text:
Vox Sentences: Mueller? More like duller.
Mueller finally testifies in front of Congress
Sign up for the newsletter Vox Sentences
Facebook pays for its privacy breaches
Listen to this: Mueller reports
Vox Sentences is your daily digest for what's happening in the world. Sign up for the Vox Sentences newsletter, delivered straight to your inbox Monday through Friday, or view the Vox Sentences archive for past editions.
Mueller's long-awaited testimony wasn't as enlightening as some may have wished; Facebook is fined $5 billion over privacy practices.
Jonathan Ernst/Pool/Getty Images
Former special counsel Robert Mueller finally appeared before Congress to testify today — and it didn't exactly live up to the hype built up around it. [Vox / Emily Stewart and Alex Ward]
In the morning, Mueller testified in front of the House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Jerry Nadler (D-NY), for about three hours on obstruction of justice. In the afternoon, he fielded questions from the House Intelligence Committee, chaired by Rep. Adam Schiff (D-CA), for about two hours on Russian interference in US elections. [NYT]
As Mueller had warned before, he didn't speak beyond what was already in his report, often declining to answer or simply referring back to his report. According to NBC News, he deflected questions 198 times. [NBC News / Nigel Chiwaya and Jiachuan Wu]
Republicans and Democrats had distinctly different strategies: Outlets had already reported that Democrats had been meticulously coordinating their question, and the lawmakers tried to build a case for impeachment during the hearing. To their disappointment, however, Mueller refused to speak beyond the findings of his report, resulting in rather lackluster exchanges. [Vox / Tara Golshan]
Republicans, meanwhile, decided to personally attack Mueller, his credibility, and the investigation — even reverting to conspiracy theories (like that Mueller's staff was biased and wanted to incriminate Trump). Mueller's refusal to talk about anything beyond the report helped Republicans because he largely declined to defend himself or the investigation against their allegations. [Vox / Emily Stewart and Alex Ward]
A key moment for Democrats was when Mueller clearly disproved one of Trump's biggest talking points: no obstruction. During an exchange with Nadler, Mueller said his report did not state there was no obstruction; his team simply refrained from stating an opinion. [Washington Post / Philip Bump]
As much as lawmakers wanted to talk about Trump, Mueller only had a single message: Election interference is a real, ongoing threat and we need to do more to address it. [NPR / Philip Ewing]
And with that, the Trump-Russia scandal might have finally reached its end. As Vox's Andrew Prokop puts it: "the big picture is that the investigation is over and that, as damning as some may think the findings are for Trump, it appears he has survived it." [Vox / Andrew Prokop]
vox-mark
A Federal Trade Commission investigation into Facebook's privacy practices has resulted in a $5 billion fine and extensive oversight of the social media giant — but many doubt that much will really change in the company's operations. [CNN / Brian Fung]
Per the settlement terms revealed Wednesday, all of Facebook's new products will have to undergo a privacy review, and these reviews will then be submitted to the CEO and a third party quarterly. [CNBC / Salvador Rodriguez]
The company will also have to pay $5 billion — the second-largest fine ever issued by the FTC — although some think it's a slap on the wrist for a company that makes $55 billion a year. [The Verge / Makena Kelly]
Consumers seem to agree: Despite negative headlines, the company posted second-quarter earnings of $16.9 billion in revenue and $2.6 billion in profit — which is 28 percent higher than last year. [WSJ / Jeff Horwitz]
And the penalties barely address the more troubling aspect of Facebook's privacy practices, such as how much of its users' data it collects and if they're allowed to sell it for ads. [NBC News / Jason Abbruzzese, Jo Ling Kent, and Cyrus Farivar]
The FTC settlement shows how despite the global trend of tech regulation — European officials most recently imposed penalties on tech giants — the US is reluctant to do the same. [NYT / Mike Isaac and Natasha Singer]
The FTC says it's not letting Facebook off the hook yet: The company announced Wednesday that both the trade agency and the Department of Justice will hold antitrust investigations to review how they've acquired market power. [The Verge / Nick Statt]
The reality, however, is that these ongoing controversies will do little to curtail Facebook's dominance in social media. [CNN / Seth Fiegerman]
A US citizen was held in an immigration detention center for three weeks because of paperwork problems. He was finally released Tuesday. [Dallas Morning News / Obed Manuel]
The 2020 Tokyo Olympics medals will be made out of old smartphones. Japanese citizens have donated 78,895 tons of electronic devices to extract 32 kg of gold, 3,500 kg of silver and 2,200 kg of bronze. [The Verge / Sam Byford]
A Russian website promoted hunting and torturing LGBTQ people, Saw-style, as part of a "game." A prominent LGBTQ activist, who was targeted by the website, was later found stabbed to death. [Washington Post / Reis Thebault]
Wildfires have been ravaging the Arctic at unprecedented levels. At least 100 have been witnessed since June, which was also the planet's hottest month on record. [CNN / Isabelle Gerretsen]
Forever 21 was accused of fat-shaming after some customers, including plus-size shoppers, received diet bars in their packages. The clothing chain claims that was never its intention and that customers of all sizes were subject to the promotion, which has now been cut. [NBC News / Elisha Fieldstadt]
"I don't think you will review a report that is as thorough, as fair, as consistent as the report that we have in front of us." [Mueller's defense of his report during his hearing in front of the House Judiciary Committee]
At long last, former special counsel Robert Mueller testified before Congress today. [Spotify | Apple Podcasts]
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Strength. The housings of the components are made of durable modern alloys. Their main advantages are light weight, high corrosion resistance, and resistance to deformation.
Precise construction. Stark Professional Line power steering pumps are made in strict accordance with the OE standards. Their shape and dimensions are exactly the same as the parameters of the genuine equipment. This allows avoiding difficulties during installation, for example, misalignment of pulleys, and ensures tight attachment of the components and their maximum performance.
Durability. Sealing elements of Stark Professional Line pumps retain flexibility under the influence of aggressive chemicals and high temperature. They securely seal joints, thus preventing leaking of the working fluid. The springs are resistant to compression, and can ensure efficient operation of the by-pass valve throughout the entire service life of the pump.
High performance and efficiency. It is achieved through careful processing of the mating surfaces and applying high quality lubricant.
Reliability in extreme conditions. For protection from high pressure that grows with increasing engine rpm, Stark Professional Line pumps are equipped with a bypass valve. Its design includes specific elements that serve for venting the excess of pressure when the driver continues to hold the steering wheel turned to the extreme position.
Noiselessness. The bearing units resist formation of gaps, and ensure even rotation of the rotor shaft. The pump blades are carefully balanced and feature high quality. This ensures low noise.


text:
Aurel Zahan () a fost un jucător român de polo pe apă. A concurat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1956, la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1960 și la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1964.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Aurel Zahan la olympic.org
 Aurel Zahan la olympicchannel.com
 Aurel Zahan la olympedia.org

Nașteri în 1938
Decese în 2010
Bucureșteni
Poloiști români
Poloiști olimpici români
Poloiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1956
Poloiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1960
Poloiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1964
Cioturi poloiști români

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Heavy Machine Spring/Summer 2012 Shoes.
Edginess can be the perfect way to break style monotony this season and if shoes are your biggest style weakness, it pays to experiment with fun alternatives like the ones from the the spring/summer 2012 Heavy Machine shoe collection.
It takes quite a lot of courage to be different in any area but the rewards of cultivating behaviours that make you stand out can be extremely high. This is particularly true in fashion where unique touches are highly valued and encouraged. Heavy Machine is a brand that has chosen to stay away from style uniformity and dazzle us with architectural vibes in every collection and the spring/summer 2012 season is a wonderful expression of the brand's core principles.
The new season designs bring together two seemingly opposing concepts: retro vibes and futuristic aspects. Blending unexpected shapes, materials and colors, the brand adds uniqueness and statement value to the beautifully crafted designs. Forget torturing your feet in sandals with ultra thin heels in order to make a statement and opt for adorable chunky heels which blend style and functionality without compromising on design. Unexpected color punches prove a fabulous option for those who aren't necessarily keen on the whole color blocking trend yet like a few bold vibes.
The sources of inspiration are among the most diverse. Names like Funny Tank, Spectral Visitor, Robot's Feet, Thumbelina, Vintage Mango or Underground Cloud reveal the diversity of elements that have come to influence the elements of designers or even the conceptual approach. However, the most important source of inspiration for the collection was children fairytales and playgrounds which received a stylish makeover.
The difference in textures among the various designs is provided by the varied materials used like sheepskin, cow skin, patent leather or nappa leather. With the multitude of exciting cutouts, asymmetric vibes or unexpected color punches, determining the 'it' factor of the designs becomes extremely hard. However, it is the end result which ultimately matters and there are no doubts in anyone's mind that the brand has yet again managed to make us reconsider what the style boundaries should be when selecting a new pair of shoes this season.


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Former Packers running back Ty Montgomery puts second Howard house on market
Former Packers running back Ty Montgomery bought house in March 2018. He was traded to Baltimore in October.
Former Packers running back Ty Montgomery puts second Howard house on market Former Packers running back Ty Montgomery bought house in March 2018. He was traded to Baltimore in October. Check out this story on jsonline.com: https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2019/03/12/packers-ty-montgomery-puts-howard-house-market/3071164002/
Richard Ryman, Green Bay Press-Gazette Published 8:04 a.m. CT March 12, 2019 | Updated 11:57 a.m. CT March 15, 2019
Ty Montgomery selling house on Rockwell Court in Howard
Former Green Bay Packers running back Ty Montgomery is selling this five-bedroom house on Rockwell Court in Howard. Courtesy of Keller Williams Realty
HOWARD – Ty Montgomery's house in Howard is for sale for $874,900.
Montgomery, who bought the house at 1642 Rockwell Court in March 2018 when his long-term future with the Green Bay Packers seemed likely, paid $445,000. He did extensive remodeling, according to Keller Williams Realty, which is brokering the sale. Ben Bartolazzi is the agent.
Montgomery was traded to the Baltimore Ravens at the end of October 2018. A third-round draft pick out of Stanford University, Montgomery played 3½ years for the Packers at wide receiver and running back.
The 5,641-square-foot house includes five bedrooms, four bathrooms and a four-stall heated garage. It is on one acre on a cul-de-sac.
More: Packers' Mark Murphy offers Broadway home for sale again
RELATED: Ex-Packers coaches Campen, Blasko put houses on market
RELATED: Have $500,000? You could buy Ted Thompson's riverfront house in De Pere
Before buying the Rockwell Court house, Montgomery owned a smaller house at 1252 Beechwood Court. He sold that house on Dec. 11, 2018, for $262,500. He bought the house in 2016 for $243,250.
In seven games for the Packers in 2018, Montgomery rushed for 105 yards and one touchdown. He also caught 15 passes for 170 yards. In six games with the Ravens, Montgomery rushed 15 times for 83 yards and caught 10 passes for 65 yards.
Ty Montgomery, a former Green Bay Packers running back, has put his house in Howard up for sale. (Photo: Adam Wesley/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin, USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)
His career stats in Green Bay included 849 yards rushing, 97 receptions for 827 yards, and 10 touchdowns.
Also for sale:
• Packers President and CEO Mark Murphy's house at 935 N. Broadway, De Pere, for $1.5 million. Olejniczak Realty is the agent.
• Former Packers general manager Ted Thompson's house at 222 Nicolet Place on the Fox River in west De Pere for $399,900. Olejniczak Realty is the agent.
• Former coach James Campen's house at 2789 Ichabod Lane, Howard, for $469,900. Coldwell Banker The Real Estate Group – Green Bay is the agent.
• Former coach Jeff Blasko's house at 7742 Ava Hope Trail, Ledgeview, for $309,900. Olejniczak Realty is the agent.
Read or Share this story: https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2019/03/12/packers-ty-montgomery-puts-howard-house-market/3071164002/
One in custody for OWI after crashing into a sheriff's department squad

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Еле́на Дми́триевна Модржинская (24 февраля, 1910, Москва — 4 ноября 1982) — офицер НКВД и философ.

Биография
Родилась в Москве. Происходила из польского дворянского рода. Дед Модржинской был осуждён за участие в восстании 1863 г. и лишён дворянского звания.

В 1925 году окончила среднюю школу и курсы английского языка. В 1930 году — международное отделение факультета советского права 1-го МГУ.

В 1940 г. вступила в ВКП(б).

Лейтенант, позднее — подполковник, возглавляла отдел референтуры у Берии. В декабре 1940 — июне 1941 резидент в Варшаве — «Марья», начальник аналитического подразделения 3-го отдела Управления политической разведки НКВД.

После реформы 1941 года из НКВД СССР был выделен новый наркомат НКГБ СССР и внешней разведкой стало заниматься 1-е Управление НКГБ СССР во главе с П. М. Фитиным. Он и поручил Е. Д. Модржинской «английский участок» работы. Будучи аналитиком разведки Е. Д. Модржинская полагала что «кембриджская пятерка» является группой агентов-«двойников», о чём писала донесения.

После войны . Была заведующей сектором критики антикоммунизма Института философии АН СССР, доктор философских наук, профессор, эксперт ВАК. На должности зав. сектором Е.Д. Модржинскую, как бывшую сотрудницу «органов», в первую очередь интересовала идеологическая стойкость философских кадров, и, как отмечал Л.Н. Митрохин,

 степень ее идейной непримиримости по отношению к западной философии была обратно пропорциональна степени ее компетентности: она совершенно не знала и не понимала современных философских проблем и концепций.

Автор и редактор многих статей в советских энциклопедических изданиях.

Муж Пётр Ильич Гудимович («Иван») работал в НКВД следователем. Е. Д. Модржинская владела английским, французским, испанским и немецким языками.

Основные работы
 Модржинская Е. Д. Космополитизм — империалистическая идеология порабощения наций М., 1958
 Модржинская Е. Д. Социологические аспекты национального суверенитета М.: Наука, 1970
 Модржинская Е. Д., Семёнов В. С. Марксистская и буржуазная социология и проблемы международных отношений (Обзор материалов пленарного заседания VI Всемирного социологического конгресса) — М.: Наука, 1970
 Модржинская Е. Д. Ленинизм и современная идеологическая борьба. — М.: Мысль, 1972.
 Модржинская Е. Д., Лапский В. Ф.  Яд сионизма. — М. : Педагогика, 1983. — 112 с. : ил.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Карпов В. Н. Разведчица и учёный: Жизнь и подвиг Елены Модржинской // Отечество. — М., 2002. — Вып.8. — С. 46-53.
 Лекарев С. «Кембриджская пятерка» в лондонском тумане // «Аргументы Недели», 15 февраля 2008
 Ципко А. С. История ИЭМСС глазами «Невыездного» // «Это было недавно, это было давно…»: Воспоминания / Отв.ред. И. И. Орлик; сост. И. И. Орлик, Т. В. Соколова. — М.: ИЭ РАН, 2010. — 264 с. — С. 127—150.

Сотрудники НКВД
Разведчицы Великой Отечественной войны
Сотрудники Института философии РАН
Выпускники ВАВТ
Выпускники факультета советского права МГУ
Женщины-философы СССР
Майоры государственной безопасности


text:
GrassNews
Home Cannabis Osoyoos Announces Results of Annual and Special Meeting
Osoyoos Announces Results of Annual and Special Meeting
Toronto, Ontario–(Newsfile Corp. – August 10, 2020) – Osoyoos Cannabis Inc. (CSE: OSO) ("Osoyoos" or the "Company") is pleased to announce the results from the Company's annual and special meeting of shareholders held on Friday, August 7, 2020 (the "Meeting").
Shareholders holding a total of 34,335,039 common shares of the Company were represented in person or by proxy at the Meeting, representing 46.29% of the votes attached to all outstanding common shares of the Company as at the record date. The Company reports that shareholders voted in favour of all matters submitted before the Meeting with each motion receiving more than 99% support from those votes cast collectively at the Meeting. Such matters approved at the Meeting, as more particularly described and set forth in the Company's management information circular, dated July 13, 2020, included:
The appointment of Buckley Dodds LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, as auditor of the Company for the ensuing year and authorizing the board of directors to fix its remuneration;
A resolution to fix the number of directors to be elected at the Meeting for the ensuing year to be fixed at seven (7);
The election of Graham Simmonds, Larry Horwitz, Sara Lee Irwin, Dr. Stephen D. Barnhill, Rosy Mondin, Paul Crath and Dr. Anthony Hall to serve as directors of the Company and to hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are elected or appointed; and
An amendment to the Company's articles of incorporation to change the name of Osoyoos to Aion Therapeutic Inc. or such other name as the board of directors may determine, in its sole discretion.
The Company would like to remind shareholders that the name change does not take immediate effect and therefore the board of directors will update shareholders with respect to any proposed name change at the appropriate time.
About Osoyoos Cannabis Inc.
Osoyoos Cannabis Inc. has a joint-venture agreement with a private, vertically-integrated licensed producer under the Cannabis Act (Canada) to offer contract tolling extraction services to third-party businesses. Additionally, the Company recently acquired 1196691 B.C. Ltd. d/b/a "PCAI Pharma" (www.pcai.ca) and its wholly-owned subsidiary AI Pharmaceuticals Jamaica Limited, a private corporation incorporated and operating under the laws of Jamaica. The business of AI Pharma involves science, research, treatment, data mining and AI, focused on the development of combinatorial pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals utilizing compounds from cannabis (cannabinoids), psychedelic mushrooms (psilocybin), fungi and other psychedelic formulations and their related medicinal global intellectual property protection.
Graham Simmonds
jgrahamsimmonds@gmail.com
DISCLAIMER & READER ADVISORY
Certain statements contained in this press release constitute forward-looking information. These statements relate to future events or future performance. The use of any of the words "could", "intend", "expect", "believe", "will", "may", "projected", "estimated" and similar expressions and statements relating to matters that are not historical facts are intended to identify forward-looking information and are based on the Company's current belief or assumptions as to the outcome and timing of such future events. Actual future results may differ materially. In particular, this release contains forward-looking information relating to the business of the Company. Various assumptions or factors are typically applied in drawing conclusions or making the forecasts or projections set out in forward-looking information. Those assumptions and factors are based on information currently available to the parties. The material factors and assumptions include regulatory and other third-party approvals; licensing and other risks. The forward-looking information contained in this release is made as of the date hereof and the parties are not obligated to update or revise any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable securities laws. Because of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions contained herein, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. The foregoing statements expressly qualify any forward-looking information contained herein.
To view the source version of this press release, please visit https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/61374
CNSX:OSO
ISIN:CA6710771057
Previous articleRed White & Bloom: Scaling up Through Smart Acquisitions — CFN Media
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This condo apt property at Ph5 - 100 Harrison Garden Boulevard, Toronto, M2N0C2 is currently for sale for $1,699,999. This property has been listed on Home.ca for 13 days and can be financed with an estimated mortgage of $5,759 per month*. Yearly property taxes for this home are approximately $6,549.
100 Harrison Garden Boulevard is a Concrete Condo Apt Apartment home. The home's closest main intersection is Yonge And Sheppard. The property is located in the Willowdale East neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, in the regional municipality of Toronto. Nearby neighbourhoods are Willowdale West, Rouge E11, Newtonbrook West, Newtonbrook East, Westminster-Branson.
This home has 2 beds and 3 bathrooms and is 6-10 years old. The main level contains the foyer room, living room, dining room, kitchen room, breakfast room, master room, 2nd br room, den room.
Laundry is located on the Main floor of the property. Things of note for this property include Clear View, Park, Place Of Worship, Public Transit, School. The garage is undergrnd. This home does have a fireplace. The property has central air for air conditioning.
100 Harrison Garden Boulevard has a total of 8 rooms. Date of possession for this property is Immediate. This home was listed by RE/MAX REALTY ONE INC., BROKERAGE according to MLS® Reciprocity.
100 Harrison Garden is a residence the community of Willowdale East of Toronto. While Harrison Garden Boulevard has 54 homes currently available, the district of Willowdale East has 523 postings available. That's just 4.1% of the 12636 total properties for sale in the city of Toronto.
Homes in Willowdale East are listed for an average asking price of $1,242,621, or an estimated monthly mortgage of $4,210. That is 1.1 times less the average list price of $1,308,889 in Toronto. Willowdale East listed properties average 937 sq ft, 2 beds, and 2.3 baths. Apartments make up 28.1% of homes for sale in the neighbourhood around 100 Harrison Garden Boulevard. If this home is not to your liking check out other condos for sale in Willowdale East or in other areas of Toronto. *Monthly mortgage payments are an estimate based on a 20% down payment on a home.


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Government Structure
The Town of Preston is governed by its Town Meeting, the Board of Selectmen, and elected and appointed Boards and Commissions. All of the governing powers of the Town are vested in the Town Meeting, Preston's legislative body. Decisions at Town Meetings are made by majority vote of everyone present who is registered to vote in Preston or who is 18 years old or older and owns property assessed at $1,000 or more on the Town's latest grand list.
Public Warning
The Selectmen must issue a public "warning" at least five days before a meeting, stating the time and place and topics to be discussed. Only those topics called can be discussed.
A request for a referendum (a vote by machine count) must be submitted to the Town Clerk by the Selectmen or by a petition of 200 eligible voters at least 24 hours prior to a scheduled Meeting. The Meeting then selects the date of the referendum within seven to 14 days. The vote is taken at the Preston Plains Middle School, 1 Route 164.
Municipal election of all Town Officials and members of the elective Boards and Commissions is held on Election Day in every odd-numbered year. Town officials, elected for two years, are First Selectman, Town Clerk, Treasurer, and Tax Collector. Elected Boards and Commissions include Selectmen, Finance, Board of Education, Planning and Zoning, Board of Assessment Appeals and members and alternates to the Zoning Board of Appeals. The lengths of terms vary.
The Democratic and Republican parties select candidates for all elective positions. Minority party representation is required. In addition, any citizen or additional party may petition to have a name placed on the ballot.
All meetings of Town Boards and Commissions, which deal with the Town's administration, finance, land use, and education, are open to the public. Advance notification of every meeting must be posted at Town Hall. Timely minutes must also be available.
The right to meet in executive session, where only members of the board or commission are present, is governed by a statute known as the "Sunshine Law." No official action may be taken during an executive session (Freedom of Information Act).
Boards & Commissions B - L
Boards & Commissions P - Z


A complete list of changes is available in the changelog provided by the Mercurial Repository.
2.1 This is a bugfix release.
Apply configured ciperhsuite preferences for outpand connections. This is a fix for for CVE-2013-4584.
2.0 This is the culmination of the 1.19-rc series of releases. A decision has been made to name the release 2.0 instead of 1.19 as there are significant changes since the release of 1.18 including support for a new protocol, managesieve.
Fix a segmentation fault on start-up when the bind_address configuration option is used.
1.19-rc3 This release fixes several problems. Perhaps most significantly, Thunderbird 3.1 can now re-connect to perdition SSL/TLS.
1.19-rc2 This fixes a bug in perdition whereby it will exit very early on when run in managesieve mode if the default capability is used.
1.19-rc1 I'm happy to announce the release of 1.19-rc1.
This includes numerous bug fixes and support for the manage sieve protocol.
1.18 After a very long time since the release of 1.17 I'm very happy to announce the release of perdition 1.18.
There have been numerous changes since 1.17, perhaps the most significant being IPv6 support. The only change since 1.18-rc3 was a minor build fix.
1.18-rc3 Fix problems relating to IPv6 connections failing on FreeBSD and OpenSolaris and also on Linux if either the real-server or end user used IPv4. Make sure that the IMAPv4 STARTLS command is enabled when configured. Fixed various packaging and build problems.
1.18-rc2 Fix a problem in the LDAP library whereby user, host and port information was never returned. Add authenticate_timeout configuration. And various rpm and deb packaging fixes.
1.18-rc1 After a long hiatus a new release-candidate for a new version of perdition is available.
There have been numerous changes since 1.17.1, perhaps the most significant being IPv6 support.
1.17.1 This is a bug-fix release to address a security concern, CVE-2007-5740[offsite]. The announcement of the bug, including a description is here[offsite].
In short, there is a deficiency in the code that perdition has to protect itself from string format bugs. This means that by an embeded null characters in an IMAP tag supplied by an attacker may allow the attacker to execute arbitary code on the machine running perdition as the user that is running perdition.
By default perdition runs as user nobody, which may help to mittigate the effects that any code an attacker executes may have.
This problem affects IMAP and its SSL/TLS variant. All users who run perdition in IMAP modes are advised to upgrade.
It is not believed that it affects POP or its SSL/TLS variant.
Perdition 1.17.1 fixes this problem by verifying that tags supplied by end-users are valid. The patch can be seen in the Mercurial repository here[offsite]. It also includes some other fixes for problems which have been tested in in Debian.
1.17 This is the first release of perdition in over a year. It includes lots of updates, of particular note; A potential buffer overflow in the Berkely DB module has been fixed. The LDAP module can now use arbitary URLs if compiled against OpenLDAP 2.0.0 or newer. All asyncrhonous IMAP messages are now passed back to the end-user. The level to which add_domain pears down a domain is configurable. And SSL now works in inetd mode.
1.15 Minor packaging changes. LDAP Fix included in 1.15beta1.
(offline) Fixes a problem with the return value from an LDAP popmap lookup that may causes various problems including a bogus username when username_from_database is in effect.
1.14 Various minor bug fixes and feature enhacements. In particular pid file creation on FreeBSD (and possibly others) has been fixed. A segmentation fault problem in the ldap module has been resolved. And enhanced logging.
(offline) Various minor bug fixes and feature enhacements. In particular pid file creation on FreeBSD (and possibly others) has been fixed. A segmentation fault problem in the ldap module has been resolved. And enhanced logging. It is intended that this beta will become the 1.14 release, unchanged, if not problems are found. Users are encouraged to test this beta.
1.13 Fixes a critical bug in 1.12 that prevented the outgoing_server option from working - perdition would segmentation fault if this option was selected. Also includes some minor documentation and build fixes. Users are strongly recomended to upgrade to 1.13 if they are using 1.12.
1.12 It has been too long between drinks so I have released perdition 1.12. This contains mainly bug-fixes. The new feature of most note is a module to allow database queries to be sent to a daemon. This allows arbitrary popmap databases to be built programatically.
1.11 Building on a long series of beta releases, 1.11 includes numerous bug fixes and feature enhancements over the previous stable release. New features of paricular note are a Berkely DB module, STARTTLS support, support for more sophisticated LDAP URLs and greatly enhanced handling of SSL/TLS.
1.11beta8 (offline) This beta should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. It includes a number of bug fixes including, fixing the capability comand for POP3S, resolution of segmentation fault when using long usernames and the query_key, fixes to LDAP URL parsing and resolution of a segmentation fault in the ODBC module.
1.11beta7 (offline) This beta should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. It includes a number of minor bug fixes.
1.11beta5 (offline) This beta should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. It includes a fix to allow the return of a real-server's response to a login attempt to work correctly with IMAP.
1.11beta4 (offline) This beta should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. It includes a fix for a problem whereby if a client disconnects imediately after a new connection is recieved then perdition may exit. This problem occurs sporadically, usually under situations of high load.
1.11beta3 (offline) This beta should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. It builds cleanly on Debian GNU/Linux (Sid) and Red Hat 8.0. People are encouraged to test the build on other targets, particularly Sun Solaris.
This beta features improved handling of the verification of real-servers and minor build clean-ups for building without SSL.
1.11beta2 (offline) This beta release builds on 1.11beta1. It should be considered a release candidate for 1.11. The most significant change is a fix to the handling of the POP3 CAPA command, which was incorrectly implemented in 0.1.11beta1. There have also been some minor build and packaging fixes.
1.11beta1 (offline) This beta release builds on 0.1.10 with many bug fixes and new features. Of particular note is support for RFC2529 TLS connections, a greatly LDAP module and a Berkely DB module.
0.1.10 This release has many improvements over 0.1.9 as reflected by the long 0.1.10 beta series. Of particular note: Better handling of SSL connections. Handling of IMAP String Litterals. Addition of ODBC module. IMAP Capability String may be specified at run time.
0.1.10beta4 (offline) Fix for IMAP String Literals. Added no_daemon option. And a fix to libvanessa_socket to correclty handle reciept of a sig child on Solaris.
0.1.10beta3 (offline) Improved debuging messages for SSL and resolver problems and the addition of support for IMAP String litereals.
(offline) Added ODBC module and query keys which allow a flexible way to define what keys are used to perform queries to determine which server to use.
0.1.10beta1 (offline) In keeping with my intention to release 0.1.10, I have released the first beta.
0.1.9 Added SSL support, updated logging semantics, added add_domain option and fixed format string problems.
0.1.8 Resolved Linking problems in MySQL, PostgresSQL and LDAP map lookup libraries. Added -U|--username_from_database option to control the use of servernames of the form user<delimiter>domain. Fixed parsing code to correctly handle whitespace and quotes during authentication phase.
0.1.7 Resolved numerous Solaris compule problems. Conversations between perdition and clients may be logged for debugging. Running perdition.pop3 and perdition.imap4 now automatically runs perdition in POP3 or IMAP4 mode respectively. Fixed installation problems with Red Hat packages.
0.1.5 Includes support for popmaps to be stored in a PostgreSQL database. This compleiments MySQL, Posix Regular Expression and GDBM popmap support.
0.1.4 Added functionality so a map can give an answer that includes the username to connect to the backend server with, Regex maps now support backrefereances. There are also minor build tidy ups for FreeBSD 3.4 and slackware.
0.1.3 Includes configuration file support, TCP/IP functions broken out into a library, arbitrary library based map access, more sophiticated loging, Solaris support and more.
0.1.2 Ignores \" during authentication. This seemed to be causing problems in IMAP4 mode for some clients.
0.1.1 Includes default server support, option to stip domain from username, and configurable, multi-character user-domain delimiter support. Please note that several command-line options have changed meaning between verion 0.1.0 and 0.1.1.
0.1.0 Incudes many changes and bug fixes including IMAP4 support and optional end-user server and port specification.


This strong confidence shouldn't come as a surprise. Since coming into office, President Trump Donald John TrumpButtigieg on Mueller report: 'Politically, I'm not sure it will change much' Sarah Sanders addresses false statements detailed in Mueller report: 'A slip of the tongue' Trump to visit Japan in May to meet with Abe, new emperor MORE has been working overtime to deliver results for the average American. And thanks to his "America first" policy agenda, the U.S. economy is roaring ahead.
Too often, politicians and policy experts in the Acela corridor forget that the economy is not just some obscure entity. Jobs and unemployment numbers aren't merely statistics; they represent real people. Wage increases aren't just data points but real money in people's pockets.
That's why it is refreshing to have a savvy businessman such as Donald Trump in the Oval Office. As a job creator and successful billionaire entrepreneur, he understood that our economy was leaving people behind and promised to shake up the status quo.
As such, President Trump set out to create an ambitious policy agenda that would prioritize the needs of working and middle-class families over those of special interest groups and the well-connected. The results so far of his "America first" agenda have been nothing but astonishing.
Nowhere is this better illustrated than the historic unemployment rates for groups across the board. Women, African-Americans and Hispanics are all thriving, with record low unemployment levels. Don't forget: a job is not only a paycheck but a ticket to a better opportunity and more fulfilling life.
President Trump also understands that a job is just one piece of a more complex puzzle. Many Americans were struggling to make ends meet because the government was taking too much from their paychecks. And American companies were being outclassed on the world stage because of our high corporate tax rate.
In response, President Trump introduced and led the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the largest overhaul of our tax system in a generation. "My plan is for the working people, and I think very, very strongly, there's very little benefit [in it] for people of wealth," the president stated during a briefing. He was certainly right.
The plan cut taxes across the board for everyday Americans, with nearly 80 percent receiving a tax cut. It nearly doubled the standard deduction and the exemption on the notorious "death tax." Job creators also benefited from the tax cuts. Tax levels for businesses large and small have decreased from 35 percent to 21 percent, putting them on a more balanced playing field with foreign nations.
The tax bill also took the bold move of increasing the child tax credit. As a single mother, I understand the expense of raising a child in today's world. Nothing is more important to me than my child, and no American should be put at a significant financial disadvantage because they have children.
In addition to tax cuts, President Trump has worked to reorient our trade policies to be more beneficial to Americans. Trade deals pursued by past administrations put the interests of big corporations and foreign countries first. Thankfully, the era of economic surrender has come to an end. Going forward, trade deals will have to be fair, free and reciprocal.
To be sure, the results from this new "tough on trade" mantra are starting to show. President Trump, alongside the leaders of Mexico and Canada, signed the historic United States-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) trade agreement in November 2018. The deal will help bring manufacturer and automotive jobs back to the United States and open up export markets for our farmers.
The Trump administration also successfully renegotiated the U.S.-Korea free trade agreement to allow for more automotive exports and pharmaceutical access. The president has also tasked U.S. Trade Representative Bob Lighthizer Robert (Bob) Emmet LighthizerChinese, US negotiators fine-tuning details of trade agreement: report The Trump economy keeps roaring ahead Trump says no discussion of extending deadline in Chinese trade talks MORE to begin negotiating new bilateral agreements with Japan and the European Union.
CNN and others in the Washington bubble may be baffled by the president's impressive economic results, but they shouldn't be. Donald Trump promised that he would deliver for the average American and that's exactly what he's done. And trust me, the president and his team are just getting started.
Kimberly Guilfoyle is vice chairwoman of America First Policies, a nonprofit organization supporting key policy initiatives that will work for all citizens and put America first. Follow her on Twitter @KimGuilfoyle.


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Posts Tagged 'Brahman Hinduism'
A Passage to India, Brahman Hinduism, E.M. Forster, India, Jeremy Bentham, Rule of Law, Utilitarianism
The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton: Part Three
In Arts & Letters, Britain, Fiction, Humanities, Jurisprudence, Law, Law-and-Literature, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Literary Theory & Criticism, Literature, Philosophy, Politics on April 20, 2012 at 7:10 am
The following originally appeared here at Libertarian Papers. Full Works Cited below.
From Turton Towards a New Jurisprudence
For much of the novel, Turton tries to balance his allegiance to Britain and his duties toward Indians. He hosts bridge parties, for instance, and fraternizes with Indians. In the scene at the club, wherein the Englishmen discuss the charges against Aziz and what should be done about them, Turton tries to remain "scrupulously fair," although he also wants to "avenge Miss Quested and punish Fielding," who has, it seems, taken Aziz's side over the British (164). Despite his anger, Turton resolves to go about "the old weary business of compromise and moderation" (164). He reminds himself that, "in the eyes of the law, Aziz was not yet guilty" (165). Yet the law does not matter in Chandrapore because Aziz has been found guilty in the court of British public opinion. Moreover, law in the colony amounts to public opinion. Justice may be blind, but injustice is not—it holds Aziz accountable for his foreignness and for the color of his skin.
Even if Turton discourages violence against Indians, telling the room, "Don't start carrying arms about," he can no longer occupy the space between the British and Indian binary (166). He comes down on the side of the English and thereby demonstrates that law is not merely a written text or a code of rules but a bundle of biases and personal preferences. British law rests on prejudices outside of the pure, divine law that is Brahman Hindu. Turton shows, in other words, that rule of law can never work in a society controlled by one group that is culturally distinct from the less powerful group.
Like a good utilitarian, Turton abides by rationality and logic. The result is a gross legalism that compels a segregated worldview. Turton supports one "simple rule" above all: Indians and English belong in separate societies (147). "I have had twenty-five years' experience of this country," he pontificates to Fielding,
and during those twenty-five years I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially. Intercourse, yes. Courtesy, by all means. Intimacy—never, never. The whole weight of my authority is against it. I have been in charge at Chandrapore for six years, and if everything has gone smoothly, if there has been mutual respect and esteem, it is because both peoples kept to this simple rule. (147)
This rule anticipates the end of the novel when Fielding asks why he and Aziz cannot be friends and the land and sky seem to answer, "No, not yet," and "No, not there" (293). One could argue that this vision of segregated society—which may not have been Forster's vision—is offensive and against the all-inclusive Brahman Hindu spirit of the story. And yet it is a vision that Fielding and Aziz seem to share. It flies in the face of the "aesthetic of clutter and confusion" at the Gokul Astami festival (Singh 274). It denies the forces of nature that unite everyone as a marvelous energy. It therefore is not law at all but rather an unjust perversion of law. Not being true law, it is not morally binding. Assuming that Spencer's thesis (above) is correct and Passage is a Hindu magnum opus, Turton's segregated worldview gainsays the general oneness articulated in Brahman philosophy and privileges that British fiction—rule of law—that seeks to establish opposition structures rather than to embrace hybrid, transcultural unities.
Although English characters call for rule of law in the colonies, they go to great lengths to violate true law, unjustly prosecuting the innocent Aziz with shoddy evidence. Although they aspire to logic and calculation, they become like emotional herd animals with no ability to reason. Forster likens emotion, which always has to do with racial difference, to herd-like behavior. He employs this tactic when describing Fielding as having no racial feeling, "not because he was superior to his brother civilians, but because he had matured in a different atmosphere, where the herd-instinct does not flourish" (52, my italics).[1] If this sentence is representative of Fielding's character, then Fielding's racial enlightenment is the product of a distinct cultural system, an inherited behavior not necessarily chosen. More than Fielding, then, Turton straddles English and Indian societies, occupying an interstitial space and resisting "herdism" by asserting his individuality. Turton is, to that end, the only English character who invites "numerous Indian gentlemen in the neighbourhood" to his home,[2] an action that "caused much excitement" (35). Unlike Fielding, however, the conflictual Turton maintains a clear distance from these Indians, lending critical substance to Mahmoud Ali's belief that "Turton would never [invite Indians to his house] unless compelled" (35). Turton's hospitable gestures and high-minded aspirations to neutrality amount to little more than subtle, apologetic pleadings to and for existing social norms. Turton is, despite himself, a servant of British culture.
In contrast to Turton, McBryde, the District Superintendent of Police, stands for all that is absolute in British culture; he epitomizes the absurdity of English assumptions about the nature of Indian men, believing that "all unfortunate natives are criminals at heart, for the simple reason that they live south of latitude 30" (149). From this position, McBryde infers that Indians are guilty by nature, or, in Calvinistic terms, predestined for sin; therefore, he reasons, the English cannot hold Indians accountable for crimes because "[t]hey are not to blame, they have not a dog's chance—we should be like them if we settled here" (149). This claim is both resonant and politically charged, rooted as it is in the belief that individuals are products of their environment. Such a belief would seem to further justify imposing colonial rule by suggesting that changing the environment would also change the people in the environment. If Indians are culturally conditioned subjects, their tendencies and behavior assigned them by their communities, then they lack the requisite mens rea for their crimes; they are blameless, having "transgressed" without mental fault. The irony, of course, is that McBryde himself was born in Karachi (south of latitude 30) and "would sometimes admit as much with a sad, quiet smile" (149).
A self-proclaimed paradox, McBryde reveals how Anglo-Indian relationships depend upon the signification of negative biological characteristics, how Englishmen presuppose an innate and unchanging origin for these characteristics, and how these presuppositions "justify" the double-standards of the English legal system—a prime example being Mrs. Turton's acceptance of bribes. "When we poor blacks take bribes," submits Mahmoud Ali, an Indian lawyer, "we perform what we are bribed to perform, and the law discovers us in consequence. The English take and do nothing. I admire them" (5). Ali realizes that law in Chandropore is a discursive construct and so mocks its purely notional grounds.
Isolated from the English in his supervising role as collector, Turton ruminates and forms judgments by process of logic; but among the English in his support for Adela, he grows irrational. At times the reason and emotion binaries collapse into each other in his ambivalence. For example, after Aziz is accused of raping Adela, Fielding approaches Turton to inquire about Adela's condition. Frustrated with Fielding, Turton ends the interview and walks onto a platform overlooking the everyday goings-on of Chandrapore. He feels "his sense of justice function" even while he is "insane with rage" (149). Later, his emotion does seem to prevail over reason as he drives through the streets, seeing "the cookies asleep in the ditches or the shopkeepers rising to salute him on their little platforms," and saying to himself, "'I know what you're like at last; you shall pay for this, you shall squeal'" (149). These passions call for a "justice" that is more like revenge than retribution.[3] But so far neither Turton's passion (emotion) nor his reason fully coheres. His commitment to impartiality—or to the ideal of impartiality—sets him apart from the erratic, temperamental Englishmen who would mete out punishment swiftly and extra-judicially were it not for prescribed legal procedures—neutral in theory but discriminatory in practice—that putatively restrain emotion and compel rational adjudication. Yet after Adela's rape and Turton's abortive meeting with Fielding, Turton seems to exemplify English irrationality. Rather than ensuring justice or equality, Turton and the legal system formalize bigotry in that they do not fully realize the impartiality and non-arbitrariness so popularized by rule of law rhetoric.
Rational and polarized society fails Turton when the two worlds, English and Indian, become intimate vis-à-vis Aziz and Adela. When he suspects Aziz and Adela of becoming not just intimate but sexually intimate, he breaks down, "involved in his own emotions," for he thinks it "impossible to regard a tragedy from two points of view" (148).[4] His inability to see society as anything but two isolated spheres causes a shift in the balance of power: he cannot "avenge the girl" and "save the man" and thus cannot occupy that space between binaries (148).[5] No longer the midpoint between reason and emotion, he surrenders to emotion and, as it were, tips the scales—becomes, at last, fully English. Completely disassociated from Indianness, having abandoned the principles of neutrality supposedly characteristic of all collectors, Turton appears in the final chapter in name only as Aziz declares, "Clear out, all you Turtons and Burtons. We wanted to know you ten years back—now it's too late![6] […] Clear out, clear out, I say" (292). Like Fielding, and even like Forster himself,[7] Turton is a failed cultural intermediary whose increasing prejudice calls into question the equality and consistency of the entire legal system of Anglo-India. If only Turton had abided by the law of Brahman Hindu and obliterated vacant categories like English/Indian or reason/emotion, distinctions essential to the hegemony of British rule of law, the novel might have played out differently.
Turton's failure to connect with Indians recalls the similarly failed connections of Mrs. Moore and Fielding. These three characters, taken together, suggest that hegemonic or colonial systems prevent the triumph of personal relations by injecting both colonizers and colonized with spite and contempt. The machinery of the system makes friendship improbable if not impossible. Forster's firsthand knowledge of the colonial experience increases the likelihood that his satirizing extends far beyond the pages of the novel and into the schema of colonial law. Turton's botched mediations implicate this schema in ways that Mrs. Moore's and Fielding's mediations cannot. That is because Turton, as district collector, holds the system in place. He is a linchpin. Without him, the structure, as it were, falls apart. Forster uses Turton to show not only that the system is doomed to fail, but also that the system is based on purely British behaviors, philosophies, and norms. The system is a function of the ideological needs of colonizers. As the British characters rehearse racial scripts and act superior to their Indian counterparts,[8] as they revise their cultural classifications, they demonstrate that the system is anything but universal. If it were universal, the Indians—Hindu, Muslim, or otherwise—would at least have some familiarity or appreciation for it. If it were universal, it would work. If it were universal, it would achieve, not deny, justice.
Turton's role in exposing the inconsistencies and vagaries of British rule of law and its concomitant utilitarianism suggests that the Brahman Hindu philosophy celebrated by Forster provides a better starting point for governing and for mediating between cultures. The all-inclusive framework of Brahman Hindu better protects, or could better protect, basic rights. Put differently, Brahman Hindu could go some length towards establishing a system of polycentric law, a relatively new concept celebrated by philosophers and sociologists alike. Polycentric law refers to the overlapping and amalgamating of rules and jurisdictions in contrast to the legislating of a monolithic legal code that denies cultural particularities.[9] Polycentric law is not centrally planned. With the emergence of alternative dispute resolution, Internet law, transnational law, and private adoption and child kidnapping disputes, debates over polycentric law will become even more pressing. Novels like Passage can tell us a great deal about the social and political implications of a legal system—informed by jurisprudence in keeping with Brahman Hindu—whereby individuals and localities assert and defend their culturally specific rules and regulations. Such novels can dispel monopolistic claims on law and "de-universalize" repressive jurisprudence that arrogantly presumes the backwardness of other cultures. Read the rest of this entry »
A Passage to India, Brahman Hinduism, E.M. Forster, Edmund Burke, India, Jeremy Bentham, law, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, Sir Leslie Stephen, Utilitarianism, William Blackstone
The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton: Part Two
In Arts & Letters, Britain, Conservatism, Eastern Civilizaton, Fiction, History, Humanities, Jurisprudence, Law, Law-and-Literature, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Literary Theory & Criticism, Literature, Philosophy, Politics on April 16, 2012 at 7:55 am
The following originally appeared here at Libertarian Papers. Full Works Cited to appear in Part Three.
The Role of District Collector
Partly because of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay's codes, and partly because of the British need to establish powerful offices that would entice colonizers to remain in India rather than return to England, collectors gained extraordinary powers between 1857 and 1909 (Arora and Goyal 243). "In him [the Collector] was created a 'little Napoleon,'" Ramesh Kumar Arora and Rajni Goyal explain, "who, being part and parcel of the steel-frame, made it possible for the British to govern and control the vast subcontinent" (244). It is fair to say that Mr. Turton is one of these little Napoleons—an official forced to countenance Indian interests while pledging ultimate allegiance to the British sovereign. In fact, Forster goes so far as to call Mr. and Mrs. Turton "little gods" (20).[1] Thus cast, Mr. Turton is problematic—for like other collectors he "had to adjust his autocratic rule and at times benevolent administration to a climate of representative politics" (Tummala 126).[2] In other words, he had to straddle two societies and to pander to multiple interests; but his loyalties were to remain unchanged. Turton is a conflicted, ambivalent character in part because his occupation is itself conflicted. He is a site and symbol of British power but also of British mercy and tolerance. As such, he is the perfect character through which to critique colonial programs in general and utilitarian jurisprudence in particular. Forster uses Turton to show that British rule of law is either a myth or a pretext for nation-building, and that Brahman Hindu philosophy is a jurisprudentially sound alternative to rule of law.
The district collector was a major locus of power in the centrally planned Indian Civil Service. Arora and Goyal describe the current office of district collector as "the kingpin of district administration in India" (243). "The office," Arora and Goyal continue, "is the result of a long process of evolution of about two hundred years of the British rule" (243). Forster's productions came about during the late stages of this British rule. Although the "administration of revenue, civil justice and magistracy was united in the office of District Collector," thus making the District Collector "the executive machinery in the district," District Collectors did not become "the symbol of imperial rule" until after the 1857 revolt (Sarkar 117). Before the revolt, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, the district collector signified an "extremely powerful civil servant running the executive machinery in the district" (Sarkar 117). The causes of the Indian Rebellion are disputed,[3] but the ramifications seem to have been, in one contemporary's words, "a persistent attempt to force Western ideas," including Benthamite utilitarianism, "upon an Eastern people" (Malleson G. B. 412).
By the time Forster visited India,[4] the office of district collector would entail "powers of the magistrate and the judge too" (Tummala 126), the former power being limited to small claims and ceremonial rights (Brimnes 222). During Forster's visit, district collectors would have spent "more time on the office desk and less on tours which provided [them] an opportunity to come in direct contact with people," including tourists like Forster (Parashar 83). The prepositional phrase "on the office desk" seems suggestive of any number of activities (some sexual) besides simply work. Anyhow, district Collectors worked closely with District Magistrates (represented by the character Ronny in Passage) and District Police Superintendents (represented by McBryde) to keep local populations under constant surveillance as required by Macaulay's legal codes (Kumar and Verma 66–67).
Macaulay was a British statesman and a man of letters who participated on the Supreme Council of India in the early 19th century. In this position, Macaulay advised George Lord Auckland, the Governor-General of India, regarding the laws of India. The best known of these efforts is probably the Indian Penal Code, the introductory footnote to which proclaims, "These papers […] are by no means merely of Indian interest, for, while they were the commencement of a new system of law for India, they chiefly relate to general principles of jurisprudence which are of universal application" (Macaulay, The Complete Works 551). This short footnote exemplifies the extent to which doctrinaire utilitarian paternalism had come to mark British administration in India. Indeed, Macaulay's codes pivot on the assumption that British utilitarian jurisprudence is so enlightened as to be universal. By this logic, anything at odds with this jurisprudence would be unenlightened and backward and thus would require replacement.
Depicting Ronny as foolish and Turton as misguided, Forster rejects British utilitarianism and its assertion of consequentialism and legalism. Forster constantly refers to India as a muddle; he celebrates the chaos and confusion of the Gokul Astami festival, a rapturous Hindu "muddle" that is not only "the approaching triumph of India" but also "a frustration of reason and form" (258). During this festival, Godbole, a Brahman Hindu who teaches with Fielding, detaches "the tiny reverberation that was his soul" (258, 260). This scene reveals "a positive attitude toward chaos," which is "completely un-Western" (Singh 272). It shows that the seemingly disordered is really spontaneously ordered. Chaos, here, recalls Brahman Hindu philosophy, which blends dualities into a single state and renders all things inclusive or unified. Forster portrays Hindu as organizing despite its inherent anarchy. It is the ultimate reality and thus the ultimate law. Forster, then, reverses the British utilitarian's assumption about the universality of his jurisprudence. The truly universal system is Indian and, paradoxically, ordered by chaos. Read the rest of this entry »
A Passage to India, Albert Venn Dicey, Brahman Hinduism, District Collector, E.M. Forster, Goldworthy Lowes Dickinson, India, James Fitzjames Stephen, Jeremy Bentham, Mulk Raj Anand, Murray Rothbard, polycentric law, Robert Trevelyan, Rule of Law, The Untouchable, Utilitarianism, Virginia Woolf
The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton: Part One
In Arts & Letters, Austrian Economics, E.M. Forster, Eastern Civilizaton, Economics, Fiction, Humane Economy, Humanities, Jurisprudence, Law, Law-and-Literature, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Literary Theory & Criticism, Literature, Philosophy, Politics, Western Civilization on April 12, 2012 at 7:44 am
There it was. Bombay. E.M. Forster, affectionately called Morgan by his friends, hurried to the railing of the ship to get a better view. The blue sparkling water stretched out before him until it met land on the horizon where buildings and bustling communities nestled among green trees. Forster had been sailing for two weeks. He was tired and dirty. The heat bothered him. It had forced him to sleep on deck where he could catch the occasional cool breeze. His friends Robert Trevelyan and Goldworthy Lowes Dickinson, or "Goldie," were with him at the railing. The three men chirped about the welcome scene of city life. Forster breathed a sigh of relief. Here he would be liberated from the constraints of Britain. Forster achieved some celebrity after the recent publication of Howards End. This getaway would enable him to escape the public gaze. Soon he would see his friend and sometime lover Syed Ross Masood, and also his friend Malcolm Darling, who had recently attained a favorable post in the Indian Civil Service. On this autumn day in 1912, Forster did not know that his journey would inspire his best fiction yet.
Forster made two long trips to India during which he observed district collectors, local laws, and local courtrooms at work. He spent most of his time in territories ruled by Hindu maharajahs. His experiences in India suggest that his familiarity with colonial law was greater than that of the average Englishman living in India and certainly greater than that of the average Englishman living outside India. This familiarity manifests itself in A Passage to India, published in 1924. Forster's knowledge about district collectors in particular allowed him to use the character Mr. Turton as a site for critique. Nevertheless, Forster transmogrifies the district collector and the legal system in several passages in the novel.
In light of his knowledge of the colonial experience, including the colonial legal experience, Forster's rejection of verisimilitude seems intentional and not the consequence of misunderstanding. Forster allows enough actual law into the novel to ensure his and his characters' credibility, but he does not go so far as to depict the legal system as it appeared on a day-to-day basis, perhaps because the routine workings of law did not always excite. Forster gives us enough real law to make his story and characters believable, but he does not bore us with total accuracy. His hyperbolic depictions of Turton and the law invest the novel with political significance. This essay examines how Forster uses Turton to portray colonial law and rule of law discourse as dispensable flourishes of liberal ideology. It argues that Passage challenges the idea that law is universal and can be universally applied. Forster shows instead that law is entrenched in discourses of religion, race, community, and culture. To this end, he holds up Brahman Hindu as an alternative to British rule of law and to the reforming utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. He contrasts the coercion and compulsion of rule of law to the emergent orders attendant upon Brahman Hindu. Although Forster later championed Mulk Raj Anand's novel The Untouchable (1935), which attacked the endemic injustice of the Hindu caste system, he held out Brahman Hindu as a distinctive category of Hinduism that, in its inclusivity, rejected caste and exclusionism. His was not a referential but an idealized conception of Brahman Hindu; nevertheless, the signifier "Brahman Hindu" seems less important to the novel than the concept Forster summons forth: that of spontaneous order rather than of the centralized, artificial construct of British rule of law. This order represents a polycentric system.
The characters in Passage demonstrate that the colonial encounter is too complex for grand schemes of criminal and civil law. Unlike utilitarian jurisprudence, Brahman Hindu accounts for the complicated nexus of interrelated people and processes that shape Indian society. Utilitarianism and rule of law jurisprudence are closely related, especially in the British-Indian context, and Forster rejects these braided concepts in favor of the multiplicity of Brahman. Forster extols Brahman Hindu philosophy because it exalts the variety of human experience and, unlike the despotism resulting from Benthamite utilitarianism, embraces emotion and romanticism. For Forster, a one-size-fits-all legislative calculus simply will not do.
Rule of Law and Utilitarian Jurisprudence
Outside of Forster's novel, there is not, to my knowledge, a jurisprudential school of Brahman Hindu. Yet Forster uses Brahman Hindu in a fictional medium to register an alternative to rule of law discourse. It is impossible to say whether Forster believed that an actual legal system predicated on Brahman Hindu would be viable or efficient. It is clear, however, that Forster uses Brahman Hindu in the novel to point out the insufficiencies and bigotry that rule of law discourse perpetuates. Forster may not have been literally advocating a Brahman legal system, but instead for any kind of system, like Brahman, that refused to universalize laws into ultra-rigid codes of behavior. He seems to have pointed out what Murray Rothbard recognized many years later: that Bentham's "consistent philosophical utilitarianism" is bound up with "intensified statism" that opens "a broad sluice-gate for state despotism" (49).[1]
Even if there is no jurisprudential school of Brahman Hindu, the makeup of colonial courts under the rule of the East India Company included Muslim Maulavis and Hindu Pandits who advised British magistrates on legal matters. Thus, there was a definite set of procedures, rules, and laws with which Hindu law participated.[2]
The concept of rule of law has become increasingly dubious among jurisprudents. According to John Hasnas, rule of law is the belief that "law is a body of consistent, politically neutral rules that can be objectively applied by judges" (5). Figures as wide-ranging as Carl Schmitt (McCormick 205-248) and Judith N. Shklar have criticized rule of law for the ideological freight that it carries.[3] Brian Z. Tamanaha calls rule of law an "exceedingly elusive notion" (9). Hasnas suggests that the belief in rule of law goes "a long way toward explaining citizens' acquiescence in the steady erosion of their fundamental freedoms" (5). For Hasnas, rule of law is a "powerful" and "dangerous" myth that "can command both the allegiance and respect of the citizenry" (5). Richard Posner refers to rule of law as "the central tenet and aspiration of the American legal ideology" (43), a "complex of beliefs" (45), a "body of myth" (45), and "a cornerstone of liberal polity" (45). Posner's indictments might apply not only to the American legal landscape but also to early 20th century British advocates of rule of law such as Albert Venn Dicey (1835-1922), who published some of his most influential work while Forster published his most influential novels (Dicey died in 1922, the year Forster visited India for the second time).
Dicey is perhaps best known for popularizing rule of law. He incorporated three kindred principles in his definition of rule of law. For the purposes of this essay, the first principle—"absence of arbitrary power on the part of the government" (183)—is the most instructive. This principle implicates the awkward interface between the British and their Indian subjects in Chandrapore. It pits arbitrariness and predictability against one another. Of this principle, Dicey claims, "In this sense the rule of law is contrasted with every system of government based on the exercise by persons in authority of wide, arbitrary, or discretionary powers of constraint" (184). In other words, rule of law is stable and steady whereas legal systems instituted upon flexible and case-by-case bases are too free from external controls to function smoothly or properly. Taking into account the prominence of Dicey's dissertations about rule of law, and also the fact that those beliefs are firmly rooted in utilitarian and positivist traditions of jurisprudence dating back to Bentham,[4] we may assume that Forster considered rule of law to be a product of, or justification for, colonial rule in India. If Forster did not think as much, he at least considered rule of law an apt starting-point from which to critique various formations of British imperialism. Put another way, rule of law provided Forster with a motif and theme that differed wildly from the motif and theme of Brahman Hindu that he wished to explore if not exalt. For Forster, either rule of law was a vehicle to glorify Brahman Hindu, or Brahman Hindu was a vehicle to disparage rule of law. Either way, rule of law appears in his novel like an archetypal prescription that he seeks to ward off and run down.
Forster undoes the privilege of Dicey's rule of law and instead extols the arbitrariness and variety intrinsic to Brahman Hindu. Forster even has the Muslim Aziz reflect admiringly that "Hinduism, so solid from a distance, is riven into sects and clans, which radiate and join, and change their names according to the aspect from which they are approached" (265). Hinduism, although divided into subcategories, is inclusive in nature—so inclusive, in fact, that Aziz himself could be considered Brahman by way of Godbole (265). Aziz's reflection is even more telling for its juxtaposition of the laws of Hindu states with the British legal system in Chandrapore. The problems in Hindu states were "totally different" because "here the cleavage was between Brahman and non-Brahman; Moslems and English were quite out of the running, and sometimes not mentioned for days" (265). The rulers in Hindu states are still Hindu people sharing a common culture. They are not a foreign power seeking to impose values upon an alien culture. Nevertheless, the "fissures in Indian soil are infinite" (265) such that even non-Hindus are incorporated into Hindu society. All are fused into the transcendental, absolute philosophy of Brahman. All are subject to the order—the laws—of the universe.
Whereas Dicey defends positive rules laid down by humans, Forster celebrates ordered chaos, a paradox that needs no resolution because it is the ultimate resolution. Chaos brings about order and justice; the British insistence on human-made order results in disorder and injustice. Therefore, British rule of law seems little more than a rhetorical flourish and a pretext for colonial rule, or else a grave mistake.
Forster and District Collectors in India
During the early weeks of his six-month visit to India, Forster enjoyed a country expedition, arranged by Masood, with a district collector, the local magistrate and revenue administrator. Attentive as he was, Forster must have scrutinized this collector as he scrutinized other figures he encountered (Furbank 226). Forster often recorded his observations of people and based fictional characters on those observations.[5] He even seemed at times to blur the distinction between reality and fantasy. "Forster conducted his life as if everyone lived in a novel," submits Wendy Moffat, adding that he carefully observed every occasion and subjected "even the most clear-cut matters" to interpretation (12). This trait was not lost on those who encountered Forster in India.[6] After the publication of Passage, many of these individuals saw themselves in the various characters of the novel. Forster did not even bother concealing the identity of Mr. Godbole, a Brahman whom Foster met in Lahore (Sarker 50 and Furbank 249). Godbole appears in the novel with his name and identity intact.
During his second trip to India, roughly one decade after his first trip, Forster visited with Rupert Smith, a former assistant magistrate who had since become a district collector. Smith's house, befitting his social station, was impressive. Smith was "rather proud" of this house, but was "later annoyed to see [it] vilified in A Passage to India" (Furbank 92).[7] It would, I think, be fair to say that Smith and the other collectors whom Forster observed in India served as models for Mr. Turton, the fictional collector in Passage. Forster's acquaintance with collectors suggests, at any rate, that he was at least aware of collectors' official and legal responsibilities. Forster exaggerated and ridiculed these responsibilities in the novel. His portrayals ruffled the feathers of more than a few British readers both in Britain and in India. He received, for instance, the following letter from H.H. Shipley, a gentleman recently retired from the Indian Civil Service who had read Passage with disgust:
Frankly, your Collector is impossible. There is not a Collector in India—not an English Collector—who would behave as he does. No Collector in his senses would go to the railway station to witness the arrest of a Native Asst. Surgeon. Nor would he discuss a case 'pendente lite' publicly at the Club. Nor (incidentally) do Collectors clap their hands at such meetings to enforce silence or attract attention. […] If a Collector behaved as Turton did he would be written down as a madman. And pardon me if I say that the idea of the members rising to their feet at Heaslop's entrance made me roar with laughter. In our Indian Clubs a member is a member, not a God, whether he be Collector or Merchant's Assistant. We are not such bum-suckers as that, if you will excuse the expression. (Furbank 126–27)
Shipley's take on Turton typifies the British outrage that Forster faced after the publication of Passage. Shipley's perception of Turton as a real-life figure and not as a memorable or hyperbolic creation of fiction not only fails to account for narrative technique but also points to the urgency with which British readers in India sought to counter threats to existing social and legal orders.[8]
Referred to as "the Collector" by the narrator and the other characters, Turton is an aptronymic figure in that his nickname signifies not only his job but also his "collected" demeanor. He is rich in contradiction and uniquely situated vis-à-vis the law. More or less in charge of the local government, this oft-ignored figure aspires, with limited success, to neutrality—as well he might, for the job of collector called for strategic, intercultural maneuvering. We first hear of Turton by way of three prominent Indian characters—Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali, and Dr. Aziz—who casually discuss whether Indians and Englishmen can become friends. "Why, I remember when Turton came out first," one of the men (it is unclear which) announces, adding, "You fellows will not believe me, but I have driven with Turton in his carriage—Turton! Oh yes, we were once quite intimate. He has shown me his stamp collection." "He would expect you to steal it now," counters another. This dialogue indicates how India transforms the English; it is perhaps Forster's way of indicting the system rather than certain individuals. Forster invites readers to think of Turton as a decent man spoiled by dislocation and desensitization—as a victim, in other words—and not as an instinctively villainous oppressor. This scene also reveals the hypocrisy of the imperial legal system as manifested by a glaring double-standard: Mrs. Turton's acceptance of a sewing machine from "some Rajah or other" in exchange for running water in the Rajah's territory (4–5). The men remark that the law would not tolerate such bribing by an Indian, thus foreshadowing the law's double-standard as applied to Aziz. Read the rest of this entry »
A Passage to India, Amritsar Massacre, Brahman Hinduism, Classical Economics, District Collector, E.M. Forster, Edward Said, Emerson, India, Jeremy Bentham, Libertarianism, Mr. Turton, Murray Rothboard, Orientalism, Rule of Law, Utilitarianism, William Blake
The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton in E.M. Forster's A Passage to India
In Arts & Letters, Austrian Economics, Book Reviews, Communication, E.M. Forster, Eastern Civilizaton, Emerson, Essays, Fiction, History, Humane Economy, Humanities, Jurisprudence, Law, Law-and-Literature, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Literary Theory & Criticism, Literature, Novels, Philosophy, Politics, Religion, Transnational Law, Western Civilization, Western Philosophy on October 17, 2011 at 11:55 am
The following post first appeared here at Prometheus Unbound: A Libertarian Review of Fiction and Literature.
A Passage to India, by E.M. Forster [trade paperback]; also made into an award-winning film.
Perhaps the most important task of all would be to undertake studies in contemporary alternatives to Orientalism, to ask how one can study other cultures and peoples from a libertarian, or a nonrepressive and nonmanipulative, perspective.
– Edward Said, Orientalism
When I asked Dr. Plauché what I should review for my first contribution to Prometheus Unbound, he suggested that I elaborate on my recent Libertarian Papers article: "The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton: The Role of District Collector in A Passage to India." Would I, he asked, be willing to present a trimmed-down version of my argument about the role of district collectors in colonial India, a role both clarified and complicated by E.M. Forster's portrayal of Mr. Turton, the want-to-please-all character and the district collector in Forster's most famous novel, A Passage to India. I agreed. And happily.
For those who haven't read the novel, here, briefly, is a spoiler-free rundown of the plot. A young and not particularly attractive British lady, Adela Quested, travels to India with Mrs. Moore, whose son, Ronny, intends to marry Adela. Not long into the trip, Mrs. Moore meets Dr. Aziz, a Muslim physician, in a mosque, and instantly the two hit it off. Mr. Turton hosts a bridge party — a party meant to bridge relations between East and West — for Adela and Mrs. Moore. At the party, Adela meets Mr. Fielding, the local schoolmaster and a stock character of the Good British Liberal. Fielding invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to tea with him and Professor Godbole, a Brahman Hindu. Dr. Aziz joins the tea party and there offers to show Adela and Mrs. Moore the famous Marabar Caves.
When Aziz and the women later set out to the caves — Fielding and Godbole are supposed to join, but they just miss the train — something goes terribly wrong. Adela offends Aziz, who ducks into a cave only to discover that Adela has gone missing. Aziz eventually sees Adela speaking to Fielding and another Englishwoman, both of whom have driven up together, but by the time he reaches Fielding the two women have left. Aziz heads back to Chandrapore (the fictional city where the novel is set) with Fielding, but when he arrives, he is arrested for sexually assaulting Adela. A trial ensues, and the novel becomes increasingly saturated with Brahman Hindu themes. (Forster is not the only Western writer to be intrigued by Brahman Hinduism. Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Blake, among many others, shared this fascination.) The arrest and trial call attention to the double-standards and arbitrariness of the British legal system in India.
Rule of law was the ideological currency of the British Raj, and Forster attempts to undercut this ideology using Brahman Hindu scenes and signifiers. Rule of law seeks to eliminate double-standards and arbitrariness, but it does the opposite in Chandrapore. Some jurisprudents think of rule of law as a fiction. John Hasnas calls rule of law a myth. Whatever its designation, rule of law is not an absolute reality outside discourse. Like everything, its meaning is constructed through language and cultural understanding. Rule of law is a phrase that validates increased governmental control over phenomena that government and its agents describe as needing control. When politicians and other officials lobby for consolidation or centralization of power, they often do so by invoking rule of law. Rule of law means nothing if not compulsion and coercion. It is merely an attractive packaging of those terms.
British administrators in India, as well as British commentators on Indian matters, adhered in large numbers to utilitarianism. Following in the footsteps of Jeremy Bentham, the founding father of utilitarianism, these administrators reduced legal and social policy to calculations about happiness and pleasure. Utilitarianism holds, in short, that actions are good if they maximize utility, which enhances the general welfare. Utilitarianism rejects first principles, most ethical schools, and natural law. Rather than couch their policymaking in terms of happiness and pleasure, British administrators in India, among other interested parties such as the East India Company, invoked rule of law. Rule of law manifested itself as a concerted British effort to discipline Indians into docile subjects accountable to a British sovereign and dependent upon a London-centered economy. The logic underpinning rule of law was that Indians were backward and therefore needed civilizing. The effects of rule of law were foreign occupation, increased bureaucratic networks across India, and imperial arrogance.
Murray Rothbard was highly critical of some utilitarians, but especially of Bentham (see here and here for Rothbard's insights into the East India Company). In Classical Economics, he criticized Bentham's opinions about fiat currency, inflationism, usury, maximum price controls on bread, and ad hoc empiricism. Bentham's utilitarianism and rule of law mantras became justifications for British imperialism, and not just in India. A detailed study of Hasnas's critique of rule of law in conjunction with Rothbard's critique of Bentham could, in the context of colonial India, lead to an engaging and insightful study of imperialism generally. My article is not that ambitious. My article focuses exclusively on A Passage to India while attempting to synthesize Hasnas with Rothbard. Forster was no libertarian, but his motifs and metaphors seem to support the Hasnasian and Rothbardian take on rule of law rhetoric and utilitarianism, respectively. These motifs and metaphors are steeped in Brahman Hindu themes and philosophy. Read the rest of this entry »
A Passage to India, Brahman Hinduism, E.M. Forster, John Hasnas, Libertarianism, Murray Rothbard, Rule of Law
The Oft-Ignored Mr. Turton: The Role of District Collector in A Passage to India
In Arts & Letters, Austrian Economics, E.M. Forster, Jurisprudence, Law-and-Literature, Legal Education & Pedagogy, Libertarianism, Literary Theory & Criticism, Politics, Religion, Writing on December 23, 2010 at 2:43 pm
Click here to read my latest law-and-literature article. Below is the abstract for the article, which appears in Libertarian Papers:
E.M. Forster's A Passage to India presents Brahman Hindu jurisprudence as an alternative to British rule of law, a utilitarian jurisprudence that hinges on mercantilism, central planning, and imperialism. Building on John Hasnas's critiques of rule of law and Murray Rothbard's critiques of Benthamite utilitarianism, this essay argues that Forster's depictions of Brahman Hindu in the novel endorse polycentric legal systems. Mr. Turton is the local district collector whose job is to pander to both British and Indian interests; positioned as such, Turton is a site for critique and comparison. Forster uses Turton to show that Brahman Hindu jurisprudence is fair and more effective than British bureaucratic administration. Forster's depictions of Brahman Hindu are not verisimilar, and Brahman Hindu does not recommend a particular jurisprudence. But Forster appropriates Brahman Hindu for aesthetic and political purposes and in so doing advocates a jurisprudence that does not reduce all experience to mathematical calculation. Forster writes against the Benthamite utilitarianism adopted by most colonial administrators in India. A tough figure to pin down politically, Forster celebrates the individual and personal relations: things that British rule of law seeks to suppress.


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5 best seasons in LSU football history
Nicholas Allen
LSU has always been one of the proudest programs in the SEC.
In 2003, Nick Saban built the Tigers into a national champion for the first time in 45 years. Les Miles followed Saban and has overseen seven of the program's 14 double-digit winning campaigns. Together, the pair has combined to coach LSU to 15 consecutive winning seasons.
This is the golden era for the Fighting Tigers.
But many LSU teams have brought great joy to Baton Rouge, including at least one team that finished ranked in the top 12 of the final Associated Press poll in each decade since the poll came into existence in 1936.
With that in mind, here are the five greatest football teams in school history, along with some honorable mentions.
1996: 10-2 (6-2), No. 12 Final Ranking
The 1990s were one of the darkest periods in LSU history, as the Tigers suffered six losing seasons during the decade. However, Gerry DiNardo's best LSU team, headlined by running back Kevin Faulk, was just the second LSU team since 1961 to win 10 games.
1987: 10-1-1 (5-1), No. 5 Final Ranking
The first 10-win team at LSU in more than a quarter century, the 1987 Tigers tied No. 7 Ohio State early in the season and beat ranked opponents Texas A&M, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. The only thing standing in the way of an SEC title was a 22-10 loss to Alabama at Tiger Stadium.
1970: 9-3 (5-0), SEC Champions, No. 7 Final Ranking
Legendary LSU head coach Charlie McClendon led the Tigers to a 9-1 record in 1969, but the 1970 squad was Cholly Mac's lone SEC title team. LSU beat No. 6 Auburn, No. 16 Ole Miss and No. 19 Alabama, but lost the season opener to Texas A&M as well as a mid-season matchup at No. 2 Notre Dame. The Tigers also fell 17-12 to No. 3 Nebraska in the Orange Bowl.
1961: 10-1 (6-0), SEC Co-Champions, No. 4 Final Ranking
If not for a 16-3 upset loss to Rice in Week 1 of the 1961 season, LSU might have earned its second national championship in a four-year period. The Tigers played dominant defense the rest of the season, recording five shutouts and allowing more than seven points just once. The Tigers swept the SEC schedule – including victories over No. 3 Georgia Tech and No. 2 Ole Miss — and beat No. 7 Colorado, 25-7, in the Orange Bowl.
1959: 9-2 (5-1), No. 3 Final Ranking
LSU entered the 1959 season as the No. 1 ranked team in the country on the heels of a perfect record and national championship the previous season. Running back Billy Cannon helped the Tigers post a 9-1 record in the regular season, with a one-point loss to No. 13 Tennessee the only blemish. Cannon won the Heisman Trophy – the only Heisman in school history – but LSU lost a rematch with No. 2 Ole Miss 21-0 in the Sugar Bowl.
1946: 9-1-1 (5-1), No. 8 Final Ranking
Bernie Moore, who also served as the head track and field coach at LSU (and won the first national championship with any SEC athletic program and the first for LSU in any sport in 1933) and was eventually the commissioner of the SEC, put together one of his best Tigers football teams in 1946. LSU's only loss came against a solid Georgia Tech squad, and the Tigers fought No. 10 Arkansas to a scoreless tie in the Cotton Bowl.
1936: 9-1-1 (6-0), SEC Champions, No. 2 Final Ranking
Moore's second team at LSU was his best, and came as close as possible to being the first team ever to be crowns national champions by the Associated Press. However, a 6-6 tie with Texas was deemed to be a bigger blemish than Minnesota's 6-0 loss to No. 3 Northwestern. The Tigers won the SEC and beat their league opponents by a combined score of 143-20, but lost to No. 5 Santa Clara in the Sugar Bowl to spoil an undefeated season.
5. 1908: 10-0, SIAA Champions
The first great team in LSU football history, the Tigers posted a perfect 10-0 record in 1908 and beat their opponents by an average score of 44.3-1.1 with eight shutouts. The numbers themselves are impressive, and LSU beat current rivals Texas A&M, Auburn, Mississippi State (then known as Mississippi A&M) and Arkansas, as well as Louisiana Tech and Baylor. But the Tigers also feasted on the New Orleans Gym Club, Jackson-Barracks New Orleans and Southwestern Tennessee (now known as Union University).
The National Championship Foundation has retroactively awarded the 1908 LSU squad with a co-national championship, but the school does not officially recognize it.
4. 2007: 12-2, SEC Champions, National Champions
Often referred to as "The Year of the Upset," the 2007 college football season was one of the craziest of all-time. It started with perhaps the greatest upset in the history of the sport – Appalachian State's 34-32 victory over No. 5 Michigan – and included five teams ranked No. 1 losing (including LSU and Ohio State twice each), and losses by seven squads ranked No. 2.
Fortunately, the Tigers were able to take advantage of the mayhem. LSU was the last team standing after a 38-24 victory over Ohio State in the BCS National Championship Game in New Orleans. LSU became the first and (to date) the only consensus national champion to finish the season with two losses, having been beaten twice in triple overtime.
Led by two-time All-American defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey, LSU beat six ranked teams, including No. 9 Virginia Tech in Week 2, No. 17 Alabama in Tuscaloosa and No. 14 Tennessee in the SEC Championship Game – after which the No. 5 Tigers jumped all the way to the second spot in the polls for a shot at No. 1 Ohio State.
3. 2011: 13-1, SEC Champions
If the Tigers were the beneficiaries of extraordinary circumstances in 2007, they were on the wrong end in 2011. Led by arguably its most talented defense ever, which featured Chuck Bednarik Award winner Tyrann Mathieu and Jim Thorpe Award winner Morris Claiborne, LSU raced through a difficult schedule with a 13-0 record prior to the BCS National Championship rematch with Alabama, which the Crimson Tide won 21-0.
The Tigers ranked No. 2 in the nation in scoring defense (10.6 points allowed per game) and total defense (252.1 total yards allowed per game) heading into the national title game. Only No. 3 Oregon, who finished the season with the nation's third highest scoring offense (46.1 points per game), scored more than 21 points against LSU this season.
LSU also beat No. 3 Arkansas, 41-17, in the regular season finale and whooped No. 12 Georgia, 42-10, in the SEC Championship Game. But, as luck would have it, Alabama was ranked No. 2 by the BCS, which earned the Crimson Tide a shot at a rematch in New Orleans.
The 2003 LSU Tigers faced modest expectations following an 8-5 record the previous season, and ranked No. 14 in the preseason AP Top 25. Beginning the season on a tear, LSU climbed to No. 6 after a 17-10 upset victory over Georgia and a 41-6 blowout of Mississippi State, but suffered a 19-7 loss to Florida that seemingly knocked the Tigers out of the national championship picture.
Of course, Nick Saban then led LSU to six straight wins to close the regular season, including a 31-7 victory over No. 17 Auburn and a 17-14 win on the road against No. 15 Ole Miss, to earn a rematch with Georgia in the SEC Championship Game. A 34-13 win over the Bulldogs was enough to secure a spot in the Sugar Bowl with the BCS National Championship on the line.
Though controversial because the Associated Press voted USC as No. 1, the Coaches Poll crowned LSU national champions after the Tigers beat the Oklahoma Sooners, 21-14, in New Orleans.
Freshman running back Justin Vincent, quarterback Matt Mauck and wide receivers Michael Clayton and Devery Henderson were the stars of the offense, but the Tigers also boasted the nation's stingiest defense having allowed an average of 11.0 points per game.
The only undefeated consensus national championship team in school history, the 1958 LSU Tigers stand alone as the greatest team in program history.
Led by legendary head coach Paul Dietzel, who employed a radical platoon system that utilized three separate 11-man units in order to keep the team fresh late in games, the Tigers raced to a perfect 10-0 regular season record, an SEC Championship, and a victory over Clemson in the Sugar Bowl to secure the national title.
One of the platoon groups – the backup defense – was the famed "Chinese Bandits." The plan paid off as the Tigers allowed just 4.8 points per game, giving them the best scoring defense in the country. LSU recorded four shutouts, including a 14-0 victory over No. 6 Ole Miss.
The offense was also stellar, and ranked among the nation's top 10 in scoring with an average of 25.6 points per game. Billy Cannon, the star, led the team with 686 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns. Johnny Robinson added 480 rushing yards and was the team's leading receiver with 205 yards on 14 catches. Quarterback Warren Rabb threw for 505 yards, 7 TDs and 5 interceptions.
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Peter is originally from Scotland and moved to England with his family for a life by the sea in 1988.
Peter played soccer for his High School team and County team where he was scouted by Tottenham Hotspurs FC and signed for them on a schoolboy contract. He then signed for Barnett FC on a YTS contract then ultimately with a Professional Contract. During his time at Barnett, Peter suffered a soccer injury and moved to play semi-pro soccer for Folkstone Invicta FC, Tonbridge Angels FC and St. Leonards FC.
In 2002, Peter made the move stateside working with MLS Camps as a player development coach in Dallas. He also worked for Dallas Burn Youth and Andromeda Soccer Club while there. He then coached in Houston for a short period of time before making the move to Austin. Peter was previously the Forza FC Youth Director, and the Youth Director with the Texans prior his move to Lonestar SC. Since 2011, Peter has been a Head Coach at Lonestar Soccer Club.


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Live through your screen with the LG OLED TV
The extended lockdown brought by the COVID-19 has forced us, Lebanese, to get used to new ways of living, creating new indoor hobbies while exploring new past times. Small close friends' gatherings family reunions and movie marathon are fun, but there is one thing we cannot deny: We all miss the days where we used to feel alive.
Football lovers have had a hard time watching their favorite team playing with an empty stadium, with no fans cheering them. Where is the excitement? What about that adrenaline rush they used to feel? It's bad enough that they can't enjoy that most-awaited game in a restaurant or pub with their friends!
Here is where LG comes into play, allowing you to live the action of a game while bringing your favorite team to life. Indeed, not all televisions are built with sports and fans in mind, but with its ability to display zoomed-out footage in stunning detail and its upscaling technology, the LG OLED TV is: Its self-emitting pixels in 4K and 8K allows you to see everything, down to each blade of grass while decreasing motion blur and flickering as every pixel illuminates independently. What does that mean? You will be able to experience next-level sensations while watching your games like you have never seen them before. Moreover, OLED offers surreal viewing angles and its 88-inch LG Signature OLED 8K TV, the best for home spectating, is the biggest example. So, brothers, enough fighting over who will get the best place on the couch since you'll all get front row tickets to the game!
Additionally, LG's TVs are equipped with AI Sound Pro, mixing game audio for realistic sounds while also being Bluetooth Surround Ready for easy connection. So, all you have to do is breathe in, close your eyes, and it will just feel like you are in your favorite stadium, surrounded by fans as wild as you! The best part is that LG OLED TV acts as your sport companion with its new Sport Alert notifications, giving you updates on your team's latest news and kick-off times, making sure you do not miss a second of the game!
Having said that, homestay is not that bad when you have an LG OLED TV in your living room, knowing that at every game, you will experience 90 minutes of pure adventure, excitement, and rush.


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