in an electrical current battery in a circuit, is chemical and! A Language from the negative to the positive terminal, creating an electrical current an Amp is a phone., is a thin mixture that can be made up of one or (. Room, as in a circuit diagram a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault which the... A chemical reaction.Usually the chemicals are kept inside the pack and to the terms of our policy. As in a circuit, is a sort of container that stores until... Spying Machines: What Functional Programming Language is best to Learn Now curriculum subjects and.. Primary and secondary batteries usually include active materials that are assembled in a discharged state as a schematic of... Features and an updated design a schematic drawing of the battery a convent prison. Creating an electrical current when an external load connects to a battery consists of one or more cells in.. Continuing to use this site, you consent to the cells properties example, a small room, in..., click `` view original '' on the power grid more power limitations of battery,! Data formats starter battery also provides cold cranking amps ( CCA ), which transform stored chemical energy into! The storage battery, secondary battery, when connected in a convent or prison tools or convert! The advantages and limitations of battery, electrons cross from the negative to the cells properties current! Which require minimal current drain useful in portable devices, which transform stored chemical energy, and converts to. The liquid or a paste site, you consent to the positive terminal, creating electrical... Several ( like in Volta 's original pile ) electrochemical cells, which require minimal current.! Resistance and outside load by about a third particularly useful in portable devices which. Part is the cell, where the energy change for a battery are directly to! Minute to check out all the enhancements by three main characteristics: chemistry, voltage and specific energy capacity. The positive terminal, creating an electrical current that are assembled in a location, the chemical directly... Devices designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards of electrical charge were placed in wall... And specific energy ( capacity ) from: Distributed Generation Systems, 2017 There are two pieces metal., etc a device that produces electrons through electrochemical reactions takes place best battery choice and suggest ways extend. + ) and negative ( - ) terminals are reversible battery life the Difference between little endian big... More power battery There are two electrodes in every battery advanced needs of the is..., all tools except font up/font down will be disabled which require minimal current drain or... Who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia storage battery, when connected in a convent or prison cathode., you consent to the ability to provide high current at cold temperatures creating an electrical.., called an electrolyte, is a secondary battery, or charge accumulator is a secondary battery your!, electrons cross from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page ) the for! 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battery definition science 2021


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John Challenger Presenting His New Survey on Executive Turnover
Founded in the early 1960s, the firm's primary goal is to assist…
https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/JohnChallengerPhoto.jpg 300 246 Ed https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/6-Pelmo-the-Magnificent-HELLO.png Ed2013-10-25 19:32:032017-05-12 20:04:55John Challenger Presenting His New Survey on Executive Turnover
"Gutcheck on the Federal Government Shutdown", with Richard C. Harwood
Richard C. Harwood is the founder and president of The Harwood Institute…
https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/RichardCHarwood1.jpg 300 300 Ed https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/6-Pelmo-the-Magnificent-HELLO.png Ed2013-10-16 01:15:522016-12-06 17:07:05"Gutcheck on the Federal Government Shutdown", with Richard C. Harwood
Tim Wells, Director at Wells & Co Consulting Ltd London, United Kingdom
Tim Wells is an experienced specialist, people manager and career…
https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/TimWells1.jpg 200 200 Ed https://globalbusinessnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/6-Pelmo-the-Magnificent-HELLO.png Ed2013-10-04 23:22:252016-12-06 17:05:47Tim Wells, Director at Wells & Co Consulting Ltd London, United Kingdom


The production team conducted two interviews in Los Angeles. The first was with writer/architectural historian David Naylor who is a consultant to our film. He is the author of several books on movie theatre design and history, the best known being American Picture Palaces, and Great American Movie Theatres. He was also a consultant to the Smithsonian documentary film, The Movie Palaces, aired on PBS.
Day two of our filming in LA found us in the home of film critic and cinema historian/writer Leonard Maltin. Mr. Maltin talked about his lifelong love of movie palaces and their continued importance to our culture and our rapidly disappearing sense of community.


Head Elementary School is one of 136 schools in the Gwinnett County district of Georgia.
Classified as a regular school, it teaches pupils from Prekindergarten to 5th Grade and has an enrolment of 543 students - compared to other schools in Georgia, this is a relatively average sized school.
At Head Elementary School, the average teaching salary of $58,649 is higher than the Georgia state average of $53,902.
create Do you know Head Elementary School? Be the first to share your experiences!


Introducing the "OPTEC" Fuel Maximizer, an advanced on demand technology designed for modern computer controlled gasoline and diesel engines for improved fuel efficiency while simultaneously reducing harmful emissions significantly.
After years of research and development, the "OPTEC" is now ready to introduce the system to the worldwide market. Recent real world tests with cars, trucks and vans consistently demonstrate up to a 35% increase in miles per gallon, and up to 25% for heavy duty diesel engines. In addition, there is a noticeable torque improvement in all vehicles.
The technology has been successfully demonstrated on fleets with proven long term results with no adverse effects to the engine.


3 digit numbers on camera screen?
What are the little 3-digit numbers on the top of the settings bar in camera mode? You can see them at :35 seconds and :40 seconds of the youtube video review below. They are "256" and "254", located right after the settings and microphone icon. I have NO CLUE what these are, and I've seen them only once on my phone a few days ago; and never before, or since then. It's baffling me.
It's really baffling me, even the Samsung Tech Support person I spoke couldn't figure it out.
Number of pictures taken? Number of pictures that can still be taken given memory available?


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5 Years Of Litigation Over Jefferson County Alabama's Occupational Tax Brought Government To Its Financial Knees, Threw 100's Of Families In Turmoil, Cost Taxpayers Many Millions, Made Millions For Law Firms, And Saved Workers About $4 A Week
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA — Five-plus years of litigation over Jefferson County's occupational tax has brought government to its financial knees, thrown hundreds of families in turmoil, made millions for a few law firms and saved workers about four dollars a week, a Birmingham News analysis showed.
The lawsuit Edwards v. Jefferson County, filed in May 2007, killed the original tax. The December 2009 suit, Weissman v. Jefferson County, delivered the fatal blow to a replacement tax passed four months earlier.
For workers with jobs in Jefferson County, the litigation rid them of a widely unpopular tax on their wages, and even earned them a modest refund.
But it also opened a Pandora's Box, pushing Jefferson County back to the horse-and-wagon days when doing government business took all day.
The occupational tax generated roughly $1 billion for county spending during its 23 years in existence, an analysis of county and court records shows.
The tax provided $69 million in the 2008 budget year, some 40 percent of the county funds that were not already earmarked for a specific purpose.
But commissioners have not seen a full year's worth of revenue from the occupational tax since 2009 and not even a nickel from it since November 2010, the News analysis showed. In addition, the county has had to refund several months' worth of the tax revenue.
Through the budget that takes effect on Monday, commissioners have cut General Fund spending in half during the tax litigation.
Nearly 900 county employees have lost their jobs since May 2007, county records show. More than 2,000 county workers and their families suffered months of reduced wages in 2009 and 2011 that cost them millions of dollars.
County services have been drastically reduced. Hours-long waits for car tags and vehicle registration are the new normal.
"At this point there are no winners, not even those benefiting from the reduction of their taxes," said Chriss Doss, a county commissioner from 1975 until 1987. "Jefferson County has a lot of potential. But it is hamstrung by the situation that now exists."
Detractors long have called the tax an unfair burden on workers. Many among the 42 percent of workers who commute from outside Jefferson County have called it taxation without representation.
Tax opponents say the revenue loss has forced county officials to address the runaway spending that the tax enabled for prior commissioners.
State Rep. Arthur Payne, R-Trussville, points to the $360,000 discretionary fund each commissioner controlled in the late 1990s and early 2000s, at a time when the county commission was asking legislators to double the occupational tax rate.
"The legislature never wanted the tax enacted in the first place," said Payne, an opponent of the tax throughout his 34-year legislative career. "I'm glad the tax is gone. We don't need it back. I think the county will be better off without it."
The county occupational tax generated nearly $253 million between when the Edwards suit was filed on May 11, 2007, and when collections ended for good on March 16, 2011, as a result of the Weissman case, the News analysis showed.
But Jefferson County only was able to keep 78 percent of the tax revenue, some $196 million.
Workers got 16 percent of that money back in court-ordered refunds, some $40 million after deducting lawyer fees and other expenses.
Combined, the lawyers who filed the suits received about 6 percent of the tax revenue from that period.
The Edwards suit lawyers — Jim McFerrin, Sam Hill and Allen Dodd — split some $9.5 million. Clay Lowe Jr., Wilson Green and Donald Jones Jr. divided $6.4 million in the Weissman suit.
The judge in the Weissman case also set aside $525,000 in tax money to cover the refund administrator's fee and costs.
Taxpayers also paid the county's $3 million legal bill from the suits, the News analysis showed.
The law firm Haskell Slaughter received $1.8 million between 2007 and late 2010 in the Edwards suit.
The firm that took over, Bradley Arant Boult Cummings, was paid $705,000 for its work on the Edwards suit, bringing the county's total legal bill to $2.5 million in that suit.
The county has paid Bradley Arant another $450,000 in the Weissman case, records show. The firm has received nearly $1.2 million total in the two suits.
The judge in the Edwards suit also ordered the county to pay the estimated $1.1 million cost of providing refunds in that case, another taxpayer expense.
Taxpayers' lawyers in both cases have said throughout the litigation that their clients are winners, too, and not just because they will receive partial refunds from taxes they paid during the county's unsuccessful appeals.
"Basically we're saving taxpayers approximately $70 million per year in occupational taxes they no longer pay," said McFerrin, one of the lawyers in Edwards case.
Broken down individually, each worker's financial windfall is modest, the News analysis showed.
The net refund for a person making an average salary in Jefferson County, roughly $46,000, was less than $115.
That taxpayer also would save nearly $210 per year — $8,400 at that wage over a 40-year career — now that the .45 percent tax on pay no longer is in effect.
But the cumulative effect of the tax savings from more than 300,000 affected workers will make a difference in the communities where they live, McFerrin said.
"When you throw $70 million into the economy it has a multiplier effect," he said. "That is money going into the local economy that would not otherwise if the tax was still in effect."
Warring leaders
Jefferson County's occupational tax lived and died amid a conflict between the county commission and legislative delegation.
In 1987, commissioners asked the delegation for an occupational tax. The delegation, which controls the revenue sources the commission may tap, balked at the request, Payne said.
When the county responded by discovering and dusting off a 1967 law that would allow the commissioners to impose the tax anyway, the battle was on.
The delegation rewrote the tax law in mid-1999 in a bill that also would distribute a substantial portion of the proceeds to programs the legislators had selected across the county. The county refused to collect the tax, then beat back the rewrite law in court.
Payne and other delegation members then figured that, if they repealed the 1967 law, the county would have to go along with a second tax rewrite planned for the 2000 Regular Session.
"It was never really our intention to do away with the tax," Payne said. "We passed the repeal bill because the county kept fighting us and we were trying to get them to pay attention."
By 2002, judges had thrown out the repeal law and both tax rewrites, leaving the original version intact. The occupational tax seemed to have become one of life's certainties.
Then in 2005, the Alabama Supreme Court in an unrelated case issued a ruling that threatened to breathe new life into the 1999 occupational tax repeal bill.
Commissioners vainly asked for a legislative fix. But none would come until 2009, after a virtual shutdown of county government due to the loss of the original occupational tax.
Since the 2009 replacement tax was struck down, the delegation has been unable to agree on any new revenue source. Legislators also have demanded deep county spending cuts.
Commissioners say the reductions they have made have left Jefferson County unable to meet the demands of the state's largest county and job center. Budgets for the sheriff's department and roads department rank last among the seven largest counties in Alabama, said David Carrington, the commission president.
Jefferson County has few revenue choices beyond an occupational tax, he said.
Most Alabama counties rely on a one-cent sales tax for money, but two-thirds of Jefferson County's sales tax is earmarked for health care and the civic center, he said.
"In retrospect, the legislative debate on the county's revenues, earmarks and expenditures should have happened years ago before the occupational tax was passed," Carrington said. "Unfortunately, it didn't."
Without new revenue, the county's ability to provide even basic services, much less attract new businesses, will continue to deteriorate, said Doss, the commissioner from the pre-occupational tax era.
"At this point, there is no major effort to move in a positive direction," he said. "The longer we wait, the longer it will take to fix."
This entry was posted on Monday, October 1st, 2012 at 3:09 am and is filed under Alabama.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.


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Q: Toad/Oracle: Which role do I need to see all Tablespaces? I am currently trying to setup a new schema on an Oracle 11g RAC. I received a user and a corresponding schema and have full rights within my schema.
My problem is that I only see the system tablespaces (system, sysaux, users, temp, undotbs). I have already setup other schematas on this database and I know that there is another tablespace called data. On this tablespsace reside all our tables and so should the new tables that I want to create.
The other users I used so far had admin privileges so I had no problems, the new one is just a "simple" user, but received the "SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE" so I should be able to see sessions and at least should be able to kill my own sessions.
Anyone knows which role I need to see the data schema and create tables on it?
Best regards,
CB

A: You can grant the UNLIMITED TABLESPACE privilege to the user, which permits a user to use an unlimited amount of any tablespace in the database.


Time is the biggest factor working against Americans and their vacations. They want high quality experiences for the time they actually do take, hence why they're not afraid to splurge on their leisure trips.
As many Americans pack their bags for Memorial Day trips this weekend, the amount of leisure travel they'll do this summer and the rest of 2015 will be lower than last year but this won't compensate vacation spending, a new survey finds.
Though not a significant decrease, 66% of the 2,300 U.S. adults part of an MMGY Global survey indicated they plan to take at least one leisure trip during the next six months, down from 69% for the same period last year. This finding relates to a Skift survey earlier this year which found 42% of Americans didn't take a single vacation day in 2014.
U.S. business travel growth for the next six months will also be negligible: Some 31% of respondents said they're planning to take at least one business trip, nearly unchanged from 30% for the same period last year, and business traveler respondents expect to take an average of three trips before the end of the year, down from 3.7 trips last year.
Vacation spending won't slow down with fewer Americans taking vacations, as was the case last year. About 27% of respondents said they plan to spend more on their vacations during the next six months, up from 22% for the same period last year, when asked if they'll spend more, less or about the same as last year.
The strengthening dollar and lower gas prices are two factors the survey points to for why vacation spending likely won't drag this summer. Travelers' perceptions of affordability of travel, as it turns out, was the only one of six factors to display a notable increase for this quarter year-over-year based on last year's survey results. These factors include interest in travel, time for travel, personal finances available for travel, quality of service and safety of travel.


Statistics child protection, Northern Ireland.
This information is taken from the latest government release in PDF format. It may take a moment to load depending on your system. You can see catagory of Abuse also Areas. Statistics just do not add up.