Robert Pattinson is best known for his portrayal of Edward Cullen from The Twilight Saga films, based on Stephenie Meyer's vampire-romance novels. Though, Harry Potter fans first knew Pattinson as Cedric Diggory. In 2010, Pattinson was named one of TIME magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World, and Forbes ranked him as one of the most powerful celebrities.
But what has Robert Pattinson been up to lately? The Twilight star picked up this modest Spanish-style, 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom Hollywood Hills home for a mere $2.18 million in October 2014.
According to Zillow, "Pattinson appears to have an affinity for Spanish-style architecture, based on the similarities to his previous residence he shared with then girlfriend and co-star, Kristen Stewart. This Spanish-style home boasts vintage terra-cotta tile, wood flooring, curved archways, and custom built-ins." This home is well suited for a young hollywood bachelor.
What are the characteristics of Spanish-style architecture?
Built from indigenous components such as adobe and coquina rock.
Thick, stucco-clad walls. Stucco walls are ideally situated for warm climates.
Small, open windows. Wooden shutters are traditionally mounted on the inside of the home.
One level (ranch style) with minimal steps from the exterior.
Ornamentation on these homes is limited to arches on entranceways, interior windows, and passageways.
Wooden roof supports project out over the exterior walls in classic Spanish-style.
Inner courtyards serve as informal gathering areas for family and friends.


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With Director James Cameron's Help, Mercedes Reveals its New AVTR
New concept vehicle boldly lifts from wildly popular sci-fi flick Avatar.
by Paul A. Eisenstein | Jan 7, 2020
Director James Cameron and Mercedes-Benz CEO introduce the Mercedes-Benz Vision AVTR at CES in Las Vegas.
Mercedes-Benz has frequently pushed the boundaries of automotive design and technology with its exotic Vision Concept vehicles, and it's reaching even further with the Vision AVTR debuting at this week's Consumer Electronics Show.
If the name strikes a resonant chord it may be because the German automaker had a helping hand from James Cameron, the Hollywood director behind one of the most successful films in movie history, "Avatar."
"Not only is it beautifully designed but it will create a closer connection with the driver and the environment around them. One that hopefully results in a better understanding of our responsibility to the world in which we live," said Jon Landau, the producer of "Avatar," who joined Cameron during the debut of the AVTR concept on Monday night.
(Mercedes-Benz USA accepts potential $20M NHTSA fine)
There's more than a subtle connection between the AVTR – which is short for "Advanced Vehicle Transformation" — and the Banshees, the flying vehicles used by the movie's cat-like Na'Vi people.
The Vision AVTR, which is short for Automous Vehicle Transformation, was inspired by the Banshees in the movie Avatar.
The Mercedes concept, which debuted during a keynote speech by new CEO Ola Kallenius, is intended to have an almost organic link to driver and passengers.
From the outside, the rear of the four-door sports car-styled AVTR features fully 33 movable "surface elements" that not only appear to bring the concept to life, but also actually have a functional purpose. They can improve aerodynamics while also generating energy when the AVTR is moving.
In turn, that power is stored in a new graphene organic battery that eliminates many of the traditional metals, like cobalt used in current lithium-ion technology. One of the drawbacks of modern battery technology is that they are difficult, if not impossible, to recycle. But Mercedes claims the cells used in the AVTR would be compostable.
As one would expect, the AVTR uses a twin-motor all-electric drive system producing a combined 470 horsepower. It is said to have a range of 435 miles between charges. One of the system's more interesting features is its ability to "crab," or spin up to 30 degrees by turning the motors on its front and rear axles in opposite directions simultaneously.
(NHTSA investigating Mercedes recall protocols)
The AVTR can travel 435 miles on a single charge with its revolutionary graphene organic battery.
The focus on sustainability is apparent throughout the AVTR concept. Among other things, it replaces leather, a classic luxury hallmark, with the microfiber Dinamica, which is made of recycled materials. And while there's still wood inside, the automaker turned to a fast-growing and sustainably harvested Indonesian material called Karuun.
As with the Avatar Banshees, the Mercedes Vision AVTR is designed to intuitively link driver and vehicle. Place your hand on the glowing central controller and it will read your pulse while allowing you to operate many of the prototype's functions. When you lift your hand, the concept vehicle projects onto its palm a list of different functions.
One thing you'll likely notice is the absence of a steering wheel, the Vision AVTR designed to be fully autonomous.
Lifting another page from the film, Avatar, the AVTR concept is meant to focus on family, and it can tell if there are kids onboard. If so, it displays a menu so parents to let them monitor what the youngsters are doing in the rear. And they'll have plenty of options, including the "Magic Pool," an assortment of augmented reality games and experiences influenced by the sci-fi movie.
"The interior of the Vision AVTR becomes an immersive experience space and conveys a completely new user experience," the automaker explains.
The AVTR is autonomous and doesn't offer the "driver" a steering wheel.
Director Cameron made a bit of news during the reveal saying that he is preparing to release the long-awaited sequel to Avatar, although offered no real specifics.
(First Look: 2021 Mercedes-AMG GLA)
The concept vehicle is easily the most radical in the growing series of Mercedes Vision concepts. While some elements could eventually see production, the AVTR is more like something bound to become a theme-park ride, however.
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Tagged with: Mercedes Avatar | Mercedes-Benz CES 2020 | Mercedes-Benz Vision AVTR | mercedes news | thedetroitbureau.com
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text:
Q: Facebook Developer login error I was working with a developer on Facebook integration with my iOS app and he used his Facebook developer account. Now, I switched over to my Facebook developer account and changed the App ID in the .plist. I am able to login through Facebook in my app, but when I try to publish a post to Facebook, I am asked to login again. When I enter my Facebook login credentials, I get the following error:

Error Domain=com.facebook.sdk Code=2 "The operation couldn't be completed. (com.facebook.sdk error 2.)" UserInfo=0x178477840 {com.facebook.sdk:ErrorLoginFailedReason=com.facebook.sdk:UserLoginCancelled, com.facebook.sdk:ErrorInnerErrorKey=Error Domain=com.facebook.sdk Code=2 "The operation couldn't be completed. (com.facebook.sdk error 2.)" UserInfo=0x17846a8c0 {com.facebook.sdk:ErrorLoginFailedReason=com.facebook.sdk:InlineLoginCancelled

If I use the previous App ID from his Facebook developer account, it works perfectly and the post publishes to Facebook without even asking for credentials again. Also, this is odd because the new App ID does work on Android, just not on iOS. Any suggestions?

A: I've gotten this error previously due to having a bad or old token from doing something similar where I had multiple Facebook apps hooked up to the same iOS App. Your device is likely still trying to sign in with a previous token, which is no longer valid as you have changed your app settings.
Try the following:

*

*Deleting the app from your Facebook account. Log in into facebook > Settings > Apps > delete your app.

*Sign out of your Facebook app on your device (and in your iPhone/iPad settings if you have it integrated there).

*Kill your app completely and then try again.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Former Sen. Hutchinson scheduled for 'change of plea' hearing Tuesday in federal court
Latest NewsTalk Politics
by Wesley Brown ([email protected]) June 24, 2019 4:24 pm 616 views
Sen. Jeremy Hutchinson
Former Sen. Jeremy Hutchinson, R-Little Rock (photo courtesy of KUAR)
Former Sen. Jeremy Hutchinson, R-Little Rock, is scheduled for a change of plea hearing on Tuesday (June 25) before U.S. District Judge Kristine Baker nearly nine months after he was indicted by a federal grand jury in a wide-ranging public corruption scheme.
The hearing in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas will be held at the Richard Sheppard Arnold U.S. Courthouse at noon in downtown Little Rock. According to the one-page court filing, the former Arkansas senator will appear before Baker to change his earlier not guilty plea, although the court offered no details or reasons for Hutchinson's change of heart.
In September 2018, Hutchinson pleaded not guilty on all 12 counts of allegedly devising a scheme to steal thousands of dollars in campaign contributions and then falsifying state campaign finance reports and tax filings as part of the scheme. In the original 15-page indictment, federal prosecutors alleged the Hutchinson spent thousands of dollars proffered from campaign funds on everything from cruises and travel expenses to St. Louis Cardinal baseball games to utility bills and Netflix fees.
Hutchinson is the son of former U.S. Sen. Tim Hutchinson, R-Ark., and the nephew of Gov. Asa Hutchinson. He had been a state senator since 2011 and first came to the State Capitol as a state representative in 2000. The former senator and Little Rock attorney resigned from the Arkansas General Assembly after the federal indictment charged him with eight counts of wire fraud and four counts of filing false tax returns.
Hutchinson's plea hearing does not involve a second indictment filed against him earlier this year by the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri. In that 85-page federal grand jury indictment first unsealed on April 11, Hutchinson and husband-and-wife executive team for Preferred Family Healthcare (PFH) of Springfield, Mo., were charged with 32 new counts of public corruption in a closely-tied scheme that involved embezzlement, bribes and illegal campaign contributions to elected officials in Arkansas and Missouri.
In that case, federal prosecutors said Hutchinson "knowingly and unlawfully conspired, confederated, and agreed together" with Bontiea Goss and Tommy Ray Goss to devise a scheme that began in 2015 to defraud PFH, the same Springfield, Mo.-based nonprofit is at the center of the wide-ranging federal corruption probe in several jurisdictions that has already entrapped several former Arkansas lawmakers and PFH executives.
Last summer, PFH also filed a civil lawsuit in a federal circuit court of Independence County seeking to recover nearly $385,000 from the Arkansas senator and Little Rock law firm Steel, Wright, Hutchinson and Gray related to alleged negligent legal representation of the Missouri nonprofit. However, PFH's case against Hutchinson and the little Rock law firm was dismissed with prejudice in March by U.S. District Chief Judge Brian Miller for the Eastern District of Arkansas.
Although most federal cases involve instances where the defendant has accepted and signed a please agreement prior to appearing in court, Hutchinson's attorney, Tim Dudley of Little Rock, did not immediately respond to request for comments concerning Tuesday's plea hearing before Judge Baker.
Following pre-trial hearings earlier this month, the former Arkansas legislator had petitioned the court to dismiss all charges against him before his scheduled trial in Judge Baker's courtroom next month.
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The fourth meeting of the Kitakyushu Initiative was recently held in Kitakyushu (Japan).
The meeting was to garner commitments to conduct projects and disseminate their experiences to other cities, to discuss future collaborations, and to identify Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) opportunities.
Participants are local governments in the Asia Pacific region, and the meeting is being organized by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), the Government of Japan's Ministry of Environment, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, and the city of Kitakyushu.
CDM stands for the Clean Development Mechanism, one of three mechanisms developed under the Kyoto Protocol to help countries meet their targets in a cost effective way. Effective use of these Mechanisms are seen as a strategy to not only help reduce greenhouse gases, but provide international business opportunities and potential new revenue streams for both domestic and foreign businesses. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies that form part of local government Climate Action Plans have the potential to qualify as CDM projects; for more information, please visit www.iclei.org/ccp.
Kitakyushu is one of 21 local governments in Japan that are currently Members of ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability. For more information on ICLEI and its activities in Japan, please visit www.iclei.org/japan.
Source: "Fourth Meeting of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network", Institute for Global Environmental Strategies at www.iges.or.jp.


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Les Grandes Heures de Jean de Berry est un livre d'heures enluminé commandé par le duc Jean I de Berry. Dépouillé de ses grandes miniatures, le manuscrit est conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France sous la cote ms. lat. 919. Seule une grande miniature est actuellement conservée au musée du Louvre, représentant Le Portement de croix, peinte par Jacquemart de Hesdin.

Histoire du manuscrit
Vers 1407, Jean de France, duc de Berry passe commande d'un livre d'heures de grandes dimensions. L'ex-libris indique qu'il est achevé en 1409. Il fait appel pour cela au peintre Jacquemart de Hesdin, notamment pour peindre de grandes miniatures pleines pages, mais aussi à d'autres artistes. Dans l'inventaire de ses biens après son décès en 1416, le manuscrit est ainsi décrit : . Le manuscrit alors est orné d'une riche couverture couverte de pierres précieuses : velours violet, deux fermoirs d'or, rubis balais, saphir, et six perles. À cause de cette couverture, il est estimé à , contre seulement 500 livres pour Les Très Riches Heures, il est vrai non achevées. C'est de loin le plus cher des livres du duc.

Selon François Avril, conservateur de la Bibliothèque nationale, le manuscrit aurait ensuite appartenu à Charlotte de Savoie, épouse de Louis XI, dont l'inventaire après décès, daté de janvier-, mentionne . Mais l'historienne de l'art Nicole Reynaud préfère y voir plutôt la  mention du manuscrit Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry. L'ouvrage est dépouillé de sa luxueuse couverture lorsque Charles VIII, devenu propriétaire du manuscrit, la fait remplacer en 1488 par une nouvelle reliure en velours cramoisi, ornée de pièces gravées en argent, or et vermeil. Le manuscrit est encore complet et toujours décoré de la même couverture en 1518.

Le manuscrit perd ses grandes miniatures à une date inconnue. Au , une miniature, celle d'un Portement de Croix, est retrouvée chez le galeriste anglais Percy Moore Turner qui la vend au musée du Louvre en 1930 où elle se trouve maintenant, au département des peintures, sous la cote RF 2835.

Attribution des enluminures

Jacquemart de Hesdin est désigné comme le principal maître d'œuvre du travail d'enluminure. C'est sans doute lui l'auteur de la seule grande miniature connue, peut-être aussi des autres, et sans doute aussi de la petite miniature : David vêtu de bleu (folio 45). Comme l'indique le texte de l'inventaire de 1416, d'autres enlumineurs participent à ce travail, dont plusieurs ont été identifiés par les historiens de l'art. L'un d'entre eux est désigné par le nom de convention de Pseudo-Jacquemart. Il est l'auteur de la plupart des petites miniatures, des initiales et des drôleries. Il est possible qu'il ait aussi participé aux grandes miniatures car on retrouve sa main dans de grandes illustrations d'un autre manuscrit de la même époque (Saint-Pétersbourg, Rasn. Q.v.I,8). La petite miniature Saint Pierre et saint Paul baptisant (folio 97) est attribuée au maître de Bedford,  et La Descente aux limbes (folio 84) au maître de la Mazarine (autrefois au Maître de Boucicaut).

François Avril commente comme suit l'œuvre du Pseudo-Jacquemart :« En lui, Jean de Berry a trouvé un artiste complaisant et disposé à réaliser son désir de faire de ce livre d'heures, selon la formule de M. Thomas, une sorte d'anthologie de l'enluminure française, telle qu'elle était représentée dans ses collections». François Avril relève les emprunts non seulement au calendrier du Bréviaire de Belleville et aux Heures de Jeanne d'Évreux, mais aussi à des manuscrits plus récents comme le Bréviaire de Charles V (Résurrection du folio 81), les Très Belles Heures de Notre Dame de Jean de Berry (Noces de Cana du folio 41, Funérailles du folio 106), les Petites Heures de Jean de Berry (Vierge et l'Enfant de l'initiale du folio 8). Ces œuvres au caractère rétrospectif côtoient des créations d'artistes qui préparent l'avenir de l'enluminure, à savoir Jacquemart de Hesdin, le maître de la Mazarine, le  maître de Boucicaut (Saint-Grégoire du folio 100) et le maître de Bedford (folio 98), où saint Pierre accueille les élus, parmi lesquels Jean de Berry est mis en évidence, à l'entrée du Paradis.

Description du manuscrit
Le manuscrit est composé de 126 folios, soit 252 pages de très grand format (). Le texte en latin est complet et contient les chapitres suivants :
 Le calendrier (f.1-6)
 Les Heures de Notre-Dame (f.8-42)
 Les sept psaumes de la pénitence et les litanies des saints (f.45-52)
 Les petites heures de la croix (f.53-55) et les petites heures du Saint-Esprit (f.56-58)
 Les grandes heures de la Passion (f.61-85) et les grandes heures du Saint-Esprit (f.86-101)
 Les offices des morts (f.106-123)

Le manuscrit actuel comporte 24 illustrations du calendrier contenant des allégories bibliques, ainsi que 28 petites miniatures, situées en « belle page » illustrant le reste du texte, et réparties aux articulations de chaque office. Les trois principaux offices (heures de la Vierge, de la Passion et du Saint-Esprit) sont dotés chacun de huit images correspondant aux huit heures canoniales de l'office. Le commanditaire est représenté à cinq reprises (aux folios 8, 34, 96, 97 et 98).

On doit ajouter au manuscrit dix-sept grandes miniatures pleines pages, appelées « grandes histoires », soustraites au manuscrit à une date inconnue, ce qui fait un total de quarante-cinq petites et grandes peintures. Une seule des grandes est conservée : Le Portement de croix de Jacquemart de Hesdin, qui devait s'insérer avant l'actuel folio 71 pour illustrer l'heure de sexte de la Passion.

Eberhard König note dans sa présentation audiovisuelle que le choix des illustrations est motivé par le souhait de renouveler une iconographie déjà présente dans les nombreux autres livres d'heures que possède le duc. Certaines miniatures, comme les Noces de Cana, sont rarement employés. La double illustration, en miniature et dans l'initiale du texte qui suit, est aussi utilisée par exemple dans le livre d'heures d'Étienne Chevalier. Sont absentes les scènes principales que l'on trouve usuellement dans les heures de la Vierge et de la Passion à l'usage de Paris.

Le calendrier et le credo apostolique

Les douze folios du calendrier contiennent, en bas de page, des miniatures qui sont en correspondance avec le symbole des apôtres (ou credo des apôtres). Pour chaque mois, un des apôtres figure dans l'image, et porte un phylactère qui contient une phrase des douze phrases du credo. L'ordre des apôtres est : Pierre, André, Jacques le Majeur, Jean, Thomas, Jacques le Mineur, Philippe, Barthélémy, Matthieu, Simon, Thaddée, Mathias.

En face de chaque apôtre se trouve un prophète qui tient également un phylactère où est inscrit une phrase qui répond au texte de l'apôtre. De plus, l'apôtre retire un voile du prophète, signifiant à la fois qu'il révèle la loi nouvelle et qu'il dévoile l'annonce déjà contenu dans la loi ancienne. Enfin, tout à gauche se trouve un bâtiment représentant une synagogue et par là-même l'ancienne loi; le prophète retire du bâtiment une ou des pierre qu'il donne à l'apôtre, signifiant par là que l'ancienne loi est dépassée par la nouvelle; au fur et à mesure que l'année progresse, la synagogue est de plus en plus délabrée et, pimpante en janvier, elle est en ruine en décembre. Émile Mâle a observé que cette opposition entre prophètes et apôtres a été un sujet favori de l'art du . On en trouve dans divers vitraux, dans des bâtiments à Cluny ou Albi, et dans des manuscrits comme le Bréviaire de Belleville.

Les encadrements
Les bordures sont reprises d'un livre antérieur de Jean de Berry, les Belles Heures de Bruxelles. On y voit alterner, dans des sorte de quarte-feuilles, les armes, les emblèmes (ours et cygne « navré ») et le chiffre (un « V » et un « E » entrelacés) du destinataire. Un autre trait de ce manuscrit est l'abondance de figures grotesques représentées en bout de ligne : elles sont pour une bonne part empruntées aux Heures de Jeanne d'Évreux et au Bréviaire de Belleville de Jean Pucelle.

Portement de Croix

Ce n'est qu'en 1956 que le Portement de Croix est définitivement attribuée à Jacquemart de Hesdin et identifiée à l'une des grandes peintures des Heures. La page a été retaillée aux dimensions , jusqu'au filet d'encadrement. L'image porte des traces d'humidité, certains vêtements clairs sont probablement décolorés, l'argent est noirci (sabre du garde au premier plan, pièces d'armure, toit de la porte).

L'image, simplement encadrée par un filet d'or, occupe tout l'espace de la page sans laisser de place à des bordures ornementales. Les deux grandes croix disposées en diagonale contribuent à étager les plans et à scinder en petits groupes la foule des participants. La porte de Jérusalem, vue en perspective et tournée vers l'extérieur, crée un élément d'instabilité supplémentaire. L'impression dramatique est accentuée par la masse montagneuse menaçante de l'angle supérieur droit.
De multiples épisodes sont représentées autour du Christ. Outre le Christ, la Vierge, saint Jean et les soldats romains au centre, on reconnaît sainte Véronique tenant le voile imprimé du visage du Christ, Simon de Cyrène qui aide à porter la croix, les deux larrons portant leur croix. À l'arrière-plan, le suicide de Judas pendu à l'arbre, et dont un diable emporte l'âme. Une partie des soldats et témoins regardent d'ailleurs vers le pendu, invitant le spectateur à en faire autant. Certains épisodes sont aussi présents dans le corps du texte, comme le Suicide de Judas (fol. 65) et les Deux Larrons nus (fol. 70).

L'économie de couleurs est typique de Jacquemart. Au milieu d'un camaïeu de bruns, se détachent le bleu des tuniques du Christ, de Marie, de Véronique. Le personnage bedonnant au-dessus du Christ également vêtu de bleu et qui passe sa main dans sa ceinture est Ponce Pilate, en discussion avec le grand prêtre. Trois autres soldats portent des boucliers rouge vermillon marqués des lettres SPQR.

La composition d'ensemble est fondée sur des prototypes siennois, en particulier un Portement de Croix de Pietro Lorenzetti peint entre 1310 et 1320 et, pour les larrons et le soldat vu de dos, un diptyque peint par Simone Martini vers 1335. Le personnage tenant un enfant à la main au premier plan, dans le groupe de spectateurs, est un motif employé dans les fresques du Santo de Padoue par Altichiero da Zevio, où il joue le même rôle médian entre le spectateur et la scène à laquelle il assiste. Deux jeunes filles plus petites occupent redevant la scène, en prières mains jointes pour la première, et bras croisés pour la deuxième, vêtues de fines toiles de lin et de trames de coton. Ces donatrices ne sont pas Bonne et Marie, les deux filles de Jean de Berry. Les deux petits chiens à l'avant-scène se trouvent déjà dans un autre tableau de Matteo Giovannetti.

Miniatures

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Les Grandes heures de Jean de France, duc de Berry : Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, introduction et légendes par Marcel Thomas. Paris, Draeger, 1971.
 « État des Grandes Heures du duc de Berry en 1488 », in Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 1896, tome 57. pp. 263-266 .
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
 Jean  de Berry
 Livre d'heures

Liens externes
 Notice du catalogue de la BNF
 Reproduction intégrale du manuscrit de la BNF sur Gallica
 .

Notes et références

Grandes Heures
Manuscrit enluminé conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Collection de peintures françaises du Louvre
Manuscrit enluminé conservé au musée du Louvre
Manuscrit enluminé dispersé
Manuscrit enluminé gothique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lighter, News
The 20 Richest People In The United States
September 21, 2011 10:01 pm by Joyce Grant
Image: Svilen.milev.
Every year, Forbes magazine publishes a list of the 20 richest people in the United States.
This year, the 20 richest people are even richer than last year's list. Together, they own $52 billion more than the top 20 did in 2010.
At the #20 spot on the list is the Mars family, the owners of the world's largest candy company. Mars also makes Uncle Ben's rice and Whiskas cat food. The three family members have more than $13 billion each.
At #15 are the co-founders of Google (the company that owns the Internet search engine), Sergey Brin and Larry Page. They have $16 billion each.
At #14 on the list is Mark Zuckerberg, who started Facebook and still owns a quarter of the company. He was the subject of last year's movie The Social Network. Zuckerberg has more than $17.5 billion. He is often in the news. Recently, for instance, he announced that he would only eat meat he kills himself (in order to ensure he has a better understanding of, and connection to, the food he eats).
At #12 is the mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg, worth $19.5 billion.
At #11 are the three living children of the man who founded Wal-Mart. They are S. Robson Walton, Alice Walton and Jim Walton, worth more than $20 billion each.
Microsoft founder Bill Gates tops the Forbes list; image: Microsoft
Who is the richest person on Forbes's list of the top 20 wealthiest Americans? In the number-one spot is the founder of computer company Microsoft, Bill Gates. He has more than $59 billion. That's $3 million more than he had last year.
He is also said to be the person who gives away the most money in the world. He has given away more than $28 billion to charities. He says his main goal is to help find a cure for polio, which still exists in four countries and costs countries around the world more than $1 billion a year in vaccinations (Gates's charity pays for $200 million of that).
Together, the top 20 richest people in the United States have more than $459 billion.
Bill Gates, the richest person in the United States, donates millions of dollars to charities and important causes every year. Many other wealthy people and companies also donate large amounts of money every year.
If you were in a position where you had a lot of money, would you donate any of that money? Why or why not? If you chose to make a donation, which charity or cause would you choose? Why is this specific issue important to you?
Why do you think Forbes magazine publishes this information every year? Why do you think the general public would be interested in these statistics? How do you think the people in the article feel about having their financial information available to the public?
Make judgments and draw conclusions about the ideas and information in texts and cite stated or implied evidence from the text to support their views (OME, Reading: 1.8).
Evaluate the effectiveness of both simple and complex texts based on evidence from the texts (OME, Reading: 1.8).
Grammar Feature: Reading numbers out loud
Numbers are read out loud in different ways depending on how they are written.
For instance, $459 billion is read like: "four hundred and fifty-nine billion dollars." Even though the dollar sign is at the beginning, you don't say it first.
For a number like $17.5 billion, you can say "seventeen point five billion dollars" or "seventeen-and-a-half billion dollars," which is the same thing.
#12 is read like: "number twelve."
Read the following numbers out loud:
1. $5.50
2. #1
4. $4,000,100
Tags: celebrities, companies, grade 5, grade 6, grade 7, grade 8, marketing, money, United States


Surface integrity or in other words surface quality is a general term that is widely used in academia and industry to describe the characteristics and attributes of the workpiece surface after being modified or altered by manufacturing processes. Quality and integrity of the workpiece surface is a key design factor particularly when the part is likely to sustain severe service conditions such as very high or very low temperatures, corrosive environments, and dynamic loading and unloading. Broaching, as the focal point of this paper, is a machining operation in which roughing, semi-finishing, and finishing of the desired profile is achieved simultaneously by only one stroke of the tool with no further finishing operation required. Hence, the quality and integrity of final part during service life is directly governed by the broaching regime. The present paper aims to study the effects of broaching on the integrity of machined surface. Several samples from two types of steels (AISI 12L14, AISI 1045) and one type of aluminum (Al 7075) were prepared. The samples were examined to study both surface and subsurface characteristics of the broached surface including surface roughness, subsurface microhardness, and subsurface plastic deformation. The results showed gradual effect of successive teeth on the integrity of workpiece surface. It was shown that the surface and, to some extent, subsurface of the machined part were affected by the combined effect of successive teeth; however, it was determined that the effect of last teeth (finishing teeth) was dominant. This can be clearly seen through microhardness and surface roughness readings.
Author would like to express sincere appreciations to Prof. H. A. Kishawy (UOIT, Canada) for his invaluable support.
This project was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).


text:
<?php

namespace Commercetools\Core\IntegrationTests\Type;

use Commercetools\Core\Client\ApiClient;
use Commercetools\Core\Helper\Uuid;
use Commercetools\Core\IntegrationTests\ResourceFixture;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Common\LocalizedString;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Type\FieldDefinition;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Type\FieldDefinitionCollection;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Type\StringType;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Type\Type;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\Type\TypeDraft;
use Commercetools\Core\Request\Types\TypeCreateRequest;
use Commercetools\Core\Request\Types\TypeDeleteRequest;

class TypeFixture extends ResourceFixture
{
    const CREATE_REQUEST_TYPE = TypeCreateRequest::class;
    const DELETE_REQUEST_TYPE = TypeDeleteRequest::class;

    final public static function uniqueTypeString()
    {
        return 'test-' . Uuid::uuidv4();
    }

    final public static function defaultTypeDraftFunction()
    {
        $uniqueTypeString = self::uniqueTypeString();
        $name = 'testField';
        $draft = TypeDraft::ofKeyNameDescriptionAndResourceTypes(
            'key-' . $uniqueTypeString,
            LocalizedString::ofLangAndText('en', 'test-' . $uniqueTypeString . '-name'),
            LocalizedString::ofLangAndText('en', 'test-' . $uniqueTypeString . '-description'),
            ['category']
        );
        $draft->setFieldDefinitions(
            FieldDefinitionCollection::of()
                ->add(
                    FieldDefinition::of()
                        ->setName($name)
                        ->setLabel(LocalizedString::ofLangAndText('en', $name))
                        ->setRequired(false)
                        ->setInputHint('SingleLine')
                        ->setType(StringType::of())
                )
        );

        return $draft;
    }

    final public static function defaultTypeDraftBuilderFunction(TypeDraft $draft)
    {
        return $draft;
    }

    final public static function defaultTypeCreateFunction(ApiClient $client, TypeDraft $draft)
    {
        return parent::defaultCreateFunction($client, self::CREATE_REQUEST_TYPE, $draft);
    }

    final public static function defaultTypeDeleteFunction(ApiClient $client, Type $resource)
    {
        return parent::defaultDeleteFunction($client, self::DELETE_REQUEST_TYPE, $resource);
    }

    final public static function withUpdateableDraftType(
        ApiClient $client,
        callable $draftBuilderFunction,
        callable $assertFunction,
        callable $createFunction = null,
        callable $deleteFunction = null,
        callable $draftFunction = null
    ) {
        if ($draftFunction == null) {
            $draftFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDraftFunction'];
        }
        if ($createFunction == null) {
            $createFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeCreateFunction'];
        }
        if ($deleteFunction == null) {
            $deleteFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDeleteFunction'];
        }

        parent::withUpdateableDraftResource(
            $client,
            $draftBuilderFunction,
            $assertFunction,
            $createFunction,
            $deleteFunction,
            $draftFunction
        );
    }

    final public static function withDraftType(
        ApiClient $client,
        callable $draftBuilderFunction,
        callable $assertFunction,
        callable $createFunction = null,
        callable $deleteFunction = null,
        callable $draftFunction = null
    ) {
        if ($draftFunction == null) {
            $draftFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDraftFunction'];
        }
        if ($createFunction == null) {
            $createFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeCreateFunction'];
        }
        if ($deleteFunction == null) {
            $deleteFunction = [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDeleteFunction'];
        }

        parent::withDraftResource(
            $client,
            $draftBuilderFunction,
            $assertFunction,
            $createFunction,
            $deleteFunction,
            $draftFunction
        );
    }

    final public static function withType(
        ApiClient $client,
        callable $assertFunction,
        callable $createFunction = null,
        callable $deleteFunction = null,
        callable $draftFunction = null
    ) {
        self::withDraftType(
            $client,
            [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDraftBuilderFunction'],
            $assertFunction,
            $createFunction,
            $deleteFunction,
            $draftFunction
        );
    }

    final public static function withUpdateableType(
        ApiClient $client,
        callable $assertFunction,
        callable $createFunction = null,
        callable $deleteFunction = null,
        callable $draftFunction = null
    ) {
        self::withUpdateableDraftType(
            $client,
            [__CLASS__, 'defaultTypeDraftBuilderFunction'],
            $assertFunction,
            $createFunction,
            $deleteFunction,
            $draftFunction
        );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The redevelopment of St Ann's College incorporated modern facilities for the boarding students, yet complements the original building completed some 70 years ago.
The two-storey redevelopment consists of an undercroft section and first floor seamlessly incorporated internally into the old building. Study areas and common rooms had state-of-the-art IT services installed, while lift access was added and other facilities updated to ensure compliance with building standards and disability access.
Many of the elements of the redevelopment were selected for its environmental improvement to allow the college to reduce running and maintenance costs. Protection of the local heritage environment was paramount throughout the construction process. The heritage-listed bluestone retaining wall which ran along the driveway and into the construction site was the focus at all times during the process, along with a number of significant trees located at the entrance and within the site boundaries.
The finished product complements the heritage-listed blue stone walls, a tennis court and established gardens.


text:
Harold Leventhal Talk: Pitfalls of Empirical Studies that Attempt to Understand the Factors Affectin
Administrative Law and Agency Practice
Pitfalls of Empirical Studies that Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking: An Insider's Look at the Decisions of the D.C. Circuit Reviewing Administrative Agency Actions Between 2000 and 2008
By The Honorable Harry T. Edwards
I recently read a paper in which a prominent legal scholar argued that empirical evidence conclusively demonstrates that judicial review of agency action in the federal courts of appeals is highly politicized. My view of the work of appellate judges is quite different. My bottom line is simple: The decisions of federal appellate judges are not highly politicized and there is no body of empirical evidence to support a claim to the contrary.
When federal appellate judges decide a case, we focus on the relevant legal materials, including the record from the trial court or agency; the challenged judgment, decision, or verdict; the precise issues raised and preserved by the litigants; the parties' arguments raised in their written briefs and oral arguments; the applicable constitutional, treaty, statutory, regulatory, or contractual provisions; any relevant case precedent; and the applicable standards of review. And, because we typically sit in panels of three, we do not act alone in considering the outcome counseled by these materials; rather, we deliberate as a group--often extensively--with the goal of reaching a consensus as to the appropriate result.
When the relevant legal materials are uncomplicated, the issues are well defined and involve no new questions, and the precedent is fairly clear, deliberations are straightforward and judgments are easily reached. I have estimated that at least one-half of the cases decided by the courts of appeals fit this characterization and are thus "easy."
I have estimated that only 5 percent to 15 percent of the disputes that come before the court in any given term involve situations in which a fair application of the law to the facts produces no clear answer. I view these cases as "very hard." That leaves roughly 35 percent to 45 percent of the cases in which each party is able to advance a colorable legal argument; but, upon careful review, one side's claim is seen to be stronger. I classify these cases as "hard."
There is no doubt that, in "hard" and "very hard" cases, judges must exercise some discretion in order to reach an outcome that best fits with existing law. Given this reality, some commentators hypothesize that judges' decisionmaking is significantly determined by their personal political or ideological predilections. Legal empiricists have tried to test this hypothesis through the application of statistical analysis to case outcomes. Rather than considering the reasoning contained in opinions, these scholars treat case outcomes as raw data and attempt to statistically correlate those outcomes to a judge's presumed personal ideological and political views. These views are often identified by reference to the party of the President who appointed the judge.
I find these studies seriously flawed due to conceptual and methodological problems, and I have concluded that they tell us very little about how appellate judges decide cases. My views on this subject are detailed in an article that I co-authored with Michael Livermore, entitled Pitfalls of Empirical Studies That Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking, 58 DUKE L.J. 1895 (2009). The article was just published by the Duke Law Journal and it includes an extensive review of three large-scale empirical studies authored by Professor Frank Cross, Professor Cass Sunstein and colleagues, and Professor William Landes and Judge Richard Posner. What I offer today is necessarily a condensed overview of our critique of these and other empirical legal studies.
Before turning to that overview, I would like to share with you some information on how my colleagues and I decide cases and then offer you some data on D.C. Circuit decisions in administrative law cases during the Bush Administration.
My assessment of the work of the D.C. Circuit is not based on a rigorous quantitative study. However, I can offer you an "insider's view" of the court, and I will support a number of my assertions with data. My qualitative assessment will at least give you a meaningful starting point, which is important because no legal empiricist has yet been able to determine how to quantitatively capture the effect of legal materials or confidential deliberations on appellate decisionmaking.
Decisions issued by the D.C. Circuit are arrived at as a result of judicial deliberation. In each case, judges work to articulate a shared vision of the appropriate outcome based on the relevant legal materials. In most instances, a judge who initially disagrees with a proposed case outcome either eventually agrees that the majority position is superior or convinces the other two judges to change their positions. In other words, because of fruitful judicial deliberations, there is rarely a dissenting opinion.
This is not to suggest that judicial decisionmaking on my court has always strictly hewed to the process I describe. In my years on the court, the D.C. Circuit has evolved from a place that was divided, divisive, and arguably susceptible to the influence of personal politics and ideology, to one stamped with the best elements of collegiality.
Even now, I have no doubt that there are occasions when, despite our best efforts, my colleagues and I are unwittingly influenced by extralegal factors. Nonetheless, in the vast majority of cases, we deliberate seriously and focus hard on reaching a consensus as to what the law counsels without recourse to personal political or ideological views.
My Pitfalls article was written in conjunction with a symposium sponsored by the Duke Law Journal. In preparing the article, I examined the judgments of the D.C. Circuit, reviewing administrative agency actions between 2000 and 2008. I selected this eight-year period because a Republican President was in the White House, Congress was controlled by Republicans for a majority of the eight years, and a clear majority of the judges on the D.C. Circuit was appointed by Republican Presidents. I selected administrative agency actions, both because the Duke symposium was focused on administrative law and also because it is well understood that this large category of cases includes some of the most difficult and controversial appeals heard by my court. If judges' personal political and ideological predilections played a significant role in their decisions during this period, a prime place to look for its effect would be the court's decisions to support or overturn agency actions. In these same cases, one might also expect to find sharp divisions among judges along political lines. That is not what our case dispositions indicate.
Rather, our case dispositions demonstrate: (1) most of the decisions involving administrative agency actions were issued without dissent; (2) judges routinely crossed over presumed political lines in the few cases in which dissents were issued; (3) "mixed panels" of the court (meaning panels consisting of judges appointed by both Republican and Democratic Presidents) routinely issued unanimous decisions – based on the record and grounded in law and precedent – resolving complex, difficult, and important administrative law cases; and (4) the full court rarely reheard a case en banc.
″ During the applicable 2000-2008 period, 10 of the 14 judges who served on the D.C. Circuit were appointed by Republican Presidents.
″ During this period, there were 913 decisions involving administrative agency actions, and only 41 included a dissent.
″ There were "mixed panel splits" in 22 of the 41 administrative law cases in which a dissent was filed. In other words, in almost 60 percent of the cases in which a dissent was filed, judges appointed by Presidents of the same party disagreed.
Some legal empiricists argue that the extraordinarily high number of unanimous decisions reached by appellate judges proves little, since, in their view, judges may join a decision even though they disagree with the reasoning supporting it. In other words, some empiricists claim that, due to "ideological dampening," a judge sitting on a "mixed panel" will be less likely to vote according to his or her own ideological preferences. The problem with this claim regarding alleged "panel effects" is that it is based on rank speculation--no empiricist can prove it. Indeed, my colleague, Dean Richard Revesz, who has written extensively on empirical legal studies, has readily acknowledged that "panel effects" can be explained by a "deliberation hypothesis," pursuant to which judges modify their views because they the are persuaded by their colleagues on the appropriate application of the law.
Some empiricists go further in their attempts to diminish the importance of unanimous decisions. These empiricists posit that judges sometimes suppress their personal ideological and political preferences in the short term to achieve long-term objectives. In other words, it is claimed that a judge appointed by a Democratic President might vote with her Republican appointed panel members and against her own presumed political preferences in order to maximize the future possibility that those Republican appointees will vote with her and against their presumed political preferences in a future case. The proposition is really quite silly and it finds no support in any study.
The simple point here is that the low rate of dissents in appellate decisions shows that judges appointed by both Democratic and Republican Presidents can and almost always do agree on what the law requires, regardless of their personal political and ideological leanings. Studies indicate that about 90 percent of all published appellate decisions are unanimous. However, unpublished decisions constitute over 80 percent of the cases decided by federal appellate courts, and judges rarely issue dissents in unpublished decisions. If both published and unpublished decisions were counted, the rate of dissent in federal appellate courts would border on negligible.
In pressing my claim that empirical studies tell us very little about the factors affecting appellate decisionmaking, I do not want to rest solely (or even principally) on my qualitative assessment of the D.C. Circuit. Rather, I would like to return to the conceptual and methodological problems to which I alluded at the outset of my remarks.
One glaring problem with the empirical studies to which I have referred is that they are overly informed by the attitudinal model of judicial behavior. The attitudinal model is premised on the assumption that judicial decisions are determined principally by the personal political and ideological preferences or attitudes of judges, and that judges' written opinions are merely "smokescreens" designed to hide this reality. The attitudinal model thus, quite purposefully, fails to take account of the effect of law, precedent, and deliberations on judicial decisionmaking. Consequently, at least in its starkest forms, the attitudinal model speaks about judicial opinions solely in terms of case outcomes. The attitudinal model also assumes that individual judges' personal views are immutable and can be accurately characterized pursuant to a simplistic liberal/conservative dichotomy. These are patently unrealistic assumptions. There is no reason to think that judges' preferences are particularly stable, and few of us can be easily characterized as liberal or conservative on all issues.
Even those legal empiricists who recognize the problems inherent in the attitudinal model face unsolved methodological difficulties that render suspect all but the most modest empirical conclusions about appellate decisionmaking. Empiricists normally draw on a defined data set of cases and look at "dependent" and "independent" variables. Dependent variables concern the object of study, while independent variables are those that are hypothesized to affect the dependent variable. In studies of judicial decisionmaking, the dependent variables relate to judicial decisions, typically case "outcomes." And in defining case outcomes, a number of empiricists rely on the "U.S. Courts of Appeals Database."
Although this database was created to facilitate empirical analysis, it is seriously flawed in that it does not include appellate cases resolved by unpublished decisions. As I have already noted, over 80% of all federal appellate decisions are unpublished. Unpublished decisions typically are unanimous and involve the most straightforward applications of the law. Importantly, then, unpublished decisions offer valuable information regarding appellate judges' adherence to precedent. For legal empiricists whose stated concern is whether judges follow the law or personal preferences, every judgment must count if the basis of appellate decisionmaking is to be accurately characterized.
The second major methodological obstacle faced by empiricists involves coding difficulties that can distort the dependant case outcome variable. There are many possible dispositions of appellate cases. However, empiricists routinely collapse these dispositions into simple binary outcomes such as "appellant prevails" or "appellee prevails." Some studies code case outcomes according to topical or political binary criteria, such as pro or anti-environment, pro or anti-criminal defendant, pro or anti-civil rights, and so on. Perhaps the most common metric used in empirical studies is a simple "liberal/conservative" binary.
These practices necessarily simplify and distort a court's holding, reducing to a simple often uninformative label what may be a complex and nuanced decision. Thus, for example, the court's disposition in an administrative law case might include a judgment on standing that appears to be "conservative," a judgment on "arbitrary and capricious" review that appears to be "liberal," and a judgment under Chevron that is neither. All of these nuances are lost in a binary outcome characterization.
Another well-recognized problem faced by empiricists studying appellate decisionmaking is that only the outcomes of decisions are coded, not the content. A disposition on procedural grounds against an environmental group is treated exactly the same as a decision on the merits, although the consequences can be quite different. Opinions that reach broad conclusions of law and include significant dicta are treated the same as opinions that decide cases narrowly and address only the arguments supporting the decision. Whether an opinion hews closely to precedent or decides a case on first principles is usually ignored. Coding only for outcome eliminates large amounts of data and treats as identical opinions that are, in many ways, quite different.
Difficulties in the coding of independent variables also cause problems for empiricists. The things that legal empiricists are most interested in studying – the personal political and ideological preferences of judges – are not easily quantified. Scholars consequently seek to describe these preferences through reference to proxies. The proxy typically employed is the party of the appointing President or "PAP." Relying on this proxy, researchers assume that judges appointed by Republican Presidents are "conservative," and judges appointed by Democratic Presidents are "liberal." The PAP proxy is a highly unsatisfying measure of a judge's personal political and ideological preferences.
Assuming we could agree on the meanings of "conservative" and "liberal," it is not the case that all Republican Presidents are conservatives and all Democratic Presidents are liberal. Moreover, Presidents are not solely motivated to appoint judges who reflect their politics. Commentators have noted alternative motivations for presidential appointments, including personal relationships and party building.
The link between the party of the appointing President and judicial "ideology" is even more attenuated. As Professor Gregory Sisk, a recognized empiricist, has explained:
The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines ideology as "one variant form of those comprehensive patterns of cognitive and moral beliefs about man, society, and the universe in relation to man and society, which flourish in human societies." Nothing nearly so sophisticated is in
operation in most empirical research conducted on the courts, whether undertaken by political scientists or law professors.
The critically important legal influences on appellate decisionmaking, including case records, the applicable law, precedent, and judicial deliberations, pose even more difficult coding challenges for empiricists and consequently have been largely ignored. To code precedent, for example, formalized and repeatable procedures would have to be developed for identifying and numerically describing the legal issues present in a case, the scope of authoritative and persuasive law, and the effect of that law on the outcome of the case.
Legal empiricists have yet to figure out how to reliably code "precedent" as an independent variable. The coding of deliberations presents an even more insurmountable task, for judges' deliberations are confidential. What is said as judges deliberate over how best to resolve the issues before them is critical to the decisionmaking process but is not public and therefore cannot be coded.
Persons who read about empirical studies often do not understand the coding problems underlying the use of proxies for political beliefs and ideology. Nor may they appreciate the consequences of empiricists' failure to account for unpublished decisions, case records, the applicable law, the effect of precedent, and the impact of judicial deliberations.
The problem is compounded when empirical scholars fail to fully reveal the limitations of their studies. Some empiricists bandy about the term "significant correlation" as if to suggest that their regression analyses conclusively demonstrate an irrefutable and strong connection between judges' personal political and ideological views and their decisions. But in his thoughtful and measured book, Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals, Professor Frank Cross explains that [a] reader [of empirical studies] should not place undue importance on a finding of statistical significance, because such a finding shows a correlation between variables but by itself does not prove the substantive significance of that correlation. One must also consider the magnitude of the association.
In other words, even when a regression study indicates a strong relationship, the meaning of that relationship may still be unclear.
There are two areas of disagreement that might arise with respect to my critique of empirical legal studies.
First, empiricists might point out that it is often the case in studies involving correlational analyses that researchers do not have direct access to the phenomena they want to measure and must therefore resort to proxies. So long as there is a general correlation between the proxy and the underlying phenomenon (and so long as the proxy is not correlated significantly with the absence of that phenomenon), the imperfections merely burden the estimates with a degree of randomness or noise.
Some empiricists might also argue that a significant relationship between PAP and case outcomes is telling because any such relationship is unconnected to anything intrinsic to legal reasoning.
These claims do not hold up under close scrutiny. The hypothesis that judicial decisionmaking is influenced by the ideology of judges is remarkable only if and to the extent that that ideology is extrinsic to law. It is well understood, however, that legal reasoning partakes of political and moral judgments in a number of cases in which judges must exercise delegated or common-lawmaking authority. Thus, in cases where the law requires it, judicial decisionmaking includes a situated and disciplined elaboration of the conventional norms of the American political community, some of which may coincidentally overlap with a judge's own personal ideology. One of many examples of judges undertaking this sort of disciplined elaboration in a self conscious and overt way is seen in the political (Meiklejohnian) conception of free speech that animated the Supreme Court's seminal decision in New York Times v. Sullivan.
If one accepts that such reasoning is legal reasoning, then any statistical model that uses a measure of ideology that potentially captures this reasoning cannot tell us much about appellate decisionmaking beyond the bland assertion that judicial disagreement explains variation in outcomes. Ideology may inappropriately affect variation in legal outcomes only if (a) ideology or politics takes on an impermissible, extralegal characteristic--something that empirical scholarship has not shown--or (b) we are wrong in our view that some political and ideological questions are intrinsic to law itself.
If empirical scholars could convince us that we are wrong in our view that some political and ideological questions are intrinsic to law itself, they would not be showing that judges have been substituting their ideology for law but, rather, that judges have been following a conception of law that we should reject for normative reasons. And, if they are right in this, their claim would be recognized as a contribution to philosophical jurisprudence, not empirical legal studies.
Second, empiricists might point out that where there is no correlation between independent variables, the omission of one independent variable should have no measurable impact on the estimated effect of another on the dependent variable. On this view, an empiricist might argue that the failure to take account of law, precedent, and deliberations does not bias any estimate of how much of the variance in outcomes is attributable to judges' personal politics or ideology.
There are at least two problems with this argument. First, we have good reason to believe that the quality of judicial deliberations affects appellate decisionmaking. Therefore, if an empirical model omits the deliberations variable, we have reason to believe that it will falsely suggest that influence of personal ideology is immutable and endemic to judicial decisionmaking rather than the source of a correctable pathology that is likely concentrated in relatively discrete segments of the federal circuit courts at any given time.
Second, empirical studies also go wrong when they assume that as ideological correlations go up, precedent correlations invariably go down. Higher correlations between ideological and political preferences and case outcomes tell us nothing about the relationship between precedent and case outcomes. If a case outcome adheres to precedent, it really does not matter whether the outcome is consistent with a judge's personal political or ideological views.
The simple truth is that, even accepting recent empirical studies on their own terms--that is, with all of their inherent flaws--it is still clear that they predict very little about the effects of extralegal factors on appellate decisionmaking. Professor Cross, who has completed the most comprehensive study of federal appellate decisionmaking, concedes as much in his book. He concludes that, while appointment variables (such as PAP) had measurable effects, they had "very limited explanatory power," especially when compared to legal variables for which "there was consistently a statistically significant association that was robust to different samples and control variables." Unsurprisingly, none of the studies refute the claim that case records, the applicable law, precedent, and judicial deliberations are the critically important determinants of appellate decisionmaking.
In conclusion, I want to be clear that, in forwarding my thesis, I do not mean to dispute the reality that Presidents often appoint judges whose views are consistent with their own. Indeed, when a court is composed of judges who come from a variety of personal, professional, and political backgrounds, this can make for better informed deliberations. My principal point is that it does not follow from the political reality of partisan appointments that judges act in a partisan way in deciding cases once on the bench. Rather, what I believe is that, on an appellate court that adheres to collegial practices, the applicable law, controlling precedent, and the collegial deliberative process are the primary determinants of case outcomes. Certainly, no empirical study has shown otherwise.
[Note: Citations to the authorities mentioned in this paper may be found in Edwards & Livermore, Pitfalls of Empirical Studies That Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking, 58 DUKE L.J. 1895 (2009)]


The Society for Conservation Biology is global community of conservation professionals dedicated to advancing the science and practice of conserving Earth's biological diversity.
Math Department at Rice University - 6100 S. Main St. Houston TX 77005-1892. Earn a math degree, a masters or a PhD in Mathematics at Rice University.
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text:
O Prêmio Oberwolfach () do Instituto de Pesquisas Matemáticas de Oberwolfach é concedido aproximadamente a cada três anos, em campos de avanço da matemática, destinado a matemáticos europeus até 35 anos de idade. É financiado pela Fundação Oberwolfach e concedido em cooperação com o instituto.

Laureados

1991 Peter Kronheimer
1993 Jörg Brüdern e Jens Franke
1996 Gero Friesecke e Stefan Sauter
1998 Alice Guionnet
2000 Luca Trevisan
2003 Paul Biran
2007 Ngô Bảo Châu
2010 Nicola Gigli e László Székelyhidi
2013 Hugo Duminil-Copin
2016 Jacob Fox
2019 Oscar Randal-Williams

Ligações externas
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Prémios de matemática


This 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT is offered to you for sale by Munday Chevrolet. This Chevrolet includes: ENGINE, 5.3L ECOTEC3 V8 Flex Fuel Capability 8 Cylinder Engine TEXAS EDITION Locking/Limited Slip Differential TRANSMISSION, 8-SPEED AUTOMATIC, ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED 8-Speed A/T A/T WHEELS, 17 Aluminum Wheels TRAILER BRAKE CONTROLLER, INTEGRATED EMISSIONS, FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS GVWR, 6900 LBS REAR AXLE, 3.23 RATIO *Note - For third party subscriptions or services, please contact the dealer for more information.* You've found the one you've been looking for. Your dream car. There is no reason why you shouldn't buy this Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT. It is incomparable for the price and quality. Just what you've been looking for. With quality in mind, this vehicle is the perfect addition to take home.


Autumn is my favourite season and I would like the beginning of the Autumn of my life to be filled with a kaleidoscope of New England colours and the promise of rich, colourful years to come. To help accomplish this I need to meet the right person! I have flown for some 45 years and am now retired with my feet firmly on the ground. I am well-travelled (particularly in the Far East and SE Asia), worldly-wise, articulate, appreciative of the Arts, more introvert than extrovert, sometimes over-sensitive but always loyal, dependable, modest, kind, trustworthy, unselfish and self-disciplined.
I love sport, play tennis (and sometimes golf) and enjoy watching rugby and cricket. I enjoy weekends away, quite frequently in London, and am keen to discover more of the UK and Europe. I try to get to the Proms every year and am a keen theatre and film goer. Like most discerning people I enjoy dinner in an atmospheric restaurant accompanied by good wine. The companionship of the perfect lady would complete the picture.
The very day of life.
I would like to meet an attractive, well-spoken lady who ideally has spent periods of her life outside the UK either for work or on holiday. She should be kind, compassionate, tactile and affectionate and know her own mind. Future travel should feature in her list of aspirations. She should enjoy sport, either in an active or passive capacity, and perhaps even agree to attend live future events. Music in any form should give her pleasure, as should an evening at the theatre or cinema. She should no longer smoke and appreciate good food and wine in small doses. Like me she should believe that laughter is the ultimate therapy and she should not take herself too seriously. She should perhaps be as uncomfortable here as I am.
Geode100 hasn't asked any friends to write a recommendation yet.


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I just love the "L" train (as it is affectionately called here in Chicago, representing the word, "elevated"). I recently took this photo while waiting for the Orange Line. To have trains meander between buildings (and have for over 100 years) is such a unique and interesting perspective.
Take the "L" and join in the space between!
← The Friday File: Canadians Seeking Sunshine!
I grew up there, so I was very familiar with the trains. When my grandfather died, I flew into Midway, took the Orange line downtown, got off at State and Van Buren (I think that was the stop), caught the Purple line, and rode it to 4th and Linden. Simple, right? One of my cousins' husbands, who works for the city, couldn't believe I knew how to do that. He was absolutely flabbergasted. I thought he figured I live in Atlanta and wouldn't know how the trains worked, but apparently he'd never taken any train but the Red line.
Such great shots. Sweeps me away to windy city.
Can't imagine the noise produced living next to the 'L' tracks.


and the belly looks just like a bubblebrown.
'Cause you can drown me, 'cause you're bubblebrown.
and you can do me, 'cause you're bubblebrown.
my sexuality's torn up she says "I'm not really in,but I'm not really gone"
if he would only knew brown is the only colour I will recognize.


Prepare the goat cheese medallions. Put flour, egg and panko in separate bowls. Coat goat cheese in the flour, dip in egg, then coat with panko. Place on a small plate and place in freezer for about 20 minutes. You don't want them to freeze completely, but you want them colder than normal to hold its form when you fry them.
Heat oven to 425f. In a baking sheet, place a little oil or bacon fat (you must know what I chose), and place in oven to heat. Once fat is heated, add the brussels sprouts along with some salt and pepper. Toss to coat evenly. Roast for about 15-20 minutes.
Salt and pepper steaks and grill to your desired temperature.
Cook carrots in a small pan with a bit of water and a pad of butter along with a pinch of salt. Simmer until just tender, about 5-7 miutes.
Toss sliced shallots in corn starch mixture. Fry in a shallow pan with some vegetable or grape seed oil at 340f until crispy. Drain on paper towels. Use the same oil to fry goat cheese medallions until golden brown.
Saute the morels in butter or olive oil with just some salt and pepper.
I could do without the goat cheese, but the rest, yum! Will work on a better plating job next time.


text:
all: phrasesim wordsim

phrasesim: src/pserver.cpp build/reader.o build/wikinet.o
	g++ src/pserver.cpp build/reader.o build/wikinet.o -o phrasesim -std=c++0x

wordsim: src/server.cpp build/reader.o build/wikinet.o
	g++ src/server.cpp build/reader.o build/wikinet.o -o wordsim -std=c++0x

build/reader.o: src/reader.cpp src/reader.h
	g++ -c src/reader.cpp -o build/reader.o -std=c++0x

build/wikinet.o: src/wikinet.cpp src/wikinet.h src/sparsevecimpl.h
	g++ -c src/wikinet.cpp -o build/wikinet.o -std=c++0x

clean:
	rm phrasesim
	rm wordsim
	rm build/*.o


text:
Q: Java queue linkedlist I'm trying to convert the following into java. I made a student class and join StudentNode and Queue by using LinkedList<Student> studentList.
How do I do the following 4 things in java?
Student *studentPtr;
StudentNode *p;
1. p.student = studentPtr;
2. p.next = null;

Queue readyQueue;
3. readyQueue.head
4. readyQueue.tail

typedef struct{
   int age;

}Student;
struct my_struct
    {
      Student student;
      struct my_struct* next;
    }StudentNode;

struct my_list
{
  struct my_struct* head;
  struct my_struct* tail;
}Queue;

Can anyone please help me to convert the following function to java method?
StudentNode *makeStudentNode(Student *stPtr)
{
    StudentNode *p = (StudentNode *)malloc(sizeof(StudentNode));

   p->student = stPtr;
   p->next = NULL;
   return p;
}

A: java.util.LinkedList is already available in library, you may use it.
List<student> studList = new LinkedList<student>();
Student st = new Student();
st.setName("...");
studList.add(st);
...

A: public class Student {
   int age;
}

and instead a queue
List<Student> studentList;

in code you will initialize the by:
studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();

or if you prefer to be nearer to the queue:
studentList = new LinkedList<Student>();

adding students:
studentList.add(new Student(23));
studentList.add(new Student(19));

and removeing first element
studenList.remove(0);

if theList was defined as LinkedList:
LinkedList<Student> studentList;

then you could remove the head with
studentList.remove();

You can iterate through all students:
for (Student student: studentList) {
   System.out.println(student.age);
}

Or using an Iterator:
 for (Iterator<Student> iterator = studentList.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
     Student student = iterator.next();
     System.out.println(student.age);
 }


All courthouses and lawyers in Armonk, New York, US: contacts, opening times, reviews and other information.
On our site you will find more than 2 lawyers, attorneys, law firms and 25 courthouse, which are located in Armonk.
Lawyer Jeffrey M. Rosenblum, P.C.


Image Title: Dining Tables Astounding Glass Top Table Set Dinette For Sets Ideas 16. Post Title: Glass Top Dining Sets. Filename: dining-tables-astounding-glass-top-table-set-dinette-for-sets-ideas-16.jpg. Image Dimension: 736 x 736 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: shesgonehealthy. Uploaded Date: Friday - September 14th. 2018 21:23:56 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: digsdigs.com. Brayden Studio Kangas 5 Piece Glass Top Dining Set Reviews Wayfair Regarding Sets Plan 2. Glass Top Dining Table Wooden With For Sets Plan 17. Vanalen 6 To 8 Extendable Dalla Seater Glass Top Dining Table Throughout Sets Plan 3. Furniture Of America Lavelle 5 Piece Glass Top Dining Set Dark Intended For Sets Ideas. Steve Silver Cayman 5 Piece Glass Top Dining Set Wayside Furniture For Sets Designs 4. Contemporary High Gloss Lacquer Black 7 Piece Glass Top Dining Table Set For Sets Decor 9. NOW Sales On Glass Top Dining Sets For Prepare 19. Vanalen 6 To 8 Extendable Dalla Seater Glass Top Dining Table Regarding Sets Decor. Dining Tables Astounding Glass Top Table Set Dinette For Sets Ideas 16. Teak Wood Dining Table Glass Top Room With Sets Decor 12.


Facebook Ice Cream - "Facecreame"
Croatian designer Tomislav Zvonarić well known for his creative Facebook bed recently created a design concept of Facebook ice cream and called it Facecream. Just in time for summer comes a tasty design concept for tech fans. Tomislav says "I wanted to make something for the hot summer days. It's not real, but it's a fun design." It would be interesting to see what flavor options would be. But we hardly see it in stores. Though pretty interesting concept. Don't you think?


Former San Diego Mayor Bob Filner, who resigned amid sexual harassment accusations, was sentenced to three months of home confinement and three years probation for acts against three women.
Filner, 71, was sentenced Monday in state Superior Court after pleading guilty to the charges against him in October in exchange for a plea bargain that would keep him out of jail.
Judge Robert Trentacosta on Monday also ordered Filner not to seek nor hold public office during his probation. Filner, who had served 10 terms in Congress before becoming mayor, also was fined $1,500.
"I look forward to making further contributions to the city I love," he said, adding that he would work to regain the public's trust, according to the Los Angeles Times.
Filner, who is Jewish, resigned in August after the San Diego City Council unanimously approved a deal under which he agreed to leave office by Aug. 30 in exchange for the city agreeing to pay his legal expenses in a sexual harassment lawsuit brought by his former aide. Nineteen other women publicly accused Filner of acting inappropriately and sexually harassing them.
This story "Bob Filner Sentenced to Home Confinement and Three Years Probation" was written by JTA.


text:
Korea Putting Heavy Responsibility on Dog Owners
박예지
Numerous dog bite incidents, some of which have even resulted in death, have recently been reported, arousing people's concern about dogs. The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), announced that 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners' will be newly enforced from March. Controversy, however, has flared up due to disagreement over the obligation for dogs to wear muzzles in public. Hashtag movements against mandatory muzzles such as #Against for muzzle #Disagree with criteria of 40cm were also relayed, starting with several celebrities and animal experts including Ha Ri-su and, Lee Ung-jong. The Sungkyun Times (SKT), therefore, analyzes the content of these measures and the issues they might arouse and proposes some possible improvements for them.
The New 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners'
Background of the Enforcement
The number of pet owners in Korea has increased dramatically over the past few years. According to the Korea Association of the Pet Industry, the percentage of pet owners in Korea has increased from 17.4% in 2010 to 28.8% in 2017. The MAFRA also reported that the pet market has grown from about \900 billion in 2012 to \2 trillion in 2017. Accordingly, the number of dog bite accidents has also increased. The Korea Consumer Agency indicated that dog bite incidents increased more than five times from 245 cases in 2011, to 1,046 in 2017. Consequently, people started to agitate for a change in regulations. On September 1st, 2017, Ju Seung-yong, a member of The People's Party, proposed an amendment to the Animal Protection Act, which prohibits pets from specific public areas and charges fines to the owners when dangerous dogs wander beyond their living zones. He proposed this act because there was no obvious regulation for the safety management of dangerous dogs in the current acts. On October 23rd, 2017, Jeong Byeong-guk, chairman of the Select Committee for the Bareun Party, also proposed an amendment to the Animal Protection Act. The amendment mainly focused on the obligation to register dangerous dogs, the education for dog owners, and the restriction of dogs in child care facilities and public spaces. With these societal trends, the MAFRA organized the 'Dog Safety Management Task Force' as of October 23rd in 2017. It also announced the 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners' on January 18th, 2018 after finalizing their discussions.
Before and After: Changes in Regulation
1. Obligation of Leashing Dogs and Muzzling
Before the announcement, Article 12 of the Enforcement Rule of the Animal Protection Act only stated that the length of a leash must be 'sufficient enough' to limit dogs from harming other people outside, providing neither the exact length nor the exact dog breeds required to wear a muzzle. Now, however, the new measures propose a specific length of leash and specific criteria for wearing muzzles. In public spaces, the length must be no more than two meters. Also, dogs bigger than 40cm or those that have records of harming people must be managed carefully by their owners and government. These kinds of dogs should be leashed even in narrow spaces and inside of buildings as well as on pedestrian pathways.
2. Detailed Standards for Fierce Dogs
Previously, Article 3 of the Enforcement Rule of the Animal Protection Act indicated six breeds of potentially dangerous dogs: Tosa-dog, American Pit Bull terrier, American Staffordshire terrier, Staffordshire bull terrier, Rottweiler, and other similar dog breeds. Now, the dogs are sorted into fierce dogs, managed-dogs, and so on. The list of six fierce dogs also expanded to eight kinds. Three breeds of dog, the American Pit Bull Terrier, the American Staffordshire terrier, and the Staffordshire bull terrier, are now integrated into one breed, the Pit Bull Terrier. Newly added dog breeds are the mastiff, Laika, Ovtcharka, Kangal, and wolfdog.
3. Standard Measurement of Punishment
Previously, there was no law related to dog bite incidents, so there was no choice but to punish the owner based only on Articles 266 and 267 of the Criminal Act. When any negligence resulted in injury, the owner of the dog was fined \5 million, and when a person was on a charge of accidental homicide, he or she could be condemned to two years imprisonment or fined up to \7 million won. Now, if a person is in breach of obligation of these measures, they would be subject to criminal prosecution. The pet owner will be fined up to \20 million or be sentenced to two years imprisonment, and the chief of the local government can quarantine dogs or administer euthanasia on the dogs without the owner's consent. When a victim dies because of a dog attack, the owner would be fined up to \30 million or be sentenced up to three years imprisonment. Even if there are no victims from dog bite accidents, people who notify the police about a dog or its owner not following the law can receive up to 20% of the fine.
Controversies over the Measures
Vague Criteria for Declaring Managed-dogs and Fierce Dogs
The government did not define clear evidence or studies as to the criterion of a dog's height (40cm); there seems to be no reliability and legitimacy. Also, the Korean Animal Welfare Association and Korea Animal Rights Advocates (KARA) claimed that there is no relation between a dog's height and aggressiveness. This claim is supported by a study in 2013 from Paul D. McGreevy, a science professor at the University of Sydney. A dog's size is diverse in all species, and small dogs often show higher levels of aggression and anxiety. Thus, the body shape of a dog and its aggression do not necessarily have a connection. Species of fierce dogs on the new list, furthermore, have some weak points. The French bulldog, which was the species that triggered the new safety measurements by killing someone in October 2017, is not included on the list of fierce dogs.
Danger of Wearing Muzzles and Leashes
If dogs were forced to wear muzzles in the summer, they would have difficulty in 'panting', a behavior where dogs stick out their tongues to release heat from their bodies. This process is very important for dogs because, unlike humans, they do not have sweat glands. Considering this fact, the possibility of death due to heat exhaustion can increase and dogs may not be able to walk freely, which is cruel to the animal. In addition, dogs that are rated safe by the experts might exploit the exception to wearing muzzles. Some private companies have already used this rule for commercial advertising and demanded money. For instance, the Korean Standard Dog education center announced that it will provide certification if a dog is qualified, but this program costs anywhere from \100,000 to more than \550,000, which is quite expensive. Also, there are doubts about the safety of the leash itself. According to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1994, chained dogs showed 2.8 times higher aggression than unchained dogs. This study implies that forcing the wearing of muzzles and leashes alone might not necessarily decrease the number of incidents. Some say that the result of this research is fundamentally based on how the leash puts psychological pressure on dogs because that pressure results in aggressive behaviors. Furthermore, Linda Goodman who is an animal behaviorist emphasized that muzzling or chaining, which prevents dogs from social interaction, can cause stress on dogs because dogs are social animals.
Solutions without Considering Fundamental Issues in Dog Bite Incidents
The new measures did not consider the underlying causes of dog bite incidents. The government set a one-size- fits-all standard for two-meter leashes which did not consider the dogs' sizes or the breed diversity of dogs. The report-reward measure also aroused the rise of so-called, 'dogparazzi'. This measure received much criticism for it saw a rise in the use of hidden cameras and the consequential violation of human rights. Fundamental problems lie in the owners' flawed educational methods and their lack of responsibility, so it is important to reinforce the 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners' in order to improve the level of pet owners' etiquette awareness. Thus, opportunities for education and examinations are needed and should be offered by the government so that dog owners can be qualified to keep their dogs and have accurate knowledge about their pets.
Future of Dog Regulation in Korea
Current Situation of 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners'
Since the announcement of 'Safety Measures for Dog Owners', people have submitted a petition against 'Dogs Wearing Muzzles' on the homepage of the Blue House public petition website. They urged the government to provide solutions and measures to solve some of the fundamental problems. It was posted from January 9th to February 8th, and a total of 59,285 people participated in the petition. The petition included limitations to some of the measures and demands for the modification of some of the measures before they become formalized and proclaimed. About 60,000 people agreed that there should be a revision of the measures.
Possible Improvements
First, three problems of the new measures should be revised. The government should conduct further studies and gather data to set appropriate criteria for managed-dogs and fierce dogs. Obligatory muzzle rules for all dogs also have problems because it is hard to regulate every dog within the country. According to the dog bite laws in the United States (US), however, dog owners who have not leashed their dogs when incidents have occurred can be fined more than \1 million or face up to 6 months of imprisonment. Like the US Law, Korea should put more emphasis on punishment especially when the incidents have occurred without a muzzle or leash. Also, the measures need to be revised so that only qualified people can keep dangerous dogs and the criteria to classify the range of fierce dogs are more accurately specified. In New Zealand, there is a licensing system for the management of fierce dogs. A person can get a license for living with dangerous dogs only by passing the examination and qualification criteria. Germany and France already have this kind of license system in place, as well. Finally, Korea should prepare an official education system for the public. Like the Yellow Dog Project which is a global movement for owners of dogs to educate the public and other dog owners to know a dog's aggressiveness in order to avoid dog bite accidents, guidelines should be provided not only to pet owners, but also to people who do not own dogs in case they face fierce dogs. It is necessary to know how to deal with dogs whether a person has a dog or not in order to decrease damages from dog bite incidents.
After proper education and a strict system are applied, an appropriate "petiquette" culture will be needed to filter throughout Korean society. The government should recognize the importance of these measures, and try to revise them more thoroughly through further debates and discussions. Considering that there are some people who are afraid of dogs and that dog safety regulations can offer the public not only a sense of protection but also peace of mind, measures regarding wearing muzzles and leashes should be reached by consensus. SKT hopes that everyone can agree with the amendments in the future and that pet owners can live in harmony with people who do not own dogs.
박예지 illpray6157@gmail.com
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Since the 1990s Sripraphai Tipmanee, has been sharing her love and passion of providing authentic Thai cuisine to the New York community.
We emphasis on lightly prepared dishes with strong aromatic components with a spicy edge. We our known for our complex interplay of at least three and up to four or five fundamental taste senses in each dish or the overall meal: sour, sweet, salty, bitter, and spicy. If it's your first time eating Thai we can promise you wont be disapointed when dining with us.
With shrimp, squad , chicken , crushed peanut and cashew nut.
Stuffing with chicken, potato, white onion serve with cucumber sauce.