text:
Language interaction in náhuatl discourse: The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives
Norbert Francis, Pablorogelionavarrete Gómez
Educational Specialties
This study of code-mixing focuses on the influence of Spanish in Náhuatl discourse as it is revealed in performance in narratives produced by adults and children. Language samples analysed were non-conversational, produced in response to structured Náhuatl language story-telling tasks presented to participants. Narrators were bilingual speakers of the two languages from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. Results indicate differences in the frequency of content word embedded language (Spanish), lexical items across grade level (for children), grade level attained (for adults), and correlations (for children) between the frequency of these Spanish embedded items and a measure of metalinguistic awareness. The discussion of findings is placed in the context of a language contact situation characterised by the rapid shift toward Spanish monolingualism in the broader surrounding region (Tlaxcalan Highlands) despite high levels of Náhuatl language proficiency in the locality in which the study was carried out.
Language, Culture and Curriculum
Language Interaction
Lexical Item
Monolingualism
Content Words
Francis, N., & Gómez, P. (2003). Language interaction in náhuatl discourse: The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 16(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666653
Language interaction in náhuatl discourse : The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives. / Francis, Norbert; Gómez, Pablorogelionavarrete.
In: Language, Culture and Curriculum, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2003, p. 17.
Francis, N & Gómez, P 2003, 'Language interaction in náhuatl discourse: The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives', Language, Culture and Curriculum, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666653
Francis N, Gómez P. Language interaction in náhuatl discourse: The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives. Language, Culture and Curriculum. 2003;16(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666653
Francis, Norbert ; Gómez, Pablorogelionavarrete. / Language interaction in náhuatl discourse : The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives. In: Language, Culture and Curriculum. 2003 ; Vol. 16, No. 1. pp. 17.
@article{6e2671ef46d24430811dabdaaa778b12,
title = "Language interaction in n{\'a}huatl discourse: The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives",
abstract = "This study of code-mixing focuses on the influence of Spanish in N{\'a}huatl discourse as it is revealed in performance in narratives produced by adults and children. Language samples analysed were non-conversational, produced in response to structured N{\'a}huatl language story-telling tasks presented to participants. Narrators were bilingual speakers of the two languages from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. Results indicate differences in the frequency of content word embedded language (Spanish), lexical items across grade level (for children), grade level attained (for adults), and correlations (for children) between the frequency of these Spanish embedded items and a measure of metalinguistic awareness. The discussion of findings is placed in the context of a language contact situation characterised by the rapid shift toward Spanish monolingualism in the broader surrounding region (Tlaxcalan Highlands) despite high levels of N{\'a}huatl language proficiency in the locality in which the study was carried out.",
author = "Norbert Francis and Pablorogelionavarrete G{\'o}mez",
pages = "17",
journal = "Language, Culture and Curriculum",
T1 - Language interaction in náhuatl discourse
T2 - The influence of spanish in child and adult narratives
AU - Francis, Norbert
AU - Gómez, Pablorogelionavarrete
N2 - This study of code-mixing focuses on the influence of Spanish in Náhuatl discourse as it is revealed in performance in narratives produced by adults and children. Language samples analysed were non-conversational, produced in response to structured Náhuatl language story-telling tasks presented to participants. Narrators were bilingual speakers of the two languages from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. Results indicate differences in the frequency of content word embedded language (Spanish), lexical items across grade level (for children), grade level attained (for adults), and correlations (for children) between the frequency of these Spanish embedded items and a measure of metalinguistic awareness. The discussion of findings is placed in the context of a language contact situation characterised by the rapid shift toward Spanish monolingualism in the broader surrounding region (Tlaxcalan Highlands) despite high levels of Náhuatl language proficiency in the locality in which the study was carried out.
AB - This study of code-mixing focuses on the influence of Spanish in Náhuatl discourse as it is revealed in performance in narratives produced by adults and children. Language samples analysed were non-conversational, produced in response to structured Náhuatl language story-telling tasks presented to participants. Narrators were bilingual speakers of the two languages from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. Results indicate differences in the frequency of content word embedded language (Spanish), lexical items across grade level (for children), grade level attained (for adults), and correlations (for children) between the frequency of these Spanish embedded items and a measure of metalinguistic awareness. The discussion of findings is placed in the context of a language contact situation characterised by the rapid shift toward Spanish monolingualism in the broader surrounding region (Tlaxcalan Highlands) despite high levels of Náhuatl language proficiency in the locality in which the study was carried out.
JO - Language, Culture and Curriculum
JF - Language, Culture and Curriculum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Displaying multiple Google Map markers and directions on one map I would like to output multiple Google Map routes on to a single Google Map. The data is taken from an XML file which feature multiple markers. Each marker has a start point and an end point (in the form of latitude and longitude values). These markers are then added to the map and a call to the Google Maps Directions Service is made to draw a route between the start and end points of each marker.
The issue I'm having is that only one route is drawn (if I refresh the page it seems to just pick one of the markers at random and draw the directions between those two markers). The other markers aren't displayed at all.
I've console.logged the for loop to check it is running for each marker in the XML (it is). I'm guessing it is something to do with these two lines here, but that is a guess...
directionsDisplay = new google.maps.DirectionsRenderer();
directionsService = new google.maps.DirectionsService();

I've read this question - Using Google Maps 3 API to get multiple routes on a Map, but don't really understand the answer/know how relevant it is to my situation. Thanks.
    jQuery(document).ready(function($) {

    var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map_canvas"), {
        zoom: 13,
        mapTypeId: 'roadmap'
    });

    // Try HTML5 geolocation
    if(navigator.geolocation) {
        navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(function(position) {
            var pos = new google.maps.LatLng(position.coords.latitude, position.coords.longitude);
            map.setCenter(pos);
            map.setZoom(13);
        }, function() {
            handleNoGeolocation(true);
        });
    } else {
        // Browser doesn't support Geolocation
        handleNoGeolocation(false);
    }

    directionsDisplay = new google.maps.DirectionsRenderer();
    directionsService = new google.maps.DirectionsService();

    // Change this depending on the name of your PHP file
    downloadUrl("xml.php", function(data) {
        var xml = data.responseXML;
        var markers = xml.documentElement.getElementsByTagName("marker");
        for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
            var title = markers[i].getAttribute("title");
            mode = markers[i].getAttribute("mode");
            startpoint = new google.maps.LatLng(
                parseFloat(markers[i].getAttribute("startlat")),
                parseFloat(markers[i].getAttribute("startlng")));
            endpoint = new google.maps.LatLng(
                parseFloat(markers[i].getAttribute("endlat")),
                parseFloat(markers[i].getAttribute("endlng")));
            calcRoute();
            console.log('marker');
        }
    });
    directionsDisplay.setMap(map);

});

function calcRoute() {
    var request = {
        origin: startpoint,
        destination: endpoint,
        //waypoints: waypts,
        travelMode: google.maps.DirectionsTravelMode[mode]
    };
    directionsService.route(request, function(response, status) {
        if (status == google.maps.DirectionsStatus.OK) {
            directionsDisplay.setDirections(response);
        }
    });
}

function downloadUrl(url, callback) {
    var request = window.ActiveXObject ?
    new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP') :
    new XMLHttpRequest;

    request.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (request.readyState == 4) {
            request.onreadystatechange = doNothing;
            callback(request, request.status);
        }
    };

    request.open('GET', url, true);
    request.send(null);
}

function doNothing() {}

A: I think the key point in the answer you linked to is that each route needs its own DirectionsRenderer object. And it doesn't mention it, but it seems likely that each route should also have its own DirectionsService object. You're sharing a single one of each these objects among all your routes. I suspect that these shared objects are getting overwritten for each route.
Here's an update that should fix that by creating new objects for each route:
    jQuery(document).ready(function($) {

    var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map_canvas"), {
        zoom: 13,
        mapTypeId: 'roadmap'
    });

    // Try HTML5 geolocation
    if(navigator.geolocation) {
        navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(function(position) {
            var pos = new google.maps.LatLng(position.coords.latitude, position.coords.longitude);
            map.setCenter(pos);
            map.setZoom(13);
        }, function() {
            handleNoGeolocation(true);
        });
    } else {
        // Browser doesn't support Geolocation
        handleNoGeolocation(false);
    }

    // Change this depending on the name of your PHP file
    $.get("xml.php", function( xml ) {
        var markers = xml.documentElement.getElementsByTagName("marker");
        for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
            addMarkerPair( markers[i] );
        }
    }, 'xml' );
});

function addMarkerPair( pair ) {
    function get( name ) {
        return pair.getAttribute( name );
    }
    var title = get("title");
    var mode = get("mode");
    var startpoint = new google.maps.LatLng(
        +get("startlat"),
        +get("startlng")
    );
    var endpoint = new google.maps.LatLng(
        +get("endlat"),
        +get("endlng")
    );
    calcRoute( mode, startpoint, endpoint );
    console.log('marker');
}

function calcRoute( mode, startpoint, endpoint ) {
    var directionsService = new google.maps.DirectionsService();
    var directionsDisplay = new google.maps.DirectionsRenderer();
    directionsDisplay.setMap(map);
    var request = {
        origin: startpoint,
        destination: endpoint,
        //waypoints: waypts,
        travelMode: google.maps.DirectionsTravelMode[mode]
    };
    directionsService.route(request, function(response, status) {
        if (status == google.maps.DirectionsStatus.OK) {
            directionsDisplay.setDirections(response);
        }
    });
}

I also took the liberty of fixing and simplifying a few things:

*

*Moved the marker loop body out to a separate addMarkerPair function for better readability.

*Added a get function inside addMarkerPair as a shorthand for pair.getAttribute.

*Used + instead of parseInt. Either one will do the same thing; I like + for its brevity.

*Add several missing var declarations.

*Passed the necessary parameters to calcRoute as function parameters instead of global variables.

*Used $.get instead of downloadUrl. No need for your own function when jQuery has it already.

Also, as another alternative to the XML parsing, you could use jQuery to access the XML elements. But I stuck with code closer to how you're already doing it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The init script takes 5 seconds to get the IP address of the server. The Snakeoil-REST server is held up waiting for this to complete.
Send the IP code to the background instead, thereby improving the startup time of the REST server by 5 seconds.


We want to thank all of you for coming out and honoring Sean with the balloon release on Sunday. For those of you unable to make it, we captured the memory in this video.
We invite you to post your own photos, videos, and special memories on the Remembering Sean page of this website.
This is such a fun and sweet tribute to your Sean, who surely was just as fun and sweet. Thanks for sharing with us who could only be sending off a balloon in spirit.
As a close friend to Carolyn Keen I am in awe of the wonderful spirit the students and families have shared surrounding Sean and his family with their love and support.
Thank you so much for sharing this for those of us who couldn't be there. What a beautiful way to celebrate his life–and the photos were just so great to see, too.
Sean Urda Memorial Soccer Foundation Copyright 2015 © All Rights Reserved.


text:
By Moises Llorens
Sources: Barcelona monitoring Rashford, Mata
With Paul Pogba linked with a return to Juventus and no players signed yet this summer, ESPN FC's Steve Nicol says Manchester United need to up their game in the transfer market.
Sid Lowe shares the latest on Antoine Griezmann's links to Barcelona, and his hunch the dressing room would prefer Neymar return than bring in the Atleti star.
Barcelona are monitoring Marcus Rashford and Juan Mata's contract situations but neither of the two Manchester United players are priorities for the Catalan club, sources have told ESPN FC.
Rashford, 21, has just one year to run on his deal at Old Trafford, although United have an option to extend his deal by an additional year.
A source at Barcelona has confirmed that the La Liga champions are following the striker as talks continue with the English side over a new contract.
However, the same source adds that Rashford is not one of the club's top targets this summer, given they remain hopeful of strengthening their attack with the arrival of Atletico Madrid's Antoine Griezmann. The France forward has already confirmed his desire to change clubs and his release clause drops to €120 million on July 1.
Keep or dump: Squads examined
Barcelona: Who will play alongside Messi up front?
Man United: Who should Solskjaer build around?
Real Madrid: Zidane must rebuild without Bale
Man City: What now for Guardiola's champions?
Bayern Munich: What will the German champs look like?
- LIVE Transfer Talk: Latest rumours
- Fantasy: Set lineups, check scores!
In addition, Barca are aware that it would be difficult to thrash out a deal with United. A few months ago, when ESPN FC first reported the Catalans were tracking Rashford, a high-ranking executive at the club joked that signing him "would be as difficult as getting a date with Cindy Crawford."
Meanwhile, sources have confirmed to ESPN FC that Barcelona have also sounded out the possibility of signing Rashford's teammate Mata, who is out of contract this summer.
Barca looked into the deal because he was offered on a free but sources at the club say it's not something they are actively pursuing. They are well covered in attack and midfield, so there would not be room for him in the squad unless a number of players left.
"Signing [Mata] is not a priority but we have to keep an eye on these kinds of opportunities which come up on the transfer market," a Barcelona source said. "He's a player available for free, with a lot of quality and who is very versatile."
Mata would be open to returning to Spain but knows a move to Barca is unlikely. He could choose to stay at United, with negotiations for a new deal still ongoing and improved terms being offered just three weeks ago, sources say.
"He's loved in Manchester and he feels very happy there," a source close to the player told ESPN FC at the same time he confirmed the contact with Barcelona.


We would like to interview each family of Candidates receiving the Sacrament of Confirmation in 2020 and the new families entering the process for Confirmation 2020.
We employ Sign-Up Genius to facilitate sign-ups for the interviews. Click here to set up an interview. Be sure that your interview time follows attendance at the Family Information Session.


Today I joined a gym!
I took those brave steps into the unknown and popped into my local Fitness Express gym to sign up for a membership. Feeling like a fish out of water (as let's face it I'm not exactly the vision of health & fitness) I was welcomed by Nathan who kindly gave me the guided tour of the facilities and explained exactly what was available for me to use.
I've always used the excuse that I don't have time to attend the gym, but in reality they open early in the morning and don't close until 9pm weekdays and 8pm on weekends. So I'm hoping to go once I have dropped Roo and Tigger at school on Tuesdays and Thursdays mornings (depending on whether I have to cover my job share) plus a an hour or so Sundays whilst Mr Boo is at home with the kids. I can opt to take Roo with me swimming and just pay £2.75 for her which I think will be lovely as Tigger really hates swimming.
So that I can work on all my problem areas I have a chat booked with one of the fitness assistants who will draw a personalised plan for me depending on what I want to achieve from attending the gym. Following that I will have an induction on how to use all the different pieces of equipment safely.
I have absolutely nothing that is considered gym clothing, well maybe an old polo shirt but I don't think the paint splatters would go down too well. I've got a good pair of trainers and I need to get a good sports bra but other than that I am at a loss as to what I need to buy.
Do you attend a gym?
What would be your clothing recommendations?
Working for the NHS I am lucky in that many different places offer discount (much to Mr Boo's embarrassment when I'm asking at the checkout of various places… if you don't ask, you don't get) so I of course asked whether I'd get any discount and I managed to bag 15% off my membership each month… result!
Well done you!! I have never been brave enough to join a gym!
I love going to the gym, I go 150 times a year and have done for the last 5 years. Once you find an exercise that you love doing, then it becomes much easier to find the time. Personally I very rarely go in the main gym and almost always do either BodyPump or BodyCombat classes.
As for clothes, TK Maxx are pretty good for gym wear, and Marks and Spencer have some nice stuff too. I don't normally go for brand names, but all my Nike, Reebok and Adidas stuff has lasted for years. Adidas have got a pretty good sale on their website right now.
At minimum you need a couple of pairs of fitness leggings (not normal leggings as they don't have enough lycra and will go see through at the bum) and a few fitted tops (not loose t shirts because as soon as you bend over they will fly up over your head).
I struggle with the gym as I have a problem with my hip so can't do anything high impact like classes or running but I have recently found a love for a spinning class, which is my new "thing".
I got some new workout bottoms from H&M, which are really comfy and cheap. And I like old t-shirts, often my Husband's, for working out. I'm planning to join the gym in September when my youngest begins attending nursery in the mornings. Good luck!
Woohoo! Although I totally have in my mind that episode of friends with Chandler "I wanna quit the gym" – hahah!
I'm sure you'll love it 🙂 I tend to get tops from TKmax and my favourite sports bra is a hand-me-down from my best mate which is from Primark!! It's great for lower impact stuff (walking/cross-trainer/weights) but maybe get something a little more substantial for running! I also only really like nike for bottoms – I prefer the three-quarter length leggings and make sure they come over your tummy – do some lunges in the fitting room – because if they don't I find that I'm forever pulling them up or have belly overhang. Not a good look either way!
If there was one close to me with a swimming pool I would too. I hope that you manage to turn it into a habit. Way to go.
Yay! Go you! I always hated sport and fitness as kid and thankfully because of my back I'm not allowed to do any way.I think I'm in a minority though.
The hardest thing about taking up any kind of exercise is going the first few times. Once you're over that hurdle it honestly gets so much easier. As for kit – don't buy everything at first. As long as you've got a decent pair of trainers on your feet, any old tracksuit bottoms and a t-shirt will be just fine.
Yay for you. I am so thinking about it. What puts me off if the other clientele in ours locally, sitting in a Jacuzzi full of muscled/skinny 20 year old students or having to listen to ladies what lunch waffling on. I need to find a low key cheap gym 🙂 Nike bottoms work for me too. Whatever you are comfy in to.be honest, I find the people with the best kit often do the least work. I like old t shirts rather than clingy lycra!
Good for you! I've never joined a gym, and really need to get fitter, I'm scooting to school, and power walking too at the moment. Not sure its making much difference tho.
oh best of luck to you!
I go regularly and enjoy it and enjoy meeting friends there. I just wear trainers, tee shirt and tracky bottoms. Go swimming there too sometimes.


Wow that looks like an amazing trip!
Thanks, it really exceeded my expectations!
never been to that Hell 🙂 And never been to the Cayman Islands, though now I want to! Especially to see that lake cave and the iguanas!
I live not too far from Hell, MI (which, by the way, is frozen over today). Worth visiting once, I suppose. There's a saloon (of course), and a Halloween shop. But there are some terrific trails in that area and I run them several times a year.
One quick story: Run Woodstock, which has its base at Hell Creek Ranch, holds a "natural run" option at night. One year a few nature-lovers got lost and wound up in all their glory in…downtown Hell. Don't say you weren't warned about such activities.
I love that they ended up in Hell! That must have made for one great running story!
Natural running just doesn't sound like a good idea to me. I like my boxer briefs when running, and I'm sure there is a good reason women wear sports bras!
We had so much fun! The island is just packed with great things to see and do. I hope you enjoy it when you go!
Me too! These were the first caves I've seen in the Caribbean. I guess I normally associate caves with more mountainous regions.
The limestone formations in Hell are hellish looking. Thanks for sharing!
Lovely post…it's the first time that I have seen so many bats together.
Thank you! I was intrigued by all of the bats. The ironic part of that is even though bats eat mosquitoes, my family and I got so many mosquito bites when we were touring the area where the caves are. I can't imagine how much worse it would be without the bats.
Actually it looked scary…I get you ….cant imagine the number of mosquitos.


text:
Q: How does the common emitter configuration offer higher output impedance? I know that the base-collector region is reverse biased and because of that it offers high resistance but it is the resistance due to biasing.
In a video, the person was explaining the hybrid-pi model and he said that there is also the resistance of the material that comes into play, calculated from base to collector terminal and that resistance is the output resistance of the common-emitter configuration and is high.
If we don't consider the resistance offered by the reverse-biased voltage of the base-collector region as the output resistance then how does the material resistance of from base-collector offer higher resistance? The resistance is also there in base-emitter junction, so should we also call that input resistance high as well?

A: My recommendation: In general, one should not blindly trust "a person" who tries to explain something in a video.
Of course, it is correct that the "material" (ohmic effects?) inside the transistor will contribute to the overall behaviour of the BJT - however, to a very small and negligible amount ony.
I am afraid, the "person" did not know about the Early effect which is responsible to the large output resistance at the collector node (a non-ideal current source).
This is not a static but a dynamic resistance - it can be visualized by the small slope of the Ic=f(Vce) characteristic (for constant Ib or constant Vbe).

A: Ic is a voltage-controlled(Vbe) current sink (Ic)  with some Early Effect leakage resistance but otherwise high impedance output by design.
An Ideal current sink is infinite but over the linear range Rce has the leakage effect of the "Early voltage" resistance.
However, when saturated (Vbc for PN jcn. >0) hFE declines rapidly to a low % of linear hFE then ΔVce/ΔIc=Rce acts as a switch resistor instead of a current sink.

should we also call that input resistance high as well?

Well it's not a current sink but rather an hFE amplifier impedance.


text:
The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck
by Web Gallery of Art
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The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin painting by the Netherlandish Renaissance artist Jan van Eyck (c. 1390-1441 CE). Nicholas Rolin was the Chancellor of Burgundy when the painting was created c. 1435 CE. (Louvre, Paris)
Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by Web Gallery of Art. Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 15 October 2020. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Public Domain. This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
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Ghent Altarpiece
The Ghent Altarpiece, otherwise known as The Adoration of the Mystic...
Copies & Fakes in Art during the Renaissance
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Life in a Renaissance Artist's Workshop
The majority of great Renaissance works of art were produced in...
Art, W. G. o. (2020, October 15). The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12906/the-virgin-of-chancellor-rolin-by-jan-van-eyck/
Art, Web Gallery of. "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified October 15, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12906/the-virgin-of-chancellor-rolin-by-jan-van-eyck/.
Art, Web Gallery of. "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 15 Oct 2020. Web. 31 Jan 2023.


Who is a Muslim? A Muslim by broad definition is one who submits his or her will to the one true God. A more detailed definition of a Muslim is one who believes in one God and also believes that Mohammad (peace be upon him) was the last messenger sent to guide humanity towards the righteous path.
After this declaration of faith, you should try your best to learn and follow the commands of God (Allah) through His last book, the Quran, and the teachings of His messenger Mohammed (peace be upon him).
Once you accept Islam, Allah forgives all your previous sins, no matter how many or how big they may be.This is a huge blessing for new Muslims.
2011 -2012 Walk-In Islamic InfoCenter.


On September 27 2016, Ralph Webb walked the beach where his father, Lt Col Roland H Webb DSO, Commanding Officer of the 12th Field Regiment RCA, landed on D-Day, June 6, 1944. This was Ralph's first visit to Juno Beach and The Juno Beach Centre, Canada's Second World War museum and cultural centre located in Normandy, France. The Centre pays homage to the 45,000 Canadians who lost their lives during the War, of which 5,500 were killed during the Battle of Normandy and 359 on D-Day. The Centre was opened in 2003 by veterans and volunteers with a vision to create a permanent memorial to all Canadians who served during the Second World War. Its mandate is to preserve this legacy for future generations through education and remembrance.
Ralph Webb's first visit to Juno Beach Centre, standing beside the Kiosk where his father has a plaque.
I first met Ralph at the Officers' Mess of the 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA at Bessborough Armoury in Vancouver. We were introduced as fellow "sons of gunners" but as soon as I found out Ralph's father had been the Commanding Officer of my father's Regiment; a special bond was quick to follow. Ralph shared with me that he always planned to visit Juno Beach someday to see the famous beach where the Canadians breached the vaunted Atlantic wall. Well, it just happened that I was planning a trip to Vimy and The Juno Beach Centre with a group of close friends the following year and he signed up on the spot. Ralph was a welcome addition to our tour and quickly distinguished himself as group photographer.
It is difficult to describe the emotion that I saw on the faces of our group of eight Canadians when they exited the video "They walk with you" at the Juno Beach Centre, but it was the first time I had seen many of my friends with a tear in their eye. When you appreciate the great sacrifice and sense of responsibility these men shared on that beach 72 years ago, it is no wonder so many Canadians have put visiting Juno Beach high on their bucket list.
On Dec. 16 2016 the 'From Vimy to Juno' Travelling Exhibit will be on display for a special reception at the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada newly renovated armoury on Burrard Street in Vancouver. The 'From Vimy to Juno' Travelling Exhibit provides an opportunity for Canadians of all ages to learn about Canada's role in the First and Second World Wars. It draws parallels between the two wars and examines Canada as a nation from 1914 to 1945. This exhibit was developed by the Juno Beach Centre in partnership with the Vimy Foundation, made possible through the generous support of the Department of Canadian Heritage.
I encourage you to register for this special reception and start making your own plans for visiting both Vimy and the Juno Beach Centre in France.


This entry was posted in 2012-2013, ECC Brussels on 1 October, 2011 by portal_admin.
In 1941, New Yorkers were looking for some entertainment to take their minds off of the war in Europe and the growing fear that America would be pulled into it. Broadway gave them exactly what they were looking for: Arsenic and Old Lace. The play became an immediate critical and popular success, running for over 1,000 performances. It also became a hit in England in 1942 as theatergoers who were suffering through post-blitz London lined up for tickets. In 1944, Hollywood produced a film version starring Cary Grant that became a huge box office success.
Mortimer is about to propose to his sweetheart when he discovers that his two dear but eccentric aunts poison lonely old bachelors with their elderberry wine and have a number of corpses buried in the cellar. And it gets worse. Throw in one brother who thinks he's Teddy Roosevelt, another who is a psychopathic killer, plus a slightly intoxicated plastic surgeon, and you'll be laughing the entire way through.
This entry was posted in 2012-2013, American Theatre Company on 22 October, 2011 by portal_admin.
There is a cast of 12 – Bloom, Molly, Stephen and young Stephen (boy) play themselves throughout while the many characters who people Bloom's day are played by 4 actors and 4 actresses – each taking on a variety of different roles – all ages required.
The play will be directed by Colma O'Luanaigh and will run from Tuesday 13 to Saturday 17 of November in the Scarabaeus Espace Théâtrale in Schaerbeek.
This entry was posted in 2012-2013, Irish Theatre Group on 13 November, 2011 by portal_admin.


Fits approximately a ladies' Medium to Large (7.5-8" / 19-20.5 cm hand circumference). Be sure to keep your floats loose to ensure a proper fit.
I love the look of corrugated ribbing, and wanted that to be the highlight of these mittens. It works great for fingerless mittens because it keeps the mittens fairly tight to your hands while staying stretchy - very helpful when you're wearing them and you want to type or knit!
DK weight yarn in two contrasting colours.
Sample was knit in Colour Adventures Dia Merino DK (DK, 100% superwash merino, 211 meters/231 yards per 100 gram hank), 1 skein in Pumpkin, 1 skein in Olive Grove.
Set of 5 US Size 4 (3.5mm) Double Pointed Needles.
Very short (9"/22cm) sock needles or very long circulars and the magic loop method can be used, but you will need the DPNs for the thumb!
22.5 sts and 29 rounds = 4" (10 cm) in stockinette stitch knit in the round, after light blocking.
Fits approximately a ladies' Medium to Large (7.5-8" / 19-20.5 cm hand circumference). Be sure to keep your floats loose to ensure a proper fit.
This pattern has been tech edited and test knit for errors and clarity. However, if you do run into any trouble, just email Sarah@KnitaBitofWhimsy.com and we'll get you sorted out!


You can credit Chicago's recent boom in boutique hotels with revving up an historic 16-story building once home to the Chicago Motor Club, which rolled back onto the market in May as a Hampton Inn.
As AN wrote at the project's inception, the design draws heavily on 68 East Wacker Place's history. Perhaps most notably, Hartshorne Plunkard Architecture retained a 29-foot mural by Chicago artist John Warner Norton that suggests cross-country driving routes from 1927. Mural restoration expert Dmitri Rybchenkov, of the Chicago firm Restoration Division, led those efforts.
In addition to the mural, other details recall the building's original identity as a motorist's mecca. To wit, an original 1928 Ford Model A overlooks the lobby. Interior designers with Gettys One also worked to restore many of the art deco details originally included by architects Holabird & Root.
Vacant for over a decade, the building was destined for demolition before developer John T. Murphy, president of Murphy Asset Management, cobbled together historic preservation tax credits and financing from the Hampton Inn hotel chain to revive the short yet handsome structure.


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Dorinda Balchin – Author
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Recommended Read – The Book Of Negroes by Lawrence Hill
February 7, 2021 Book reviewsAfrica, America, Black Lives Matter, book review, historical fiction, Historical Novel, history, Nova Scotia, Sierra Leone, slaveryDorinda Balchin
WINNER OF THE COMMONWEALTH PRIZE FOR FICTION
Based on a true story, Lawrence Hill's epic novel spans three continents and six decades to bring to life a dark and shameful chapter in our history through the story of one brave and resourceful woman.
Abducted from her West African village at the age of eleven and sold as a slave in the American South, Aminata Diallo thinks only of freedom – and of finding her way home again.
After escaping the plantation, torn from her husband and child, she passes through Manhattan in the chaos of the Revolutionary War, is shipped to Nova Scotia, and then joins a group of freed slaves on a harrowing return odyssey to Africa.
The Book Of Negroes is an incredibly moving story which draws you in right from the first page when we are introduced to Aminata, an eleven-year-old Muslim girl who can read the Quran and is already an accomplished midwife – not the naked savage which was how the peoples of Africa were described in a perverted excuse for the slave trade. Firmly rooted in historical fact, Mr Hill enables the reader to discover more about a multitude of aspects of life for those who were torn from their homes and sold into slavery. This is a compelling story moving from freedom in Africa to the indigo plantations of the New World, from initial freedom in New York to failed promises by the British in Nova Scotia and on the exodus back to Africa; and the character of Aminata is a believable and compekking companion on our journey.
The Book of Negroes in the title is an actual historical document and is the largest single document about black people in North America up until the eighteenth century. Containing the names and details of 3,000 black people who received freedom from the British at the end of the American War of Independence, Mr Hill has utilised this document as a source for the characters who people this novel. Some of these characters are real historical individuals, but the fictional ones are also totally believable as they are well drawn, both physically and emotionally, and give an insight into the traumatic lives that these people lived. The dialogue is also strong and believable, which allows the story to develop and flow realistically.
The author has great skill at descriptive prose, and the reader cannot fail to be moved by the beautiful rendering of the land or the visceral horrors of the Atlantic crossing, the contrasting life on slave plantations and in the city, the clothes and food of the different strata of society. But, above all, this is a beautiful and compelling, dark and harrowing, totally engrossing story of the slave trade.
As the world begins to openly face the history of slavery, I believe that The Book Of Negroes is a must read for all.
The Book Of Negroes can be found on Amazon
You can find out more about Lawrence Hill here
You can find more of my Recommended Reads here
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1 thought on "Recommended Read – The Book Of Negroes by Lawrence Hill"
Allie Sumner says:
Thanks for sharing. I added this to my TBR. It's such an important book.
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80 years since the first use of an ejector seat from a jet plane
Recommended Read – At First Light by Vanessa Lafaye
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Recommended Read – A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini
Lest we forget – One hundred years of the Royal British Legion
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The monument consists of the well-preserved remains of a fish weir, dating to the medieval or post-medieval period. A fish weir is characterised by a fence or row of stakes, often with nets attached forming an enclosure within a river or harbour and used for catching, or holding, fish. Llanddona fish weir is crescent-shaped and comprises two slightly curving arms defined by spread banks of stone. The inner arm is some 120m in length and runs at 135 degrees from the shore; the outer extends to a length of 225m and runs in the reverse direction across the bay. The weir's simple form may indicate an early date within the local sequence. It is first recorded in Baron Hill Estate papers of the 17th century and is also marked on a chart of 1748.
It is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of medieval or post-medieval maritime agricultural practices. The monument is the better preserved of only two surviving weirs of this type in Gwynedd and it retains significant archaeological potential, with a strong probability of the presence of associated archaeological features and deposits. The structure itself may be expected to contain archaeological information concerning chronology and building techniques.


I didn't mean to starve her of liquid!
Of course you didn't, Fishers! I understand that Dogs living in hot climes need dry food to keep up their fluid intake. She is not a poor little animal and you are absolutely worthy of the trust you were afforded.
Best dreams, Hedgers and all.
I was 6. The North West 6.30pm news show with Bill Grundy was on. He referred to a new song with the up & coming local band The Beekles was to be played live in't studio.
They came on & played that dirge.
"She loves you, yeah ,yeah, yeah.
6yr old me thought whatever 6 yr olds say for "what a load of bollox".
It was the Stones for me from then.
You do realise that I have to update the Ma nightly on the Hound, don't you?
Yipping gently in her sleep, so That Fish tells me.
Pluto the Renewer, is it?
What about the sizeable proportion of the asteroid belt composed of overdue library books?
But all we need to do is shift the Earth a little bit*, and the skies will open with free booze!
* ™ Feral Techie Engineering Consultancy, motto "we already have a place to stand". Not responsible for biosphere collapse.
Very wise, Twellsy. The booze may be cheap, but the atmosphere? Non-existent*.
A man walks into a bar. As he passes the cigarette machine, he hears it say, "You smell bad and you are ugly." Then he hears a voice apparently coming from a nearby plate of peanuts. "You really are a very handsome young man." the nuts claim.
The man turns to the bartender and asks for an explination.
If I feed Feral bacon butties and me made hot cross buns washed down with beer will he leave Earth alone and reasonably safe in its orbit for a few million years?
Worth a try, says, Feral.


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St Ives September Festival 2020
Various locations, St Ives, Cornwall, UK, TR26
The St Ives September Festival began in a back kitchen in Teetotal Street in September 1977 bringing together the diverging interests of several arts and music professionals. The first Festival, which ran from 14th to 24th September 1978 was already ambitious in its scope and covered folk music, dance, fine arts, chamber music, poetry, arts & crafts and theatre, and even featured a very young Nigel Kennedy.
The Festival has continued ever since, with a few short breaks, and with different organisations responsible for arranging the programme. It has always been a very important part of the town's cultural life, and people come from year to year to take advantage of the very wide range of events that are on offer.
Currently the committee consisted of about sixteen people of varying expertise, all of whom are volunteers. The Committee oversees the organisation of the Festival and each member is responsible for their own area of interest.
With at least two hundred events the recent Festival has been more ambitious than ever; reaching out to all ages and interests, in various venues around the town.
St Ives annual music and arts festival which features a host of events across town.
Street Entertainment
Admission (most events)
Tickets in advance from Visit St Ives Information Centre
January 2019 Press release
Folk music stars Dougie MacLean, Sam Kelly and The Lost Boys, Dervish, Geoff Lakeman and Show of Hands are all heading to The Guildhall for this year's St Ives September Festival. MacLean, who famously wrote the Scottish "anthem" Caledonia and music for the film Last of the Mohicans, will open the annual 15-day Festival of music and arts on Saturday, September 14, seven years after his last St Ives appearance.
He has played concerts and festivals all over the world including New York's Carnegie Hall, Glasgow's Royal Concert Hall and London's Festival Theatre.
His ending of the closing ceremony at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow – with Kylie Minogue and Lulu – was viewed by more than a billion people worldwide.
Numerous gold discs for album sales, two prestigious Tartan Clef Awards, a place in the Scottish Music Hall of Fame and a Lifetime Achievement Award from BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards were followed by an OBE in the New Year Honours list!
Bristol-based Sam Kelly – who took the Horizon prize for emerging talent at the 2016 Radio 2 Folk Awards – will bring his Lost Boys to The Guildhall on Wednesday, September 18, after fronting The Changing Room and also guesting with the John McCusker Band at the 2017 St Ives Festival.
Dervish, who have have played festivals from Rio to Glastonbury, toured with the Irish President and struck up tunes on the Great Wall of China, will be hoping for a more leisurely arrival in St Ives on Friday, September 20, than they had on their last appearance in 2015.
A flight delay resulted in a car dash which saw them arrive at The Guildhall less than 15 minutes before they were due on stage for their sold-out performance.
Cornishman Geoff Lakeman, who has lived on Dartmoor for 40 years, continues recent Lakeman family appearances which saw son Seth sell out last year's opening night, daughter-in-law Cara Dillon and son Sam close the Festival in 2017 while his other son Sean and wife Kathryn Roberts appeared at the St Ives Festival in 2015.
Former Fleet Street journalist Geoff, who since retiring brought out his appropriately-named debut album After All These Years in 2017, appears on Friday, September 27.
West Country favourites Show of Hands – St Ives Festival patrons Steve Knightley and Phil Beer – close this year's Festival the following night.
They have sold out London's Royal Albert Hall four times and all the tickets for their last appearance together at St Ives two years ago were snapped up well in advance.
Also around
St Ives Walks
Various guided walks through St Ives and the surrounding area
The Minack Theatre
Known across the globe, The Minack is an awe-inspiring open-air theatre carved from the cliffs high above Porthcurno beach.
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Our chalets offer daytime freedom for all the family to store their beach goods and to come and go as they please.
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Rated-R Superstar Adam Copeland Gets G-Rated with "Bookaboo"
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What Ever Happened to the Summer Blockbuster Movie Theme Song?
This wreaks of awesomeness. Amazon just launched a new "Original Kids" series last week called Bookaboo, and all signs point to it becoming the new Reading Rainbow. The series focuses on a rock-star puppy named Bookaboo. The drummer tours the world with his band, but can't play without a story a day read by a different celeb each time out. Paula Abdul, Emily Van Camp, and wrestler-turned-actor Adam Copeland (formerly Edge in the WWE) are among the talents who appear on respective episodes.
We caught up with Copeland recently, and asked him to weigh in on the show, his acting career, and the state of professional wrestling. Read on! (Get it?)
What was the initial attraction to Bookaboo?
For me, this was a no brainer. It involves children, a rock n' roll drumming dog who needs a book read to him, and promotes parental reading and quality time with your children. Sold.
It's been compared to Reading Rainbow. What were your go-to shows as a kid?
I grew up in Southern Ontario, so for me, The Littlest Giant was a huge one (Get it? Hey, I'm a dad, I'm allowed bad jokes now.), Polka Dot Door, Commander Tom (out of Buffalo), Hammy Hamster, The Secret Railroad, and The Hilarious House of Frankenstein.
What kind of student were you in school?
Average. Stayed out of trouble, believe it or not. Loved the arts and sports. Drama, English, art class, and every sport I could play…which explains why I ended up in WWE for so many years.
You're doing a lot of acting lately. Can you describe the rush you get filming scenes on, for example, Vikings compared to your ring work?
Filming scenes for something like Vikings gives you more time to study and have choices going into it. They can change at any time because the scene can be blocked an entirely different way than you envisioned, but you can have some sort of idea.
Generally, I have a sense when I start a scene how it's going, but you never fully know until you see the final product after its edited, with music, etc. With wrestling, and I'm assuming theater, you know right away if something is working, and whether you need to switch gears. There's a rush that comes with both to be honest.
How would you describe the current state of pro-wrestling – any personal favorites in the ring?
Wrestling will always be sewn in the fabric of pop culture. It will never go away. It will always have its ebbs and flows. I don't know if it will ever ascend to the mountaintops of the [Steve] Austin and The Rock era again, but that's no commentary on the talent. Just a sign of the times we live in with so many entertainment outlets. Currently, AJ Styles is on fire and I'm glad he's finally getting a shot to show what he can do on the biggest stage. I've been on "The Revival" bandwagon before they had a bandwagon.
Who would your dream opponent be in the ring – fictional or real?
I would have loved an Ironman match with Bret Hart, or Texas Rattlesnake Steve Austin vs. Rated R Superstar Edge each in our prime. Or because I'm a comic geek, Daredevil or Deadpool.
Totally shifting gears, can you impart some words of wisdom to my nearly two-year-old son?
When in doubt, take a deep breath
A-Sides' "Delve Into Twelve" Countdown
Each week A-Sides unleashes its top 12 tracks of the week AKA the "Delve Into Twelve" based on the following contributing factors: songs I'm playing out that particular week (no matter when they were released — think overlooked songs, unreleased tracks and old favorites), songs various publicists are trying to get me to listen to that I did and dug a bunch, song posts and trends I've noticed on my friends' Facebook walls and, most importantly: what my preschooler is currently enjoying thoroughly with an assist from my toddler.
About A-Sides with Jon Chattman – thisisasides.com :
Jon Chattman's music/entertainment series typically features celebrities and artists (established or not) from all genres performing a track, and discussing what it means to them. This informal series focuses on the artist making art in a low-threatening, extremely informal (sometime humorous) way. No bells, no whistles — just the music performed in a random, low-key setting followed by an unrehearsed chat. In an industry where everything often gets overblown and over manufactured, Jon strives for a refreshing change. (Theme song by Blondfire.) Artists featured on the series include Imagine Dragons, Melissa Etheridge, Yoko Ono, Elle King, Joe Perry, Alice Cooper, James Bay, Jimmy Eat World, Charli XCX, Marina and the Diamonds, and Bastille.
Tags: A Sides with Jon Chattman, a-sides, adam copeland, aj styles, bookaboo, bret hart, Delve Into Twelve, edge, family show, Jon Chattman, pro wrestling, rated-r superstar, scholastic kids, stone cold steve austin, The Littlest Giant, the rock, vikings, World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling, WWE
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What Should We Call the Language of Mathematica?
At the core of Mathematica is a language. A very powerful symbolic language. Built up with great care over a quarter of a century—and now incorporating a huge swath of knowledge and computation.
Millions and millions of lines of code have been written in this language, for all sorts of purposes. And today—particularly with new large-scale deployment options made possible through the web and the cloud—the language is poised to expand dramatically in usage.
But there's a problem. And it's a problem that—embarrassingly enough—I've been thinking about for more than 20 years. The problem is: what should the language be called?
Usually on this blog when I discuss our activities as a company, I talk about progress we've made, or problems we've solved. But today I'm going to make an exception, and talk instead about a problem we haven't solved, but need to solve.
You might say, "How hard can it be to come up with one name?" In my experience, some names are easy to come up with. But others are really really hard. And this is an example of a really really hard one. (And perhaps the very length of this post communicates some of that difficulty…)
Let's start by talking a little about names in general. There are names like, say, "quark", that are in effect just random words. And that have to get all their meaning "externally", by having it explicitly described. But there are others, like "website" for example, that already give a sense of their meaning just from the words or word roots they contain.
I've named all sorts of things in my time. Science concepts. Technologies. Products. Mathematica functions. I've used different approaches in different cases. In a few cases, I've used "random words" (and have long had a Mathematica-based generator of ones that sound good). But much more often I've tried to start with a familiar word or words that capture the essence of what I'm naming.
And after all, when we're naming things related to our company, we already have a "random" base word: "wolfram". For a while I was a bit squeamish about using it, being that it's my last name. But in recent years it's increasingly been the "lexical glue" that holds together the names of most of the things we're doing.
And so, for example, we have products like Wolfram Finance Platform or Wolfram SystemModeler for professional markets that have that "random" wolfram word, but otherwise try to say more or less directly what they are and what they do.
Wolfram|Alpha is aimed at a much broader audience, and is a more complex case. Because in a short name we need to capture an almost completely new concept. We describe Wolfram|Alpha as a "computational knowledge engine". But how do we shorten that to a name?
I spent a very long time thinking about it, and eventually decided that we couldn't really communicate the concept in the name, and instead we should just communicate some of the sense and character of the system. And that was how we ended up with "alpha": with "alphabet simplicity", a connection to language, a technical character, a tentative software step, and the first, the top. And I'm happy to say the name has worked out very well.
OK. So what about the language that we're trying to name? What should it be called?
Well, I'm pretty sure the word "language" should appear in the name, or at least be able to be tacked onto the name. Because if nothing else, what we've got really is quintessentially a language: a set of constructs that can be strung together to represent an infinite range of meanings.
Our language, though, works in a somewhat different way from ordinary human natural language—most importantly, because it's completely executable: as soon as we express something in the language, that immediately gives us a specification for a unique sequence of computational actions that should be taken.
And in this respect, our language is like a typical computer language. But there is a crucial difference, both practical and philosophical. Typical computer languages (like C or Java or Python) have a small collection of simple built-in operations, and then concentrate on ways to organize those operations to build up programs. But in our language—built right into the language—is a huge amount of computation capability and knowledge.
In a typical computer language, there might be libraries that exist for different kinds of computations. But they're not part of the language, and there's no guarantee they fit together or can be built on. But in our language, the concept from the very beginning has been to build as much as possible in, to have a coherent structure in which as much is automated as possible. And in practice this means that our language has thousands of carefully designed functions and structures that automate a vast range of computations and deliver knowledge in immediately usable ways.
So while in some aspects of its basic mode of operation our language is similar to typical computer languages, its breadth and content is much more reminiscent of human languages—and in a sense it generalizes and deepens both concepts of language.
But OK, what should it be called? Well, I first started thinking about this outrageously long ago—actually in 1990. The software world was different then, and there were different ways we might have deployed the language back then. But despite having put quite a bit of software engineering work into it, we in the end never released it at all. And the single largest reason for that, embarrassingly enough, was that we just couldn't come up with a name for it that we liked.
The "default name" that we used in the development process was the M Language, with M presumably short for Mathematica. But I never liked this. It seemed too much like C—a language which I'd used a lot, but whose character and capabilities were utterly different from our language. And particularly given the name "C", M seemed to suggest a language somehow based on "math". Yet even at that time—and to a vastly greater extent today—the language is about much much more than math. Yes, it can do math really well. But it's broad and deep, and can do an immense range of other algorithmic and computational things—and also an increasing range of things related to built-in knowledge.
One might ask why Mathematica is named as it is. Well, that was a difficult naming process too. The original development name for Mathematica was Omega (and there are still filetype registrations for Mathematica based on that). Then there was a brief moment when it was renamed Polymath. Then Technique. And then there were a whole collection of possibilities, captured in this old list:
But finally, at the urging of Steve Jobs, we settled on a name that we had originally rejected for being too long: Mathematica. My original conception of the system—as well as the foundations we built for it—went far beyond math. But math was the first really obvious application area—which is why, when Mathematica was first released, we described it as "a system for doing mathematics by computer".
I've always liked Mathematica as a name. And back in 1988 when Mathematica was launched, it introduced in many ways a new type of name for a computer system, with a certain classical stylishness. In the years since, the name Mathematica has been widely imitated (think Modelica, for example). But it's become clear that for Mathematica itself the name "Mathematica" is in some sense much too narrow—because it gives the idea that all that Mathematica does is math.
For our language we don't want to have the same kind of problem. We want a name that communicates the generality and breadth of the language, and is not tied to one particular application area or type of usage. We want a name that makes sense when the language is used to do tiny pieces of interactive work, or to create giant enterprise applications, and to be used by seasoned software engineers, or by casual script tweakers, or by kids getting their first introduction to programming.
My personal analytics data show that I've been thinking about the problem of naming our language for 23 years—with episodic bursts of activity. As I mentioned, the original internal name was the M Language. More recently the default internal name has been the Wolfram Language.
Back in the early 1990s, one of my favorite ideas was Lingua—the Latin for language (as well, unfortunately, as tongue), analogous to the Latin character of Mathematica. But Lingua just sounded too weird, and the "gwa" was unpronounceable by too many people whose native languages don't contain that sound. There was some brief enthusiasm for Express (think "expression", as well as "express train"), but it died quickly.
There were early suggestions from the MathGroup Mathematica community, like Principia, Harmony, Unity and Tongue (in the latter case, a wag pointed out that bugs could be "slips of the tongue"). One summer intern who worked on the language in 1993 was Sergey Brin (later of Google fame); he suggested the name Thema—"the heart of mathematica" ("ma-thema-tica"). My own notes from that time record rather classical-sounding name ideas like Radix, Plurum, Practica and Programos. And in addition to thinking a lot about it myself, I asked linguists, classicists, marketers and poets—as well as a professional naming expert. But somehow every name either said too little or too much, was too "heavy" or too "light", or for some reason or another just sounded silly. And after more than 20 years, we still don't have a name we like.
But now, with all the new opportunities that exist for it, we just have to release the language—and to do that we have to solve the problem of its name. Which is why I've been thinking hard about it again.
So, what do we want to communicate about the language? First and foremost, as I explained above, it's not like other languages. In a sense, it's a new kind of language. It's computational, but it's also got intrinsic content: broad knowledge, structures and algorithms built in. It's a language that's highly scalable: good for programs ranging from the absolutely tiny to the huge. It's a very general language, useful for a great many different kinds of domains. It's a symbolic language with very clear principles, that can describe arbitrary structures as well as arbitrary data. It's a fusion of many styles of programming, notably functional and pattern based. It's interactive. And it prides itself on coherence of design, and tries to automate as much as possible of what it does.
At this point, we pretty much have to have "wolfram"—or at least some hint of it—in the name. But it would be nice if there was a good short name or nickname too. We want to communicate that the language is something that we as a company take responsibility for, but also that it will be very widely and often freely available—and not some kind of rare expensive thing.
All right. So an obvious first question is: how are languages typically named? Well, in Wolfram|Alpha, we have data on more than 16,000 human languages, current and former. And, for example, of the 100 with the most speakers, 13% end in -ese (think Japanese), 11% in -ic (think Arabic), 8% in -ian (think Russian), 5% in -ish (think English) and 3% in -ali (think Bengali). (If one looks at more languages, -ian becomes more common, and -an and -yi start to appear often too.) So should our language be called Wolframese, Wolframic, Wolframian, Wolframish or Wolframaic? Or perhaps Wolfese, Wolfic or Wolfish? Or Wolfian or Wolfan or Wolfatic, or the exotic Wolfari or Wolfala? Or a variant like Wolvese or Wolvic? There are some interesting words here, but to me they all sound a bit too much like obscure tribal languages.
OK. So what about computer languages? Well, there's quite a diversity of names. In rough order of their introduction, some notable languages have been: Fortran, LISP, Algol, COBOL, APL, Simula, SNOBOL, BASIC, PL/1, Logo, Pascal, Forth, C, Smalltalk, Prolog, ML, Scheme, C++, Ada, Erlang, Perl, Haskell, Python, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, .NET, Clojure, Go.
So how are these names constructed? Some—particularly earlier ones—are abbreviations, like Fortran ("Formula Translation") and APL ("A Programming Language"). Others are names of people (like Pascal, Ada and Haskell). Others are named for companies, like Erlang ("Ericsson language") and Go ("Google"). And still others are named in whimsical sequences, like BCPL to B to C ("sea") to shell to Perl ("pearl") to Ruby—or just plain whimsically, like Python ("Monty Python"). And these naming trends just continue if one looks at less well-known languages.
There are two important points here: first, it seems like computer languages can be called pretty much anything; unlike for most human languages (which are usually derivative on place names), no special linguistic indicator seems to have emerged for computer languages. And second, the names of computer languages only rarely seem immediately to communicate the special features or aspirations of a given language. Sometimes they refer to computer-language history, but often they just seem like quite random words.
So for us, this suggests that perhaps we should just use our existing "random word", and call our language the Wolfram Language, or WL—or conceivably in short form just Wolfram.
Or we could start from our "random word" wolfram, and go more whimsical. One possibility that has generated some enthusiasm internally is Wolf. Unfortunately wolves tend to have scary associations—but at least the name Wolf immediately suggests an obvious idea for an icon. And we even already have a possible form for it. Because when we introduced special-character fonts for Mathematica in the mid-1990s, we included a \[Wolf] character that was based on a little iconic drawing of mine. Dressing this up could give quite a striking language icon—that could even appear as a single character in a piece of text.
There are variants, like WolframCode or WolframScript—or Wolfcode or Wolfscript—but these sound either too obscure or too lightweight. Then there's the somewhat inelegant WolframLang, or it shorter forms WolfLang and WolfLan, which sound too much like Wolfgang. Then there are names like WolframX and WolfX, but it's not clear the "X" adds much. Same with WolframQ or WolframL. There's also WolframPlus (Wolfram+), WolframStar (Wolfram*) or WolframDot. Or Wolfram1 (when's 2?), WolframCore (remember core memory?) or WolframBase. There are also Greek-letter suffixes, Wolfram|Alpha-style, like Wolfram Omega or Wolfram Lambda ("wolf", "ram" and "lamb": too many animals!). Or one could go shorter, like the W Language, but that sounds too much like C.
Of course, if one's into "wolf whimsical", there are all kinds of places to go. Wolf backwards is Flow, though that hardly seems appropriate for a language so far from simple flowcharts. And then there are names like Howl and Growl which I can't take too seriously. If one goes into wolf folklore, there are plenty of words and names—but they seem more suited to the Middle Ages than the future.
One can go classical, but the Latin word for wolf is Lupus, which is also the name of a disease. And the Greek is Lukos [λυκος], which just seems like a random word to modern ears. With different case endings, one gets "differently styled" words. But none of the alternate cases or variants of these words (like Lupum, Lupa or Lukon) are too promising either—though at least I get to use my knowledge of Latin and Greek from when I was a kid to determine that. (And English forms like Lupine are amusing, but don't make it.)
And in the direction of whimsical, there are also words like Tungsten, the common English name for element 74, whose symbol W stands for "wolfram", and whose most common ore is wolframite. (And no, it was not discovered by an ancestor of mine.)
How about doing something more scientific? Like searching a space of all possible names, "NKS style". For example, one can just try adding all possible single letters to "wolfram", giving such unpromising names as Wolframa, Wolframz and Wolframé. With two letters, one gets things like Wolframos, Wolframix and WolframUp. One can try just appending all possible short words, to get things like WolframHow, WolframWay and WolframArt. And it's a single line of code in our unnamed language (or Mathematica) to find the distribution of, say, what follows "am" in typical English words—yielding ideas like Wolframsu, Wolframity or the truly unfortunate Wolframble.
But what about going in the other direction, and trying to find word forms that actually relate to what we're trying to communicate about the language? A common way to make up new but suggestive forms is to go back to classical or Indo-European roots, and then try to build novel combinations or variants of these. And of course if we use an actual word form from a language, we at least know that it survived the natural selection of linguistic evolution.
There was a time in the past where one could have taken almost any Latin or Greek root, and expected it to be understood in educated company (as perhaps cyber- was when it was introduced from the Greek [κυβερνητης] for steersman or rudder). But in today's world we pretty much have to limit ourselves to roots which are already at least somewhat familiar from existing words.
And in fact, in the relevant area of "semantic space", "lexical space" is awfully crowded with rather common words. "Language", for example, is lingua ("linguistics") or sermo ("sermon") in Latin, and glossa [γλωσσα] ("glossary") or phone [φωνη] ("telephone") in Greek. "Computation" is computatio in Latin, and arithmos [αριθμος] ("arithmetic") or logismos [λογισμος] ("logistics") in Greek. "Knowledge" is scientia ("science") or cognitio ("cognition") in Latin, and episteme [επιστημη] ("epistemology"), mathesis [μαθησις] ("mathematics") or gnosis [γνωσις] ("diagnosis") in Greek. "Reasoning" is ratio ("rational") in Latin, and logos [λογος] ("-ology") in Greek. And so on.
But what can we form from these kinds of roots? I haven't been able to find anything terribly appealing. Typically the names are either ugly, or immediately suggest a meaning that is clearly wrong (like Wolframology or Wolfgloss).
One can look at other languages, and indeed if you just type "translate word" into Wolfram|Alpha (and then press More a few times), you can see translations for as many as a few hundred languages. But typically, beyond Indo-European languages, most of the forms that appear seem random to an English speaker. (Bizarrely, for example, the standard transliteration of the word for "wolf" in Chinese is "lang".)
So where can we go from here? One possible direction is this. We've been trying to find a name by modifying or supplementing the word "wolfram", and expecting that the word "language" will just be added as a suffix. But we need to remember that what we have is really a new kind of language—so perhaps it's the word "language" that we should be thinking of modifying.
But how? There are various prefixes—usually Greek or Latin—that get added, for example, to scientific words to indicate some kind of extension or "beyondness": ana-, alto-, dia-, epi-, exa-, exo-, holo-, hyper-, macro-, mega-, meta-, multi-, neo-, omni-, pan-, pleni-, praeter-, poly-, proto-, super-, uber-, ultra- and so on. And from these Wolfram hyperlanguage (WHL?) is perhaps the nicest possibility—though inevitably it sounds a little "hypey", and is perhaps too reminiscent of hypertext and hyperlinks. (Layering on the Greek and Latin there's Hyperlingua too.)
Wolfram superlanguage, Wolfram omnilanguage and Wolfram megalanguage all sound strangely "last century". Wolfram ultralanguage and Wolfram uberlanguage both seem to be "trying a bit too hard", though Wolfram Ultra (without the "language" at all) is a bit better. Wolfram exolanguage pleasantly shortens to Wolfex, but means the wrong thing (think "exoplanet"). Wolfram epilanguage (or just Wolfram Epi) does better in terms of meaning (think "epistemology"), but sounds very technical.
A rather frustrating case is Wolfram metalanguage (WML). It sounds nice, and in Greek even means more or less the correct thing. But "metalanguage" has already come to have a meaning in English (a language about another language)—and it's not the meaning we want. Wolfram Meta might be better, but has the same problem.
So, OK, if we can't make a prefix to the word "language" work, how about just adding a word or phrase between "wolfram" and "language"? Obviously the resulting name is going to be long. But perhaps it'll have a nice abbreviation or shortening.
One immediate idea is Wolfram Knowledge Language (WKL), but this has the problem of sounding like it might just be a knowledge representation language, not a language that actually incorporates lots of knowledge (as well as algorithms, etc.) More accurate would be Wolfram Knowledge-Based Language (Wolfram KBL), and perhaps whatever the name, "knowledge-based language" could be used as a description.
Another direction is to insert the word "programming". There's of course Wolfram Programming Language (WPL). But perhaps better is to start by describing the new kind of programming that our language makes possible—which one might call "hyperprogramming", or conceivably "metaprogramming". ("Macroprogramming" might have been nice, but it's squashed by the old concept of "macros".) And so conceivably one could have Wolfram Hyperprogramming Language (WolframHL, WolframHPL or WHL) or Wolfram Metaprogramming Language (WML)—or at least one can use "hyperprogramming language" or "metaprogramming language" as description.
OK, so what's the conclusion? I suppose the most obvious metaconclusion is that getting a name for our language is hard. And the maddening thing is that once we do get a name, my whole 20-year quest will be over incredibly quickly. Perhaps the final name will be one we've already considered, but just weren't thinking about correctly (that's basically what happened with the name Mathematica). Or perhaps some flash of inspiration will lead to a new great name (which is basically what happened with Wolfram|Alpha).
What should the name be? I'm hoping to get feedback on the ideas I've discussed here, as well as to get new suggestions. I must say that as I was writing this post, I was sort of hoping that in the end it would be a waste, and that by explaining the problem, I would solve it myself. But that hasn't happened. Of course, I'll be thrilled if someone else just outright suggests a great name that we can use. But as I've described, there are many constraints, and what I think is more realistic is for people to suggest frameworks and concepts from which we'll get an idea that will lead to the final name.
I'm very proud of the language we've built over all these years. And I want to make sure that it has a name worthy of it. But once we have a name, we will finally be ready to finish the process of bringing the language to the world—and I'll be very excited to see all the things that makes possible.
As announced March 11, 2013: The final name we chose is The Wolfram Language.
Posted in: Companies and Business, Mathematica, Other, Wolfram Language
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Why not use the already widely used name?
Mathematica Language
Janek Kozicki
udo, the mathematica language – it's pronounced 'you do'
Dr. Wolfram.
What about "M-athica", brief name for 'The Wolfram Mathematical Grammathica" ?
Walter Arrighetti
I like M or WolfM. Don't make it too long or too obtuse.
Gary Boswell
How about "Symba"?
Stephen, Just ask your children. Their generation will use it in everyday language.
Dr. Wolfram,
Perhaps the way to best represent a symbolic language of your own creation is with a symbol of your own creation…much in the same vein as the musical artist Prince, who had, at one point in his career, changed his stage name to an unpronounceable symbol (later dubbed "Love Symbol #2″), which was actually a synthesis of the astrological symbols for the planets of Mars and Venus. Since no one would know how to pronounce this symbol, it might come to be called "The Language Formerly Known As Wolfram".
If you don't care for that idea, my back-up suggestion would be the acronym W.O.O.P.S. = WOlfram Omni-Programming System".
I wish you best of luck with your decision and look forward with great anticipation to its unveiling and introduction to the world.
Jeremy Croteau
I think you should call it 'Comu' or perhaps 'com-u' which can be read as being short for computational universe as well as being the prefix/acronym for communication. The problem you have is that the tools of mathematica do not really describe a language in the Wittgensteinian sense that it does not picture a world but rather creates one from a simple set of rules. Languages in the sense of natural languages do not do this as their primary function. A language expresses and creates impressions, it informs rather than creates. the notion of the computational universe is a very powerful one of course because now, rather than asking an expert, one can ask the collective intelligence of the species (or perhaps if we want to apply the concept of the principle of computational equivalence the collective intelligence of the universe itself!) so for my money 'comu' has the kind of economy an simplicity that belies its universality and power
Rod Munday
Perhaps the next Steve Jobs will walk up to you one day (not in another 20 years I hope) and say, but Wolf of course, and that will be it.
How about something along the lines of "Mapica" or perhaps "Cartica"; the idea of mapping or modeling, coupled with the idea of expression in a written or composed structure (map)? Or even "Morpha" or "Morphica", denoting "form" or perhaps an allusion to "The Forms"?
Michael J. Mastroianni
"Mathecartica".
- Universe
- Future
- MAICL (Mathematica internal computer language)
- MULE (Mathematica Universal Language Experience)
- Eternity
Stefan Kanitz
NKL (New Kind of Language)
Kiran Shrestha
Name it Wisd!
Since the associations triggered by the name of a language add to how it is perceived by users (more so than the provenance of the word), a good question is: how does it make me feel to write my code in X, or when I hear about X the first time?
Importantly, we programmers feel uneasy when our code is brittle, cobbled-together, complicated, weak, in need of a rewrite, etc. Casting your code in Tungsten or Wolframite immediately ameliorates these feelings, and gives you ideas of toughness, robustness, clean and simple like a piece of metal, manliness, and so on. Especially when your language has lots of constructs that are not immediately well understood, or has lots of moving parts with perhaps unexpected interactions or other ways of shooting yourself in the foot, the extra dose of that feeling of stability and reliability surely helps. It is also an implied statement of vision and commitment to these qualities (or it would run the risk of turning into a joke).
Hip, quippy and cool-sounding names seem to be generally well received now and a subtle dose of "tongue-in-cheekness" would do away with the association of "dry" mathematical computing. Both Wolframite (quite funny, also reminds one of kryptonite or other fairy dust) and Tungsten are in that category. Unfortunately the latter is hard to Google and occurs in a company name (Tungsten Graphics).
Using an extraordinary name can convey immediately that the language is of a different (more powerful) class of language than, say, Python, C++ or even MATLAB. Otherwise newcomers are guaranteed to not expect anything outside their frame of reference at first glance, and are likely to dismiss the language out of ignorance. Although being too bold and unfamiliar (Alien Language from Space) would shy away people.
A great trick is also to pick a name that makes one feel terribly uninformed for not having heard of it before. The very funny Wolframese sounds a bit like a household name that has been around forever. The staple of technical computing. Of course the learning curve of the language is steep enough that no one would risk an association with a hard-to-learn language like Chinese. However, self-deprecating humor like that is also something that only the most established players in language land would be able to afford.
The sad fact about the no-brainer choice of calling it the Mathematica language (which I believe is what most people expect it to be called right now) is that from a user's perspective it is often a Bad Idea to start a new software venture or long-term investment in a proprietary language that is tied to a relatively expensive sofware system. A name like that can bring to mind nightmares of software vendors forcing expensive upgrades down their user's throats (not unheard of in technical computing). Even if the language may in practice be coupled to the software, giving it an identity of its own, at least in spirit, is a great advance.
Sorry to be gauche about this but I really think the language really should be called Com U because another route of communication is the worl commune (as in to share), in this sense the U in Com U is trxtspeak for you and the 'message' of the language takes the form of an invitation to join in. That's it. Pitch over. I will say no more
Hi Mr. Wolfram,
What do you think about "WolframizM"?
My first choice was "PositivizM" until I continued to read about the history of naming,WOW!!! So much to think about.
Hope your answer comes soon.
Teri Eugene
Has anyone suggested simply, X, or even lower case, x? Wolfram X?
Canopy? Arboretum? (Trees,branches; a covering expanse; solidity;height;growth;structure;a place to study or explore)
Many analogies to be found in this line.
"Primitive language" or "Primitives"
or just simply …
Sean Steinmuller
M gets my vote. Short, clear.
CompLexical / CompLexicon
best result from scratchpad below: Wolfram Infinity
from batteries included:
knowledge included
language for smart computations
from simple to profound, sipro, WolframProfound?
pattern matching is core –> name with pattern in it?
book, literate programming
Representing and transformation of knowledge
induction start, grows larger, recursion
–> Wolfram Infinity
I had a few name ideas, which may or may not have been suggested already:
-Infinity, based off the concept that the languiage can be applied to any number of situations, and can be used from the smallest to the largest programs.
-Wolf Pack, based off a similar concept. Packs of wolves can range from large to small, and each wolf can function as its own self, or as part of a large pack, or in this case a large program.
-Multricana, based off the latin word for Harmony, which also gives a close resemblance to "Multiple". The language has a vast amount of options available to it, all of which can work together in harmony. (The word is modified to be somewhat more whimsical. The original word is Multicanas, which is also a viable name itself.)
Rowan McManus
"Vaikhari" is my suggestion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa
Formal, like in formal language, in contrast to informal languages like spanish, japanese, etc.
Ernesto Morett
Steve Despain
The name is itself a language construct
The implied Universe function takes the language as the input.
W resembles a sinusoid – fundamental signal
W is an atomic element – symbolically indivisible, dense, hard
SiliconSnake
How about Wolfram Codex, or Wolfdex, just in my opinion, though.
Pramadita
Strangely, it has always been my impression that the language behind Mathematica was officially called Mathematica. "Wolfram Mathematica" is the product, "Mathematica" is the language; that's the way I always thought it is. There are even a number of books following that assumption, using "Mathematica" as excecuted in the "Mathematica" environment the same way "ABAP" is executed in the "SAP" environment, for example.
I wonder why you were referring to Mathematica being "more than mathematics" so much. Of course, it is more than what people would perceive as high school mathematics, but that is pretty obvious just by the scale of it.
Use "M*" to do calculus? Mathematics, obviously. Use it to find data? Set operations. Use it to create geographical charts? Graph theory with projection onto an ellipsoid. Use it in music? Scales, harmonies, all mathematical descriptions of a particular time-domain waveform. Correlating different sources of knowledge? Set operations again, with weights, sorting and the like. Image processing, perspective, pattern detection… It may be hidden and abstracted away by a high level description of the problem at hand, but it's always there.
And then there is the greek "mathesis" root meaning "knowledge" (as you mentioned) or "learning". That pretty much does nail it, doesn't it? A language that automates knowledge processing. Mathe-matica. Like a math-o-mat, a learning-machine.
Clearly using it to this extent is a product of the extensive libraries Mathematica provides to support the language itself, but being able to formulate operations in a way that focuses on the task or data and not the computations behind it is a feature of the language.
And please, for the love of it, don't be another Thee Letter Language Ending With "L". There are enough of those out there, most of them being utterly useless outside of a very specific (usually entirely academic) domain. You would not want to be perceived that way.
Mathematica. That's the name it is referred to on SO and the other places
Per Son
There is a language being developed rapidly named Julia in honor of a mathematician. I think it should be named after some mathematician. My suggestion is it should named after Riemann or Ramanujan.
Badar Abbas
How about Ponte (bridge?) A tool, a structure intended to carry, support and allow exploration, an enabler (to cross a gap); invokes a sense of architecture, etc.
It seems to me that a name which embodies both a concrete and abstract balance or sensibility would serve well; attempting to use a name that describes a singular aspect of Mathematica (symbolic, numeric computation, algorithmic, knowledge portal or other nature) seems destined to fall short. In which case I suppose one might still be left with choosing a name for basic branding reasons, perhaps a letter like W, or a famous mathematician's moniker, etc.
Bridge or Ponte or some variant (Arch? Arc?) feels like it has this sense of balance. It also invokes the idea of both building a bridge, and *having* a bridge, concurrently, which I think is also true of the Mathematica system, so to speak.
Why not… if you are open to an outside idea for the name of the Wolfram language, then are you open for an idea about the mother of all rules? Or is that something strictly kept to yourself? Is there a prize? Is it something Wolfram publishing would consider?
Personally, I don't feel the need for a separate name for the language, but I'd like to propose MULTIPLEX as the name for the programming language.
- Its primary meaning of conveying multiple signals over a single channel chimes with the power of Mathematica to succinctly describe comPLEX ideas.
- It combines the superlative MULTI and the word LEX, having 'law' as well as various other textual connotations.
-The building material multiplex is multi-layered. A nice metaphor for Mathematica, which allows various programming styles
- There doesn't seem to be a Multiplex programming language
- Last, but not least, it also starts with an M,and is therefore the natural extension of the name apparently used internally in WRI.
Sjoerd de Vries
Wonderful post! I always love it when something gets my creative instinct bubbling.
So your name must be simple, it must communicate meaning inherently and be understood by a wider audience. Here is my suggestion for a framework:
"But in our language—built right into the language—is a huge amount of computation capability and knowledge." your words
Intra is the latin root for "within". From all that you describe about the language and it's capabilities, it seems like a good fit. Also, INTRA can be regarded as a shorten version of IN TRANSLATION as a reference to a function of language itself. Thus we have,
WOLFRAM INTRA
INTRA LANGUAGE
Makes for a great meme to kick around the cultural lexicon.
Glenn Meeks
WolfKBL – pronounced :wolf kibble"
Hi Stephen!
Language, like music, flows.
MARFLOW
I'm dyslexic, btw…
Hi Dr. WOLFRAM:
I read your blog several times and you have already named the critical associations a name for the language should carry which suggests to me an idea. But first, from my reading you also seem pretty set on using 'Wolfram' as part of the name. I agree, but I think you should only use the 'W', not the whole word (mostly for these two reasons:
- (1) It's already 2-3 syllables, depending on how it's pronounced, and you know how people can be, especially Americans, about long names for anything. If it's any length people will slap their own 'shorty' on your name and – assuming its popularity (the language, not the name), which I don't doubt you'll be forced to live with a name you might not like;
- (2) As you yourself say about the name 'Wolf': "Unfortunately wolves tend to have scary associations.." as would be the case in a name with 'Wolfram'. It's also presently the case that 'Wolf' and 'wolves' still has a medieval connotation in many parts of the globe, and tribal connotations in other. Noble as the creature is it's not a name that conjures a 21st century 'we can build anything with this' feeling. Still, I like the icon a lot. 'Wolf*' not so much.
Three (3) striking and deep things you said touched me and I think echo the power and reach of the language (as I intuit its possibilities from your blog and its singular expression in 'Mathematica'):
(i): You say "Our language, though, works in a somewhat different way from ordinary human natural language—most importantly, because it's completely executable: as soon as we express something in the language, that immediately gives us a specification for a unique sequence of computational actions that should be taken." Wow! That's awesome! A language that's an 'executable specification'! And one reflects on the kinds, range, depth and complexity of 'stuff' one can specify in just Mathematica, never mind the language it was built from! Bring on the language for this century's creators bending space, time, imagination, and urgent need into today's executive tools, services and products!
(ii): You say "But in our language—built right into the language—is a huge amount of computation capability and knowledge." and "So while in some aspects of its basic mode of operation our language is similar to typical computer languages, its breadth and content is much more reminiscent of human languages—and in a sense it generalizes and deepens both concepts of language". SO, this is a language not just for thinking and instantly creating (as in being completely 'executable' in a way and with a power and range most languages are not), but is itself a language with inherent knowledge and large, active computational capability.
And so, a language that thinks, perchance in the hands of an adept user, a language that dreams, and as T.E. Lawrence wrote: ""All men dream: but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds wake up in the day to find it was vanity, but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act their dreams with open eyes, to make it possible."
(iii) You say: "We want a name that communicates the generality and breadth of the language, and is not tied to one particular application area or type of usage. We want a name that makes sense when the language is used to do tiny pieces of interactive work, or to create giant enterprise applications, and to be used by seasoned software engineers, or by casual script tweakers, or by kids getting their first introduction to programming." Wow! That's wide-spectrum. That's deep field (Hubble deep field). That's a promise of power in the hands of both one and many. And while Mathematica is "a system for doing mathematics by computer" the 'W'-ish sounding language sounds like "a system for creating realities by computer." From giant enterprise to kids just starting out, from star drive builders to sys admins whipping up a quick interactive script. I want one.
And my suggestion for a name, given the three points of yours I've only echoed above, is 'Wish'. If anybody other than yourself called a language that (Wish) and promised (in the 'new' language) the capabilities you describe, then I'd probably try to order some of what I was sure they had been smoking because it would have to be some really good stuff.
However, you're you, and I've both seen just a little of what you can do (Mathematica and it's worldwide applications; NKS), and believe what you might do. I believe. And that's all that's necessary to start making wishes that work, that and speaking in the right language (Wish) with the power to make them come true. As Jean Luc Picard so aptly put it in Star Trek: The Next Generation: "Make it so".
"Wish. Make It So." subtitled something like 'Wolfram Knowledge Metasystems Language'.
Ken David
call it – 'Vatican' – in honor of Pope Frances…
pilgrimdan
I'd like something referring to Leibniz's try to invent a speakable universal language based on logic. He never finished, but the working name was "characteristica universalis" …
René Reiche
Maticae
from the genitive of -Matica…
ie. The language of Matica,
.math obviously!
Blake Robinson
Sapientica or something relating to Mind and wisdom.
or Wolcon which come from Wolfram and Conversio the latin word for revolution because as it appears Wolfram Language is revolutionary.
Muhammad Da'na
Wolfram|Wolfbots: A Sentential Language
Wolfmach Language: Beyond the speed of thought
http://discovermagazine.com/2009/dec/16-the-brain-what-is-speed-of-thought#.UX4UgbUsnng
See: Ram Rise
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_air_temperature
Wolfram Woof
woof (n.1) "weft, texture, fabric," Old English owef (also oof) , from o- "on" + wefan "to weave"
woof (n.2) dog bark noise, also see "woofer" which is a loudspeaker for bass notes"
"Warp and woof" is used to describe the foundation or base of any structure or organization, where that organization is metaphorically a woven fabric" with a "woof" that is threaded across the "warp." In the case of the Wolfram Woof Language, Woof is threaded across the warp of our knowledge of the world.
"Woof" is also a sound made by dogs, and presumably the language of wolves when not howling!
Speaking Woof:
The Woof language is "a set of constructs that can be *strung* together to represent an infinite range of meanings."
"We want a name that communicates the generality and breadth of the language's *fabric*, and is not tied to one particular application area or type of usage. We want a name that makes sense when the language is used to do tiny pieces of interactive work, or to create giant (*textile*) enterprise applications, and to be used by seasoned software (*weaving*) engineers, or by casual script tweakers (*sewing in a few alogrithmic changes*) and , or by kids getting their first introduction to *"woofing" a program."
"It's a new kind of language *weaving knowledge together*. It's *a computational loom*, but it also has intrinsic content: broad knowledge (*warp*), structures and *weaving* algorithms built in. It's a language that's highly scalable: good for programs *and fabrics* ranging from the absolutely tiny to the huge. It's a very general language, useful for a great many different kinds of domain *fabrics*. It's a symbolic language with *a very clear warp* and very clear principles, that can describe arbitrary structures as well as arbitrary data. It's a fusion or *weaving* of many styles of programming, notably functional and *pattern* based. It's interactive *like weaving.*. And it prides itself on coherence of design *(i.e., it's "warp and woof")* , and *like a loom* tries to automate as much as possible of what it does."
Stew Konzen
What about "Woverlamb"? Or Wolverlang.
Sang yon lee
Related Writings
The Ease of Wolfram|Alpha, the Power of Mathematica: Introducing Wolfram|Alpha Notebook Edition
Testifying at the Senate about A.I.‑Selected Content on the Internet
A Few Thoughts about Deep Fakes
The Wolfram Function Repository: Launching an Open Platform for Extending the Wolfram Language
Recent Writings
The New World of Notebook Publishing
Just Published: Adventures of a Computational Explorer
A Book from Alan Turing… and a Mysterious Piece of Paper
Writings by Year
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