text:
Introduction-to-the-theorem-prover
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-inductive-proof
Introduction-to-rewrite-rules-part-1
Introduction-to-key-checkpoints
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-propositional-calculus
Introduction-to-a-few-system-considerations
Introduction-to-the-database
Programming-knowledge-taken-for-granted
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-rewriting
Introductory-challenge-problem-4-answer
Introduction-to-programming-in-ACL2-for-those-who-know-lisp
Introduction-to-hints
Dealing-with-key-combinations-of-function-symbols
Architecture-of-the-prover
Further-information-on-rewriting
Frequently-asked-questions-by-newcomers
Specific-kinds-of-formulas-as-rewrite-rules
Strong-rewrite-rules
Practice-formulating-strong-rules-3
Generalizing-key-checkpoints
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-q1-answer
Example-inductions
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-rewriting-repeatedly
Introductory-challenge-problem-4
Equivalent-formulas-different-rewrite-rules
Post-induction-key-checkpoints
Special-cases-for-rewrite-rules
Example-induction-scheme-with-accumulators
Practice-formulating-strong-rules
Introductory-challenges
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-equals-for-equals
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-evaluation
Example-induction-scheme-nat-recursion
Example-induction-scheme-down-by-2
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-instance
Example-induction-scheme-on-lists
Example-induction-scheme-upwards
Example-induction-scheme-with-multiple-induction-steps
Example-induction-scheme-binary-trees
Logic-knowledge-taken-for-granted-base-case
Example-induction-scheme-on-several-variables
Pages Written Especially for the Tours
The-method
Interesting-applications
Alternative-introduction
Annotated-ACL2-scripts
ACL2-as-standalone-program
ACL2-sedan
Nqthm-to-ACL2
Some questions newcomers frequently ask
This FAQ is for people who've read through all the other sections of the tutorial introduction to the theorem prover (see introduction-to-the-theorem-prover and all the links from it that are not marked with the little warning sign (``''). Do not expect to understand our answers if you haven't taken the time to read through the tutorial. In the answers below you will see more links into the hypertext reference manual. While such links were marked ``'' in the tutorial, they are not marked that way here. When you enter the reference manual be prepared to explore and assemble a mini-course on the topic of interest, not a quick fix.
Q. How do I find something in the ACL2 documentation? A. Try the ``Jump to'' or ``Search'' boxes at the ACL2+Books Manual.
Q. How does the theorem prover work? A. We really don't think you need to know much about the inner workings of the prover to become an effective user. That doesn't mean the system is self-explanatory! It means that stuff you need to learn is not how the theorem prover works but how to interact with it! That is what introduction-to-the-theorem-prover is about. However, if you want the most basic overview of the prover, see architecture-of-the-prover.
Q. How do I define a new function? A. See defun.
Q. How do I define a new predicate? A. See defun.
Q. How do I define a new relation? A. See defun.
Q. How do I define a function or predicate that takes a varying number of arguments? A. You can't. However, see defmacro to learn how to define a macro that takes a varying number of arguments and expands into an arbitrary term that you compute.
Q. How do I define a macro that is sensitive to the state? A. You can't. However, advanced users should consider make-event.
Q. How do I define mutually recursive functions? A. See mutual-recursion. However, you should realize that when two functions, say f and g, are mutually recursive, properties of f generally have to be stated simultaneously with properties of g, since inductive proofs about one function require inductive hypotheses about the other. Furthermore, ACL2 does not know how to do inductions for mutually recursive functions and must be told. See mutual-recursion-proof-example.
Q. How do I declare the type signature of a function? A. You can't. ACL2 is a syntactically untyped language and all functions are defined on all objects in the ACL2 universe. We recommend that the new user get used to this and only then explore the use of ACL2 to express and enforce a type regime. In ACL2, the guard of a function is akin to the type signature of a function in typed languages. However, ACL2 guards may be arbitrary terms, not just type conditions, they only concern the inputs to the function (not its result), and do not affect the axiom defining the function — all functions are defined on every combination of objects. You may, of course, prove theorems that establish that every function called in a definition or theorem is supplied with input satisfying its guards (which necessarily involves describe the outputs too). These formulas are called guard conjectures and the process of proving them is called guard verification. Since guards are arbitrary ACL2 formulas, the ``type regimes'' one tends to enforce in ACL2 can be much for flexible and expressive than those in most programming languages. However, that expressibility also means guard verification can be challenging (indeed undecidable). On the other hand, if one limits oneself to simple type-like guards, lemmas can be proved that make most guard verification fully automatic and one can configure ACL2 to do guard verification automatically at defun-time. One may also delay guard verification until ``the right'' lemmas have been proved. By doing guard verification one can make functions execute faster by allowing the code to avoid runtime checks. This is especially valuable to industrial users who have large models used both in verification and as simulation engines for designed artifacts. In addition, guard verification can give you the assurance that you are using your functions within their intended domains and hence is a form of functional specification and verification. However, all these advantages aside, it is remarkably easy to drift away from the simplest type regimes and write a guard that raises deep mathematical problems. New users should not try to confront these problems until they are comfortable with the theorem prover and with lemma development. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you forget about types and guards and get used to reasoning about total functions. When you do decide to learn about them, be prepared for a complex story involving specification, execution efficiency, and proof management. See guard.
Q. How do I tell defun what measure to use? A. See xargs, specifically :measure.
Q. I specified a measure that always returns a natural number but ACL2 is acting like it's not a natural number. A. There are two likely problems. The most likely one is that your measure isn't really always a natural! Suppose the formals of your defun are x and y and your measure is (m x y). Suppose the recursive calls of your function are protected by tests that ensure that x and y are naturals. Then you might assume x and y are naturals in the measure. But ACL2 has to prove (o-p (m x y)), where o-p is the predicate that recognizes ordinals (and naturals are ordinals). Note that the theorem doesn't have any hypotheses! You might intuitively think that your measure has to be an ordinal just under the conditions that lead to recursive calls. That's not what ACL2 enforces. It has to be an ordinal, always. So you must change your specified measure. For example, consider wrapping nfix around it or around its uses of x and y to coerce those quantities to naturals. The second most likely explanation is that your measure returns a natural, always, but ACL2 doesn't know that and it takes induction to prove. This might happen if m involves some recursive functions. In this case, prove (natp (m x y)) before your defun. Perhaps you should consider making the natp lemma a :type-prescription lemma to make ACL2's typing algorithm aware of it.
Q. How do I tell defun what well-founded relation to use? A. See xargs, specifically :well-founded-relation.
Q. How do I show that a relation is well-founded? A. Prove a theorem establishing that there is an order preserving embedding into the ordinals and store it with :rule-classes :well-founded-relation well-founded-relation-rule.
Q. What is an ordinal? What does it mean to be well-founded? A. Ordinals are an extension of the natural numbers used to ensure that a process can't go on forever. Like naturals, they can be added, multiplied, and exponentiated. There is a sense of one ordinal being less than another. Unlike the naturals, each of which is finite, the ordinals include infinite objects. Now imagine ``standing'' on an ordinal and ``stepping'' to a smaller one. Like the naturals, this ``walk down the ordinals'' can't go on forever, even if you start on an infinite ordinal. That is because the ordinals are well-founded. See o-p for more information about ordinals in ACL2 and about well-foundedness. See ordinals for a deeper discussion and a discussion of books that can help configure ACL2 to reason about ordinals.
Q. How can provide hints for the termination proofs in defun? A. See xargs, specifically :hints (for the termination proofs) and :guard-hints (for the guard verification proofs).
Q. How do I define a constant (something like a global variable)? A. See defconst. But remember that as an applicative programming language, ACL2 does not have global variables! You can define a symbol to have a fixed value and use the symbol sort of like a global variable in function definitions: you may refer to the value of the symbol in your functions without passing the variable in as formal parameter. But you may not ever change the value of the symbol!
Q. How do I save the value of a top-level computation for future use? A. See assign and see @.
Q. How do I introduce new syntactic form or abbreviation? A. See defmacro.
Q. How can create and modify an array? A. ACL2 is a functional language, so it is impossible to destructively modify an existing object; technically, all ``updates'' to objects must be implemented by ``copy-on-write'' semantics. That said, ACL2 provides support for arrays, provided you use them in a restricted way. They give you constant-time access and change under the use restrictions.
Q. How do I read from or write to a file? How do I do IO? A. To manipulate files, your function must have state as an argument, so you should read about the restrictions that imposes. For input/output facilities, see io.
Q. How do I define a structure that can be destructively modified? A. ACL2 is an applicative programming language. You can't modify objects arbitrarily! You basically have to ``copy on write,'' which means you construct new objects from old ones, making the changes you want in the new one. If the car of some object is 1 at one moment and 2 later, then the basic logical axiom (car x) = (car x) is violated! However, if the only reference to the old object, e.g., x, was to pass it to the code that copied and ``changed'' it, then ACL2 can re-use the old object to produce the new one and the axioms would not object. Such syntactic restrictions can make x a modifiable structure but they will impose a heavy burden on you as a programmer: if pass such an x to a function and the function modifies it, then you must pass x only to that function and you must return the modified value and use it henceforth. Such objects are said to be single threaded. See defstobj.
Q. How do I write a universal quantifier? An existential quantifier? How can I say ``for all'' or ``there exists''? A You can't literally write quantifiers. But ACL2 has the power of full first order logic with quantification. See quantifiers.
Q. How do I introduce an undefined or uninterpreted function symbol? Can I constrain it to have certain properties? A. See encapsulate.
Q. How can I hide a lemma? I want to prove a lemma temporarily to use in another proof but I don't want the lemma around thereafter. A. One way to get a similar effect is to prove the lemma and then disable it with an (in-theory (disable ...)) event; see in-theory. Another way is to put the lemma and the theorem that needs it into an encapsulate and wrap a local around the lemma.
Q. What is an event? A. An event is a command that adds information to the ACL2 database (the ``logical world''), like defun or defthm. See events.
Q. How do I say that I do not want a rewrite rule generated from a theorem? A. The command
(defthm name formula
:rule-classes nil)
will attempt to prove formula and, if successful, give formula the name name, which you may use in hints as a theorem, but it will build no rules from the formula.
Q. How do I say that I want a formula to be stored as a rewrite rule? A. The command
(defthm name formula)
will attempt to prove formula and, if successful, it will give formula the name name and generate a rewrite rule from it, with the runic name (:rewrite name)]. It could happen that formula generates more than one rewrite rule, e.g., this happens if the conclusion is an AND. In this case, each conjunctive branch through the conclusion generates a rule named (:rewrite name . i), for i=1,2,... For more details, see rewrite.
Q. How do I say that I want a formula to be stored as a rewrite rule and some other kinds of rules? A. The command
:rule-classes (:class1 ... classk))
will attempt to prove formula and, if successful, it will give formula the name name and generate a rule of each :classi specified. Each :classi should either be a keyword, like :REWRITE or :GENERALIZE, naming a rule class (see rule-classes), or else should be a list that starts with a rule class and then lists the relevant modifiers. Be sure to include :REWRITE among the rule classes if you want the formula to generate a rewrite rule. It doesn't do that automatically if you explicitly specify :rule-classes!
Q. How do I rearrange the shape of a formula before generating a rule from it? A. See rule-classes and read about the :corollary modifier.
Q. What is a type-prescription? A. ACL2 has an algorithm for determining the type of object returned by a term, where a type is one of the Common Lisp primitive datatypes such as natural, integer, Boolean, cons, true-listp, etc. Rules provided by you can influence this algorithm. See type-prescription.
Q. How do rewrite rules work? A. Re-read the tutorial sections: introduction-to-rewrite-rules-part-1 and introduction-to-rewrite-rules-part-2.
Q. How do I see what's in the database? A. You can't look at the entire database with user-friendly tools. You can print the command that introduced a particular name, print the entire sequence of user commands, print the commands in the region between two commands, print all the rewrite rules that apply to a given term or function symbol, and many other options. See history. If you have loaded a book from another user, you might wish to read the source file. For example, the source file for (include-book "arithmetic-5/top" :dir :system) is the file named arithmetic-5/top.lisp on the acl2-sources/books/ directory where ever your ACL2 sources are installed. Often, books are well-documented by comments by their authors. Some books have Readme or README files on the same directory.
Q. How do I undo a command? A. See history, especially see u (``undo'') and see ubt (``undo back through''). Q. What rewrite rules match a given term? A. See pl.
Q. What were those questions to ask when looking at key checkpoints? A. See introduction-to-key-checkpoints.
Q. How do I figure out why a rewrite rule won't fire? A. If you activate rewrite rule monitoring (see brr) and then install a monitor (see monitor) on the rule in question, ACL2 will enter an interactive break whenever the pattern of the rule is matched against a target in a proof. So after installing the monitor, re-try the proof and then interact with the rewriter via break commands (see brr-commands). Like all trace and break packages, you have to know what you're doing to use the break rewrite facility, so read the material in the reference manual. If no interactive break happens after you've installed the monitor on your rule and re-tried the proof, it means no suitable target ever arose. Don't forget to turn off monitoring when you're done as it slows down the system.
Q. Why is a proof taking so long? A. Unexpectedly poor performance on simple problems is usually a sign of cyclic rewriting or combinatoric explosion. See dmr and see accumulated-persistence.
Q. How do I tell ACL2 what induction to do for a particular formula? A. When issuing the defthm command for the formula, supply an :induct hint:
(defthm name
:hints (("Goal" :induct (f x1 ... xn))))
where f is a function that recurs the way you want the induction to unfold and x1 ... xn are the relevant variables in formula. You usually have to define f appropriately for each formula that needs an induct hint, though sometimes you can re-use an earlier f or one of the functions in the formula itself. It doesn't matter what value (f x1 ... xn) returns. All that matters is how it recurs. The termination analysis for f justifies the induction done. See hints, especially the section on :induct hints; also see induction.
Q. ACL2 doesn't know simple arithmetic that can simplify the term (+ 1 -1 x). A. You should load an arithmetic book whenever you're dealing with an arithmetic problem. The simplest arithmetic book is typically loaded with the event (include-book "arithmetic/top-with-meta" :dir :system). If you're using floor and mod or non-linear arithmetic like (* x y) you should use (include-book "arithmetic-5/top" :dir :system). See also the discussion of arithmetic books under the ``Lemma Libraries and Utilities'' link of the ACL2 home page, and see community-books.
Q. ACL2 is not using an arithmetic lemma that I proved. A. Lemmas concluding with arithmetic inequalities, like
(implies (member e x)
(< (len (delete e x)) (len x)))
are not good rewrite rules because they rarely match targets because of intervening arithmetic operators. For example, the above conclusion doesn't match (< (LEN (DELETE E X)) (+ 1 (LEN X))). You should store such lemmas as :linear rules by using the command:
(defthm len-delete
:rule-classes :linear)
See linear.
Q. What is a linear rule? A. See linear.
Q. How do I make ACL2 treat a relation as an equality? A. We assume you mean to treat the relation as an equivalence, i.e., replace one term by another when they are equivalent under your relation. See equivalence, see congruence, and see refinement.
Q. One of my rewrite rules has a hypothesis that doesn't rewrite to true. What do I do? A. Prove a rewrite rule that establishes that hypothesis under the relevant assumptions from the context of the intended target. Alternatively, undo the rule and restate it with a force around the problematic hypothesis, making ACL2 assume the hypothesis when the rule is applied and raising the truth of the hypothesis as an explicit subgoal of the proof. See also case-split. Of course, you should always state the strongest rewrite rules you can think of, eliminating hypotheses or shifting them to the right-hand side inside of IFs; see strong-rewrite-rules.
Q. How do I make ACL2 ``guess'' the right instantiation of a free variable? A. You can provide a :restrict hint that names the problematic lemma and provides an instantiation of the free variable. See hints, specifically :restrict. You could alternatively give a hint that :uses the rule and provides the appropriate instantiation in full. See hints, specifically :use. Recall that ACL2 guesses free variable instantiations by matching the problematic hypothesis to the assumptions in the context of the target. If the appropriate assumption is present but ACL2 is finding another one, try undoing the problematic rule and proving it again, specifying the :match-free :all modifier of the :rewrite or :linear rule class. See rule-classes. Alternatively, undo and prove the problematic rule again and use a bind-free form to compute the appropriate instantiation.
Q. How can I make ACL2 do a case split to prove a certain subgoal? A. See hints, specifically :cases.
Q. How can I prevent ACL2 from using a rewrite rule? A. See hints, specifically :in-theory (disable ...). If the use of the rule is problematic in only one subgoal and the lemma is needed in other subgoals, disable the lemma only in the problematic subgoal by specifying the subgoal name (e.g., "Subgoal 1/3.2.1") as the goal specifier in the hint. If the rule isn't needed anywhere in the proof, you could use the specifier "Goal". If you don't think the rule will ever be needed for a while, you could globally disable it with the event (in-theory (disable ...)) (see in-theory) executed before the first problematic proof. If the rule has never been used or must always be disabled, undo it and prove it again with :rule-classes nil.
Q. How can I prevent ACL2 from running a definition on constants? I tried disabling the function but that didn't work. A. If you have a function named f then disabling f will disable the definitional axiom about f. But ACL2 has another kind of rule about f, telling it how to evaluate f. The rune of this rule is (:executable-counterpart f). Try disabling that, as in the :hints ((... :in-theory (disable (:executable-counterpart f)) ...c[)).
Q. How can I make ACL2 use a rule in a proof? A. See hints, specifically :use.
Q. How can I make ACL2 expand a function call in a proof? A. You can give an :See expand hint.
Q. ACL2 sometimes aborts the proof attempt before showing me all of the subgoals. How can I make it just keep going instead of aborting early? A. See otf-flg, which stands for Onward Thru the Fog FLaG.
Q. How can I compute when I want a rule to fire? A. See syntaxp.
Q. How can I add pragmatic advice to a lemma after it has been proved? For example, how can add a forced hypothesis, a backchain limit, or a syntaxp test? A. You can't. You can undo the lemma, restate it appropriately, and prove it again. This produces the cleanest database. Alternatively, you can prove the restated lemma under a new name — a task that should be easy since the old version is in the database and will presumably make the proof trivial — and then disable the old name.
Q. How can I stop ACL2 from rewriting a term? A. If you need rewriting done but want to prevent some particular terms from being rewritten, see hints, specifically :hands-off. Alternatively, consider embedding the problematic term in a hide. Users sometime develop special theories (see theory) containing just the rules they want and then use hints to switch to those theories on the appropriate subgoals.
Q. Can I compute which subgoals a hint refers to? A. Yes, see computed-hints. This topic is for advanced users but knowing that it is possible might come in handy someday.
Q. I want the rewriter to always use one theory and then switch to another so that it doesn't use my most complicated before until doing the simple things. A. This is possible but is something for the advanced user. It can be done using a form of computed-hints. See using-computed-hints-7.
Q. Is there a way to attach the same hint to every defthm? A. See default-hints.
Q. How can I just tell ACL2 the proof steps? A. See verify and see proof-builder.
Q. How can I write my own simplifier? A. See meta.
Q. How can I add an axiom or just assume some lemma without proof? A. This is very dangerous but is a good strategy for exploring whether or not a certain set of lemmas (and their rules) is sufficient to prove your goal. See defaxiom and see skip-proofs.
Q. How can redefine a user-defined function? A. This is tricky. What if you've already proved theorems about the old definition and then wish to change it? There are several options. See ld-redefinition-action (and note specifically the discussion of updater function for it, set-ld-redefinition-action); also see redef, see redef!, see redef+, and see redef-.
Q. How do I change a function from :program mode to :logic mode? A. See verify-termination.
Q. How do I change the guards on a function? A. You can't. Undo it and redefine it.
Q. What is program mode? A. See program.
Q. What does the ACL2 prompt mean? A. See introduction-to-a-few-system-considerations or, specifically, see prompt.
Q. What is logic mode? A. See logic.
Q. How do I get into or out of :program mode? :Logic mode? A. See program and see logic. You can enter these modes temporarily for a particular defun by using (declare (xargs :mode :program)) or (declare (xargs :mode :logic)) after the list of formal parameters to the definition.
Q. How do I quit from ACL2? A. This varies depending on the interface you're using. See introduction-to-a-few-system-considerations.
Q. How do I load a file of definitions and theorems created by someone else? A. See include-book.
Q. How do I create my own book of definitions and theorems? A. See books.
Q. Where are the books referenced by :dir :system on my machine? A. If your ACL2 is installed on the directory dir/acl2-sources and you follow the standard installation instructions, then the books are typically the files under the directory dir/acl2-sources/books/.
Q. How can I find out what books are available? A. Go to the ACL2 home page, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/u/moore/acl2/ and look at the link labeled ``Lemma Libraries and Utilities.''
Q. How do I produce my own book? A. See books.
Q. What is a decision procedure? What decision procedures does ACL2 have? A. A decision procedure is an algorithm that given enough time and space can determine, for all the formulas in a certain syntactic class of formulas, whether the formula is a theorem or not. The most well-known decision procedure is for propositional calculus: by testing a formula under all the combinations Boolean assignments to the variables, one can decide if a propositional formula is a theorem. The syntactic class consists of all formulas you can write using just variables, constants, and compositions of the functions and, or, not, implies, iff, and if. There are, of course, an exponential number of different assignments so the algorithm can be slow. ACL2 contains a propositional decision procedure based on symbolic normalization that can be faster than trying all the combinations of truth values — but is not guaranteed to be faster. ACL2 also contains an optional bdd procedure. ACL2 also contains a decision procedure for rational arithmetic involving variables, rational constants, addition, multiplication by rational constants, equality, and the various versions of arithmetic inequality (<, <=, >=, and >). It can be extended with :linear lemmas. ACL2 is complete for equality over uninterpreted (e.g., undefined and unconstrained) function symbols using an algorithm based on transitive closure of equivalence classes under functional substitutivity. Finally, you can make ACL2 use other decision procedures, even ones implemented outside of ACL2; see clause-processor.
Q. ACL2 has the change of variable trick (destructor elimination) that it does to get rid of (CAR X) and (CDR X) by replacing x by (CONS A B). Is there a way to make ACL2 do that for other terms? A. Yes. See elim.
Q. How can I prevent destructor elimination? A. See hints, specifically :do-not '(eliminate-destructors).
Q. How can I prevent cross-fertilization? A. See hints, specifically :do-not '(fertilize).
Q. How can I prevent generalization? A. See hints, specifically :do-not '(generalize).
Q. How can I make ACL2 impose a restriction on a new variable introduced by destructor elimination or generalization? A. See generalize.
Q. What rule classes are there? A. See rule-classes.
Q. What is a theory? A. See theories.
Q. How are hints inherited by the children of a subgoal? A. See hints-and-the-waterfall.
Q. How do I use ACL2 under Emacs? A. See emacs.
Q. How do I use ACL2 under Eclipse? A. See ACL2-Sedan.
Q. How do I interrupt the prover? A. The keyboard sequence for interrupting a running process depends your operating system, host Common Lisp, and user interface (e.g., Emacs, Eclipse, etc.). But perhaps a few examples will help you discover what you need to know. If your host Common Lisp is GCL or Allegro and you are typing directly to the Common Lisp process, then you can interrupt a computation by typing ``ctrl-c'' (hold down the Control key and hit the ``c'' key once). But other Lisps may require some other control sequence. If you are typing to an Emacs process which is running the GCL or Allegro Common Lisp process in a shell buffer, you should type ctrl-c ctrl-c — that is, you have to type the previously mentioned sequence twice in succession. If you are running the ACL2 Sedan, you can use the Interrupt Session button on the tool bar. The environment you enter when you interrupt depends on various factors and basically you should endeavor to get back to the top level ACL2 command loop, perhaps by typing some kind of Lisp dependent ``abort'' command like :q or :a. You can usually determine what environment you're in by paying attention to the prompt.
Q. What is the ACL2 loop? A. That is the name given to the interactive environment ACL2 provides, a ``read-eval-print loop'' in which the user submits successive commands by typing ACL2 expressions and keyword commands. See introduction-to-a-few-system-considerations.
Q. What is raw lisp? A. That is our name for the host Common Lisp in which ACL2 is implemented. See introduction-to-a-few-system-considerations. There is an ACL2 mode named raw mode which is different from ``raw lisp.'' See set-raw-mode.
Q. Can I get a tree-like view of a proof? A. See proof-tree for an Emacs utility that displays proof trees and allows you to navigate through a proof from the proof tree. The ACL2 Sedan also supports proof trees and you should see the ACL2s documentation on that topic.
Q. I used the earlier Boyer-Moore theorem prover, Nqthm. How is ACL2 different? A. See nqthm-to-ACL2.
If you are reading this as part of the tutorial introduction to the theorem prover, use your browser's Back Button now to return to introduction-to-the-theorem-prover.


Give Blood - Save a Life!
Seton Catholic High School will be hosting one more blood drive this year! It will be held on Thursday, April 21st from 11:00 - 2:00 pm (note the change in time) in the Chuck Mosey Memorial Gymnasium. You can register online at www.donortime.com or contact Shaunna Stamm at (765)965-6956 or sstamm@setonschools.org for an appointment.


"Ammamma, Amma also?" and all of you did not even bother to tell me about all this?
" Indu you were just five." Ammamma felt her pulse.
"I think it was MN Nair and I suppose he worked in home ministry."Ammamma replied.
"Ok,thank you for sharing"………and Indu abruptly hanged up.
She picked up her laptop…………..for the most sought after social networking site.
"Amma……………please get me a glass of water".Amma put the glass of water with a thud and trotted off.
Indu reached up to the glass of water and…………………..it spilled……..
Gosh!!!!!!!!!! Indu gathered her senses to find her cute communicator drenched and soaked….
Frantically she searched for towels and napkins…………..anything that could dry the water………….but the damage was done…….
the computer blinked and went blank……..the keys danced a salsa…….amplifying features of one another…….a A portrayed itself as 9 and the others acted as disorganised artists who forgot to enact their respective roles…Chaos was the thought for the day…….
"Oh ammu…………my darling?…………how are you?Ammamma was elated.
"What ails you dear child?"Amma could sense the tension and discord in her voice…..
The silence at the other end…………swelled her up from inside…….
"Ammamma,please……………who on this earth is Vijayalakshmi and why should I like her son?and please tell me about Gauri chechi,I am going through a major emotional turmoil.Whenever I think of my childhood,her serene face serenades and captivates me.She is the angel who taught me the first aplhabets,………….how can all of compel me to forget her?
Nobody wants me to know about her.What is it Ammamma,that I should not know about her?
"Ammu……..Gauri was married off into a good family…….however husband was a widower and he had two issues."Ammamma whispered.
When she came to know…………she had already been married off.She never saw her husband before marriage,only their photographs were exchanged.Gauri's Amma knew about it and hushed it all up.She was aging and was under the pressure of her brothers.


text:
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Banshee is an American drama television series created by Jonathan Tropper and David Schickler for Cinemax. The series takes place in the fictional small town of Banshee, Pennsylvania. After serving 15 years in prison for stealing diamonds from Ukrainian gangster Rabbit (Ben Cross), the unnamed protagonist (Antony Starr) travels to Banshee to find his heist accomplice and former lover, Anastasia (Ivana Miličević). When he finds her, the protagonist learns that she is now a married mother of two living under the assumed identity of Carrie Hopewell. Later, when the incoming Sheriff is killed, the protagonist takes on his identity as Lucas Hood, becoming the town's new Sheriff. Banshee sees Hood struggle with adapting to his new identity while dealing with the machinations of local crime lord Kai Proctor (Ulrich Thomsen), and remaining hidden from Rabbit.The series premiered on January 11, 2013.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Russell Simmons (Nova Iorque, 4 de Outubro de 1957) é um produtor musical americano que, em conjunto com Rick Rubin, fundou a pioneira gravadora de música Hip Hop e R&B, a Def Jam, para além de ser um criador de linha de moda. Sua fortuna, em 2011, foi estimada em US$ 340 milhões de dólares.

Ligações externas

Produtores musicais dos Estados Unidos
Vegetarianos dos Estados Unidos
Fundadores da Def Jam Recordings
Milionários
Afro-americanos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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UK Electric Car number cross 500,000 mark
EV News | Headlines > UK Electric Car number cross 500,000 mark
More than half a million battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are on UK roads, statistics have revealed. BEV are the industry name for Electric cars. Hybrids and plug in hybrids, while electric are not 100% battery powered. The industry calls this a 'significant milestone'.
Analysis of the latest DVLA data by the RAC Foundation shows 519,266 BEVs had been licensed by the end of June, up from 282,977 a year earlier and from 130,246 a year before that.
Steve Gooding, the foundation's director, said: "This is a very significant milestone in terms of getting more battery-powered cars on to our roads, but we have a long way to travel before we achieve a truly green fleet [as] there are around 33 million cars in Britain."
The Tesla Model 3, with 75,188 on UK roads, is the most popular BEV.
Data from SMMT The number of registrations during the first three months of the year was 102% more than during the same period in 2021.
At the end of August, the year-to-date increase had fallen to 49%.
This has been blamed on supply shortages, and Government grants worth up to £1,500 for purchases of new plug-in cars being scrapped in June.
The Department for Transport said it wanted to "refocus" funding to encourage users of other vehicles to make the switch to electric.
Mr Gooding went on: "In recent months the total take-up of vehicles running solely on electricity can best be described as steady rather than stellar, with shortages of supply hampering the ability of much of the auto industry to get vehicles from their order books and into drivers' hands."
The cost-of-living crisis is also leading many people to "hang on to their existing car for a bit longer", he added.
"Knowing how many electric vehicles are available for use is important, but what matters most is whether those vehicles are actually catering for the trips that would otherwise be fossil-fuelled."
But latest figures from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders show the rapid increase in sales of new pure electric cars has slowed in recent months.
Click here for more information regarding Charging your EV
Source Electric Car Industry News


When was the last time you sat down and did nothing? I mean absolutely nothing, not watching tv, not reading or playing with your phone, but NOTHING?
Mindfulness is about paying attention to the present moment, to do that we need to build our concentration levels; something that is being constantly eroded in our modern society. To build our concentration we need to see how little we have at the moment.
So, just sit down and do nothing. See how long it takes before your mind starts racing with things you really SHOULD be doing instead of being sat there, see how long it takes for you to start getting twitchy and notice itches, aches and pains in your body, before you start becoming bored?
The first stage of Yoga (often the only one we do) is about being able to hold you body still for long periods, it is essential for mindfulness that we still the mind, so that we take our attention outside of our heads and start paying attention to what is out there rather than to our thoughts, ideas and feelings.
So, find yourself a nice quite spot and sit still for 5 minutes. See what happens, pay attention to any thoughts and feelings that arise.


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Home Sports Football Jets' Quinnen Williams Arrested At LaGuardia Airport On Gun Possession Charge
Jets' Quinnen Williams Arrested At LaGuardia Airport On Gun Possession Charge
New York Jets defensive lineman Quinnen Williams was arrested Thursday night for allegedly possessing a gun at LaGuardia Airport, according to Port Authority officials. The 22-year-old was catching a plane when he was arrested at around 9 p.m. for criminal possession of a weapon.
#Jets DL Quinnen Williams was arrested last night for criminal possession of a weapon — a Glock 19 pistol — while attempted to board a plane. Williams has a permit for it in Alabama, but not in New York. https://t.co/EO5C7gNCqt
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) March 6, 2020
Williams was the No. 3 overall pick for the New York Jets in 2019 and has a permit for a weapon in Alabama. Under New York law, it is generally only legal to carry a concealed weapon in the state if it has a New York license.
It is unclear if Williams is being accused of trying to take the gun on the plane.
The New York Jets released this statement regarding the matter:
The #Jets released a short statement on the Quinnen Williams arrest, saying they've been in contact with him and are "fully aware of the situation." They will have no additional comment on the pending legal matter.
— Rich Cimini (@RichCimini) March 6, 2020
Alvin Kamara Trolls NFL By Sending Fine Letter In Package To Hall Of Fame After Six Rushing TD Game
Buffalo Bills Fan Gets One Of The Greatest Tattoos You'll Ever See
Browns RB Kareem Hunt Is Signing Helmets By Writing "Corvette Corvette" After Name
Bills Fans Were Still Brawling In The Stands During Wild Card Game Despite Limited Capacity


-Ursula K. Le Guin, at the 65th annual National Book Awards ceremony.
In our current media milieu divisions between participation/transaction and commodity/culture are blurred more than ever before. Even as centers of power continue to narrow and fewer corporations have more control and resources, citizens are enjoying a participatory moment that is unprecedented. In The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence, Richard Jenkins builds on Pierre Levy's term "collective intelligence" to reconcile this apparent contradiction and propose possibilities for it's effect. He states: "...emergent knowledge cultures never fully escape the influence of the commodity culture… However, knowledge cultures [sic] will gradually alter the way that commodity cultures or nation states operate." Jenkins goes on to pinpoint the "culture industries" as the site where "commodities that circulate become resources for the production of meaning" and where challenges to "old systems of distribution and ownership" may be made.
As contemporary cultural participants we are at once consumers, creators, citizens and laborers. Just as we are encouraged to identify emotionally with products, to build and "customize" profiles and "engage" in order to passively produce data, we may also hold public officials more accountable, voice dissent outside of traditional media power relationships, advocate for ourselves as consumers and participate in the production of popular culture.
Just as Ursula K. LeGuin's impassioned and popular speech at the National Book Awards Ceremony provides a rallying cry for resistance, it also importantly recognizes a sense of the inevitability of the commodification of everything. While it now seems impossible to separate out the signifiers of capitalism from culture at large (the divide between culture for culture's sake and monetary motivation may never be drawn again) artists, as members of a "culture industry" may still hold the potential to challenge systems of distribution, ownership and, perhaps most importantly, representation.
USE VALUES presents the work of seven artists who produce work in this complex zone, navigating the inescapable yet contradictory relationship between corporate sign systems and participatory gesture, through mapping, reframing and resisting the aesthetic, haptic and symbolic traces of capitalism on culture.
James Bill's precise drawing series "Golden Parachutes" reprocesses the language of data visualization, revealing its abstract reality and challenging the ways we assign meaning and authority to symbolic languages. In her "Photo Objects" Parsley Steinweiss investigates perception, illusion and surface. By combining photographic reproductions of various textures with "real" materials Steinweiss forces us to flip between an easy recognition of familiar objects and the sense of the uncanny that surrounds digital (re)production methods. Carolyn Lambert and David Court exploit the digital/real divide as well and consider our daily physical relationship with natural, commercial and tech products. "The Sooner The Better" pairs digitally animated objects with imagery of the concrete world to reframe the contemporary everyday. In "Raw Material" Carolyn Lambert struggles to carry a large MDF board through different economic and cultural zones in New York (the financial district, the gallery district, the discount shop district of Chinatown) throwing into relief a multitude of items for sale on the street and their traces of global trade.
Clive Murphy utilizes artifacts from commodity culture, like shipping boxes and catalog pages, to produce objects that both question and embrace means of production, consumption and dissemination of material goods. Sarah G. Sharp's collages re-combine found images of utopian communities from popular print-media sources, reinvigorating what was once mundane and disposable with a new "aura." Molly Dilworth's "Flag State/Red, Purple, Green" remake retired sails into speculative flags for container ships. Made from excess materials that are the byproduct of modern production Dilworth's "Flags" are both abstract compositions that refer to symbolic forms of language and resistant co-optations of signs of state and corporate power.


One piece of trivia: This is not just "a DigiTouch". This is "the first DigiTouch": it's the first one they released, and the one I reviewed here on the site oh so many years ago. They sent it unassembled so I had the opportunity to take external and internal pictures of it before assembling it.
Also, it came with two keyboard surfaces: US Qwerty and Dvorak. The Dvorak is presently installed but can be swapped with the US Qwerty if needed (yes, I carefully kept the spare surface). The whole device is basically in mint condition and has always been taken care of. The sensors test out 100% OK. It comes with a long USB cord, black fleece pouch with silver embroidered logo, and of course the spare surface. I have added a better non-slip backing that can easily be removed.
Here's one photo -- this album has 5 photos.


FIFTY FIVE YEARS IN THE MAKING!! Mayor Turner is bringing the city together in Downtown Houston for an epic celebration parade for the Houston Astros' first ever World Series Championship!
After you're done painting the town orange and blue, walk a few blocks south and make your way to the Championship Parade After Party at Station Houston - sponsored by BuffBrew.
Bring your friends, co-workers, and family (kids too!) - we want to share this incredible time with the entire #HOUtech community.
If you need a place to knock out some emails before the parade, we're opening up the space for Free Open Coworking from 10am - 4pm. Our team, along with a group of Station members and mentors, are heading to the parade together around 1:30pm - feel free to join us, the more the merrier!


This game is a basic Zelda clone for the Master system. It was a 1990 Sega release. A lot of people say that Zelda games aren't really RPGs, but they're close enough to count for me.
The first "labyrinth" in Golden Axe Warrior. I really do like the color choices in the game.
Combat wise, Golden Axe Warrior involves positioning and pattern recognition more than quick timing. You can reflect spears, for example, with your shield, so the orc like warriors become a lot easier to fight once you can adjust yourself to reflect incoming shots. You can handle a lot of non-projectile enemies via just button mashing and then running to a new spot. For a lot of the early game, you can just run through areas rather than being forced to fight them. Fighting also has a purpose in the game. You gain horns to pay for items via fighting, and with care, you can heal yourself in the field via fighting.
Another RPG element is the number of villagers who exist only to discuss plot.
So, you say, buying items isn't really a RPG feature. However, strategic purchases, in my mind, do count as a tactical RPG like feature. Much like Zelda having cheaper stores for certain items, there's a hidden store in the early part of Golden Axe Warrior. It gives you a 20 horn discount on certain items. You unlock it by killing all monsters in a certain area, and then a staircase appears leading to the shop.
The monochrome portraits are an odd choice in the game. They're definitely different from the more cartoony look of the Zelda art.
A more action based game might limit your exploration to a path, and might force you to always walk that path. Zelda: Link to the Past offers warps for quick travel, and some options for exploration. Golden Axe Warrior lacks the handy "go here next" marker on the map, but it does give you an option to warp back to the spot where you saved last. You also have a number of exploration options. You can go west, into a desert, southwest near a lake, south for a dangerous forest, and east to find a wrecked town.
Compared to NES games, it's surprising to see some blatently dead bodies. Though you wonder why the survivors didn't clean up.
While there's no heavy plot, and very minimal non-battle based options for exploration, I still think Zelda clones are close enough to an action RPG to be interesting. Since many action RPGs use Zelda like elements, it's relevant to consider these games. Golden Axe Warrior is a competent game, with some novel elements. The text, unusually enough, is in lowercase, and is pretty honest about the fact that a lot of people have died.
The ruined town has unique sprites, including the marshy green texture near the gravestones. It slows you down.
To stop Death Adder, your hero needs to enter dungeons to get crystals. These dungeons seem pretty typical for a Zelda game. Some rooms lock when you enter. You get keys after killing all enemies in other rooms. The game definitely feels pretty ambitious for a Master system game, and it's able to live up to most of those ambitions. Controls are competent, and the difficulty feels hard, but manageable. Graphically, there's enough variation that you don't get lost easily, and the enemies do have a range between annoying to very easy. All in all, I can see why the game's considered to be a classic. It duplicates Zelda's good points in combat and progression. It also has unique elements. It's got a tolerable difficulty curve, and it offers a fairly unique game for the Master system.


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We are a proud member of Nexia International, a leading worldwide network of independent accounting and consulting firms.
Established by two like minded accountancy practices in the USA and UK in 1971, Nexia International is a leading worldwide network of independent accounting and consulting firms.
The key to our success is simple: the strength of our member firms in the major global financial and economic centres. With members in all major world economies, Nexia International can deliver:
A truly global resource of professional expertise offering a comprehensive portfolio of assurance, tax and advisory services
Access to detailed knowledge of local regulations, cultures and customs
Consistently high levels of client service, based on strong, long lasting professional relationships
Nexia's robust group of member firms includes over 20,000 personnel in 105 countries with over 590 offices worldwide.
Our Story - Nexia A&NZ
We are very excited to introduce the next generation of our brand, uniting all Nexia Australia and New Zealand member firms.
At Nexia, we believe that we have a responsibility to assist, contribute and support the community and we strive to do this from both a company level, as well as an individual staff member level.
Nexia ANZ Chairman
Ian Stone
Ian has been with Nexia for over 40 years and is Chairman for Sydney Office, Nexia Australia and the Asia Pacific Region.


If you are a current client and have needs that can't wait until your scheduled appointment, please call or text us at (336) 722-7266 and we will try to find a better solution for you. We keep urgent times reserved each week for people in crisis, and have an after-hours emergency line staffed 24/7 by a clinician at (336) 525-9090.
Although most crises are short-term, the anxiety they create can push people towards impulsive solutions. Those often back-fire, as it usually takes time to develop a good plan for a crisis. We also offer dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) which is designed to help people build crisis survival skills.
If you or your relative needs in-home assessment for a psychiatric emergency, you can call (888) 581-9988 or (336) 607-8523 Ext: 147 for DayMark's public-funded services in Forsyth County.
Most counties in North Carolina also have mobile crisis services for in-home assessment, a full list is available here.


Selvatura Park is a conservation project, located in Monteverde, with a wonderful Treetop Walkways and Butterfly Garden. The 1.9 mile long walkways are once of the best ways to observe the Cloud Forest Canopy, with the advantage of being able to take your time to observe each of the forest levels. There is a system of eight different bridges, each different in length and height, traversed in approximately 1½ to 2 hours.
The Butterfly Garden is one of the world's largest live butterfly exhibitions and hosts more than 15 different species of butterflies (including the spectacular Morpho butterfly), from all over Costa Rica. Experience the beauty of indoor waterfalls and admire more than 60 different species of tropical plants, as well as hummingbirds. The guided tour takes between 45 minutes and 1 hour.


Whew! After much anticipation and a few delays we are THRILLED to be opening our doors to Wachusett Wine and Spirits in West Boylston, Massachusetts. We are excited to meet our new customers and to become a part of this amazing community. So let us take this chance to introduce ourselves!
Wachusett Wine and Spirits is a family owned and operated business. We have been in the retail liquor business since the end of Prohibition in 1933 when Charley's grandfather and father were granted a license in the City of Worcester. Our family has successfully operated Main South Liquors since. In fact, we are the only continuously owned original license in Worcester!
What does all of this mean for Wachusett Wine and Spirits? It means that we bring over 80 years of experience, knowledge, friendship and service to our customers. We truly do what we love and love what we do.
We will be sharing our passion when you visit us in the store or online. Come back to our website frequently to see what's new on the blog. We plan to share with you our own experiences with tasting various products. You will be reading blogs about what food and wine (or beer) pairing worked and what didn't work. You might also see some occasional drink recipes from our own kitchens. Charley and Mike love to test out their mixology skills especially around the holidays! We will also be sharing our own experiences at breweries, wineries and distilleries.
So stop into the NEWLY OPENED Wachusett Wine and Spirits and meet Charley, Mike and the rest of the team!


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RaceRoom Race Simulator Now Open
News I By John Beltz Snyder I January 30, 2013
RaceRoom Racing Experience, a new free-to-play PC racing simulator, has opened up its beta version to the public. The game features free content including an array of cars and tracks, alongside additional licensed content you can purchase within the game.
For this release, some of the free bonus content everyone gets access to as a registered user includes George Plasa's 134 Judd, the Saleen S7R, Aquila CR1 Sports GT, and a couple of fictional cars. Free tracks include the RaceRoom Raceway circuit and the Lakeview Hillclimb, based on a forest road in Sweden. Also, in the first two weeks of open beta, you'll have free access to the Get Real game mode and Apex Hunt learning tool.
The late Georg Plasa's Judd 134 BMW hillclimb car.
From our first pass, the game has some pretty great graphics and sound. And as early adopters give the developers their feedback, the gameplay is likely to improve. It seems like a decent offering for sim racers who don't want to spend the up-front membership costs for the popular iRacing, and it offers the opportunity to try the game before purchasing extra content.
Head to RaceRoom's website to learn more or to download the game.
Video: Mercedes-Benz Offers A Deal With The Devil
Update: 2013 Nissan Altima 3.5 SL — Powertrain


point of view · Asher Lev, in his mid-twenties, writes his recollections of his life and development up to that point. We see the world through Lev's eyes.
tone · Since Asher is writing the book, he is very understanding to himself and sympathetic to the way he felt. Mostly, he is trying to explain how he has developed and give a voice to why he has acted as he did.
major conflict · Asher Lev has an intense desire to paint. This often comes into conflict with the Ladover Hasidic community in which he has been raised.
rising action · Asher studies art with the non-observant Jacob Kahn, Asher moves to Paris to study there, Asher paints a picture of his mother in a crucifixion scene.
foreshadowing · On the plane to Paris, Asher alters the Pietà. This foreshadows his later artistic creation in which he further alters the form of the crucifixion, using it to depict his family.


text:
rog-, roga-, -rogate, -rogation, -rogatory
(Latin: ask, inquire, request, beg; propose)
interrogation (s) (noun), interrogations (pl)
1. The act or process of questioning someone closely, often in an aggressive manner: The convicted murderer was under interrogation by the police detectives who were trying to determine what he did with the body of the victim.
Interrogations come in different settings and styles; such as, questionings, investigations, cross-examinations, or just simple inquiries.
2. A transmission of a signal to a computer, or the transmission of a signal to a device or computer program that triggers a response: The computer programmer was developing the interrogations that would provide the signals which would enhance the use of computers for users.
interrogative (adjective) (no comparatives)
1. Having a questionable look or seeming to be unsure what someone has said: Mrs. Richison, the police officer, had an interrogative expression on her face because she had doubts about the response the driver would provide when she asked him about what happened.
2. Consisting of, or used in, asking a question; such as, an interrogative pronoun:
The five interrogative pronouns are "what", "which", "who", "whom", and "whose".
Who said we couldn't do it?
To whom were you speaking?
Which meal did you like the best?
Whose purse was left on the bus?
interrogative (s) (noun), interrogatives (pl)
A word, a pronoun, or a phrase in a sentence or expression that is used to form an inquiry: There are some interrogative words that are often used to introduce questions; for example, "who", "what", and "where".
Who is your favorite author?
Where did Sally go?
interrogatively (adverb) (no comparatives)
1. In a questioning manner: Sam looked interrogatively at his wife when he heard a bump outside his house at night.
2. In the form of a query: Sally interrogatively looked at her son as if asking if he had finished his homework.
interrogator (s) (noun), interrogators (pl)
An investigator who is usually harsh or excessively strong: The police interrogator asked Janice a lot of questions for a long time using threats in order to get the information which he thought she knew.
interrogatorily (adverb), more interrogatorily, most interrogatorily
A reference to requesting facts or asking for information: The clerk interrogatorily turned to the customer asking if there was anything else he could do to help her.
The mother interrogatorily looked at her son and asked how school was today.
interrogatory (s) (noun), interrogatories (pl)
1. A formal or written issue usually requiring an answer under oath; such as, that of a witness in a court trial: Judge Evans made several interrogatories of the witness after the lawyers had asked their questions.
2. A query or a series of queries: The job applicant completed the interrogatories that were indicated on the application form.
interrogatory (adjective), more interrogatory, most interrogatory
A formal systematic inquiry; especially, a formal examination of a witness in a court of law: The lawyer, Mr. Younge, used interrogatory statements about what happened at the robbery in the store.
prerogative (s) (noun), prerogatives (pl)
1. A right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group occupying a particular rank or position, especially a hereditary or official right: As president of the company, Mr. Smith felt that he had the prerogative of choosing the person who would replace him when he retired.
2. A privilege or right that allows a particular person or group to give orders or to make decisions and judgments: Well, if Tom would rather sell his football tickets instead of using them, that's his prerogative.
3. The right conferred by a natural advantage that places someone in a position of superiority: Getting a seat on a full bus is one of the prerogatives of being a senior citizen.
4. The power or right of a monarch or government to do something or to be exempt from something: Parking in normally restrictive areas in the city is a prerogative of Mayor Dawson's chauffeur.
5. Etymology: from Old French prerogative, Medieval Latin (about 700-1500) prerogativa, "special right"; from Latin prærogativa, "prerogative, previous choice or election"; originally (with tribus, centuria), "unit of 100 voters who by lot voted first in the Roman comita"; feminine of prærogativus, "chosen to vote first"; from prærogere, "to ask before others"; from præ-, "before" + rogare, "to ask". © ALL rights are reserved.
Go to this Word A Day Revisited Index
so you can see more of Mickey Bach's cartoons.
prorogate (verb), prorogates; prorogated; prorogating
1. To discontinue a session or meeting of a group: The premier decided to prorogate parliament until after the holiday season.
2. To postpone; to defer: Mr. Zachary asked the bank to prorogate the repayment of his bank loan until after he gets a new job.
prorogation (s) (noun), prorogations (pl)
1. Discontinuing the meetings of a legislative body without dissolving it: Sometimes the prorogation of some government bodies take place for weeks or even months.
2. In England, the continuance of parliament from one session to another, as an adjournment is a continuance of the session from day to day: To avoid calling new elections, the prime minister decided on a prorogation of the government until after the summer holidays.
This is the established language with respect to the parliament of Great Britain. In the United States, the term prorogation is rarely or never used because "adjournment" is preferred.
prorogue (verb), prorogues; prorogued; proroguing
To defer something to a later date or to a subsequent meeting: The bank agreed that it would prorogue the company's bank loan for two months until a settlement was concluded.
rogation (s) (noun), rogations (pl)
1. A solemn supplication ceremony prescribed by a church: The pastor conduced the rogation as requested by his parishioners.
2. In the Christian Church, a solemn prayer or supplication; especially, one that is made as part of the observation of the three days preceding Ascension Day: Katherine requested that a special rogation in honor of her mother be said by the pastor.
3. In ancient Rome, the submission of a law by a consul, or tribune, to the people for their approval, or a law so submitted: The consul stood before the citizens and read the rogation, and then urged them to give their support.
4. Etymology: from Latin rogatio, rogationis, from rogatus, and rogare, "to ask".
subrogate (verb), subrogates; subrogated; subrogating
1. To substitute a person for another one: Since Sean's daughter was in the hospital, he surrogated her, or took her place, to claim the lottery prize that she had won.
2. To substitute one creditor for another, as in a case where an insurance company sues the person who caused an accident in behalf of the insured: Legal action was taken to subrogate the ultimate payment of the debt by the party who, in fairness and good conscience, should pay for the damage that they caused. © ALL rights are reserved.
subrogation (s) (noun), subrogations (pl)
The substitution of one legal claim for another one: There was a subrogation that included a transfer of Norbert's payments of his debt to Tamika, after her death, to her daughter.
Showing page 2 out of 3 pages of 36 main-word entries or main-word-entry groups.


this topic is to boast about fun stuff you bought that has nothing to do with music.
Let me start with two plants: Phyllostachus nigra (Black Bamboo) and Malus spp. "Pomfita", a red-fleshed apple. Both are going to grow on my roof-deck.
I'm also gonna buy some Alraunen (mandragora, Madragora officinalis) soon. I'm already keeping two for a friend of mine, and they're so lovely and so poisonous that I can't give them away any more, so I'm buying her some new ones.
Now I don't need anything more.
Agh... First show of the school year tomorrow!
Bought an AC adapter for a distortion pedal... We'll need it up there.
Bought a new USB key.. it's just 1GB.. but it will do..
Thanks man. As you can see here, I did had a great time, and I do have an aching neck . Next shows in the menu will be all next year and include Kreator, AA, and the mighty Judas Priest.


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Home > Info & News > Constellation
What is Jack Ma's constellation?
Note: What is Jack Ma's constellation?The 18th Summer Olympic Games was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1964. Jack Ma was born that year.Jack Ma was born on September 10, 1964 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Vi
The 18th Summer Olympic Games was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1964. Jack Ma was born that year.
Jack Ma was born on September 10, 1964 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Virgo.
Jack Ma is the main founder of Alibaba group. He is now a director of Softbank of Japan, chairman of the Chinese Council of the Nature Conservation Association and a member of the global board of directors, director of Huayi Brothers, director of the life science breakthrough Award Foundation, and co chairman of the high level panel on Digital cooperation of the United Nations.
Jack Ma graduated from the Foreign Language Department of Hangzhou Normal University in 1988. In the same year, he was a teacher of English and international trade in Hangzhou Institute of electronic technology. In 1995, he founded China yellow page, the first Internet business information publishing website in China. In 1998, he became the general manager of guofutong Information Technology Development Co., Ltd., China's international e-commerce center. In 1999, he founded Alibaba, and served as the CEO and director of Alibaba group Chairman.
In May 2013, he resigned as CEO of Alibaba group and continued to serve as chairman of the board of directors of Alibaba group. On June 30, Jack Ma was elected as co chairman of the Council of the global Internet governance alliance.
In September 2019, Jack Ma stepped down as chairman of Alibaba's board of directors and continued to be a member of Alibaba Group's board of directors.
On December 15, 2017, Jack Ma was awarded "influence China" education figure of the year in 2017.
On September 10, 2018,
Jack Ma issued an open letter announcing that he would step down as chairman of the group's board of directors on September 10, 2019, and be replaced by CEO Zhang Yong.
In December 2018, the Party Central Committee and the State Council awarded Comrade Jack Ma the title of reform pioneer and the reform pioneer medal.
In March 2019, Jack Ma ranked 21st on the Forbes Global billionaire list with a fortune of US $37.3 billion.
On May 10, 2019, Jack Ma and other 17 outstanding global figures were appointed as the new advocates of sustainable development goals by UN Secretary General Guterres.
In October 2019, Jack Ma won the Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award. In October 2019, he was selected into the list of multinational business leaders of Forbes of the year 2019. On September 30, 2020, Jack Ma will no longer be a director of Alibaba group.
Jack Ma's zodiac is the dragon. In the eyes of Chinese people, the respect for the dragon can be said to be incomparable. The dragon is considered to be the most noble and energetic animal among all animals. It represents wealth and authority.
Keyword: Jack Ma's constellation
• Jack Ma:50 per cent of jobs may now disappe • Jackson~the great singer who makes the world
• Jack Ma Talked About Blockchain: blockchain • What crazy Words Jack Ma Said in the past?


答案: A . 考点: 本句是一个主语从句,因此要填 that .
答: There is a tendency to confuse intelligence with insight. / Men tend to confuse intelligence with insight.
答: Our biggest need in computer technology is not for increased speed and reduced size.
答: The poet reminds men of their uniqueness.
答: It is regrettable that he fails to distinguish between knowledge and intelligence.
答: The computer may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.


This training increased my knowledge of natural and healthy sexual behaviors in children.
After attending this training, I feel better equipped to talk to children about sexuality.
I will use the knowledge and skills gained in this training to nurture healthy sexual development in children.


Yet another dog has suffered at the hands of a major airline — but this time United is off the hook.
United has experienced a recent string of customer service scandals involving pets — a French bulldog died after being stowed in an overhead bin, a flight was diverted because a dog was mistakenly loaded on board, and a German shepherd was shipped to Japan instead of Kansas. Now Delta is taking the blame for the latest mix-up.
As KTVB reports, the airline left an Idaho man, Josh Schlaich, scrambling when his 8-week-old puppy was sent to two different cities by mistake. The puppy's breeder had placed the dog, along with another pup, on a flight from Richmond, Va., to Boise, Idaho. The puppies were reportedly meant to have a layover in Minneapolis before landing in Boise but flew to Detroit instead.
CNN reports that both dogs spent the evening of March 17 in a Detroit kennel but at some point got separated. One puppy ended up in Boise on Sunday, but the one belonging to Schlaich was reportedly flown to Minneapolis and then misrouted to Las Vegas.
The dog eventually made it back home Sunday night, after being flown from Las Vegas to Boise via a connection in Salt Lake City. Delta claims that the puppy was given food and water and regularly let out of its crate.
"It's a culmination of uncaring customer service and bad logistics," Schlaich told KTVB of the error, though he has since deleted his original Facebook post calling out the airline. He now says Delta is issuing a refund.
The airline has also offered an apology for the situation.
"We know pets are important members of the family and apologize for the delayed shipment of a dog, which is in the hands of its owner, after it was routed through incorrect connecting points on its way to Boise," Delta said in a statement to Time.


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The position of Linacre Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford was founded in 1860, initially as the Linacre Professorship of Physiology and then as the chair of Human and Comparative Anatomy, although its origins can be traced back a further 300 years, to the Linacre Lectureships at Merton College. The post is attached to a fellowship at Merton.

It is named in honour of Thomas Linacre (1460–1524), Physician to Henry VIII and founder of the Royal College of Physicians.

The Linacre Professor is on the Board of Management for the J.W.Jenkinson Memorial Lectureship.

List of Linacre professors

 1860–1881 George Rolleston
 1881–1891 Henry Nottidge Moseley
 1891–1898 Sir Edwin Ray Lankester
 1899–1906 Walter F.R. Weldon
 1906–1921 Gilbert C. Bourne
 1921–1946 Edwin Stephen Goodrich
 1946–1961 Sir Alister Hardy
 1961–1979 John William Sutton Pringle
 1979–1993 Sir Richard Southwood
 1993–2000 Sir Roy Anderson
 2002– Peter W. H. Holland

References

External links
 Linacre Professors of Zoology
 Department of Zoology, Oxford University

Professorships at the University of Oxford
Professorships in zoology
1860 establishments in the United Kingdom
Merton College, Oxford
Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #758413). Please send me more information regarding 4433 N Stanton T-4, El Paso, TX, 79902. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 4433 N Stanton T-4, El Paso, TX, 79902 (MLS® #758413). Thank you!


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Los Angeles Times, Sep. 19, 2018
UCI presents a 'First Glimpse' of its treasured Buck Collection of California art
It's been billed as "the greatest collection of California art that nobody has seen." … Starting Sept. 29, about 50 works will be on view to the public in the exhibition titled "First Glimpse: Introducing The Buck Collection." The free show will run through Jan. 5 at UCI's University Art Gallery and Contemporary Arts Center Gallery. [Subscription required, you can request an electronic copy of the article by sending an email to communications@uci.edu.]
The New York Times, Sep. 20, 2018
The Nobel Prize in Literature Takes This Year Off. Our Critics Don't.
I'd be happy to see [UCI Distinguished Professor] Ngugi wa Thiong'o honored. What a career and against what odds: from writing the first modern novel in Kikuyu — in prison, on toilet paper — to a foundational trilogy on Kenyan independence to his dazzling magical-realist masterpiece, "Wizard of the Crow," and, recently, a shelf of memoirs. [Subscription required, campus-wide access provided by UCI Libraries. Sign-up here: AccessNYT.com]
KPCC, Sep. 19, 2018
Hispanic, Latino or Latinx? A look into navigating identity in the US
The gender-neutral term "Latinx" was officially added to Merriam-Webster's dictionary earlier this month. By definition, the word is most commonly used for individuals of Latin American descent who are gender-nonconforming or who choose not to be identified by gender. Others have met this word with resistance, arguing that the word is grammatically and orally impractical to the Spanish language. … Guest: Louis DeSipio, professor of political science and Chicano/Latino studies at UC Irvine.
Veteran who was deported to Mexico returns home to the U.S.
Eight years after immigration officials detained Fabian Rebolledo in his Baldwin Park home and deported him to Tijuana, the U.S. Army veteran has returned home. … It was the culmination of a years-long battle by the UC Irvine Immigrant Rights Clinic, which was able to reopen the case in December and regain his green-card status in August. [Subscription required, you can request an electronic copy of the article by sending an email to communications@uci.edu.]
Artnet, Sep. 20, 2018
What Does the Road to Success Look Like? Case Studies of African American Artists From Three Generations
Most major museums, and the art market at large, have been slow to acknowledge [Betye] Saar's enormous influence. … "Part of it is that she's a woman, and that's never been interesting to the art world," says Bridget Cooks, a professor of African American studies and art history at the University of California, Irvine. "And she's black; but she's also in LA, so that makes her in the middle of nowhere as far as snobs are concerned."
Previously " In the News"


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Home / Countries / Central African Republic / Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Kahuzi-Biega was given National Park status in 1970 and covers an area of 6000 square kilometres. Two impressive extinct volcanoes: Kahuzi (9,153ft) and Biega (1,085ft) are the highest peaks in the Mitumba Range.
Gorilla conservation
Kahuzi-Biega National Park has some diverse and abundant fauna. But it was primarily created to preserve the important gorilla habitat. It's here that American Zoologist Dian Fossey began her work with gorillas. And in 1975 the designated park area was increased from 750 to 6000 square kilometres to include the watershed, Luka and Lugulu River tributaries and the connecting belt of mountain valleys.
Surrounded by a very high population density, conservation within the park is a challenge. One of the last groups of eastern lowland (graueri) gorillas (250 individuals form 86% of the total world population) live between 2,100 and 2,400 m above sea-level. But numbers were devastated during the Civil War.
In 1990 there were about 284 mountain gorillas living within 25 families. But since 2004 only 2 families of around 40 individuals have been recorded. Other wildlife resident in the park includes forest elephant, several other sub-species of monkeys and chimpanzees. There are numerous birds also living within the park.
Since 2004 the situation has marginally improved. Although easy access from Bukavu which allowed the support and protection of the park through tourism has not returned to normal. In 1994 refugees and rangers were murdered and animals were killed when Rwanda's genocidal warfare swamped the area.
Illicit mining of Coltan ore (which produces tantalum used in the production of cell phones) has also increased habitat destruction. So the United Nations Environment Programme request that electronic component manufacturers to use Tantalum which is not illegally produced.
In 1997 UNESCO declared Kahuzi-Biega and 4 other national parks in eastern Congo as 'World Heritage Sites in Danger'.
Congo national parks with small populations of Mountain Gorillas:
Virunga National Park - split into 3 sections: north of Kahuzi-Biega, between Lake Kivu and Lake Albert. First established in 1925!
Maiko N.P. - about 9,000 sq.km. of lowland forest and low mountains, north of Kahuzi-Biega N.P.
Private organizations support the efforts of the United Nations Environment Programme and offer assistance to the local Congolese nature preservation organisation.
Organisations involved in conservation:
Wildlife Conservation Society - management of research projects and education
The Gorilla Organization - research projects and assistance in Virunga N.P.
Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe - research projects and assistance in Kahuzi-Biega N.P.
Chicago Field Museum - supports local Congolese research and nature preservation institutions
Woods Hole Research Centre - maps and monitors central African forests.
Prime hot spots for tracking gorillas… when to go and how to do it.


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19412 - MX58 FTN
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76 06:45 Piccadilly Gardens
76 07:29 Oldham
38 10:10 Logistics North
42A 13:04 Reddish Bulls Head
42A 14:15 Piccadilly Gardens
← 19411 - MX58 FTK
19413 - MX58 FTO →


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Put It In The Queue: Fletch (1985)
Chevy Chase may be on a new TV show with that guy who is well known for doing something else somewhere else on TV (though I only saw him once on that weird improv show Thank Goodness You're Here [which was inherently flawed in it's design, but an interesting concept]), but aside from often taking vacations or purchasing farms that may or may not be humorous or not being dead on a Saturday night (get it?), Chase's name was once synonymous with another: Fletch. Or Irwin Fletcher, if you want a full name (Fletch F. Fletch to all inquiring parties who need not know a true identity).
Designed as a vehicle for Chase to do his thing in a starring role, the movie centers around an unintentionally shaggy dog drug dealing plot that sees Chase's investigative reporter trying to solve for his newspaper column. Plot aside, Fletch is rife with a soundtrack full of "Axel F" ripoffs, strange pacing and a weird voiceover that haunts the screen for plot advancement and biting one-liners at unpredictable intervals. But just a few scenes of Chase's deadpan delivery as he assumes different roles to work his way into undercover interviews will forever cement Fletch as one of the best comedies of its era.
He gets the girl, he solves the mystery, he drives a car very fast and he gives a rousing speech to a crowded VFW hall. But nothing can top his exchange with a doctor after giving his name as Arnold Babar.
Doctor: Isn't there a children's book about an elephant named Babar?
Fletch: I wouldn't know. I don't have any.
Doctor: Children?
Fletch: No, elephant books.
The humor is subtle, off-putting, and a bit surreal. Watching Fletch for the first time will leave the viewer possible confuddled. But on the second viewing, with a basis for the plot, the jokes become easier to spot and decipher, and Fletch becomes a way of life.
We might have The Big Lebowski, but our parents had Fletch. Do yourself a favor and throw this movie in your pile.
By: JesseRaub
Tags: babar, chevy chase, fletch, movies
JesseRaub
There is no author description yet.


These sweet little Chanel Sterling Silver and Pearl Heart Drop Earrings feature darling heart and star charms with a dainty pearls. The hearts have 'CHANEL' stamped on each of them. Not to be missed by any fashionista!
The earrings are clean and beautiful with minor hairline surface scratches. Overall they are clean and in excellent and like new condition.


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CWCapital: Stuy Town's First Avenue Loop is being closed to make repairs beneath the road
CWCapital says the current closure of the First Avenue Loop wasn't planned as part of the management office construction. (Photo by Sabina Mollot)
Following the announcement on Thursday that the First Avenue Loop would be closed to traffic and parking for 4-6 weeks, starting Monday, nearby residents have been left wondering why there was barely any notice and of course, where they were supposed to park in the meantime.
Since last week, Council Member Dan Garodnick said his office has been on the receiving end of many complaints, in particular due to the minimal information offered in official notices that had been posted along the Loop Road.
"I have asked for a complete explanation for the community about the need for the project and why it was not disclosed earlier and for ways they can try and limit the time and the inconvenience," he said on Monday morning.
He added that for some residents, the closure is "beyond an inconvenience. It really is a necessity for disabled parkers, for school bus pickups and for Access-A-Ride." The lack of information, added Garodnick, "is extremely disrespectful to people who rely on it."
The initial notice, which was also announced via an email from the ST-PCV Tenants Association, only explained that the closure was due to necessary work related to an electrical upgrade.
But by this afternoon, more details about the project were made available online by CWCapital.
In the notice, CWCapital said that the work is to replace and repair aged infrastructure and damaged power lines that run directly beneath the road. Though not currently used to power any buildings, they "will be necessary to provide adequate power to the new management office."
As for why the work had to be done immediately, CW said the work was not planned as part of the construction of the management office, but deemed imminent after the special servicer consulted with Con Ed and other experts.
"We did not expect these power lines to be as badly damaged as they were," CW said. "We worked closely with Con Ed and our engineers to identify alternate, less disruptive ways to address the issue. Ultimately, all the experts agree that this is the best and safest option."
Meanwhile, until the work is completed, any drivers that attempt to park on the First Avenue Loop can expect to have their cars towed, management warned. The only exceptions for vehicles even being allowed in is for emergency vehicles, Access-A-Ride and "small school buses." Large buses "may not be able to access the Loop Road during this work." While the work is ongoing, public safety officers will be on the scene. The road will be closed from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.
One resident strolling by at 2:45 p.m. on Monday overheard an officer at the scene saying that cars could come in for dropoffs, but no through traffic or parking was allowed. At that time, there were four officers manning the First Avenue Loop entrance at 18th Street, who, he said, looked like police, not public safety officers.
In response to the new information, Garodnick said he would like to know, if the roads are only going to be closed during the day, why at least disabled residents can't park their cars overnight.
(We'll update this post if we get a response from management on this one.)
Residents with questions have been directed by CWCapital to call (212) 253-3653 or email projectmgmt@pcvst.com.
Posted in Con Ed, CWCapital, Emergency Alert, ST-PCV Tenants Association, Stuyvesant Town
Tagged CompassRock, Con Ed, Council Member Dan Garodnick, CWCapital, electrical repairs, electrical upgrade, First Avenue Loop, First Avenue Loop closure