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Nova Scotian pound
The pound was the currency of Nova Scotia until 1860, it was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. It was equivalent to the British pound and was replaced by the dollar in 1860,[1] at a rate of 5 dollars = 1 pound (1 dollar = 4 shillings), although coins and notes of the dollar currency were not issued until 1861.
1 Tokens
2 Banknotes
Tokens[edit]
In addition to British coins, copper tokens were issued in 1823 and 1856 in denominations of ½ and 1 penny.
Banknotes[edit]
In 1812, the Provincial Government introduced Treasury notes in denominations of 1, 2½, 5 and 50 pounds. Between 1813 and 1830, notes for 1, 2 and 5 pounds were issued. 5 and 10 shilling notes were added in 1830. Along with the Treasury notes, two chartered banks issued paper money in Nova Scotia, the Bank of Nova Scotia, and the Halifax Banking Company; the Halifax Banking Company issued notes from 1825, in denominations of 1½, 5, 6, 6½ and 7 pounds, whilst the Bank of Nova Scotia began issuing notes in 1834, with denominations of 1½, 2, 2½, 5, ¼, 6, 7, 7½ and 10 pounds.
Nova Scotian dollar
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-24. Retrieved 2011-11-26. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) A History of the Canadian Dollar
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1990). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Specialized Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-149-8.
Canadian banknotes and coins
Canadian coinage
1¢ (penny)
5¢ (nickel)
10¢ (dime)
25¢ (quarter)
50¢ (50-cent piece)
$1 (Voyageur dollar)
$1 (loonie)
$2 (toonie)
Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (20th century)
Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (2000s)
Royal Canadian Mint ice hockey coins
Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins
Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins
Silver dollar
Gold Maple Leaf
Silver Maple Leaf
Platinum Maple Leaf
Big Maple Leaf
Ottawa Mint sovereign
Canadian banknotes
Commemorative banknotes
Withdrawn banknotes
Canadian banknotes by series
Scenes of Canada
Birds of Canada
Canadian Journey Series
Historical currencies of Canada
New France livre
Canadian pound
New Brunswick pound
Newfoundland pound
Prince Edward Island pound
British Columbia dollar
New Brunswick dollar
Prince Edward Island dollar
Newfoundland dollar
Early Canadian banking system
Pre-confederation Tokens and Coinage
Vexator Canadiensis tokens
Blacksmith token
Hudson's Bay tokens
Magdalen Island penny token
Bouquet sou
Habitant token
Montreal and Lachine Railroad Tokens
Coins of the Newfoundland dollar
Canadian Bank Note Company
Royal Canadian Numismatic Association
Canadian Numismatic Association medals and awards
Canadian Paper Money Society
Currency Museum
Community currencies
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Pioneer Bonus Bucks
Mac's Dollars (Whitehorse, YT)
History of Canadian currency
List of people on coins of Canada
List of foreign countries with coinage struck at the Royal Canadian Mint
Royal Canadian Mint tokens and medallions
Currencies named pound or similar
Pound sterling (Alderney pound • Falkland Islands pound • Gibraltar pound • Guernsey pound • Jersey pound • Manx pound • Saint Helena pound)
South Sudanese pound
Local alternative currency
Bristol pound
Brixton pound
Lewes pound
Stroud pound
Totnes pound
Anglo-Saxon pound
Australian pound
Bahamian pound
Bermudian pound
Biafran pound
British West African pound
Connecticut pound
Cypriot pound
Delaware pound
Fijian pound
French livre (Livre parisis • Livre tournois)
French colonial livre (Guadeloupe livre • Haitian livre • New France livre • Saint Lucia livre)
Gambian pound
Georgia pound
Ghanaian pound
Israeli pound
Italian lira
Jamaican pound
Japanese government-issued Oceanian Pound
Libyan pound
Lombardo-Venetian pound
Luccan pound
Luxembourgish livre
Malawian pound
Maltese pound
Maryland pound
Massachusetts pound
New Guinean pound
New Hampshire pound
New Jersey pound
New York pound
New Zealand pound
Nigerian pound
North Carolina pound
Oceanian pound
Ottoman lira
Palestine pound
Papal lira
Parman lira
Pennsylvania pound
Pound Scots
Rhode Island pound
Rhodesian pound
Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound
Sammarinese lira
Sardinian lira
Solomon Islands pound
South Carolina pound
Southern Rhodesian pound
South African pound
South African Republic pound
South West African pound
Tongan pound
Tuscan pound
Vatican lira
Virginia pound
West Indian pound
Western Samoan pound
Zambian pound
Pound sign
Troy pound
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova_Scotian_pound&oldid=868842549"
Pound (currency)
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Nova Scotia stubs
Scenes of Canada was the fourth series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. It was first circulated in 1970 to succeed the 1954 Series, was replaced by the Birds of Canada series beginning in 1986; the design process for this series began in 1963 with a primary goal of creating banknotes that were more counterfeit-resistant than the 1954 Series it was to replace. The Bank of Canada requested design submissions from security printing companies, receiving several from both domestic and foreign companies. One proposed design was received from Organisation Giori, a Swiss security printer based in Lausanne that had developed a multicolour printing press "that raised the bar on banknote security", its designs for the $10 and $20 banknotes were a "significant departure" from traditional Canadian banknote designs by incorporating more colours, new graphic elements, different security features, but the design was rejected. Final conceptual designs were created by Canadian Bank Note Company, British American Bank Note Company, De La Rue, the latter being the first foreign firm involved in the design of Canadian banknotes.
The design by De La Rue was selected by the Bank of Canada in 1964 as the basis for the new series. Each denomination retained the dominant colour of the respective banknote from the 1954 Series: green for the $1 banknote, orange for the $2 banknote, blue for the $5 banknote, mauve for the $10 banknote, burnt orange for the $50 banknote, brown for the $100 banknote; because of the multicoloured tints used to complement the design for each banknote, Bank of Canada staff began referring to the series as the "multicoloured series". The portraits on the obverse of each denomination were larger than for the same denomination in the 1954 Series. All denominations were to feature the portrait of Elizabeth II, but portraits of former prime ministers were used for some denominations at the request of Edgar Benson, the Minister of Finance in 1968, to "reflect Canada's burgeoning national identity"; the vertical borders of the obverse were curvilinear, the left edge of which had "multicoloured diamonds" bordering a circular frame within, the Coat of Arms.
It featured "sweeping guilloché" patterns. The reverse of each denomination had a scenic vignette; the initial design by De La Rue included a circular watermark, excluded from the final design. A memorandum circulated to designers during the design process stated that the "subjects chosen represent a substantial improvement in range of contrast and detail", to improve security; the phrase "will pay to the bearer on demand" that appeared in earlier banknote series was replaced by the phrase "this note is legal tender", reflecting the fact that Canadian banknotes had long since ceased to be redeemable in gold. Colourful, wavy patterns were part of each denomination's design; the serial numbers on the obverse were printed in red on the blue on the right. In addition, this is the first series that has interleaving position of French text; the interleaving nature is by text on the same side, as well as by denomination. The following table is a complete representation of all positions of English texts on all denominations.
The dates stamped on the banknotes represent the year in which the original intaglio plates were produced for that denomination. The most prominent designer for this series was C. Gordon Yorke, who engraved the portraits of Robert Borden and Wilfrid Laurier and the vignettes for four of the seven denominations; the series was the first Bank of Canada series not to include a one-thousand dollar note. All notes measure 152.4 × 69.85 mm. The original design for the $1 banknote used green as the dominant colour, but final designs used black to mitigate possible confusion with the $20 banknote; the portrait on the obverse is of Elizabeth II, the engraving for, created by George Gunderson, master engraver at British American Bank Note Company. A tugboat is prominent in the foreground of the vignette on the reverse, which depicts the Ottawa River with a broken log boom with Parliament Hill in the background, it was engraved by Yorke based on a 1963 photograph taken by Malak Karsh. The banknote was first circulated in June 1974, was printed by both CBN and BABN.
The final print run for the banknote was on 20 April 1989, which would be circulated by the end of June 1989, after which banks were required to refrain from circulating the banknotes, to send collected $1 banknotes to the Bank of Canada for destruction. Front Back The portrait on the obverse is of Elizabeth II; the reverse of the $2 banknote features a scene of six men of an Inuit family preparing their kayaks for a hunt, based on a 1950s photograph of Joseph Idlout and his relatives taken at Pond Inlet in Baffin Island by Douglas Wilkinson. It was engraved by Yorke, was intended to be used on the reverse of the $100 banknote; the $2 banknote was first circulated in August 1975, was printed by BABN. Front Back The portrait on the obverse is of Wilfrid Laurier, the engraving for, created by Yorke; the vignette on the reverse was based on a photograph by George Hunter and engraved by George Gunderson and Yorke. It depicts a salmon seiner in the Johnstone Strait, a channel along the northeast coast of Vancouver Island.
The $5 banknote was first circulated in December 1972, was printed by CBN. An updated version was issued in 1979, for which the serial numbers were moved to the bottom centre of the reverse and the central obverse guilloché was modified. Front Back The portrait on the obverse is of John A. Macdonald, for which the engraving was created by Gunderson. A scene depicting the operations of Polymer Corporation in Sarnia, Ontario is on the reverse, chosen because the Crown corporation had "achiev
1954 Series (banknotes)
The 1954 Series was the third series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. The banknotes were designed in 1952 following the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne after the death of her father George VI; the banknote designs differed from the preceding 1937 Series banknotes, though the denomination colours and bilingual printing were retained. The banknote series became known as the "Devil's Head" series, leading to design modifications for all denominations; the second variant of the series was issued in 1956. Planning for the banknotes began on 6 February 1952 after the death of George VI and the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne; the first design, created by the Canadian Bank Note Company, was deemed too similar in style to the 1937 Series, including the "elaborate scrollwork" decorating the edges of the banknotes. To reflect a "growing sense of Canadian nationalism", the design of the banknotes was different from that of the 1937 Series, retaining the bilingual text and denomination colours using a modern 1950s style that abandoned Victorian ornamentation associated with Canada's colonial past.
The banknotes were marked with English text to the left of the French text. The less ornate design and arrangement of elements was said to improve the legibility of the banknotes; the banknotes featured the same border style on the reverse. All banknotes in the series measure 152.4 by 69.85 millimetres, which are the same length as the 1937 Series banknotes but 1⁄8 inch narrower. This change made the banknotes closer in size to the Federal Reserve Notes issued in the United States; the new notes were introduced by Graham Towers, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1954, entered circulation that September. In advertisements that ran in Canadian newspapers in September 1954, the Bank of Canada stated that design and use of two colours on the obverse were security features to deter counterfeiting; the banknotes all featured a portrait of Elizabeth II, based on a photograph taken by Yousuf Karsh, placed on the right side of the obverse, the first series to carry the portrait of Elizabeth as queen.
The photograph was the same one used for the 1952 Canada 2-cent stamp, but was flipped to have Elizabeth II face left, the diamond tiara she was wearing was removed. The final image was engraved by George Gunderson, master engraver at British American Bank Note Company, after receiving approval from Elizabeth II; the portrait's placement differed from earlier banknote series that had an oval-framed portrait in the centre of the banknote, more susceptible to wearing as it occurred at the crease point for a folded banknote. This was the first series to include the Canadian coat of arms, which appeared centrally in the background of the obverse; the design changes were made to portray themes more typical of Canada and lead artist Charles Comfort, contracted by the Bank of Canada to "develop a more contemporary design for Canada's currency", created a rendering of the cenotaph at the National War Memorial with an engraving of pine branches by Eric Bergman, a design he preferred when the reverse of all banknotes in the series were expected to have the same design.
He simplified the design and replaced the allegorical themes from earlier banknote issues with scenes of Canadian landscapes, as executives at the Bank of Canada considered the War Memorial "too loaded". The design included the use of horizontal bands, but the printing companies preferred the more traditional enclosed border. In 1953, the Bank of Canada announced that the designs of the 1937 Series would be replaced with images of Canadian landscapes; the images were chosen from a set of over 3,000 photographs obtained from Archives Canada, Canadian Pacific, several news agencies. The final set of images for consideration were required to satisfy several conditions: preference for rural scenes, no well-known scenes, no large buildings, little indication of human or economic activity; the Bank of Canada acquired all intellectual property associated with the images, with a transfer of copyright from the owner to the Bank of Canada and the owner required to destroy any outstanding copies or negatives.
The designs included a Saskatchewan prairie scene engraved for the $1 banknote by Carl Louis Irmscher of the American Bank Note Company, the Saint-François River seen from Upper Melbourne in Richmond, engraved by Harry P. Dawson for the $2 banknote, an engraved scene of Otter Falls on the Aishihik River in southwestern Yukon, at mile 996 of the Alaska Highway, created by C. Gordon Yorke, the first engraving he produced for the Bank of Canada; the $10 banknote featured an engraving by Dawson, based on a Canadian Pacific Railway photograph of Yoho National Park, of Emerald Lake and Mount Burgess. The reverse of the $20 banknote was engraved by Joseph Louis Black of ABN, William Ford engraved the scene of the Laurentians based on a photograph from the Provincial Publicity Bureau of Quebec. Warrell Alfred Hauk engraved a seascape scene of Crescent Beach in Lockeport, Nova Scotia based on a photograph for the $50 banknote, Ford engraved a scene of Okanagan Lake for the $100 banknote; the scene depicted on the $1000 banknote, based on a photograph by Max Sauer, is of a covered bridge spanning the Saguenay River fjord at L'Anse-Saint-Jean in Quebec.
On 3 January 1967, a $1 note commemorating the centennial of Canadian Confederation was introduced into circulation. The image on the reverse of this version shows the original Parliament Buildings, which were destroyed by fire in 1916, is the same engraving used for a Dominion of Canada banknote designed and printed in the 19th century; the obverse includes a green monochrome adaptati
The Frontier Series is the seventh series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar released by the Bank of Canada. The polymer banknotes were designed to increase durability and to incorporate more security features over the preceding Canadian Journey Series; the notes feature images that focus on innovation. It is the first banknote series issued by the Bank of Canada printed on a material other than paper; the banknotes were designed by the Canadian Bank Note Company, which prints the banknotes. They were revealed in June 2011. To familiarise Canadians with the new banknotes, each banknote was introduced through national and regional unveiling events and advertising campaigns before being put into circulation; the $100 banknote was released into circulation on 14 November 2011, the $50 banknote on 26 March 2012, the $20 banknote on 7 November 2012. The $5 banknote was unveiled by Chris Hadfield from the International Space Station during Expedition 35, first circulated on 7 November 2013; the $10 banknote was first circulated the same day after a ceremony at Pacific Central Station in Vancouver.
Canada is the largest of over 30 nations, the first G8 country, to use polymer thin films for printing currency. The primary impetus for the new banknotes was "the need to stay ahead of counterfeiters". By 2002, 10% of retailers in some parts of Canada refused to accept the $100 banknotes of the Birds of Canada in financial transactions, by 2004, the counterfeit ratio for Canadian currency had risen to 470 parts per million; as of 2011, over half of all retail transactions in Canada are made using cash. Between 1995 and 1998, the Bank of Canada tested a substrate trademarked as "Luminus" consisting of a polymer core sheet layered between two paper sheets for use in printing banknotes, it printed 100,000 experimental $5 Birds of Canada banknotes. In June 1998, the Bank of Canada prepared to use Luminus as the substrate for the Canadian Journey Series, but in December 1999 the manufacturer withdrew its supply bid because it could not produce the substrate at the scale required by the Bank of Canada for printing banknotes.
The bank printed the Canadian Journey Series on a cotton fibre substrate with similar surface characteristics to Luminus so that it could transition production to using the polymer substrate when scale production issues were resolved. The Bank of Canada secured Canadian rights for Luminus and continued to develop the substrate for future use; the use of polymer as a substrate was considered in part because access to the polymer substrate could be controlled, replicating the chemical and physical recipe would be difficult. The practice of restricting access to the substrate used for manufacturing money existed as early as the 13th century, during which Chinese rulers stationed guards at mulberry forests, as mulberry bark was used to produce paper money. Use of a polymer substrate for use in the upcoming banknotes was announced by Jim Flaherty in the 2010 Canadian federal budget speech on 4 March 2010, at which time he announced that in the future the loonie and toonie would be made of steel instead of nickel to reduce manufacturing costs.
Canada would become the ninth country to print all its banknotes using a polymer substrate, following Australia, Brunei, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Vietnam. The Bank of Canada began planning for the Frontier Series in 2005, it used a team of chemists and engineers it had assembled for the development of the Canadian Journey Series to determine potential counterfeiting threats and assess substrate materials and potential security features for use in banknote designs. Once the technical evaluation of materials and security features was complete, the Bank of Canada created a formal set of guidelines specifying "the combination of security features and substrate" that it issued to bank note manufacturing and design companies; the resultant bid designs were evaluated for technical and financial merit. Once the design and substrate were chosen, the Bank of Canada negotiated a contract with Note Printing Australia for the supply of the substrate polymer and the security features implemented in the design.
The substrate is supplied to NPA by Securency International. It negotiated for the rights to the use of intellectual property associated with the material and security features owned by the Reserve Bank of Australia; the Bank of Canada issued a press release stating its intention of issuing new banknotes in 2011. A study commissioned by the Bank of Canada was conducted by the University of Waterloo, which collaborated with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, to assess the accessibility features of the Canadian Journey Series banknotes; the results led to the implementation of two improvements to the design—increased durability of the raised dots used for identification, placing identification patterns for electronic banknote scanners at both ends of the banknotes. The Bank of Canada tested the prototype banknotes by exposing them to temperatures in the range −75 to 140 °C; the durability test involved boiling and running the banknotes in a washing machine. By the end of the development cycle, nearly 15 million test banknotes of various designs, implementing different security features, using various substrates and techniques had been printed.
Research and testing for printing currency on the polymer substrate cost about C$20,000,000, overall development of the polymer banknotes cost about C$300,000,000. In 2008, the Bank of Canada hired the Strategic Counsel for $476,000 to create an image catalogue from which banknote images would be drawn; the research firm polled focus groups in six cities, finding that themes re
The shilling is a unit of currency used in Austria, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, United States and other British Commonwealth countries. The shilling is used as a currency in four east African countries: Kenya, Tanzania and Somalia, it is the proposed currency that the east African community plans to introduce. The word shilling comes from old English "Scilling", a monetary term meaning twentieth of a pound, from the Proto-Germanic root skiljaną meaning'to separate, divide.' The word "Scilling" is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was "bobstick" and speculates that it may be connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s, it was represented by a solidus symbol, which may have stood for a long s or ſ, thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence.
A price with no pence was sometimes written with a solidus and a dash: 11/–. The solidus symbol is still used for the Kenyan shilling, rather than sh. During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound of standard silver into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations; this set the weight of the shilling, its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when a new smaller 5p coin was introduced. In the past, the English world has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in a sheep elsewhere. A shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII; the shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom was created. The term shilling was in use in Scotland from early medieval times.
The common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, thus there were 240 pence in a pound. Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were in circulation at this time, they were: two shillings, which adopted the value of 10 new pence at decimalisation. At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece, of identical size and weight and had the same value, inherited the shilling's slang name of a bob. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991. Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as the "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs". In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling coin was issued as scilling in Irish.
It was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side; the first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin ) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five pence coin was introduced. Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face; the coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin, where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar; the slang term for a shilling coin in Australia was "deener".
The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was "bob", the same as in the United Kingdom. After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha "in a warlike attitude" on the reverse. In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight. Ten cent coins minted through the remainder of the 1960s included the legend "ONE SHILLING" on the reverse. Smaller 10-cent coins were introduced in 2006. Shillings were used in Malta, prior to decimalisation in 1972, had a face value of five Maltese cents. In British Ceylon, an shilling was equivalent to eight fanams. With the replacement of the rixdollar by the rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency
The pound was the unit of account for currency of the Canadas until 1858. It was subdivided into each of 12 pence. In Lower Canada, the sou was used, worth 1⁄2 penny. Although the pounds and pence accounting system had its origins in the British pound sterling, the Canadian pound was never formally linked to the British currency. In North America, the scarcity of British coins led to the widespread use of Spanish dollars; these Spanish dollars were accommodated into a pounds and pence accounts system, by setting a valuation for these coins in terms of a pound unit. At one stage, two such units were in widespread use in the British North American colonies; the Halifax rating dominated, it set the Spanish dollar equal to 5 shillings. As this was 6 pence more than its value in silver, the Halifax pound was lower in value than the pound sterling, the original basis for the pounds and pence accounting system; the York rating of one Spanish dollar being equal to eight shillings was used in Upper Canada until it was outlawed in 1796, but unofficially well into the 19th century.
In 1825, an Imperial Order-in-Council was made for the purposes of causing sterling coinage to circulate in the British colonies. The idea was that this order-in-council would make the sterling coins legal tender at the exchange rate of 4s 4d per Spanish dollar; this rate was in fact unrealistic and it had the adverse effect of driving out what little sterling-specie coinage was circulating. Remedial legislation was introduced in 1838 but it was not applied to the British North American colonies due to recent uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating; the new Canadian pound was equal to 4 U. S. dollars, making one pound sterling equal to £1 4s 4d Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16s 5.3d sterling. The earliest Canadian postage stamps were denominated in this Halifax unit; the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar.
The local population, for reasons of practicality in relation to the increasing trade with the neighbouring United States, had an overwhelming desire to assimilate the Canadian currency with the American unit, but the imperial authorities in London still preferred the idea of sterling to be the sole currency throughout the British Empire. In 1851, the Canadian parliament passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage; the idea was that the decimal coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the US dollar fractional coinage. The authorities in London refused to give consent to the act on technical grounds; this was the last time that the imperial authorities in London questioned Canada's internal jurisdiction. As a compromise, in 1853 an act of the Canadian parliament introduced the gold standard into Canada, based on both the British gold sovereign and the American gold eagle coins; this gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$4.86 2⁄3.
No coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was made legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. Dollar transactions were legalized; the British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but held out the hope that a sterling unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857 the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into Canada in conjunction with the US dollar unit. Hence, when the new decimal coins were introduced in 1858, Canada's currency became aligned with the US currency, although the British gold sovereign continued to remain legal tender at the rate of £1 = 4.86 2⁄3 right up until the 1890s. In 1859, Canadian postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In the year 1861, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed Canada in adopting a decimal system based on the US dollar. In the following year, Canadian postage stamps were issued with the denominations shown in dollars and cents. In 1865, Newfoundland introduced the gold standard in conjunction with decimal coinage, but unlike in the cases of the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, it decided to adopt a unit based on the Spanish dollar rather than on the US dollar, there was a slight difference between these two units.
The US dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was at a slight discount to the US dollar, the Newfoundland dollar, while it existed, was at a slight discount to the Canadian dollar. Newfoundland was the only part of the British Empire to introduce its own gold standard coin. A Newfoundland gold two dollar coin was minted intermittently until Newfoundland adopted the Canadian monetary system in 1894, following the Newfoundland banking crash. In 1867, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia united in a federation called Canada and the three currencies were united. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the US dollar unit and introduced coins for 1 cent. However, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards when Prince Edward island joined Canada. Both Upper Canada and Lower Canada issued copper tokens. Between 1835 and 1852, the Bank of Montreal, the Banque du Peuple, the City Bank and the Quebec Bank issued 1- and 2-sou tokens for use in Lower Canada.
The Bank of Upper Canada issued 1⁄2- and 1-penny tokens between 1850 and 1857. On notes issued by the charter
The Vexator Canadiensis tokens are thought to be politically satirical tokens produced in either Quebec City or Montreal sometime in the 1830s. The tokens present a crude image of a vaguely male bust on their obverse, a female figure on the reverse; the legends on either side were deliberately designed so that they are hard to definitively read, but are known as the "vexators" based on a common interpretation of its obverse legend. Depending on the interpretation of the inscriptions, they can either be taken as a form of satirical protest against either an unpopular Upper Canada governor or William IV as a "tormentor of Canada", or more depicting a fur trapper. Since both interpretations are possible, this ambiguity would allow the issuer from escaping being cited for sedition. Despite the date of 1811, appearing on its reverse, it has long been thought to have been issued sometime in the 1830s, the backdating serving as a way to circumvent regulations against importing contemporary tokens.
At least three main varieties are known. Recent numismatic scholarship has questioned the long-standing assumption that the tokens were issued in the 1830s, may have in fact been issued closer to the date that appears on them, they were not produced in large numbers, typical examples start at several hundred C$ and up. The obverse depicts the bust of man, looking left, with wavy hair and what has been described as a "shaggy" appearance, it obverse legend can be read as saying either VEXATOR or VENATOR CANADIENSIS, a Latin description that can be interpreted as "Tormentor of Canada/Pest of Canada" or "A Canadian Trapper" respectively. The legend is crudely cut, with reversed "N"s in CANADIENSIS, the third letter of the first word can be interpreted as being either an "X" or an "N"; some descriptions of the bust on the obverse say that it has a "protruding tongue". A variation of the obverse includes a small star at the bottom of the bust; the reverse features a crude-looking seated female figure, surrounded by the legend RENONILLOS VISCAPE, with the date 1811, appearing at the bottom.
One interpretation of the legend is: "Wouldn't you like to catch them?". A single five-pointed star appears between the two words in the legend, though one variation has three stars; these tokens are struck in both copper and brass, have a wide range of weight, from as little as 45 grains to 100 grains, with at least one example weighing 126 grains. The vexators were first described by Alfred Sandham in his Coins and Medal of the Dominion of Canada from 1869, he took the date on the token at face value, therefore considered this token to be the first to be created and struck within Canada, as opposed to being imported from outside the country. Sandham described three examples in his catalog, though he mentions that he was aware of additional varieties, differing "in the mode of spelling, or in punctuation", he interpreted the female figure on the reverse of the token to be "dancing". A subsequent study of the vexators followed in 1874 with the publication of A Canadian Political Coin by William Kingsford.
The majority of this monograph focuses on the political background of Upper Canada in the 1810s that he thought led to the issuing of this satirical token, though he mentions that the majority of these tokens had been found in Quebec City, was the first to interpret the reverse legend as saying "Don't you wish you may catch them?" Based on the date appearing on the tokens, Kingsford believed the "tormentor of Canada" being targeted was Sir James Craig, governor of Upper Canada up until that year. This story was picked up by Pierre-Napoléon Breton in his illustrated catalog of Canadian numismatics from 1894, who goes into the dictatorial nature of Sir James Craig's colonial rule when describing the historical background for these tokens. Breton mentions that all of the specimens of these tokens he had encountered were "poorly struck, it is impossible to find any in good condition". While Sandham mentioned three distinct varieties, Breton only lists two, which he cataloged as numbers 558 and 559, while noting that each had its own variations.
Using a 10-point scale, Breton described these tokens as having a rarity level of "R3", though noting that "they are becoming rare."In 1910, American numismatist Howland Wood discovered a variety of the vexators featuring an obverse having a larger head, no legend, the date "1810" on it. The reverse, which he described as "being the variety with the dress of the female figure looking as if it was made of feathers", otherwise matching that of Breton 558, including the date 1811, he speculated that this token indicated that the idea for the vexators had started prior to the departure of Sir John Craig, or that the obverse was the result of an experimental die pressed into makeshift service. No other vexator with the date 1810 has appeared since Wood's discovery, it is now considered to be "probably unique"; this piece is now part of the Bank of Canada collection. The most comprehensive early study of the vextor tokens came from numismatist R. W. McLachlan in his article When Was the Vexator Canadensis Issued?, published in 1915.
He had reviewed 25-30 specimens of the vexator tokens and could only find the two major variants matching those described by Breton. He believed that the three main varieties noted by Sandham to be in error, believing that published work to have been "prepared in haste without proper examination of the pieces described". McLachlan consulted with two
The 1937 Series was the second series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. The banknotes were issued into circulation on 19 July 1937, at which time the Bank of Canada began removing banknotes from the 1935 Series from circulation; the $1000 banknote was issued several years as it was used by chartered banks, which had a sufficient supply of the 1935 Series $1000 banknote. This was the first series of bilingual Canadian banknotes, as the 1935 Series was a dual-language series with French banknotes issued in Quebec and English banknotes issued in the rest of Canada; this series was created because of the introduction of the Bank of Canada Act, which required Canadian banknotes to be bilingual. In this series, English was always on the left. With the exception of the $50 and $1000 notes, the colours introduced to the notes on this series remain to this day. In the House of Commons on 2 June 1936, Conservative member of parliament Thomas Langton Church protested against the requirement of bilingual banknotes in the Bank of Canada Act, stating there was no authority for it in the British North America Act, that it had not been an issue during the 1935 federal election.
He favoured printing dual-language banknotes. Other conservative members of the 18th Canadian Parliament, such as Robert Smeaton White, supported the Liberal Party of Canada majority government of William Lyon Mackenzie King to print bilingual banknotes; the death of George V on 20 January 1936 was another factor for the Bank of Canada to introduce a new series of banknotes. It created designs for new banknotes incorporating the portrait of Edward VIII, but when he abdicated on 11 December 1936 in order to marry Wallis Simpson, the Bank of Canada rushed to prepare new designs; these used portraits of King George VI, who ascended the throne on 11 December 1936. The banknotes retain the "classical elements of the design" of the 1935 Series, the reverse of most banknote denominations retain the allegorical themes and figures of the 1935 Series; the design of these banknotes has greater uniformity and consistency than the 1935 Series, with the obverse having a framed numeral in the top corners and the written value of each denomination framed in the lower corners, with English on the right and French on the left.
The allegorical figures have the same frame in each denomination, unlike the 1935 Series, are flanked by a large framed numeral representing the denomination's value. In 1938, the designs were modified to mitigate printing problems of the original design, increasing the width of the signature panel by 2.4 mm. All banknotes in the series measure 152.4 by 73.025 millimetres. Each denomination had a distinct colour, this set of denomination colours would be used for all subsequent banknote series; the Bank of Canada modified the colours used from the 1935 Series in part to address the issue that some banknotes could not be distinguished in low light. This was problematic for the $1 and $2 banknotes, which The St. Maurice Valley Chronicle of Trois-Rivières stated in an article that the green hue of the $1 banknote and the blue hue of the $2 banknote made the obverse appear similar, that the more distinct colours of the reverse could be "confused in artificial light"; the Bank of Canada chose to design the $2 banknotes using a terracotta red called "sanguine" as its dominant colour, changed the colour of the $5 banknote to blue, the $20 banknote to olive green, the $50 banknote to orange, the $100 banknote to the same tint of sepia used for the 1935 Series $500 banknote.
The series only contained three portraits, which were centrally positioned on the obverse of the banknote on which they were included to accommodate the introduction of bilingual text. The portrait of George VI wearing an admiral's uniform appearing on six of the banknotes was based on a photograph taken by Bertram Park, for which an engraving was made by Robert Savage of ABN, it had been used on the $50 banknote of the 1935 Series. The two exceptions were the $100 banknote, which had the same portrait of John A. Macdonald as the 1935 Series $100 banknote, the $1000 banknote, which had the same portrait of Wilfrid Laurier as the 1935 Series $100 banknote; the allegorical figure on the $1 banknote was the same as that on the 1935 Series $1 banknote, depicting an agricultural theme. It was based on a painting by Alonzo Foringer of the American Bank Note Company; the $2 banknote contains the same harvest allegory that appeared on the 1935 Series $10 banknote, was engraved by Harry P. Dawson of the British American Bank Note Company.
The $5 banknote has the same electric power generation allegory that appeared in the 1935 Series $5 banknote, the $10 banknote has the same transportation allegory as the 1935 Series $2 banknote, represented by a winged figure of the Roman mythological character Mercury. The same fertility allegory, on the 1935 Series $500 banknote, based on another painting by Foringer, was used on the $20 banknote of this series; the modern inventions allegorical figure on the $50 banknote, industry allegorical figure of the $100 banknote, security allegorical figure of the $1000 banknote were the same as those used on the same denomination in the 1935 Series. Engravings of the banknotes were created and subsequently transferred to steel rollers by rocking the rollers back and forth over the engraved die. After being hardened, the design was transferred to a master printing plate, which for the 1937 Series contained 24 copies of the engraved image; this process is known as siderography. The original plates and rolls for this series were destroyed
Nova Scotia [videos]
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime Provinces, and one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest of Canada's ten provinces, with …
Looking over the narrowest part of the Annapolis Valley towards Bridgetown from Valleyview Provincial Park
Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, situated on the Annapolis River where it widens to form the Annapolis Basin
Penny [videos]
A penny is a coin or a unit of currency in various countries. Borrowed from the Carolingian denarius, it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. Presently, it is the formal name of the British penny and …
A worn medieval penny, probably dating from the reigns of Henry VI–VII, AD 1413–1461
Image: Offa king of Mercia 757 793 silver penny
Image: South Africa Penny 1929
Image: Silver 1930 Australia penny
Pound sterling [videos]
The pound sterling, commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da …
The Hatter's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence).
A pound = 20 shillings = 240 silver pennies (formerly)
Reverse of a £5 Series G Bank of England note
Image: Bank of England £50 obverse
Coins of the pound sterling [videos]
The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling, and, since the introduction of the two-pound coin in 1994, ranges in value from one penny to two pounds. Since decimalisation …
Examples of the standard reverse designs minted until 2008 (£2 coin is not shown)
£1 coin design change
1981 commemorative twenty-five pence coin, celebrating the marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer.
Half crown, 1953
Banknotes of the Canadian dollar [videos]
Banknotes of the Canadian dollar are the banknotes or bills of Canada, denominated in Canadian dollars. Currently, they are issued in $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations. All current notes are issued by the Bank of Canada, which released its first …
$1 Banknote of the Colonial Bank of Canada issued in 1859.
$1 Dominion of Newfoundland note issued in 1920.
25-cent Dominion of Canada note issued in 1900
$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898.
Coins of the Canadian dollar [videos]
Canadian coinage is the coinage of Canada, produced by the Royal Canadian Mint and denominated in Canadian dollars and the subunit of dollars, cents. An effigy of the reigning monarch always appears on the obverse of all coins. There are standard images which appear on the reverse, but …
Obverse of a 1917 Canadian 10-cent piece.
Reverse of the Victory nickel, as minted in 1945.
Image: Alberta
Image: Toonie reverse
Penny (Canadian coin) [videos]
In Canada, a penny is a coin worth one cent, or 1⁄100 of a dollar. According to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official national term of the coin is the "one-cent piece", but in practice the terms penny and cent predominate. Originally, "penny" referred to a two-cent coin. When the two-cent coin was …
An 1876 penny featuring Queen Victoria
A 1902 penny featuring King Edward VII
A 1911 penny featuring King George V
A 1920 penny featuring King George V, the first year of the small penny
Nickel (Canadian coin) [videos]
The Canadian five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a coin worth five cents or one-twentieth of a Canadian dollar. It was patterned on the corresponding coin in the neighbouring United States. It became the smallest-valued coin in the currency upon the discontinuation of the penny in 2013 …
Image: Canada $0.05 1943
Quarter (Canadian coin) [videos]
The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a Canadian coin worth 25 cents or one-fourth of a Canadian dollar. It is a small, circular coin of silver colour. According to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official name for the coin is the 25-cent piece, but in practice it is usually called a "quarter" …
A 1917 quarter featuring King George V
Image: Canada $0.25 2002 canada day
50-cent piece (Canadian coin) [videos]
The fifty-cent piece is the common name of the Canadian coin worth 50 cents. The coin's reverse depicts the coat of arms of Canada. At the opening ceremonies for the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint, held on January 2, 1908, Governor General Earl Grey struck the Dominion …
A 1917 50-cent piece featuring King George V
A 1946 50-cent piece featuring King George VI
Image: CANADA, GEORGE V 1917 50 CENTS b Flickr woody 1778a
Image: CANADA, GEORGE VI 1946 50 CENTS b Flickr woody 1778a
Commemorative banknotes of the Canadian dollar [videos]
Four banknotes of the Canadian dollar have been commemorative issues. The first was issued in 1935 to the silver jubilee of the accession of George V to the throne of the United Kingdom, the only $25 banknote ever issued by the Bank of Canada. The second commemorative banknote was the Centennial $1 …
The obverse of the English-language version of the $25 banknote. The portraits are of George V on the left and Mary of Teck on the right.
The obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) of the Canadian Centennial $1 banknote, version with regular serial numbers.
The obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) of the Canadian Centennial $1 banknote, version with dates.
The obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) of the banknotes commemorating Elizabeth II becoming the longest-reigning monarch of the United Kingdom and Canada.
1935 Series (banknotes) [videos]
The 1935 Series was the first series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. They were first circulated on 11 March 1935, the same day that the Bank of Canada officially started operating. Two sets of banknotes were printed for each denomination, one in French for Quebec …
The $1 banknote of the 1935 Series features a portrait of George V.
Image: Obverse of $1 banknote, Canada 1935 Series, English version
Image: Obverse of $1 banknote, Canada 1935 Series, French version
Image: Reverse of $1 banknote, Canada 1935 Series, English version
The 1937 Series was the second series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. The banknotes were issued into circulation on 19 July 1937, at which time the Bank of Canada began gradually removing banknotes from the 1935 Series from circulation. The $1000 banknote was …
Image: 1937 1 bank of canada face
Image: 1937 1 bank of canadaback
Birds of Canada (banknotes) [videos]
Birds of Canada are banknotes of the Canadian dollar first circulated by the Bank of Canada in 1986 to replace the Scenes of Canada series. Each note features a bird indigenous to Canada in its design. The banknotes weigh 1 gram with dimensions of 152.40 by 69.85 millimetres. It …
Face sides of the 1986 Birds of Canada series depicting, top to bottom, Queen Elizabeth II, Wilfrid Laurier, John A. Macdonald, Queen Elizabeth II, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Robert Borden and again Queen Elizabeth II.
The obverse and reverse of the Birds of Canada $2 banknote.
The obverse and reverse of the Birds of Canada $10 banknote.
Prince Edward Island dollar [videos]
The Prince Edward Island dollar was a unit of currency used in Prince Edward Island. The dollar replaced the Prince Edward Island pound in 1872 at a rate of 1 pound = 4.866 dollars. The dollar was subdivided into 100 cents. — Coins — Only one type of coin, the …
Bank of Prince Edward Island, one dollar (1877)
Image: CAN S1930c Bank of Prince Edward Island 2 Dollars (1877)
Image: CAN S1932a Bank of Prince Edward Island 10 Dollars (1872)
Dime (Canadian coin) [videos]
In Canada, a dime is a coin worth ten cents. It has been the smallest Canadian coin since 1922, smaller even than the penny despite its higher face value. According to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official national term of the coin is the 10-cent piece, but in practice, the term dime predominates …
An 1858 dime featuring Queen Victoria
A 1917 dime featuring King George V
Image: CANADA, VICTORIA 1858 10 CENTS CANADA'S FIRST DIME b Flickr woody 1778a
The 1954 Series was the third series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. The banknotes were designed in 1952 following the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne after the death of her father George VI. The banknote designs differed significantly from the preceding …
The banknotes of the 1954 Series.
Image: Obverse of $1 banknote, Canada 1954 Series, "Devil's Head" printing
Frontier Series [videos]
The Frontier Series is the seventh series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar released by the Bank of Canada. The polymer banknotes were designed to increase durability and to incorporate more security features over the preceding Canadian Journey Series. The notes feature images that focus on …
The obverse and reverse of the $5 banknote.
Chris Hadfield during unveiling of the $5 banknote from the International Space Station on 30 April 2013
The obverse and reverse of the $10 banknote.
Shilling [videos]
The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in Austria, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States and other British Commonwealth countries. — Currently the shilling is used as a currency in four east African countries: Kenya, Tanzania …
A 1933 UK shilling
1956 Elizabeth II UK shilling showing English and Scottish reverses
Owing to the reach of the British Empire, the shilling was once used on every inhabited continent. This two-shilling piece was minted for British West Africa.
Withdrawn Canadian banknotes [videos]
Banknotes that are no longer in issue in Canada, and are being removed from circulation, are said to be withdrawn from circulation. — Current issues — The Bank of Canada, Canada's sole issuer of bank notes, currently issues five different denominations. Smaller …
25¢ Dominion of Canada note issued in 1923
$10 Bank of Montreal note issued in 1935
Canadian five-dollar note [videos]
The Canadian five-dollar note is the lowest denomination and one of the most common banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada. — As with all modern Canadian banknotes, all text is in both English and French. — Current note — The current five-Canadian dollar note …
An example of "Spocking" using a portrait of Laurier from 1907, a similar portrait to the one used on the Canadian Journey Series $5-bill.
Image: Canadian $5 note specimen face
Canadian ten-dollar note [videos]
The Canadian ten-dollar note is one of the most common banknotes of the Canadian dollar. — The current $10 note is purple, and the obverse features a portrait of Viola Desmond, a Black Nova Scotian businesswoman who challenged racial segregation at a film theatre in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, in 1946 …
Image: Canadian $10 note 2018 specimen face
Image: Canadian $10 note 2018 specimen back
Scenes of Canada [videos]
Scenes of Canada was the fourth series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. It was first circulated in 1970 to succeed the 1954 Series, and was replaced by the Birds of Canada series beginning in 1986. — Design — The design process for this series began in 1963 with …
Image: Giori proposed design for Scenes of Canada $10 banknote, obverse
Image: Giori proposed design for Scenes of Canada $10 banknote, reverse
Canadian Journey Series [videos]
The Canadian Journey series is the sixth series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar designed and circulated by the Bank of Canada. It succeeded the Birds of Canada banknote series. The first of the banknotes issued into circulation was the $10 banknote on 17 January 2001, and the last to be issued …
Face sides of the 2001 Canadian Journey series depicting, top to bottom, Wilfrid Laurier, John A. Macdonald, Queen Elizabeth II, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Robert Borden.
Three pairs of raised bumps can be discerned on the $20 banknote's patterned design, one of three sets (others not shown) occurring on the banknote.
Canadian pound [videos]
The pound was the unit of account for currency of the Canadas until 1858. It was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. In Lower Canada, the sou was used, worth 1⁄2 penny. Although the pounds, shillings, and pence accounting system had its origins in the British …
An 1851 Canadian postage 3d-denominated postage stamp in pounds, shillings, and pence units of the Halifax rating
Image: Lower (Bas) Canada City Bank One Penny (Deux Sous) Bank Token 1837
Early Canadian banking system [videos]
The early Canadian banking system was regulated entirely by the colonial government. Primitive forms of banking emerged early in the colonial period to solve the drain of wealth caused by the application of …
20 dollar note, Bank of Montreal, 1817
4 Dollars, Bank of Montreal, overprinted as provincial note
Vexator Canadiensis tokens [videos]
The Vexator Canadiensis tokens are thought to be politically satirical tokens produced in either Quebec City or Montreal sometime in the 1830s. The tokens present a very crude image of a vaguely male bust on their obverse, and a female figure on the …
Another example a Vextor Canadiensis token that has been double-struck; Breton-558, VC-2
An example of a Vextor Canadiensis token; Breton 559, VC-3
Newfoundland dollar [videos]
The dollar was the currency of the colony and dominion of Newfoundland from 1865 until 1949, when Newfoundland became a province of Canada. It was subdivided into 100 cents. — History — In 1865 Newfoundland adopted the gold standard, and the dollar replaced the pound at a rate of 1 dollar = 4 …
Union Bank $2 note
Banking in Canada [videos]
Banking in Canada is widely considered one of the safest banking systems in the world, ranking as the world's soundest banking system for the past six years according to reports by the World Economic Forum. Released in October 2010, Global Finance magazine put Royal Bank of Canada at …
Loonie [videos]
The loonie, formally the Canadian one-dollar coin, is a gold-coloured coin that was introduced in 1987 and is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg. The most prevalent versions of the coin show a common loon, a bird found throughout Canada, on the reverse …
The Big Loonie in Echo Bay, Ontario.
Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins [videos]
Since the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the Royal Canadian Mint has struck Summer and Winter Olympic coins to mark Games held in Canada. — 1976 Montreal Summer Games — Most numismatists agree that the first true numismatic collection was the Olympic Five and Ten Dollar coins for the 1976 …
2010 Vancouver Olympics .9999 silver bullion maple leaf commemorative coin
Blacksmith token [videos]
Blacksmith tokens are a form of evasion currency that was in circulation primarily in Lower Canada and Upper Canada along with neighboring areas, such as the northern parts of New York and New England in the mid-1820 to 1830s. They were not, strictly speaking counterfeits, but instead skirted …
Obverse and reverse image of a typical Blacksmith Token (Wood-13/BL-9), depicting a crude profile of a British monarch on one side and a seated Britannia with a shield holding a spear. Contrast enhanced to bring out detail.
History of Ireland [videos]
The first evidence of human presence in Ireland dates to about 12,500 years ago, shortly after the receding of the ice after the younger Dryas cold phase of the Quaternary ended around 9700 BC, and heralds the beginning of Prehistoric Ireland, which includes the archaeological periods known as the …
Kevin's monastery at Glendalough, County Wicklow
A page from the Book of Kells that opens the Gospel of John
A tower house near Quin, County Clare. The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and towers such as this.
Irish soldiers, 1521 – by Albrecht Dürer.
Hundred Years' War [videos]
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts …
Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), 1286. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was also a vassal to the French King. Illumination by Jean Fouquet from the Grandes Chroniques de France in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
Battle of Sluys from a BNF manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles, Bruges, c.1470.
Battle of Crécy, 1346, from the Grandes Chroniques de France. British Library, London.
Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy
Gold coin [videos]
A gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold. Most gold coins minted since 1800 are 90–92% gold, while most of today's gold bullion coins are pure gold, such as the Britannia, Canadian Maple Leaf, and American Buffalo. Alloyed gold coins, like the American Gold Eagle and …
Gold coins for sale in the Dubai Gold Souk
Persian Achaemenid Daric, circa 490 BC
Gold Solidus of Roman Emperor Valentinian II
A 20-crown gold coin from Norway. Introduced in 1875, it became part of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. Norwegian gold reserves included tonnes of this and other coins, backing Norway's paper money. The coin was designed for circulation: "124 Stk. 1 Kil. f. G." means that 124 pieces gave one kilogramme of pure gold.


text:
Culture Cole Kazdin November 11, 2016
The Many Lawsuits of Donald Trump
When it comes to litigation against sitting presidents, we're about to enter uncharted territory
For the first time in our nation's history, before our president-elect takes the Oath of Office, he'll be taking an oath in court. Later this month he's set to take the stand in one of the class-action lawsuits against him, the thrust of which is that he defrauded people who signed up for his real estate program, "Trump University" (which, to be clear, was not a university).
The trial for Low v. Trump University is slated to begin Monday, November 28 in San Diego; it will come before Gonzalo Curiel, the Indiana-born judge whom Trump attacked this summer, claiming Curiel's Mexican heritage prevented him from being impartial.
In a ruling yesterday, Curiel said he was disinclined to grant Trump lawyer Daniel Petrocelli's request to delay the trial a year, but that he was open to allowing Trump to testify via video instead of in person. The decision underscored the strange reality in which Trump finds himself: His status as president-elect won't spare him from ongoing litigation. Even once he becomes president, he'll still have to show up for court dates and testify when asked.
"Since these cases began before Trump was elected and they don't involve any of his conduct as president, there's nothing about his being president-elect or president that would stop them," says Michael Gerhardt, a professor of constitutional law at the University of North Carolina School of Law. Gerhardt points out that the Supreme Court case Clinton v. Jones — allowing Paula Jones's sexual harassment case against Bill Clinton to move forward — provides the legal framework for ongoing litigation against Trump, or any new litigation, for that matter.
In addition to Low v. Trump University, there's Cohen v. Trump University, alleging that Trump's program violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. No court date has been set for Cohen. The plaintiffs, many who are senior citizens, are looking for reimbursement and damages.
"We've never had anybody elected president directly from the status of being a private citizen and running a business," says Gerhardt. "Usually we've elected somebody who's already in public office, so his circumstances are just different than any other presidential election in history."
Add to that, a president-elect in the midst of being sued multiple times? Unprecedented.
Throughout the campaign, Trump threatened to sue various individuals and publications, including The New York Times. At least a dozen women have accused Trump of sexual misconduct, and he's threatened to sue them too.
Could he sue people from behind his desk in the Oval Office?
"At least in theory, yes," says Gerhardt. "I don't think there's anything about being president that necessarily precludes your undertaking civil or other actions while you're president." As for defamation, Gerhardt says that as a public figure, one must prove malicious intent, adding that, in defamation cases, truth is an absolute defense.
"So if it turns out that any of the things said about him have been proven true in a court of law, there's nothing that can be done against that," Gerhardt adds.
Just last week, an anonymous woman abruptly dropped a civil lawsuit against Trump alleging that he had raped her in 1994, when she was 13 years old.
According to her complaint, she was attacked by Trump several times at Manhattan parties hosted by Jeffrey Epstein, who was convicted in 2008 of soliciting an underaged prostitute and is now a registered sex offender.
Trump told New York magazine in a 2002 interview, "I've known Jeff for 15 years. Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it — Jeffrey enjoys his social life."
In her sworn statement, Jane Doe said that she had come to New York City when she was 13 years old, with the hopes of starting a modeling career. She met a woman who told her that "if I would join her at the parties, I would be introduced to people who could get me into the modeling profession," and that she would be paid to attend the parties.
According to her complaint, Trump had sexual contact with her at four different parties during the summer of 1994.
"On the fourth and final sexual encounter with Defendant Trump," she says in court papers, Trump "tied me to a bed, exposed himself to me, and then proceeded to forcibly rape me. During the course of this savage sexual attack, I loudly pleaded with Defendant Trump to stop but he did not. Defendant Trump responded to my pleas by violently striking me in the face with his open hand and screaming that he would do whatever he wanted."
Afterward, Doe says, both Trump and Epstein threatened her with physical harm if she ever told anyone. She adds that after she filed her first complaint in April of this year, she started receiving threatening phone calls.
In a sworn witness statement, the woman who first invited Doe to the parties, using the pseudonym "Tiffany Doe," says in court papers, "I personally witnessed the Plaintiff (Jane Doe) being forced to perform various sexual acts with Donald J. Trump and Mr. Epstein," and that they both knew she was 13.
Trump has vigorously denied the allegations, telling Radar Online, according to court papers, "The allegations are not only categorically false, but disgusting at the highest level and clearly framed to solicit media attention, or perhaps, are simply politically motivated. There is absolutely no merit to these allegations. Period."
A press conference scheduled for last week was canceled at the last minute. One of Doe's attorneys, Lisa Bloom, told the waiting press corps that her client had received death threats.
Attorneys for Trump and Jane Doe did not respond to MEL's requests for comment.
It's not out of the realm of possibility that ongoing or future litigation against Trump could result in impeachment.
"The analogy that works best is Clinton," Gerhardt says. In that case, the allegations had to do with behavior before Clinton was president. "In the course of the case, material was produced that ended up becoming relevant, a lot of people argued, to the presidency and became the basis for impeachment. So it depends on what discovery produces in any of these cases," he says. "It's not out of the question."
All of the litigation against Trump is civil. Historically, there have never been criminal charges brought against a sitting president—not even during Watergate. In the Clinton case, Ken Starr opted for an offer of impeachment.
"There's a big question that's not been answered in American Constitutional law, and that's whether any kind of criminal action could be brought against a sitting president, even for pre-presidential conduct," Gerhardt says. "I think the short answer is: We don't know the answer to that."
Cole Kazdin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Campbell Scientific Aust have released the CR1000 data logger.
The CR1000 data logger is suitable for long-term, remote deployment under a wide range of applications and industries, including the environmental, hydrological, mining and geotechnical sectors.
With 4Mb of memory standard, users can further expand the CR1000 data logger using the CFM100 CompactFlash Module.
A custom designed ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) adds functionality to the CR1000 data logger while reducing board space, components and cost. The ASIC controls measurement sequence and timingand frees the CPU for faster processing and data storage.
With a nine pin CS I/O port, RS-232 serial communications port and eight digital I/O terminals which can be configured to create four communications ports, the data logger has a program execution rate of 100Hz increasing up to 1500Hz in burst mode.
The communication ports are capable of speeds from 300 to 115200 baud, facilitating data collecting from smart sensors, communicating between data loggers and connecting to modems or network links.
The CR1000 data logger is compatible with the full range of peripherals and communications devices and features the PakBus operating system, a new packet switched communications protocol which facilitates datalogger networking.
The CR1000 data logger also incorporates the CRBasic programming language. Loosely based on the familiar BASIC programming language, CRBasic combines the user friendliness of a commercial programming language with the power of the CR1000 hardware.
The first in the new generation of data loggers to be released by Campbell Scientific, the CR1000 uses advanced technology to provide users good capability in terms of speed flexibility, reliability and accuracy.


text:
Adhesives and Sealants TopicsNew ProductsFinished Adhesives and SealantsSustainability
H.B. FULLER: Adhesives for Paper Straws
The technology comes as global regulatory single-use plastics bans go into effect across the globe.
H.B. Fuller adhesives enable growing demand for paper straws. (Photo: Business Wire)
H.B. Fuller has launched a new generation of high-performance adhesives with Swift® tak 5730 grade to create consumer-safe, liquid-resistant paper straws designed for fast-moving machines and improved sustainability. The development comes as global regulatory single-use plastics bans go into effect across the globe and the European Union paves the way for the rest of the world by sealing a ban on throwaway plastics such as plates, cutlery, and straws by mid-2021.
According to custom research commissioned by H.B. Fuller, the CAGR for paper straws in Europe is expected to be 31% for the next three years. This estimate, combined with the upcoming sweeping legislations, reinforces sustainability as one of the guiding themes on strategy and product development for industry's major players.
H.B. Fuller reports that a multidisciplinary team of its scientists have developed Swift tak 5730 water-based adhesive to further advance the paper straw industry. This technology offers paper straw producers superior performance in terms of consistent, easy machinability, cleanability, and overall productivity in response to the increased demand for safe and sustainable paper straws.
The new generation of plasticizer-free, three-hour liquid-resistant adhesive, which exceeds the liquid resistance market requirement for cold beverages, enables a high-quality durable straw and reduces operational downtime. Its high wet tack allows manufacturers to meet aggressive productivity goals while using fast paper straw machines that can produce more than 500 straws per minute.
Swift tak 5730 reportedly gives a competitive advantage for core winding and slot nozzle application for straight or bendy cold drink straw production, like those often used in juice boxes. Generally, this adhesive comprises less than 5% of the total dried weight of a paper straw—enabling paper straws to be recycled and/or industrially composted (results are coat weight, paper, and liquid dependent and subject to variability).
According to H.B. Fuller, this technology allows paper straws to be compliant with German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Food-Contact Recommendation BfRXXXVI (Paper and Board for Food Contact Materials) for food contact to help ensure maximum consumer safety. Although the BfR recommendations are not legal norms, they are widely respected in industry throughout the European Union.
"We want to enable the production and use of alternatives in intelligent designs to help create a path toward a better sustainable economy," said Michel Cordos, H.B. Fuller technical manager for paper straws. "We are very pleased to present Swift® tak 5730, a more sustainable and safe formulation featuring strong performance while at the same time contributing to the decrease of single-use plastics. Our experts provide on-demand technical support to guide paper straw and equipment manufacturers as well as paper suppliers on how to efficiently produce durable liquid resistant straws at the lowest manufacturer total cost possible to meet this growing market."
For more information, visit www.hbfuller.com/paperstraws.
KEYWORDS: bonding laminating
H.B. FULLER INDIA: Adhesive for Paper Straws
H.B. FULLER and HSMG: Poly-free Paper Cup
H.B. FULLER CO.: Laminating Adhesives for Packaging
H.B. Fuller
A leading global adhesives provider focusing on perfecting adhesives, sealants, and other specialty chemical products to improve products and lives. Brings together people, products, and processes to solve the world's biggest challenges in electronics, hygiene, medical, transportation, clean energy, packaging, construction, woodworking, general industries, and more.


GUI Design Viewer - Software Informer. Opens any GUI Design project (.gdp) or individual design file (.gui).
GUI Design Viewer is a companion product to GUI Design Studio that lets you view user interface designs and run your prototypes. Export designs to popular image files (.bmp, .gif, .jpg, .png, .emf). And because they share the same engine, your designs will look the same and your prototypes will behave the same in compatible versions of both products.
Opens any GUI Design project (.gdp) or individual design file (.gui) Opens specially created single file project distributions (.gdd files) such as the sample designs available on this site. Browse and view included design files and run them individually or the whole project as an application prototype.


US convicts child soldier of war crimes; first time since WWII.
For the first time since World War II a child soldier has been tried for– and convicted of– war crimes. Omar Khadr, a Canadian citizen accused of working for al-Qaeda, accepted a plea deal on Monday for allegedly throwing a hand grenade at US forces in Afghanistan nine years ago, when he was only fifteen years old. He will spend eight years in jail. His lawyers argued that the defendant's "admission" was apparently elicited after he had been repeatedly subject to torture, but it was still admitted as evidence.
Khadr's conviction as a child soldier has been widely disparaged. His extensive stay in an Afghanistan detainment camp and then Guantanamo Bay has lead many to believe that Obama's approach at investigating accused criminals has not differed significantly from the tactics of his predecessor, despite repeated promises that this administration would be more concerned with habeas corpus, humane interrogations, due process, and human rights.


A ribbon cutting ceremony was held for the new scoreboard on September 8.
Alabama A&M University reached its $1 million goal in their 2018 scoreboard fundraising project with over 300 donors.
The new scoreboard, which features a marketing video display, was presented at Louis Crews Stadium on Saturday, September 8 in a ribbon cutting ceremony.
The project funds will also go towards erecting a digital billboard on Memorial Parkway. University officials say this will provide advertising exposure to approximately 40 motorists a day.
According to the university's athletic director, Bryan Hicks, the new scoreboard offers features like instant replay, a loud meter and kiss cam.
For more information, visit the Alabama A&M official website.


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Q: Importing multiple raster files into one GeoPackage I'm looking for an alternative to import multiple raster files into a GeoPackage other than dragging and dropping via QGIS Browser (sometimes takes to long or returns error).
Following this post I'm using gdal_translate with additional parameters to create a model for exporting a .tif file to an existing GeoPackage without deleting existing tables.
gdal_translate -of GPKG raster_to_import.tif existing.gpkg -co APPEND_SUBDATASET=YES -co RASTER_TABLE=new_table

However, I have problems naming the table based on the input file name when I try to use the batch process as I can't set up a variable for this on command line.
Is there a better alternative using QGIS? Or maybe another way to manage GeoPackage files.

A: Use the option: 'OPTIONS':'APPEND_SUBDATASET=YES|RASTER_TABLE=raster123', change the raster_table name with each iteration:
import os

newgpkg = '/home/bera/Desktop/all_rasters.gpkg' #Will be created if it doesnt exist
rasterfolder = r'/home/bera/Desktop/GIS/Data/testdata/' #All tif rasters in this folder and all subfolders will be converted

for root, folder, files in os.walk(rasterfolder):
    for file in files:
        if file.endswith('.tif'): #For each tif file in rasterfolder
            print('Processing {0}'.format(file))
            fullname = os.path.join(root, file)
            newname = file.replace('.tif', '_trans') #Adjust this line to change how the output rasters are named
            processing.run("gdal:translate", {'INPUT':fullname,'TARGET_CRS':None,'NODATA':None,
            'COPY_SUBDATASETS':False,'OPTIONS':'APPEND_SUBDATASET=YES|RASTER_TABLE={0}'.format(newname),
            'EXTRA':'','DATA_TYPE':0,'OUTPUT':newgpkg})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Two desperate pioneer hunters were attempting to kill as much game as possible to feed their hungry families. One cold morning, as they approached a clearing, they spotted several deer. Each man carried a gun - one had a Winchester repeating rifle; the other a Browning 12-gauge shotgun. Knowing from experience that they would have only one shot before the deer would bolt, the question arose - "Which gun should we use?"
The man carrying the shotgun whispered, "I'll use my shotgun. That way we can easily hit three or four deer!"
The other men replied, "Yes, we might hit several, but we probably won't bring any down, and they will likely escape in the woods. We'd better use my rifle to get one!"
"We may drop one if we use your rifle" replied the first man, "but think of all the food that will get away!"
Which gun should they use? Experienced hunters know - THE RIFLE. After all, what good is it to hit several deer if you cannot bring down a single one to eat? One is infinitely better than none. And hopefully there will be another day to hunt the remaining deer.
This story helps us to understand the most effective way to win souls to Christ. Far too many use the "shotgun" approach - vague remarks about the Bible, non-specific invitations and an occasional, "God bless you." While their intentions are noble, they rarely bring other to Jesus.
Conversely, those that are the most successful in leading others to Christ focus on one soul at a time. They select a relative, friend or associate, begin praying for them, and regularly invite them to Bible School, worship services or fellowships. And that's just the beginning. They also look for openings to talk to them about salvation.
So put down your shotgun, and pick up your rifle. Select one person and devote time, energy, and prayers for him or her. Don't stop until they submit to Jesus or move "out of range". God may use your determined, persistent efforts to win more souls to Christ than you imagine!
A man who was losing his memory went to a specialist for tests. Following the tests, his doctor said, "I have a tough choice for you. We can bring back your memory, but at the risk of destroying your eyesight. So which is more important – your memory or vision?" After thinking it over, the man replied, "I prefer my eyesight because I'd rather see where I'm going rather than remember where I have been!"
All of us have memories of personal sin and regret. Moreover, the sheer number of our transgressions may seem overwhelming. Some, incessantly haunted by memories of past misdeeds, believe that their future will be no better. That, however, is a lie perpetrated by the devil.
Consider the apostle Paul. Didn't he have "skeletons" for which he could have been perpetually ashamed? He'd assisted those who stoned Stephen to death – Act 7:58. He'd threatened murder and traveled to distant cities to arrest Christians – Act 9:1ff. He'd persecuted the church beyond measure – Gal. 1:13. It was only after bringing untold suffering to the Lord's disciples that he saw the "Light" on a trip to Damascus, and subsequently turned to the Lord – Act 9:3ff.
Though his past was riddled with crimes against the Lord, he understood that no sin is so indelible that the blood of Christ cannot erase it. No life is so ruined that Jesus cannot heal and make it useful. Thus, by the grace of God Christians can leave their past alone and instead focus on what lies ahead.
Dear Christian, regardless of your past, press on. Leave behind all that induces guilt, sorrow and remorse. Reach forward for the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.
The wise man wrote, "Death and life are in the power of the tongue…" (Proverbs18:21) He meant that our words possess the power to heal hearts or destroy lives.


Chandauli/Varanasi/Mirzapur: Congress General Secretary Priyanka Gandhi on Wednesday hit out at Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the BJP for describing the arrest of absconding PNB fraud case accused Nirav Modi in London as an achievement, asking who let him flee.
"Is it an achievement? Who let them escape from the country?" she said.
Speaking to reporters in Chandauli after visiting the family of Awadhesh Yadav, who was among the 40 CRPF troopers killed in February 14 suicide bombing in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama, she said that her visit was not political.
"…I had spoken to the father of the trooper some days after the attack. He had said to me that 'you people come as we want to meet you'. Thus I had come. My visit to his house is not connected to politics," she said.
Gandhi's journey, which began in Prayagraj on Monday, ended in Varanasi, the Lok Sabha constituency of Prime Minister Modi, on Wednesday.
Asked when she is planning to kick off the second part of her Lok Sabha campaign, she said it will be "soon after Holi".
Before going to Chandauli, Gandhi offered prayers at the Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi for over half an hour.
It was her fourth temple visit since March 18, when she kicked off her river ride from Prayagraj.
On Monday, she visited the famous Hanuman Mandir in Prayagraj, followed by trips to the Sita Samahit Sthal temple in Bhadohi's Sitamarhi and the Vindhyavashini temple in Vindhyachal on the second day of her campaign. She also offered a chadar at Kantit Sharif dargah on Tuesday.
She had arrived at the Vishwanath temple after deboarding from the motorboat at Dashavamedh ghat in Varanasi.
Reaching Ramnagar village, the ancestral village of late Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, in Varanasi via road from Chunar in Mirzapur, where she had made a night halt on Tuesday, Gandhi then went by boat to Assi ghat where she held discussions with the fishermen community.
She also paid floral tributes to the former Prime Minister at Shastri Chowk and visited his residence.
A minor scuffle broke out between Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party workers after the latter raised pro-Modi slogans.
Gandhi later condemned the violence.
"When I was coming to Varanasi, few people raised slogans for the BJP… then people slapped them. We don't believe in such kind of politics. The Congress workers had been beaten by the Britishers. We took all the pain and didn't raise our hand (in return) but only tried to bring the truth," she said.
She also accused Modi of not fulfilling any of the eight promises made to the people of the city, citing the BJP's manifesto for Varanasi in 2014.
"This politics of advertisements is easy and it can be done by anyone," she said.
Gandhi, before leaving Chunar in the morning, had also accused the BJP of systematically attacking every democratic institution in the country and advised the Prime Minister to "stop thinking that people are fools and understand that they see through all his antics".
She also said that she was not afraid.
Gandhi, who was followed by Congress workers raising slogans like "Gali gali me shor hai, chowkidar chor hai" and "Dahan karne Modi ki Lanka, aa gai behen Priyanka", also seem to have struck a chord with locals, many of whom who pointed out her resemblance to her grandmother, former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
"We have felt helpless in the last five years, we feel cheated by the government," he added.


text:
Vancouver, specifically
for Wayde Compton,
An uneasy mist
rises from this calligraphy of recollection
Mina Loy, The Lost Lunar Baedecker: Poems
What is this, beauty. Failed attempts at, something. Stated aims, a viaduct. Specific questions, abandoned. Linger. Exploding at the bedrock, crust. Backwash, a church. A Union, Prior. Streets. A common grave. Or is it, grace.
Impossibilities, suffer. Excised, but not divide, subtract. A family path of clothespins, buttons.
You aren't front lawn, sophisticate. Subsets claim. A learning made of kitchens, home. A Georgian demolition, sweep. A lack of rumoured slums. Estate of longing, else. State, desired looks. Wood sliced into beam, a streetscape. What aren't we seeing.
If less abstracted, tell me. A community suffers, scattered. Brow to leaning brow.
Attempts are not, but statements. Lone survivor, speaks dead language. Restorations. Memory, buffers. Erodes into allotted land. A formless quilt, afforded. Question, its effects.
Mortgage is, but this. Your murdered laughter.
What are we, looking? The look of elsewhere, less. All that glitters. Little controversies, pass the stupid buck. Strathcona is, a name. The trees for city, same. The house but not, paved over. Why did you, did? Could further, else. A glaze.
Of, the shores. What oxidized. Go. Here, not only. Long, into the east.
rob mclennan
Born in Ottawa, Canada's glorious capital city, rob mclennan currently lives in Ottawa. The author of more than twenty trade books of poetry, fiction and non-fiction, his most recent titles are the poetry collections Glengarry (Talonbooks, 2011), kate street (Moira, 2011) and 52 flowers (or, a perth edge) (Obvious Epiphanies, 2010), and a second novel, missing persons (2009). An editor and publisher, he runs above/ground press, Chaudiere Books (with Jennifer Mulligan), The Garneau Review (ottwater.com/garneaureview), seventeen seconds: a journal of poetry and poetics (ottawater.com/seventeenseconds) and the Ottawa poetry pdf annual ottawater (ottawater.com). He spent the 2007-8 academic year in Edmonton as writer-in-residence at the University of Alberta, and regularly posts reviews, essays, interviews and other notices at robmclennan.blogspot.com


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