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La ecualización RIAA es una especificación para la grabación y reproducción de discos fonográficos, establecida por la Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Los propósitos de la ecualización son permitir mayores tiempos de grabación (al disminuir el ancho medio de cada surco), mejorar la calidad del sonido y reducir el daño del surco que de otro modo se produciría durante la reproducción.

La curva de ecualización RIAA tenía la intención de operar como un estándar industrial global de facto para la producción de discos desde 1954, pero es difícil determinar cuándo tuvo lugar realmente su adopción.

Antes, especialmente a partir de 1940, cada discográfica aplicaba su propia ecualización. Se llegaron a utilizar más de 100 combinaciones de traslado y supresión de frecuencias, siendo las principales Columbia-78, Decca-US, European (varias), Victor-78 (varias), Associated, BBC, NAB, Orthacoustic, World, Columbia LP, FFRR -78 y microsurco, y AES. La consecuencia obvia fue que se obtenían resultados de reproducción diferentes si el filtrado de grabación y reproducción no coincidían.

La curva RIAA
La ecualización RIAA es una forma de De-énfasis en la grabación y de Pre-énfasis en la reproducción. Se hace una grabación con las frecuencias bajas atenuadas y las frecuencias altas reforzadas, y en la reproducción ocurre lo contrario. El resultado neto es una respuesta de frecuencia plana, pero con atenuación del ruido de alta frecuencia, como silbidos y clics que surgen del medio de grabación. La reducción de las frecuencias bajas también limita los desplazamientos que el estilete de corte necesita hacer al grabar un surco. Por lo tanto, se reduce el ancho de banda, lo que permite que quepan más surcos en un área de superficie determinada, haciendo posibles tiempos de grabación más largos. Esto también reduce las tensiones físicas en la aguja del fonocaptor, que de otro modo podrían causar distorsión o daños en el surco durante la reproducción.

Un posible inconveniente del sistema es que se amplifica el rumor del mecanismo de accionamiento del tocadiscos durante la reproducción. Por lo tanto, los reproductores deben diseñarse para limitar el rumor mecánico en mayor medida que si no se utilizara la ecualización RIAA.

La ecualización de reproducción RIAA no es un simple filtro de paso bajo. Define los puntos de transición en tres lugares: 75 μs, 318 μs y 3180 μs, que corresponden a 2122 Hz, 500 Hz y 50 Hz (valores redondeados). Matemáticamente, la función de transferencia de preénfasis se expresa de la siguiente manera (donde T1=75 μs; T2=318 μs y T3=3180 μs):

Introducir esta modificación no es especialmente difícil, pero es más complicado que un simple proceso de amplificación. En el pasado, casi todos los preamplificadores de alta fidelidad, amplificadores integrados y receptores tenían un preamplificador de fono incorporado con el estándar RIAA, pero a menudo se omite en los diseños modernos, debido a la obsolescencia gradual de los discos de vinilo. Existen preamplificadores adicionales de señal fonográfica (denominada "phono") con la curva de ecualización RIAA, capaces de adaptar la salida de una cápsula fonográfica magnética a una entrada de nivel de línea RCA desequilibrada a -10 dBv. La mayoría de los tocadiscos modernos cuentan con preamplificación incorporada conforme al estándar RIAA. También existen preamplificadores especiales para las diversas curvas de ecualización utilizadas en los discos anteriores a 1954.

Los editores de audio digital a menudo cuentan con la capacidad de ecualizar muestras de audio utilizando curvas de ecualización estándar y personalizadas, eliminando la necesidad de la circuitería de un preamplificador dedicado a recoger con un ordenador la señal de audio de discos de vinilo. Sin embargo, esto puede agregar un paso adicional en el procesamiento de una muestra, amplificando las deficiencias de calidad de audio de la tarjeta de sonido que se esté usando para capturar la señal.

Historia

Orígenes del preénfasis
La práctica de la ecualización en las grabaciones eléctricas se remonta al inicio de esta técnica. En 1926, Joseph P. Maxwell y Henry C. Harrison, de los Bell Telephone Laboratories, revelaron que el patrón de grabación del cortador de disco magnético de "línea de goma" de Western Electric tenía una característica de velocidad constante. Esto significaba que a medida que aumentaba la frecuencia en los agudos, la amplitud de grabación disminuía. Por el contrario, en los graves, a medida que disminuía la frecuencia, aumentaba la amplitud de grabación. Por lo tanto, era necesario atenuar las frecuencias bajas por debajo de 250 Hz, el punto de transferencia de graves, en la señal del micrófono amplificado que se envía al cabezal de grabación. De lo contrario, la modulación de graves pasaba a ser excesiva y se producía una amplitud de banda excesiva, con el cortador entrando en el espacio reservado a los surcos de grabación anexos. Cuando se reproduce eléctricamente un disco con una cápsula magnética que tiene una respuesta suave en la región de los graves, era necesario un aumento complementario en la amplitud en el punto de corte de graves. G. H. Miller informó en 1934 que cuando se usaba un impulso complementario en el punto de corte en las transmisiones radiofónicas de discos, la reproducción era más realista y muchos de los instrumentos musicales se destacaban en su forma real.

Por su parte, West en 1930 y posteriormente P.G.H. Voight en 1940, demostraron que los primeros micrófonos de condensador del tipo Wente, contribuían a realzar el rango medio de frecuencias entre 4 y 6 dB durante el proceso de grabación. Esto significaba que las características de grabación eléctrica de los licenciatarios de Western Electric, como Columbia Records y Victor Talking Machine Company, tenían una mayor amplitud en la región de rango medio. Un brillo como este compensaba la falta de brillo en muchas pastillas magnéticas tempranas que tenían una baja respuesta en tonos agudos y medios. Como resultado, esta práctica fue el comienzo empírico del uso de preénfasis por encima de 1000 Hz en los discos de 78 y 33 rpm, unos 29 años antes de la aparición de la curva RIAA.

A lo largo de los años, surgió una gran variedad de prácticas de ecualización de registros, sin estándares de la industria. Por ejemplo, en Europa, durante muchos años las grabaciones requirieron reproducción con un ajuste de volumen de graves de 250 a 300 Hz y una atenuación de agudos a 10.000 Hz con valores comprendidos entre 0 y −5 dB o más. En los Estados Unidos, las prácticas variaron y surgió una tendencia a utilizar frecuencias de corte de graves más altas, como 500 Hz, así como una mayor atenuación de agudos como −8,5 dB y más. El propósito era registrar niveles de modulación más altos en el disco.

Estandarización
La evidencia de la literatura técnica temprana sobre la grabación eléctrica sugiere que los esfuerzos serios para estandarizar las características de grabación dentro de una industria no se produjeron hasta el período 1942-1949. Hasta entonces, la tecnología de grabación eléctrica de una empresa a otra se consideraba un arte patentado a partir del método con licencia de Western Electric de 1925, utilizado por primera vez por Columbia y Victor. Otras empresas, como por ejemplo Brunswick-Balke-Collender (Brunswick Corporation) utilizaron prácticas diferentes a las de Victor.

Las emisoras se enfrentaban a la necesidad de adaptarse a diario a las variadas características de grabación de muchas fuentes: varios fabricantes de "grabaciones caseras" fácilmente disponibles para el público, grabaciones europeas, transcripciones de corte lateral y transcripciones de corte vertical. Los esfuerzos para conseguir la estandarización se iniciaron en 1942 en el seno de la Asociación Nacional de Locutores (NAB), más tarde conocida como la Asociación Nacional de Locutores de Radio y Televisión. La NAB, entre otras propuestas, emitió normas de grabación en 1942 y 1949 para registros cortados lateral y verticalmente, principalmente transcripciones. Varios productores de discos de 78 rpm, así como los primeros fabricantes de LP, también redujeron sus discos al estándar lateral NAB.

La curva NAB de corte lateral era notablemente similar a la curva NBC Orthacoustic, que evolucionó a partir de las prácticas dentro de la National Broadcasting Company desde mediados de la década de 1930. Empíricamente, y no por ninguna fórmula, el extremo de graves del espectro de audio por debajo de 100 Hz podría aumentarse un poco para anular el zumbido del sistema y los ruidos retumbantes del tocadiscos. Del mismo modo, al final de los agudos a partir de 1000 Hz, si las frecuencias de audio se incrementaron en 16 dB a 10.000 Hz, los delicados sonidos sibilantes del habla y los altos matices de los instrumentos musicales se podían escuchar a pesar del alto ruido de fondo de los discos de goma laca. Cuando se reproducía el disco utilizando una curva inversa complementaria (de desénfasis), se mejoraba la relación señal-ruido, y la música sonaba mucho más realista.

En un área relacionada, el preénfasis de agudos similar al usado en la curva de grabación NBC Orthacoustic fue empleado por primera vez alrededor de 1940 por Edwin Howard Armstrong en su sistema de transmisión de radio de modulación de frecuencia (FM). Los receptores de radio FM que utilizan circuitos Armstrong y atenuación de agudos producían una salida de audio de alta calidad y amplio rango con bajos niveles de ruido.

Cuando Columbia lanzó el formato LP en junio de 1948, los desarrolladores publicaron posteriormente información técnica sobre el disco microsurco de larga duración a 33 rpm. Columbia reveló una pauta de grabación similar a la curva NAB en los agudos, pero tenía más refuerzo de graves o preénfasis por debajo de 150 Hz. Los autores revelaron las características de la red eléctrica para la curva LP de Columbia. Sin embargo, la curva aún no se basaba en fórmulas matemáticas, al menos no explícitamente.

En 1951, al comienzo de la popularización de la alta fidelidad (hi-fi) posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Audio Engineering Society (AES) desarrolló una curva de reproducción estándar, diseñada para ser utilizada por fabricantes de amplificadores de alta fidelidad. Si los discos estaban registrados para sonar bien en amplificadores de alta fidelidad usando la curva AES, este sería un objetivo valioso hacia la estandarización. Esta curva fue definida por las frecuencias de transición de los filtros de audio y tenía un polo a 2,5 kHz (aproximadamente 63,7 μs) y un cero a 400 Hz (aproximadamente 397,9 μs).

RCA Victor y Columbia estaban en plena "guerra de mercado" sobre qué formato de disco se iba a imponer: el LP de Columbia contra el disco de 45 rpm de RCA Victor (lanzado en febrero de 1949). Además de ser una batalla entre el tamaño del disco y la velocidad de grabación, existía una diferencia técnica en las características de grabación. RCA Victor estaba usando el sistema "New Orthophonic", mientras que Columbia usaba su propia curva LP.

Finalmente, la curva New Ortophonic se hizo pública en un artículo firmado  R. C. Moyer de RCA Victor en 1953, completado con otro artículo del mismo autor publicado en 1957. El artículo describía las características de las pautas de registro utilizadas por RCA Victor desde la grabadora Western Electric de "línea de goma" de 1925, hasta principios de la década de 1950, detallando las causas de las prácticas tradicionales y las razones que impulsaron la introducción de cambios importantes en los años intermedios. La curva RCA Victor New Orthophonic estaba dentro de las tolerancias establecidas en las curvas NAB/NARTB, Columbia LP y AES. Finalmente, se convertiría en el predecesor técnico de la curva RIAA.

Entre 1953 y 1956 (antes del lanzamiento del LP estéreo en 1958), varios organismos de normalización de todo el mundo adoptaron la misma curva de reproducción, idéntica a la curva RCA Victor New Orthophonic, que se convirtió en estándar en los mercados discográficos nacionales e internacionales. Sin embargo, aunque estos estándares eran todos idénticos, no se utilizó ningún nombre universal. Uno de los estándares se llamó simplemente "RIAA", y es probable que este nombre finalmente se adoptara porque era fácil de recordar.

Algunos cortadores de series cortas de discos posiblemente todavía usaron curvas de ecualización distintas de la curva RIAA hasta bien entrada la década de 1970. Como resultado, algunos fabricantes de audio producen hoy ecualizadores fonográficos con curvas de ecualización seleccionables, incluidas opciones para Columbia LP, Decca, CCIR y Direct Metal Mastering de TELDEC.

La curva RIAA mejorada
El estándar oficial RIAA define tres constantes de tiempo con un preénfasis que se eleva indefinidamente por encima de 75 μs, pero en la práctica esto no es posible. Cuando se definió el estándar de ecualización RIAA, las limitaciones de ancho de banda inherentes de los equipos de grabación y el corte en los amplificadores impusieron su propio límite superior final en la característica de preénfasis, por lo que no se incluyó un límite superior oficial en la definición del estándar RIAA.

Los sistemas modernos tienen un ancho de banda potencial mucho más amplio. Una característica esencial de todos los amplificadores de corte, incluidos los amplificadores de corte de Neumann, es una caída de alta frecuencia impuesta a la fuerza por encima de la banda de audio (> 20 kHz). Esto implica dos o más constantes de tiempo adicionales a las definidas por la curva RIAA. Esta característica no está estandarizada en ninguna parte, sino que la establece el fabricante del amplificador de corte y la electrónica asociada.

La denominada curva "RIAA mejorada" o curva "eRIAA" intenta proporcionar una corrección complementaria para estas constantes de tiempo no oficiales durante la reproducción.

Antecedentes
En 1995, una fuente no académica sugirió erróneamente que los amplificadores de corte Neumann aplicaban un solo polo de alta frecuencia a 3,18 μs (alrededor de 50 kHz) y que, por lo tanto, debería incluirse un cero complementario durante la reproducción. Sin embargo, no existe tal polo.

Por ejemplo, el preénfasis RIAA en el popular ecualizador Neumann SAB 74B alcanza un máximo en 100 kHz, y además de esto, el circuito también aplica una caída de segundo orden a 49,9 kHz, implementado por un filtro activo Butterworth (máximamente plano), más un polo adicional a 482 kHz. Esto no se puede compensar con un cero simple, incluso si fuera necesario, y en cualquier caso, otros amplificadores serán diferentes. De hecho, no se requiere corrección durante la reproducción, ya que se tiene en cuenta en la etapa de corte cuando se aplica la ecualización manual mientras se monitorean los cortes iniciales en un sistema de reproducción RIAA estándar. Sin embargo, el uso del cero erróneo sigue siendo un tema de debate entre los aficionados más especializados.

Muchos diseños comunes de preamplificadores de fono que utilizan ecualización de retroalimentación negativa incluyen un cero involuntario en altas frecuencias, similar al propuesto por Wright. Esto se ilustró, por ejemplo, en el trabajo seminal de 1980 sobre ecualización de reproducción RIAA de Lipshitz/Jung, aunque se señaló como no deseado. Algunos preamplificadores de fono incluyen circuitos adicionales para corregir este problema y garantizar que la salida siga la curva RIAA con precisión. En la mayoría, sin embargo, esto se omite.

Curva IEC RIAA
En 1976, la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional propuso una versión alternativa de la curva de reproducción (pero no de la curva de registro), que se diferenciaba de la curva de reproducción de la RIAA solo en la adición de un polo en 7950 μs (aproximadamente 20 Hz). La justificación era reducir la salida subsónica del amplificador fonográfico causada por la deformación del disco y el rumor del tocadiscos.

Esta llamada enmienda IEC a la curva RIAA no se considera universalmente deseable, ya que introduce una amplitud considerable y, lo que es más preocupante, errores de fase en la respuesta de baja frecuencia durante la reproducción. La simple supresión (roll-off) de primer orden también proporciona una reducción muy leve del ruido, y muchos fabricantes consideran que las combinaciones de tocadiscos, brazos y cápsulas deben ser de calidad suficiente para que no surjan problemas.

Algunos fabricantes siguen el estándar IEC, otros no, mientras que el resto hace que el usuario pueda seleccionar la opción IEC-RIAA. Sigue siendo objeto de debate muchos años después. Sin embargo, esta Enmienda de la IEC fue retirada en junio de 2009.

Curva TELDEC/DIN
Telefunken y Decca fundaron una compañía discográfica (Teldec) que utilizaba una pauta característica que también se propuso para las normas DIN alemanas en julio de 1957 (Entwurf DIN 45533, DIN 45536 y DIN 45537). Por cierto, esta propuesta de normas definía exactamente la misma característica que la Recomendación intermedia del CCIR No. 208 de 1956, que fue válida hasta mediados de 1959. No obstante, la propuesta de Normas DIN fue adoptada en abril de 1959 (DIN 45533:1959, DIN 45536:1959 y DIN 45537:1959), es decir, en un momento en que la característica RIAA ya estaba bien establecida; y estuvo en vigor hasta noviembre de 1962, cuando la DIN alemana finalmente adoptó la característica RIAA (DIN 45536:1962 y DIN 45537:1962). Sin embargo, el alcance del uso de la característica Teldec no se conoce con exactitud.

Las constantes de tiempo de la característica Teldec son 3180 μs (aproximadamente 50 Hz), 318 μs (aproximadamente 500 Hz) y 50 μs (aproximadamente 3183 Hz), por lo que solo se diferencia en el tercer valor de los parámetros RIAA correspondientes. Aunque la pauta Teldec se acerca a la pauta RIAA, es lo suficientemente diferente como para que los registros grabados con la primera y reproducidos con la segunda suenen sin brillo.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Powell, James R., Jr. The Audiophile's Technical Guide to 78 RPM, Transcription, and Microgroove Recordings. 1992; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. ISBN 0-9634921-2-8
 Powell, James R., Jr. Broadcast Transcription Discs. 2001; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. ISBN 0-9634921-4-4
 Powell, James R., Jr. and Randall G. Stehle. Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 RPM Recordings. Second Edition. 1993, 2001; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. ISBN 0-9634921-3-6

Enlaces externos
 Ecualización de reproducción para discos de goma laca de 78 rpm y LP pre-RIAA (curvas de EQ, índice de sellos discográficos): Audacity Wiki
 Descripción y diagramas de la curva de ecualización RIAA
 Ejemplos de diseños de filtros pasivos

Almacenamiento de audio
Ingeniería de audio

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Old-Fashioned Holiday Market hits Public Square
i Dec 8th 2016
By Charlotte L. Jacobson, Wilkes-Barre Citizens' Voice
Even if the weather outside is frightful, visitors can walk in a winter wonderland in downtown Wilkes-Barre this weekend.
The inaugural Old-Fashioned Holiday Market kicks off Friday on Public Square, filled with arts and food vendors, as well as live holiday music.
In an effort to encourage locals to come explore the downtown area, the city of Wilkes-Barre worked for several months to organize this event, which will have a similar feel to the Fines Arts Fiesta, but winterized.
"It's an opportunity to foster the community pride as well as strengthen realtionships with the city and the public," special events coordinator Patty Hughes said.
Among the twinkling lights and the large tree in the center of Public Squre, attendees can wander through several artisan vendors and food trucks while listening to a jam-packed schedule of holiday music, dancing and other acts on the bandshell.
The event runs Friday and Saturday from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m.
In addition to the entertainment and vendors, there will be horse-drawn carriage rides throughout downtown Wilkes-Barre on Friday from 3 to 7 p.m. Rides are $5 per person and all proceeds will benefit the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals. This part of the market was organized by Miss Wilkes-Barre/Scranton's Outstanding Teen of 2017, Madison Dompkosky.
"I'm really excited for it, it's coming up soon," Dompkosky said. "I think it's going to be a huge hit for the community. I posted the event to Facebook one night late in the evening and woke up the next morning to over 600 shares and comments… I can't believe I'm the host of this event. I hope I raise a lot of money for the Children's Miracle Network."
Belgian draft horses will lead the way in 18th Century Victorian carriages around Public Square and professional photographer, Janine Louise, will be on site to capture that perfect Christmas card photo for an additional $5 that will also go towards the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals. This is the third year that Dompkosky has put forth efforts to raise money for the children's organization.
"I have always loved this organization," the 14-year-old said. "Last year I visited the Children's Miracle Network in Pittsburgh and saw all of these kids with certain disabilities. But despite these disabilities, they were so optimistic."
In addition to the horse-drawn carriage rides, choirs from Making a Difference Ministries, King's College and Meyers High School will perform throughout the weekend. Dancers from David Blight School of Dance and an appearance from the local band, Broken Road Duo, are among the full schedule of performers set to take over the bandshell.
"At this time of the year, we do many Christmas events in Wilkes Barre and Plains (Township) and we really enjoy the atmosphere and the people who come out to participate in these events," Allison Ritsick, of Broken Road Duo, said. "We think that the Holiday Market will bring the community out to enjoy some old-fashioned Christmas shopping and music. It is something different that I think people will look forward to each year."
Hughes said there will be about 20 artisan vendors on the square for the event, from local food companies like Pittston Popcorn Company and Skook House of Jerky to Hidden Creek Vineyard and Winery. Other vendors include Knotty Nikki's Pearls and Jewelry and LuLaRoe.
"I always dream big," Hughes said. "This event is a great opportunity to get out in the winter and take advantage of the downtown."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Whispers exclusive interview Milo Ventimiglia
©2015 ABC
THE WHISPERS logo
THE WHISPERS: Milo Ventimiglia goes John Doe for new ABC thriller – exclusive interview
The actor also talks CHOSEN, the Web series he exec produces
By ABBIE BERNSTEIN / Contributing Writer
Posted: June 30th, 2015 / 05:42 PM
Milo Ventimiglia in THE WHISPERS | ©2015 ABC/Bob D'Amico
In ABC's THE WHISPERS, Monday nights at 10 PM, someone or something called Drill is making friends with young children and talking them into playing "games" that are murderous.
At the same time, a mysterious, amnesiac John Doe, played by Milo Ventimiglia, is admitted to a hospital with no idea of who he is, where he's been or why there are tattoos all over his body. We have a pretty good notion that he's really Sean Bennigan, a military pilot whose plane crashed in Africa and whose wife Claire (Lily Rabe) is looking into the incidents of the children who interact with Drill. Meanwhile, the Bennigans' young son Henry, played by Kyle Harrison Breitkopf, has begun chatting with Drill himself.
Ventimiglia has previously starred in a number of films and series, including HEROES, ROCKY BALBOA, MOB CITY, TELL and the Crackle Web series CHOSEN, which he also executive-produces. The actor, originally from Anaheim, California, takes some time to reveal a few things concerning his enigmatic WHISPERS character.
ASSIGNMENT X: Does John Doe/Sean Bennigan react to things that the audience does not see and hear, the way the kids in the story react to Drill?
MILO VENTIMIGLIA: John Doe is a mystery in the beginning. There is an internal fire that is pushing him and driving him, and a motor that is setting him in a motion, be it one that he wants to be on or doesn't know that he's on, it's his journey to figure out. But there is something not necessarily of his own will that is moving him in a direction to act the way he's acting.
AX: Without getting too spoilery, do you get into playing the experience of being a father?
VENTIMIGLIA: I'll just say in the thirteen episodes of working and hanging out with Kyle, first of all, what a professional and a talent and just a kind, kind soul. I think we were just lucky with all those kids – all those kids were so special and we were so blessed to have them and given the opportunity to perform with them, and they definitely showed us moments of living that I think you don't quite get all the time from your adult costars.
AX: Is it fun or challenging or something new to play this kind of a character?
VENTIMIGLIA: It's always a challenge. Every role that I do is a challenge to me and I try and make it challenging. But to step in the shoes of John Doe/Sean Bennigan, I kind of create this guy who doesn't know who he is or possibly learns who he is or learns information about himself when he's only told that he has an experience. It was terribly confusing, but that confusion lets you latch onto that frustration that he's going through and helped me shape the character.
AX: How is it dealing with all of the tattoos? Are they prosthetics or just paint?
VENTIMIGLIA: The tattoos are fancy, expensive temporary tattoos. You know how they put those on, wet the back, peel it off. There's a little more of a process to it. We had a great makeup artist on the pilot; into the series, [it is] a gal named Natalie Cosco, and we had a very talented team building these and conceiving them and making sure that they all had meaning. Like when I did the pilot, Soo [Hugh], our creator [who based the series on Ray Bradbury's short story THE ZERO HOUR], actually built a bible, a journey, a road map of why John Doe has all these tattoos, where they come from, what they mean. So it wasn't just looking down at any spot on my body and seeing something random – it all means something.
AX: And are you still one of the executive producers on the Crackle Web series CHOSEN, which is going into its fourth season?
VENTIMIGLIA: Yeah. Actually, it's funny. I saw Chad [Michael Murray, who plays Jacob Orr in CHOSEN] for the first time looking cleaned up in a nice 1940s haircut [which Murray has for his role on AGENT CARTER], and I told him to get ready, because the fourth-season outline for CHOSEN is pretty incredible, and the world gets much more connected in a global sense. So I'm very excited. We're sorting out details, but there will be a fourth season of CHOSEN. And it's big and I think there are a lot of unexpected surprises. You can't count on anybody being dead.
AX: Even your character?
VENTIMIGLIA: Even Ian Mitchell. Where Ian left off, he and his wife Laura have been shot, both presumed dead, by Chad Murray's character.
AX: What are the challenges of making a new season of CHOSEN?
VENTIMIGLIA: I think challenges are just any challenge of production. But also, you challenge yourself, more than anything. You challenge yourself to be better, you challenge yourself to be more creative, you challenge yourself to be more exciting. And I think with [co-creator] Ben [Ketai] at the helm of what we're doing, the epicenter of what we're doing, we've got a great leader and a great team. I think challenges are always [having enough production] time – you want more time, but you've got to work within the parameters that you have. So you do the best you can. And the great part is, the reactions have been great, people are excited, people are wanting more, even for my character having been shot in the face by Chad Murray's character. it's always upping the game, it's always upping the ante, it's always outdoing within reason of telling great stories.
AX: And what would you most like people to know about WHISPERS going forward?
VENTIMIGLIA: Just stick with us and get ready for a ride.
This interview was conducted at ABC's party for the Television Critics Association at the Langham-Huntington Hotel in Pasadena, California.
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Parmenides (7) plato (9) אונטולוגיה (10) אמנות (22) אפלטון (69) אריסטו (17) דיאלוג (8) דיאלקטיקה (60) הגל (91) הגל (8) הרקליטוס: פילוסוף יווני קדם-סוקרטי (24) ז'אן ז'אק רוסו (13) למחברת (34) מרקס (8) ניטשה (12) ספרות (32) ספרות אנגלית (10) פילוסופיה (93) פילוסופיה יוונית (34) פילוסופיה מחברות (13) פרמינדס (8) קאנט (21) קוז׳יב (30) קרל מרקס (7) רוסו (10)
הרקליטוס
קאנט
קוז׳יב
הגל
היידגר
ניטשה
רוסו
אפלטון
פרמינדס
Kojeve
הובס
מרקס
לוקרטיוס
אפיקורוס
אריסטו
דקארט
כמה התחלות על הפילוסופיה ההגליאנית
וידג'טים
מחברות פילוסופיות אבי קוג'מן
פליטות פה על פילוסופיה, אמנות ושירה
אפלטון, פילוסופיה, קאנט, קוז׳יב
Kant's critique of the philosophical discourse
מרץ 22, 2021 אבי קוג׳מןKojeve, הגל, פילוסופיה, קאנט השארת תגובה
As soon as one openly declares that a particular "subject" is specifically philosophical and quite exclusively so, hence, claiming, in fact, that it should be treated by philosophers and solely by philosophers, i.e., philosophically, one finds oneself sooner or later obliged to append or annex all the other sciences to this new field, now, philosophy, thus reducing the "sciences" to silence. But instead of being silent, the advocates of the sciences are vigorously protesting. However, just as soon as the philosophers fancy to silence them by offering them a compromise, throwing at their direction some subjects-matters, which Philosophy has self-willingly chose to relinquish, it becomes quite noticeable that there is no reason to stop the train, and that the sciences should follow this style of a request to the hilt, i.e., to demand scientific independence to all the subjects with the same reason with which philosophy has admitted to justify the abandonment of one of the subjects at the beginning of this process or this later knock-on-effect.
It was by taking advantage of this history lesson that Kant was the first to give up the way of defining Philosophy by its alleged "subject", by trying to understand it from the way or "method") in which the philosophers spoke on the "subjects" of which they had spoken; indeed, for Kant, these "subjects" could moreover be arbitrary, when the way is first and its question of application is the very question of their "philosophy".
It is by proceeding with the courage of despair to such a "Copernican Revolution" of the situation that Kant succeeded in saving Philosophy in extremis, by showing full awareness and giving full account for the "specifically" philosophical behaviour, which he wanted at all costs to maintain in his own philosophy and to ensure for the future. He was able to do this by explicitly giving a fully comprehensible account, and therefore an intelligible definition, of Philosophy, which justified (discursively) "forever" the traditional "universalist" behaviour of philosophers while securing for the first time an "eternal peace" with all the" particular "sciences (and the discourses (Practices), as now promising them, in effect, that no force in the world would henceforth reduce either to Silence or to Philosophy.
The non-philosophers, scientists or not, have ignored and still strong in the habit of overlooking the end-success of the Kantian world revolution, which guaranteed forever, in fact, and for all the philosophers, the universal empire "(and" homogeneous") of Philosophy.
Thus, even nowadays, the particular sciences believe in occupying little by little the ex-philosophical domain's, concentrating now on the very last plots. Very recently, "Logistics" believed to annex Logic, while Relative Physics insisted on removing "space and time" from Philosophy. But Kant and the philosophers who understood the Kantian definition of Philosophy and who behaved, philosophically, according to it, regained in a few years all the domains previously lost. To give another example: overcoming the "reserve" that Fichte left to 'science", as he was ready to be satisfied with his conquest of Judeo-Christian theology, which he observed vis-à-vis contemporary "science" (of Hellenic origin), Schelling's work symbolises the reconquest of his predecessors by reintegrating in Philosophy (or, more precisely, in his "philosophy") all of that which was still existed independent in terms of theoretical speech.
Without a doubt, this untimely campaign of enthusiasts of the Kantian revolution scandalised the world, and the recovery by conquest would certainly have sunk into the anarchy of a general revolt if Hegel had not put the reconquered territory more or less in order, by constituting and ensuring its indivisible unity, in and through this "unsurpassable" system and irreplaceable absolute Knowledge (Natural science (Galileo-Newton's, that is to say also Hobbes's) is a pseudoscience > of the working slave. The ex-slave liberated by the revolution (1789) gives it up; his science becomes the philosophy (Hegel's) based on which man can understand himself as a man (but to that end, the transition through < the stage of > slave labour and its ideology is necessary!). Slave science > leads 1. to transcendentalism, 2. to subjective > idealism. to 3."phrenology." that is to say to materialism).
Since then, the universal empire if not of Philosophy, at least of Hegelian discursive Wisdom, has never been called into question again (given the impossibility of doing so, without any response to the question by the System of Knowledge itself which alone allowed it to be asked). Moreover, the "Particular sciences(unlike" practical "discourses) would not have even noticed this empire of the System of Knowledge, if certain" Hegelians had not, here and there and for some time, acted vis-à-vis these sciences, contrary to the armistice that Kant had concluded with them (without them realising it, moreover) and that Hegel could only transform into an eternal peace treaty (but provisionally remained secret).
As for the meaning and the scope of the "miracle of the Marne", the merit which belongs to Kant alone should be known by now. By stating a fully comprehensive and fully understandable definition of philosophy for the first time, Kant did not modify the latter in any way, nor therefore did he change the (really) philosophical behaviour of (true) philosophers. In fact (and for us post-Kantians), the authentic philosophers behaved after Kant the same way they behaved before him, except that, thanks to his definition of Philosophy, this behaviour became more explicit and more self-consciously.
This "Kantian" take of a complete consciousness allowed Hegel to transform Philosophy into a System of Knowledge (which no one will be able to bring back to Philosophy any longer, given the impossibility of questioning it). It is generally said that Kant's originality consists in the reduction of Philosophy to a "theory of knowledge" or "Gnoseology", even to "Epistemology". Without being false, this paraphrase of the Kantian definition lends itself to misunderstanding: On the one hand, by hearing about Kantian reduction, one does not understand the post-Kantian expansion, which, however, undoubtedly results from it. And by misunderstanding it, we tend to oppose it: "in the name of Kant", of course. On the other hand, the words "theory" and "-logy" do not sufficiently separate the idea that this could be a "particular" or "isolated" discourse, in a way "independent" from others. In other words, one might believe that it is possible, according to Kant, to develop the "theory" of one "knowledge", without thereby creating (if only implicitly) "knowledge", even if one makes a "theory", even the "knowledge" as such, that is to say, taken as a whole.
Of course, Kant never contradicted himself to the point of saying such a thing. He spoke of Philosophy as a criticism of knowledge, a criticism which implies and presupposes, of course, the whole of the knowledge criticised. On condition of being "critical" (that is to say already criticised or at least open to criticism in the future), all "knowledge" (discursive) is therefore philosophical. However, no (discursive) knowledge escapes philosophical "criticism".As a "critical" discourse, Philosophy is, therefore indeed, a "universal" discourse (that is to say uni-total) and therefore conforms to the "universalist" behaviour shown by all the philosophers worthy of the name. But insofar as any discourse is not "critical" (at least virtually), it is outside the philosophical discourse aIt speaks and can remain there in peace as long as it wishes. In other words, the particular sciences" (by definition not philosophical) can appropriate and share all the discourses (coherent or not) insofar as they are not "criticised"; but each of these discourses is transformed into a philosophical course or, more exactly, into a constitutive or integrating element of the Philosophical Discourse (coherent, that is, completed System of Knowledge), as soon as it is criticised or put to its "criticism" (by philosophical definition) and thus makes one with it.
Briefly and clearly, Philosophy has been understood since Kant as the (coherent) set of (coherent) discourses which speak of everything (or anything) while also speaking of itself. We can also say that any "science" is philosophical, which speaks about what it speaks about and because it speaks about it and that it is the one person who is speaking about it. Conversely, any discourse which does not speak of itself (as of discourse) is therefore outside Philosophy and can therefore live indefinitely in peace with it by ignoring it completely.
So, for example, when a mathematician is no longer content to "do mathematics", but begins to talk about what he does while doing it, he (discursively) develops what he nowadays calls a "meta-mathematics ", that is to say what was called" metaphysics "in the good old days and what the Neo-Kantians in the narrow sense of the term prefer to call this critical philosophy (of mathematics)" (sometimes forgetting that one cannot "criticise" mathematics by "disregarding it", that is to say by excluding it, even as implicit, from the "philosophical" discourse which they would like to develop). Likewise, a physicist does physics when he says, for example, that everything he talks about must be reduced to (measurable) interactions between "electrons", neutrons ", protons" or other entities of the same kind, but excludes from what he talks about everything he says about it himself; but as soon as he includes it, by saying that what he says must also be reduced to the interactions of which he speaks, he speaks no longer as a physicist, but as a philosopher, who integrates a (could be good) physics in a (really bad) "philosophy" (called "materialist", which moreover eliminates itself from the System of Knowledge, since it reduces itself to silence by counter-saying it). Or again, when a theologian develops the bare tale of a "revelation" or talks about how it was given (in general and to him in particular), he makes theology. If he explains himself as speaking through revelation, then he is doing philosophy to the extent.
In short, the "philosophical sciences" are the only "Sciences" which speak for themselves, while also speaking of what they say about them, and it is precise to the extent that they do so that they are not Sciences proper ("particular" and "Exclusive", since each of them excludes all the others and, in any case, leaves it to others to speak of itself as speaking of itself), but the same Philosophy (developable, at the limit, in one and unique Knowledge System). Therefore, we can also say that only the philosophers speak of Philosophy and speak only of it. But we must add that they can only talk about it by speaking (at least implicitly) of everything that we can say (without contradicting each other) and that they must therefore re-say it in its entirety, if not at all. to do so only in an implicit way (the complete clarification of all the implications of their philosophical discourses transforming them into this unique discourse and one that is the Hegelian System of Knowledge
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text:
Home Headlines WHO's India map 'separates' J&K and Ladakh with different colours
WHO's India map 'separates' J&K and Ladakh with different colours
Srinagar: The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown Ladakh different from India in one of its maps along with Jammu and Kashmir. This color coded map is available on the official website of WHO. The Indian part is depicted in blue color, while Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are marked with gray color. There has been a lot of resentment among Indian expatriates in Britain about this map of the global institution.
The two new union territories of the country have been shown in gray, while India is seen in a different blue color. At the same time, the disputed part of Aksai Chin is shown in gray color, with blue stripes / stripes on it.
The map is available in the WHO's 'Covid-19 Scenario Dashboard', which tells the country how many confirmed cases of the global epidemic corona virus and how many deaths it has caused. However, regarding the controversy over the map, the WHO has made it clear that it follows the guidelines of the United Nation and accordingly reads, understands and views the maps.
IT consultant Pankaj, who lives in London, was the first to see this map. According to him, it was shared on a WhatsApp group. He said, "I was surprised to see Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh with another color. China can get behind all this, because it gives thick funding to the WHO."
Pankaj said, "I was shocked that even a big institute can do this. I know that China gives a big fund to WHO and Pakistan gets loan from China. I think China is behind this because China has a lot of influence on WHO. "Nandini Singh, social media head of the expatriate group Reach India (UK), was also angry at the WHO. (PTK)
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text:
Q: PHP Curl - Scraping from data from site that has data in window.open created by Javascript I am attempting to scrape data from a new window (using Javascript's window.open()) that is generated by the site I am posting to via cUrl, but I am unsure how to go about this.
The target site only generates this needed data when certain parameters are posted to it, and no other way.
The following code simply dumps the result of the cUrl request, but the result does not contain any data that is relevant.
My code:
//build post data for request
$proofData = array("formula" => $formula,
                     "proof" => $proof,
                    "action" => $action);
$postProofData = http_build_query($proofData);

$ch = curl_init($url); //open connection

//sort curl settings for request
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 3);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postProofData);

//obtain data from LigLab
$result = curl_exec($ch);

//finish connection
curl_close($ch);

echo "forumla: " . $formula;
var_dump($result);

The following code is what is generated
Target site's code:
var proof =  "<?php echo str_replace("\n","|",$annoted_proof) ?>";
var lines = proof.split('|');
proof_window=window.open("","Proof and Justifications","scrollbar=yes,resizable=yes, titlebar=yes,menubar=yes,status=yes,width= 800, height=800, alwaysRaised=yes");

for(var i = 0;i < lines.length;i++){
    proof_window.document.write(lines[i]);
    proof_window.document.write("\n");
}

I want to scrape the lines variable but it is generated after page load and after user interaction.

A: You can't parse processed javascript code with curl.
You have to use a headless browser, which emulates a real browser with events (clicks, hover and javascript code)
you can start here http://www.simpletest.org/en/browser_documentation.html or here PHP Headless Browser?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: what is the best way to create random mysql ID using PHP i'm building an application that needs a random unique id for each user not a sequence
mysql database
ID   Username

for my unique random ID, what is the best way to do that?

A: PHP provides a uniqid function, which might do the trick, I suppose.
Note it's returning a string, though, and not an integer.

Another idea would be to generate / use some GUID -- there are some proposals about that in the user notes of the manual page of uniqid.

A: I would still have the normal auto-increment primary key to identify each row properly, it's just standard convention.
I'd then have another indexed column called 'user_id' or something and use uniqid(); for it.

A: MySQL provides a function called UUID():
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/miscellaneous-functions.html#function_uuid
Documentation claims this:

A UUID is designed as a number that is
  globally unique in space and time. Two
  calls to UUID() are expected to
  generate two different values, even if
  these calls are performed on two
  separate computers that are not
  connected to each other.

This should cover your needs.


The most popular and respected ratings of how conservative members of Congress are are the ratings produced by the American Conservative Union. They cover a broad range of issues and are not selected to promote or impugn particular members. The votes selected are (almost) never announced ahead of time, avoiding a source of bias that affects the ratings of many other organizations.
How conservative is the voting record of Congressman Fred Upton of Michigan's 6th district?
Upton's highest percentages occurred in 1992 and 2010 when he was being challenged for renomination by conservative State Senator Dale Shugars and conservative former state rep. Jack Hoogendyk, respectively.
Obama Demands, "Your Papers, Please!"


text:
 function CBIG_TRBPC_plot_masked_permuted_matrix(path_sig_edges, path_all_edges, path_out, lim_maps, cluster_type)
 % CBIG_TRPBC_plot_masked_permuted_matrix(path_sig_edges, path_all_edges, path_out, lim_maps)
 %
 % This function masks out the significant edges (after permutation testing)
 %
 % Required inputs:
 % - path_sig_edges : a filepath to a .mat file containing two 4D matrices of
 %      size (419 x 419 x N conditions x M behaviors), called
 %      `hyp_driven_mask` and `data_driven_mask`. Each 419 x 419 matrix
 %      contains a binary mask of which edges are significant
 % - path_all_edges : a filepath to a .mat file containing a structure
 %      `mean_stack_clus` that contains the average map for each fmri
 %      condition and behavioral domain
 % - path_out : a filepath to store the outputs
 % - lim_maps : a vector of the lower and upper limits for the output
 %      matrices. If set to [], the default values will be [-2 2]
 % - cluster_type : a string, either 'hypothesis' or 'datadriven', to apply
 %      the masks for either the hypothesis-driven or data-driven behavioral
 %      clusters
 %
 % Written by Angela Tam & CBIG under MIT license: https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/blob/master/LICENSE.md

%% set the variables
load(path_sig_edges)
load(path_all_edges)

if strcmp(cluster_type, 'hypothesis')
    sig_edge_task_cat = hyp_driven_mask;
elseif strcmp(cluster_type, 'datadriven')
    sig_edge_task_cat = data_driven_mask;
end

if isempty(lim_maps)
    lim_maps = [-2 2];
end

mkdir(path_out)

fmri_conds = {'rs','mid','nback','sst'};
behav_cat = {'cog','ment_health','pers'};

mean_matrix_cat_sig = [];

% for each behavioral category
for bb = 1:length(behav_cat)
    behav = behav_cat{bb};
    % for each fmri condition
    for ff = 1:length(fmri_conds)
        fmri = fmri_conds{ff};
        % get the matrix
        mat_tmp = mean_stack_clus.(behav).(fmri);
        % get the lower triangle
        tmp_mat_tril = tril(mat_tmp,-1);
        % vectorize
        tmp_vec = nonzeros(tmp_mat_tril(:));
        % divide by the std for visualization
        vec_std = tmp_vec/std(tmp_vec);
        % transform back to matrix
        mat_std = CBIG_TRBPC_FC_vector_2_mat(vec_std);
        % mask out non-significant edges
        mask = sig_edge_task_cat(:,:,ff,bb);
        mat_masked = mat_std.*mask;
        mat_masked_raw = mat_tmp.*mask;
        % plot the one divided by std for visualization
        CBIG_TRBPC_plot_fc_matrix(mat_masked,lim_maps,'hot_cold');
        fname = strcat(path_out, filesep, fmri, '_', behav, '_masked_sig');
        saveas(gcf, fname, 'svg')
        % save the matrix (not divided by std)
        mean_matrix_cat_sig_raw.(behav).(fmri) = mat_masked_raw;
        % save the matrix (divided by std)
        mean_matrix_cat_sig_std.(behav).(fmri) = mat_masked;
    end
end

% save the masked matrices
mat_out = [path_out filesep '/matrices_cat_masked_sig.mat'];
save(mat_out,'mean_matrix_cat_sig_std', 'mean_matrix_cat_sig_raw');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Activision Blizzard crushed the competition at a major show with an overpowering, 25-meter-square exhibit to introduce seven titles. When the GAMEfest annual retail conference added a three-day consumer gaming event, Activision more than tripled its booth space and asked Skyline to design an exhibit to dominate the hall.
An 8-meter-high banner for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 towered over all else on the show floor, while five hanging or mounted fabric structures gave height and visibility to Activision titles. Attendees played Activision games on over 100 interactive stations and watched an exclusive preview of Prototype 2 in a theater setting.
Nearly 30,000 video gamers swarmed the exhibition center, and most crowded into the Activision exhibit to test drive advance releases for the first time.
The inventor of instant photography found instant success at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) with a visually stunning custom exhibit from Skyline Exhibits.


Since May of 1995, the one place to go for relocation, property management, and auditing services in Gahanna, Ohio, has been R.H. Brown & Company. We meet your needs with complete knowledge and expertise about relocating and managing property. Owner Rosetta Brown is totally committed to being on-site and finishing all projects you require. Contact us for more information about commercial and residential relocation services, including Section 3 compliance.
Relocate your home or commercial building with full compliance. Our relocation services help you implement your plan and deal with all government regulation guidelines and compliance. We are always hands-on when dealing with your business.
We take care of your resident or business needs with our property management services. From leasing to data input to record keeping, and analysis we do it all. We even monitor files for income composition to ensure your profitability.
Keep tabs on your ledgers with our file auditing services. We make sure that your files are in total compliance with the law. Also, we provide third-party verification of audits.
Contact us in Gahanna, Ohio, to learn more about our relocation and property management services.


text:
Q: Print the words of the string and their length along the same time Hoping you all to be fit and fine....
I have been trying since a while to get the result of one of the codes that I have written....but unable to get the desired result...Would be more than happy if you could help me out...☺☺
I have got a string and I need to print the words of the string and their length along the same time with a colon in between.....This is my
code
and This is the result I am in need:
[This:4 is: 2 pretty: 6]
pretty
But an error is popping up while I am trying to print the first line of the result....

A: Try this:
sentence = 'This is pretty'
result = [f'{w}:{len(w)}' for w in sentence.split()]

This is the result:
>>> result
['This:4', 'is:2', 'pretty:6']

A: word_count=[]
for w in words:
    c = w + ":" + str(len(w))
    word_count.append(c)

print(word_count)

Output:
['This:4', 'is:2', 'pretty:6']

A: sent = "Hello Word!"

print([f"{word}:{len(word)}" for word in sent.split()])

A: You're looking for something like this?
sent = "This is pretty"
words = sent.split(" ")
print([word + ":"+str(len(word)) for word in words])
#print(list(word,":",len(word)))

length = [len(word) for word in words]
maximum=max(length)
text_index=length.index(maximum)
longest_word=words[text_index]
print(longest_word )

Output:
['This:4', 'is:2', 'pretty:6']
pretty


Place a Bible in the hands of a new believer in Venezuela bringing hope in the middle of crisis.
In a highly restricted location, sponsor producers, who are risking their lives to create content in their native languages.
Help Seventh-day Adventist brothers and sisters reach out and share Godpods to those around them with the gospel of hope.


text:
package org.tyrannyofheaven.bukkit.util;

import java.util.Date;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;

/**
 * Avaje entity class for use with {@link ToHDatabaseUtils#upgradeDatabase(org.bukkit.plugin.java.JavaPlugin, com.avaje.ebean.config.NamingConvention, ClassLoader, String)}.
 * Requires that the plugin also use {@link ToHNamingConvention} when creating the EbeanServer.
 * This ensures this entity has a plugin-specific name.
 *
 * @author zerothangel
 */
@Entity
public class ToHSchemaVersion {

    private long version;

    private Date timestamp;

    @Id
    public long getVersion() {
        return version;
    }

    public void setVersion(long version) {
        this.version = version;
    }

    @Column(nullable=false)
    @Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
    public Date getTimestamp() {
        return timestamp;
    }

    public void setTimestamp(Date timestamp) {
        this.timestamp = timestamp;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj == this) return true;
        if (!(obj instanceof ToHSchemaVersion)) return false;
        ToHSchemaVersion o = (ToHSchemaVersion)obj;
        return getVersion() == o.getVersion();
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Long.valueOf(getVersion()).hashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("%d (%s)", getVersion(), getTimestamp());
    }

}


text:
See Ice Spice's Yearbook Photo
Cardi B & Offset Beef With J Prince
Pusha T's XXL Magazine Cover Story
Ab-Soul's Exclusive Interview
40 Hip-Hop Albums Turning 20 in 2017
Sidney Madden
Sidney Madden Published: January 6, 2017
Roc-a-Fella / Def Jam / Penalty Recordings / Rawkus Records / Ruthless Records / Elektra Records
Hip-hop in 1997 was all about variety. As the genre that was once dubbed too raw for TV was finally flourishing in mainstream media, hip-hop began to diversify like never before. From mafioso to rap-rock to horror core to G-funk, hip-hop subgenres were evolving with rapid speed. Naturally, regions throughout the country staked their claim and what started as healthy competition quickly escalated to something more dire.
The East Coast vs. West Coast beef consumed fans in the early 1990s. While 2Pac and The Notorious B.I.G. were the flag bearers for their coasts, violence claimed both MCs by 1997. Even in their deaths, the estates of each rapper dropped posthumous albums. Biggie's sophomore album, Life After Death, was released just 16 days after his death in March of 1997 and immediately went No. 1 on the Billboard 200.
Later that same year, Puff Daddy & The Family dropped the compilation album No Way Out, which also featured vocals from the fallen MC. The songs "Hypnotize" (off Life After Death) and "Mo Money Mo Problems" (off No Way Out) marked the first and only time in Hot 100 history that a deceased rapper was featured on two No. 1 charting singles in one year. And while the death of 2Pac was not as fresh in the music world's mind, Interscope Records and Afeni Shakur continued to drop 'Pac's posthumous work and fans continued to eat it up. 'Pac's '97 album, R U Still Down? (Remember Me), was released in November and by December, was certified four times platinum.
With the East vs. West Coast hip-hop beef coming to a quell through the deaths of these greats, the South emerged as the clear winner in 1997. Though Master P's independent label, No Limit Records, was founded three years prior, 1997 was the year they proved to be a force to be reckoned with. Thanks to a partnership with Priority Records, No Limit gained momentum to drop what would soon be rap pillars: Mystikal's Unpredictable, Master P's Ghetto D, TRU's Tru 2 da Game and Mia X's Unlady Like just to name a few.
Not to be outdone, Birdman's Cash Money Records had been in the business of pumping out albums for years. Juvenile unleashed a hood classic with Solja Rags and B.G. proved he was still in the big leagues with his third LP, It's All On U, Vol. 1. Still, it was in 1997 when Birdman decided to form the group the Hot Boys, made up of Lil Wayne, Juvenile, B.G. and Turk, and push them into the spotlight with their debut album, Get It How U Live! The Hot Boys would go on to be one of Cash Money's most platinum-selling acts.
Twenty years later, hip-hop is filled with plenty of classic material. Check out 40 dope rap albums that are celebrating a 20th anniversary in 2017 in the gallery above.
Filed Under: 2Pac, Camp Lo, Capone-N-Noreaga, Common, Company Flow, Coolio, Eightballl & MJG, EMPD, Galleries, Gallery, Gravediggaz, Hot Boys, Jay-Z, Jedi Mind Tricks, KRS-One, Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz, LL Cool J, Mack 10, Mase, Mia X, Missy Elliott, Mystikal, Notorious B.I.G., Puff Daddy and the family, Rakim, The Firm, Three 6 Mafia, TRU, wu-tang clan, Wyclef Jean
2023 XXL Mag, Townsquare Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Why psychology?
Psychology Learning Experience
Why continue to study?
Past seminars: 2018–2019
International Exchanges for Students
International Exchanges for Staff
International Experience Year
Videos & Student Profiles
Undergraduate Open Days
Psychology in Welsh
Studying in Welsh
Welsh staff members
Welsh Modules
Scholarships and Internships
Ethics system
Scholarships, Studentships & Bursaries
Scholarships, Studentships and Bursaries are funded by both the University and our individual academic schools. In addition the International Education Centre also supports international students through a range of awards for international students. Full time students only.
Structural Funding
Psychology Postgraduate Studentships
Neurocognitive mechanisms of social perception – Fully funded PhD
Prof Downing's research is in the area of social perception: What are the neurocognitive mechanisms that transform visual signals into reliable, socially-relevant signals about the people around us? He has explored this question by applying psychophysical, fMRI, and TMS methods to study face, body, and action perception and seeks a candidate with similar interests. Closing Date 15th June 2019 . More information here.
Welsh Medium Research Scholarship: Bilingualism
Qualification Type: PhD
Application deadline: 07 June 2019
Funding amount: The studentship includes the full cost of standard tuition fees plus a maintenance grant (around £15,000 per annum) for the three year duration of the award.
Start: 01 October 2019
Bangor University is offering a PhD research scholarship in the field of Bilingualism. This scholarship is funded by Y Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol and Bangor University.
The scholarship is available for a period of three years for research work leading to a doctorate. The Scholarship is financially equivalent to postgraduate scholarships awarded by the Research Councils.. The successful student will also be expected to undertake some Welsh medium teaching work in the School of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics as a condition of the Scholarship.
Important: This is an advertisement for a PhD Research scholarship in Bilingualism, for which the ability to speak and write Welsh fluently is essential.
Where can I find more information?
For full details regarding this scholarship, including full project details, please follow this link.
Enquiries about the project should be directed to: Dr Thora Tenbrink (t.tenbrink@bangor.ac.uk / 01248 382263).
Home/EU External Students Only
PGT Non-Bangor Graduate Achievement Scholarships: £1,000 fee-reduction achievement awarded the TOP 4 successful MSc applicants (all programmes) from the UK/EU applying with a first-class undergraduate degree in a Psychology-related discipline. Awarded to the 4 students with 1st class degree who have achieved the highest scores in their third year dissertations. No additional application is required though students should ensure that the School is aware of their degree classification and project marks as soon as possible. To be considered for a scholarship you must apply for your masters course by 1st May 2019. Results must be emailed to psychology@bangor.ac.uk as soon as you have received them.
To be eligible for these scholarships students must be studying full-time.
All Self-funded Students (internal/external, home, EU & overseas)
MSc Psychological Research, Msc Principles of Clinical Neuropsychology & MSc Neuroimaging Scholarships: Three £2.5K Gold Scholarships for highly able applicants to these Masters degrees. Awarded on the basis of a project proposal (500 words max) and academic attainment. Proposals should be e-mailed to psychology@bangor.ac.uk. To be considered for a scholarship you must apply for your masters course by 1st May 2019 and your project proposals must be submitted by 1st June 2019.
International Students Only
Applicants to Psychology degrees at Bangor University will be considered for the IEC Scholarships. For more information on this and other scholarships click here.
PGT Bangor Psychology Graduate Achievement Scholarships
PGT Achievement Scholarships: All Bangor Psychology students who achieve a 1st Class Degree, have applied successfully for a MSc course (all programmes) will be considered for a fee-reduction scholarship of £1,000 which will be awarded to the TOP 8 Bangor graduates from that years cohort with the highest overall degree classification. Ties will be decided based on project score. These Scholarships are awarded in addition to the Bangor Loyalty Scholarship Schemes (see below) but not in addition to any other Scholarships. To be considered for a scholarship you must apply for your masters course by 1st June 2019. Results must be emailed to psychology@bangor.ac.uk as soon as you have received them.
Graduate Loyalty Discount
Posts are funded by the Welsh Assembly Government. Successful candidates become salaried Trainee Clinical Psychologists in the employment of the Conwy and Denbighshire NHS Trust and are paid on the appropriate spine points (17–20) of the Whitley recommended pay spine. The course does not accept self-funded trainees.
Please visit the NWCPP website for more information.
As you would expect from a university that places great emphasis on student support, Bangor is keen to offer extra help to students. Here are the bursaries and scholarships available for postgraduate students.
Price Davies Postgraduate Scholarship
(Y Werin Legacy Fund)
The scholarship shall be of the same value as a University Postgraduate Studentship, subject to available funds. The candidate must pursue a scheme of study for a postgraduate research degree in Arts or in Science at Bangor University.
Deadline for applications: is 31 August 2019.
Please note: for courses commencing September 2020 onwards, applications should be submitted no later than 1 June 2020.
Further information and application
Application form.
Thomas Ellis Memorial Fund
The scholarship offers up to £1,500 to support talented graduates from Welsh Universities with an interest in language, literature, history and antiquities of Wales.
The deadline for applications is 1st June 2019.
Llewelyn Williams Postgraduate Studentship
The Llewelyn Williams Postgraduate Studentship enables research in Welsh History, including Welsh laws and economic aspects of Welsh life. The scholarship offers up to £7,000 to support talented History, Law and Economics graduates with an interest in postgraduate research in a Welsh University.
Gareth Jones Memorial Travelling Scholarship
The scholarship offers up to £2,000 to support talented graduates from Welsh Universities with an interest in Journalism or International Affairs.
Gender Equality Scholarship
Bangor University is a member of the Athena SWAN Gender Equality charter and as such committed to gender equality and diversity, and to creating and promoting an inclusive culture for staff and students at all levels. The University's Gender Equality scholarships are to support graduating students in continuing their studies at Bangor - particularly in areas where our student numbers show an underrepresentation of women or men at postgraduate level in certain areas. These Scholarships are for a masters degree (taught or by research) in any discipline. One scholarship per College will be awarded
Payment of tuition fees for one-year taught or research postgraduate Masters or for two years if studying part-time.
Please go to the University's Athena SWAN web page for more information.
Closing date for applications is Friday 28th of June 2019. Applications should be sent to Lindsey Graham.
Santander Taught Postgraduate Scholarships
The Santander Group will be awarding postgraduate scholarships to Bangor University for master's students starting in 2018.
A number of scholarships worth £5,000 will be given to master's students starting their programmes in 2018. More information...
Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol Masters Scholarship for Welsh medium study
For more information about the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol Masters Scholarship scheme click here
Postgraduate Access Bursary
UK Students (excluding students from Wales*) may be eligible for a Postgraduate Access Bursary if they were in receipt of one of the following as an undergraduate student during the 2018/19 academic year, or if they were unemployed immediately before starting a postgraduate course at Bangor University:
Means Tested Maintenance Grant
Means Tested Maintenance Loan
a Foyer Bursary
a Care Leavers Bursary
Job Seekers Allowance / Income Support / Universal Credit
Students must be able to provide evidence that they were in receipt of one these grants, bursaries or benefits.
A bursary of £500 will be awarded to:
students who as an undergraduates in 2018/19 received the maximum means tested funding.
students who were unemployed immediately before starting their postgraduate studies.
A bursary of £250 will be awarded:
to students who as an undergraduate in 2018/19 received a partial means tested funding.
For more information and to request and application form, contact the Money Support Unit.
*Students from Wales are entitled to a minimum £1,000 grant from the Welsh Government.
Postgraduate Widening Access Bursaries
These awards are aimed specifically at widening access to full and part-time postgraduate Masters courses. Click here for more information.
LEA Awards
As a general rule local authorities offer no support for postgraduate study, while others consider only certain courses, such as the PGCE.
It is a good idea to contact your local education authority early in the year to find out what they will fund. Your chance of obtaining funding improve if the course is vocational but you will need to present a good case for an award.
You may find these links helpful in researching how you are going to fund your course:
Advice for Self-funding
StudentFunder.com
TargetCourses
Education UK
Arts & Humanities Research Council
Economic & Social Research Council
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Medical Research Council
NHS Social Work Bursary (English Students)
Care Council for Wales
Postgrad.com
Discover Teaching Wales Training Incentives
Awards for International Students
The scholarships outlined below are available for both January intake and September intake courses.
Postgraduate Taught Scholarships
What's on offer
Bangor International Scholarship Up to £4,000 All countries
Alumni/Existing Students/Family Discount £1,000 in addition to the Bangor International scholarship All countries
Santander £5,000 Click here for details
Chevening Partnership Scholarship Full fee waiver All countries excluding the USA
Commonwealth Shared Scholarships Tuition fees & living allowance Commonwealth countries
Research/PhD Scholarships
Bangor International Scholarship Up to £15,000 All countries
China Scholarship Council Full tuition fee waiver China
Commonwealth Split-site Scholarships 2019
Applications are open for Commonwealth Split-site Scholarships for PhD candidates from low and middle income Commonwealth countries to spend 12 months at a UK university as part of their doctoral studies in their home country. The scholarships are for study starting in October 2019, and are aimed at high-quality graduates whose proposed research has a developmental focus and who have the potential to become influential teachers or researchers in their home countries. Split-site Scholarships are delivered through an institutional or departmental link between the candidate's home university and proposed UK university.
Closing date for applications: 4 February 2019. Full details, including eligibility criteria and how to apply, available here.
There are many government and non-government organisations that provide scholarship schemes enabling international students to source funding to study at a UK university. Students should contact the Ministry of Education or Education Department in their country, as they should have details of scholarship opportunities for students wishing to study overseas. They will also be able to advise the government's conditions for studying abroad. Students should also contact the British Council office in the country of origin, which should have details of British scholarship schemes. If there is no British Council office in the country, then the nearest British Embassy or High Commission should be contacted.
Please see below for other scholarship and funding options in your country
King Abdullah Scholarship Scheme Saudi Arabia
Boleshak Scholarship Scheme Kazakhstan
Fulbright Commission USA
Commonwealth Scholarships Commonwealth Countries
The British Council Searchable Database
UKCISA
The Association of Commonwealth Universities publish a guide to scholarships, fellowships and research grants available for students from countries worldwide to study in countries worldwide. It's a very useful reference book and is available from:
Publications Sales, Association of Commonwealth Universities,
John Foster House,
36 Gordon Square,
London, UK WC1H 0PF
Tel 00 44 20 7380 6700
Fax: 00 44 20 7387 2655
Email: acusales@acu.ac.uk
www.acu.ac.uk
Knowlege Economy Skills Scholarships 2 (KESS 2)
Bangor University has a number of KESS 2 PhD and Research Masters scholarships available. The KESS 2 scholarships are part funded from the ESF (European Social Fund) Convergence Programme (West Wales and the Valleys).
KESS 2 PhD Scholarships
KESS 2 PhD scholarships are collaborative awards with external partners. (Applicants need only apply, they do not need to search for partners.)
Value of Award: A stipend of ~ £14,340 for 2017/18 (rising in accordance with inflation for subsequent years). Each scholarship has an additional budget for travel, equipment/consumables and training to support the agreed research project. KESS 2 PhD scholarship holders do not pay fees.
Length: Full-time for 3 years. (Theses must be submitted 6 months after the funded three year study period)
The achievement of a KESS 2 Postgraduate Skills Development Award (PSDA) is compulsory for each KESS 2 scholar. (The PSDA is based on a 60 credit award.)
The KESS 2 Research Masters Scholarships
KESS 2 Research Masters scholarships are collaborative awards with external partners leading to an MRes or MxRes qualification. (Applicants need only apply, they do not need to search for partners.)
Value of Award: A stipend of ~ £11,472 for 2017/18. Each scholarship has an additional budget for travel, equipment/consumables and training to support your research. KESS 2 Research Masters scholarship holders do not pay fees.
Length: Full-time for 1 year. (Research theses must be submitted 3 months after the funded one year study period)
Further information can be found here.
New Bursaries for Postgrads in Wales
Fitness Savvy Scholarships
Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust Postgraduate Bursaries
Activia Training UK Scholarship
Activia are pleased to offer a £1,000 scholarship for college and university students in the UK.
Alternative Guide to Postgraduate Funding
The Alternative Guide to Postgraduate Funding Online is all about alternative sources of funding - especially charities - which can make awards (fees, maintenance, research costs) to any student regardless of subject or nationality.
The Alternative Guide Online contains a huge database of funding opportunities, comprehensive guidance, and numerous tools to help you prepare a winning grant application. To assist our students, Bangor University has purchased a licence to the Guide, and so it's free for all Bangor students and staff to use! Login Now!
If you are a prospective student who has applied to Bangor University, please email to get an access PIN.
FindaMasters.com Scholarship
Masters scholarship on offer from FindAMasters.com. Available for all subject areas at any university currently listed on FindAMasters.com. Register now.
FindaPhD.com Scholarship
PhD scholarship on offer from FindAPhD.com. Available for all subjects at any university currently listed on FindAPhD.com. Register now.
Other Scholarships and Endowments
Pantyfedwen Student Scholarships
Postgraduate Loans/ Student Finance
PostgraduateStudentships.co.uk
PostgraduateStudentships.co.uk is a website that brings together all the different types of funding for intending postgraduates in one place, so you can view funding from general sources alongside university opportunities and funding.
Postgrad Solutions Bursary
Postgrad Solutions now offer 15 bursaries across a number of subject areas. Click here to apply.
Other External Funding for Psychology programmes
British Psychological Society Welsh Branch
The BPS Welsh Branch has a number of bursaries and hardship bursaries available to both undergraduates and postgraduates. All applicants must be members or student subscribers of the BPS and studying psychology at a Welsh institution or Welsh branch of a National Institution. The maximum amount for an individual bursary currently stands at £200. Please visit their website for further details.
Alzheimer's Research UK helps people to understand dementia and conducts world-class research to prevent, treat and cure it.
Information about their funding opportunities
The Alzheimer's Society aims to improve the quality of life of those affected by dementia. Information about how to apply for funding from the society can be found on their website.
Further details.
Anglo-Jewish Association (AJA)
The AJA is one of the largest grant making organizations directly supporting Jewish students in the UK.
Information about their scholarships
AXA Research Fund
The AXA Research Fund holds an annual doctoral fellowship competition, and finances basic research with a view to boosting scientific progress and discoveries that contributes to understanding and preventing environmental, life and socio-economic risks.
Chevening Scholarships are mainly funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, with some contributions from Higher Education Institutions and other partners in the UK. They are for high calibre graduates who have the personal, intellectual and interpersonal qualities necessary for leadership.
Chevening Scholarships are open to EU and International students who wish to study in the UK.
Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds PhD Scholarship
Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds PhD fellowships are awarded to outstanding young scientists aged 27 or under. They are open to EU and International students who are conducting their PhD project in Europe.
The Breast Cancer Campaign has a particular interest in supporting innovative research into breast cancer, including the emotional impact on those affected.
Further information about their funding schemes
British Federation of Women Graduates (BFWG)
The BFWG give awards to women in their third year of doctoral studies on an annual basis, and are awarded based on academic merit. Applicants need to have commenced their studies between September 1st 2008 and October 31st 2009 and need to be registered at a University in England, Wales or Scotland. BFWG cannot provide assistance towards living expenses.
Commonwealth Scholarships
The Commonwealth Scholarship Commission provide various funding for students who are a citizen of a Commonwealth country to study at UK universities.
Visit their website to find out more.
DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)
DAAD provides information and support for German students who wish to study abroad.
Fight for Sight
Fight for Sight funds research into blindness and eye disease, and their awards are designed to encourage new graduates into a career of vision research.
Find out more about their PhD Studentship scheme
Fulbright awards are open to US citizens wishing to pursue their postgraduate studies in the UK, and vice versa. Funding is available for the first year of Masters or PhD study.
Funds for Women Graduates (FFWG)
FFWG offers grants for women graduates to assist with their living expenses. Applicants need to be enrolled on postgraduate doctoral course (PhD or D.Phil) at an approved higher education institution in the UK. FFWG cannot provide assistance towards tuition fees.
International Federation of University Women (IFUW)
The IFUW provides fellowships and grants for women who want to conduct their research in any country other than the one in which they were educated and the country in which they habitually reside. Further information about eligibility and how to apply can be found by visiting their website.
Marshall Scholarship
Marshall Scholarships are available to young Americans who wish to pursue a graduate degree in any field of study in the UK.
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
The NIHR aims to create a health research system in which the NHS supports outstanding individuals conducting leading edge research focused on the needs of patients and the public. They have several funding schemes available, including Doctoral Research Fellowships.
Parkes Foundation
The Parkes Foundation aims to promote the study of biosocial sciences and the interdisciplinary area between the biological and social sciences.
Further information about their funding opportunities
Parkinson's UK works towards finding a cure and improving the quality of life of everyone affected by Parkinson's disease. They hold an annual PhD studentship competition, along with several other funding schemes.
Visit their website to find out more
The Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust
The Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust awards grants to postgraduate students from all fields of study. Applicants need to be 24 or over, and already a resident in the UK at the time of application and a resident in the UK during the course of their studies.
For further information...
Tenovus
Tenovus aims to help prevent, treat and find a cure for cancer. They offer support, advice and treatment for cancer patients, information on cancer prevention and funding for research to improve the outcomes for people with cancer.
Information about their funding schemes
UK 9/11 Scholarship Fund
The British Council and the World Trade Center Disaster Fund jointly established the 9/11 Scholarship Fund in order to provide scholarships for study in the UK to children or dependants of victims of the September 11th attacks on the USA, or other subsequent terrorist tragedy.
The Wellcome Trust
The Wellcome Trust is dedicated to achieving extraordinary improvements in human and animal health. The breadth of their support extends to public engagement, education and the application of research to improve health. They have a variety of PhD funding programmes available, information about the schemes they have on offer can be found on their website.
Visit the Wellcome Trust website
Wingate Scholarships
Wingate Scholarships are awarded to individuals of great potential who need financial support to conduct independent research in a wide range of subjects. Applicants need to be at least 24 years old and citizens of the UK, the Commonwealth, Israel or Ireland, or a citizen of a EU member country who has been resident in the UK for at least 3 years.
Visit the Wingate Scholarships website.
Brigantia Building, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, UK LL57 2AS
Phone: 01248 38 2211/8453
Email: psychology@bangor.ac.uk


text:
Seyyed Mahmud Alaví (n. en Lamerd, 24 de abril de 1954) es un ulema, profesor universitario y político iraní, ministro de Inteligencia desde el 15 de agosto de 2013 y diputado de Teherán en la Asamblea de Expertos del Liderazgo desde 2011.

Antes fue diputado del shahrestán de Lamerd (en Fars) en la Asamblea Consultiva Islámica en sus primero (1980-1984), segundo (1984-1988), cuarto (1992-1996) y quinto mandatos (1996-2000). Entre 2000 y 2009 presidió el Instituto de Doctrina Política del Ejército iraní. Posee un doctorado en Derecho islámico de la Universidad Ferdousí de Mashhad. Milita en el Frente de Resistencia del Irán Islámico.

Biografía
Seyyed Mahmud Alaví nació el 24 de abril de 1954 en el seno de una familia clerical en la ciudad farsí de Lamerd, en Irán. Cuando tenía 2 años, su familia se trasladó a los Nayaf, en Irak, donde su padre el ayatolá Hach Seyyed Rezá Alavi realizaba estudios islámicos. Alaví cursó allí sus estudios en los círculos iraníes de la ciudad.

Estudios islámicos
En 1970 tomó el hábito de mulá y comenzó una formación de ulema, primero en Nayaf y a continuación, de regreso en Irán, en Abadán, Qom y Teherán. Sus profesores en Qom fueron los ayatolás Etemadí, Mohaqqeq Damad, Hoseiní Kashaní, Bakuí, Sotudé y su propio padre durante los cursos ordinarios, y Seyyed Alí Jameneí, Fazel Lankaraní, Makarem Shirazí, Musaví Ardabilí, Yazdí, Hashemí Shahrudí y Mohaqqeq Damad en los cursos superiores (jarech-e feqh). Hasta la actualidad (2013), Alaví ha ejercido como docente en los centros de estudios islámicos de Qom, en los niveles superiores.

Actividad universitaria
En paralelo a los estudios religiosos, Alaví realizó estudios universitarios. Adquirió una licenciatura en Pedagogía por la Escuela Superior de Educación y Judicatura de Qom (actual Universidad de Qom) y una maestría en Derecho islámico por la Universidad Ferdousí de Mashhad, obteniendo en ambas la mejor calificación de su promoción. Se doctoró en la misma universidad de Mashhad.

Tras doctorarse, Alaví integró el cuadro profesoral de la Universidad de Radio y Televisión de la República Islámica de Irán, al tiempo que impartía clases también en el Centro de Investigaciones del Imam Jomeiní y la Revolución Islámica, la Facultad de Teología de la Universidad de Teherán, la Universidad Imam Sadeq, la Universidad de las Escuelas Islámicas, Universidad Islámica Azad y Facultad de Ciencias del Hadiz. Entre las materias que imparte se encuentran: Fundamentos de las relaciones internacionales en el derecho islámico, Bases del derecho islámico en materia médica, Equilibrio y preferencia en el derecho islámico, Corán y relaciones internacionales, Distinción entre reglas y principios del derecho islámico en el pensamiento del Imam Jomeini y otros, El ayuno y sus prescripciones, Lecciones del movimiento del Imam Hosein, etc.

Actividad política prerrevolucionaria
Siendo adolescente, Seyyed Mahmud Alaví participó en la fundación, en 1971, de la Asociación Islámica de la Juventud de Abadán. Entre 1975 y 1977, participó en la creación de numerosas bibliotecas en distintas regiones de la provincia de Fars, a la vez que desarrollaba actividades educativas y de propaganda islámica entre los jóvenes. Participó también en la organización de manifestaciones contra el gobierno del shah Mohammad Reza Pahlaví en Qom y en distintos puntos del sur de Irán: Lar, Gerash, Lamerd, etc. En el último año antes de la Revolución de 1979, con 24 años, encabezó un grupo armado en Qom.

Actividad política posrevolucionaria
Al comienzo de la Revolución iraní, fue representante en el sur de Irán del Comité Central de la Revolución Islámica entre 1978 y 1979. Tras la caída del sistema de gobierno monárquico de Mohammad Reza Pahlaví, siguió representando al despacho del ayatolá Jomeini, líder de la revolución, en Lamard durante el año posterior. En las primeras elecciones legislativas de 1980 resultó elegido como diputado del shahrestán de Lamerd para la Asamblea Consultiva Islámica, y renovó su mandato cuatro años después, hasta 1988. Durante la guerra Irán-Iraq, llevó a cabo una labor constante de movilización en la región de Lamard y Lar, visitando el frente con frecuencia. Fue además portavoz de las comisiones parlamentarias de Concejos,  Asuntos Internos, Comisión Especial de Servicio Militar, Comisión Especial de Funciones y Competencias de Presidencia.

Terminada la guerra, entre 1989 y 1991 fue secretario de supervisión e inspección y secretario de relaciones públicas y comunicaciones del Instituto de Doctrina Política del Ministerio de Defensa iraní. Un año más tarde volvió a presentar su candidatura para el parlamento en la circunscripción de Teherán, y resultó elegido. Renovó el mandato a la elección siguiente, hasta 2000.

Entre 2000 y 2009 presidió, por designación del Líder Supremo de Irán, el Instituto de Doctrina Política del Ejército iraní y, durante estos años, se opuso a la intromisión del estamento militar bajo su responsabilidad en el debate entre facciones políticas. En la grave crisis política ocasionada por las acusaciones de fraude en la elección presidencial de 2009, Alaví mantiene su apoyo constante a la jefatura religiosa del estado y al líder Seyyed Alí Jameneí, si bien se muestra partidario de la cautela en el tratamiento de la crisis:

Desde 2011 es representante electo de la provincia de Teherán en la Asamblea de Expertos del Liderazgo. En 2012 presentó de nuevo su candidatura a la Asamblea de Consulta Islámica, pero fue rechazado por «falta de compromiso práctico con el islam y el estado».

Alaví ha efectuado viajes a numerosos países: Irak, Arabia Saudí, Kuwait, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Omán, Turquía, Líbano, Siria, Jordania, República de Azerbaiyán, Georgia, Ucrania, Kirguizistán, Turkmenistán, Kazajistán, Alemania, Suecia, Dinamarca, Francia, Marruecos, Colombia, India, Tailandia, Singapur, Malasia, Indonesia, China, Corea del Sur, Baréin y Pakistán; y domina los idiomas árabe e inglés.

Gobierno de Hasán Rouhaní
Pese a evolucionar políticamente en círculos próximos a Mohsén Rezaí, poco antes de la elección presidencial de Irán de 2013 Alaví, cada vez más cercano a las posturas de Akbar Hashemí Rafsanyaní, anunció su apoyo a la candidatura de Hasán Rouhaní, de cuyo comité de campaña electoral fue uno de los miembros principales. Tras su victoria electoral, Alaví fue presentado como candidato al ministerio de Inteligencia y aprobado por la Asamblea el 15 de agosto de 2013 con 227 votos favorables, 38 contrarios y 18 abstenciones. Entre los objetivo de su ministerio, fijó el incremento de la confianza ciudadana en el ministerio y la «garantía de la seguridad sin intromisión en la vida privada de los individuos».

Tendencia ideológica
Alaví mantiene una estricta adhesión al principio fundador de la República Islámica de Irán de la tutela del alfaquí (velayat-e faqih) instituido por Ruhollah Jomeini y personificado tras la muerte de éste en 1989 en Seyyed Alí Jameneí. Como presidente del consejo superior del Frente de Resistencia de la Revolución Islámica, constituido entre 2010 y 2011 por diversas organizaciones «principalistas» (osulgará) a iniciativa de Mohsén Rezaí, Alaví ha defendido como principios de la formación «la moral islámica, el temor de Dios, la unidad, la fraternidad, el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades para servir al pueblo y al sistema sagrado de la República Islámica de Irán».

Véase también
 Ministerio de Inteligencia de Irán
 Gobierno de Irán

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web personal
 Página web oficial del Ministerio de Inteligencia iraní.
 Ficha de Seyyed Mahmud Alaví en la web shakhsiatnegar (en persa)

Personas de la provincia de Fars
Ministros de Irán
Servicios de inteligencia
Diputados de Irán
Religiosos de Irán
Chiitas
Eruditos musulmanes
Alfaquíes
Islamistas de Irán
Políticos de Irán del siglo XX
Políticos de Irán del siglo XXI


"Concerts like those at Yellow Barn shouldn't really exist.
All Yellow Barn venues are fully accessible.
Consideration for the continued artistic growth of Yellow Barn's musicians is the primary focus of our programming each summer. Repertoire presented during Yellow Barn's summer season is chosen after the conclusion of our admissions process, and the full schedule of programs and performers will be available after June 1. In the meantime, we invite you to enjoy selected performances from past festivals.
Since 1969, Yellow Barn has gathered together an international community of musicians ranging from conservatory students to renowned professionals. For five weeks, Yellow Barn creates an ideal environment for creative exploration and expression, resulting in a series of extraordinary public performances. Each season's repertoire is unique, spanning a wide range of eras and genres, offering infinite insights into chamber music—for performers, composers and audiences alike. All concerts take place at 8pm in the Big Barn.
Yellow Barn celebrates 50 extaordinary years with a special chamber music performance of Vivaldi's Four Seasons, followed by Elgar's Introduction and Allegro, a tribute to founders David and Janet Wells, who always ended their summers by filling their barn, our first home, to the point of bursting with music, musicians, and love. This special event to benefit the Yellow Barn Scholarship Fund begins at 11:00am and concludes with a post-performance lunch and celebration.
Since the 1970s, composers of all nationalities have enriched Yellow Barn's summer season with their music, the work they do with musicians, and interactions with audiences. This summer Yellow Barn welcomes back renowned composers Jörg Widmann and Brett Dean. Each residency will offer multiple performances of their music and opportunities to hear the composers themselves performing. In addition, Yellow Barn offers two special opportunities for audiences: Jörg Widmann's masterclass will explore a range of repertoire, including his own work, and the annual Composer Portrait is dedicated to Dean's work, with conversations with Artistic Director Seth Knopp, performers, and audience members. All events take place at 8pm in the Big Barn.
At Yellow Barn masterclasses, audience members are invited to sit in the Big Barn with Yellow Barn musicians and witness the interpretive process as Yellow Barn faculty and guests coach participants on a wide range of repertoire. Masterclasses on July 6, 13, 20, and 27 will take place at 10:30am in the Big Barn. The masterclass on July 24 will take place at 8pm at the Big Barn.
On Saturdays, audience members are invited to the Putney Public Library for an intimate introduction to the evening's concert given by Yellow Barn musicians. All pre-concert discussions take place at 7pm at the Putney Public Library.
Yellow Barn's Open House affords audiences the chance to spend an afternoon attending open rehearsals, participating in discussions, and sharing a meal with Yellow Barn musicians on campus. Lunch and open house begin at 12:30pm at the Greenwood School.
Preceding the main season is the Young Artists Program for outstanding composers and performers ages 13–20, with four concerts that include classical repertoire and world premiere performances of works created during the program. All concerts take place at 8pm in the Big Barn.
Yellow Barn welcomes Benjamin Bagby for a special pre-season performance. In his extraordinary hourlong performance of the first part of the epic poem known as Beowulf, Bagby assumes the role of 11th-century scop, transporting both himself and the audience to the very roots of storytelling, when aural tradition was paramount to sustaining culture, history, and society. The scop would re-tell the story of Beowulf, in song and speech, accompanying himself on a six-stringed harp based on the remains of an instrument from the 7th Century. 7:30pm at Next Stage.