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Paris1972-Versailles2003
Travel and my anecdotes
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The presqu'Île de Rhuys Peninsula !!!
The sights of Port Navalo !!!
Saint Gildas de Rhuys and its beaches !!!
More of the Saint Gildas de Rhuys Abbey !!!
The Notre-Dame Church of Billio !
The Panthéon of Paris!!
Ok so let me update this popular spot in my eternal Paris. Actually , I have to admit was always going to the nearby Jardin du Luxembourg (see posts) , and look at this building and told me ahh that must be the Panthéon so went for a peek. It is an awesome building and worth the visit at least once me think. The Dome was been renovated on this trip as shown in pictures. Hope you enjoy the update on the Panthéon of Paris!!
I have passed it many times and seldom been in it, one of the things in life when one lives so close to so much beauty and architecture. I finally went in, and it was stunning, well like everything in Paris in my opinion. This is the Panthéon de Paris! It is located in a superb location near the jardin du Luxembourg ; in fact if you stand by the blvd Saint Mchel right out of the gate from the fountain of Marie de Médici you can look straight up Rue Soufflot into it. Right in front of the Place du Panthéon.
Very appropiate nearby is the library or Bibliothéque Saint Geneviéve as well as the University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. RER B Luxembourg can easily take you in this direction and coming from the back you can get there on metro line 10 Cardinal Lemoine. And if like me ,you come by car, there is excellent underground parking Soufflot at 22 Rue Soufflot just in front of the Panthéon. Later , for business trip I took the bus line 82 which stops right next to the Jardin du Luxembourg.
At the Panthéon, they have organised it into four stages in the life of the Panthéon existance, the first one and oldest is that was there before the Panthéon, in effect, the Church of Sainte Geneviève (1744-1790); which of course, was demolished during the French revolution.
The second period is that of the transformation of monuments to use the scholar choice, meaning the used of these monument to enhance the French Republic from the initial years such as (1791-1885). This is when the French revolution welcomes its heroes to the Panthéon with first Mirabeau ,one of the great speakers of the revolution. In 1806, Emperor Napoléon Ier gave the nave of the Panthéon back to the Catholic Church while the crypts stayed for the cult of personalities. Under the period of the Restauration, meaning back of the monarchy, king of the French Louis-Philippe 1st (reign of 1830-1848) gave it all back to the Catholic Church. Finally, in 1851, Emperor Napoléon III change the Panthéon to a Church for the last time in its history.
The third period is that of the French Republic laique from 1885-1964 upon the death of the writer Victor Hugo , a huge crowd follows the funeral car to the Panthéon. The monument becomes laïque. This period extends all along the IIIe République (1870-1940) , and the IVe République (1947-1958).
The fourth and final period we can call it the Panthéon under the Ve République (since 1958), when it was open to transfer the ashes of Resistant hero Jean Moulin ,in 1964. At the end of this ceremony the funeral speech done by the Minister of cultural affairs André Malraux , the Panthéon gain little by little its position of all consensus of all the political families. The surveys conducted ,indicated how to allow the admission of ordinary people to better represent the French society by given honors in the future. The ceremony of May 27 2015 when entered into the Panthéon of Pierre Brossolette , Geneviève de Gaulle Anthonioz , Germaine Tillion ,and Jean Zay ( my boys middle school was name after this resistance fighter) falls into this doctrine.
However, to give you a rough tour of it inside , we will continue on the first level or principal ground level, and continue around the bearing along the wall to our right and coming across to the right side now, you will see Sainte Geneviéve encouraging the Parisiens to fight against Attila the Hun. Continuing along the right wall, you wil come to Jeanne d'Arc and Saint Louis completing the Christian heroes that are the history of France. Coming along the right wall as if you were going out of the building now you will see the marches of Attila the Hun and Sainte Geneviéve showing calm to the Parisiens. And just before the door on the right side wall , you will see the life of Saint Denis, evangelist of the Gauls and first bishop of Paris.
You will go back now to the stairs and go down to the Crypt. First tomb is that of the heart of Léon Gambetta with an urn in glass, the III Republic transfer it here in Nov 11 1920 in honor of its founder. In the lobby the first part of the crypt welcomes face to face the tombs of Voltaire, with beforehand by his statue in stone by Houdon(sculptor) and Rousseau with a look of rustic temple simulating his theories on nature. The tomb of Soufflot joined them in 1829. In the west wing to the right you will see the 41 great men of the Empire at the other side of the rotonda, they were put here beginning in 1806 by Imperial decree, amongst them, Portalis, and Tronchet, the writer of the Civil Code of France. In the same west wing but to the left, you see Victor Schoelcher marking the aboliton of slavery, and next to Jéan Jaurés, father of French socialism killed in 1914, as well as Félix Eboué, first French resistant fighter from the territories. You will see here too, Victor Hugo and Emile Zola, two writers of renown who fought for the liberties of all. In 2002, the ashes of Alexandre Dumas, were deposited here too. The personalities transfer here for the centenary of the French revolution comes before the tomb of Maréchal Lannes. In the north wing, you will see the tombs of Jean Moulin, hero of the Resistance movement in WWII and André Malraux, writer and alongside Jean Monnet (created the European Union), as well as René Cassin, spiritual father of the universal declaration of the rights of man and citizens adopted by the UN in 1948. In the cellars that follows rest the personalities deposited during the bicentennial of the French revolution and a bit further away those of Pierre and Marie Curie, Nobel prize in physics on radium.
You can go to the high exterior columns to the base of the dome or coupola for a magnificent view of Paris, go there ! So it is a recommended detour when in Paris to see it. It is the very best of France.
The offical Panthéon of Paris webpage in English: http://www.paris-pantheon.fr/en/Prepare-for-your-visit
The Paris tourist office on the Panthéon: https://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/71071/Pantheon
Enjoy it as I do; after all Paris is eternal as they are! The Panthéon of Paris see it. And remember, happy travels, good health and good cheers to all!!!
Posted in Europe, France, Paris | 1 Comment »
Tags: Europe, France, Paris
Hôtel de Ville de Paris!
A while back I did a series on government buildings in my belle France. These are wonderful monuments to architecture and history me think. The city/town hall of Paris or the Hôtel de Ville de Paris is one of the best. I like to update this bit of an older post with different pictures than on my other post on it and hope you enjoy it as I.
Well seldom we write about our city/town hall but I do. Happened to come with roots in the oldest continuously in activity city hall in USA. That of the city of Perth Amboy NJ since 1789 (see post) . Coming to Paris was a natural for me to seek info on the Hôtel de Ville de Paris.
The Hôtel de Ville goes way back actually. The first evidence points to 1357 when the Provost of merchants Etienne Marcel ( a metro stop is name for him!) built to symbolized the municipal liberties acquired against the power of king Charles V. It was done again in 1553 but this one was burned down as many other buildings including the Palais des Tuileries by the uprising of the commune in 1871. Again, worked started on the current one at the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville between 1873-1892 in Renaissance style with identical layout as the one from 1553.
It is located on the north by the rue de Rivoli, and the south by the Seine river, pont d'Arcole allows access to the Ïle de la Cité. The Place de l'Hôtel de Ville (took current name in 1803) known at the beginning of the 13C as Place de Gréve (and the word did stuck to mean strikes) was renamed Place de la Maison Commune during the French revolution Today the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is a pedestrian street since 1982.
The first Paris government was created around 1260, managing the flow of merchandise in the Seine river and others in addition to taxing the commodities and citizen coming in. Before the French revolution there was a prevost, four elderman, 36 advisors, and 16 chiefs of neighborhoods. After the French revolution, by october 19 1795 Paris becomes divided into 12 arrondissements or districts. February 17 1800 Napoleon I , eliminates the arrondissements. June 16 1859 the arrondissement come back, with the modifications such as the Chief of State names always the representatives of each district , a mayor and two assistants chosen amongst the citizen the more influential for a period of 3 years . After the creation of the department of Paris No 75 in July 10 1964 the city has a council where are represented the elected officials of each district but the city still has no mayor only a president of the council. On December 31 1975 after passage of a new law, the city finally has a Mayor of Paris so now it has a city and department as Paris no 75 in the region of Ile de France. The law of February 27 2002, given in to the democracy of proximity evoque to divide Paris for each 80K inhabitant into a quartier or neighborhood so given birth to the Council of neighborhoods that is taken from the council of districts.
The election to the council of Paris numbering 517 is done by vote of each district to eventually elect the council of district elects the mayor of each district thereafter. The city elections of 1977, the mayor was elected by popular vote was Jacques Chirac , the first mayor elected as such, that later became President of France. The voters of the 20 arrondissement/districts vote in two turns the counselors of each district that in turn name the mayors of each district and they elect later the Mayor of Paris. Later, as of early 2020 ,it was created the Paris Centre with districts 1-4 so really only 17 arrondissements are today , even if for normal day lives and postal regulation the 20 are still in use.
You have the wonderful dept store BHV nearby at the corner of rue de Rivoli ,and the metro line 1 and 11 takes you to the Hôtel de Ville. By car you have the wonderful underground parking Saemes Hôtel de Ville at 6 Quai de Gesvres not far from Pont Notre Dame.
The city of Paris: https://www.paris.fr/l-hotel-de-ville
The Paris tourist office on the Hôtel de Ville: https://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/71544/Hotel-de-Ville-de-Paris
Enjoy Paris ,run ,quick, it's all worth it; we will always have Paris. And remember, happy travels, good health, and many cheers to all!!!
Posted in France, Paris | 5 Comments »
Tags: France, Paris
Church Saint-François d'Assisi of Le Havre!
So as we were by Le Havre why not update the wonderful historical Church Saint François d'Assisi in the old town near the harbor. We went for the Breton festival of St Yves and found this church by chance really. It was a nice find and we like it. Hope you enjoy the post as well as I.
Le Havre was beaten badly in WWII and has come back reborn, it is worth the detour for its marvels and the port area is tops so does the neighborhood of Saint François where I like to tell you a bit more on the Church of Saint François de Paul now call Saint François d'Assisi. The Saint-François de Paul Church (known as Saint Francis of Assisi) is one of the oldest buildings in city center/ downtown Le Havre and one of the only survivors. It is located in the district of Saint-François, which was rebuilt in a regionalist style, which contrasts with the other quarters rebuilt by Auguste Perret. It is a 17C Church of rather Renaissance style.
A bit of history I like
Before the construction of the current Church, there would have been a Chapel in the Barres district (name of the district at the time), in 1524. King François I wanted to build a Church in this district dedicated to Saint Francis de Paul, a saint whom the King preferred at the time. The construction of the Church begins in 1542, and in 1638, the Church was consecrated, although the Church was not finished. In 1687, the choir was built. The Church was originally referred to as Saint Francis of Paul, but it was replaced by Saint Francis of Assisi. In fact, this is due to the arrival of the Capuchin in 1590, who settled in the neighbourhood. Today, the Church is known as the Church of St. Francis of Assisi.
In 1793, the church was is in poor condition due to the French revolution, it had a degraded roofing and broken stained glass. In 1802, the church was restored and rehabilitated the roof and restoration of the stained glass windows. In 1806, the roofs of the chapels were replaced by a single roof by aisle. After WWII, the church was restored and the sacristy rebuilt: In September 1954, the vaults damaged by the bombardments were completely redone. In 1955 and 1956, the porch and its bell tower are dismantled and restored with the facade refitted in place 1956. Then, all the chapels were rebuilt and, in 1961, new stained glass windows were laid.
A bit on the architecture of the Church Saint François d'Assisi of Le Havre.
The Church has a façade surmounted by a modest steeple. The walls of the church are supported by buttresses. The roof of the church forms a transept just behind the steeple; This transept was surmounted by two pinnacles dismantled after the restoration works of the 20C. The walls are pierced with large glass windows. At the back, the chorus is visible outside because its dimensions are less important than those of the nave; The bedside of the church is in the form of a hemicycle and is pierced by two glass windows. The church has only one façade which is in fact a porch of three bays and three entrance doors . The classic porch shows a slight influence of the Ogival style (Gothic). The porch is topped by a Renaissance-style steeple that takes on a Greco-Roman style.
The Interior of the church consists of a nave in three ships flanked by chapels, which extends into a chorus. The classical style is predominant, although the vaults of the aisles are of medieval styles. The main nave is covered by a plaster cradle that rests on pillars in the form of Doric columns. As for the aisles, they are arched on crossed warheads. The nave consists of four bays, plus another between nave and chorus. The Renaissance-style choir is of a more modest size. The high altar is a recent altar of neo-classical wood type. The choir has stalls and a small organ. At the bottom, in the apse, the altar with the tabernacle is surmounted by a Calvary. On the wall behind the altar there is a tapestry from the Royal Manufactory of Aubusson, offered in 1924 to the Church; Above, you can see a fresco depicting the coronation of the Virgin Mary.
Some webpages to help you plan your trip here and worth the detour are:
The Le Havre Etretat tourist office on Le Havre: https://www.lehavre-etretat-tourisme.com/en/discover/the-essentials/discover-le-havre/
The city of Le Havre on its history: https://www.lehavre.fr/ma-ville/une-ville-chargee-dhistoire
Unesco Le Havre on the Saint François neighborhood: http://unesco.lehavre.fr/fr/comprendre/lile-saint-francois
Catholic Parishes of Le Havre on the church: https://www.lehavre.catholique.fr/paroisse/paroisse-saint–de-la-mer/
There you go another off the beaten path beauty of my belle France. Worth a detour to a city , Le Havre , that deserves more after WWII. Enjoy the Church Saint François d'Assisi.
And remember, happy travels, good health, and many cheers to all!!!
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Tags: Europe, France
Le Havre is worth a detour!
And let me update this older post for you and I. Several times folks tells me Le Havre is worth a visit and how can folks be wrong. It is a more modern city thanks to hosting bombs in WWII but it has a nice layout with beautiful buildings. Great shopping and food to boot, we enjoy our trips there, twice and looking forward to be back when possible. Hope you like the introductory post and do visit Le Havre is worth a detour!
This is my treat to you , Le Havre is in the department de Seine-Maritime 76 of the region of Normandie right in the mouth of the Seine river. The port is second in France for the traffic and first for containers. And yes, my container moving from FL USA to Versailles, FR was routed thru here then truck to my home in Versailles!! 2003 get it ::)
The city center of Le Havre is an Unesco World Heritage Site!! On weekends folks here in good weather hit for the beach on the coast or Côte d'Albâtre by going over the bridge or great Pont de Normandie (see post) and spent a few hours in Honfleur, (see posts) and in turn the folks there come over for their shopping in Le Havre! (see other posts) Yes!!!
Many roads were done here to give easy access to the city , kind of an enclave pointed on the continent. The only way I have come to Le Havre. The autoroute A131 link Le Havre to the A13 (autoroute de Normandie) by the other great bridge or Pont de Tancarville. The autoroute A29 (autoroute des estuaires) link the city metro area to the north of France and ends at the Pont de Normandie. The trains are from the TER and Corail network but no direct TGV service to Paris yet. The regular trains put the city in touch with Gare Saint Lazare-Paris, Rouen, Marseille, Mantes-la-Jolie, Versailles, Massy, Lyon-Part-Dieu, Avignon, Aix-en-Provence etc There is a small airport Havre-Octeville at about 5 km on the town of Octeville-sur-Mer; and buses normally link the airports even Paris CDG/Orly. There is a ferry service to Portsmouth , England. The network LIA handles the local bus with 16 lines and two tramway lines as well as two night time call LiA de nuit. The cable car or funiculaire allows since 1890 to link the high to the low town .
As said, the Lower city was mostly destroyed in WWII, and built afterward by the firm of Auguste Perret between 1945 and 1964; he personally directed the reconstruction of the city hall or Hôtel de Ville and the Church Saint Joseph. There is a wonderful Maison de la Culture du Havre built by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer ,known as the Volcan for it shape. Reasons for Unesco to name it to the World Heritage list. The northern section of the lower city has the oldest neighborhood not touch by WWII such as Danton, Saint-Vincent, Graville, Massillon, etc. with buildings in brick dating from the 19C and first half of the 20C; the shops are around wide streets and the neighborhood of the Rond-Point. The south district of the Lower city has lots of industry but also great shopping we love it just across from the train station. This is the old docks totally redone into a sport and spectacle building call the Dock Océane, and the wonderful shopping center Docks Vauban as well as expo park Docks Café, and the Les Bains de Dock designed by architect Jean Nouvel. This is a wonderful area to stay in visiting the city as we always do!
The high city has more residential areas such as the sides or côte, the districts of homes or the big beltway cloister of homes . On the sides ,you have the fortresses of Sainte Adresse and Tourneville as well as the main cemetery Sainte Marie. The forts now serve civil duties with the Sainte Adresse housing the suspended garden or Jardin Suspendu and the Tourneville houses the municipal archives.
The city is old but I will give you the founding of the proper city by king François Ist in October 1517, and it grew quickly thanks to its port in the 18C and 19C; however, WWII stop all this, and the city needed to start again…not the first time as during the wars of Religion it suffered great destruction as well. On orders of Cardinal Richelieu, governor of the city then, had built the Arsenal, basin du Roy, ramparts reinforced and a fortress built. It is at this fortress that Cardinal Mazarin have inprisoned the princes of the frond revolt such as Longueville, Conti (the current city hall of Versailles was his palace), and Condé. Early on the reign of king Louis XIV, minister Colbert began to renovate the port infrastructures and military installations; and by 1669, opened the canal du Havre à Harfleur,aka Canal Vauban.
The Orient company or Compagnie de l'Orient is here in 1643, and the city began to import from the Americas exotic products such as sugar, cotton, tabacco, café, and spices. The treaty of Black make the locals very rich in slave trade especially in the 18C making the city the third on this trade behind Nantes and La Rochelle. The world awaits and they go off, by 1707, the captain Michel Dubocage explore the Pacific Ocean aboard the boat Découverte and reaches the island of Clipperton; another captain Jean Baptiste d'Aprés de Mannevillette worked for the Compagnie des indes and cartography the coasts of India and China. In 1749 , Madame de Pompadour wants to see the sea and king Louis XV chose Le Havre to have her do this at a great costs to the city.
The French revolution brings terror and religious transformation with the Cathedral Notre Dame changed to a temple of reason….under emperor Napoléon Ist ordered the building of a fort. In the 19C, Le Havre becomes an European leader in the history of coffee culture thanks to the arrivals of protestant German families who had acquired this technique during the Haitian revolution in the Caribbean . In the period 1850-1914 is the golden age for the city even with war of succession, Franco-Prussian war the commerce explode and the town built new modern boulevards, city hall and justice palace/courthouse as well as stock exchange/Bourse.
Before WWI ,Le Havre is the first port importing coffee in Europe, also cotton, and petroleum are important items; the boating brings in wood, wheat etc. from Northern Europe and wine and oil from the Mediterranean. The city is a major entry point for merchandise from USA and a passing point for immigration to USA. By 1889 the great maritime boulevard is built , mainly the Villa Maritime, the casino Marie-Christine b. 1910, the Rowing palace or Palais des Régates b.1906 bring about the rich and famous and the first cabin are installed in the beach. The human toll is big in WWI to the city and it served as the rear base especially for the British navy where 1,9 million British soldiers passed by the port of Le Havre.
During WWII, the Nazis occupied Le Havre since the spring of 1940; and prepare the city for the invasion of the United Kingdom (Operation Seelôwe), making arrangement along the coast with casemates, blockhaus and batteries integrated into the Atlantic Wall. Le Havre received 132 bombardments by the Allies during the war with the most damaging coming on September 5-6 1944 with English Royal Air Force bombing the city center and the port to weakening the Nazis during operation Astonia; the Royal Air Force did more than 2000 waves dropping about 10K tons of bombs. Le Havre was liberated by allied armies on September 12 1944.
What is there to see, plenty I said. The oldest building still standing are the Abbey of Graville, medieval is the Chapelle Saint Michel d'Ingouville; there are redone after WWII, the Cathedral Notre Dame du Havre, Church Saint François (see post) , Church of the Immaculate Conception , Hôtel Dubocage,and the Maison de l'Armateur (shipbuilder house), as well as the old courthouse or Palais de Justice. Others are the Jardin Suspendu, Fort de Tourneville, Docks Vauban, Villa Maritime, church Saint Joseph, modern arts museum or Musée d'Art Moderne André Malraux, the old museum of Havre or Musée de l'Ancien Havre, and the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle.
The Fête de la Saint-Yves at le Havre in the neighborhood or quartier of Saint-François around the church. This is the historic area of the Bretons in Le Havre. We happened to be there when the festival was going on and saw our Bagad celtic music presentation in Normandie!
The Dock Océane for expo, theater ,arts, the Les Bains de Docks for a water park, Docks Café, and Jardin Fluvial. All of this around the places that are nice to use and some new ones like O Blé Gourmand resto a la breton norman cuisinen or old ones like Le Lafayette cafe brasserie; the whole complex is great and easily you can spent at least half a day seeing all around it. Here you have the Océane and Café expo places. webpage: https://www.dockslehavre.com/
The cinema Gaumont, the Les Bains de Docks ,have a pool indoors, and the jardin fluvial is over 2 hectares or almost 5 acres of over 700 meters long ,all bordering the quais de la Saône ,and de la Marne. The wonderful Docks Vauban is an excellent shopping center, we love it. The mall is closed until further notice due to the virus so check if eventually coming in , the webpage: https://www.docksvauban.com/boutiques/
We had our lunch on this occasion at a wonderful resto Bistrot du P"tit Port, highly recommended and I do this sparingly. Wonderful and the views of the ferry harbor and fish market is awesome. Great seafood with my fish soup and marmite du pêcheur are awesome. webpage: https://www.bistrotduptitport76.fr/
Some paintings of Le Havre that I like are especially illustrating the Port du Havre and the light of the mouth of the Seine river such as those by Jean-Baptiste Corot, and Gustave Courbet. The one influential and of course neighbor is Eugene Boudin with many works from the 20C; the artist even lived for a while in the city. Another great one was Claude Monet who lived in the city since 5 yrs old and painted in 1872, the Impression, soleil levant (impression of the rising sun) a portrait that gave the name to the Impressionists movement of world fame.
The city of Le Havre on what to do currently: https://www.lehavre.fr/que-faire-au-havre
The Le Havre-Etretat tourist office : https://www.lehavre-etretat-tourisme.com/en/
The Seine Maritime dept 76 tourist board on Le Havre: https://www.seine-maritime-tourisme.com/en/i-visit/10-key-places/le-havre/le-havre.php
The Normandie region tourist board on Le Havre: https://en.normandie-tourisme.fr/unmissable-sites/le-havre/
Hope you have enjoyed the introductory ride into a resistance strong city , with a lot of energy to show you the best positive mentality you can have, come back from ashes stronger than ever. See it live it, and come back to tell more about it. This is Le Havre!
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Home Philadelphia Phillies Dan Baker Bobblehead
This limited edition bobblehead celebrates the storied career of announcer Dan Baker -a man whose voice is synonymous with Philadelphia sports.
Dan Baker finished his 46th season as the Philadelphia Phillies public address announcer in 2017. He has announced five World Series (1980, 1983, 1993, 2008, & 2009) and two MLB All-Star Games (1976 & 1996).
Dan also served as the Philadelphia Eagles PA announcer for 29 seasons (1985-2013) including three NFC Championship Games (2002, 2003, & 2004). Since the Army-Navy football classic moved to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003, Dan has served as its voice when the game is played in Philadelphia. In addition, Dan provided radio play-by-play for BIG 5 and Drexel Basketball (1977-2012), Temple Football (1977-1983), and Penn Football (1986-1988).
In 1997, Dan was inducted into the Philadelphia BIG 5 Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame. Since 2009 Dan has co-hosted a baseball talk show called the "Bull Session" with former Phillies slugger Greg Luzinski on WBCB 1490 AM.
Joe Abate
Looks like him. Mike is a good touch.
Dave Hitchner
Dan is da Man
Dan Baker embodies the ultimate professional. He regularly professes his unmatched knowledge of Phillies lore and history. His loyalty to the Phillies is equaled only by his determination for detail ( similar to that of the bobblehead ) in any assignment he has been given or has sought. It is clearly " a must " to have a bobblehead designed in his image and one I will place in the center of my collection of Phillies memorabilia. I was so glad to be made aware of this wonderful production.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Latest Read:
The United Kingdom Has Amazing Teachers!
Questions Ofsted Will Ask Parents
Raising the Profile of Apprenticeships
10 Books For Your Teacher Bookshelf, 2019
Podcast 54 – How Can Schools and Teachers Perform Better?
TeacherToolkit
Most Influential Blog on Education in the UK
#5MinPlan
Policies Politics
It Was Deeply Divisive
10th September 2016 10th September 2016 @TeacherToolkit 5507 Views 2 Comments 11 Plus, 1944, Brexit, Butler Education Act, Grammar Schools, John Major, Selection, Theresa May, UKIP
Are grammar schools a good idea?
Earlier this week, teachers up and down the country had 'that sinking feeling' the moment a leaked memo – entering No. 10 Downing Street – showed government plans to open new grammar schools.
Image: Political Pictures
Academics, teachers and school leaders do not want grammar schools, yet it appears that some politicians and parents do. There is widespread agreement that a selective system sidelines the poor and benefits those who pass an entry exam. For those who are of higher ability (and may live in a more affluent postcode), evidence shows that grammar schools make little difference to a pupil's progress.
Selection Bias:
I had this view confirmed by a Facebook friend of a friend, who confirmed this bias:
"… you talk about the most vulnerable and mixing the more academic children with the less academic helps the less academic improve. What the article and you fail to mention, is that with the current system, those kids at the top are held back and their opportunities sacrificed. Why is that fair? Private schools do far better, because they are selective and the kids that leave them achieve far more than the state sector. There are more kids in state than private, so statistically there are far smarter kids in the state sector, yet they are held back from achieving their potential due to political correctness and the belief we must prioritise the weaker at the detriment of the stronger …" (Anonymous)
I highlighted in my reply, that Department for Education figures show that England's best 500 state schools are outperforming the top 500 private schools. The response reminded me of this comedy sketch:
In this post I share my childhood experience of a grammar school, but also provide you with my professional experience of working within the system. As a teacher, this is not a system I wish to work in.
Parents and politicians will cement their views about grammar schools and selection on personal anecdotes; a bygone era fixated on a pupil's academic ability to complete a test before entering secondary school. The Eleven-Plus was created by the 1944 Butler Education Act, a system that was banned because it created a tiered system which ignored social mobility, equality or community cohesion.
I suspect the push for grammars could be 'smoke and mirrors' as the Conservatives continue to strive towards a more traditional and academic education, culling further creativity from our curriculum and segregating our society.
In 1998, The Independent wrote:
"Parents in most parts of the country must be bemused by the sudden upsurge of campaigning to get rid of grammar schools … The reason for the change from a selective to a comprehensive system was controversial, but not deeply divisive, at the time: middle-class parents in the Sixties and Seventies began to resent a test that could consign their children.
In 2014, UKIP even adopted the same slogan with which John Major hoped to rally voters in the 1997 general election;
'A grammar school in every town!'
Major's offer of a grammar school in every town went down like a lead balloon. What will this revolution do for Theresa May?
Haven't we had enough 'revolutions' in education?
Image: The Daily Mail
I Went to a Grammar School in 1985:
Bringing back grammar schools is deeply divisive and will only destroy the opportunities of the most vulnerable. What our politicians should start to do, is reach out to parents and ask why many who experienced it now reject it for their children and grandchildren? It is my belief, that grammar schools are for the rich and for those who wish to segregate their own children from the poor. I also wonder what correlation there is to those who favour grammar schools and those who voted for Brexit? This would prove fascinating data.
Thirty years ago, I went to the remnants of a grammar school in 1985. I was in year 7 (the 'first year' in old money) and eleven years old. I sat no entry test and this was my first experience of secondary school. At the time, my family were living in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and we had re-located there after living in London for 2 years. Yesterday, I decided to ask my mother 'why was I sent to this school?'
Here is the reply:
Image: 'my mother'.
"Everyone said it was a good school."
Regardless of school status, isn't that what every parents wants for their child? To attend a good, local school.
School status should have nothing to do with it, and I am not ignoring the desire for some parents to send their children to attend single-sex or faith schools. This is not what I am questioning. This is about selection in our comprehensive system.
This school I attended was opened by King George V in 1928 with two buildings separated by a walkway. The school buildings were symmetrical; everything found on one side of the school was mirrored on the opposite side, laying the foundations for single-sex segregation.
I arrived to the school after smaller schools with low numbers were closed and the boys' and the girls' school merged in 1983. This marked the end of the grammar school, but decades of selection still oozed out of every orifice.
The corridor walls were full of honours and trophies, pupils were streamed and the teachers wore gowns and mortar boards for school assemblies. Rugby, hockey and athletics were the sports of choice and we sat in rows, reciting our times tables forwards and backwards.
Thankfully, my parents were 'Salvation Army officers', bound by their duties to 'serve the most vulnerable' wherever and whenever they were asked. One year later our family moved again, this time to live and work in a probation hostel/farm for youth offenders in South Wales. I attended the local comprehensive and although moving from school to school throughout my childhood was (far more) damaging to my education, nothing would have been more detrimental to my schooling than being segregated from my peers.
It is Deeply Divisive:
Politicians are fixated with school structures, with rose-tinted glasses, personal anecdotes and blatant disregard for the data and evidence which speaks volumes. It will not do and it is abhorrent leadership!
If our politicians continue to ignore the real issues that effect schools and our children, we only have ourselves to blame if we do not challenge their perceptions of schooling and any ideology to segregate the rich from the poor. Just take a moment to read the most significant issues that are currently impacting on teachers and schools:
English Baccalaureate
Recruitment – there are not enough teachers entering the profession
Retention – 40% of teachers leave with 5 years
Assessment – particularly key stage 1 and 2
Examination and curriculum reform
Budgets – fairer funding
I could go on …
Theresa May said that she will 'set a quota of £50M' to ensure the number of selective schools she wanted to introduce to help grammar schools grow.
"But can every school can be a grammar? And where do the pupils go who don't pass the test? Oh, they'll all have to go to a grammar school. Isn't that a bit like being a comprehensive school?" (Facebook: Debra Kidd)
It is a sad day for education when we place structures above purpose.
There are poor schools in the present system, but the answer is to strive to improve them – as has happened in parts of London – and not to turn back the clock to a system that clearly doesn't work for the benefit of all children." (John Howson)
TT.
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In 2010, Ross Morrison McGill founded @TeacherToolkit from a simple Twitter account through which he rapidly became the 'most followed teacher on social media in the UK'. In 2015, he was nominated as one of the '500 Most Influential People in Britain' by The Sunday Times as a result of being most influential in the field of education. He remains the only classroom teacher to feature to this day ... Sharing resources and ideas online as @TeacherToolkit, he has built this website (c2008) which has been described as one of the 'most influential blogs on education in the UK', winning the UK Blog Awards (2018). Read more...
2 thoughts on "It Was Deeply Divisive"
Ben Ball
Yes I went to a grammar school, and in their eyes was a failure. The teaching in modern schools is far better and have a better curriculum and higher aspirations than the old secondary modern. The major influence the school had was extra curriculat drama which shaped my career. I would have gained that from a comp, tho l suspect not from the Sec Mod my brothet went to. Having taught for 44 yrs l now believe that if you have ability and the will to succeed, you will. However genetics, upbringing, environment, peer influences and the school attended all have determining influences, and today whether it is a grammar school is only a small part of this. As you say solving the current problems we face will have a far greater beneficial effect for more pupils than opening a grammar school.
Ben Ball Cert. Ed., B.A., Adv. Dip. Ed., M.A. (Ed).
bootleian
I have a feeling I might have taught at the school you attended. Was there a pink gymnasium in one half and blue gymnasium in the other? You're absolutely right about the obsession with structure over purpose. This grammar schools idea is another bone thrown to the right wing of the Tory party, and we all remember what happened last time a Tory PM did that. We'll be reaping the consequences for years. They bang on at length about how good the system is in Finland, and then try to emulate it by dong the exact opposite of everything the Finns do. The ;logic escapes me..I feel it's a smokescreen to divert attention from the Brexit mess. "Brexit means Brexit" could equally be "grammar schools means grammar schools", because at the moment, no-one in government has a single clue about what either statement actually means in practical terms.No real improvement will take place across the system while it becomes more fragmented and more academies and free schools fall into financial scandal, nepotism, cronyism, and conflict of interest. Adding grammar schools into this toxic mix will only exacerbate an already parlous situation, while the hopelessly overwhelmed DfE looks haplessly on, not having the capacity to regulate in any meaningful way now that the government has destroyed the middle tier. I would also add admissions to your comprehensive list of issues that are being ignored, as they're in a right mess because this government hasn't planned for the increase in numbers, and ITT is another dog's breakfast. Also, I thought all schools were supposed to be academies? I give up.
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Choose from our amazing selection of 1" x 1" glass mosaic tiles for pools, spas, kitchen backsplashes, bathrooms, and more. 1" x 1" glass tile is a standard for all-glass pool applications or pool waterlines. These mosaic tiles come pre-mounted in approximately 12" x 12" sheets and are ready for installation. Rated for pools, all of our glass tile mosaics in this collection are also suitable for use as kitchen tile, bathroom tile, or on interior walls.


Denmark is the world least corrupt country, followed by New Zealand and Finland, according to a ranking unveiled by Berlin-based Transparency International in its latest report.
According to the annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) of 2018, Denmark leads the CPI ranking scoring 88 out of 100 points. New Zealand and Finland followed at the second and third place. Somalia ranked last with 10 points, behind South Sudan and Syria.
Globally, the situation would be "grim", Transparency International announced, as over two thirds of evaluated countries scored below 50 points, while the average score remained at last year's level of only 43 points.
The countries which improved the most since 2012 were Estonia, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal and Guyana. Perceived corruption in Australia, Chile and Malta increased especially high in the latest CPI ranking. The United States were listed among the "countries to watch".
Ranked the 22nd, the United States dropped out of the top 20 on the CPI for the first time since 2011 and lost 4 points in comparison to last year.
The "United States is experiencing threats to its system of checks and balances as well as an erosion of ethical norms at the highest levels of power," the organization pointed out.
Also among among the "countries to watch," Brazil dropped two points since last year to 35, reaching its lowest CPI score in seven years.
Noting a connection between "healthy democracies" and "successfully fighting corruption" in the public sector, Delia Ferreira Rubio, chairwoman of Transparency International, said, "Corruption is much more likely to flourish where democratic foundations are weak."
In its 2018 index, the global corruption watchdog ranked 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption according to experts and businesspeople, using a scale of 1 to 100, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 means very clean.


We are two months into 2013 and Criticwatch is both optimistic and pessimistic about the state of the quote whore phenomenon. January and February tends to be a feeding frenzy for junketeers and those without a critical thought in their brain and boy has this year gotten off to a bad start. Movie-wise. Out of 23 wide releases up to this weekend, 20 of them have failed to hit 60% approval at Rotten Tomatoes. Yikes. That includes all four March 1 releases. We can just assume that The Last Exorcism Part II (the 8th film not to screen for press this year) is going to be in the negative. The optimism comes in that we have not seen a lot of repeat offenders piling up their numbers. The pessimism comes from seeing that studios have found some new quote whores to replace the usual suspects. And we know that March is normally when the giant himself, Peter Travers, comes out of hibernation.
Wonderful, right? Direct from the lips of another member memberof the Broadcast Film Critics Association. The last time we heard that a film "rocks" in its advertisement, it was 2012 Quote Whore of the Year Joel Amos saying it about the remake of RED DAWN. Nice company, huh? Who's next?
Oh great, this guy. This is only Shawn's second quote of 2013. Hopefully it will be his last. Seriously, can we stop studios? Shawn Edwards is a punchline. Everybody is aware by now. $190 million on the line, Warner Bros., and you want to use a joke to convince people they should go see it? You want to know the last three films he was quoted as saying were "thrilling?"
The most consistent of the quote whores this year so far has to be Maria Salas. She now has one quote per month including Marlon Wayans' A Haunted House, a film that went unscreened for press and used quotes from Twitter to hopefully deflect that it's the second-worst reviewed film of the year. Why Open Road felt the need to use her on Side Effects, the best-reviewed film of 2013, is anyone's guess? Ours is pure laziness from their marketing department. Look at Maria here play the whole pun game while we give you a little of her history on "thrill rides" and fantasy films.
A couple of weeks ago we saw our first quote of the year from Ben Lyons and wondered why anyone continues to dig up his opinion. Maybe because Safe Haven is precisely the kind of film for people who like dumb stories about pretty people - aka the audience for Extra. This week his dad, Jeffrey, is on the hook for the Giant Slayer. Funny how that moniker could apply to Ben for starting the downfall of At the Movies. Delightful, huh?
Delightful, right? Now you have seen us make a couple references already to Warner Bros. likely writing their own copy for these quotes. We have seen the memos. We have the heard the stories. This happens all the time people. Whether Criticwatch can make a case-by-case basis for it is another deal. We're not in the room. We're not in these people's heads. But if it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck... When you see the word "epic" used to describe last year's WB efforts The Dark Knight Rises and Cloud Atlas, that makes sense. The scope of the story and filmmaking without question falls into that territory, no matter who might be saying it. But consider the following quotes and think again.
See what we're getting at? It's possible that "epic" is just a money word on the tip of every junketeers tongue. Or maybe it's just a sign that the whole critical world needs to get just a little more creative and a little less obvious as seen just by the quotes chosen by those who still write reviews at Rotten Tomatoes.


Wood for Good has officially launched the UK's largest life-cycle assessment (LCA) database, containing whole-life environmental performance information of all major timber products.
More than 100 people from across the built environment sector attended the launch event at London's Building Centre on 7th April. The database – which is free-to-use – was met with huge positivity, and heralded as an important first step in quantifying the environmental performance of timber in UK construction.
The database includes modern-engineered solutions including cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glulam, as well as materials commonly used in timber construction, such as adhesives and steel sheets.
Assessment has been made from cradle to grave, including forestry, harvesting, transportation, processing and manufacturing, through to the various end of life options.
One of the key findings was that every timber product studied reported a carbon negative rating on a cradle-to-site basis, meaning the amount of carbon absorbed and stored in the timber is greater than that emitted in production and transportation.
Future outputs in the project – called Wood First Plus – include LCA case studies, a toolkit to build individual Environmental Product Declarations and a BIM element.
David Hopkins, project director at Wood for Good, said: "While as an industry we've long been aware of the outstanding environmental benefits of timber in construction, until now the data to support its use has been disjointed, with specifiers sometimes lacking the empirical evidence they need to choose wood.


text:
I'm conscious that you need to know if gay or Not, that is the reason I am going to reveal the truth about it. Stick around for a moment, and you will determine the reply.
Sonya Kraus Gay-o-Meter
Gay Pride Videos
Background on Sexuality
We are aware of what Sonya Kraus need us to believe. We have been Paying attention and we discovered his activities. Sonya Kraus had relationships with women in his lifetime, and we witnessed his behavior in the past couple of years. When he finished up things with his long term significant 13, we all cried. They seemed just like the ideal couple until they ceased being so. Ever since Sonya Kraus was sleeping around a lot, but there was nothing serious. All the single women rejoiced, naturally. While he went night they all had they opportunity with him.
Sonya Kraus wants us to believe a certain way, and we all understand which It is. It's not like we can not see what he's around. He had a couple of relationships with women over the years, and we saw exactly exactly what the tabloids had to say about doing it. We felt sorry for them when he finished things with his long term girlfriend. They appeared as if they had been the duo that was magic, but it was not meant to be. None of those connections was stable, although since the break-up, Sonya Kraus emerged with multiple women in people. To all of the single women in town's excitement, Sonya Kraus has been entrusted a whole lot recently, which gave them a opportunity.
We know what Sonya Kraus would like us to think. We've Got all Been witnesses to his action lately. He had a few connections and all of us loved. If he awakened with his long-term enthusiasm, we were really unhappy. They really seemed to be an ideal couple. The key word being "seemed." Following the break-up, Sonya Kraus had a couple of flings, but it was not severe. All the ladies in the city thought they had a chance with him because he would go night.
Sonya Kraus leads us to think a certain way, however, we all read The tabloids, and we all know what he's been around. He was that we understood, when all hell broke loose, and we caught our popcorn. The simple fact that he broke up with his long term significant other made a lot of people sorrowful. Everybody believed that they were meant to be. After the experience and each of of the scandal, Sonya Kraus acquired a phobia and did not participate in something severe. But that didn't stop the girls being all over him when he went out.
Gay Pride Photos
Signs someone might be gay
There are a lot of stereotypes, but Frankly, not all Them are entirely accurate. You can't just decide that a guy is homosexual because he likes to tend to your own skin like you can't tell because she likes to dress like a guy a girl is homosexual. There is more to it than that.
We can't deny that there are many labels out there, But not all of them signify the reality. Just because a guy likes to take care of himself does not mean he is homosexual, if she prefers clothes, the same as a woman can't be called gay. It goes farther than that.
Most of Us know the common Clichés, but it doesn't make them more real. You can not only presume that a guy is gay as he likes to look after himself, just as you cannot assume that a lady in boyish clothing is a female. There is more to it than you may believe.
We are all aware of the hackneyed Thoughts which are in society. Guys are labeled by people as gay just as they're fond of skin care solutions. Girls aren't overlooked. They are easily labeled as homosexual because they like to dress in the style of a man. But there's more to this than meets the eye.
Does professions are affected by sexual orientation?
On the other hand, there are celebrities. When a famous Person reveals the simple fact he is homosexual, individuals are inclined to respond. They will promote that specific celebrity and would consider it a act. It is regarded as a Public Relations stunt if his sexual orientation is disclosed by someone. All the press will redirect its focus and it will boost his career. The example is Caitlyn Jenner. She got after she revealed the fact that she explains as a woman, a TV show.
With people, things are totally different. When They reveal their sexual orientation that is new-found, everybody encourages and praises them like it had been a bold gesture. A change in the appeal of a star means more attention. One of the finest examples I can provide you is Kristen Stewart. After she had told everybody she is, in fact, a lesbian, she received lots of characters, both in movies and videos. What do you call that?
Things are different for celebrities. When there comes a celebrity out As homosexual, people are supporting, as though it were some kind of act that is brave and extremely encouraging. It means a whole lot because there is a lot. The power of media is excellent. Have a look. Bruce became Caitlyn, also Caitlyn received a brand new TV show if she was just Bruce, She was not worth it, so you see where I'm going for this.
Famous people have it simple. They could manage a PR disaster, But they don't get that the majority of the times. Rather they get support and they are commended for their guts of coming out as gay. All the media turns its focus on that topic. From Keeping Up with all the Kardashians do you remember Bruce Jenner? He obtained a TV show that was whole and turned into Caitlyn Jenner. How about that career boost?
Is Sonya Kraus gay? Conclusion
My desire is to live in a world where discrimination does not Exist. People like me, who are not judgmental, will support people. Nevertheless, there are some who look at people as if they're social pariahs. The reason why is past my power of comprehension.


The Urban Development Corporation's (UDC's) construction of a state-of-the-art beach park at the Closed Harbour Beach in St James will begin in January 2019.
The 16-acre property, also known as 'Dump-up' Beach, will be transformed into a world-class multizoned public space within two years at a projected cost of $700 million.
Project Manager at the UDC Kerrymoure O'Connor made the announcement during the Montego Bay Chamber of Commerce and Industry's Invest MoBay Breakfast Forum at the Sea Gardens Beach Resort last Friday.
O'Connor said that the National Contracts Commission (NCC) approved the project contract last week, adding that it would now be submitted to Cabinet for its approval.
"The contractor has about 28 days to submit all his bonds and insurances. So we expect that construction should begin by the first week of January 2019," he disclosed, pointing out that the project timeline is 18 months.
The park will feature a jogging trail, soft and hard landscaping, an outdoor amphitheatre, multipurpose courts, a children's play area, food kiosks, and a boardwalk, among other amenities.
O'Connor emphasised that access to the facility would be free, and revenue for upkeep would be generated through paid parking and private investment.


Citation: Kasturi, Rangachar, et al. NIST/USF Evaluation Resources for the VACE Program - Meeting Data Test Set Part 2 LDC2011V04. Web Download. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 2011.
NIST/USF Evaluation Resources for the VACE Program - Meeting Data Test Set Part 2, Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) catalog number LDC2011V04 and isbn 1-58563-585-5, was developed by researchers at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, Florida and the Multimodal Information Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It contains approximately thirteen hours of meeting room video data collected in 2001 and 2002 at NISTs Meeting Data Collection Laboratory and used in the VACE (Video Analysis and Content Extraction) 2005 evaluation.
Three performance evaluations were conducted under the auspices of the VACE program between 2004 and 2007. The 2005 evaluation was administered by USF in collaboration with NIST and guided by an advisory forum including the evaluation participants.
LDC has previously released NIST/USF Evaluation Resources for the VACE Program -- Meeting Data Training Set Part 1 LDC2011V01, NIST/USF Evaluation Resources for the VACE Program -- Meeting Data Training Set Part 2 LDC2011V02 and NIST/USF Evaluation Resources for the VACE Program -- Meeting Data Test Set Part 1 LDC2011V03.
NISTs Meeting Data Collection Laboratory is designed to collect corpora to support research, development and evaluation in meeting recognition technologies. It is equipped to look and sound like a conventional meeting space. The data collection facility includes five Sony EV1-D30 video cameras, four of which have stationary views of a center conference table (one view from each surrounding wall) with a fixed focus and viewing angle, and an additional floating camera which is used to focus on particular participants, whiteboard or conference table depending on the meeting forum. The data is captured in a NIST-internal file format. The video data was extracted from the NIST format and encoded using the MPEG-2 standard in NTSC format. Further information concerning the video data parameters can found in the documentation included with this corpus. Note: due to a last moment update, the file lists on the published media are inaccurate. For up to date lists, please see the online documentation for this corpus.
For an example of the data in this corpus, please view this short video sample (mpeg format).


text:
Hogwarts Table
In the time of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry the characters of Harry Potter and his friends are enrolled in the school. The Wizarding World universe features the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft & Wizardry as its main setting. It is a fictional British school for children aged 11-18.
Despite being the least renowned of all houses, the Hufflepuffs have made an impact on the Harry Potter universe. The Hufflepuffs are known for its kindness, loyalty and willingness to assist. They are also committed and hard-working. It's not surprising that they are described as the home of the most talented wizards and witches.
One of the most significant characters from the Harry Potter franchise is Newt Scamander, a Hufflepuff. He was a remarkable magizoologist and was loved by everyone. When he was detained and sentenced to death however, he did not get angry. He remained calm and focused and fought to get out of the situation.
During the first year at Hogwarts the students are assigned one of the houses based on the student's personality traits. The Sorting Hat handles the heavy lifting and places students in the best House to test their character. It's a great way for one to test their strengths and weaknesses.
The Sorting Hat is a clever enchanted object. It was created by J.K. Rowling and pays tribute to the magician's hat that was owned by Godric Gryffindor. It also serves to determine which students will be placed in Hogwarts Hostel by the Founders of Hogwarts.
The Sorting Hat can be used to determine which house a student should live in. It can listen to the wearer's thoughts, respond to the wearer's thoughts, and even talk to the wearer. It is also used to determine which House the student is a member of and to award the Sword of Gryffindor to those who are worthy.
The Room of Requirement was a key part of Harry's Hogwarts experience. Aside from it providing Harry with his first (and last) horocracy, it was also the location where Voldemort's lost diadem was hidden. The Room of Requirement was so mysterious that it took Dumbledore nearly a whole year to uncover its dark past.
The room also houses an array of oddball artifacts like the Sorting Hat, a sapient artifact in its own right. It also contains the legilimen, which utilizes legitmization to read minds. This is a challenging task, but it has been accomplished by a handful.
Salazar Slytherin created Slytherin. The founder of Slytherin was known for being ambitious and self-protective. Slytherin also earned a negative reputation for being self-centred and violent. Slytherin actually had the highest number of Death Eaters.
The common room of the Slytherin was situated below the Black Lake. It had rough stone walls and silver lamps hanging from the ceiling. It is famous for its stunning views of the surrounding mountains.
Slytherin was an opulent House, and Gryffindor was famous for its rivalry with Slytherin. Hufflepuff was the least noble of all four houses. It was known for its virtues in loyalty, patience and dedication to work.
Hogwarts is a huge home for all students during the academic year. Students reside in dormitories and sleep in huge four-poster beds. Professors instruct students. Students are able to socialize at the House tables. There are also notice boards in strategic places all around the school.
Whether you're a Harry Potter fan or just curious about the world of Harry Potter The Library at Hogwarts has a lot to offer. It is not just home to tens of thousands of books as well as an area that is only accessible to students who have written permission. This section is located on the lower level of the library.
The library is divided into five stories and has bookshelves. The main room is the first. It is lit by natural light from stained and leaded glass windows. The ceiling is a whopping 65 feet high.
The second story is home to the headmaster's office. It also contains the Charms classroom. The Reading Room is located on the third floor. This room is the only room in the library that is silent. It is a collection of study tables upholstered in red-carpeted rooms. Located under the study tables are electrical outlets.
Despite its reputation as a novel of fantasy, the Deathly Hallows is a real story about three former Hogwarts students who are in hiding from Voldemort in Godric's Hollow. The plot centers around the final battle between Harry Potter, Voldemort, and other characters.
This book is the seventh in the Harry Potter series and the final chapter in the tale of the wizard's boy. The book was released on July 21st July, 2007 by Bloombury Publishing Company and translated into 120 languages. The book has sold more than 500 million copies around the world making it the top selling fantasy series of all time.
Five short stories are included in the book. A few of the stories are connected to the Deathly Hallows story.
Located in the Scottish Highlands, Hogwarts is a magical school for children wizards. It was established in the 10th century to safeguard wizards from Muggle persecution. Hogwarts is among the most famous private boarding schools in the UK. The Forbidden Forest surrounds Hogwarts, also known as the Dark Forest.
Hogwarts is full of secrets. Some of these secrets are hidden from the outside like the Chamber of Secrets. Other locations are well-known and widely used for example, the Leaky Cauldron restaurant and Gringotts Money Exchange.
Salazar Slytherin built the Chamber of Secrets before he left Hogwarts. It was designed to purge the school's Muggle-born students. Voldemort believed that he had won the final battle and was planning to force all Hogwarts students into Slytherin. He died before he could finish his plan.
The Chamber of Secrets lies deep beneath Hogwarts school. It is the home of the ancient Basilisk. When Dumbledore's Army is betrayed, the Chamber is left open. It is home to floor cushions for defensive spells and Dark Detectors. The Chamber also houses an embodied memory from Tom Riddle, who was killed by Harry Potter.
Two serpents can also be found in the Chamber of Secrets. They have been carved into the solid wall of this Room. They have eyes that are emerald-colored. They are believed to have been summoned by Tom Riddle. They also have the ability to create the Devil's Snare, a large snake that can attack anyone who is in the Chamber. The Chamber is also home to a snake-scratching tap. It also houses the huge black boarhound Fang. He is friendlier than Mrs. Norris.
The dungeon houses the Slytherin dormitory. The room is decorated with carved armchairs and is green. It also has a statue of Salazar Slytherin. The room is decorated with green lamps and an eerie green glow.
The Hufflepuff dormitory is a warm room that is sunny and has low ceilings. It has plants hanging from the ceiling. It also has a huge common room. The House animal is the badger. The badger is believed to be a symbol of family gathering. Nearly headless Nick is also a ghost that haunts the house.
There are several shortcuts to get from the school to the castle. These aren't always easy, however. These are often hidden by tapestry or with a secret entry. Some of these shortcuts are only known to members of the House. Behind barrels is the secret access to Hufflepuff. It's also under the spell, so tap the barrel to let the slimy chute.
The Dark Room is where Dumbledore's Army meets. It is the site of numerous battles in the Harry Potter series. It is also where Dumbledore presents his argument for Harry's defense. It also contains floor cushions for defensive spells as well as volumes of Defence Against the Dark Arts.
There are also secret access points to four House dormitories. They are also hidden from outside and require a password or ritual. These entrances are used by members of that House.
Snowy Hogwarts
Harry Potter: Hogwarts Tournament Of Houses Episode Guide


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Remove the florets from the broccoli and reserve about 454 g for garnish. Peel and dice the stems.
Heat the butter or oil in a large sauce pot over medium heat and add the mirepoix. Sweat until the onions are translucent, 8 to 10 minutes. Add the unreserved broccoli and sweat until the stems are slightly tender, 10 to 15 minutes.
Add the veloute and bring to a simmer at 85°C. Add the sachet. Reduce the heat and simmer until the vegetables are fully cooked, about 35 minutes. Stir frequently and skim as needed.
Cut the reserved florets into bite-size pieces, keeping their shape, and blanch in boiling salted water until tender, 5 to 7 minutes. Shock the florets in an ice bath and reserve for service.
Discard the sachet. Puree the soup until smooth. Strain through a fine-mesh strainer and discard any fibers remaining in the strainer. The soup is ready to finish now, or it may be rapidly cooled and refrigerated for later service.
Return the soup to a simmer at 85°C. Add the cream and season with salt, pepper, and nutmeg. Heat the broccoli florets in simmering stock or water and garnish individual portions or the entire batch. Serve in heated bowls or cups.


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BYO alcohol venue, $5/adult corkage fee.
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text:
FAA selects Leidos to develop GEO 7 satellite to enhance GPS-based air traffic system
RESTON, Va. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials in Washington selected Leidos (NYSE:LDOS), a global science and technology company, in Reston, Virginia, to develop the 7th Generation geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite for the FAA Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).
Courtney E. Howard
FAA selects Leidos to develop GEO 7 satellite to enhance GPS-based air traffic systemWAAS, a safety-critical system that augments global positioning system (GPS) standard positioning service (SPS), enables aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of flight, including precision approaches to any airport within its service area.
"WAAS is an extremely accurate navigation system developed for civil aviation. Before WAAS, the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) did not have the potential to provide horizontal and vertical navigation for approach operations for all users at all locations. With WAAS, this capability is a reality. WAAS provides service for all classes of aircraft in all phases of flight - including en route navigation, airport departures, and airport arrivals. This includes vertically-guided landing approaches in instrument meteorological conditions at all qualified locations throughout the NAS," FAA officials say.
Leidos, along with space-segment provider Intelsat General Corporation and technology partners U.S. Electrodynamics Inc. (USEI) and Knight Sky will develop, test, and integrate a satellite payload for the program's new GEO 7 satellite and its associated pair of ground uplink stations. The stations then broadcast GPS navigation data that is corrected and enhanced for accuracy. Leidos will also manage the stations to ensure the satellite sends the augmented GPS navigation signals in line with WAAS requirements.
"For nearly 20 years, Leidos has partnered with the FAA to provide technology solutions that ensure our nation's airspace is safe and efficient for both pilots and travelers," says Leidos Senior Vice President of Transportation Solutions Fran Hill. "This award will allow us to continue to deliver accurate, reliable signals and quality service for years to come."
The new task order has a four-year development phase and one 10-year operations and maintenance phase, and a total contract value of approximately $117 million.
Leidos will perform the work on this FAA contract in Gaithersburg, Md.
The GEO 7 payload is expected to launch in the first quarter of 2020. The system will enter its 10-year operational phase in 2021.
Leidos is a Fortune 500® information technology, engineering, and science solutions and services leader working to solve the world's toughest challenges in the defense, intelligence, homeland security, civil, and health markets. The company's 31,000 employees support vital missions for government and commercial customers. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, Leidos reported annual revenues of approximately $10.17 billion for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2017.
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Just like grocery self-checkout and self-tagging checked baggage, many patrons prefer airport security screening that they can complete by themselves.
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While this was a non-passenger flight, EHang is working with the FAA to secure approval for a passenger trial flight of the EHang 216 in the near future.
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Adelaide, South Australia's capital, grew along a planned street grid enclosed on four sides by terraces, creating a most attractive city. Once a sleepy place, the city is now a destination for locals and overseas visitors who flock to the restaurants, Rundle Mall shopping, and cultural centers.
Museums: The Art Gallery of South Australia introduces visitors to the local art scene with paintings by early white settlers illustrating their new life Down Under as well as indigenous art by Aboriginal Australians. The separate South Australian Museum has exhibits on the state's natural history, Aboriginal Australian tools and weapons, and settlement history.
Glenelg Tram: Leaving from the city center via South Terrace, the tram passes through inner suburbs to seaside Glenelg with its promenade and wide sandy beaches. Stop for an outdoor lunch if the day is fine or dive into a pub on non-beach-weather days.
Wine Country: The state has the finest vineyards in the country, beginning not far from the city at the pretty hill town of Hahndorf and further inland in the Barossa and Clare valleys. Rent a car and explore.
North Terrace: Walk the wide, tree-lined street from end to end and take in the city's most impressive architecture, including the central railway station (part of which houses a casino), Parliament House, the National War Memorial, the State Library of South Australia, and the University of Adelaide.
Families: Kids will love the beaches, as well as the zoo with only-in-Australia animals like a Victorian koala and mainland tammar wallabies.
Adventurous Palates: Adelaide's food scene has exploded in recent years, with young chefs opening new restaurants serving everything from French-Vietnamese fusion to Korean dishes created with Aussie flair.
Friendly to the Extreme: It's almost off-putting how welcoming Australians can be. They are not out to fleece you — they are just being themselves.


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000089/009795.html
My bibliography Save this paper
Peer Effects, Cooperation and Competition in Human Capital Formation
Román Andrés Zárate
Roman Andres Zarate
Economic literature has identified positive effects of peer abilities on individual achievement. However, the intuitive arguments supporting this evidence are not clear. This article presents a specific mechanism: cooperation and competition among group members; more precisely, the presence of positive and negative externalities in human capital accumulation. First, I develop an economic model that incorporates both kinds of externalities and shows the existence of an optimal level of competition between group members that maximizes human capital accumulation. Then, using data from PISA (2000) and an empirical strategy that controls for potential endogeneity issues, I find empirical evidence supporting the main results of the theoretical model. Namely, I find robust evidence of a non-linear effect of competition on academic performance. These results are consistent with the proposed model and the presence of positivetechnological externalities in educational production functions.
Román Andrés Zárate, 2012. "Peer Effects, Cooperation and Competition in Human Capital Formation," Documentos CEDE 009795, Universidad de los Andes - CEDE.
Handle: RePEc:col:000089:009795
File URL: http://economia.uniandes.edu.co/publicaciones/dcede2012-07.pdf
Lazear, Edward P & Rosen, Sherwin, 1981. "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 89(5), pages 841-864, October.
Edward P. Lazear & Sherwin Rosen, 1979. "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," NBER Working Papers 0401, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Becker, William E. & Rosen, Sherwin, 1992. "The learning effect of assessment and evaluation in high school," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 107-118, June.
Becker, W. & Rosen, S., 1990. "The Learning Effect Of Assessment And Evaluation In High School," University of Chicago - Economics Research Center 90-7, Chicago - Economics Research Center.
Massimiliano Bratti & Daniele Checchi & Antonio Filippin, 2011. "Should you compete or cooperate with your schoolmates?," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 275-289.
Bratti, Massimiliano & Checchi, Daniele & Filippin, Antonio, 2008. "Should You Compete or Cooperate with Your Schoolmates?," IZA Discussion Papers 3599, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Antonio Filippin & Massimiliano Bratti & Daniele Checchi, 2008. "Should you compete or cooperate with your schoolmates?," UNIMI - Research Papers in Economics, Business, and Statistics unimi-1074, Universitá degli Studi di Milano.
Schwieren, Christiane & Weichselbaumer, Doris, 2010. "Does competition enhance performance or cheating? A laboratory experiment," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 241-253, June.
Christiane Schwieren & Doris Weichselbaumer, 2008. "Does competition enhance performance or cheating? A laboratory experiment," Economics working papers 2008-01, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
Christiane Schwieren & Doris Weichselbaumer, 2008. "Does competition enhance performance or cheating? A laboratory experiment," NRN working papers 2008-05, The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of the Welfare State, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
Schwieren, Christiane & Weichselbaumer, Doris, 2008. "Does Competition Enhance Performance or Cheating? A Laboratory Experiment," IZA Discussion Papers 3275, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Knoef, Marike & Kooreman, Peter, 2011. "The Effects of Cooperation: A Structural Model of Siblings' Caregiving Interactions," IZA Discussion Papers 5733, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Steven Yamarik, 2007. "Does Cooperative Learning Improve Student Learning Outcomes?," The Journal of Economic Education, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(3), pages 259-277, July.
Esther Duflo & Pascaline Dupas & Michael Kremer, 2011. "Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(5), pages 1739-1774, August.
Esther Duflo & Pascaline Dupas & Michael Kremer, 2008. "Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya," NBER Working Papers 14475, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Duflo, Esther & Dupas, Pascaline & Kremer, Michael, 2008. "Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya," CEPR Discussion Papers 7043, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Daniel Mejía & Marc St-Pierre, 2007. "Human capital formation, inequality, and competition for jobs," Documentos CEDE 004105, Universidad de los Andes - CEDE.
Andrei Shleifer, 2004. "Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(2), pages 414-418, May.
Andrei Shleifer, 2004. "Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior?," NBER Working Papers 10269, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Shleifer, Andrei, 2004. "Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior?," Scholarly Articles 27867243, Harvard University Department of Economics.
Foster, Gigi, 2006. "It's not your peers, and it's not your friends: Some progress toward understanding the educational peer effect mechanism," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(8-9), pages 1455-1475, September.
M. Bigoni & M. Fort & M. Nardotto & T. Reggiani, 2011. "Teams or Tournaments? A Field Experiment on Cooperation and Competition in Academic Achievement," Working Papers wp752, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.
Dan T. Rosenbaum, 2000. "Ability, Educational Ranks, and Labor Market Trends: The Effects of Shifts in the Skill Composition of Educational Groups," JCPR Working Papers 146, Northwestern University/University of Chicago Joint Center for Poverty Research.
Giorgio Brunello & Maria De Paola & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2010. "Peer Effects In Higher Education: Does The Field Of Study Matter?," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 48(3), pages 621-634, July.
Giorgio Brunello & Maria De Paola & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2009. "Peer Effects in Higher Education: Does the Field of Study Matter?," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0092, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
Peer effects; Cooperation; Competition; PISA;
D62 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Externalities
I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
NEP-HRM-2012-07-23 (Human Capital & Human Resource Management)
NEP-URE-2012-07-23 (Urban & Real Estate Economics)
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SOS Nitelife brings 3rd Queen of Mashups India Title: meet top 15 Djanes
November 11, 2018 by qayam
New Delhi: Upbeat with the phenomenal success of Queen of Mashups Global Female DJ Championship and the previous contests, SOS Nitelife is all set to host the third edition of 'Queen of Mashups' India title.
The India chapter of this war of Djanes will be held on November 17 at Imagica, Mumbai. The winner of this competition will be representing India in the next year's Global Queen of Mashup Championships – an exclusive contest for world's top female disc jockeys.
Following are the 15 female djanes who will be entertaining the audiences in the championship: DJ D'Shelz, DJ Koyel, DJ Adaa, DJ Farmeen, DJ Merlin, DJ Donna, DJ Neit Kaur, DJ Pooja, DJ Prikha, DJ Pulse, DJ Zoya, DJ Reshma, DJ Tash, DJ Palak, DJ Varsha. These 15 female disc jockeys hailing from different parts of the country would showcase their skills in the contest in a bid to win the contest.
These talented young ladies will be judged by a jury comprising DJ Akbar Sami, DJ Akhtar and TV host Naved Jafri.
Apart from witnessing a musical night, the audiences will also get to enjoy added attractions late night rides, BDM Dance Party, Tent Camping, Food and spirits and night parade.
Earlier this year, SOS Nitelife successfully organised the Queen of Mashups Global Championship which saw the participation of world's top 15 female artists. DJ Burlene based in Dubai and DJ Natalia Moon from Australia were the crowned champions in the mega contest held at JW Marriott, Sahar Mumbai on August 15. Everyone was enthralled by the tunes of popular dance numbers played by the talented ladies behind the music consoles. All the invited guests were in awe of SOS Nitelife's arrangements and hospitality.
Earlier last year, DJ Lopa, DJ Aashika and DJ Neit were the three Indian 'Queen of Mashups' selected during a star-studded event at Mumbai's Taj Lands End. They represented India at the Global Queen of Mashups 2018.
"We were immensely pleased with the success of our flagship contest i.e. Global Queen of Mashups. We are now geared up for the third edition of India chapter of our championship. Our aim is to provide the platform for the Indian Djanes where they can showcase their skills. The winner of this championship will get a chance to represent India in the Global Championship next year. Hence, our purpose isn't just to entertain the audience for a night, instead, we'd also be scouting for the next best female disc jockey from India who could compete with the best in the world," says Mr. Chand Seth, the Founder and Managing Director of SOS Nitelife.
"The Global Championship has been a huge hit amongst the audiences as they gather in big numbers to enjoy the evening and groove to the tunes of the female Djanes. Our aim is to make this contest bigger and better with every passing year. I wish all the very best of luck to these talented ladies. I am sure they'll give their best on November 17th," Seth, who has a cult experience of 18 years plus in conducting events and promotion, adds further.
Categories Business Tags India, Mumbai Post navigation
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Tax Attorney Daniel W. Layton
Representative Tax Matters
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Melissa S. Kew, Paralegal
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Fullerton Tax Law Office
The DWL Tax Law office at 17702 Irvine Boulevard in Tustin is conveniently located in Old Town to serve our Irvine, Tustin, and Santa Ana tax clients. DWL Tax Law has been selected as a Top Law Firm in the area of tax by OC Metro magazine and the firm exclusively features former government attorneys with substantial courtroom and tax experience.
The founder of DWL Tax Law, Daniel W. Layton's experience includes working as a trial attorney in the IRS's Silicon Valley office, as a federal tax prosecutor in the Los Angeles U.S. Attorney's Office, and as counsel in the mergers & acquisitions group of a Vault 100 national law firm. Mr. Layton was selected as the 2020 Orange County Bar Association Tax Section Chair, received a perfect 10.0 rating and the Client's Choice award by Avvo, and inclusion in "Who's Who in the OCBA" in Orange County Lawyer magazine. Mr. Layton is a graduate of the University of Chicago Law School and has dedicated the last 15 years to practicing tax controversy law.
For more on Mr. Layton's background and experience, click here.
For Bankruptcy/Tax Attorney Tamar Terzian's background and experience, click here.
For directions to our Old Town Tustin tax attorney office, click here.
For the home page of our Orange County tax law firm, click here.
Former IRS and DOJ Trial Attorney Daniel W. Layton
The City of Irvine's Local Tax Profile
Irvine stands out as one of Orange County's thriving business and tax centers. Along with Newport Beach, Irvine is one of the favorite corporate and retail centers for many sectors, whether it is legal, financial, technological, or consumer shopping.
Our tax law firm's Irvine clients often hold patents which are integral to the products of major manufacturers or provide high-level consulting or technical support to nationwide or global industries. Tax attorney Daniel Layton's background as an IRS attorney in San Jose, California, at the heart of silicone valley, and his experience handling Orange County cases since practicing in the area for more than a decade have given him unique experience which allows him to efficiently and competently handle those cases. Mr. Layton has helped clients successfully resolve cases involving the Research & Development Tax Credit, tax basis in intellectual property, and patent license agreements at both the IRS and FTB audit and appeal levels, including in U.S. Tax Court.
In addition to income tax and employment and payroll tax, residents and businesses in the City of Irvine are subject to the following types of taxes:
Sales tax in Irvine is the same rate, the lowest Orange County rate, as other OC cities - 7.75%. This is comprised of the California Sales and Use Tax plus a 0.5% county-wide Measure M Transportation Tax. Compared to Los Angeles County, where the cities' sales tax rates vary between 9.5% and 10.25%, this is a favorable rate. In fact, only four cities in OC have higher rates than Irvine, maxing out at 8.75%.
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For 2015-2016, the average effective real property tax rate for Irvine was 0.80%. However, with Mello-Roos and other assessments the annual bill often ranges from between 1-2%. To see any property tax assessment, you can type in your address at http://tax.ocgov.com/tcweb/search_addr.asp and it will provide you the parcel no. to select and view information on your property. Using one example of an Irvine address:
100 Spectrum Center Dr., Irvine, CA 92618
The tax.ocgov website provided the information that the tax bill was fully paid and by clicking on the button with the ###=###-## parcel no., I was quickly provided the exact amount of the payments, the assessed values and exemptions on the land, improvements, personal property, and other aspects of the property. The effective tax rate on the assessed values and exemptions in that case was about 1.2%.
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Irvine has a "Transient Occupancy Tax" (TOT) which is set at 8% and Irvine Hotel Improvement District Assessment (IHID) set at 2% as of January 14, 2019, which both apply to hotels and motels and are collected from occupants. This total 10% tax applies for occupancy of 30 days or less.
In addition, there is a Utility User Tax (UUT) on telephone use, electricity, gas, and water of 5.5%.
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23 Corporate Plaza Drive, Suite 100,
taxattorneyoc.com/
The use of this website does not constitute legal advice or an attorney-client relationship. It is for informational purposes only. Daniel Layton makes no representation or warranty regarding the materials on this website and assumes no liability for the use or interpretation of information contained herein.
© 2020 Daniel Layton- Tax Attorney Newport Beach and Fullerton, Orange County, CA - All Rights Reserved.


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Johannes Nicolaas Maria Straathof –conocido como Jeroen Straathof– (Zoeterwoude, 8 de noviembre de 1972) es un deportista neerlandés que compitió en patinaje de velocidad sobre hielo y en ciclismo en pista.

Ganó una medalla de oro en el Campeonato Mundial de Patinaje de Velocidad sobre Hielo en Distancia Individual de 1996, en la prueba de 1500 m.

Participó en dos Juegos Olímpicos: en Lillehammer ocupó el noveno lugar en los 1500 m de patinaje de velocidad y en Atenas 2004 quedó quinto en la prueba de persecución por equipo de ciclismo en pista.

Palmarés internacional

Patinaje de velocidad

Referencias

Ciclistas de pista de los Países Bajos
Ciclistas de los Países Bajos en los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004
Patinadores de velocidad de los Países Bajos
Patinadores de velocidad en los Juegos Olímpicos de Lillehammer 1994
Deportistas de los Países Bajos en los Juegos Olímpicos de Lillehammer 1994
Campeones mundiales de patinaje de velocidad
Nacidos en Zoeterwoude

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Due to heightened security measures, it is in your best interest to take the shuttle buses provided. The use of POV is strongly discouraged and may result in entry delays and the risk of not being allowed access.
If you choose to drive your car on base, you must have a CAC card or a Military ID for base access. Keep in mind that base parking is very limited.


Una raccolta di citazioni, aneddoti e parole di saggezza che offrono al lettore l'opportunità di condividere l'ispirazione divina che Paramahansa Yogananda offriva a chiunque chiedesse i suoi illuminanti consigli.
Born in India on January 5, 1893, Paramahansa Yogananda devoted his life to helping people of all races and creeds to realize and express more fully in their lives the beauty, nobility, and true divinity of the human spirit. After graduating from Calcutta University in 1915, Sri Yogananda took formal vows as a monk of India's venerable monastic Swami Order. Two years later, he began his life's work with the founding of a how-to-live school since grown to seventeen educational institutions throughout India where traditional academic subjects were offered together with yoga training and instruction in spiritual ideals. In 1920, he was invited to serve as India's delegate to an International Congress of Religious Liberals in Boston. His address to the Congress and subsequent lectures on the East Coast were enthusiastically received, and in 1924 he embarked on a cross-continental speaking tour. Over the next three decades, Paramahansa Yogananda contributed in far-reaching ways to a greater awareness and appreciation in the West of the spiritual wisdom of the East.


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