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analytical epidemiology of genomic variation among pan asia strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. genetic data from field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used to trace the source of recent outbreaks of fmd, to design better vaccines and diagnostic tests for fmdv, and to make conclusions regarding the general variability in the fmdv genome. though epidemiologic data associated with fmdv isolates are available, these data have been used rarely to explore possible associations of epidemiologic factors with evolution or variation of the fmdv genome. in this study, facto ... 2009 19341389
construction of a recombinant bhv-1 expressing the vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus and its immunogenicity in a rabbit model. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) are two important infectious diseases of cattle. using bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) as a gene delivery vector for development of live-viral vaccines has gained widespread interest. in this study, a recombinant bhv-1 was constructed by inserting the synthetic fmdv (o/china/99) vp1 gene in the the ge locus of bhv-1 genome under the control of immediately early gene promoter of human cytomegalovirus (phie cmv) and bovine ... 2009 19343503
enhancement of the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice by oral administration of an extract made from rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram). this study was designed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of a water extract made from the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram) on the immune responses in mice immunized with fmdv type o vaccine. thirty-five icr mice were randomly divided into five groups with seven animals in each group, and orally administered daily for 4 days at a dose equivalent to 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 g of dried ram, respectively. after that, the animals were subcutaneously immunized twice with fmd ... 2009 19356611
identification of cellular genes affecting the infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) produces one of the most infectious of all livestock diseases, causing extensive economic loss in areas of breakout. like other viral pathogens, fmdv recruits proteins encoded by host cell genes to accomplish the entry, replication, and release of infectious viral particles. to identify such host-encoded proteins, we employed an antisense rna strategy and a lentivirus-based library containing approximately 40,000 human expressed sequence tags (ests) to randoml ... 2009 19369337
performance of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus during field outbreaks in the united kingdom in 2007. rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the present report describes the practical steps undertaken to deploy a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) to process the samples received during the outbreaks of fmd in the united kingdom in 2007. two independent real-time rt-pcr assays targeting different regions (5'utr and 3d) of the fmd virus (fmdv) genome were used to confirm the presence of fmdv in clin ... 2009 19407083
genome analysis and development of infectious cdna clone of a virulence-attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia 1 from china. the rna genome sequence of the rabbit passage-attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia 1, zb/cha/58(att), was determined to be 8165 nt in length excluding the poly(c) tract in the 5' utr and the poly(a) tail at the 3' end. zb/cha/58(att) was most similar to the vaccine strain asia 1/ynbs/58 in genome sequence and there were no deletions or insertions within the deduced polyprotein between zb/cha/58(att) and ynbs/58, but there were a total of 25 substitutions at the amino aci ... 2009 19410387
fluorescence-based multiplex real-time rt-pcr arrays for the detection and serotype determination of foot-and-mouth disease virus. this study reports the development of distinct fluorescence-based multiplex rrt-pcr arrays, which are comprised of unique primer pairs that are statistically modeled from publicly available sequences, for overall foot-and-mouth disease virus and serotype-specific detection. performance of the multiplex pan fmdv (mpfmdv) array was compared to the 5' utr and two 3d(pol) assays, following tests on the miniopticon (biorad) and 7900ht sds (abi) platforms. the mpfmdv array and a recently developed alt ... 2009 19427333
construction of an infectious cdna clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o 1 bfs 1860 and its use in the preparation of candidate vaccine. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o is the most predominant among the endemic serotypes in india. a stable,full-length cdna clone of fmdv type o 1 bfs 1860 preceded by a bacteriophage t7 polymerase promoter was assembled in a plasmid vector pgem r- - 7zf(-). an 8.2 kb pcr product was amplified from the cdna clone and a full-length rna was generated from it by in vitro transcription.transfection of bhk-21 cells with the in vitro transcripts resulted in the production of infectious reco ... 2009 19430118
a recombinant protein-based elisa for detecting antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1. a recombinant protein-based elisa was evaluated for detecting antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1. the recombinant protein (rp13c) was derived from the p1 precursor and 3c protease genes that were cloned into a single expression vector and expressed in insect cells. this protein elicited a low titer of fmdv neutralizing antibodies in pigs. its utility as a diagnostic antigen was explored in a blocking elisa using monoclonal antibodies. the rp13c elisa yielded higher ... 2009 19442854
bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 as fmdv receptors: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species. integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions. many integrins recognize rgd sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are belie ... 2009 19443046
genetic characterization of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a region in context of the reemergence of vp359-deletion lineage in india. the 3a region of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been implicated in host range and virulence. here we analyzed the 3a region of serotype a virus in view of the emergence of a variant group in india with an amino acid deletion at an antigenically critical position of capsid protein, vp3. the 3a region exhibited extreme variability with 38% of the amino acid positions showing substitutions and the c-terminal third (127-151) region was most flexible. genotype inclusive grouping of type a foot-and- ... 2009 19460313
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin receptor expression in tissues from naïve and infected cattle. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals principally affecting cattle, pigs and sheep. fmd virus (fmdv) uses the alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(6), and alpha(v)beta(8) integrins as receptors in vitro via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah loop of vp1. immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to study the expression of two major fmdv receptors, alph ... 2009 19515380
discriminating foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals by use of beta-galactosidase allosteric biosensors. recombinant beta-galactosidases accommodating one or two different peptides from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3b per enzyme monomer showed a drastic enzymatic activity reduction, which mainly affected proteins with double insertions. recombinant beta-galactosidases were enzymatically reactivated by 3b-specific murine monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies. interestingly, these recombinant beta-galactosidases, particularly those including one copy of each of ... 2009 19553549
sheep (ovis aries) integrins alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 related to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with homologues. four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in the infected animals. to analyse roles of the alphav integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we have cloned sheep alphav, beta1, and beta6 integrin cdnas and compared them to those of other speci ... 2009 19555755
cellular receptors for foot and mouth disease virus. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the prototype member of the aphthovirus genus, is a single-stranded, positive-sense rna genome virus, which affects many domestic livestock cloven-hoofed animals, causing substantial lost of milk in dairy cattle, reduction in the growth rate of meat animals, among others. it has been shown that the virus can enter to the cells using different pathways; the main one binding integrins via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, trafficking throughout the aci ... 2009 19556802
neutralizing monoclonal antibody sandwich liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o antibodies. liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (lpbe) using the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) sandwich method (m-lpbe) for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o antibodies was developed. two neutralizing mabs, 72c1 and 65h6, were raised against the fmdv o/jpn/2000 strain, and used as trapping and peroxidase-labeled detecting antibodies, respectively. sera from animals experimentally infected with fmdv showed specific positive results by m-lpbe, which were corr ... 2009 19564498
[construction and identification of recombinant bhv-1 expressing foot and mouth disease virus vp1 gene]. in order to construct the recombinant bovine hepervirus-1 (bhv-1) which expressed foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene, we constructed a bhv-1 ge gene transfer vector by inserting the synthetic vp1 gene of fmdv (o/china/99) under the immediate-early promoter of cytomegalovirus. 2009 19637579
highly sensitive fetal goat tongue cell line for detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus. a fetal goat cell line (zz-r 127) supplied by the collection of cell lines in veterinary medicine of the friedrich loeffler institute was examined for susceptibility to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) and by two other viruses causing clinically indistinguishable vesicular conditions, namely, the viruses of swine vesicular disease and vesicular stomatitis. primary bovine thyroid (bty) cells are generally the most sensitive cell culture system for fmdv detection but are prob ... 2009 19656987
different infection parameters between dairy cows and calves after an infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus. clinical observations of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infection in dairy cows and calves were different. this raised the question whether they would also differ with respect to virus excretion and transmission. data were available from transmission experiments carried out with groups of dairy cows and calves. half of each group was inoculated with fmdv o/ned/2001; the other half contact-exposed to inoculated animals. virus excretion, clinical signs and antibody response were measured and ... 2010 19716326
investigations into the cause of foot-and-mouth disease virus seropositive small ruminants in cyprus during 2007. in 2007, serological evidence for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) infection was found as a result of differential diagnostic testing of cypriot sheep suspected to be infected with bluetongue or contagious ecthyma. seropositive sheep and goats were subsequently uncovered on ten geographically clustered flocks, while cattle and pigs in neighbouring herds were all seronegative. these antibodies were specific for serotype-o fmd virus, reacting with both structural and non-structural (ns) fmd viral prot ... 2009 19744234
phenotypic and functional characterization of t-cells and in vitro replication of fmdv serotypes in bovine lymphocytes. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from unvaccinated and vaccinated bovine calves were employed to study the alteration of different t-cell subpopulations, functional competence and detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) at different hours post in vitro infection (hpi) with fmdv serotype either o or a or asia1. the alteration in t-lymphocyte subpopulations was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis using t-cell subpopulation specific monoclonal antibodies at various hpi. all the t ... 2009 19751690
genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses, ethiopia, 1981-2007. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic to sub-saharan africa. to further understand its complex epidemiology, which involves multiple virus serotypes and host species, we characterized the viruses recovered from fmd outbreaks in ethiopia during 1981-2007. we detected 5 of the 7 fmdv serotypes (o, a, c, southern african territories [sat] 1, and sat 2). serotype o predominated, followed by serotype a; type c was not recognized after 1983. phylogenetic analysis of virus protein 1 sequences indicat ... 2009 19788808
bola-dr peptide binding pockets are fundamental for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine design in cattle. this large study investigates the associations between bovine major histocompatibility complex drb3 alleles and their binding pockets with the immune response to a 40-mer peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1. a crossbred (charolais and holstein) cattle population (n=197) was immunised with the fmdv peptide and specific igg1 and igg2 responses were measured. eighteen different drb3 alleles were detected in this population, with several exhibiting highly significant associa ... 2009 19833250
differences in the virulence of two strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a with the same spatiotemporal distribution. during the 2000-2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina, two fmdv serotype a viruses were identified among others. since different pathogenic properties between these virus strains were noticed in cattle, we evaluated several biological properties and features of fmdv a/arg/00 and fmdv a/arg/01 in order to compare these viruses in terms of virulence and pathogenicity. our results indicate that fmdv a/arg/00 grows less efficiently than fmdv a/arg/01, exemplified by small ... 2010 19883705
use of a baculovirus-expressed structural protein for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type a by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with a baculovirus-expressed structural protein was developed for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type a. it exhibited 99% specificity with a cutoff of 53% inhibition. its sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivities of the virus neutralization test and the liquid-phase blocking elisa, indicating its potential as an alternative assay. 2010 19889938
the region between the two polyprotein initiation codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus is critical for virulence in cattle. to explore the role in viral pathogenesis of the region located between the two functional aug (inter-aug) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), we derived viruses containing transposon (tn) inserts from a mutagenized cdna infectious clone of fmdv (pa24-wt). mutant viruses containing an in-frame 57-nt transposon insertion grew at a slower rate and had a smaller plaque size phenotype than the parental virus (a24-wt). a mutant virus containing a 51-nt deletion in inter-aug had a similar phenotyp ... 2010 19896688
effect of fmd vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following needle challenge in sheep. the relationship of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus antigen payload and single and double vaccinations in conferring protection against virus challenge in sheep was studied. sheep vaccinated with half the cattle dose (1 ml) containing 15 and 3.75 μg of fmdv antigen with or without booster resisted virulent challenge on 21 days post vaccination or 7 days post booster. fmdv rna could be detected in nasal secretions in 26% of vaccinated sheep (10(3.12) to 10(3.82) viral rna copies) on day 35 pos ... 2010 19896714
optimization of immunohistochemical and fluorescent antibody techniques for localization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animal tissues. immunohistochemical (ihc) and fluorescent antibody (fa) techniques were optimized for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) structural and nonstructural proteins in frozen and paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded (pfpe) tissues of bovine and porcine origin. immunohistochemical localization of fmdv was compared with 7 detection systems, 8 primary antibodies, and 11 epitope retrieval techniques. all serotypes tested (o, a, asia, c [cryosection]; o, a, asia [pfpe]) were localize ... 2009 19901278
prevalence estimates of antibodies towards foot-and-mouth disease virus in small ruminants in uganda. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in uganda with control strategies focusing on vaccination of cattle, while small ruminants are largely ignored. in order for uganda to establish effective control strategies, it is crucial that the epidemiology of the disease is fully understood. this study summarizes results of serological investigations of sheep and goats for antibodies to fmdv from four districts in 2006 following an fmd outbreak in the region and from an attempted comprehensive random ... 2009 19909475
molecular characterization of sat 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus from post-outbreak slaughtered animals: implications for disease control in uganda. in uganda, limiting the extent of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) spread during outbreaks involves short-term measures such as ring vaccination and restrictions of the movement of livestock and their products to and from the affected areas. in this study, the presence of fmd virus rna was investigated in cattle samples 3 months after fmd quarantine measures had been lifted following an outbreak in 2004. oropharyngeal tissue samples were obtained from 12 cattle slaughtered in a small town abattoir i ... 2010 20003615
molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of integrins alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). bactrian camels can relatively easily be infected with fmdv, but dromedary camels remain resistant even to high doses of the virus. to understand the different susceptibility between the two camel species from the standpoint of viral receptors, this work reports the sequences of the dromedary camel integrin cdnas encoding alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 and compare them to those of other species, especially to bactrian camels. the complete coding sequences for the dromedary camel alphav, beta1 and b ... 2010 20015555
rt-pcr evaluation for identification and sequence analysis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o from 2006 to 2007 in punjab, pakistan. fmd clinically positive 250 tissue samples (mouth and hoof epithelium and vesicle swabs, tongue tissue) and 175 secretion samples (milk, saliva, serum, plasma) were evaluated by rt-pcr for the diagnosis of fmd with different pair of universal and serotype-specific primers from 2006 to 2007 in punjab, pakistan. universal primer pair p1/p2 from vp1 gene detected fmd in 182 out of 250 (72.8%) tissues and 92 out of 175 (52.6%) secretion samples, while universal primer 1f/1r from 5'utr region detecte ... 2011 20031216
the effect of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccination on virus transmission and the significance for the field. vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might be one of the control measures used during an fmd epidemic depending on the local epidemiological situation, the status of the country, and the opinion of policy makers. a sound decision on vaccination can be made only if there is sufficient scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of vaccination in eliminating the virus from the population. an important question is whether a single vaccination applied as an emergency vaccine can contribute ... 2009 20046605
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid lability and confer resistance to acid-dependent uncoating inhibition. the acid-dependent disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is required for viral rna release from endosomes to initiate replication. although the fmdv capsid disassembles at acid ph, mutants escaping inhibition by nh(4)cl of endosomal acidification were found to constitute about 10% of the viruses recovered from bhk-21 cells infected with fmdv c-s8c1. for three of these mutants, the degree of nh(4)cl resistance correlated with the sensitivity of the virion to acid-induced inactivation ... 2010 20053737
effect of the extract made from cochinchina momordica seeds on the humoral immune responses of mice to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (serotypes o and asia 1). the extract from ecms was investigated for its effect on the humoral immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. fifty-six mice were randomly divided into seven groups with eight animals in each. mice in groups 5 to 7 were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 0.5 mg dex daily for 4 days to induce immunosuppression. the animals were then orally given ecms (200 microg in 250 microl saline) in groups 3 and 6 or 250 microl saline in group 2, or s.c. injected with ecms (50 microg in 100 mi ... 2010 20055940
phylogenetic analysis of indian serotype asia1 foot-and-mouth-disease virus isolates revealed emergence and reemergence of different genetic lineages. foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 causes significant number of disease outbreaks in india. indian asia1 virus isolates were shown to be genetically heterogeneous and of the two lineages (lineage b and lineage c) described in india, lineage c caused majority of the outbreaks. emergence of a novel divergent lineage (lineage d) within lineage c has been described in 2001. in the present report, the complete vp1 genomic region of 41 fmdv asia1 field isolates collected between 2003 a ... 2010 20080365
possible use of rna isolate from inactivated vaccine for external positive control in reverse transcription-based detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bull semen. this study has demonstrated the novel use of inactivated and purified vaccine against fmd virus for detection and analysis. rna isolate was efficiently generated from the vaccine for an external positive control for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays. the target dna fragment sequences from the 2b region and 3d rna polymerase gene of the virus for rt-pcr and rt-lamp respectively were successful ... 2010 20097168
iga antibody response of swine to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and vaccination. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) continues to be a significant economic problem worldwide. control of the disease involves the use of killed-virus vaccines, a control measure developed decades ago. after natural infection, the primary site of replication of fmdv is the pharyngeal area, suggesting that a mucosal immune response is the most effective. humoral immunity to killed-virus vaccination induces antibodies that can prevent the clinical disease but not local infection. determining whethe ... 2010 20107003
hsp70 enhances presentation of fmdv antigen to bovine cd4+ t cells in vitro. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious acute vesicular disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs. the current vaccine induces a rapid humoral response, but the duration of the protective antibody response is variable, possibly associated with a variable specific cd4+ t cell response. we investigated the use of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as a molecular chaperone to target viral antigen to the major histocompatibility co ... 2010 20167197
quantitative single serum-dilution liquid phase competitive blocking elisa for the assessment of herd immunity and expected protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle. a single serum-dilution liquid phase elisa (slpelisa) was standardized to be used for serological evaluation of herd immunity against foot-and-mouth disease. the absorbance value at a dilution 1:64 of each serum sample was interpolated in a standard curve by plotting the antibody titers of six control sera determined by end point dilution liquid phase elisa (lpelisa), against the absorbance values for the same control sera at 1:64 dilutions. a straight line was obtained by linear regression anal ... 2010 20170683
limiting the impacts of foot and mouth disease in large ruminants in northern lao people's democratic republic by vaccination: a case study. foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the most important global transboundary livestock disease and is endemic in lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) with outbreaks occurring regularly. lao pdr shares borders with five countries and as a major thoroughfare for transboundary livestock movement, is vulnerable to the social and economic impacts of fmd. the fmd outbreak occurred in january 2009 in the pek district, located in the north-eastern lao pdr province of xieng khuang and involved all 111 v ... 2010 20180923
the relationship between cellular immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus asia 1 and viral persistence in indian cattle (bosindicus). foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the most contagious animal disease, is associated with persistent viral infection in ruminants, despite the induction of systemic immune response. the present study was performed to decipher the relation between the persistent fmd virus (fmdv) infection and cellular immune response in indian cattle (bosindicus) following experimental inoculation of fmdv asia 1. persistent viral infection (carriers) was detected by antigen capture rt-pcr on the oesophageal-pharyngeal ... 2010 20189208
a recombinant truncated fmdv 3ab protein used to better distinguish between infected and vaccinated cattle. to distinguish the antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection from those induced by vaccination, a recombinant n-terminal truncated fmdv non-structural protein (nsp) of 3ab, designated as r3ab, was constructed by deleting 80 amino acids displayed about 30% homology to transposase is4 family protein of escherichia coli, expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) and then purified. the r3ab was majorly expressed in soluble fraction and presented as homogeneous monomers after purifica ... 2010 20197135
marker vaccine potential of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial vp1 g-h loop deletion. previous work in cattle and pigs demonstrated that protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) could be achieved following vaccination with chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccines, in which the vp1 g-h loop had been substituted with that from another serotype. this indicated that the vp1 g-h loop may not be essential for the protection of natural hosts against fmdv. if this could be substantiated there would be potential to develop fmd marker vaccines, characterised by the abse ... 2010 20199761
the development of oral fluid-based diagnostics and applications in veterinary medicine. the purpose of this review was to discuss the history of the development and implementation of oral fluid diagnostics for infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. the use of oral fluid for the assessment of health and diagnosis of disease in humans and animals has a surprisingly long history. as early as 1909, pollaci and ceraulo reported sensitive and specific agglutination of 'micrococcus melitensis' (brucella melitensis) by oral fluid from patients diagnosed with malta fever. a 198 ... 2010 20202287
[morphological observation of bovine kidney (mdbk) cells effected by foot-and-mouth disease virus l(pro)]. in order to explore the morphological changes of bovine kidney (mdbk) cells induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) l protease, we induced the expression of fmdv l protease in bovine kidney cells (mdbk) artificially. all work is carried out on the basis of a stable mdbk cell line inducibly expresses the lab gene under the control of tetracycline. we use cell morphology, hoechst 33258 staining, ao-eb staining, and dna ladder abstraction to research the morphological changes of mdbk cells. ... 2009 20222457
[rescue of bovine asia 1 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus from a full-length cdna clone]. after sequencing the asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (as01 strain), we amplified the two fragments covering the whole genome by overlapping pcr and long pcr. the 5' fragment was 1.8 kb in length including 15cs, and the 3' fragment was 6.7 kb in length. the two fragments were cloned into the pbluescript sk vector to construct recombinant plasmid pbsas carrying the full-length cdna of fmdv as01 strain. the rna transcript was synthesized in vitro using t7 polymerase and transfected into ... 2009 20222458
genetic characterization of indian type o fmd virus 3a region in context with host cell preference. the 3a region of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been implicated in host range and virulence. for example, amino acid deletions in the porcinophilic strain (o/taw/97) at 93-102aa of the 153 codons long 3a protein have been recognized as the determinant of species specificity. in the present study, 18 type o fmdv isolates from india were adapted in different cell culture systems and the 3a sequence was analyzed. these isolates had complete 3a coding sequence (153aa) and did not exhibit growth re ... 2010 20302973
an indirect elisa for serodiagnosis of cattle footrot caused by fusobacterium necrophorum. a serodiagnostic elisa (rl-elisa) using recombinant truncated leukotoxin protein pl2 (aa 311-644) of fusobacterium necrophorum as antigen was developed for detection of antibodies against f. necrophorum from cattle footrot. in rl-elisa, the recombinant diagnostic antigen showed no cross-reaction with antisera against bovine foot and mouth disease virus, bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine rotavirus type a, bovine escherichia coli, and bovine salmonella. the rl-elisa ... 2010 20304080
effect of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid precursor protein and 3c protease expression on bovine herpesvirus 1 replication. several reports have previously shown that expression of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid precursor protein encoding region p1-2a together with the 3c protease (p1-2a/3c) results in correct processing of the capsid precursor into vp0, vp1 and vp3 and formation of fmdv capsid structures that are able to induce a protective immune response against fmdv challenge after immunization using naked dna constructs or recombinant viruses. to elucidate whether bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) mig ... 2010 20333533
foot-and-mouth disease: the question of implementing vaccinal control during an epidemic. the question of whether or not to use vaccines during an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has interested veterinary administrators for many decades. this review assesses the historical uses, successes and failures of vaccinal control, and addresses the questions of where, how, and when to use vaccination against fmd. approaching the problem in this manner can aid in identifying which tools are likely to be most effective during an epidemic, and how successful a given contingency plan mig ... 2011 20350828
molecular characterization and expression analysis of porcine integrins alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 that are potentially involved in fmdv infection. in the present study, we report the sequences and characterization of the porcine integrin cdnas encoding alphav, beta3, beta6 and beta8 subunits and compare them to those of other species. the coding sequences for the porcine alphav, beta3, beta6 and beta8 subunits were found to be 3141, 2289, 2367 and 2304 nucleotides in length, encoding 1046, 762, 788 and 767-amino-acid-residue protein, respectively. the porcine integrin alphav, beta3, beta6 and beta8 subunit shares common structural and func ... 2010 20438833
development of a peptide-based immunochromatographic strip for differentiation of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs. an immunochromatographic strip for discriminating foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected from vaccinated pigs was developed based on synthetic peptide. five peptides designed from the amino acid sequences of nonstructural proteins (nsp) of fmdv were synthesized, and pep5 located in nsp 3b reacted strongly with serum from fmdv-infected pigs but did not react with serum samples from healthy vaccinated pigs. an immunochromatographic strip was developed by using colloidal gold labeled with pep ... 2010 20453216
evaluation of infectivity and transmission of different asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine. most isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) display a broad host range. since the late 1990s, the genetic lineage of panasia topotype fmdv serotype o has caused epidemics in the far east, africa, the united kingdom, france, the netherlands, and numerous other countries throughout europe and asia. in contrast, there are several fmdv isolates that exhibit a more restricted host range. a cathay topotype isolate of fmdv serotype o from the 1997 epizootic in taiwan (o/taw/97) demonstrated re ... 2010 20458154
differential gene expression in bovine cells infected with wild type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus. the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis. molecular studies have demonstrated that l(pro) inhibits translation of host capped mrnas and transcription of some genes involved in the innate immune response. we have used microarray technology to study the gene expression profile of bovine cells infected with wild type (wt) or leaderless fmdv. thirty nine out of approximately 22,000 bovine genes were selectively up-regulated by ... 2010 20494391
the efficacy of fmd vaccine reduced non-structural proteins with a mab against 3b protein. a monoclonal antibody, 3bigg, against the prokaryotically expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural protein (nsp) 3b was obtained. the 3bigg-sepharose conjugant (3bmab-6bff) was prepared by adding the purified 3bigg into epoxy-activated sepharose 6bff, incubating with the inactivated fmdv, and then removing the sepharose by centrifugation. the vaccine was made from the supernatant emulsified with oil-adjuvant isa206. ten guinea pigs, 26 pigs and six cattle were vaccinated, and ... 2010 20512625
foot and mouth disease in animals in sharkia governorate - egypt. this study was carried out to determine the current state of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in different animal species in sharkia governorate in egypt. in addition, we investigated the spreading of the virus through water and soil in the animal environment as well as by rodents. the isolation rates of fmd virus in tissue culture were 39.6%, 11.4%, 41.2% and 100% for cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat respectively. all animals did not show any clinical signs for fmd. in addition, the virus was isolat ... 2010 20537095
difference in the level of interferon gamma mrna transcripts on stimulation of cattle and buffalo mononuclear cells with foot and mouth disease virus-antigen: a possible role of sequence variation in promoter region. in an attempt to resolve the claim that buffaloes differ from cattle in disease progression, this study was undertaken to compare the mitogen (cona) or antigen (foot and mouth disease virus) induced expression levels of interferon gamma (ifn-γ mrna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) by real-time quantitative pcr. in general, the levels of ifn-γ mrna were lower in buffaloes than in crossbred cattle. significantly higher levels of ifn-γ mrna were also observed in crossbred cattle when i ... 2011 20541234
qualitative assessment of the commodity risk for spread of foot-and-mouth disease associated with international trade in deboned beef. the risk of importing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) restricts trade in livestock and their products from parts of the world where the virus is present. this reduces trade opportunities and investment in the livestock sector of many developing countries and constrains global food supply. this review focuses on the risks associated with trade in deboned beef (db) from foot-and-mouth disease (fmd)-infected cattle, countries or zones. a definition of db is provided along with a description of ... 2010 20569417
status of foot-and-mouth disease in pakistan. the present study reports the distribution of different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in pakistan during the period 1952-2007. during this time, a total of 1,543 epithelial samples out of 2,484 tested were found positive for various serotypes of fmdv. serotype o was found to be the most prevalent (p < 0.001) followed by serotype asia-1 and a. serotype c was detected only in 1954, 1963 and 1995. the disease was found to be more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in cattle than buffaloes. t ... 2010 20571838
a simulation model for the potential spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the castile and leon region of spain. a spatial stochastic model was used to simulate the spread of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in the castile-and-leon (cyl) region of spain. the model was fitted using information available on premises demographics and on assumptions for animal movements, indirect contacts, and airborne exposure. control measures dictated by spanish and european union regulations constituted a reference strategy to which six alternative control strategies were compared. for the reference strategy, the me ... 2010 20579754
domain disruptions of individual 3b proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus do not alter growth in cell culture or virulence in cattle. picornavirus rna replication is initiated by a small viral protein primer, 3b (also known as vpg), that is covalently linked to the 5' terminus of the viral genome. in contrast to other picornaviruses that encode a single copy of 3b, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes three copies of 3b. viruses containing disrupted native sequence or deletion of one of their three 3b proteins were derived from a fmdv a24 cruzeiro full-length cdna infectious clone. mutant viruses had growth characterist ... 2010 20580394
baculovirus treatment fully protects mice against a lethal challenge of fmdv. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious and economically devastating disease that affects cattle, swine, goat and sheep among others. fmdv is able to overcome the initial host innate immune response by inhibiting the induction of antiviral molecules at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. it has been demonstrated that fmdv a/arg/2001 causes the death of adult c57bl/6 mice within 72h. we evaluated the capacity of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis ... 2010 20580746
the early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation. identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection. to characterize the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in cattle subsequent to simulated natural exposure, 16 steers were aerosol inoculated with fmdv and euthanized at various times. samples were collected from each steer antemortem (serum, nasal swabs, and oral swabs) and postmortem (up to 40 tissues per animal) and screened for fmdv by virus isolation and for fmdv rna by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. tissues that tested positive for fmdv ... 2010 20587691
[prokaryotic expression, protein purification and reactivity analysis of the vp1 and its c terminus of a south african isolate of fmdv serotype sat2]. to induce the expression of structure protein vp1 and its c terminus of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype sat2 in e.coli and analyze their reactivities with fmdv positive antiserum. 2010 20619084
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected from sudan. the aim of this study was to characterize foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses collected between 2004 and 2008 from sudan, a country where fmd is endemic. using virus isolation and antigen elisa, three fmd virus serotypes (o, a and sat2) were detected in 24 samples that were submitted to the fao world reference laboratory for fmd. pan-serotypic real-time rt-pcr assays targeting the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) and 3d genes of fmd virus were also used to contribute to the laboratory diagnosis o ... 2010 20626708
confidence in indirect assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency and vaccine matching carried out by liquid phase elisa and virus neutralization tests. the necessity of avoiding the use of animals in vaccine potency testing has been widely recognized. the repeatability and reproducibility of the expected percentage of protection (epp) as a serological potency surrogate for a24 cruzeiro foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain was assessed, and compared with the results obtained with challenge in the protection against podal generalization (ppg) test. to determine the epps, the serum titers obtained by liquid phase blocking competitive elisa ( ... 2010 20643090
development of an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay to quantify foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-capsid proteins in vaccine-antigen batches. in many countries, foot and mouth disease (fmd) is controlled by vaccination and surveillance against non-capsid proteins (ncp); therefore vaccines are required not to induce antibodies against ncp. vaccine purity is evaluated by repeated inoculation of naïve cattle, an expensive and time consuming protocol that raises several animal welfare concerns. we have developed an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay (fal-elisa), to detect and quantify ncp in vaccine-antig ... 2010 20685600
antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in the argentinean andean altiplano. serum samples from 128 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) were tested for antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv-1), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), and influenza a virus equine (eiv). samples were collected in cieneguillas province of jujuy, in northern argentina. feces from 44 vicuñas were also collected to investigate rv shedding. llamas (la ... 2010 20688660
serotype specificity of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle in selected districts in uganda. uganda had an unusually large number of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks in 2006, and all clinical reports were in cattle. a serological investigation was carried out to confirm circulating antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by elisa for antibodies against non-structural proteins and structural proteins. three hundred and forty-nine cattle sera were collected from seven districts in uganda, and 65% of these were found positive for antibodies against the non-structural p ... 2010 20696028
outbreak investigations and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in ethiopia in 2008/2009. the study was conducted in three regional states of ethiopia: amhara, oromia, and addis ababa from august 2008 to april 2009 with the objectives of identifying the genetic diversity of serotypes and topotypes in ethiopia, and determining the attack rate and associations of potential risk factors with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) seropositivity. a total of 496 cattle were clinically and serologically examined for presence of specific lesions and nonstructural protein for fmd, respectively. of whi ... 2011 20717724
modelling foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in oral epithelium to help identify the determinants of lysis. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed livestock; of interest here is the difference in lytic behaviour that is observed in bovine epithelium. on the skin around the feet and tongue, the virus rapidly replicates, killing cells, and resulting in growing lesions, before eventually being cleared by the immune response. in contrast, there is usually minimal lysis in the soft palate, but virus may persist in tissue long after the animal has recov ... 2011 20725794
genetic characterization of the cell-adapted panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/fujian/cha/5/99 isolated from swine. according to office international des epizooties (oie) bulletin, the panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was invaded into the people's republic of china in may 1999. it was confirmed that the outbreaks occurred in tibet, hainan and fujian provinces. in total, 1280 susceptible animals (68 cattle, 1212 swine) were destroyed for the epidemic control.to investigate the distinct biological properties, we performed plaque assay, estimated the pathogenicity in suckling mice and determ ... 2010 20807416
specific detection of rinderpest virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr in preclinical and clinical samples from experimentally infected cattle. a highly sensitive detection test for rinderpest virus (rpv), based on a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr)system, was developed. five different rpv genomic targets were examined, and one was selected and optimized to detect viral rna in infected tissue culture fluid with a level of detection ranging from 0.59 to 87.5 50% tissue culture infectious doses (tcid(50)) per reaction depending on the viral isolate. the strain sensitivity of the test was validated on 16 rpv strains belonging ... 2010 20844216
a mutant of infectious asia 1 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus with the deletion of 10-amino-acid in the 3a protein. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 is one of the most predominant endemic serotypes in china. our previous study has generated a full-length cdna clone (pbsas) of an asia 1 serotype fmdv (as1/cha/05) isolated from bovine. to further study the properties of this virus, a mutant in the 3a region of the cdna clone (pbsas-3a10d), containing the deletion at position 93-102 of the 3a protein of as1/cha/05, was generated by pcr and cloning. after synthesis of rna in vitro and transfect ... 2010 20844943
introduction of tag epitopes in the inter-aug region of foot and mouth disease virus: effect on the l protein. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates translation from two in-frame aug codons producing two forms of the leader (l) proteinase, lab (starting at the first aug) and lb (starting at second aug). in a previous study, we have demonstrated that a cdna-derived mutant fmdv (a24-l1123) containing a 57-nucleotide transposon (tn) insertion between the two aug initiation codons (inter-aug region) was completely attenuated in cattle, suggesting that this region is involved in viral pathogenesis. to ... 2011 20849893
induction of a cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell response following foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated fmdv vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific protection, mainly through neutralizing antibody. an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity would aid design of more effective vaccines. we have previously reported the presence of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells in fmdv-vaccinated and -infected cattle. in the current study, we aimed to identify cd8(+) t ... 2010 20861264
meta-analysis on the efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease emergency vaccination. the objectives of this study were to provide a summary quantification of the efficacy of fmd emergency vaccination based on a systematic review and a meta-analysis of available literature, and to further discuss the suitability of this review and meta-analysis to summarize and further interpret the results. peer-reviewed, symposium, and unpublished studies were considered in the analysis. clinical protection and virological protection against fmd were used as parameters to assess the efficacy of ... 2011 20869130
enhancement of dna vaccine (p12a3c-pcdna) efficacy against foot-and-mouth disease by coadministration of interleukin-18-expressing (il18 pcdna) plasmid in guinea-pigs. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals causing considerable economic loss in the affected countries. the presently used tissue-cultured inactivated vaccine protects the vaccinated animals for a short duration of immunity. as one of the approaches to develop alternative vaccines, p12a3c-pcdna (containing p12a and 3c coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus) and bovine il18 pcdna plasmids were constructed and the immune response of these constr ... 2010 21039923
risk evaluation of nonvaccinated, weaned calves transported through areas under systematic foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccination. the recurrence and persistence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) could be the consequence of cyclic and massive transportation of calves. for this reason, in south america, vaccination strategies related to livestock dynamic are being promoted. in order to aid the evaluation of such strategies, a method for predicting the risk of transportation of nonvaccinated weaned calves was developed; this method combines expert opinion and empirical evidence using bayesian estimators. it was applied through ... 2010 21071104
regulation of iga responses in cattle, humans and mice. secretory iga (siga) constitutes the largest component of the humoral immune system of the body with gram quantities of this isotype produced by mammals on a daily basis. secretory iga (siga) antibodies function by both blocking pathogen/commensal entry at mucosal surfaces and virus neutralization. several pathways of induction of iga responses have been described which depend on t cells (t cell dependent or td) pathways or are independent of t cells (t-independent or ti) and are mediated by den ... 2010 21074276
the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in sarpang and zhemgang districts of bhutan. this study was undertaken to compare the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two districts of sarpang and zhemgang in bhutan. zhemgang district recorded a significantly higher cumulative incidence in all species (26.9%) as well as for cattle (29.3%) compared to sarpang (6.5% and 7.4%, respectively). the case fatality for cattle in zhemgang (14.1%) was significantly higher than in sarpang (3.3%). a total of 404 cattle and 73 pigs died of fmd in zhemgang, ... 2010 21078083
development of a dot immunoblot method for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus from vaccinated animals using non-structural proteins expressed prokaryotically. five non-structural proteins (nsps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed in e. coli to develop a dot immunoblot (dot blot) assay for the differentiation of fmdv infected animals from vaccinated animals (diva). the five nsps were 3a (24 kda), 3b (15 kda), major b-cell epitope regions of 2c (23 kda), partial 3d (44 kda) and 3abc (59 kda). the criteria for the dot blot were determined and are described as follows: a test sample is considered positive if four or more nsps demonstrat ... 2010 21087638
fmd subunit vaccine produced using a silkworm-baculovirus expression system: protective efficacy against two type asia1 isolates in cattle. cattle vaccinated with a single dose of subunit vaccine containing the capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain were protected when challenged 28 days later with a homologous virus. here, the 50% bovine protective dose (pd(50)) test was performed to assess the potency of the subunit vaccine. when challenged with two chinese isolates, the subunit vaccine could achieve 6.5 pd(50) (challenged with asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain) and 5.2 pd(50 ... 2010 21109368
foot-and-mouth disease virus utilizes an autophagic pathway during viral replication. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus within the picornaviridae family. infection of cells with positive-strand rna viruses results in a rearrangement of intracellular membranes into viral replication complexes. the origin of these membranes remains unknown; however induction of the cellular process of autophagy is beneficial for the replication of poliovirus, suggesting that it might be advantageous for other picornaviruses. by using confocal microscop ... 2010 21112602
quantitative trait loci for variation in immune response to a foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide. infectious disease of livestock continues to be a cause of substantial economic loss and has adverse welfare consequences in both the developing and developed world. new solutions to control disease are needed and research focused on the genetic loci determining variation in immune-related traits has the potential to deliver solutions. however, identifying selectable markers and the causal genes involved in disease resistance and vaccine response is not straightforward. the aims of this study we ... 2010 21138580
sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus. identifying when past exposure to an infectious disease will protect against newly emerging strains is central to understanding the spread and the severity of epidemics, but the prediction of viral cross-protection remains an important unsolved problem. for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) research in particular, improved methods for predicting this cross-protection are critical for predicting the severity of outbreaks within endemic settings where multiple serotypes and subtypes commonly co- ... 2010 21151576
beyond the consensus: dissecting within-host viral population diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus by using next-generation genome sequencing. the diverse sequences of viral populations within individual hosts are the starting material for selection and subsequent evolution of rna viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). using next-generation sequencing (ngs) performed on a genome analyzer platform (illumina), this study compared the viral populations within two bovine epithelial samples (foot lesions) from a single animal with the inoculum used to initiate experimental infection. genomic sequences were determined in duplic ... 2010 21159860
a differential elisa based on recombinant immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene of shv-1 in a baculovirus-insect cell system to discriminate between pigs infected naturally with pseudorabies and vaccinated pigs. in the present study, the fragment corresponding to the immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene (gepi) from the cl15 argentinean strain of pseudorabies virus was expressed successfully in a baculovirus-insect cell system that contained the m6 gene of bluetongue virus, which encodes the ns1 nonstructural protein. this protein has the ability to polymerize into highly immunogenic tubules inside infected cells that can be purified at large quantities by ultracentrifugation. previously, the ns1 prote ... 2010 21168443
foot-and-mouth disease virus exhibits an altered tropism in the presence of specific immunoglobulins, enabling productive infection and killing of dendritic cells. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute vesicular disease of farm animals. the development of successful control strategies is limited by an incomplete understanding of the immune response to fmdv. dendritic cells (dc) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their role in fmdv infection of cattle is uncharacterized. bovine monocyte-derived dc (modc) were exposed to integrin-binding and cell culture-adapted strains of fmdv in vitro. modc were not largely susceptible to inf ... 2010 21177807
inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the rna-dependent rna polymerase. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. in the case of an fmd outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. there are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of fmdv infections. 2010 21203539
gm-csf and il-2 as adjuvant enhance the immune effect of protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease. cytokines as molecular adjuvant play a critical role in differentiation of effector t cell subsets and in determination of the magnitude of the response after vaccination. in this study, we investigated the effects of gm-csf and il-2 as adjuvant on the immune responses of vp1 recombinant protein as a model antigen for foot and mouth disease. 2011 21214955
epidemic and economic impacts of delayed detection of foot-and-mouth disease: a case study of a simulated outbreak in california. the epidemic and economic impacts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spread and control were examined by using epidemic simulation and economic (epinomic) optimization models. the simulated index herd was a ≥2,000 cow dairy located in california. simulated disease spread was limited to california; however, economic impact was assessed throughout the united states and included international trade effects. five index case detection delays were examined, which ranged from 7 to 22 days. the simu ... 2011 21217024
evaluation of cross-protection between o1 manisa and o1 campos in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine incorporating different payloads of inactivated o1 manisa antigen. serology is used to predict vaccine induced protection against challenge with a heterologous strain of the same serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). to evaluate the accuracy of such predictions, we compared the protection afforded to cattle vaccinated with the o(1) manisa strain of fmdv against challenge with either a homologous (o(1) manisa) or a heterologous strain (o(1) campos). serology by virus neutralization test (vnt) using o(1) manisa antiserum predicted an acceptable protect ... 2011 21236232
study on seroprevalence, risk factors, and economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease in borena pastoral and agro-pastoral system, southern ethiopia. cross-sectional serological study and questionnaire survey were conducted in borana pastoral and agro-pastoral area to determine seroprevalence and risk factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) infection and to assess community perceptions as to importance of the disease. a multistage random sampling was carried out to select cattle for seroprevalence and households for interviews. totally, 768 sera were collected from 111 herds. the overall individual level seroprevalence of 23.0% ( ... 2011 21249448
short-lived carriage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals. a quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from infected to susceptible premises. this is set at 72 hours in the uk, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. previous analysis of fmdv carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. this study, involving 51 people, evaluated a pcr method, which detected viral genomic ... 2010 21262692
capsid proteins from field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus confer a pathogenic phenotype in cattle on an attenuated, cell-culture-adapted virus. chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) have been generated from plasmids containing full-length fmdv cdnas and characterized. the parental virus cdna was derived from the cell-culture-adapted o1kaufbeuren b64 (o1k b64) strain. chimeric viruses, containing capsid coding sequences derived from the o/ukg/34/2001 or a/turkey 2/2006 field viruses, were constructed using the backbone from the o1k b64 cdna, and viable viruses (o1k/o-ukg and o1k/a-tur, respectively) were successfully rescued in ... 2011 21270284
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o with emphasis on korean isolates: temporal and spatial dynamics. we determined complete 1d gene sequences for one serotype a and seven additional serotype o korean foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) and then analyzed them together with published sequences for 180 type a and 300 type o isolates from throughout the world using a bayesian coalescent approach. here, korean serotype a virus was linked with those from laos. korean serotype o viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from japan, thailand, the uk, france, ireland, ... 2011 21279395
diagnostic performance and application of two commercial cell viability assays in foot-and-mouth disease research. cell-based assays are still used widely in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) research, despite the existence of a wide variety of molecular techniques. the aim of this study was to validate an automated, quantitative spectrometric reading to replace the time-consuming and subjective microscopic (mic) evaluation of the fmd virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe). therefore, the diagnostic performance of two commercial cell viability assays (celltiter 96(®) aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay ( ... 2011 21295609
rescue of foot-and-mouth disease viruses that are pathogenic for cattle from preserved viral rna samples. foot and mouth disease is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, sheep and pigs. it is caused by a picornavirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which has a positive sense rna genome which, when introduced into cells, can initiate virus replication. 2011 21298025
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A pre-planning seminar will be held at the Social Hall on Tuesday, October 23rd, from 10:00 AM to 12:00 Noon. The purpose of this seminar is to plan the funeral Mass. Choose the readings and music you want for your own funeral. This is actually a great blessing to your surviving spouse and children. In addition to our own ministry members helping to answer your questions, there will also be representatives from local Funeral Homes and Crematoriums to answer your questions and to make appointments. Refreshments will be provided. If you have questions, call Joan Andre at 352-430-0674.


The Lachy Doley Group are a unique sound in the classic and sometimes very traditional genre of the Blues. A power trio consisting of Bass, Drums and of course Doley firing on the Hammond, his vocal screaming from the heart and the incredibly rare Hohner D6 Whammy Clavinet in which most people double take on when they realise that sound isn't an electric guitar but a 70 stringed keyboard with a huge Whammy Bar sticking out the guts of it.
The Lachy Doley Group have played over 100 shows and festivals around Australia since the first release in 2011 including Queenscliff Music Festival, Mojo Burning Festival, Rock In The Vines Festival, PEAK Perisher Festival, Echuca Blues, Noosa Jazz, Mitchel Creek Rock&Blues and were the stand out hit at the Gold Coast's Blues On Broadbeach Festival for the last 3 years running.


text:
Mathematical Notes
May 2005 , Volume 77, Issue 5–6, pp 614–629 | Cite as
Generalized Solutions of Nonlocal Elliptic Problems
P. L. Gurevich
An elliptic equation of order 2m with general nonlocal boundary-value conditions, in a plane bounded domain G with piecewise smooth boundary, is considered. Generalized solutions belonging to the Sobolev space W 2 m (G) are studied. The Fredholm property of the unbounded operator (corresponding to the elliptic equation) acting on L2(G), and defined for functions from the space W 2 m (G) that satisfy homogeneous nonlocal conditions, is established.
nonlocal elliptic problem Sobolev space Fredholm property properly elliptic operator generalized solution (distribution) Lopatinsky condition
Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, vol. 77, no. 5, 2005, pp. 665–682.
Original Russian Text Copyright ©2005 by P. L. Gurevich.
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P. L. Gurevich, "Solvability of nonlocal elliptic problems in Sobolev spaces, II," Russian J. Math. Phys., 11 (2004), no. 1, 1–44.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
A. L. Skubachevskii, "Some nonlocal elliptic boundary-value problems," Differentsial'nye Uravneniya [Differential Equations], 18 (1982), no. 9, 1590–1599.Google Scholar
J.-L. Lions and E. Magenes, Nonhomogeneous Boundary-Value Problems and Applications, vo. 1, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg-Berlin, 1972; Russian translation: Mir, Moscow, 1971.Google Scholar
O. A. Kovaleva and A. L. Skubachevskii, "Solvability of nonlocal elliptic problems in weighted spaces," Mat. Zametki [Math. Notes], 67 (2000), no. 6, 882–898.Google Scholar
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1.Moscow Aviation InstituteMoscowRussia
Gurevich, P.L. Math Notes (2005) 77: 614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11006-005-0063-6
Received 30 March 2004
Publisher Name Kluwer Academic Publishers-Consultants Bureau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Meet the Next Thierry Henry
Kylian Mbappé is about to be a big deal in European soccer
By Ryan Wright Mar 15, 2017, 9:14pm EDT
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Kylian Mbappé is the next Thierry Henry. Loïc Rémy was supposed to be the next Henry, and Anthony Martial had the title after him. But after his Champions League performance against Manchester City on Wednesday, Mbappé looks like he might be worthy of the mantle. He is the latest in a line of young French strikers to be compared to the Arsenal/Barcelona/Red Bulls (stop laughing) legend, but at the age of 18, Mbappé is already more accomplished than Martial was when he completed his 2015 big-money transfer to Manchester United. The Monaco forward has netted 17 goals and added five assists across all competitions this season. He's also the youngest player in 30 years to score 10 goals or more in Ligue 1. By comparison, Martial had 14 goals and six assists during his entire stay at Monaco. A European giant will make Mbappé a very rich man this summer (and make his current club even richer, which is saying something). His game against City all but guaranteed it.
When he made his debut, Mbappé was the youngest player in France's Ligue 1 and he played only 25 minutes total in the Champions League group stage, but he has recently earned himself a permanent spot in Monaco coach Leonardo Jardim's regular rotation, with seven goals in the last four home games across all competitions. Needing to win by at least two in order to advance, and missing Radamel Falcao due to injury, Jardim leaned on the young French striker to perform. Mbappé finished the match with 86 percent pass accuracy and two shots on target, and scored the first goal that sparked Monaco's 3–1 victory.
With his combination of pace and power, Mbappé caused nightmares for City's defense right up until he was subbed off in the 80th minute. His movement is incredibly fluid and he seems to always know where he should be positioned on the pitch. I had to clear my eyes a few times during the match because it felt like I was watching a clone of Thierry Henry. Man City probably did too.
However, Mbappé was far from the only reason for Monaco's win. It was a team effort, beginning with the midfield. Tiemoué Bakayoko and Fabinho were responsible for Monaco's other two goals, while their wide players Thomas Lemar and Bernardo Silva had an assist each.
For a while in the second half, it seemed history would repeat itself and Manchester City would come back to win the game, but Monaco's back line — led by Benjamin Mendy, who had five interceptions and won four tackles — held strong.
Monaco has found themselves in the semifinals of the Champions League for the second time in three years. They handed Pep Guardiola his first loss ever in the quarterfinals of the competition.
With all eyes on him on one of the world's biggest stages, Mbappé showed up. Many players have been labeled the next Thierry Henry and none of them have lived up to such high expectations — not yet, at least — but with Mbappé, we may actually see another Henry.
Flowers for Edouard Mendy, AFCON, Postponements, and Free Kicks
Héctor Bellerín on El Gran Derbi and Life at Betis
We Need to Talk About Everton
Finishing Games Early, January Signings, Super Cups, and More
Family, the Magic of the Cup, and AFCON
Serie A Supreme, Spiritually Onside, and Will Ed Woodward's Departure Change Anything at Manchester United?


When it comes to dimensioning stock, a thickness planer is indispensable. That is, unless the knives are dull or the machine's adjustments are out of whack. Dull knives are noisy and strain the motor. Nicked knives produce a molded surface instead of a flat one. Planer misadjustments cause end snipe, tearout, chatter marks and feed difficulties. Improper planing technique also leads to poor surfacing. Until you are sure that your machine is adjusted properly, it's hard to tell whether your planing problems originate with the tool or with the user.
Fortunately, you don't have to be an experienced machinery mechanic to install knives or troubleshoot your planer. With a little patience and the right tools, you can diagnose and tune up your own machine. To get predictable results, you'll need two gauging devices, which will let you observe measurements that you may otherwise gain only by trial and error and by feel. First use a gauge that rests on the cutterhead to set the knives. Then use a gauge that rests on the planer bed to measure the relationships between the cutterhead and the machine's other critical parts. These two gauging instruments, which have been used in the woodworking industry for at least 75 years, are simply dial indicators mounted in customized bases. For up to several hundred dollars, you can buy gauges from various machinery manufacturers or aftermarket sources. But if you need to save your pennies for another tool purchase, I'll show you how to make your own gauges using wood (or plastic, aluminum or steel), a few nuts and bolts, and an ordinary dial indicator of the proper size with about a 1/4-in, plunger range (see sidebar at bottom of this page).
The Parks planer used in this article, though it is no longer made, contains all the common features found on a thickness planer. Your model may not contain all the components I'll address here. Even so, you should still be able to adapt the same principles to make adjustments to your own machine.
As a board passes through a planer, it is influenced by the relative positions of seven different components: the knives in the cutter-head (above the stock), the bed and bed rollers (below the stock), the infeed roller and chipbreaker (above the stock on the infeed side), and the outfeed roller and pressure bar (above the stock on the outfeed side). The drawing above shows the relationships of these parts and the initial adjustment settings. Later, if I need to, I'll tweak with the adjustments to fine-tune the planer's cut.
To understand where each of the planer's seven components plays its role, it's helpful to follow a board as it's being planed. First the wood is placed on the planer bed and fed by hand between the infeed roller and the front bed roller. The powered infeed roller grabs the wood and drives it beneath the floating chipbreaker and under the rotating cutterhead. Next the board passes under the pressure bar and out between the powered outfeed roller and the back bed roller as it exits the machine. Having any of these components out of whack will cause problems, so checking each is essential. Start by setting the knives in the cutterhead. But before you do anything, prepare the machine, and get the tools you'll need.
First, unplug the machine. You'll also want to disconnect the dust boot to gain better access. Then remove the guard from the pulley, so you can advance the cutterhead. Besides the dial-indicator gauges, you will need a few other tools: an ice pick (or other device to pry up the knives), a wooden block and a mallet to tap the knives down, and Allen wrenches to tighten the lock shim and to turn the jackscrews (if your machine has them). Study your owner's manual so that you will know how to adjust the components on your particular machine and gather the required wrenches. Some metal shims may be handy for fine-tuning adjustments. Depending on what you find once you get into the job, you may also need a file, some emery cloth, and solvent and lubricant. And make sure you're comfortably seated.
When setting the knives parallel to the cutterhead, remove and re set one knife at a time to avoid distorting the head. This requires a spare sharpened set of knives. I always have my knives sharpened at a professional sharpening shop. If knives are being installed on an empty cutterhead, then lightly install all the knives, and go from knife to knife, gradually increasing pressure. For maximum support and safety, the knife should be as far down in the slot as practical. (For more on setting knives in a round cutterhead, see FWW #103, p. 86). There may be differences between cutterheads, too. Some have jackscrews, or there may be two knives in the cutter-head instead of three (see the drawing detail on the facing page). To check if your old planer knife is a safe size after resharpening, remove the lock shim (also called a lock bar or gib) from the cutterhead, and lay the knife about where it should be. If you see any light through the setscrew holes, reject the knife; it is too narrow and could be thrown from the cutterhead. Don't exert a lot of force on the setscrews, or you'll distort the cutterhead and the screw threads. Apply equal torque on the screws to get uniform pressures and deflections. I get enough leverage from the 6-in.-long leg of my Allen wrench. It's a good idea to lay a rag over the exposed blade to protect your hands in case you lose your grip.
A cutterhead gauge enables knives to be set consistently to within one or two thousandths of an inch. The wing nuts on the base allow plunger height adjustment.
To use the cutterhead gauge, I lightly tighten a knife close to its proper height. This varies from machine to machine, so you should check your owner's manual for the recommended height. I then clamp the dial indicator's 3/8-in.-dia. shaft in the wooden base so that when the base is rocked on the cutterhead, the dial will move only about .015 to .020 in. At this point, I turn and lock the moveable dial face, so the indicator's hand points to zero when the plunger tip is moved over the tip of the knife (see photo above). Now the indicator will register the height of the knife edge relative to the cutterhead.
Gauge helps to anticipate knife shift - Using the planer cutterhead as a reference, Vaughan reads the gauge over each setscrew to know whether to raise or lower the knives and to anticipate how much each of the knives will shift during tightening.
Lightly tighten the setscrews on the outer ends. I usually snug the left side to exact position, go back to the right side and raise or lower that side of the knife to where it should be, and lock it in position. Then working from left to right, over each setscrew, I either raise or lower the knife until I can lock it at the proper height (see photo above). Rocking the indicator's plunger over the knife edge shows me the maximum protrusion of the knife edge. Keep in mind that the wood of the gauge base is light and sensitive. Take a few minutes to get the correct feel of the gauge base contacting the round cutterhead. Repeat the sequence—one knife at a time— for the other knives in the cutterhead.
Once the knives are set, install the indicator in the other base with the plunger tip up. Drop the planer's bed until the bed-resting gauge can be easily placed directly beneath the cutterhead. Crank up the bed until the plunger tip just touches the bottom of the cutterhead. Be sure the cutterhead has been rotated so that the knives are out of the way. Then place the gauge at one end of the cutterhead, and rock the cutterhead as you zero the dial at bottom dead center. Zero the other end of the cutterhead as well. Brush the plunger under the center of the cutterhead. If there is a sizable difference (more than .015 in.) between the middle reading and the ones taken from the outsides, then the bed has been worn too much and needs to be re-machined.
The bed—The planer bed and cutterhead should be parallel. How to make them parallel varies from machine to machine. Some machines require the table be adjusted and others require the head position be adjusted. For those machines that have no adjustment, the only option is to set the knives in the cutterhead, so they will be parallel to the bed instead of the cutterhead.
Before working with the dial indicator, make sure that the bed has no slop in it as it moves up and down. Most machines have wear shims that can be adjusted. A sloppily fitting head or bed will give poor surface results, such as snipe and washboard.
Defining the cutting arc — Using the cutterhead gauge again, double-check (over each setscrew) the positions of the knives in the cutterhead. Final setscrew tightening often causes the knife to squirm up a hair. Then position the indicator back in the bed-resting base so that the plunger is at bottom dead center of the cutterhead. Lower the table without disturbing the position of the gauge base. Rotate the cutterhead by hand until one of the knives is at bottom dead center. Carefully raise the table until the plunger tip just touches the knife. Reach in and steady the position of the base while raising the bed just enough to make the knife move the plunger about .015 in. Zero the dial when the knife rotates through bottom dead center of its arc (see photo above). This defines on your gauge the lowest point of the cutting circle. This will be your datum. It is this plane that defines the position of the planer's upper internal components. Neither the bed nor the cutterhead positions should be disturbed while making the rest of the upper adjustments on the planer.
The infeed roller — Straddle the bed roller slot with the feet of the gauge base, and move the indicator in and out under the infeed roller. The position for serrated steel infeed rollers should be about .030 to .035 in. below the cutting arc for most machines. Rubber rollers will be slightly lower. For sectional infeed rollers or chipbreakers, you'll have to average the measurements. Consult your manufacturer's literature to get an exact figure of the correct position in relation to the cuffing arc.
When adjusting the infeed roller to the correct position, the face of the indicator may not be in the most convenient spot for viewing. If this is the case, cut a triangular block of wood about 2 in. high, and fasten a mirror to it with double-faced tape to view the results when standing above the planer. This mirror can be used for the other internal components as well.
The chipbreaker —Like the leading edge of a handplane's cap iron, the chipbreaker in a planer prevents long tearouts from occurring. The chipbreaker is often, but not always, set to the same distance below the cutting arc as the infeed roller. Proper alignment keeps long strips of wood from lifting as the top of the board is being cut by the knives. Set the chipbreaker to manufacturer's specifications using the gauge in the same way it was used to set the infeed roller. Some machines have anti-kickback fingers or pawls just ahead of the chipbreaker.
The pressure bar —The pressure bar is located behind the cutterhead and keeps the newly cut surface from bouncing up into the cutterhead as the stock enters and exits the planer's feeding system. During the cut, it performs a hold-down function when feeding warped stock. If it is set too high, the wood will flutter and a washboard texture will result. And it's likely that end snipe (a slightly thinner section) will occur. If it is set too low, feeding will be impeded. A majority of surfacing problems can be traced to this component, so its position is critical. I normally set a pressure bar about .002 to .004 in. above the cuffing arc for surfacing face-jointed lumber. For surfacing lumber that is rough on two sides, a slightly higher setting usually works well.
The outfeed roller —The outfeed roller is usually smooth or rubber-coated, so it won't mark the planed surface. Set the outfeed roller exactly like the infeed roller. It should also be set to the same distance below the cutting circle, unless the manufacturer's instructions state otherwise.
The planer bead gauge has to work in different positions. The base screw can straddle the bed slots. To check the feed rollers, orient the dial indicator, so it can take overhead reading. To check the bed rollers (shown here), flip the indicator on the tool post, sticking the plunger down through the hole in the base.
The bed rollers — The bed rollers reduce friction as stock is being fed, and they prevent premature wearing of the bed tables. So, it's important that the rollers turn easily and are aligned precisely. Bed rollers are located in slots in the bed directly below the two feed rollers. The dial indicator will have to be reinstalled in the base with the plunger down to check the position of the bed rollers (see photo above). Adjust the feet so the plunger moves up only about .015 in. when the base sits on the bed. The weight of a wooden base is often not enough to overcome the opposing spring pressure of the indicator's plunger, so hold the base down for accurate readings.
Temporary bed-roller shims make heavy milling easier. When Vaughan want so do heavy planing, he elevates the bed rollers with temporary shims. This is easier than having to adjust each end of both rollers individually. The shims, tethered on a string for convenience, are removed when it's time to do finer surfacing.
The rougher the lumber, the higher the bed rollers should be set to reduce friction. However, if they're set too high, the workpiece may vibrate, producing a rippled surface. Conventional practice is to set the rollers .002 in. above the bed when dressing faced lumber and about .020 in. when dressing lumber that's rough on both sides. On this machine, I set the rollers to .002 in. and then insert .020 in. shims on those rare occasions when I'm dressing lumber that's rough on two sides (see photo above). Machines with no bed rollers don't usually have performance problems related to the lack of bed rollers. But the beds don't stay flat nearly as long either, and the motors work a bit harder.
The dimensions I have shown are those I use for a starting point when adjusting planers and are far from being written in stone. Other factors such as component wear, wood dryness, wood straightness and operator preferences can easily dictate that things be adjusted differently.
Adjustment problems — Adjustment screws on planers usually are held in place with locknuts. When the correct settings are reached by turning the adjustment screw, those settings usually alter when the locknut is tightened. Its always a good idea to watch the indicator's hand when the locknut is tightened, so the setscrew can be turned to compensate for the difference.
Spring pressure — Downward spring pressure can sometimes have an effect on planer performance. A heavy spring can emboss infeed roller prints on softwood when making that light final pass. Light pressure can cause roller skidding when rough or warped lumber is dressed. How much is enough? Only the performance of your machine will tell you that.
Safety — Because planers pull the wood away from you, loose clothing and jewelry can be a hazard. Noise is also a factor. When knives get dull, they loudly beat off the chips rather than cut them. So always wear ear plugs in addition to eye and breathing protection. Try to cut out defects such as knots beforehand, and never plane a board that's less than ¼ in. thick or shorter than the distance between the feed rollers.
Any cutterhead that is moderately exposed on the outfeed side should have a shroud over it to prevent easy access to the spinning knives. Drive belts and gears should also be covered, so you don't come in contact with such moving parts. Last, never look into the machine (infeed or outfeed end) when it's running.
The proof of proper planing is all in the shavings. The proof of proper planing is all in the shavings. When a planer is producing long, clean shavings and little dust, chances are good that the machine is well tuned. The smooth, tearout-free knot on this planed board of poplar shows that it's well worth the fuss of using dial-indicator gauges to install knives and set planer components.
Dust collection — Though this machine was not shown with a dust collector, for best planing results, as well as for health concerns, you should have a dust- and chip-evacuation system. Chips can pile up and get pressed into the wood under the outfeed rollers and get dragged around by the knives. This makes for little dents on the wood that will eventually spring back as little bumps when the wood takes in more moisture. Ideally, your planer should produce long, clean shavings (see photo above).
Planing for success — Planer-operator technique can have as much to do with poor surface quality as a poorly adjusted machine. For example, slower feed rates tend to produce smoother surfaces. And hardwoods generally should be fed slower than softwoods. Also, keep these guidelines in mind when you are planing: Not supporting long stock as it enters and exits the planer will almost always result in a snipe. Trying to surface warped stock will usually cause a washboard surface because the wood is not flat on the planer bed. Taking too heavy of a cut can cause tearout; feeding the wood against the grain will cause tearout; and dressing knotty or highly figured wood increases the risk of tearout. Not taking a light final pass to get to finished dimension can result in a rough surface. High moisture content in the lumber makes the fibers stringy and difficult to cut cleanly. The result is a fuzzy surface. It also will likely be a bear to feed properly. Finally, a planer smooths stock and makes the faces parallel. It will not straighten warped stock.
My shopmade gauges were adapted from the heavy steel gauges I service planers with in the field. For occasional use, the shopmade gauges give equally precise readings. I devised the gauges so one dial indicator can be interchanged from one base to the other. Because planer dimensions vary, the bases' measurements will also vary. To size them, first get the right dial indicator.
Selecting a dial indicator: A dial indicator is excellent for showing crucial relationships of machine components. One of the inexpensive imported units goes for about $25 (Enco Manufacturing, 5100 W. Bloomingdale Ave., Chicago, Dl. 60639; 800-873-3626). After you thoroughly study the parts of your planer and all its adjustment limits, sketch a full-scale cross section of these. This will help you choose a dial size and also show you how the bases need to be shaped. Select an indicator that will fit easily and can be read dearly in your planer. I use a 1¾-in.-dia. dial with a 3/8-in.-dia. convex replacement tip, like Starrett's or Mitutoyo's hardened, chrome-plated type. Convex tips provide better contact over a knife.
Making the bases: To make the cutter-head-resting base, first make a full-size sketch of your cutterhead. Extend a line from the center of the cylinder out over the tip of a knife. Position your indicator over the line with the plunger pointing at the center of the cutterhead. Next draw a base profile with two feet resting on the cutterhead. For two-knife cutterheads, try making an indicator base that has both feet on one side (see the drawing detail above). Mark when the plunger stem passes through the base Then transfer your base profile to a block a wood, and drill and cut to size. Using the hardware shown, assemble the gauge.
For the bed-resting base, make a crow's foot (tripod) arrangement. The position of the screw feet should be such that the feet won't drop down in the bed-roller slots. Use the planer sketch to locate the indicator tool post. I devised mine so that I can swap the indicator from the front to the back of the post. Finally, round and polish the bottoms of the base's screw feet. -R.V.


An intense year of racing and riding had given me my first gold medal in a state competition (first in Virginia and second in Maryland state). It might seem small, but I knew that for one year, I was the best in my class. I'd been racing for 13 years and I just wanted to be able to say that once.
I'd ridden nine rides of 100 miles or more, dominated every club ride, had guys begging me to join their teams and put in more mileage than in any year since 1986. 2001 was a special gift from God. I felt great but the year had been another lonely one. The competition made it all worthwhile. For the first time in years, I felt young, although lonely. I was looking forward to keeping my energy level up into 2002, but it wasn't to be. In four days I'd be leaving for a fun-packed 2 1/2 months in Germany! Unfortunately I couldn't bring my bicycle and was heading into a tumultuous 2002. At this point I didn't know that...so I smiled as my friend and subordinate, Scott, shot this picture of me at work.


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A fine original lithograph illustration from Edward Twycross's The Mansions of England and Wales, illustrated in a series of Views of the Principal Seats in the County of Cheshire. This one being a view of Aldersey Hall, Cheshire. Published in 1850. Image size approx 25 x 17cm. Titled below and with good margins ready for framing. Good condition. A lovely original antique lithograph from a rare series.


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Home Useful Information Diary Guided tour : salt history
Guided tour : salt history
Salin des Pesquiers
Route de Giens
The central Pesquiers pond and the Redon marsh cover nearly 1,360 acres. Until 1995, the Compagnie du Midi used to exploit half this surface to produce 30,000 tons of salt yearly. In 2001, the marshes became the property of the Coastline Conservatory. It has received the protection label "humid zone of national importance". Hyères' salt marshes have been recognised as one of the most remarkable natural landscapes in the Var region; however they remain a fragile ecosystem used as a temporary halt for migratory birds and a permanent shelter for sedentary species. Colonies of pink flamingos live there and over 260 other bird species have also been spotted around the salt marshes, including puffins, pied avocets, grey plovers and black-winged stilts.
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