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SIP Simplified. How many SIP trunks does your company need?
WHAT IS SIP AND WHY DOES IT MATTER?
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an internet protocol like HTTP. SIP makes it possible to securely connect voice, video and data calls through the internet or private cloud based network.
The number of PRI/T-1's or POTS lines decide how many concurrent calls or (call paths) you can make between your company's PBX and the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network); through the Bell Central Office. In the example below 2 PRI (23 call paths each), would need to be purchased. (See below).
The following table provides the average ratio of SIP trunks per user across multiple business types. Each company is different however. A manufacturing company may only need a 10% ratio where a call center or brokerage firm may need a 90% ratio.
In the old days, people used Erlang formulas to calculate trunk requirements.
Thankfully these calculators can be found on a number of websites. Here is a link to one of them. PBX Channel Calculator.
WHY DOES THE RATIO OF TRUNKS GET SMALLER WITH MORE USERS?
If you have a 2 person office, it is likely that both users could be on calls at the same time. You would need a 1:1 ratio or 2 trunks. If you have an office of 10 people, typically only 60% of the people may need to be on concurrent calls. And so on… As your population gets larger, statistically the % of people on the phone declines.
HOW DOES SIP WORK IN A MULTI-LOCATION ENVIRONMENT?
I will use the following example of a company with 5 offices, each with 100 people.
Using traditional methods, your company would have to install, and pay for, 2 PRI (46 call capacity each) for a total of 10 PRI and a call capacity of 460 concurrent calls. This is wasted spend. SIP providers aggregate all of your calls to the PSTN using their own switch. By aggregating these calls, your company can apply the trunk ratios based on the total of all users, from all locations. In the case above, instead of paying for 460 trunks using PRI, your company may only need 150-200 SIP trunks. This represents a significant savings.
HOW DOES MY COMPANY CONNECT TO A SIP NETWORK?
Companies that use PRI's typically need two different connections. The PRI for voice and a separate data connection for the internet or private network. SIP can either be provided as a separate data connection from the SIP provider or can be delivered using your existing internet/private network connection. This eliminates the need for two separate circuits. To ensure voice quality, a (fast lane) is established inside your data connection. This means that spikes in data will not take away bandwidth from the SIP lane. This prevents the garbled or digitized sound that was prevalent when Voice over IP first came out. You may however, need to increase bandwidth to accommodate the additional voice calls. Given the low-cost of bandwidth today, it is typically still more cost-effective than a PRI + Data connection.
Buying SIP services does not come without risks. At 10,000 feet, things seem pretty simple. At 1 inch, things can get complex. When it comes to selecting a SIP vendor, it is important to choose the right features, technical specifications and to negotiate the right terms and pricing. Since no company is going to highlight their weaknesses, it is best to work with a company that has had real world experience with these services and companies.
For further information and/or a complementary evaluation please contact us.
How Much of Your Mobile Data Usage Is Excessive? Tips to Reduce Your Company's' Mobile Data Costs.


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Postdoctoral Fellow - Statistical Genetics and Quantitative Genomics
Cambridge, MA, US
R-69997
Science/R&D, Genetics, Genomics
Genetown, Ideal Employer
The Amgen Postdoctoral program is committed to providing future scientists with an enriching environment to inspire innovation that will contribute to the development of human therapeutics.
Dr. Yi-Hsiang Hsu in the Computational Biology/Research department at Amgen Inc. is seeking a postdoctoral fellow. Despite the successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), important challenges remain that limit their impact on human biology and medicine, especially the fact that in the majority of cases the causal loci are located in non-coding regions and poorly understood. Recent advances in human regulatory and functional genomics (ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics Project and GTEX) and gene editing technologies (such as CRISPR/Cas9) allow us to overcome these challenges and gain a systematic understanding of the role of GWAS variants in human disease and complex traits. To translate human genetics findings from GWAS and NGS association studies to actionable therapeutic-target candidates, the research team has been developing network modeling approaches by incorporating information from human tissue-specific 3D genomics structure and gene regulatory circuits and landscapes to predict causal/functional variants and their targeted genes under each GWAS locus.
The Postdoc will carry out independent research and participate in projects that (1) generate HI-C seq, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and Chip-seq data in human primary cells and utilize these data to construct 3D genome looping structure across the whole genome; (2) build prediction models to predict enhancer-promoter links (gene regulatory circuits; regulatory landscapes) in human primary cells; (3) apply AI-machine learning deep learning models such as CNN to identify underlying causal variants and targeted genes for GWAS/GWAS loci for complex disorders such as HF, AF, CVD, neurological disorders, immunological disorders and cancers from whole genome sequencing as well as other large biobanks such as UKBiobank; (4) apply biological networks and systems biology approaches to priority and identify potential druggable targets from the targeted genes from human genetics studies; and (5) be involved in wet lab experiments to functionally validate findings in cellular and/or animal models by CRIPSR/Cas9 gene editing approaches.
The Postdoc will interact with a diverse scientists of statistical geneticists, computational biologists and bench scientists at Amgen, as well as collaborators at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Harvard Medical School.
The assignment length is 3 years.
Doctoral degree (such as PhD, ScD, MD, etc.) at the time of appointment
Experience dealing high-throughput sequencing data such as next generation sequencing, RNA sequencing, Chip-seq, ATAC-seq and/or Hi-C seq as well as experience using the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics Project data
Expertise in the statistical analyses of next generation sequencing data or bioinformatics (especially in network/pathway modeling)
Experience in applying AI-machine learning deep-learning methods
Able to present findings and write papers in the field of study
Expertise with statistical genetics and network modeling algorithms
Familiarity and involvement in use of large scale omics data, such as ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics Project, GTEX, eQTL datasets, Hi-C and RNA-seq data etc
Involvement in GWAS and NGS (WES/WGS) association studies
Familiarity in use of human genetic resources (browsers and datasets) such as 1,000G Project, UK10K, ESP Project
Experience with molecular genetic approaches such as WGS, WES, RNASeq, chip-seq, chromosome conformation capture
Experience/knowledge in molecular characterization and functional studies geared towards elucidating the mechanistic basis for genetic associations (such as mass parallel reporter assay, etc.)
Strong publication track record in top tier journals
Comfort in working in a highly interactive and vibrant environment designed to promote frequent interaction and brainstorming
Passion and aptitude for teamwork
Excellent communication skills and the ability to influence and inspire
Our culture is what makes Amgen a special place to work. We have a powerful shared purpose around our mission - to serve patients. We respect one another, recognize contributions, and have embedded collaboration, trust, empowerment and inclusion in all that we do.
Science/R&D jobs in Cambridge
Genetics jobs in Cambridge
Genomics jobs in Cambridge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Due to a small fire in a storage room at Bishop Smith Catholic High School, the school will remain closed from Tuesday October 3rd until Thursday, October 5th inclusive.
While damage was isolated to a 2nd floor/grade 8 wing, the Board will, as part of its due diligence procedures, ensure air quality samples are taken in all other areas of the building prior to staff and students returning on site.
Students in grade 9 to 12 requiring personal belongings and/or learning materials from their lockers are asked to come to the school Wednesday, October 4th between 12:00pm and 2:00pm. For grade 8 students, please watch for further information about personal item retrieval from your lockers.
Students are encouraged to check Blended Learning sites for updates and messages from teachers. For updates and further information please continue to check the Bishop Smith website and Facebook.


Convicted real estate broker Samir Cabrera's attorneys have filed an amended appeal. In January of 2009, a jury convicted him of 11 counts of fraud.
LEE COUNTY: Convicted real estate broker Samir Cabrera's attorneys have filed an amended appeal. In January of 2009, a jury convicted him of 11 counts of fraud.
But his attorney's are using a June decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that weakens one of the laws that Cabrera was convicted of.
Cabrera's defense argues that his wire-fraud and money-laundering convictions be thrown out for three reasons.
They claim the federal fraud law is unconstitutionally vague, the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and the jury instructions were inadequate.
Two high profile cases are being cited, including one where Conrad Black - a Florida media mogul - was released on bond while a judge decides whether or not to throw out his conviction.
Cabrera is still in a federal prison.
The United States Court of Appeals for the 11th circuit in Atlanta will review Cabrera's appeal and decide what to do next.


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H.E. Ambassador Liberata Mulamula met with Stephen Hayes, CEO and President of the Corporate Council on Africa, to discuss programming and events during the US-Africa Leaders Summit held in Washington, DC, on August 4th through 6th.
Below is the picture gallery showing Professor Ben Mutayoba receiving National Geographic/Buffet Award.
President Obama flew to Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, the third and final stop on his three-country trip to Africa.
Below is the gallery showing some of the animals, cultural activities, and natural attractions you may get to see when you visit Tanzania.
Below is the gallery showing some of the pictures taken during Tanzania VIP Safari Trip in 2011.


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Home Ford Vaughn Gittin Jr drifts his way into St. Patricks Day!
Vaughn Gittin Jr drifts his way into St. Patricks Day!
In the video, Gittin Jr. races at the chance to show off his car control skills, and the cloverleaf interchange at night was a great opportunity to do just that. Gittin Jr. commented, "It was just the right amount of sketchiness and fun together…and quite a bit more challenging than I had expected linking it all together. And doing it at night made it that much more more intense." He and this Mustang RTR made international headlines last year by drifting the entire Nurburgring. Check out the video.


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October 25, 2021 · 9:27 pm
TRUTH, JUSTICE, AND THE AMERICAN WAY OF SELF-DOUBT
Last week, Jim Lee, publisher of DC comics, announced that Superman's motto would "evolve" from "Truth, Justice, and the American Way," to "Truth, Justice, and a Better Tomorrow." The announcement followed Superman's earlier renunciation of his American citizenship.
Some have welcomed these changes as "a pointed statement that the Man of Steel is a hero for everyone." As Wired blogger Scott Thill put it: "The genius of Superman is that he belongs to everyone, for the dual purposes of peace and protection. He's above ephemeral geopolitics and nationalist concerns, a universal agent unlike any other found in pop culture."
But of course it's possible to be "a hero for everyone," while at the same time serving as a champion for the American Way. The Statue of Liberty – that "mighty woman" — is a heroine for everyone, lifting her lamp to welcome the huddled masses and wretched refuse from the world's many teeming shores. But at the same time, she is quintessentially American – perhaps even more American than Superman. Certainly, she is more venerable.
The sad and uncomfortable truth is that removing "the American Way" from Superman's slogan has nothing to do with extending his appeal beyond our shores to the world at large. That global appeal already exists and has for generations. "The American Way" has been deleted, not because the phrase was limiting Superman, but because it was embarrassing Superman's owners.
They were not alone in their discomfit.
Filed under Culture
· politics, foreign policy, law, culture
toputitbluntly.com


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Join—or establish—a local tree committee or board.


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text:
MD #186: Conflicting Compulsions
Log Title
Summary: Emily tries to talk to Atticus, the results are quite demonstrative, for her at least.
Related Logs: After Making Friends Before Mind Games
Recovery Ward - Deck 3 - Battlestar Orion
About half the size of the Medical Centre, the Recovery Ward has fewer beds to allow space for those who are going through recovery. Rather than the drab gray of most of the centre, the walls in here have been done in a neutral creme colour. The beds are a little thicker and the blankets are actually present. There are a few clocks and the only other decoration are a couple of flatscreens that show muted movies from the ship's library, though tablets are common. Behind each bed is a small touchscreen for tracking vitals and is linked to Medical personnel tablets. A couple stacks of recent magazines are available near the door for nurses to pass around, too.
The fussing earlier did rouse Emily but she took some time before coming over. She had been speaking with someone for a little while and there was, what Atticus knows by sound, some frightened whispering and tears from the Lady. Afterwards she took some time to compose herself and came over with a mug of tea and a glass of water with a straw. She's changed into scrubs and comes around the curtain to see him all secured, her female MP standing nearby and keeping an eye on the two, along with Atticus' personal guard. "Sir Atticus," she greets quietly.
Atticus is reading, has been since the Master at Arms left, bar a quick break when an edible meal was provided. The addition of the tablet seems to have allowed him to settle again, the morning not having been comfortable given Emily's close proximity, but he seems entirely able to lose himself in a book. When he hears her address him he's half tempted just to ignore her, to keep his eyes on the tablet and keep reading, but her very presence makes his tense and there's no hiding that physical reaction. So instead he kills the screen and turns his head slowly to look at her. The blood from earlier has been cleaned from his face, but the blackeye is developing nicely. He takes a few moments to just look at her, do what he can to settle himself, then says almost calmly, "you know you have killed me, yes?"
She comes over closer and settles on the stool. The water is placed by his bed so he can reach it and she sips her tea with both hands. "I have done no such thing. I have not killed either of us. These people brought us here without any time to consider what it would do to our ability to go home. And as I've spoken to one of their leaders, getting us home would be incredibly hard at the moment. For better or worse, Sir Atticus, we are stuck here together. I offer no apology for it as I am without fault in how we arrived."
It's an instinctive move, rather than a conscious once, but Atticus pulls himself away from Emily as she sits. "I am to be interrogated, then sent back," he states, given that's the last thing he was told, "since you have decided to turn traitor and I was tasked with your charge…" he trails off, shaking his head slowly at her. "I am a dead man, and you have killed me." It's only a subtle emphasis, but he wants her to know that he knows why the King will no doubt take his life for the magnitude of the failure. "I have nothing else to say to you," he closes with, and turns as if to start reading again, but he's clearly agitated again, however much he tries to smother it.
"Interrogated and sent back." Emily sighs and looks down. There's a low shake of her head while she listens to the rest. "The King may see it that way, but Queen Madilyn will not." Her gaze lifts to look back. "You were to safely escort me to my wedding. We did not arrive. You were a dead man before we even left Picon. Do you think that the Queen would let this dishonour on the House stand? Our word to my future husband and they planned the wedding, and we did not appear. The damage is already done, Sir Atticus. You can call me whatever names you believe are appropriate, but you agreed with everything I said before you found out I planned to stay. I have not lied to you. I knew that you were going to be killed on return to Benning when we were brought aboard."
"My wounds, and those of my men, show clearly what happened," Atticus replies, flicking his eyes back up to her. "A delayed wedding is a problem but not such an insurmountable one was the bride defecting to the tyrants. Turning her back on her family, those who took her in, cared for her, made her a Princess. Were you just there to grab what you could? Were you ever loyal to those who showed you such kindness? They didn't care about your birth, and they didn't care my father was a tyrant, they took us both in, and how do you repay them?"
"The wounds of your men show that you were attacked, yes. They also show the failure to protect your charge, Sir Atticus." Her tea is sipped as she crosses her legs. "A delayed wedding is a problem and a slight. You are not nobility so I will spare you the complexities of intermarriage of the royal class, but your death is not anyone's fault." The rest does hit her right in the heart, though. Ow. The edge of a smile she had now flickers through the pain and cracks into a sad frown as she looks down. "It is not what you think." Yeah, his words wounded her. "None of what we have there is what we think we have. Do you know what they were going to do to me when I arrived for the wedding?" Those sad eyes look at him. "Do you know what happens to a woman when they cleanse her for her wedding? Do you really know?"
"They are prepared for serving their husband," Atticus replies, in a manner that's almost like he's reciting from a textbook, were textbooks still a thing, "do you think that wrong? That she should not wish to show her gratitude to the man who will take care of her? Feed her, clothe her, house her? It is how things are!" His agitation grows as he speaks, but he can't help it, her very presence is making his skin crawl. "I don't pretend to understand the pressure that royal duties puts on you, our family, but I know that I owe them everything, I am I not selfish enough to forget that."
"That's a very clean way of putting it, Sir Atticus. It implies there is no bloodshed." The tea is settled on a table nearby, out of his reach, and she looks back at him and stiffens her upper lip. "I think it wrong, yes." Her right hand starts trembling and she uses her left to hold it in place. "The person they were? They die. I would be killed. I would be changed into my husband's perfect slave. I would have no will to resist if he deemed it so. There would be nothing of me left. Just a mouthpiece and used for making children and pleasing my husband." She holds her gaze on him. "And even now I am beginning to realize that this has started to happen to me. That I have been made to be someone else, unable to speak about things I want to speak about. Would you still be so loyal to House Benning if you were to find out that the King or Queen had ordered you cleansed without reason. Just one morning perhaps they did not like the way you greeted them. A Cleric comes to see you and makes you more loyal and obedient. You no longer have the choice to remain with House Benning. They simply make sure you could never consider leaving, no matter how badly they might treat you. Would you enjoy that? Perhaps if you had a family, they take your children and then make you forget you ever had children? Would that be appropriate for you?"
Atticus listens, or tries to at least, there's' a couple of bits in Emily's speech that he's clearly deeply unhappy about. In the end though he looks at her not with anger, but almost with pity. "What did they do to you?" he asks, "to have twisted your mind so. Have their Clerics warped you so badly that you can not see what is happening to you? They're putting ideas in your head, ideas that lead to chaos, war, all the things the Machines have removed for us." His tone almost gets to a point where he's genuinely concerned for her, but then she tries to imply that he might even consider leaving his position and then his demeanour changes again. It's a quick change, too, not the gradual, growing concern of before. "I am a knight of House Benning," he says, pulling himself up as if he's trying to stand to something approximating attention, but clearly can't, "I am proud to serve the King and Queen." Then, a second or two later he relaxes again, blinks once to Emily and says, "maybe one day, when you've finally seen the horrors these people commit, maybe then you'll understand why we need the Machines, what they do for us."
"If they had done something to me, would it have been worse than being dead? I'm not about to call House Benning vile or creatures of derision. They are my family, Atticus. They were my family before they were yours so come off your tall saddle and know your place." There's a touch of venom in her words. "When and if I choose to join these people, then I will abandon my station. Until then you will respect me and my family. Or are you now deciding which orders you can follow? You do not get that choice so you will speak to me with respect, not treat me as a damaged child." She huffs a breath and looks away for a moment, then back. "Answer me this, Knight: If the machines protect us from war then why do we require knights and militia? Why does House Longmire probe our borders where we have mysterious raids, and the machines do nothing? Where are the Clerics to protect us from this anarchy?" Where is your God, now?
As Emily flips into full on Angry Princess mode there's only one way Atticus can respond and that's to abase himself for overstepping his station. He starts to, there's clear contrition and capitulation on his features for a couple of seconds, before that behavioural pattern runs slap bang into another one. She's a traitor to the house, he is loyal to the house, he must destroy her. Needless to say the two do not sit well together, and he gets restive again, enough to have hi guard look over and satisfy herself that the restraints are holding. "The machines bring peace," he says, closing his eyes in case not being able to see her will break the conflicting compulsions inside him. Then, when it doesn't, he's forced to resort to "get away from me!" Followed by several muttered "I am a knight of House Benning, I am proud to serve the King and Queen"
Emily watches the conflicting emotions and how it all crashes together on his face. There's more sadness, even as he yells. She slowly rises from her stool and takes a step closer. She might be in scrubs, but she holds her frown and lifts her chin as she looks down at him. "As am I. I take great satisfaction out of what I have helped do for House Benning, Knight. Our people are stronger and safer for it. Including you. I am safer and stronger, in kind because of our people and you. But should I choose to leave, then it will be of my own decision. You should consider why you cannot resolve your thoughts on the matter of following my orders, Knight. You will listen and obey." All in full view of the MP's. "I would guess that if you were in full control of yourself and not steered and controlled by the Clerics, then you would have no problem just avoiding my orders. Are you proud to serve? Or are you being forced to feel that pride?" Her tea is taken and she prepares to depart.
It's a good thing that the restraints used in medical are gentler than an MP's cuffs, or Atticus would probably have done a reasonable degree of damage to his wrists by now. They're not coming loose though, and probably also preventing him from doing any damage to either Emily or himself. He listens, he tries to obey, he must obey, but he can't obey, he mustn't obey. It's a struggle against himself that is briefly so violent that it shuts down all other conscious processes in his head while it tries to resolve itself. He simply can't resolve the conflict, so he starts instinctively muttering the litanies again, "the Machines bring peace," followed by, "my father was a tyrant," followed by "I am a knight of House Benning, I am proud to serve the King and Queen," over and over and over.
Emily holds her gaze on Atticus until he fades into his muttering and she looks down. Her right hand won't stop shaking and it aches a little. Cradling it in her left, she turns to look to her MP, "I trust you will report this to Gunree Lleufer. I'm sorry it came to that. I think I could use a little time to myself." As she moves away, she looks over her shoulder to him and her neutral expression cracks and her heart breaks for him. She knows there's more tears coming and she knows she can't have him see that right now.
atticusemilylogsseason4social


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Amber Waves
Productivity Growth Drives Expanded Agricultural Production
About Amber Waves
Statistic: Farm Practices & Management
by Kathleen Kassel, James M. MacDonald, and Sun Ling Wang
U.S. agriculture relies almost entirely on productivity growth, primarily from innovation and changes in technology, to raise output. Total production nearly tripled between 1948 and 2004, while land in agriculture fell by one-quarter and labor declined by three-quarters. Because of high productivity growth, agricultural commodity prices rose at less than half the rate of economy-wide prices over those 56 years.
What Is Productivity?
Simple measures of productivity growth, such as increases in output per acre (yields) or output per worker (labor productivity) have been used for many years. These are called single-factor measures because they relate changes in output to changes in a single input, such as land or labor. Single factor measures, while useful, take no account of the usage of other inputs. Land yields could be raised, for example, by adding more capital or chemicals. But that would not provide true productivity improvements if the value of the added inputs exceeded that of the land that they replaced.
ERS's productivity indexes allow researchers to identify the separate roles of changes in input use and productivity-improving developments in technology in driving growth in U.S. agricultural output. Increased total factor productivity (TFP) is the difference between the growth in agricultural output and growth in inputs. ERS publishes TFP measures for the U.S. farm sector for 1948 to 2004 and for individual States from 1960 to 2004.
Download larger size chart (482 pixels by 322, 96 dpi)
Sources of growth in the U.S. farm sector (average annual growth rates in percent)
-0.56 -0.86 -1.14 -0.89 -0.86 -0.65 -0.42 -0.22 -0.35 -0.24 -0.78
Capital (inc. land)
-0.08 0.61 0.01 -0.06 0.06 0.14 -0.12 0.39 -0.67 -0.28 -0.11
0.61 1.56 1.16 1.45 0.74 1.23 0.76 1.01 -0.66 1.24 -1.15
Total factor productivity
1.77 0.45 1.00 3.80 1.11 1.56 2.24 1.28 2.53 1.44 2.79
Total output growth
The sub-periods are measured from cyclical peak to peak.
Source: USDA, Economic Research Service.
ERS Estimates Show Less Land, Labor, but Greater Productivity
The TFP indexes reveal the dramatic contraction of labor in the farm sector. Agricultural land, a component of capital, also fell steadily, except for a brief cessation in the 1970s, and by 2004 amounted to less than three-quarters of its 1948 value. In contrast, the sector's use of equipment and of material inputs—energy, fertilizers, pesticides, and purchased services—increased considerably until the early 1980s. After that, materials inputs fluctuated but showed no strong growth, and equipment inputs declined.
Between 1948 and 1979, the sector substituted expanded usage of equipment and agricultural chemicals for declining land and labor inputs. As a result, materials accounted for a significant share of agricultural output growth, even though growth in total factor productivity was also important. However, output continued to grow after 1979, while capital inputs declined and material inputs (including chemicals) grew very little, compared with levels in 1979. Consequently, growth in TFP accounted for all of the post-1979 expansion of output.
There can be little doubt that productivity growth has been the engine of economic growth in post World War II agriculture. TFP growth sparked most of the gains in production between 1948 and 1979, with added capital and materials accounting for the remainder. After 1979, when inputs in total declined, TFP drove all of the substantial increase in aggregate agricultural production.
While the trend rate of TFP growth is large, the measures also show sharp year-to-year deviations from that trend, and TFP can even decline in some years as a result of weather and economic events. Measured TFP growth fell in 1974 and 1978 when energy prices spiked, and sharp downturns occurred during drought years in 1983, 1988, and 1995. Poor weather hindered production and left TFP flat between 2000 and 2002. But the return of favorable weather in 2003 and 2004 led to sharp increases in output and productivity, with TFP growing by 4.4 percent in 2003 and 6.0 percent in 2004.
Longrun TFP growth is driven by the development and diffusion of innovations in plant and animal breeding, capital and materials, production practices, and agricultural organization. Economic researchers have found a strong link between investments in research and innovation and agricultural productivity growth.
This article is drawn from...
Agricultural Productivity in the U.S. , by Sun Ling Wang, Roberto Mosheim, Eric Njuki, and Richard Nehring, USDA, Economic Research Service, January 2022


text:
namespace boost
{

class use_count_is_zero: public std::exception
{
public:

    virtual char const * what() const throw()
    {
        return "use_count_is_zero";
    }
};

class counted_base
{
private:

    typedef detail::lightweight_mutex mutex_type;

public:

    counted_base():
        use_count_(0), weak_count_(0), self_deleter_(&self_delete)
    {
    }

    // pre: initial_use_count <= initial_weak_count

    explicit counted_base(long initial_use_count, long initial_weak_count):
        use_count_(initial_use_count), weak_count_(initial_weak_count), self_deleter_(&self_delete)
    {
    }

    virtual ~counted_base() // nothrow
    {
    }

    // dispose() is called when use_count_ drops to zero, to release
    // the resources managed by *this.
    //
    // counted_base doesn't manage any resources except itself, and
    // the default implementation is a no-op.
    //
    // dispose() is not pure virtual since weak_ptr instantiates a
    // counted_base in its default constructor.

    virtual void dispose() // nothrow
    {
    }

    void add_ref()
    {
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
        mutex_type::scoped_lock lock(mtx_);
#endif
        if(use_count_ == 0 && weak_count_ != 0) throw use_count_is_zero();
        ++use_count_;
        ++weak_count_;
    }

    void release() // nothrow
    {
        long new_use_count;
        long new_weak_count;

        {
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
            mutex_type::scoped_lock lock(mtx_);
#endif
            new_use_count = --use_count_;
            new_weak_count = --weak_count_;
        }

        if(new_use_count == 0)
        {
            dispose();
        }

        if(new_weak_count == 0)
        {
            // not a direct 'delete this', because the inlined
            // release() may use a different heap manager
            self_deleter_(this);
        }
    }

    void weak_add_ref() // nothrow
    {
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
        mutex_type::scoped_lock lock(mtx_);
#endif
        ++weak_count_;
    }

    void weak_release() // nothrow
    {
        long new_weak_count;

        {
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
            mutex_type::scoped_lock lock(mtx_);
#endif
            new_weak_count = --weak_count_;
        }

        if(new_weak_count == 0)
        {
            self_deleter_(this);
        }
    }

    long use_count() const // nothrow
    {
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
        mutex_type::scoped_lock lock(mtx_);
#endif
        return use_count_;
    }

private:

    counted_base(counted_base const &);
    counted_base & operator= (counted_base const &);

    static void self_delete(counted_base * p)
    {
        delete p;
    }

    // inv: use_count_ <= weak_count_

    long use_count_;
    long weak_count_;
#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS
    mutable mutex_type mtx_;
#endif
    void (*self_deleter_) (counted_base *);
};

inline void intrusive_ptr_add_ref(counted_base * p)
{
    p->add_ref();
}

inline void intrusive_ptr_release(counted_base * p)
{
    p->release();
}

namespace detail
{

template<class P, class D> class counted_base_impl: public counted_base
{
private:

    P ptr; // copy constructor must not throw
    D del; // copy constructor must not throw

    counted_base_impl(counted_base_impl const &);
    counted_base_impl & operator= (counted_base_impl const &);

public:

    // pre: initial_use_count <= initial_weak_count, d(p) must not throw

    counted_base_impl(P p, D d, long initial_use_count, long initial_weak_count):
        counted_base(initial_use_count, initial_weak_count), ptr(p), del(d)
    {
    }

    virtual void dispose() // nothrow
    {
        del(ptr);
    }
};

class weak_count;

class shared_count
{
private:

    counted_base * pi_;

    friend class weak_count;

    template<class P, class D> shared_count(P, D, counted_base const *);

public:

    shared_count(): pi_(new counted_base(1, 1))
    {
    }

    explicit shared_count(counted_base * pi): pi_(pi) // never throws
    {
        pi_->add_ref();
    }

    template<class P, class D> shared_count(P p, D d, void const * = 0): pi_(0)
    {
        try
        {
            pi_ = new counted_base_impl<P, D>(p, d, 1, 1);
        }
        catch(...)
        {
            d(p); // delete p
            throw;
        }
    }

    template<class P, class D> shared_count(P, D, counted_base * pi): pi_(pi)
    {
        pi_->add_ref();
    }

#ifndef BOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR

    // auto_ptr<Y> is special cased to provide the strong guarantee

    template<typename Y>
    explicit shared_count(std::auto_ptr<Y> & r): pi_(new counted_base_impl< Y *, checked_deleter<Y> >(r.get(), checked_deleter<Y>(), 1, 1))
    {
        r.release();
    }

#endif

    ~shared_count() // nothrow
    {
        pi_->release();
    }

    shared_count(shared_count const & r): pi_(r.pi_) // nothrow
    {
        pi_->add_ref();
    }

    explicit shared_count(weak_count const & r); // throws use_count_is_zero when r.use_count() == 0

    shared_count & operator= (shared_count const & r) // nothrow
    {
        counted_base * tmp = r.pi_;
        tmp->add_ref();
        pi_->release();
        pi_ = tmp;

        return *this;
    }

    void swap(shared_count & r) // nothrow
    {
        counted_base * tmp = r.pi_;
        r.pi_ = pi_;
        pi_ = tmp;
    }

    long use_count() const // nothrow
    {
        return pi_->use_count();
    }

    bool unique() const // nothrow
    {
        return pi_->use_count() == 1;
    }

    friend inline bool operator==(shared_count const & a, shared_count const & b)
    {
        return a.pi_ == b.pi_;
    }

    friend inline bool operator<(shared_count const & a, shared_count const & b)
    {
        return std::less<counted_base *>()(a.pi_, b.pi_);
    }
};

class weak_count
{
private:

    counted_base * pi_;

    friend class shared_count;

public:

    weak_count(): pi_(new counted_base(0, 1)) // can throw
    {
    }

    weak_count(shared_count const & r): pi_(r.pi_) // nothrow
    {
        pi_->weak_add_ref();
    }

    weak_count(weak_count const & r): pi_(r.pi_) // nothrow
    {
        pi_->weak_add_ref();
    }

    ~weak_count() // nothrow
    {
        pi_->weak_release();
    }

    weak_count & operator= (shared_count const & r) // nothrow
    {
        counted_base * tmp = r.pi_;
        tmp->weak_add_ref();
        pi_->weak_release();
        pi_ = tmp;

        return *this;
    }

    weak_count & operator= (weak_count const & r) // nothrow
    {
        counted_base * tmp = r.pi_;
        tmp->weak_add_ref();
        pi_->weak_release();
        pi_ = tmp;

        return *this;
    }

    void swap(weak_count & r) // nothrow
    {
        counted_base * tmp = r.pi_;
        r.pi_ = pi_;
        pi_ = tmp;
    }

    long use_count() const // nothrow
    {
        return pi_->use_count();
    }

    friend inline bool operator==(weak_count const & a, weak_count const & b)
    {
        return a.pi_ == b.pi_;
    }

    friend inline bool operator<(weak_count const & a, weak_count const & b)
    {
        return std::less<counted_base *>()(a.pi_, b.pi_);
    }
};

inline shared_count::shared_count(weak_count const & r): pi_(r.pi_)
{
    pi_->add_ref();
}

} // namespace detail

} // namespace boost

#endif  // #ifndef BOOST_DETAIL_SHARED_COUNT_HPP_INCLUDED

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) are alternative energy devices which can be used to power a wide range of portable and mobile electronics. DMFCs were invented at the Caltech/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory with the University of Southern California (USC).
DMFCs are electrochemical devices that convert high energy density fuel (liquid methanol) directly to electricity. They operate silently, at relatively low temperatures and offer much longer operating time than today's batteries. Unlike a battery, DMFCs do not need to be recharged. They can provide electricity continuously to the consumer electronic devices as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied to the fuel cell. To achieve this, DMFCs can be "hot-swapped" and instantly recharged with replacement methanol cartridges (akin to batteries). Furthermore, this eliminates the need for consumers to carry electrical cords or adapters.
Methanol or methanol/water solution is the industry's choice of fuel. Because it is a liquid, it is easy to store and transport. Methanol is inexpensive and readily available. It also has very high energy density, which means longer operating time.
How does a DMFC Work?
The heart of a fuel cell consists of catalysts for the electrochemical reaction and a special piece of plastic that can conduct protons. The technical term for this special plastic is polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and the most common PEM used in DMFCs today is NafionTM, produced by Dupont. The most common catalysts used are PtRu alloy for the anode and Pt for the cathode.
In the fuel cell, the fuel is not burned, but rather is converted into electricity through an electrochemical process that splits methanol into protons, electrons, and carbon dioxide at the anode and then combines these protons and electrons with oxygen at the cathode to produce water. It is a very simple concept.


text:
Charity welcomes new allergen labelling
Bronya Smolen · 09 December, 2014
Coeliac UK welcomes EU food labelling regulations
(Photo: )
Coeliac UK has welcomed new EU food labelling regulations, claiming they will provide better certainty for people with coeliac disease.
The charity, which supports people who have the autoimmune disease cause by gluten, said it would help coeliacs manage their condition, and understand what products contain the allergen.
Despite the change to regulations, the charity is still urging retailers to put a clear 'gluten-free' label on relevant products, to assure customers.
Sarah Sleet, chief executive of Coeliac UK, said: "Making sure businesses provide clear, unambiguous information to customers enables people with coeliac disease to shop and eat out safely and confidently. The new regulation means people with coeliac disease will have a better understanding of whether the food they purchase from a supermarket or order at a food venue contains gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye.
"Although the rules are a great step forward, for total peace of mind, we are encouraging all caterers and retailers to label food gluten-free to show their customers what they can eat without fear of cross-contamination.
"Catering businesses will also benefit significantly as research shows people with coeliac disease - and the family and friends they eat out with - are worth a potential £100 million a year to venues willing to provide dishes labelled gluten-free. For businesses that have already taken up this option the impact on their bottom line is overwhelmingly positive."
The regulations become law on 13 December, and will require businesses to provide information about allergens, either on product ingredients lists on-pack, or in the establishment if it is not packaged.
The new rules do not, however, require businesses to declare any risk of cross-contamination with gluten.
The EU rules were published in 2011 to give food businesses three years to get ready for the new provisions.
coeliac
Coeliac UK
Gluten Freevolution campaign launched by Coeliac UK
Should the NHS be paying £25m for gluten-free food?
New gluten-free trade association formed
Warburtons unveils gluten-free Tiger Bloomer
Doves Farm rebrands free-from line after £3m investment


Mixing is an essential part in any song, and as an experienced mixer I'll be able to make it sound perfectly balanced and professional. Using external high-end gear, effects and plugins (Waves, UAD, etc...) I can make your track truly stand out. In mixing its all about the levels and knowing what to take away, and what to bring forward... and I have it down.
Ready to have your song professionally Mixed?


text:
Governor Updates 2020/21 Dates Announced »
« Governors' Webinar Update
Election of HfL Non-Exec Directors
Published 30 September 2020 | By dave
Nominations Now Open for Herts for Learning non-exec directors
HfL have commenced an election process to recruit 3 x primary phase and 1 x special phase non-exec directors onto the HfL Board. Details of this process are given below:
Election process for Herts for Learning non-executive directors
The Herts for Learning (HfL) Board includes six elected school non-executive directors who take up post for a term of three years. In November 2020, there will be a vacancy on the HfL Board for a non-executive director elected by special phase school shareholders and in January 2021, there will be three vacancies for non-executive directors elected by primary phase school shareholders.
As part of the election process, HfL's shareholding schools from the relevant phases are invited to nominate non-executive directors to represent them on the HfL Board. There will then be a voting period for schools to elect the non-executive director(s) to represent their phase.
The timeframe for the election process is as follows:
Nominations open 9am on Wednesday 30 September 2020
Nominations close 5pm on Friday 23 October 2020
Details of nominees and link to electronic voting form issued Monday 2 November 2020
Close of voting period 5pm on Friday 20 November 2020
Result of election announced Thursday 26 November 2020
Non-executive directors appointed Special phase: Monday 30 November
Primary phase: Wednesday 6 January 2021
For further information about this exciting opportunity, please visit the shareholders information page on the HfL website.


One of my most surprising discoveries about Bali, many years ago, was its almost total lack of quality Indonesian restaurants. Small Warungs by the thousand, each selling the specialties of their area and restaurants serving an Indonesian version of Chinese food abounded, along with whatever local owners thought western cuisine was supposed to look and taste like. But no high quality good value Indonesian, served in clean premises that a tourist would visit, the food having been prepared in a modern hygienic kitchen! Back in the 90's the old original Ketupat, on Jln. Legian, Kuta, behind the Jonathon furniture gallery was the stand out place for Indonesian cuisine, It was quite a large restaurant, built around a swimming pool, always busy and reservations only due the various peak periods.
In more recent times Warung Enak, in Pengosekan, Ubud, has been presenting a traditional menu from all across the archipelago. Their attention to detail has been well rewarded with many cooking competition wins [usually against the major 5 star hotels] over the past few years, under the guidance of Chef Rai. With the same management as the fine dining Ubud restaurant Lamak, quality is guaranteed.
Now in operation for more than 10 years they have added a selection of new dishes to their already comprehensive menu. At Warug Enak I find that I am always ordering a number of pure vegetarian dishes, they are quite outstanding.
One dish that I can never visit without ordering is their Asinan Jakarta. It is Betawi cuisine, street food from Jakarta. Healthy and tasty it is and according to many Jakarta friends who I have taken to Enak over the years, way better than any on offer in the big city. It is a mixture of yam bean, carrots, cucumber, bean sprouts and tofu, tossed with Carambola vinaigrette and served in a crunchy little bird's nest of fried egg noodles, simple but fantastic! Not far behind it, and also usually ordered, perhaps the most often ruined local dish, Bergedel Jagung, simple corn cakes. I have been served disgusting versions of this dish in so many places, even at a famous Indonesian restaurant in a 5 star resort, At Enak always perfect, firm but still moist. Whilst the dish does not need it I always order some Sambal Ulek to coat the patties with, for me a perfect match.
New amongst the entrees are some more vegetarian options; Beetroot with feta and hazelnut vinaigrette, and Pomelo & Young Coconut with cucumber, fresh mint, lime and coriander leaves, bitter nut crackers on the side.
Very Bali is the Seaweed Salad, tossed in roasted coconut, with garlic, red chilli and shrimp paste, on top are mini skewers of tuna and mackerel. Old favourites still on the menu include Balinese Tum Ayam [minced chicken and spices wrapped in banana leaf and steamed], and the best spring rolls in Bali, Lumpia from Semarang, thin crisp rice paper casing around young bamboo shoots, carrots, bean sprouts and shrimp. The dipping sauce traditional fermented soy bean.
Sates, of course! Select from chicken, lamb, fish or tempe, all done in different regional styles. Nasi Campur is often just a selection of left-overs, but at Enak it is a featured dish. It includes portions of Ayam Betutu, Sate Ikan, Be Sisit, Urab Sayur, Tempe Mendoan, Telor Balado. Peyek Kacang and Bergedel Jagung. There is also a vegetarian version available, just as tasty!
Soups can be the traditional Soto Ayam, from Madura [turmeric scented broth, shredded chicken, hard boiled egg and rice vermicelli], Hasil Laut [light clear seafood soup with lemongrass, red chilli, galangal and turmeric], Soto Betawi [diced beef in coconut milk, spicy] and Labu, a local creation of pumpkin puree and seeds with feta.
Standard mains include Bali's signature dishes; Betutu [Ayam] and Babi Guling [wrongly translated everywhere as 'suckling' pig, it actually means cooked on the spit]. Other chicken options are the ever popular Ayam Madu, grilled half spring chicken marinated with coriander seeds, cumin honey and palm sugar and Ayam Bakar, chicken leg marinated in Balinese spices, served with a spicy sambal of tomato and sweet soy, my sort of dish. The Pork Ribs are also very special here, a 500gm full rack is used, marinated before grilling.
There are many stir fries, all can be done with your choice of Nasi [rice], Mie [egg noodles] or Bihun [rice vermicelli]. To this base can be added Ayam [chicken breast, cabbage, bok choy and carrot], Ikan Teri [anchovies, red chilli, vegetables, egg & chicken skewers], Kambing [imported lamb leg diced combined with wing beans, red chilli], Udang [river prawns, red chilli, cabbage, bok choy and carrot] or Kepiting [Kalimantan crab, garlic, shallots, vegetables and a curry seasoning].
New mains include Mie Ayam Jakarta, minced chicken with egg noodles, spiced shallots, sweet soy, sayur hijau, served with a chilli sambal and pickled cucumber. Also a Fish Curry, Sumatran style, white fish with yellow curry, red chilli, okra and vegetables, with yellow rice.
Bebek Goreng is a half bird, crisp fried after being marinated with coriander seeds, garlic and turmeric, served with the Bali special Sambal Matah. Ayam Mangga is a modern creation that has been a sensational discovery. A coconut crusted chicken breast is stuffed with a puree of mango. It sits on a base of yellow turmeric sauce.
Eating the Indonesian Rijsttafel at Warung Enak has always been an experience once tried, never forgotten, 19 small dishes are presented in groups as 4 courses. However this can only be ordered for a minimum of two persons.
The Warung Enak cooking class is second to none. Here it is you who does the chopping and cooking, so you actually learn how to do it when back at home. The class is so professional that it has even been attended by many visiting chefs, even those from starred Michelin guide restaurants.
Dining at Enak is always a pleasant experience, tasty traditional food at very reasonable prices with friendly young knowledgeable staff. Amazingly this is a warung with wine! Their wine list is just as comprehensive, or more so, than what is normally found at most international restaurants. Their famous Rijsttafel is even offered with wine pairing.
Warung Enak is a place that should be on everyone?s Ubud visit list, very special.
11.00 a.m. to 10.30 p.m., daily.
Perched high above the rice paddies.


If you own a garbage disposal in your kitchen sink, you may not think it is even possible for you to experience a clog since that is the precise reason your disposal exists. However, this is not the case. It is actually fairly easy for a clog to occur in a sink that has a garbage disposal, most of the time because you are putting the wrong foods down your disposal. Continue reading below to discover which foods you should not stick down your garbage disposal so that you can protect your investment and avoid clogs.
A good rule to follow: If you could not chew it with your teeth, you should not put it in your disposal. Your unit can easily break when you put these types of items in your garbage disposal.
You likely did not know this is a no-no. While your garbage disposal can break up food like this, it cannot keep them from expanding once they have been dismembered, which can cause a clog in your pipes pretty easily.
While some vegetable peels and skins are totally fine to put down the garbage disposal, not all of them are that way. Celery and onion skins are fibrous and stringy. Other items that also fall into this category are asparagus and corn husks. These types of foods can wrap around the impeller and cause the motor to jam.
This one you should know. Whether you have a garbage disposal or not, you should never ever put grease or fat down the drain. These liquids can easily solidify and cause major clogs that will have to be repaired by a professional.
Plain and simple, your garbage disposal is not your trash can. Whatever you do, don't put food wrappers and other non-food items down your disposal if you want to keep it in working order.
If you have put one of the aforementioned items in your garbage disposal and it is starting to show signs of wear and tear, or it is not working at all, give the experts at High 5 Plumbing a call today at (720) 330-4868. We are Denver's best plumbing company and we have plenty of experience when it comes to replacing or repairing garbage disposals. Contact us today and we can help to get your disposal back in working order.


As we say in Ireland…"What's the story?"…..Well, my younger brother Stuart (Disco Stu) and I travelled to eastern europe for a week last June, from Budapest out to Lake Balaton to visit some family and then up to Bratislava, across to Vienna, down to Gyor in northwest Hungary and back to Budapest. It was quite the spin!
We had 24hrs in the Slovakian capital of Bratislava which we found very charming. Arriving at a Couchsurfing social with our bags on our backs (or wheels because it's the way to go these days) we offered two lucky leprechauns to the highest social bidder! Well it was a fun night and we ended up staying with top bloke called Anton Cernak who we had lots in common with and had a right laugh.
We only visited the Tourist Information Office once, preferring to find our own way around, but when we did the gruff lady who "received" us…gave us the wrong time for the bus to Vienna. I always do my best to turn a negative into a positive and found myself enjoying the funky artistically decorated graffiti of Bratislava's bus station. When I went to the toilet and stood at the urinal this shaved headed guy walked in and at first I put my hand to my pocket in case of being pick-pocketed (I shouldn't have judged so quick) only to find that the guy was working as the toilet attendant. He was fixing the soap in a net that hung above the wash hand basin to avoid the soap getting dropped on the floor. I commented "that's clever" and smiled at him (not something most straight guys do in toilets considering that even making eye contact with another guy is a real no-no…and women actually accompany each other to the toilet…???).
He then came out of the toilet and lit a cigarette as I was leaving. I couldn't resist capturing the image of such a striking character, of course introducing myself first and asking his permission.
I then ran for the bus to find that it wasn't coming for another hour so I popped back to chat with him a little more and take this photo as I wanted to get a little closer and see some more of his great character.
The moral of the story is that as much as I try not to stereotype it's slightly engrained. The above photo is of Vladimir holding my business card after we had a broken English/Slovakian (I had a handful of words)…and he was an absolute gent.
It's amazing where you can meet real characters in this world and how wrong you can be when jumping to stereotypical conclusions. I'm just glad I observed who Vladimir really was, spent a little time with him and gave him a coin for keeping the Bratislavan capital's bus station toilet clean and presentable.


Stamps.com is a great extension that leverages the stamps.com API for full integration for purchasing and printing postage and labels for shipping. Now you can pay for postage, create real shipping labels from carriers, and prepay for those labels so packaging is easy and streamlined.
First, you must install all EasyCart extensions as new plugins. This is a very easy task with WordPress and we have a short guide here to get you started. Click Here to learn how to install a WordPress plugin and EasyCart Premium extensions.
First, you will need to have a stamps.com account and install the easycart stamps.com extension. You will see the new menu on the side of your WordPress to allow you to administrate the system. The first step is to connect to stamps.com by clicking on the settings menu.
From here, you will want to enter your stamps.com account credentials for the API access.
You will also want to scroll down and enter your 'Ship From' address to calculate shipping.
Now that you have Stamps.com setup and configured, you will want to start processing labels. First, you can buy postage by visiting the Purchase Postage menu. Once on this screen, you can purchase and keep postage account filled so that you can continue purchasing from your account. We display how much your account has near the top for your convenience.
Now that you have connected to Stamps.com and purchased postage, you can begin printing and generating labels for orders. Simply click on the EasyCart Orders menu button to view the current orders.
Once you see a list of orders, names and their order status's, you can start the label generation process by clicking 'Generate Label'. If you have past labels already generated, you can simply 'View Label'.
With an order selected, you will first choose to accept the address the user has entered. You can manually update that address if you need to as well.
Once you have the address set, you can setup the package type. There is a variety of package types to choose from as well as weight and dimensional units to send to Stamps.com to get accurate shipping costs.
Now you can select shipping methods returned by Stamps.com. We also provide the cost that the customer paid and their selected shipping method at the top of this screen. This will insure you are choosing a shipping option that is as accurate as possible to the customers selected rate and method.
Once you select a shipping method, you will be present with a variety of choices to print the label, track, email the customer, set the order as shipped, or refund/delete.
You can also review a label at a later time by going to the 'Print Label' either from the dashboard or order history section.


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Q: Dependency injection container, only for creating one instance of a class? I have this little dependency injection container which I instantiate like:
$services = new Services();

and if I need to add parameters to it I just do:
$services->setParameter($name, $value);

and I pass this instance of $services through the constructors of some my objects and if I need something like the database handle I just go $this->services->getService('db'); and it returns an instance of the database handle and if I call that method again later it will return the same instance of the database handle it did earlier.
The thing I want to know is are dependency injection containers only for single instance objects like your $dbh, $config, $user, $auth objects?
For example, I need to create multiple instances of a Products class but if I go:
$services->setParameter('product.id', $productId);
$product[] = $services->getService('product');

It will obviously create a new instance of Product but then if I repeat that code again it will just give me back the same instance as earlier, I can obviously modify the getService() method a bit so that it can return as many new instances as I need but is that using a DIC for something it's not made for?
So basically should a DIC only return single instances of a class like $dbh, $user etc? and not be creating objects like Orders, Products, Invoices?

A: Look at pimple's code :
https://github.com/fabpot/Pimple
You can define different methods that either return a single instance , or return multiple instances depending on how the services are defines in the container.
Pimple uses $container->share method to define shared services. then it doesnt matter how you call your services , it only matters how you define them.
Or you could just use pimple that has everything you need already.

A: For the product case: the service itself is only one. The service has some methods that allow you to create multiple products, but those are most likely data objects, not services. So basicly you could have $this->getContainer->getService('product')->createNew() which should return a new product instance.
There are cases in which you would need to return multiple service instances, but these are probably not applicable in your example. As @camus mentioned before, Pimple is a great example of such implementation, and also very easy to implement and understand.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Kidston Stage 1 feeding the network
Electricity produced from the Kidston Solar Stage 1 Project is now being transmitted into the National Electricity Market.
Genex Power announced today that, following successful transformer energisation of the project in late November, it had now generated its first revenue.
"The project has now transitioned from being technically operational to commercially active. This ground-breaking milestone marks the first earnings for the project and for Genex as a company," managing director Michael Addison said.
"This transition from a development company to generating operational cash flows will serve to strengthen our financial position as we seek to reach financial close for our Kidston Stage Two Projects in 2018."
The solar farm is located 270km north-west of Townsville at the former Kidston gold mine site.
As commissioning is completed over the coming months, electricity generation will be ramped up to full capacity.
The Kidston 50MW PV Solar Project is the first phase in the proposed $580 million Kidston Renewable Energy Hub, which will also include the 250MW Kidston Pumped Storage Hydro Project (K2-Hydro), and the co-located 270MW solar PV Project (K2-Solar).


"L.A.P.D. Blues" explores what is reportedly the worst corruption scandal in the history of the Los Angeles Police Department. With unprecedented access to police documents, photographs, audiotapes, and startling footage of murders and mayhem, FRONTLINE correspondent and New Yorker writer Peter J. Boyer examines the trail of evidence that in 1999 brought the corruption scandal to light and rocked the once great L.A.P.D.
"In the wake of Rodney King, the O.J. Simpson acquittal, and widespread charges of racism, allegations have surfaced about a gang of rogue L.A.P.D. cops who robbed banks, dealt drugs, and ran with rappers," says Boyer, who has written a companion article on this story in The New Yorker. "And as if that wasn't bad enough, one of those cops has even made allegations that some members of his elite anti-gang unit participated in dozens of false arrests and systematic corruption."
But while this report reveals a police force disgraced and demoralized by scandal, FRONTLINE's investigation also questions the scale of the corruption.
The program draws on interviews with numerous police department officers--many speaking for the first time--including Detective Frank Lyga, involved in a road-rage incident that ended in the death of a fellow black police officer. The case immediately became a racial incident, pitting the department's black officers against the white ones, and ultimately led to investigations and allegations that are at the heart of the scandal.
Detectives assigned to the Lyga case discovered that the slain officer, Kevin Gaines, was living with the estranged wife of Suge Knight, president of the notorious rap music company Death Row Records.
Investigators soon heard allegations that other L.A.P.D. officers were part of Death Row's "gangsta rap" scene; some may have been working there part-time. And one officer linked to Death Row, David Mack--later convicted of bank robbery--was at one time a suspect in the murder of rapper Christopher Wallace, known as "Biggie Smalls."
The death of one officer. The arrest of another. It caused some within the L.A.P.D. to wonder whether the force had a group of rogue cops.
Then came the arrest of officer Rafael Perez for the theft of nearly eight pounds of cocaine from a police evidence room. Perez, it turned out, was a good friend and former partner of the bank robber, officer David Mack.
Facing a lengthy prison term on the cocaine theft charge, Perez cut a deal and started talking. He admitted to far worse than simple drug dealing or the existence of a gang of rogue cops. Perez claimed he and some of his mostly-white fellow officers in the elite anti-gang unit known as CRASH ran roughshod over the tough, gang-filled area they monitored, the Rampart district. Perez's allegations, which came to be called the "Rampart scandal" implicated about 70 of his fellow officers in bogus arrests, falsified evidence and the imprisonment of dozens of innocent men.
The Rampart Scandal caused a firestorm in Los Angeles. Nearly one hundred criminal convictions were overturned and millions in cash settlements were offered by the city. Within the L.A.P.D., the once-elite CRASH unit was disbanded, five police officers were fired, seven more resigned, and more are still under investigation. And the streets of Rampart today are more dangerous than ever.
But Rafael Perez, the officer at the center of the scandal, has failed five lie detector tests about his allegations, making it more difficult for L.A.'s district attorney's office to file criminal cases against the officers he accused. And the large questions concerning Perez's credibility have now caused some in Los Angeles to wonder whether the true scope of the Rampart Scandal will ever be known.


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Невизе́к () — село на севере Ирана, в остане Альборз. Входит в состав шахрестана Талекан. Является частью дехестана (сельского округа) Миан-Талекан бахша Меркези.

География
Село находится в северо-западной части Альборза, в горной местности южного Эльбурса, на расстоянии приблизительно 36 километров к северо-северо-западу (NNW) от Кереджа, административного центра провинции. Абсолютная высота — 2044 метра над уровнем моря.

Население
По данным переписи 2006 года население села составляло 302 человека (152 мужчины и 150 женщин). В Невизеке насчитывалось 56 семей. Уровень грамотности населения составлял 90,4 %. Уровень грамотности среди мужчин составлял 92,11 %, среди женщин — 88,67 %.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Альборза

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Category / Junior Football Championship
September 26, 2020 September 26, 2020 by thesaffrongael
Ardoyne bridge eight-year gap to lift junior crown
Football, Junior Football Championship, Latest News
Gymco Antrim Junior Football Championship Final
Ardoyne 3-06-0-12 St Comgall's
Kevin Herron reports from Hightown
Ardoyne regained the initiative late-on and survived the dismissal of Conor McLaughlin early in the second-half as they ran out 3-06-0-12 winners over St Comgall's to claim the Gymco Antrim Junior Football Championship at Hightown on Saturday afternoon.
The North Belfast side were hard to stop early on and hit St Comgall's with three goals inside the first quarter of the game thanks to Cormac Mullan, Conor McLaughlin and Aidan McNeill.
But early in the second-half McLaughlin was shown a straight red-card and St Comgall's made the most of their numerical advantage and overturned a nine-point deficit to level the scores at 3-02-0-11.
The Antrim outfit couldn't get their noses in front however and were forced to chase the game after Mullan ended a 40-minute scoreless period for Ardoyne who ran out 3-point winners at the conclusion to lift the junior title for the first time in eight years.
Cormac Mullan (10) turns away after getting his team off to the perfect start with a goal in the opening minute.
Ardoyne laid down a marker early on and made the perfect start to proceedings, hitting the net inside of the first 30-seconds at Hightown.
Joe McNeill played an early ball into Conor McLaughlin who slipped in Cormac Mullan and Mullan rounded Ben Johnston and slotted into the empty net.
St Comgall's got off the mark through a converted Miles Devine free but their defence was carved open for the second time on 6 minutes with a similar outcome.
Conor McLaughlin played a one-two with Declan McCormick and applied a palmed finish to the net to ensure the North Belfast outfit were firmly in the driving seat.
Miles Devine was again on hand to respond through the placed ball- although Ardoyne struck their third goal with little over 10 minutes on the clock.
For the third time Conor McLaughlin was involved as his cross-field pass was inch perfect and gathered by Aidan McNeill who picked his spot and gave his side a 3-00-0-02 lead.
St Comgall's James McCabe in action against Ardoyne's Sean Joe Rooney as the men from Antrim town battle their way back into the game.
St Comgall's were facing an uphill task and that task was made a little harder as referee Sean Laverty gave Patrick O'Connor a black-card for a cynical foul off the ball.
Ardoyne made the most of their numerical advantage and extended their lead through a converted Cormac Mullan free and a Aidan McNeill point to ensure that three-goals separated the sides at the first-half water break.
St Comgall's came out with renewed vigour in the remaining minutes of the first-half and tagged on three successive scores.
Joseph Webb guided the ball over the bar after back to back wides from his side, Miles Devine added his third point of the half and first from play with a curling effort and a second point from Webb ensured that the Antrim outfit trailed 3-02-0-05 at the interval.
Ardoyne almost made an identical start to the second period as Declan McCormick claimed an advanced mark- but his low shot was smothered by Ben Johnston in the St Comgall's goal.
Two minutes later Ardoyne were reduced to 14-men as Conor McLaughlin was adjudged to have kicked-out off the ball at Ruairi Griffin and although his side were in the box-seat they were without a score since the 19th minute and were now a man light.
St Comgall's were the side in the ascendancy and began to make the most of their numerical advantage.
Dylan Murdock swept the ball between the posts, followed by a third point from Joseph Webb.
A sixth score on the trot followed courtesy of Peter McAuley after a knock-down from Darryl McNeill and just three-points separated the sides.
A short free from Miles Devine was thundered over the bar by Dylan Murdock and back to back points from Devine levelled proceedings at 3-02-0-11 as St Comgall's looked the likeliest victors.
Ardoyne manager Ross Carr looks on anxiously as St Comgalls eat into the Kickham's lead.
Ardoyne were still without a score since the 19th minute and ended their scoreless run of little less than 40 minutes with Cormac Mullan converting his second free of the afternoon.
Scores were like buses for the North Belfast outfit, they waited so long on one and second arrived in quick succession as Ben Johnston's kick-out was gobbled up and midfielder Kevin McLaughlin profited with a point.
Miles Devine converted his third free of the afternoon to half the deficit going into additional time.
But Ardoyne restored their two-point advantage thanks to an angled Joe McNeill point with Mullan sealing victory – courtesy of a converted free to ensure his side ran out 3-06-0-12 winners to claim the Junior football crown for the first time since 2012.
Things were up in the air for Ardoyne for a while in the second half but the man who hit the first and the last scores of the game Cormac Mullan had things in hand.
Ardoyne: P Fisher, N Bradley, G og McFarlane, SJ Rooney, K Lynch, P Lynch, C Carter, J McNeill (0-01), K McLaughlin (0-01), C Mullan (1-03, 0-02f), G McKernan, D McCormick, A McNeill (1-01), C McDowell, C McLaughlin (1-00). Subs: K McCallan for P Lynch (41), J Gibson for SJ Rooney (48), F Campbell for C Carter (50), F Marley for G McKernan (60).
St Comgall's: B Johnston, C McAuley, R Griffin, P Cooke, M Devine (0-06, 0-03f), R McAuley, P O'Connor, C McKeown, L Higgins, D Murdock (0-02), J Webb (0-03), J McCabe, P McAuley (0-01), T Patchett, K Walker. Subs: D McNeill for L Higgins (HT), P Quinn jnr for R McAuley (45).
Referee: Sean Laverty (St Ergnat's, Moneyglass)
St Comgall's substitute Darryl McNeill thought he had put his team ahead with a second half goal but the ball had been wide (previous photo) before it was knocked back across the goal for him to finish
Ardoyne firm favourites but St. Commgall's won't be far away
GYMCO Junior Football Championship final
(4-00) St. Enda's
Kickham's Ardoyne v St. Comgall's Antrim
Kickham's Ardoyne will start tomorrow's Junior Football Championship final against St. Comgall's as hot favourites but they would do well not to underestimate the Antrim Town side. The North Belfast side have been going well this year under the leadership of former Down star, Ross Carr and topped a complicated Group 2 on score difference after they, O'Donnell's and St. Comgall's all finished with six points from four games.
Ardoyne earned themselves the favourites tag after an early 2-16 to 2-5 win over St. Comgall's at Fennell Park after the Antrim Town side had defeated O'Donnell's at Dunsilly in round 2, winning that one 4-6 to 1-5.
St. Comgall's recovered from that defeat to Ardoyne to hammer Eire Og, 3-19 to1-5 in round 4 but Ardoyne suffered a surprise defeat to O'Donnell's in the same round, losing by 0-10 to 1-6 to the MacCrory Park side.
That left O'Donnell's and St. Comgall's on four points each going into the final round with O'Donnell's beating Eire Og 4-11 to 1-7 and St. Comgall's hammering Mitchell's. That victory appeared to have sent St. Comgall's through but O'Donnell's launched a protest which was eventually turned down with St. Comgall's awarded the second qualifying spot in the group.
Ardoyne qualified for the final of the Antrim Junior Football Championship when they beat McQuillan's Ballycastle in the semi-final at Dunsilly. A closely contested game in the first half saw the side's level on three points apiece at the first half water break, scores for Ardoyne from Cormac Mullan from two placed balls and danger man Conor McLaughlin from play.
The North Belfast side went on to pull away in the second half and goals from Conor McLaughlin and Aidan McNeill saw them push on to win 2-12 to 0-7 and earn them a place in Saturday's final.
In the other semi-final St. Comgall's were drawn against Group 1 winners, Pearses in Ballymena. Pearses had topped Group 1 and represented a serious challenge for the Antrim men but Aidan Dougan's side came out tops with seven points to spare.
St. Comhghall's hit 1-2 late in the opening half after Na Piarsaigh had Tom McFarlane Black carded and those scores were to prove decisive despite their opponents fight to the final whistle. Peter McAuley got the St. Comgall's goal as they pushed on to win 1-12 to 0-8.
Miles Devine weighed in with 0-4 (0-3 frees) with Patrick O'Connor, Joe Webb, Ruairi Griffin, Dylan Murdock, James McCabe and Tom Patchett all on target and they will need that spread of scores if they are to overcome the challenge of the Ardoyne men.
The McNeill's, Joe and Aidan, Gerard Og McFarlane, Patrick Lynch, Kevin McLaughlin, Gary McKernan, Cormac Mullan and Conor McLaughlin will spearhead the challenge of last year's beaten finalists and they will fancy their chances of going all the way this time but if St. Comgall's can produce their best form then they won't be too far away.
Former Down star, Ross Carr hoping to lead Ardoyne to victory in tomorrow's Junior |Football Championship final
Naomh Comhghall advance to meet Ardoyne in the final
Antrim Junior Football Championship, semi-final
St Comgall's 1-12 Pearse's 0-8
St. Comgall's Antrim advanced to the final of the Antrim Junior Football championship when they defeated Pearses in the semi-final in Ballymena today. Both sides had been halted in their progress following a protest by O'Donnell's but today matters were settled on the playing field with the Antrim town side running out seven point winners.
St. Comhghall's hit 1-2 late in the opening half after Na Piarsaigh had Tom McFarlane Black carded and those scores were to prove decisive despite their opponents fight to the final whistle.
The New Lodge Road side gave it everything but just couldn't find the goal that might have given them a lifeline as the Antrim Town side ran out winners to set up a meeting with Ardoyne next week.
Pearses will reflect on a number of missed opportunities that would have brought them closer and whilst St Comgall's were just that bit more clinical in front of the posts, they too spurned a number of chances that could have made victory more decisive.
St. Comgall's took an early lead when Miles Devine converted his first of the day from a free, with Pearses growing into the game thanks to excellent work around the middle third from McFarlane, but they just couldn't make possession count as they missed several opportunities.
Devine doubled the St.Comgall's lead on 10 minutes from another free and they got their first from play straight after as Tom Patchett fired over after Devine broke down Ryan McAuley's long delivery into his path.
Pearse's couldn't find the target in the opening quarter despite Daniel Magee looking dangerous, but they were finally off the mark when Sean Moreland kicked a free on 16 minutes.
St Comgall's hit back with a quick exchange of passes setting Patrick O'Connor in on the left to score, but Pearse's were beginning to gain a foothold and Magee kicked a good score, but should have found the net on 25 minutes when through, but rolled his shot wide.
Moreland did convert a free to reduce the gap to one approaching the half way stage when Pearse's were dealt a major blow as McFarlane was issued with a black card and 10 minutes in the sin-bin for trailing down James McCabe.
St Comgall's took control with O'Connor immediately kicking a point and three minutes into stoppage time, substitute Peter McAuley took advantage of a slip as he got on the end of a long deliverer to finish low into the net.
There was still time for Ruairi Griffin to add another score and suddenly the 'Town' had moved six ahead, a lead that somewhat flattered the eventual winners.
Pearse's needed a strong start to the second half and they opened strongly on the offensive and were rewarded with a free that Moreland converted and he followed with another straight after to leave four between the teams, but this was as close as the North Belfast men would get.
St Comgall's hit back with Joe Webb splitting the posts off his left and this was followed by a brace from Miles Devine, (one a free) as they led 1-9 to 0-5 at the water break.
Goals were needed to get Pearse's back into contention but they had to be settle for a couple of pointed frees from Liam Deegan and Aaron Callaghan to get to within five, but St Comgall's were always able to find an answer to maintain a healthy gap as Dylan Murdock kicked a free in response.
Pearses pushed hard and were nearly in for a goal late on but play was brought back for a free that Callaghan tapped over and St Comgall's had the final say with Webb and another Murdock free sending them through to a meeting with Ardoyne in next week's final.
ST COMGALL'S: B Johnston; C McAuley, C McKeown, K Walker; P Cooke, R McAuley, D Murdock (0-2, both frees); A McGaw, L Higgins; P O'Connor (0-2), J Webb (0-2), R Griffin (0-1); J McCabe (0-1), M Devine (0-4, 3 frees), T Patchett (0-1). Subs: P McAuley (1-0) for A McGaw (15), P Quinn for C McKeown (HT), O Crilly for R McAuley (49), D O'Hara for K Walker (60+5).
PEARSE'S: E McKenna; T O'Neill, A Bannon, A McCavana; P Murray, P Nolan, D O'Neill; T McFarlane, C O'Neill; L Deegan (0-1 free), P Donaghy, F Grew; S Moreland (0-4, all frees), D Magee (0-1), L Giannetto. Subs: N Largey for F Grew (HT), A Callaghan (0-2, both frees) for S Moreland (49), C Magee for D O'Neill (49).
REFEREE: Kevin Parke (Naomh Éanna)
Naomh Comhghall may edge a close semi-final
GYMCO Junior Football Championship semi-final
(Ballymena 1-00)
Na Piarsaigh v Naomh Comhghall
After what seems like an eternity the Junior Football Championship gets under way again with the second semi-final scheduled for Slemish Park, Ballymena on Saturday. Kickham's Ardoyne have already qualified for the final a number of weeks ago with a win over Ballycastle but Naomh Comhghall's meeting with Na Piarsaigh was postponed following a protest from O'Donnell's.
I'm not going to go into the details of that protest in this preview but it appears to have been resolved and so it is St. Comgall's v Pearses this Saturday with a place against Ardoyne the prize for the eventual winners.
Na Piarsaigh topped a Group 1 which included McQuillan's, Ballycastle, St. Agnes, Laochra Loch Lao and St. Malachy's recording three wins from four starts to finish level with McQuillan's but claimed top spot because of the head to head rule.
Naomh Comghgall enjoyed mixed fortunes in Group 2 beating O'Donnell's in round 1 before suffering a heavy defeat to Ardoyne in round 2. They got back on track with a resounding win over Eire Og on day three of the qualifiers before a facile victory over Mitchells in round four.
Na Piarsaigh's only defeat came to St. Agnes back on the 12th August but they have impressed in wins over McQuillan's, St. Malachy's and Laochra Loch Lao and will go into Saturday's semi-final with confidence.
Eamon McKenna has been solid in goals and Frankie Davison, Paddy Nolan and Luca Gianetto have been sound in defence for the Belfast men. Tom McFarlane and Cormac O'Neill form a strong mid-field while Piaras Donaghy, Sean Moreland, Liam Deegan and Oisin Grew can be relied on for scores.
Naomh Comghgall manager Adrian Dougan will look to the likes of Miles Devine, Paddy O'Connor, Ruairi Griffin, Dylan Murdock, Louis Higgins, Colm Griffin, Tom Patchett, Joe Webb, Caolan McKeown and Patrick Quinn and the Antrim town mentor will be hoping that the break from play will not have disrupted his side's momentum.
Verdict: Both sides are capable of putting up big scores on their day but St. Comhghall's have been knocking at the championship door for a while and may just edge a tight contest.
August 20, 2020 August 21, 2020 by thesaffrongael
Na Piarsaigh advance to semi-final
GYMCO JFC Group 1
Laochra Loch Lao 0-03 Na Piarsaigh 0-13
Na Piarasigh travelled to the west of the city last night in search of 2 points to secure their place in the GYMCO County Antrim junior football championship semi-final. Following last week's narrow defeat to St Agnes this round robin game was a proper championship game with both teams having to win to qualify.
The Pearses management made 2 changes from the previous week with Aidan Bannon back at centre half forward and Stephen Fitzsimon returning to the half forward line in what was a truly miserable night for players and spectators alike as Storm Ellen started to blow in across Ireland. Laochra started the brighter in the gloomy conditions attacking right from the throw in and had registered their first wide of the game before a Pearses player had touched the ball. Both teams were cagey to begin with trying to work out the handling in the wet but Pearses started to grow into the game working the ball well in the hands before a fast attack was finished off by Sean Moreland for the opening score of the game. this was quickly followed by 2 scores from frees by Liam Deegan as Pearses kept up their possession game which at times this year has looked like the Gaelic football version of total football. Laochra then scored their first of the game after 2 more wides before Oisin Grew struck a fine score coming off the left wing.
After the first water break Laochra's changed their tactics and each time Pearses had the ball they dropped 13 men behind the ball content to let the North Belfast men have the ball further up field, nullifying the threat of full forward Daniel Magee. Unfortunately for the West Belfast men Pearses quickly worked out that if they couldn't go through or round them they would just shoot over them, Piaras Donaghy scored 2 excellent long range efforts and Sean Moreland added another to leave the score at the break Lochra Loch Lao 0-03 Na Piarasigh 0-07
The 2nd half started much the same as the previous half ended with conditions continuing to be extremely difficult and the home side continuing to sit in to try and frustrate Pearses. The away team kept their heads and composure though and as frustrations started to show from the home team their yellow card count continued to rise at the same rate as the Pearses score. Daniel Magee added one and Liam Deegan added 2 more frees appearing to have found his scoring boots after the St Agnes match the previous week. Laochra then added their only score of the half before being reduced to 14 men when one of their midfielders managed to talk his way off the pitch.
Coming out after the 2nd water break Pearses made their only change as Phil Murray came on for Oisin Grew who had run and run all night. Sean Moreland added another fine point and Stephen Fitzsimons finally got himself on the score sheet with a drilled effort from the right. At this point Laochra started to go for goals and Eamon McKenna who had had little to do all night cleared one off his line and then showed great agility for a big man to get down to his post to push the ball round the corner. Another good looking attack was snuffed out by Aodhan McCavana with some tenacious tackling back.
The scoring ended for the night with an excellent long range point by captain Piaras Donaghy. Overall there were some excellent performances. The back lines looked composed throughout and Tom Macfarlane won nearly every ball in the middle of the park. The forwards worked hard all night against a 13 man defence with Stephen Fitzsimon shining on his return to the team with 5 assists. Focus now turns to the semi finals and 2 weeks of continued hard work for the full squad in preparation for what is sure to be a tough championship semi-final whoever they play.
Special mention on nights like tonight has to go to Michael O'Neill former player, manager, coach, secretary, PRO, chairman and everything else in the club who remains in hospital. There was a great show from all the lads turning up on the Falls Road outside his window on the way to the game to cheer him on. Mick remains the lad's biggest supporter and our biggest inspiration.
Na Piarsaigh: Eamon McKenna, Darren O'Neill, Frankie Davison, Aodhan McCavana, Aodhan Bannon, Paddy Nolan, Luca Gianetto, Tom McFarlane, Cormac O'Neill, Piaras Donaghy (0-3) Oisin Grew (0-01) Stephen Fitzsimon (0-01) Sean Moreland (0-03) Daniel Magee (0-01) Liam Deegan (0-04 f) subs: Phil Murray for Oisin Grew; Michael Bannon, Aaron Callaghan, Phil Parker, Tiernan Johnston, Andrew Goodall, Fionn Grew, Frank McCallan, Tomas O'Neill, Conor Davison.


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What Is a 'Competent Person'?
Most people believe they are competent at their jobs. But that doesn't make them a "competent person" in the eyes of OSHA.
By Marianne Wait | avr. 30, 2019
Many OSHA standards, such as 1926 subpart P for trenching and excavation, require a competent person to be onsite and perform certain activities. For example, during trench construction, a competent person must classify the soil and inspect the trench at the start of each shift and whenever conditions change to ensure there's no risk of a cave-in. When a trench or other excavation requires a protective system, the competent person must have the requisite knowledge to choose an appropriate one.
RELATED: How to Choose the Right Trench Protective System
OSHA defines a competent person as "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them."
An existing hazard could be, for example, a trench that lacks adequate ventilation or a safe means of entry and egress.
For scaffolds, a competent person should be knowledgable about factors that could affect the structural integrity of the scaffold and be able to evaluate the effects of events such as a dropped load or a truck backing into a support leg.
It's up the employer to determine whether an employee has the skills, knowledge and experience to perform the role of a competent person. OSHA does not specify training requirements for competent persons, only the knowledge they must have.
Of course, someone may be deemed a competent person for certain activities and not others.
"There's a misunderstanding at some companies that someone designated a competent person for one activity is automatically a competent person for another," said Tina Davis, a United Rentals representative with the Trench Safety group. "A person might know everything they need to know about trench safety and shoring, for example, but not necessarily be qualified to inspect scaffolding, conduct a fall hazard analysis or inspect personal fall arrest systems." For that reason, a large jobsite may require more than one competent person.
While training doesn't automatically make someone a competent person, it's often necessary. United Rentals offers a wide range of safety training classes and is the largest provider of trench safety training programs, with training available in the classroom and online.
Marianne Wait is an editor and writer who creates content for Fortune 500 brands.
Safety Trench Safety
Trench Safety By the Numbers
When Is a Trench a Confined Space?
Quand avez-vous besoin d'un ingénieur pour votre conception d'étayage de tranchées?
févr. 7, 2019
Trench Safety Tips for Spring and Summer
Prendre au sérieux la sécurité des tranchées
Buried Alive: Lessons from a Trench Collapse Survivor
Pourquoi et comment offrir une formation sur les espaces confinés
Pratiques exemplaires de sécurité des tranchées : Plaques, écrans, barres et étayage


Whether you are an existing patient or searching for a dentist in the Charleston, SC area, we're excited you are here. With the dental industry advancing, we recognize the importance of keeping our patients and visitors up to date with all of the new and exciting things taking place in our practice.
As always, feel free to contact our Oral and Facial Surgery Center of the Lowcountry office with any dental questions or concerns.