text:
Q: Value of n to ensure the mean is within a 95% confidence interval A random sample of size n is obtained from normal distribution. Calculate how large n must be to ensure that the sample mean lies within 0.25s.d of the mean with probability of 95%.
I know the formula of a confidence interval, any tips of how to start this would be great!

A: If you're using a normal (z) distribution, the value is easy to calculate.
The 95% confidence interval around a sample mean $\displaystyle \mu_s$ is given by $\displaystyle (\mu_s - z\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}, \mu_s + z\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}})$, where $\displaystyle \mu_s$ is the sample mean and $\displaystyle s$ is the sample standard deviation. $\displaystyle \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$ is the standard error of the mean. For large enough samples, you can assume that the sample standard deviation is a good estimator of the population standard deviation.
The confidence interval tells you that the population mean lies within it with a certain probability. When z = 1.96, that probability is 95%.
So the width of the confidence interval for that z-score should be less than or equal to 0.25 times the population std. deviation (which can be estimated by s), that is:
$$\displaystyle 1.96 \times 2 \times \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}} \leq 0.25s$$
Cancel out s and solve to get:
$$\displaystyle n \geq 245.86$$
So the minimum sample size you need is 246.


text:
Юхани Суутаринен (; 24 мая 1943, Уукуниеми, Южная Карелия) — финский биатлонист, трёхкратный чемпион мира, двукратный серебряный призёр Олимпийских игр в эстафете.

Примечания

Ссылки

Биатлонисты Финляндии
Чемпионы мира по биатлону
Серебряные призёры зимних Олимпийских игр 1972 года
Серебряные призёры зимних Олимпийских игр 1976 года
Биатлонисты на зимних Олимпийских играх 1968 года
Биатлонисты на зимних Олимпийских играх 1972 года
Биатлонисты на зимних Олимпийских играх 1976 года

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Master Design Publishing began in 1986 as a typesetting service on the new computerized systems (a Macintosh using Word and PageMaker 1.0). At that time, it was simply called The Master Design. Since then, Master Design has grown and changed. In 1998, Master Design became a full-fleged publishing company, offering everything from editing, typesetting, and design work, to printing and marketing. Starting in 1999, Master Design worked hand-in-hand with Master Design Ministries, a nonprofit organization, to publish books solely for other nonprofit ministries. Master Design Ministries closed its door in 2006, but the work of Master Design Publishing continued. In 2017, Master Design Publishing was purchased by Master Design Marketing, LLC. It is presently one of three imprints owned by Master Design Marketing, LLC.
Over the years, our goals have not changed. Our purpose is to provide affordable publishing services for religious and educational organizations and their staff. We seek to glorify Jehovah God through the publishing of materials used to encourage and equip the followers of Jesus Christ.
We are committed to Biblical Truth – We affirm historic, evangelical Christianity. We are committed to the urgent and unfinished task of proclaiming the truth for the purpose of evangelism, discipleship, and equipping.
* Copyediting for grammar, consistency, etc.
The Master Designer, Jehovah God, designed and made each one of us uniquely. He is the One whom we desire to glorify through this unique publishing company.
We believe in the Scripture of the Old and New Testaments as verbally inspired by God, and inerrant and infallible in the original writings, and that they are the only supreme and final authority in faith and life.
We believe in one God who is our Lord, eternally existing in three Persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. He has revealed Himself in creation, history, and Jesus Christ.
We believe that man was created in the image of God, that he sinned, and thereby incurred not only physical death, but also that spiritual death which is separation from God, and that all human beings are born with a sinful nature, and become sinners in thought, word and deed. Man's only hope is regeneration by the Holy Spirit through faith in Jesus Christ.
We believe that Jesus Christ, after living a sinless life, died for our sins, according to the Scriptures, as a representative and substitutionary sacrifice, and that all who believe in Him are justified on the grounds of His shed blood.
We believe in the resurrection of the crucified body of Jesus Christ, in His ascension into heaven and His present life there for us as High Priest and Advocate.
We believe in the ministry of the Holy Spirit to bring life to the believer and to indwell the believer, enabling him to live a godly life. We believe in the bodily resurrection of all men, the just and the unjust, the blessedness of the believers by the grace of God through Jesus Christ, and the retribution and eternal damnation of the unbelievers by the justice of God.


An overview of the market for plastics in the packaging of healthcare products, segmented by pharmaceutical and medical packaging.
Coverage of the most important economic, technological, regulatory, and environmental considerations in U.S. markets for the use of plastics to package healthcare products.
Examination of the industry structure.
Identification of the types of plastics used in healthcare packaging and the projected volumes for each.
This study covers many of the most important economic, technological, regulatory and environmental considerations in markets for the use of plastics to package healthcare products. This report is a global study of activities within the healthcare packaging market.
All market volume figures are rounded to the nearest million pounds. Growth rates are all compounded signified as compounded average annual growth rates or CAGRs. Growth rates are rounded to two significant figures such that 5.25% is recorded as 5.3%.
Some relatively minor resin materials and applications are grouped together in a miscellaneous category but are specifically noted.
A final point is that there are often times when there is a need to review some preliminary but important background details in the detailed pharmaceutical and medical sections for those readers who purchase certain sections of the report rather than the complete report.
The U.S. plastic healthcare packaging market is estimated at 3.8 billion pounds in 2010 and is expected to increase to almost 5 billion pounds by 2015, a 5.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR).
Polypropylene is the largest sector at 987 million pounds in 2010. This sector is projected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% to 1.3 billion pounds in 2015.
The PVC market is estimated at 845 million pounds in 2010. By 2015, this sector will reach 1 billion pounds, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5%.
The plastic healthcare packaging market in North America is estimated at 2.5 billion pounds for 2004 and is expected to increase to slightly more than 3.2 billion pounds by 2009, at an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 5%.
Polypropylene represents nearly 28% of the market and will rise at an AAGR of 5.1% to 913 million pounds in 2009.
PVC is, and will remain with the second highest share despite efforts to reduce its use. PVC still is regarded as a cost-effective and safe material by the industry.
Bottles/vials, tubing/containers, syringes and kits are estimated to be the leading healthcare packaging applications, accounting for more than 83% of total plastic volume in 2004.


text:
February 10, 2021 Arts + Life » Culture
Perfumer Diane St. Clair and Artist Erika Senft Miller Collaborate on a New Scent
By Margaret Grayson @mgrayson11
Published February 10, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. | Updated March 29, 2022 at 1:38 p.m.
File: Oliver Parini
Erika Senft Miller
"Talking about smells can feel a little like talking about dreams — often tedious, rarely satisfying," wrote New Yorker writer Rachel Syme in a recent essay about how difficult it is to find the words to describe aromas. But her article arrived in January amid a wave of media coverage on the significance of smell in our everyday lives, a topic central to understanding the coronavirus.
Loss of smell and taste is a hallmark symptom of COVID-19, and some patients have reported being unable to smell for months after they had otherwise recovered from the virus. In the February issue of the Believer Magazine, writer Sasha von Oldershausen reported that when her sense of smell returned after contracting the virus, she became haunted by a lingering scent of onions everywhere she went. The New York Times Magazine, too, devoted a recent cover story to the mysteries of olfactory perception.
Much of the writing about scent observes that we don't have an expansive vocabulary for smell. Of all the human senses, it's perhaps the most subconscious, so many people notice it only when faced with the threat or actuality of losing it.
Orwell's Diane St. Clair has been making perfumes and extracts through her business St. Clair Scents since 2018; before that she studied for years with professional perfumers. (She's also known for her hand-churned Animal Farm butter, which sells to prestigious restaurants.) But even she acknowledges that scent can be hard to conceptualize.
"You're actually always smelling," St. Clair said of the roughly 20,000 breaths people take in a single day. "But it's so vital to your being that it's almost this unconscious sense."
File: Caleb Kenna
Diane St. Clair
When St. Clair sends out her scents — she currently has eight unique ones for sale online — she said she likes to include a card with a piece of art or some other kind of visual clue for the buyer. For her latest scent, created over several months in 2020 and called Seeking Balance, she partnered with Colchester-based multidisciplinary artist Erika Senft Miller. The women engaged in a collaborative, creative conversation that ended with a completed scent and a watercolor painting to accompany it.
The pair met when Senft Miller commissioned St. Clair to create custom perfumes for each of the former's two daughters as gifts. Since then, Senft Miller, who hadn't been particularly into perfumes before, became an avid wearer and fan of St. Clair's scents.
Senft Miller is best known for large-scale performance-art installations and has included elements of smell in her work before, so she appreciates olfactory sensation.
"It's so deeply connected to our emotional body and bypasses all that frontal lobe and cognitive filter and goes right into our emotions, which makes it so potent and which also makes it a little elusive," she said.
When the pandemic hit and Senft Miller couldn't coordinate in-person shows, she took to Instagram, "the proverbial sidewalk of the pandemic." She contemplated the irony that, while people were continually worried about excessive screen time, many of our social, work, and educational obligations and opportunities had moved online.
"Scent is the one thing we can't digitalize," Senft Miller noted.
St. Clair was similarly wondering how to express the contradictions of the pandemic era in her work. She felt inspired by balance.
"There's this whole field of research going on around olfaction." Diane St. Clair tweet this
"Whenever I make a perfume, I always have to have some idea, some vision of where it's going. Sometimes it's something very physical, like a garden. But this interested me because it's an abstract concept," St. Clair said. "There weren't any clear olfactory clues."
St. Clair and Senft Miller began emailing. "Originally we talked about 'finding balance,' and then we changed it to 'seeking balance,' because really balance is not a state, it's a process," Senft Miller said.
The perfumer asked the artist to create a visual component to go with the scent. During the seven months when St. Clair was developing Seeking Balance, she sent different versions to Senft Miller, who took her time opening and smelling them and chose the medium she felt inspired to use: watercolor, which Senft Miller said wasn't a common choice for her.
Courtesy Of St. Clair Scents
Seeking Balance painting
With each iteration of the scent, she would find a space within her house to place her body off-balance — standing on one foot or crouched on her staircase — and paint. She digitized the paintings and sent them back to St. Clair; when a new version of the scent was ready, Senft Miller would paint again. All the while, the two mused back and forth via email about what balance meant in 2020.
"I'm lucky that we have a multisensory performance artist here [in Vermont]," St. Clair said, "because I think if I had asked anybody else to do it this way, they would have been like, 'What?'"
"I'm not a musician, but I imagine if you play jazz, it's like that," Senft Miller said. "We were so connected."
The end result was twofold: a unisex scent that St. Clair describes as rich, calming and centering, including notes of lavender, bergamot and citrus. Its accompanying abstract painting is purple and green.
St. Clair is most excited about the idea that the pandemic could inspire people to pay more attention to their sense of smell.
"People do think that perfume is just stupid, because most of it is just stupid," she said. "And yet, there's this whole field of research going on around olfaction." Museums, St. Clair said, are experimenting with producing scents associated with different works of art.
"That sense of smelling, it removes the gap between being the person viewing it and something on the wall," she said. "Anytime we can integrate aspects of the arts, it makes it a more powerful thing."
The original print version of this article was headlined "Show and Smell | A perfumer and an artist collaborate on a new scent"
Acclaimed Addison County Animal Farm Butter Business Changes Hands
By Melissa Pasanen
Erika Senft Miller's 'AutoBiography': A Performance About Car Culture
New Installation in Maglianero Vault
by Sadie Williams
St. Clair Scents Brings the Farm to Perfumes
Talking Art: Erika Senft Miller
Tags: Culture, Erika Senft Miller, Diane St. Clair, Seeking Balance, perfume
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margaret@sevendaysvt.com
@mgrayson11
Margaret Grayson was a staff writer at Seven Days 2019-21. She now freelances for the paper, covering the art, books, memes and weird hobbies of Vermonters. In her spare time she dabbles as a pottery student, country music radio DJ and enthusiastic roaster of root vegetables.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Trying to return value from all method inside controller in a web api in one go I am new to web api ,I have an web api Fg_StockController containing
1.Get method
[HttpGet]
public Fg_data GET()
{
    Fg_data fg = new Fg_data();
    try
    {
        conn.Open();
        OracleCommand command = new OracleCommand("SELECT A.TMR_FROM_GRD FROM REM_MST A WHERE A.TMR_PARAM_CD = 'FG_DESP_TAR'", conn);
        command.Connection = conn;
        command.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
        fg.TMR_FROM_GRD = command.ExecuteScalar().ToString();

        return fg;
    }
}

Currently I am calling http://localhost:51232/Api/Fg_stock
It will return {"TMR_FROM_GRD":"8"}
Now I have extra method inside Fg_StockController as given Fg_ACT_GET,Fg_Displn_GET
And I want all the method inside controller called in one go
public string Fg_ACT_GET()
{
    // Fetching value from db
    return TXT_FG_ACT.ToString();
}

// Despatch Plan
[HttpGet]
public Tuple<int, int> Fg_Displn_GET()
{
    // Fetching value from db
    return new Tuple<int, int>(numb, tonnage);
}

Any idea would be appreciated.

A: you can use below attribute for methods
 [Route("name of method")]

for example if you have several methods in on the controller you can write like this:
        [Route("test1")]
        public IActionResult Index()
        {

            return View();
        }
        [Route("test2")]
        public IActionResult Index2()
        {

            return View();
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jacob Hauge Mateo Interview with Muzique Magazine
Photo credit Elvirah Flor Søgaard
When did you discover your love for your craft and what made you realize you wanted to pursue a career in it?
Very early, I think I was 11, I wrote my first songs on the piano we had in the living room. I don't know why I did it. We didn't have a lot of music in my childhood home. I just felt intuitively guided or drawn to write and delve into the music.
The songs were dramatic. They were questioning money, how we as a society treat each other, and how to remember the light and even Jesus. And, oh, they were dramatic and about heartbreaks and failed romances. I remember one song goes something like: "As she left me I took a long sharp knife, but then the life spirit came back to me".
I guess I wrote 10-20 songs in the following years. But I was no Mozart. I wasn't particularly skilled. If you heard me back then you would say "that's a very average kid just playing around".
Then I took a long break till my early twenties. Then I was ready to pick up playing and songwriting again. And that was a relief to remember my love for music. Since then, I have devoted most of my time to writing, singing, and producing.
I am unstoppable in the sense that I feel a deep notion that this is what this life is for; my music is my contribution to a tired world, and it wants to remind people of inner silence and hope that there's something in all of us that doesn't die and that is always whole and complete. It has stopped being so personal to me.
This is simply my gift to the world. And it's not for everyone, I know that. So many blocks and excuses have been flushed out, and I am just going wholeheartedly into what I see as my function.
To what or whom do you accredit your sense of style?
My biggest influencers and inspiration must be old masters like Beethoven and Mahler. Among living musicians that had an effect on me and my music, I count Sleeping At Last, Bon Iver, Nils Frahm, and Phillip Glass. And sooo many others. I often see my music as a hybrid between all these great artists, my human emotions, and the inspiration I get from the inner realms.
On your current project, how did you come up with the concept?
Some years ago, I was introduced to Ben Bushilll's work. That just amazed me how profoundly an impact his weaving of words had on me. It was like Tolkien, just in a more spiritual, "hippie" version. His words and his crisp, deep, fragile voice are a very miraculous combo.
So it was only natural for me to reach out to him and invite him to do a project with me. I was very surprised to learn that he knew of my music already and that my invitation was immediately accepted. So that was it, and I have gotta say that this collaboration has been effortlessly flowing and graceful.
I would give him a few headlines, to begin with, and the day after or so, he would send me the poem – even recorded in his home studio. Ben keeps saying that I am the one who spent the most time on this project, as his poems just pour out of him. That is true. But his words brought a dimension to the album that is quite breathtaking to me.
The other day while speaking to a friend, tears flooded my eyes, realizing the depth and the healing his poems have brought – not just to my music, but to my life. He is a true master with words and it's an honor to be doing this with him. A fun fact is that Ben is the most ordinary man you could think of. So down to earth and kind. And he builds houses for a living!
What are some of your greatest challenges, and what is your greatest attribute when it comes to your work ethic?
I think that finding the balance between listening and creating – relaxing and doing – that's the hardest balance to master. I guess in life in general, but certainly also when it comes to music-making. I was told early on that whenever I am struggling with the music, it's a good time to stop.
Just for a moment, do something else. Making music should be delightful and inspiring and fun. When there is a struggle, the ego is at play, and I don't really want to let the ego interfere with the music. Music that should open hearts and inspire letting go of egoic thinking.
My greatest attribute must be that I am stubborn. I refuse to let my thoughts and insecurities stop me. My purpose is bigger than my personal feelings. I will complete what I started when it feels deep, true, and purposeful. Period. And I am not afraid of being rejected.
This is how every artist should go about their craft. Your art is important and you must believe that RIGHT NOW there is an audience waiting for your special gift. There is just no doubt. So work on your inner blocks, one at a time. Rise up, share your magnificent art and go home. There is nothing more to it.
Are you the best at what you do in your opinion?
Yes. I am the best. Well, in fact, the only one, when it comes to my special gift, my sound, and expression. For sure. That's the point. There is no one else who can do it. It's on my shoulder. And there is no failure either.
Everything works according to plan. You can't mess it up. So I smile and emerge myself in the music that is, in the highest understanding, simply a gift to myself. Phew. Did you feel the relief there?
What are your plans for the near future?
After 'Quiet Majesty' has come out, I am gonna work on other projects. Lots of exciting collaborations in the pipeline. I am so indescribably lucky to work with artists such as Shaina Noll, Liv Austen, Kristian Thorsager, Chelan Harkin, and Maya Luna.
Also, I am back in the studio with Belgian Lilo Aurora whom I did my latest album ('Where Angels Gently Sing'). So you can expect releases alongside these wonderful hearts throughout 2022. I am very excited. But more than that, I am forever grateful!
How can fans find you?
I am on the most popular streaming platforms. Would also love to connect with people thru my Facebook page: Facebook.com/jacobhaugemusic
What suggestions do you have for other artists like yourself?
Get on with it! Don't just sit and wait for people to approve of your music or for some fancy label to find you. That won't happen. I am not even sure that would happen to Elvis if he was to try all over again in 2022.
There is so much great music being published every single day. The world is not in need of more music. Get on with your music, record it, get it published, enjoy it while it lasts – moves on. And have an inner focus: Appreciate the music that comes through you, and don't worry so much if people will like it, or how many.
When that being said, there will be a passionate audience waiting for you. But don't count listeners. Count the joyful moments you get from expressing yourself! We are already complete and have everything, so let music rather be a demonstration of that.
FOR MORE NEWS AND ARTICLES, CONNECT WITH US ON MUZIQUE MAGAZINE, FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, AND TWITTER
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Related Topics:Independent Music Promotions, Jacob Hauge Mateo, music magazine, music promotions, Muzique Magazine selected Top 25 Music Magazines
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text:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

namespace inSyca.foundation.integration.visualstudio.external.fusion
{
    [ComImport, InterfaceType(ComInterfaceType.InterfaceIsIUnknown), Guid("56b1a988-7c0c-4aa2-8639-c3eb5a90226f")]
    public interface IInstallReferenceEnum
    {
        [PreserveSig()]
        int GetNextInstallReferenceItem(
            out IInstallReferenceItem ppRefItem,
            int flags,
            IntPtr pvReserced);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Wind easing and moving towards west, but still too much for some.
Juvenile Gannet was sheltering in Harbour late morning, had moved on by late afternoon.
Juvenile Little gull on No.1 outflow in morning, again no sign late afternoon.
Adult Common Tern No.2 outflow. Did not arrive till almost high water. Looks to be the same bird that has been here for three days now.
2 Skylark grounded on small patch of grassed ground on wall side of wooden jetty.


text:
Accomplished Attorneys In Jacksonville, Florida
After office hours, call
Open From 7:30 a.m. – 6:30 p.m.
Published Opinions
Field sobriety tests not fully accurate
On behalf of Sheppard, White, Kachergus, DeMaggio, & Wilkison, P.A. Attorneys & Counselors at Law | Jun 25, 2017 | DUI Defense
Florida residents know that the state's laws on driving under the influence are tough. While certainly it is important to keep people safe, it is equally important to protect the rights of everyone including those who may be accused of criminal actions. For their part, defendants must try to remember that an arrest is not the same thing as a conviction and therefore learning about their options for a defense after being charged with drunk driving is important.
Simply because field sobriety tests are administered by law enforcement officials and sanctioned for use by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration does not mean that they are completely foolproof. In fact, FieldSobrietyTests.org indicates that none of the three standardized tests used are completely accurate. The most accurate of the three tests is the horizontal gaze nystagmus test which evaluates the eye's natural jerking motion. This test is 77-percent accurate on its own.
The test that requires you to stand on one leg while counting out loud, appropriately called the one-leg stand test, has an accurate rate of only 65 percent. The walk-and-turn test requires you to take nine steps in heel-to-toe fashion one direction and back again, also while counting out loud. This test is 68-percent accurate. If all three tests are administered, the accuracy rate of them jointly is said to be 82 percent.
If you would like to learn more about the process that you might experience during a drunk driving investigation, please feel free to visit the field sobriety test page of our Florida DUI and criminal defense website.
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© 2021 Sheppard, White, Kachergus, DeMaggio, & Wilkison, P.A. Attorneys & Counselors at Law. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Dr. Strange May Have 'Lived' for Over 30,000 Years According to This Theory
By Jordan Scott On Dec 6, 2022
Doctor Strange might be much older than he looks.
Rafa Boladeras
Home » News » Dr. Strange May Have 'Lived' for Over 30,000 Years According to This Theory
A Reddit user named TheCloakOfLevitation has done the math and has an incredible theory that would make Doctor Strange (Benedict Cumberbatch) one of the oldest characters in the MCU. By his calculations, counting the time Dr. Strange spends in each of the 14,000,605 possible futures, and also keeping in mind all the time he was in the Dormammu Loop during the first Dr. Strange movie, the character would mentally be an additional 38,331 years 207 days and 11 hours old.
If this theory is true, it might make us look differently at Dr. Strange and his recent appearances in both Spider-Man: No Way Home and Dr. Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. Being that old would explain why, in the last few movies, he has mellowed out a bit and is not fighting with Wong (Benedict Wong) to get back his title of The Sorcerer Supreme. It would also make his sadness about Cristine getting married, much more weird, as he hasn't had a relationship with her in thousands of years.
It would also explain why he had no patience for the young kids in the last two movies he appeared on. Be it Peter Parker (Tom Holland), MJ (Zendaya) and Ned (Jacob Batalon), or America Chavez (Xochitl Gomez), their lives and ideas might've exasperated the magician who, like Murtaugh in the Lethal Weapon movies, is too old for their sh*t.
Dr. Strange might've lived thousands of years because he can manipulate time with the Eye of Agamotto, also known as the Time Stone, one of the Infinity Stones Thanos (Josh Brolin) used to exterminate half of the universe's living beings.
Jordan Scott 2609 posts 0 comments
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text:
Charles Augustus Hilton (July 22, 1845 – October 24, 1912) was a Union soldier in the American Civil War and later became a Free Will Baptist preacher. Hilton, New York, a village in the town of Parma, was named after him in 1896. He was born on July 22, 1845, in Parsonsfield, Maine, the son of George and Abigail F (Ricker) Hilton, and died in Minneapolis, MN on October 24, 1912. He was married on April 21, 1872, in Frankfort, Illinois, to Sarah Adelaide Carpenter, the daughter of Josiah and Frances (Haradon) Carpenter. She was born on January 21, 1853, in Frankfort, Illinois, and died in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on October 8, 1944.

He first enlisted into the 27th Maine Infantry on September 30, 1862, having just turned 17 that summer (papers say age 18). Following his mustering out in July 1863, he moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, and was working as a clerk there when he re-enlisted twice. He served as a private first class in the 6th Massachusetts Infantry for a 100-day service call (7 July 1864 to 27 Oct, 1864), followed by his service with the 12th Independent Battery of Massachusetts Light Artillery (14 Nov, 1864 - 25 July 1865). During one of these military stints, he became sick with disease, as noted in his biography in the History of Parsonsfield. He filed for a pension immediately after the War, on 20 Oct, 1866.

Beginning in 1868, Charles entered the ministry as a Free Will Baptist preacher, though having no theological training except for his own self-teaching. In his first year, he was a pastor in nearby Ross Corner (Shapleigh), Maine, but then removed to Frankfort, Illinois. It was during his five years here as a school teacher and minister that he met his wife Sarah and had two of their three children. In 1874, he accepted a position at the Free Baptist Church in Parma, New York. His service to the village was deemed so memorable in the 7 and a half years he was there, that they renamed their village after him in 1896.

His biography again mentions his poor health, forcing him to "accept a field where the demands upon him would not be so exacting" (a smaller church membership perhaps?), and settled at East Kendall, New York, in 1882. Only remaining here a year, he then returned to New England and to a church in Haverhill, Massachusetts. The two-page biography of him in the Parsonsfield history ends in 1887, with him still in Haverhill. From here, likely in 1888, he went to Chelsea, Massachusetts, and was there during the time of the 1890 census (and Veteran Schedule). Street directories show his residence there through 1893, but he removed to Randolph, Massachusetts, by 1900.

His final pastorate began around 1904, when he was certified on 10 February as a Congregational minister and began work at the church on Fremont Ave in Minneapolis, MN. Charles had moved to the city c. Sept, 1903. It was in this city where Charles and his wife died, presumably buried here.

Charles and Sarah had three children: Edna, George Fay, and Ruth

See also

References

External links
Hilton Page in History of Parsonsfield, Maine
Hilton family page in Wentworth Genealogy
Village of Hilton website
History of Hilton site
Charles A Hilton Bio at www.the27thMaine.com

1845 births
1912 deaths
Union Army soldiers
People from Parsonsfield, Maine
People of Maine in the American Civil War
Free Will Baptists
People from Parma, New York
People from Frankfort, Illinois
People from Kendall, New York


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text:
Q: Mulitline RegEx Consider following text:
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    {
        "translatorID": "f4a5876a-3e53-40e2-9032-d99a30d7a6fc",
        "label": "ACL",
        "creator": "Nathan Schneider",
        "target": "^https?://(www[.])?aclweb\\.org/anthology-new/[^#]+",
        "minVersion": "1.0.7",
        "maxVersion": "",
        "priority": 100,
        "browserSupport": "gcs",
        "inRepository": true,
        "translatorType": 4,
        "lastUpdated": "2012-01-01 01:42:16"
    }

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          return "multiple"
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      // else
      //  return "conferencePaper";
    }
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I want select text between { and } in the beginning of text. I test following but it did not yield desired text.
preg_match('~\{(.*)\}~m',$content,$meta);
var_dump( $meta);

What is wrong?

A: Even in multiline mode, . does not match a newline. You can make it match a newline by using the s (PCRE_DOTALL) modifier:
preg_match('~\{(.*)\}~sm',$content,$meta);
                      ^

However your case also requires to make the match non-greedy otherwise this will pick from the source-code below as well:
preg_match('~\{(.*?)\}~sm',$content,$meta);
                  ^

Demo

A: Cheat sheet http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/courses/cse190m/11su/cheat-sheets/php-regex-cheat-sheet.pdf says:
 Base Character Classes
 .  (Period) – Any character except newline

But it also says
Pattern Modifiers
s   Dotall - . class includes newline

A: This is probably what you are after:
preg_match('/\{(.*?)\}/s', $string, $result);

A: try
preg_match('~\{(.*)\}~m',$content,$meta,PCRE_MULTILINE);
Adittional documention
http://php.net/manual/en/reference.pcre.pattern.modifiers.php


text:
If Congress Says No, Obama Must Not Bomb Syria
This article appeared on Detroit News on September 10, 2013.
With United Nations approval beyond reach and the British parliament voting against military intervention in Syria, President Barack Obama was reduced to threatening unilateral action. Not too much, just enough so the administration won't be "mocked," said one unnamed official. But also enough to violate the Constitution's requirement for a congressional declaration of war.
Then the president surprised his own staff by requesting congressional authority. Yet Secretary of State John Kerry told legislators that the president has the right to attack "no matter what Congress does." President Obama later made the same claim.
They are wrong. The president has no authority to start a war without congressional approval.
The nation's Founders feared just such a president and just such a moment. They revolted against an empire in which the imperious executive routinely took the nation into war for no good reason.
Going to war against Syria is not the president's decision to make.
It was not a system they wanted to emulate. Pierce Butler opposed "throwing into [the president's] hands the influence of a monarch, having an opportunity of involving his country in a war whenever he wished to promote her destruction." John Jay pointed to the dubious motives that caused kings "to engage in wars not sanctified by justice or the voice and interests of his people."
So the Framers gave most military powers to Congress: Raising and funding the military, writing the rules of war, issuing letters of marquee and ratifying treaties. Moreover, according to article 1, sec. 8 (11), "Congress shall have the power … to declare war."
Future President James Madison explained the "fundamental doctrine of the Constitution that the power to declare war is fully and exclusively vested in the legislature." Even Alexander Hamilton recognized that the president's authority "would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the land and naval forces … while that of the British king extends to the declaring of war."
The Founders recognized that the president might have to respond to attack. However, this was a very limited grant of authority.
George Mason favored "clogging rather than facilitating war." James Wilson observed: "It will not be in the power of a single man, or a single body of men, to involve us in such distress; for the important power of declaring war is in the legislature at large." Thomas Jefferson approved the "effectual check to the dog of war by transferring the power of letting him loose."
No surprise, many presidents have pushed against the Constitution's restrictions, unilaterally employing the military for different operations. However, most such deployments were limited and temporary and many had legislative authority.
Even strong presidents acknowledged limits on their power. George Washington explained: "The Constitution vests the power of declaring war with Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they shall have deliberated upon the subject, and authorized such a measure." Similarly, said Dwight Eisenhower: "I am not going to order any troops into anything that can be interpreted as war, until Congress directs it."
In December 2007, candidate Obama made a similar argument: "The president does not have power under the Constitution to unilaterally authorize a military attack in a situation that does not involve stopping an actual or imminent threat to the nation."
The Founders' reasons apply today. Wrote James Madison: "Of all the enemies of true liberty, war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts, and taxes are the known instrument for bringing the many under the domination of the few."
If President Obama wants to attack Syria, he needs congressional approval. There is no plausible claim that Syria is preparing to attack America.
The experience of Great Britain is instructive. The House of Commons rejected Prime Minister David Cameron's plan for war.
Asked whether he accepted parliament's decision, the prime minister responded: "it is clear to me that the British parliament, reflecting the views of the British people, does not want to see British military action. I get that and the government will act accordingly."
It is equally clear that the American people do not want to see military action and legislators are leaning against authorizing war. If so, will the president "get that"?
President Obama deserves praise for going to Congress. But he must respect its decision, even if the vote is no.
Doug Bandow
Doug Bandow is a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute and a former Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan.


The European Changemakers community recently launched an open source online toolkit, for everyone who would like to bring a change, but feel like they are lacking the tools and ideas!
On the toolkit website you'll find hands-on tools with the steps needed to turn your campaign ideas into reality. Case studies that give you a behind-the-scenes look at grassroots actions, exploring the tactics and motivations of changemakers, allowing you to connect and be inspired by others like you. The toolkit also offers a chance to learn from experts as they explore the big picture principles behind how ordinary people can create extraordinary change.
Take a look at the launch video. We think you might like it - and if you do, please please help us spread the word by sharing it on your personal page through Facebook .
P.S. Keep an eye on this site for our upcoming online courses!
Ainoastaan rekisteröityneet käyttäjät voivat nähdä ja julkaista kommentteja. Rekisteröidy tai kirjaudu sisään liittyäksesi keskusteluun!
Tämä kuuluu ryhmään Denmark Volunteer Community [Greenpeace], Denmark [Open to all], Finland Volunteer Community [Greenpeace], Finland [Open to All], Greenpeace Greenwire Nordic, Norway Volunteer Community [Greenpeace], Norway Volunteer Community [Open to All], Sverige Greenwire Community [Open To All], Sweden Volunteer Community [Greenpeace].


text:
AP Photo/John Raoux
Spurs waive first-rounder Livio Jean-Charles before first NBA game, putting him in small club
By Dan FeldmanOct 24, 2016, 11:49 AM EDT
It took a few years, but the Spurs finally signed Livio Jean-Charles – the No. 28 pick in the 2013 draft – to a rookie-scale contract this summer.
The problem: Jean-Charles tore his ACL in Europe and hadn't developed as San Antonio hoped.
So, San Antonio is cutting bait historically quickly.
Spurs release:
The San Antonio Spurs today announced that the team has waived Joel Anthony, Ryan Arcidiacono, Patricio Garino and Livio Jean-Charles.
This allows the Spurs to keep two players without guaranteed salaries, Bryn Forbes and Nicolas Laprovittola. A shooting guard, Forbes is a 3-point specialist who went undrafted out of Michigan State. Laprovittola, a point guard, will give San Antonio a second Argentinian with Manu Ginobili – though Garino could've been three.
Jean-Charles is just the fifth first-round pick in the rookie-scale era to be waived or renounced before playing in the NBA. The other four:
Royce White (No. 16 pick in 2012 by Rockets)
White and and Houston never got on the same page about how to handle his anxiety issues. The Rockets traded him in a financial move to the 76ers, who waived him. White later played three games with the Kings.
Frederic Weis (No. 15 pick in 1999 by Knicks)
Weis never came to the NBA from Europe, but he became infamous for getting dunked on by Vince Carter in the 2000 Olympics. New York traded Weis' rights to the Rockets (for Patrick Ewing Jr.) in 2008. Weis retired in 2011, and Houston renounced him.
Leon Smith (No. 29 pick in 1999 by Spurs)
The Mavericks acquired Smith in a draft-night trade, and the player who jumped straight from high school struggled in every respect. He clashed with coaches and management, attempted suicide and got arrested twice before being released during his rookie season. It's a sad tale. Smith later had short stints with the Hawks and Sonics.
Travis Knight (No. 29 in 1996 by Bulls)
Knight never even signed a contract. Chicago renounced him rather than giving him the required three-year guaranteed deal. He signed with the Lakers and made the All-Rookie second team. That led to a more lucrative contract with the Celtics, and Knight also played for the Knicks in a seven-year NBA career.
Tags: Bryn Forbes, Livio Jean-Charles, Manu Ginobili, Patricio Garino, Ryan Arcidiacono, Vince Carter


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Measurements of the charm ($c$) and beauty ($b$) contributions to the
inclusive proton structure function $F_2$ have been made recently in
Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) at HERA, using information from the H1
vertex detector, for values of the negative square of the four
momentum of the exchanged boson $Q^2>150$~${\rm
GeV^2}$\cite{Aktas:2004az}. In this high $Q^2$ region a fraction of
$\sim 18 \%$ ($\sim 3 \%$) of DIS events contain $c$ ($b$) quarks. It
was found that perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations at next-to-leading
order (NLO) gave a good description of the data.  In this paper a
similar method is employed, using data from the same running period,
to extend the measurements to the range of lower $Q^2$, $12
\le Q^2 \le 60$~${\rm GeV}^2$, and of Bjorken $x$, $0.000197 \le x \le 0.005$.

Events containing heavy quarks are distinguished from those containing
only light quarks by reconstructing the displacement of tracks from
the primary vertex, using precise spatial information from the H1
vertex detector.  The long lifetimes of $c$ and $b$ flavoured hadrons
lead to larger displacements than for light quark events. The charm
structure function $F_2^{c\bar{c}}$ and the beauty structure function
$F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ are obtained from the measured $c$ and $b$ cross
sections after small corrections for the longitudinal structure
functions $F_L^{c\bar{c}}$ and $F_L^{b\bar{b}}$. The measurements at
low $Q^2$ benefit from increased statistics when compared to those at
high $Q^2$. However, the low $Q^2$ region is experimentally more
challenging because the final state does not have as large a
transverse boost in the laboratory frame. The separation between $b$
and $c$ events is also difficult since, although the $c$ fraction is
expected to be similar as at high $Q^2$, the $b$ fraction is expected
to be much smaller ($\sim 0.6\%$ at $Q^2 = 12$~${\rm
GeV}^2$\cite{Martin:2004dh,cteqvfns}).

Previous measurements of the open charm cross section in DIS at
HERA have mainly been of exclusive $D$ or $D^*$ meson
production\cite{H1ZEUSDstar,H1Dstar,ZEUSDstar}.  From the $D^*$ measurements
the contribution of charm to the proton structure function
has been derived by correcting for the fragmentation
fraction $f(c \rightarrow D^*)$ and the unmeasured phase space (mainly
at low values of transverse momentum of the meson). The results are
found to be in good agreement with pQCD predictions.  The $b$ cross
section in DIS, in a similar kinematic region to the present analysis,
has been measured for events containing a muon
and an associated jet in the Breit frame
in the final state \cite{zeusBdis, Aktas:2005zc}.
The measured cross sections are found to be somewhat higher than perturbative
calculations at NLO.

\section{Theoretical Description of Heavy Flavour Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering}

\subsection{NLO QCD Calculations}
\label{sec:theory}
In the framework of NLO QCD analyses of global inclusive and jet cross
section measurements, the production of heavy flavours is described
using the variable flavour number scheme (VFNS) which aims to provide
reliable pQCD predictions over the whole kinematic range in $Q^2$.  At
values of $Q^2 \simeq m^2$ the effects of the quark mass $m$ must be
taken into account and the heavy flavour partons are treated as
massive quarks.  The dominant LO process in this region is photon
gluon fusion (PGF) and the NLO diagrams are of order
$\alpha_s^2$~\cite{massive}.  As $Q^2$ increases, in the region
$Q^2 \gg m^2,$ the heavy quark may be treated as a massless
parton in the proton.  Several approaches\cite{VFNS1,VFNS2,VFNS3} have
been developed which deal with the transition from the heavy quark
mass effects at low $Q^2$ to the asymptotic massless parton behaviour
at high $Q^2$. Recently, predictions for inclusive heavy flavour
production within a VFNS approach have been calculated at
next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO)\cite{NNLO}.

Predictions for the charm and beauty cross sections may also be obtained
from fits\cite{ccfm} to the HERA inclusive $F_2$ data based on CCFM
evolution\cite{ccfm2}.  The heavy quarks are produced in the fixed flavour
number scheme (FFNS) according to the LO PGF
off-shell matrix elements (with $m_c = 1.5~{\rm GeV}$ and
$m_b = 4.75~{\rm GeV}$) convoluted with the CCFM $k_T$-unintegrated gluon
density of the proton (J2003 set 1\cite{ccfm}). The predictions
are calculated using the Monte Carlo program CASCADE~\cite{cascade}.

\subsection{Monte Carlo Simulation}
Monte Carlo simulations are used to correct for the effects of the
finite detector resolution, acceptance and efficiency.  The Monte
Carlo program RAPGAP\cite{Jung:1993gf} is used to generate low $Q^2$
DIS events for the processes $ep \rightarrow eb\bar{b}X$ and $ep
\rightarrow ec\bar{c}X$. The Monte Carlo program DJANGO\cite{Charchula:1994kf} is used to
 generate light quark ($uds$) events. Both programs combine
 $\cal{O}$($\alpha_s$) matrix elements with higher order QCD effects
 modelled by the emission of parton showers. The heavy flavour event
 samples are generated according to the massive PGF matrix element
 with the mass of the $c$ and $b$ quarks set to $m_c=1.5~{\rm GeV}$
 and $m_b=4.75~{\rm GeV}$, respectively.  In the heavy flavour event
 generation, the DIS cross section is calculated using the parton
 distribution functions (PDFs) from \cite{Martin:1994kn}.  The light
 flavour event samples are generated with the LO PDFs
 from\cite{Gluck:1994uf}.  The partonic system for all generated
 events is fragmented according to the LUND string model implemented
 within the JETSET program\cite{Sjostrand:2000wi}.  The HERACLES
 program\cite{Kwiatkowski:1990es} calculates single photon radiative
 emissions off the lepton line, virtual and electroweak corrections.
 The Monte Carlo program PHOJET\cite{Engel:1995yd} is used to simulate
 the background contribution from photoproduction ($\gamma p
 \rightarrow X$).

The samples of events generated for the $uds$, $c$, and $b$ processes
are passed through a detailed simulation of the detector response
based on the GEANT3 program\cite{Brun:1978fy}, and through the same
reconstruction software as is used for the data. A total of $50$
million $uds$ events, $9$ million $c$ events and $ 1$ million $b$
events were simulated to evaluate the cross sections, corresponding to
luminosities of $90$~${\rm pb}^{-1}$, $160$~${\rm pb}^{-1}$ and
$980$~${\rm pb}^{-1}$, respectively.

\section{H1 Detector}
The analysis is based on a low $Q^2$ sample of $e^+p$ neutral current
scattering events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $57.4$
${\rm pb}^{-1}$, taken in the years 1999-2000, at an $ep$ centre of
mass energy $\sqrt{s} = 319~{\rm GeV}$, with a proton beam energy of
$920~{\rm GeV}$.

Only a short description of the H1 detector is given here; a full
description may be found in\cite{Abt:1997xv}. A right handed
coordinate system is employed at H1 that has its $z$-axis pointing in
the proton beam, or forward, direction and $x$ ($y$) pointing in
the horizontal (vertical) direction.

Charged particles are measured in the central tracking detector (CTD).
This device consists of two cylindrical drift chambers interspersed
with $z$-chambers to improve the $z$-coordinate reconstruction and
multi--wire proportional chambers mainly used for triggering. The CTD
is situated in a uniform $1.15\,{\rm T}$ magnetic field, enabling
momentum measurement of charged particles over the polar angular
range\footnote{\noindent{ The angular coverage of each detector
component is given for the interaction vertex in its nominal
position.}}  $20^\circ< \theta<160^\circ$.

The CTD tracks are linked to hits in the vertex detector (central
silicon tracker CST)\cite{cst} to provide precise spatial track
reconstruction. The CST consists of two layers of double-sided silicon
strip detectors surrounding the beam pipe, covering an angular range
of $30^\circ< \theta<150^\circ$ for tracks passing through both
layers.   The information on the $z$-coordinate of the CST tracks
is not used in the analysis presented in this paper. For CTD tracks
with CST hits in both layers the transverse distance of closest
approach (DCA) to the nominal vertex in $x$--$y$ can be measured with
a resolution of $33\;\mu\mbox{m} \oplus 90 \;\mu\mbox{m} /p_T
[\mbox{GeV}]$, where the first term represents the intrinsic
resolution (including alignment uncertainty) and the second term is
the contribution from multiple scattering in the beam pipe and the
CST; $p_T$ is the transverse momentum of the track.

The track detectors are surrounded in the forward and central
directions ($4^\circ<\theta<155^\circ$) by a fine grained liquid argon
calorimeter (LAr) and in the backward region
($153^\circ<\theta<178^\circ$) by a lead--scintillating fibre
calorimeter (SPACAL)\cite{Nicholls:1996di} with electromagnetic and
hadronic sections. These calorimeters provide energy and angular
reconstruction for final state particles from the hadronic system. The
SPACAL is used in this analysis to measure and identify the scattered
positron.  A planar drift chamber (BDC~\cite{Adloff:2000qk}),
positioned in front of the SPACAL ($151^\circ<\theta<178^\circ$),
measures the angle of the scattered positron and allows suppression of
photoproduction background, where particles from the hadronic final
state fake a positron signal.

Electromagnetic calorimeters situated downstream in the positron beam
direction allow detection of photons and electrons scattered at very
low $Q^2$. The luminosity is measured from the rate of photons
produced in the Bethe-Heitler process $ep\rightarrow ep\gamma$.

\section{Experimental Method}

\subsection{Event and Track Selection}

The events are selected by requiring a compact electromagnetic cluster
in the SPACAL associated with a track segment in the BDC to define the
scattered positron candidate.  The $z$ position of the interaction
vertex, reconstructed by one or more charged tracks in the tracking
detectors, must be within $\pm 20~{\rm cm}$ of the centre of the
detector to match the acceptance of the CST.  Photoproduction events
are suppressed by requiring $\sum_{i} (E_i - p_{z,i}) >35~{\rm GeV}$.
Here, $E_i$ and $p_{z,i}$ denote the energy and longitudinal momentum
components of a particle and the sum is over all final state particles
including the scattered positron and the hadronic final state
(HFS). The HFS particles are reconstructed using a combination of
tracks and calorimeter deposits in an energy flow algorithm that
avoids double counting. The event kinematics, $Q^2$ and the
inelasticity variable $y$, are reconstructed with the `$e\Sigma$'
method\cite{Bassler:1994uq}, which uses the scattered positron and the
HFS.  The Bjorken scaling variable $x$ is obtained from $x =
Q^2/sy$. In order to have good acceptance in the SPACAL and to ensure that the
HFS has a significant transverse momentum, events are selected in the
range $6.3 < Q^2 < 120 \ {\rm GeV^2}$. The analysis is restricted to
$0.07<y<0.7$ to ensure that the direction of the quark which is struck
by the photon is mostly in the CST angular range.  A further cut of
$y<0.63$ is imposed for events with $Q^2 < 18$~${\rm GeV}^2$ to reduce
photoproduction background.

The triggers used in the analysis require a SPACAL energy deposit in
association with a loose track requirement. Although these triggers
are almost $100\%$ efficient, not all events could be recorded, due to
the large rate for low $Q^2$ events. A fraction of events is rejected at
the first trigger level (L1) and final trigger level (L4).  The Monte
Carlo events are assigned weights to account for the events rejected
at L1 while the data events are assigned weights to account for the
events rejected at L4.  The weights are largest for those events with
an electron at low radius and low energy.
 The overall effect of the trigger is a reduction of the effective
 luminosity by a factor of about $10$ for the lowest $Q^2$ bin and
 $1.4$ for the highest. After applying the event weights and the
 inclusive selection detailed above, the total number of events is
 about $1.5$ million. The background from photoproduction events is
 estimated from the PHOJET Monte Carlo simulation. In most of the $y$
 range this background is negligible and does not exceed $9\%$ in
 any $x$-$Q^2$ bin used in this analysis.

The primary event vertex in $r$--$\phi$ is reconstructed from all
tracks (with or without CST hits) and the position and spread of the
beam interaction region \cite{Aktas:2004az}.  The impact parameter of
a track, which is the transverse distance of closest approach (DCA) of
the track to the primary vertex point, is only determined for those
tracks which are measured in the CTD and have at least two CST hits
linked (referred to as CST tracks). Only CST tracks with a transverse
momentum $>0.5~{\rm GeV}$ are included in the DCA and related
distributions that are used to separate the different quark
flavours. In the kinematic range of this measurement, the fraction of
$c$ ($b$) events that have at least one charged track within the
angular range of the CST, with transverse momentum $>0.5~{\rm GeV}$ and
originating from the decay of a heavy flavoured hadron, is expected to
be $82\%$ ($96\%$), as determined from the Monte Carlo simulation. The
efficiency to obtain a CST track from a CTD track is $76\%$, within
the angular range of the CST.

In order to determine a signed impact parameter ($\delta$) for a
track, the azimuthal angle of the struck quark $\phi_{\rm quark}$ must
be determined for each event. To do this, jets with a minimum $p_T$ of
$2.5 \ {\rm GeV}$, in the angular range $15^\circ < \theta < 155^{\rm
o}$, are reconstructed using the invariant $k_T$ algorithm\cite{KTJET}
in the laboratory frame using all reconstructed HFS particles. The
angle $\phi_{\rm quark}$ is defined as the $\phi$ of the jet with the
highest transverse momentum or, if there is no jet reconstructed in
the event, as $180^\circ-\phi_{\rm elec}$, where $\phi_{\rm elec}$ is
the azimuthal angle of the electron in degrees.  The direction
defined in the transverse plane by $\phi_{\rm quark}$ and the primary
vertex is called the quark axis.
Approximately $81\%$ ($95\%$) of $c$ ($b$) events have $\phi_{\rm quark}$
reconstructed from a jet, as determined from the Monte Carlo simulation.

The difference between the reconstructed to the true $\phi_{\rm
quark}$ (defined as the azimuthal angle of the quark with highest
transverse momentum) is estimated from the Monte Carlo simulation to
have a resolution of about $5^\circ$ for events with a reconstructed
jet and $35^\circ$ for the rest. The resolution of $\phi_{\rm quark}$
is checked with events containing a reconstructed $D^*$
meson. Figure~\ref{fig:deltaphi} shows the difference between the
reconstructed $D^*$ azimuthal angle and $\phi_{\rm quark}$ for events
with and without a reconstructed jet. Both distributions are well
described by the Monte Carlo simulation.

If the angle between the quark axis and
the line joining the primary vertex to the point of DCA is less than
$90^\circ$, $\delta$ is defined as positive, and is defined as
negative otherwise. Tracks with
azimuthal angle outside $\pm 90^\circ$ of $\phi_{\rm quark}$ are
rejected. The $\delta$ distribution, shown in figure~\ref{fig:dca}, is
seen to be asymmetric with positive values in excess of negative
values indicating the presence of long lived particles. It is found to
be well described by the Monte Carlo simulation.
Tracks with $|\delta|>0.1~{\rm cm}$ are rejected from the analysis
to suppress light quark events containing long lived strange particles.

\subsection{Quark Flavour Separation}
\label{quarkflavourseparation}

The method used in \cite{Aktas:2004az} to distinguish between the $c$,
$b$ and light quark flavours has been modified in the present analysis
because here the fraction of $b$ quarks is smaller.  The quantities
$S_1$, $S_2$ and $S_3$ are defined as the significance
($\delta/\sigma(\delta)$) of the track with the highest, second
highest and third highest absolute significance, respectively, where
$\sigma(\delta)$ is the error on $\delta$.  Distributions of each of
these quantities are made. The events contributing to the $S_2$
distribution also contribute to the $S_1$ distribution. Similarly,
those contributing to the $S_3$ distribution also contribute to the
$S_2$ and $S_1$ distributions.  Events in which $S_1$ and $S_2$ have
opposite signs are excluded from the $S_2$ distribution. Events in
which $S_1$, $S_2$ and $S_3$ do not all have the same sign are
excluded from the $S_3$ distribution.

Figure~\ref{fig:s1s2s3} shows the three significance distributions.
The simulation gives a reasonable description of the data. In order to
substantially reduce the uncertainty due to the resolution of $\delta$
and the light quark normalisation, the contents of the negative bins
in the significance distributions are subtracted from the contents of
the corresponding positive bins. The subtracted distributions are
shown in figure~\ref{fig:s1s2s3negsub}. It can be seen that the
resulting distributions are dominated by $c$ quark events, with a $b$
fraction increasing with significance. The light quarks contribute a
small fraction for all values of significance.

The fractions of $c$, $b$ and light quarks of the data are extracted
in each $x$--$Q^2$ interval using a least squares simultaneous fit to
the subtracted $S_1$, $S_2$ and $S_3$ distributions (as in
figure~\ref{fig:s1s2s3negsub}) and the total number of inclusive
events before any CST track selection. The $c$, $b$ and $uds$ Monte
Carlo simulation samples are used as templates.  The Monte Carlo $c$,
$b$ and $uds$ contributions in each $x$--$Q^2$ interval are scaled by
factors $P_c$, $P_b$ and $P_l$, respectively, to give the best fit to
the observed subtracted $S_1$, $S_2$, $S_3$ and total
distributions. Only the statistical errors of the data and Monte Carlo
simulation are considered in the fit.  The fit to the subtracted
significance distributions mainly constrains $P_c$ and $P_b$, whereas
the overall normalisation constrains $P_l$.

The results of the fit to the complete data sample are shown in
figure~\ref{fig:s1s2s3negsub}. The fit gives a good description of all
the significance distributions, with a $\chi^2/ n.d.f$ of $18.0/25$.
Values of $P_c=1.28 \pm 0.04$, $P_b=1.55 \pm 0.16$ and $P_l=0.95 \pm
0.01$ are obtained.  The $c$ and $b$ scale factors are found to be
anti-correlated with an overall correlation coefficient of -0.70.
Acceptable $\chi^2$ values are also found for the
fits to the samples in the separate $x$--$Q^2$ intervals.  Since the
same event may enter the $S_1$, $S_2$ and $S_3$ distributions, it was
checked using a high statistics Monte Carlo simulation that
this has negligible effect on the results of the fits with the present
data statistics.

The results of the fit in each $x$--$Q^2$ interval are converted to a
measurement of the `reduced $c$ cross section'
defined from
the differential cross section as
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}} (x, Q^2) = \frac{{\rm d}^2\sigma^{c\bar{c}} }{{\rm d} x\,{\rm d} Q^2}  \frac {x Q^4 } {2 \pi \alpha^2 (1+ (1-y)^2)},
\end{equation}

\noindent using:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}} (x, Q^2) =
\tilde{\sigma} (x, Q^2) \frac{P_c N^{\rm MC gen}_c}{P_c N^{\rm MC gen}_c+P_b N^{\rm MC gen}_b+P_l N^{\rm MC gen}_l}
\delta_{\rm BCC},
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{\sigma} (x, Q^2)$ is the measured inclusive reduced
cross section from H1\cite{Adloff:2000qk} and $N^{\rm MC gen}_c$,
$N^{\rm MC gen}_b$ and $N^{\rm MC gen}_l$ are the number of $c$, $b$ and
light quark events generated from the Monte Carlo in each bin. A bin
centre correction $\delta_{\rm BCC}$ is applied using a NLO QCD
expectation for $\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ to convert the bin
averaged measurement into a measurement at a given $x$--$Q^2$ point.
The NLO QCD expectation is calculated from the results of a fit
similar to that performed in~\cite{Adloff:1999ah} but using the FFNS
scheme to generate heavy flavours. A small correction ($\le 2.6\%$)
for the beam energy difference is
applied, using the NLO QCD expectation, to the measurement of
$\tilde{\sigma} (x, Q^2)$ which was performed at a lower centre of
mass energy of $301~{\rm GeV}$ than the data presented here.  The
cross section is defined so as to include a correction for pure QED
radiative effects. Events that contain $c$ hadrons via the decay of
$b$ hadrons are not included in the definition of the $c$ cross
section. The differential $b$ cross section is evaluated in the same
manner.

\subsection{Systematic Errors}
\label{systematics}
\label{sec:systematics}
The systematic uncertainties on the measured cross sections are
estimated by applying the following variations to the Monte Carlo
simulation:
\begin{itemize}
\item An uncertainty in the $\delta$ resolution of the tracks is estimated by varying the resolution by an amount that encompasses
the differences between the data and simulation (figures
\ref{fig:dca}, \ref{fig:s1s2s3}).  This was achieved by applying
an additional Gaussian smearing in the Monte Carlo of
$200$~$\mu{\rm m}$ to $5\%$ of randomly selected tracks and
$25$~$\mu{\rm m}$ to the rest.

\item A  track efficiency uncertainty of $2\%$ due to the CTD and
of $1\%$ due to the CST.

\item The uncertainties on the various $D$ and $B$ meson lifetimes,
  decay branching fractions and mean charge multiplicities are
  estimated by varying the input values of the Monte Carlo simulation
  by the errors on the world average measurements.  For the branching
  fractions of $b$ quarks to hadrons and the lifetimes of the $D$ and
  $B$ mesons the central values and errors on the world averages are
  taken from\cite{Hagiwara:fs}. For the branching fractions of $c$
  quarks to hadrons the values and uncertainties are taken
  from\cite{Gladilin:1999pj}, which are consistent with measurements
  made in DIS at HERA\cite{Aktas:2004ka}. For the mean charged track multiplicities the
  values and uncertainties for $c$ and $b$ quarks are taken from
  MarkIII\cite{Coffman:1991ud} and LEP/SLD\cite{lepjetmulti}
  measurements, respectively.
\item An uncertainty on the fragmentation function of the heavy quarks
  is estimated using the Peterson fragmentation
  function\cite{peterson} with parameters $\epsilon_c = 0.058$ and
  $\epsilon_b = 0.0069$, instead of the LUND fragmentation model.
\item An uncertainty on the QCD model of heavy quark production
 is estimated by using the CASCADE Monte Carlo instead of the RAPGAP Monte Carlo.
\item The uncertainty on the asymmetry of the light quark $\delta$
  distribution is estimated by repeating the fits with the subtracted
  light quark significance distributions
  (figure~\ref{fig:s1s2s3negsub}) changed by $\pm50\%$. The light
  quark asymmetry was checked to be within this uncertainty by comparing the
  asymmetry of Monte Carlo events to that of the data, in the
  region $0.1<|\delta|<0.5~{\rm cm}$, where the light quark asymmetry
  is enhanced.

\item An error on the quark axis is estimated by shifting the
  quark axis by $2^\circ$($5^\circ$) for events with (without) a
  reconstructed jet. These shifts were estimated by comparing the
  difference between $\phi_{\rm quark}$ and the track azimuthal angle
  in data and Monte Carlo.

\item A $4\%$ uncertainty on the hadronic energy scale.

\item Uncertainties on the acceptance and bin centre correction due to
  the input structure functions used are estimated by reweighting the
  input $\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ distribution by $x^{\pm0.1}$
  and $1 \pm 0.2 \ln [Q^2/(10~{\rm GeV}^2)]$ and
  $\tilde{\sigma}^{b\bar{b}}$ by $x^{\pm 0.3}$ and $1 \pm 0.4 \ln
  [Q^2/(10~{\rm GeV}^2)]$. The range of variation of the input
  structure functions was estimated by comparing to the measured
  values obtained in this analysis.

\item An uncertainty on the photoproduction background is estimated
by assigning $\pm 100\%$ of the expected number of events from the
PHOJET simulation that enter the significance distributions.

\end{itemize}

Other sources of systematic error pertaining to the NC selection were
also considered\cite{Adloff:2000qk}: a $1.5\%$ uncertainty on the
luminosity measurement; an uncertainty on the scattered positron polar
angle of $0.3$~${\rm mrad}$ and energy of $0.3$--$1.0\%$ depending
on the energy; a $0.5\%$ uncertainty on the scattered positron
identification efficiency; a $0.5$--$2\%$ uncertainty on the positron
track-cluster link efficiency; a $\le 1\%$ uncertainty on the trigger
efficiency and a $1\%$ uncertainty on the cross section evaluation due
to QED radiative corrections.

A detailed list of the systematic effect
on each cross section measurement is given in table~\ref{tab:sig}.
The systematic error is larger for the $b$ measurement than it is for the
$c$ because the $b$ fraction is much smaller than the $c$ fraction.
The errors which contribute most to the uncorrelated systematic error
in table~\ref{tab:sig} are, at low $Q^2$ and high $y$,
the uncertainty on the photoproduction background and, elsewhere,
the uncertainty on the acceptance and bin centre correction due
to the input structure function.

\section{Results}
\label{results}
The measurements of $\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ are listed in
table~\ref{tab:sig} and shown in figure~\ref{fig:f2cc} as a function
of $x$ for fixed values of $Q^2$. The H1 data for
$\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ are compared with the results extracted
from $D^*$ meson measurements by H1~\cite{H1Dstar} and
ZEUS~\cite{ZEUSDstar} obtained using a NLO program~\cite{Harris:1997zq}
based on DGLAP evolution to extrapolate the
measurements outside the visible $D^*$ range.
The measurements for $\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ from  the present
analysis and the $D^*$ extraction methods are in good agreement.

The $\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}}$ data are compared with two VFNS predictions from NLO QCD
(see section~\ref{sec:theory}) from MRST\cite{Martin:2004dh} and
CTEQ\cite{cteqvfns},
and with predictions based on CCFM\cite{ccfm2} parton evolution.
The predictions provide
a reasonable description of the present data.

The measurements of $\tilde{\sigma}^{b\bar{b}}$ are also listed in
table~\ref{tab:sig} and are shown in figure~\ref{fig:f2bb} as a
function of $x$ for fixed values of $Q^2$.  This is the first measurement
of $\tilde{\sigma}^{b\bar{b}}$ in this kinematic range.
The $\tilde{\sigma}^{b\bar{b}}$ data are also compared with the two  VFNS NLO QCD
predictions and the CCFM prediction.  The difference between
the two VFNS NLO QCD calculations, which reaches a factor $2$ at
the lowest $Q^2$ and $x$, arises from the different treatments of
threshold effects by MRST and CTEQ.  Within the current experimental errors
these differences cannot be resolved.

The structure function $F_2^{c\bar{c}}$ is evaluated from the reduced cross section

\begin{equation}
\tilde{\sigma}^{c\bar{c}} =   F_2^{c\bar{c}}   - \frac{y^2 }{1+ (1-y)^2}  F_L^{c\bar{c}},
\label{eq:sigcc}
\end{equation}
where the longitudinal structure function $F_L^{c\bar{c}}$ is
estimated from the same NLO QCD expectation as used for the bin centre
correction.  The structure function $F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ is evaluated in
the same manner.

The measurements $F_2^{c\bar{c}}$ and $F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ are shown as a
function of $Q^2$ in figure~\ref{fig:f2ccq2} and
figure~\ref{fig:f2bbq2}.  The measurements of $F_2^{c\bar{c}}$ and
$F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ show positive scaling violations which increase with
decreasing $x$.  The data are compared with the VFNS QCD predictions
from MRST and CTEQ at NLO and a recent calculation at NNLO\cite{NNLO}. The charm data
are more precise than the spread in predictions of the QCD calculations.

The measurements are also presented in table~\ref{tab:frac} and
figure~\ref{fig:frac} in the form of the fractional contribution to
the total $ep$ cross section
\begin{equation}
f^{c\bar{c}} =  \frac{{\rm d}^2 \sigma^{c\bar{c}}} {{\rm d} x\, {\rm d} Q^2}
/
\frac{
{\rm d}^2 \sigma}{ {\rm d} x\, {\rm d} Q^2
}.
\end{equation}
The $b$ fraction $f^{b\bar{b}}$ is defined in the same manner.
In the present kinematic range the value of
$f^{c\bar{c}}$ is around $24\%$ on average and
increases slightly with increasing $Q^2$ and decreasing $x$.
The value of $f^{b\bar{b}}$ increases rapidly with
$Q^2$ from $0.4\%$ at $Q^2 = 12 \ {\rm GeV^2}$ to $1.5\%$ at
$Q^2 = 60 \ {\rm GeV^2}$.
The NLO QCD predictions of MRST shown in figure~\ref{fig:frac} are found to
describe the data reasonably well.

\section{Conclusion}

The differential charm and beauty cross sections in Deep Inelastic
Scattering are measured at low $Q^2$ and Bjorken $x$ using the impact
parameters of tracks from decays of long lived $c$ and $b$ hadrons as
reconstructed from the vertex detector.  This is the first measurement
of $F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ in the low $Q^2$ kinematic region.  In this
kinematic range the charm cross section contributes on average $24\%$
of the inclusive $ep$ cross section, and the beauty fraction increases
from $0.4\%$ at $Q^2 = 12 \ {\rm GeV^2}$ to $1.5\%$ at $Q^2 = 60 \
{\rm GeV^2}$.  The cross sections and derived structure functions
$F_2^{c\bar{c}}$ and $F_2^{b\bar{b}}$ are found to be well described
by predictions of perturbative QCD.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

We are grateful to the HERA machine group whose outstanding efforts
have made this experiment possible.  We thank the engineers and
technicians for their work in constructing and maintaining the H1
detector, our funding agencies for financial support, the DESY
technical staff for continual assistance and the DESY directorate for
support and for the hospitality which they extend to the non-DESY
members of the collaboration.  We are grateful to S.~Kretzer,
R.~S.~Thorne and W.~K.~Tung for providing us with their calculations
and for productive discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
News Dept
Civic News
Local Activism
National Action
Pressing Mentions
National Pressing
Despair is Not a Strategy: 15 Principles of Hope! A Must Read
Chronicle Editor
Abby Brockman
Despair is Not a Strategy: 15 principles of hope
If you're out there trying to change your neighborhood, community, city, country, or the world then this is for you. In moments when everything seems hopeless, read this to get your hope on.
1. Hope can co-exist with other feelings. Grief and hope can co-exist. Fear and hope can co-exist. Disappointment and hope can co-exist. Sadness and hope can co-exist. As poet Yehuda Amichai writes, "A man doesn't have time in his life to have time for everything. He doesn't have seasons enough to have a season for every purpose. Ecclesiastes was wrong about that. A man needs to love and to hate at the same moment, to laugh and cry with the same eyes, with the same hands to throw stones and to gather them, to make love in war and war in love." Writer, historian, and activist Rebecca Solnit concurs: "A gift for embracing paradox is not the least of the equipment an activist should have."
2. People have power no matter how certain, impossible, or predetermined a situation may seem. Professor and activist Howard Zinn writes: "The struggle for justice should never be abandoned because of the apparent overwhelming power of those who have the guns and the money and who seem invincible in their determination to hold onto it. That apparent power has, again and again, proved vulnerable to moral fervor, determination, unity, organization, sacrifice, wit, ingenuity, courage, and patience."
3. There is a difference between our actions being worthless and our actions not accomplishing what we hoped they would. Our actions, no matter how small, register in two ways: externally in the social world and internally towards the cultivation of our character. In the social world, our actions often have a delayed sense of cause-and-effect as they aggregate with the actions of others. This can fool us into thinking our actions failed to accomplish our goal- like flipping a light switch and the light not going on. But really it's just that social change doesn't work as quickly as electricity so it may take 'the light' a few months (or longer) to turn on. That said, even when it seems that our actions truly haven't had the impact we had hoped for (in the time we hoped it would take), our efforts were not wasted if they contributed to our growth and the fortification and improvement of our moral personhood. The next time you call your legislators, tell yourself that you're calling to influence their actions but also because you want to be the kind of person who gets involved/chooses action over despair/stands up for what you believe is right.
4. Success does not always correlate with approval. Today, we see the Civil Rights movement as good thing but Gallup polls from the 1960s show that the movement was incredibly unpopular in its time: 57% of people thought 'sit-ins' at lunch counters and 'freedom buses' would hurt instead of help the civil rights cause (only 25% thought they would help, 16% had no opinion); 61% disapproved of what the 'Freedom Riders' were doing (only 22% approved, 15% had no opinion); 70% of people thought mass demonstrations would hurt the movement for racial equality and desegregation (only 19% thought they should continue, 8% didn't know even after President Kennedy credited them for what became the Civil Rights Act of 1964); and 60% thought unfavorably about the "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" (only 23% were favorable, 17% had no opinion). What does this teach us? People eventually favor social change but often oppose the very actions needed to bring it about. Do not be deterred or demoralized by criticism and remember that the goal is not approval — this isn't a popularity contest — but rather to affect change.
5. We don't need to persuade our most ardent opponents for change to happen. Activist and author Daniel Hunter explains how important it is to smash this myth because while some people are in direct agreement with us and others are completely opposed to our goals, many lie in between.
Subconsciously many of us assume we need to convince the "active opposition." But really a lot of our work is in the other sectors. From the book "Building a Movement to End the New Jim Crow: An Organizing Guide", p. 56.
Why is this important? Because it re-calibrates our expectations. As Hunter explains, "Campaigns don't succeed by getting everyone to agree with us! In fact, in most successful campaigns, the active opposition don't change their minds (despite our best efforts). Rather, support for their position is pulled away by shifting the passives and neutrals one step in our direction….[So] we don't need to convince everyone to become active allies to achieve our goals. Take the abolitionist movement against slavery in this country, as an example. If you add up every petition signed, every meeting, every public action — not even 1% of the population were active allies. Yet the movement was successful." Put differently, studies show that it may take only 3.5% of a population engaged in sustained nonviolent resistance to topple brutal dictators.
6. Change is rarely straightforward. It does not occur in either short bursts or not at all but rather slowly, incrementally, and in a nonlinear fashion: you can feel hopeless one day and the next day have an inexplicable breakthrough. This is especially important to realize because along the road to winning there will be a lot of losing, as Ezra Levin, co-founder of the Indivisible Movement, explains: "This is the long game. We are going to lose a lot. We are going to get good at losing. We are going to lose cabinet votes for terrible nominees. We are going to lose bills that are offensive and appalling. But while we are losing, something else is going to happen. We are going to keep raising our voices and slowly our representatives are going to start listening to us… It'll happen over months, where you keep showing up, regularly. Then, we are going to start winning. It'll sneak up on us. We won't understand why we are winning. But it starts with losing in a particular way- where we raise our voices and call it out when we aren't listened to, where we get close but not quite there."
7. It's always too soon to go home and too soon to calculate effect. It's easy to assume we can perfectly calculate the effects of our actions based on our intent, but great humility is required because, as Rebecca Solnit explains, "Nobody can know the full consequences of their actions, and history is full of small acts that changed the world is surprising ways." Like the antinuclear activist from Women Strike for Peace (WSP) who recounted feeling foolish and futile while standing in the rain one morning protesting at the Kennedy White House only to learn years later that Benjamin Spock, a high-profile activist in the antinuclear movement, was first inspired by "a small group of women protesting outside the Kennedy White House."
8. Small actions matter. Have you ever given someone abundant thanks only for them to tell you it was no big deal? Has someone thanked you profusely and you couldn't understand why what you did was such a big deal? This 'mismatch' is a sign that a favorably lopsided/disproportionate act has occurred. A short conversation that changes how we think, an introduction that opens new doors, a simple note that is just what we needed to keep going. Remembering that others could not have foreseen how much their seemingly small acts would mean to us, that often the "output" is greater than the "input," is good motivation for small, strong, positive acts. Just because we can't do everything and this can feel overwhelming, we will not diminish the importance of what we can do, no matter how small.
9. We can change the world because we have, many times before. What lies ahead seems unlikely but when it becomes the past it seems inevitable. To make social change feel possible, we need to study the history and legacy of nonviolent resistance movements. The status quo wants us to believe that things don't change and that situations are immutable and inevitable but as Zinn writes: "There is a tendency to think that what we see in the present moment will continue. We forget how often we have been astonished by the sudden crumbling of institutions, by extraordinary changes in people's thoughts, by unexpected eruptions of rebellion against tyrannies, by the quick collapse of systems of power that seemed invincible. What leaps out from the history of the past hundred years is its utter unpredictability."
10. Hope is a basis, not a substitute, for action. In the words of Rebecca Solnit, hope is only a beginning. It gets you there but work gets you through.
11. If you embody what you aspire to then you have already succeeded. As Rebecca Solnit writes, "If your activism is already democratic, peaceful, creative, then in one small corner of the world these things have triumphed… Make yourself one small republic of unconquered spirit."
12. Total victory is not the goal. We mustn't be perfectionists because as Rebecca Solnit explains, "Most victories will be temporary, or incomplete, or compromised in some way…When activists mistake heaven for some goal at which they must arrive, rather than an idea to navigate Earth by, they burn themselves out…don't believe the moon is useless unless we land on it." Instead, we must recognize success in small victories, delays, and even in what doesn't happen. Solnit describes how there are large swaths of pristine land and healthy rivers that aren't just beautiful spaces in nature but are proof of success. For example, pristine land on the west side of the Sierra Nevada where a huge Disney-owned ski complex would have been built if the Sierra Club hadn't fought it; Ward Valley in the Mojave desert which would have been decimated by a low-level nuclear waste dump if it wasn't for a beautiful coalition of local tribes and antinuclear activists who fought in court for ten years to defeat the plans; or eastern Oklahoma where environmentalists and the Cherokee Nation shut down 23% of the world's uranium production. "All of these places," writes Solnit, "are places of absence, or at least the absence of devastation…nothing is what victory often looks like."
13. If you're losing hope, do more before giving up. In my own life, I've noticed an anecdotal relationship between engagement and hope, and between disengagement and despair. I don't know if it is causal or correlative but I have found that the people who have the most hope are also the ones most engaged (in fighting poverty, sickness, inequality, injustice both here in the US and abroad), and the the most cynical ones are the ones who are distant and disengaged. This is surprising — wouldn't the opposite make more sense, that those closest to the pain feel the most hopeless? Something to consider and reflect on for yourself.
14. Recognize and account for our mind's Negativity Bias. The Negativity Bias is our mind's tendency to weigh negative things more heavily than positive things, even when they are of equal intensity. Consider annual reviews: for many people, if their boss mentions three things they're doing wonderfully and ONE thing to work on, they will come out of the meeting stewing on the one thing that needs improvement instead of on the three things being done well. Because of this mental bias, renown couples therapist Dr. John Gottman says that couples need to have FIVE positive interactions for every ONE negative interaction. There are many horrible and scary things happening today but to truly gauge the state of the world, we must acknowledge the role of our mind's Negativity Bias and then seek out stories of positive change to counterbalance it.
15. We stand on the shoulders of giants. Thank you Corazon Aquino, Audre Lorde, Howard Zinn, Bella Abzug, Malala Yousafzai, Marsha P. Johnson, Ella Baker, Angela Davis, bell hooks, Saul Alinsky, Yuri Kochiyama, Miss Major Griffin Gracy, Grace Lee Boggs, Berta Cáceres, Dolores Huerta, LaDonna Harris, Dorothy I. Height, Wilma Mankiller, Diane Nash, Hannah G. Solomon, Gloria Steinem, and many, many others for showing us the way.
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text:
#ifndef CONDITIONAL_H
#define CONDITIONAL_H

/*
 * Possible states of a single level of \if block.
 */
typedef enum ifState
{
	IFSTATE_NONE = 0,			/* not currently in an \if block */
	IFSTATE_TRUE,				/* currently in an \if or \elif that is true
								 * and all parent branches (if any) are true */
	IFSTATE_FALSE,				/* currently in an \if or \elif that is false
								 * but no true branch has yet been seen, and
								 * all parent branches (if any) are true */
	IFSTATE_IGNORED,			/* currently in an \elif that follows a true
								 * branch, or the whole \if is a child of a
								 * false parent branch */
	IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE,			/* currently in an \else that is true and all
								 * parent branches (if any) are true */
	IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE			/* currently in an \else that is false or
								 * ignored */
} ifState;

/*
 * The state of nested \ifs is stored in a stack.
 *
 * query_len is used to determine what accumulated text to throw away at the
 * end of an inactive branch.  (We could, perhaps, teach the lexer to not add
 * stuff to the query buffer in the first place when inside an inactive branch;
 * but that would be very invasive.)  We also need to save and restore the
 * lexer's parenthesis nesting depth when throwing away text.  (We don't need
 * to save and restore any of its other state, such as comment nesting depth,
 * because a backslash command could never appear inside a comment or SQL
 * literal.)
 */
typedef struct IfStackElem
{
	ifState		if_state;		/* current state, see enum above */
	int			query_len;		/* length of query_buf at last branch start */
	int			paren_depth;	/* parenthesis depth at last branch start */
	struct IfStackElem *next;	/* next surrounding \if, if any */
} IfStackElem;

typedef struct ConditionalStackData
{
	IfStackElem *head;
}			ConditionalStackData;

typedef struct ConditionalStackData *ConditionalStack;

extern ConditionalStack conditional_stack_create(void);

extern void conditional_stack_destroy(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern int	conditional_stack_depth(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern void conditional_stack_push(ConditionalStack cstack, ifState new_state);

extern bool conditional_stack_pop(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern ifState conditional_stack_peek(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern bool conditional_stack_poke(ConditionalStack cstack, ifState new_state);

extern bool conditional_stack_empty(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern bool conditional_active(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern void conditional_stack_set_query_len(ConditionalStack cstack, int len);

extern int	conditional_stack_get_query_len(ConditionalStack cstack);

extern void conditional_stack_set_paren_depth(ConditionalStack cstack, int depth);

extern int	conditional_stack_get_paren_depth(ConditionalStack cstack);

#endif							/* CONDITIONAL_H */