text:
Phylogeography of var gene repertoires reveals fine-scale geospatial clustering of Plasmodium falciparum populations in a highly endemic area.
Tessema SK, Monk SL, Schultz MB, Tavul L, Reeder JC, Siba PM, Mueller I, Barry AE
Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 3052, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major global health problem that is being targeted for progressive elimination. Knowledge of local disease transmission patterns in endemic countries is critical to these elimination efforts. To investigate fine-scale patterns of malaria transmission, we have compared repertoires of rapidly evolving var genes in a highly endemic area. A total of 3680 high-quality DBLalpha-sequences were obtained from 68 P. falciparum isolates from ten villages spread over two distinct catchment areas on the north coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Modelling of the extent of var gene diversity in the two parasite populations predicts more than twice as many var gene alleles circulating within each catchment (Mugil = 906; Wosera = 1094) than previously recognized in PNG (Amele = 369). In addition, there were limited levels of var gene sharing between populations, consistent with local parasite population structure. Phylogeographic analyses demonstrate that while neutrally evolving microsatellite markers identified population structure only at the catchment level, var gene repertoires reveal further fine-scale geospatial clustering of parasite isolates. The clustering of parasite isolates by village in Mugil, but not in Wosera was consistent with the physical and cultural isolation of the human populations in the two catchments. The study highlights the microheterogeneity of P. falciparum transmission in highly endemic areas and demonstrates the potential of var genes as markers of local patterns of parasite population structure.
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Pagination: 484-497
Professor Alyssa Barry
Eliminate Malaria


text:
Black Teen Claims School District Told Him to Cut Dreadlocks If He Wants to Walk in Graduation
Texas high school student DeAndre Arnold said he was not allowed back in school and cannot attend graduation unless he cuts his hair
By Eric Todisco
Published on January 23, 2020 11:11 AM
A black teenager in Texas is claiming that he was suspended and told that he would not be able to walk in his high school graduation ceremony unless he cut his dreadlocks.
DeAndre Arnold, a senior at Barbers Hill High School in Mont Belvieu, told CBS This Morning and local news station KPRC that his hair had always met the school district's policies until recently when he received an in-school suspension after he refused to cut it.
DeAndre said that his father is from Trinidad and that many men in his culture grow dreadlocks. "I really like that part of Trinidadian culture; I really embrace that," he told KPRC.
His mother, Sandy Arnold, told the news station that after Christmas break and three months before graduation, the school district changed the dress code policy.
"They say that even (when) my hair is up if it were to be down it would be not in compliance with the dress code. However, I don't take it down in the school," DeAndre said.
Sandy told CBS This Morning that she believes the lack of diversity in the district is the issue. "There is no people of color on the school board. I get it that they don't understand his hair," she said.
Michigan Woman Says She Was Sexually Assaulted on a Spirit Airlines Flight: 'Women Are Not Safe'
Sandy added to KPRC that she attempted to reach out to board members and the superintendent to come to a conclusion together. But she claims she never received a response.
Barbers Hill School District did not respond to PEOPLE's request for comment.
DeAndre is not allowed back in school and cannot walk in his upcoming graduation until his dreadlocks are cut, Sandy told KPRC.
And she vowed that he wouldn't be doing so.
"Are you going to cut his hair? Absolutely not, this is a part of who he is. So absolutely not going to cut his hair," Sandy told the news station.
In a written statement obtained by KPRC, Barbers Hill School District said, "We do have a community-supported hair length policy & have had for decades. Barbers Hill is a state leader with high expectations in all areas!"
DeAndre Arnold Proudly Wears Dreadlocks to Oscars After Banned from High School Graduation
Black Teen, Who Says School Told Him to Cut His Dreadlocks, Gets Scholarship from Ellen DeGeneres
Black Teen Who Says School Opposed Dreadlocks Invited to Oscars by Dwyane Wade, Gabrielle Union
Calif. Man Finally Receives High School Diploma 6 Decades After He Was Denied Due to Book Fee
President Joe Biden and Dr. Jill Biden Honor 2022 Teacher of the Year in White House Ceremony
BYU Graduate Shows Her 'True Colors' by Sewing Rainbow Flag into Graduation Gown: 'I Will Not Hide'
N.C. School Lets Student Facing Sexual Assault Charges Play Football, Suspends Female Athletes Who Protested
Texas School Superintendent Addresses Parents' Attacks on Teachers Over Masks: 'Not Acceptable'
Ky. Gov. Says High School Event Where Students Appeared to Give Staff Lap Dances Was 'Unacceptable'
Ky. High School Takes 'Action' After Photos Seem to Show Staff Getting Lap Dances from Students
Florida Gov. Threatens to Withhold Pay of District Employees Who Mandate Kids Wear Masks in School
Principal Speaks Out After School District Brands His Anniversary Pic with Wife 'Questionable'
Classrooms Are 'Completely Taken Over by Rats,' Teachers Say as Calif. School Cancels Classes
Texas Dad Strips Down to Swimsuit at School Board Meeting to Make a Statement About Masks
Fla. Dad Protesting School Masks Allegedly Assaulted Female Student Who Confronted Him
Over 5,000 Students in Florida School District Are in Isolation or Quarantine Due to COVID

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"'Our Class' tells a story that has repeatedly been denied, silenced, and pushed under the rug," says one student actor. "It is a story that needs to be heard."
Long before the recent shooting at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Derek Goldman had planned to direct a production of Our Class with student actors at Georgetown University. It is a play whose timeliness was wanted by no one.
Six years ago, Goldman directed a professional production of Our Class at Theater J with the same artistic team now on board for the Georgetown production. At the time, Tzvi Kahn, in his DC Metro Theater Arts review, called the play "a Holocaust-era case study in the moral degeneration of individuals in the context of societal descent into genocide and madness." At Georgetown, that case study will be told by a new generation.
The original text written in Polish by Tadeusz Słobodzianek has been adapted by Norman Allen from a literal translation by Catherine Grovesnor, and its idiom is youthful and fresh.
Just as significantly, the actors in the Georgetown production are closer to their characters' age than were the actors in the Theater J production, and so they too will be bringing their own contemporary sensibility. Here, for instance, is a candidly personal Q&A with one of the student actors.
Who do you play in Our Class and how do you relate to them?
Nicole Albanese: I play the role of Dora in Our Class. Dora wants to be a movie star when she grows up, and I want to be an actor, so I relate to Dora in having big dreams. I think we both have a fire within us—a certain spark. Dora is relentless in pursuing her dream—she is a fighter, and though a significant amount of adversity is thrown her way, she never stops fighting. This is a quality I really admire in Dora; she never shrinks into the small, quiet role of a victim. This is a quality that I believe I also hold within me, but Dora has inspired me to embrace my strength, and to be resilient.
What is Our Class about from your character's point of view?
Dora is able to take on an interesting perspective on everything that happens in Jedwabne due to the construction of the play. She is alive in the first act, and after her death is able to engage with her classmates as a ghost. Therefore, while Dora is horrifically betrayed by her classmates in the first act, the incredulousness, rage, and confusion that these betrayals incite in her are put into perspective after her death. As a ghost, Dora sees her classmates continue to suffer, to find joy, and to invest themselves in the foolishness of human concerns. Therefore, for Dora, the class is never truly divided or broken, especially because they are reunited in death. The class, however, is morphed into something grotesque and strange as it is put under the mounting pressure of neighbors turning against neighbors.
Top: Alex Prout, ML Sparrow, Charlie Trepany; middle: Colum Goebelbecker, Healy Knight, Benjamin Lillian; bottom: Ben Eneman, Jonathan Compo, Matias Litewka.
How has rehearsing and performing in Our Class affected you?
This role has been the most difficult role I have ever worked on. The play deals with a wide range of dark topics, including genocide and sexual assault. It is impossible to not be affected by this material, especially when stepping into the shoes of someone going through it all. Therefore, this process has really required a deep connection with cast members, and a constant checking in with how we have been feeling. The cast has really looked out for each other throughout the whole process, which has been a blessing. It has been about finding a balance of allowing myself to be affected, because I believe it is important to let the horrors hit me, but also protecting myself from emotional harm. But although this process has been difficult, I believe it has really changed me as an actor and as a human being, and allowing oneself to be changed is part of theater.
Why is it important for people to see Our Class right now?
Evidently, Our Class has been made very relevant by certain events. The narratives of sexual assault have attained a greater weight in the light of the Kavanaugh hearings, and the shooting at the Tree of Life Synagogue was a clear, horrifying reminder that anti-semitism is still resulting in needless violence. The Pittsburgh shooting particularly made all our hearts hurt deeply as a cast. However, even if these events had not happened, it would have still been important to see this play; these events are not anomalies, they are evidence of hate that exists in the fibers of society. Our Class tells a story that has repeatedly been denied, silenced, and pushed under the rug. It is a story that needs to be heard to give justice to the people who died in Jedwabne, and to serve as a continual reminder that anti-semitism is not something we have moved past as humanity: neighbors still hate their neighbors, neighbors still kill their neighbors.
Our Class plays November 8–17, 2018, presented by the Georgetown University Theater & Performance Studies Program, at Davis Performing Arts Center, Gonda Theatre, 37th and O St., N.W., Washington, DC. Tickets are available for purchase at the door or online.
Previous articleToday we light a candle in our hearts in memory of Joel Markowitz, our beloved founding editor, whom we lost one year ago.
John Stoltenberg writes: "[Our Class] is a play whose timeliness is wanted by no one." To the contrary: playwright Slobodzianek's plot improvisations demonstrate the inadequacy of the actual forensic investigation, which was terminated prematurely upon discovery of German bullets in the graves. The Prosecutor was forced to rely on contradictory witness testimonies, and no conclusion could be reached.
"It is unclear, in the light of the evidence collected, whether the Germans took part in escorting the victims to the place of mass murder, and whether they were present at the barn. Witness testimonies vary considerably on this question." – Radoslaw J. Ignatiew, Department Chief, Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation in Bialystok, 9 July 2002.
ZYGMUNT: Out of concern for your safety, the Amskommendat and the Mayor have directed that we shut you up in the barn overnight. Tomorrow you'll be taken to the Ghetto in Lomza. You've seen for yourselves the consequences of collaborating with the Soviets. Now, do as you're told, or on your heads be it.
Think on it. It may work in the theater, but not in historical scholarship, nor in the court of law.
The prematurely terminated forensic investigation must be re-opened and properly concluded.
Thank you for your thoughtful and informative comment.
Just to clarify, though, when I spoke of the "timeliness" of Our Class that "is wanted by no one," I was specifically referring back to the shooting at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh.


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Jonelle's professional approach gave us confidence………….
When we decided to sell our family home Jonelle ensured that it was a seamless and hassle free process from beginning to end.
Her attention to detail meant that no stone was left unturned, ultimately allowing us to secure the sale of our home and enabling us to move onto the next stage of our life.
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Jonelle has a very warm nature and has an ability to make this transition smooth. She is exceptional at what she does and I would recommend her to all our families and friends.
It has been an absolute pleasure selling our property with Jonelle Reisenleiter. She is an outstanding, very trustworthy and professional real estate agent with an optimistic and positive approach. Jonelle is an excellent communicator, keeping us well informed at every stage of our sale. She is cheerful, enthusiastic, respectful and totally reliable. We would highly recommend Jonelle for your real estate needs.


text:
U.S. Museum Donors Among Biden Appointees to Arts Committee
By Angelica Villa
Angelica Villa
More Stories by Angelica
President Joe Biden speaking during the 44th Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington on December 5, 2021. AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster
Museum donors and private business owners with ties to the cultural sector across the country are among the 14 people designated by Joe Biden to serve on the President's Advisory Committee on the Arts (PACA), a board formed in 1958 that advises on programming for the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. The 14 people being tapped for the presidential committee include board members of major art institutions in Los Angeles, Houston, and New York, as well as figures active in the D.C. political circuit who have backed Democratic causes. None of them will receive any money for taking part in the committee.
Biden Reinstates Arts Committee Disbanded Under Trump Administration
Biden Approves Research Panel Seeking to Establish Museum Centered on Asian American Culture
Among the donors to U.S. museums tapped for the initiative is Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel, the wife the late advertising executive and former U.S. ambassador Carl Spielvogel. She previously served as New York's director of cultural affairs and as a member on commissions overseeing initiatives relates to fine art and monuments under the Clinton and Obama administrations. Through a charitable foundation she established with her late husband in their names, she has donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the New-York Historical Society.
Bonnie Lautenberg, a New York–based philanthropist who was married to the late democratic New Jersey senator Frank Lautenberg, has also been selected for the group. She serves on the international directors council at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, and through a family charitable organization in her name, has donated to the Guggenheim, the Met, and the Whitney Museum, among other U.S. art institutions. Lautenberg has personal ties to Biden through her late husband and backed fundraising efforts for Biden's presidential campaign in 2019.
Another museum benefactor picked to serve on the White House commission is Houston-based philanthropist Barbara Goot Gamson. Gamson gives to arts-related causes with her husband, the retired oil trader and leftwing political donor Michael Gamson. She serves as a trustee for the Menil Collection and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, and is on the national committee of the Whitney Museum. The Gamsons gave $8,300 to Biden's campaign in 2019.
Two West Coast figures also figure on the committee. Charlie Pohlad, a contemporary art collector and heir to a family Minneapolis-based investment and real-estate fortune worth an estimated $3.8 billion, serves on the board of trustees of the Dia Art Foundation in New York and the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis. He has donated funds and works of art to the Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles, LAXART, and the Minneapolis Institute of Art. Meanwhile, Thomas Safran, an affordable housing developer and cofounder of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, is one of three real estate developers chosen to serve on the committee. He held a Biden fundraiser in 2019.
PACA is not the only government committee established to oversee policies related to the cultural sector. The President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities (PCAH) was established under the Reagan administration in 1982 to advise the National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities. In August 2017, all 17 members of the PCAH resigned in protest of the former President Donald Trump's refusal to condemn violence at the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally and his calls to eliminate the National Endowment for the Arts.


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. List all of the sources by identify in pillar A. checklist how far each brings in column B. And then, some notes you've got to your revenue (like if it is non permanent ) in pillar C. You really don't need to possess very detailed with the income, because it simply should be accounted for so that we can budget for it is use.
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27 Gallery of "Rental Property Management Spreadsheet Template"


text:
from . import tutils
import base64
from mitmproxy.proxy import config

def test_parse_server_spec():
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid server specification", config.parse_server_spec, ""
    )
    assert config.parse_server_spec("http://foo.com:88") == (
        "http", ("foo.com", 88)
    )
    assert config.parse_server_spec("http://foo.com") == (
        "http", ("foo.com", 80)
    )
    assert config.parse_server_spec("https://foo.com") == (
        "https", ("foo.com", 443)
    )
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid server specification",
        config.parse_server_spec,
        "foo.com"
    )
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid server specification",
        config.parse_server_spec,
        "http://"
    )

def test_parse_upstream_auth():
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid upstream auth specification",
        config.parse_upstream_auth,
        ""
    )
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid upstream auth specification",
        config.parse_upstream_auth,
        ":"
    )
    tutils.raises(
        "Invalid upstream auth specification",
        config.parse_upstream_auth,
        ":test"
    )
    assert config.parse_upstream_auth("test:test") == b"Basic" + b" " + base64.b64encode(b"test:test")
    assert config.parse_upstream_auth("test:") == b"Basic" + b" " + base64.b64encode(b"test:")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An Ember Inn, so usual foody type place and a waft of Scampi and lemon as you walk through. Also staff seem slow and elements of them standing around not really wanting to interact with customers, a trait of big chain pubs.
However, its well presented, if a little pradictable, mixture of high stools, arm chairs and comfortable seating. Its carpeted and there is a long bar.
6 real ales offers a good choice.


text:
The Icelandic Language Technology Research Group
Wordnet
Treebank
Semantic Network with Semantic Mining
WP Leader: Matthew J. Whelpton; Consultant Lexicographer: Kristín Bjarnadóttir; Doctoral Researcher: Anna Björk Nikulásdóttir; Researcher: NN.
Matthew Whelpton is the lead investigator in this work package and will contribute with expertise in semantics and syntax. Anna Nikulásdóttir will carry out most of the work and use it as her Ph.D. project. Kristín Bjarnadóttir will provide expertise in Icelandic morphology and lexicography and the analysis of textual data. The researcher(s) will assist in collecting and analysing the data.
Extraction of semantic information from linguistic input (semantic mining) has become one of the central challenges of contemporary LT and is essential for the future development of the field, as witnessed for example by the resources being invested by the large internet companies in the "semantic web". Considerable efforts have already been made to manually build semantic networks, both lexical (WordNet, http://wordnet.princeton.edu) and ontological (Cyc, http://www.cyc.com). However, manual construction of such resources is not a realistic aim for Icelandic LT given manpower and financial constraints. In the present project, we therefore intend to develop methods to (semi) automatically build a database of semantic relations from existing lexical and textual resources at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies; the resulting network of semantic relations will allow for future mapping to existing WordNet networks (cf http://www.globalwordnet.org/).
The first stage of the project will address the central aim of extracting semantic relations from unstructured texts, using syntactic and lexicosyntactic patterns (see e.g. Hearst 1998). Project doctoral researcher, Anna Nikulásdóttir, has already shown in her M.A. thesis (2007a) that, using syntactic and lexicosyntactic patterns, semantic relations of noun lemmata from a monolingual Icelandic dictionary can be extracted with an overall accuracy of 94.8%. These methods will be further developed in her doctoral work for the project. The project will extend these methods to text corpora (i.e. regular texts rather than dictionary entries) with a view to extracting encyclopaedic (real-world) knowledge. The lexical semantic method will be extended to include prepositions and their associated noun phrases; patterns of frequent co-occurence will also be exploited.
Such work requires vast amounts of text and just such resources are being developed at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Helgadóttir 2004a). When these texts have been tagged and parsed for morphological and syntactic information (using the IceNLP toolkit described in Loftsson and Rögnvaldsson 2007b), noun phrases and preposition phrases can be extracted and their syntactic distributions analysed. The most frequent distributional patterns can then be analysed manually and evaluated for systematic semantic relations. The results of the dictionary-based pattern extraction can then be compared to the text-based pattern extraction. This method can also be extended to other relation-building words.
The second stage involves testing of the results from the first stage. A reserved portion of the parsed corpus will be used a test corpus. The syntactic and lexical syntactic patterns identified as significant in the first stage will be extracted using the automated methods developed in the first stage. The resulting semantic relations will then be verified manually to test accuracy. The patterns that give reliable results according to this analysis will form the core of a tool for extracting semantic relations from parsed texts. The user inteface for this Semantic Extraction Tool will allow for manual corrections and extensions of the automatically extracted relations. A method will be developed to partially connect the results internally. The central pattern-based methodology will also be tested against established statistical methods for automatic thesaurus construction (cf. Grossman and Frieder 2004). The aim is to exploit as broad a range of methodologies as possible to refine the success of the automated tool.
Háskóli Íslands – University of Iceland
Háskólinn í Reykjavík – Reykjavik University
Máltæknisetur – Icelandic Centre for Language Technology
Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum – The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
University of Alicante – Department of Software and Computing Systems
University of Pennsylvania – Department of Linguistics


text:
Jean-Paul Leroy
McArthurGlen to open outlet centre in Vancouver
McArthur Glen, owner of 21 outlet centres in Europe, is opening its first centre out of Europe in Vancouver, Canada. The mall will open in late 2014 or early 2015 and is the fruit of a joint venture with the Vancouver Airport Authority, operator of the city's airport.
The choice of location was most likely carefully thought out in detail. The centre will benefit from a surrounding catchment area of 2.7 million inhabitants, 2.4 million living less than 30 minutes by car. Moreover, the average income in the area is $91,000 versus $70,000 in the United States. The population of Vancouver has grown more than 10% over the past five years.
A sketch of the project in Vancouver
But most importantly, and no doubt the reason for the partnership: "Vancouver Airport is the gateway to the Americas for many Asian tourists," said Gary Bond, chief executive of McArthurGlen Development. According to the developer, there are no less than 57 direct flights to China every week, with some 2.3 million Asians coming through the airport each year. Overall, 17 million passengers pass through the airport in Vancouver, and almost 9 million tourists visit the city. The outlet centre is located 3 minutes from the airport via the sky train and 30 minutes from downtown Vancouver.
The first phase will occupy over 18,000 square meters. The second phase will give the centre a total of 34,400 square meters, housing between 150 and 175 stores made up of U.S. and international brands. McArthurGlen's goal is to create a truly upscale shopping centre with a mix of luxury and designer brands. "Luxury brands should represent 30% of the occupancy," said Gary Bond, mentioning names such as Gucci and Ralph Lauren.
The Vancouver centre is not McArthurGlen's only current new project. The outlet centre developer is working on a 30,000-square-meter project in Gent, Belgium in a new district called The Loop Ghent. Construction is expected to begin in late 2013. The company also has another project on the books for Germany and is looking at Istanbul but has not announced any specific details.
The developer is also working on several expansions of existing centres: in 2013 Castel Romano near Rome and and Berberion near Florence; in 2014 La Reggia near Naples and Swindon in Great Britain: Neumünster near Hamburg in 2014 or 2015. And La Reggia is scheduled to be expanded to 40,000 square meters in 2015.
This year, McArthurGlen has opened promotional offices in Brazil, Russia, South Korea and China to attract tourists even before they leave their country.
StockX opens first authentication center in Mexico


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent years have seen improvements in the calculational techniques
for one-loop amplitudes \cite{Review}.  Besides calculations of new
amplitudes for phenomenological \cite{FiveParton} purposes, a number
of infinite sequences of amplitudes have been obtained
\cite{AllPlus,Mahlon,SusyFour,SusyOne}.  At two- or higher-loops
there has not been analogous progress as yet, although there is a need
for such calculations in the analysis of experiments. For example,
experiments at LEP are currently sensitive to next-to-next-to leading
order corrections to $Z \rightarrow 3$ jets
\cite{ThreeJetUncertainty}; this requires two-loop amplitudes as an
input.

Before this and other two-loop calculations can be undertaken, a number
of technical issues must be addressed.  It would be useful to have an efficient
technique for obtaining compact analytic expressions for two-loop
amplitudes. Some first steps in developing such a technique have
recently been reported using ideas motivated by string theory
\cite{Long,TwoLoopStrings}. In particular, Reuter, Schmidt and
Schubert \cite{twoloopQEDbeta} have performed an elegant evaluation of
two-loop quantities using a world-line approach.  Kim and Nair
\cite{Nair} have also set up a multi-loop formulation of the recursive
approach \cite{Recursive}.

Another technical hurdle is that many of the required integrals are
uncalculated \cite{TwoLoopIntegrals}.  The construction of a
numerical program to extract jet cross-sections would also require
significant work; in particular, one would need to extend the known
techniques for handling the infrared divergent corners of phase space
\cite{SliceAndDice}.

In this letter we explore the use of cutting rules
\cite{Cutting,Review} to obtain compact analytical expressions for
two-loop amplitudes.  In particular, we compute the $N\! =\! 4$
supersymmetric four-gluon amplitudes in terms of a basic set of scalar
integral functions.  Amplitudes in $N\! = \!4$ super-Yang-Mills are
particularly simple and are therefore a good starting point.

At tree-level \cite{ParkeTaylor} and one-loop, infinite sequences of
gauge theory amplitudes have been explicitly constructed.  Can one
find such sequences for higher-loop amplitudes?  In this letter we
also present a pattern for the leading-color four-gluon amplitudes to all
orders of perturbation theory consistent with two-particle
cuts. We do not, however, have a proof that the pattern is the
complete answer and it is possible that a more complete analysis
including three- or higher-particle cuts might reveal additional terms.

In the past, cutting rules \cite{Cutting} have been widely used in
field theory and provide powerful constraints on the form of
amplitudes.  In order to construct complete amplitudes one must have
control of the ambiguities and subtractions. At one-loop it has been
shown that for amplitudes satisfying a power counting criterion, such
as supersymmetric ones, one can obtain the complete answer from
four-dimensional cuts and knowledge of the set of integral functions
that can appear in the result \cite{SusyOne}.  For amplitudes not
satisfying the power counting criterion one may unambiguously obtain
the amplitudes by computing the cuts to all orders in the dimensional
regularization parameter \cite{TwoLoopUnitarity,Massive,Review}, since
all terms develop cuts.  At two loops much less is known about the
integral functions.  Nevertheless, for the supersymmetric two-loop
amplitudes considered in this letter one can perform a complete
reconstruction.

\section{Two-loop color decomposition}

At tree and one-loop levels it has proven useful to separate the color
factors from the kinematics \cite{Color}. (The reader may consult
various review articles \cite{ManganoReview,Review} for notation and
further details.)  The same type of color decomposition is also useful
at the two-loop level.  The color decomposed expression for a four-point
amplitude with all particles in the adjoint representation is
$$
\eqalign{
{\cal A}_4^{2 \mbox{-} \rm loop}  (1,2,3,4)
 & = g^6 \hskip -.2 cm  \sum_{\sigma \in {S_4/Z_4}}
N_c ^2 \, {\rm Tr}[T^{a_{\sigma(1)}}T^{a_{\sigma(2)}}T^{a_{\sigma(3)}}T^{a_{\sigma(4)}}]
\, \Bigl( A^{{\rm LC}}_{4;1,1}(\sigma(1), \sigma(2), \sigma(3), \sigma(4)) \cr
& \hskip 4 cm
     + {1\over N_c^2}
 A^{{\rm SC}}_{4;1,1}(\sigma(1), \sigma(2), \sigma(3), \sigma(4)) \Bigr) \cr
& \hskip 1 cm
+ g^6 \hskip -.2 cm \sum_{\sigma \in {S_4/Z_2^3}} N_c
\, {\rm Tr}[T^{a_{\sigma(1)}}T^{a_{\sigma(2)}}] \, {\rm Tr}[T^{a_{\sigma(3)}}T^{a_{\sigma(4)}}] \,
A_{4;1,3}(\sigma(1), \sigma(2); \sigma(3), \sigma(4))\,, \cr}
\equn\label{TwoLoopColor}
$$
where $A_{4;1,1}$ and $A_{4;1,3}$ are `partial amplitudes'.  Our
notation for $A_{n;j,k}$ is that $n$ is the number of external legs,
and $j$ and $k$ label the position at which the color traces are
split; for $n\ge 6$ there can be up to three color traces so for a
generally consistent notation two indices are required.  We have
explicitly broken up the single color trace partial amplitude into
leading color $A_{4;1,1}^{{\rm LC}}$ and subleading color $A_{4;1,1}^{{\rm SC}}$
pieces.  (By subleading color we mean expressions suppressed in powers
of $N_c$.)  For each external leg we have abbreviated the dependence
on the outgoing external momenta, $k_i$ , and polarizations, $\eps_i$,
by the label $i$. The notation `$S_4/Z_4$' denotes the set of all
permutations of four objects $S_4$, omitting the cyclic
transformations.  The notation `$S_4/Z_2^3$' refers again to the set
of permutations of four objects omitting those permutations which
exchange labels within a single trace or exchange the two traces. That
is, $S_4/Z_2^3 = \{\fourperm1234,\fourperm1324,\fourperm1423\}$.

This decomposition has a straightforward generalization to an
arbitrary number of external legs.  A similar decomposition exists
when some of the particles are in the fundamental representation.  The
partial amplitudes are independently gauge invariant and may therefore
be calculated separately.

\section{Properties of $N=4$ amplitudes}

The high degree of supersymmetry present in $N\! =\! 4$ amplitudes
considerably simplifies their analytic structure.  Supersymmetric
amplitudes with external legs that have either all helicities identical or
all but one identical vanish by a supersymmetry identity \cite{SWI}.
The non-vanishing maximally helicity violating (MHV) amplitudes, where
two of the external helicities are of one type and the rest of the
other type, are especially simple.  At four and five points all the
non-vanishing amplitudes are MHV.

For these reasons four-point $N\! =\! 4$ supersymmetric amplitudes are a
natural starting point for evaluating higher-loop amplitudes.  At
one-loop $N=4$ amplitudes may be considered as pieces of QCD
amplitudes; similarly at two and higher loops we may expect a study of
$N=4$ amplitudes to be of some use for obtaining QCD amplitudes.

The tree-level four-gluon partial amplitudes are
$$
\eqalign{
& A_4^{\rm tree}(1^\pm, 2^+, 3^+, 4^+) = 0\,, \cr
& A_4^{\rm tree}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+) = i {\spa1.2^4 \over
                             \spa1.2 \spa2.3 \spa3.4 \spa4.1}\,, \cr
& A_4^{\rm tree}(1^-, 2^+, 3^-, 4^+) = i {\spa1.3^4 \over
                             \spa1.2 \spa2.3 \spa3.4 \spa4.1}\,.  \cr}
\equn\label{TreeAmpls}
$$
These are identical to the ones of standard QCD, since intermediate
scalars or fermions do not propagate at tree level.
The $\pm$ superscripts on the leg labels
represent the helicities of the external gluons.  We have chosen to
represent the amplitudes in terms of the spinor helicity formalism
\cite{SpinorHelicity}, where gluon polarizations are replaced by
spinor inner-products. (The reader may consult review articles
for details \cite{ManganoReview}.)
We use the compact notation
$
\langle k_i^{-} \vert k_j^{+} \rangle \equiv \langle ij \rangle \, , \;
\langle k_i^{+} \vert k_j^{-} \rangle \equiv [ij] \, ,
$
where $\vert k^{\pm} \rangle$ are massless Weyl spinors labeled by the sign
of their helicities and with normalization $\spa{i}.{j} \spb{j}.{i}
= 2 k_i \cdot k_j$.

At one-loop the leading color $N\! =\! 4$ partial amplitudes are
rather simple and given by
$$
A_{4;1}^{1 \mbox{-} \rm loop}(1,2,3,4) = i st \, A_4^{{\rm tree}}(1,2,3,4)
 \, {\cal I}_4^{1 \mbox{-} \rm loop}(s,t) \, ,
\equn\label{OneLoopNFour}
$$
where
$$
{\cal I}_4^{1 \mbox{-} \rm loop}(s,t) =\int {d^{4-2\epsilon}p \over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;
{1\over p^2 (p-k_1)^2 (p-k_1-k_2)^2 (p+k_4)^2 } \, ,
\equn\label{OneLoopBox}
$$
is the one-loop scalar integral. The Mandelstam variables are defined
as $s\equiv (k_1+k_2)^2$ and $t\equiv (k_2+k_3)^2$.  The massless $N
\, = \, 4$ super-multiplet consists of one gluon, four Weyl fermions
and six real scalars, whose contributions are summed over to obtain
the result (\ref{OneLoopNFour}).  The integral (\ref{OneLoopBox}) has
a simple representation in terms of logarithms.  (See for example
ref.~\cite{Long}.)  The remaining subleading color partial amplitudes
may easily be computed in terms of sums of permutations of the
expression (\ref{OneLoopNFour}).  The one-loop $N\!  =\! 4$ four-gluon
amplitude, in $D$ dimensions, was first obtained by Green, Schwarz and
Brink from the low energy limit of superstring theory \cite{GSB}.

Amplitudes, of course, depend on the particular form of dimensional
regularization. The amplitudes~(\ref{OneLoopNFour}) are quoted in the
dimensional reduction scheme \cite{Siegel} or equivalently the
four-dimensional helicity scheme \cite{Long,Review}, which preserve
supersymmetry.  The above expression turns out to be valid to all
orders of of the dimensional regularization parameter $\epsilon$
\cite{GSB,DimShift}.  Furthermore, when $A_4^{\rm tree}$ is expressed in
terms of formal polarization vectors and spinors instead of
helicities, it is valid in any dimension.  This will be useful
later when we construct two-loop amplitudes.

When using cuts to obtain the $N=4$ gluon amplitudes we also need tree and
one-loop amplitudes with either two external scalars or fermions,
since these particles can also cross the cuts. The maximally helicity
violating amplitudes with two external fermions or scalars may be
obtained directly from the gluon amplitudes using the supersymmetry
identity \cite{SWI,ManganoReview}
$$
\eqalign{
& {\cal A}_n^{{\scriptscriptstyle \rm SUSY}} (1_P^-, 2^+, \cdots, j^-, \cdots, (n-1)^+,  n_P^+) =
              \left({\spa{j}.n \over \spa{j}.1} \right)^{2 - 2 |h_P|}
{\cal A}_n^{{\scriptscriptstyle \rm SUSY}} (1^-, 2^+, \cdots, j^-, \cdots, (n-1)^+,  n^+)  \,, \cr}
\equn\label{SusyIdentities}
$$
where leg $j$ is the only negative helicity gluon on the
left-hand-side, $P$ is either a scalar or fermion and $|h_P|$ is the
absolute value of its helicity ($0$ or $1/2$). The legs without subscripts
are taken to be gluons.  Since this identity follows from general
supersymmetry relations, it is valid to all orders in the
perturbative expansion.

The MHV $N=4$ gluon amplitudes also satisfy the identity \cite{DimShift}
$$
{\cal A}_n(1^+, 2^+, \cdots, i^-, \cdots, j^-, \cdots n^+) =
{\spa{i}.{j}^4 \over \spa{a}.{b}^4} \,
{\cal A}_n(1^+, 2^+, \cdots, a^-, \cdots, b^-, \cdots n^+) \,,
\equn\label{CyclicIdentity}
$$
where $i$ and $j$ are the only negative helicity legs on the
left-hand-side and $a$ and $b$ are the only negative helicities on the
right-hand-side.  Furthermore, it implies that different cuts
are related by simple relabelings, up to an overall prefactor
of $\spa{i}.{j}^4$, where $i$ and $j$ label the negative helicities
\cite{DimShift}.

In four dimensions the $n$-loop $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills amplitudes are
ultraviolet finite \cite{Mandelstam}. An important ingredient in
Mandelstam's demonstration of finiteness is that for each external leg
a power of external momentum may be extracted from each superspace
Feynman diagram.  More generally, in $D$ dimensions with $N$
supersymmetries (where $N$ is counted in four dimensions), power
counting constraints on the form of the $L>1$ loop effective action
lead to the ultraviolet finiteness condition \cite{SuperSpace},
$$
L < 2 \, {N-1 \over D-4} \,.
\equn\label{Finiteness}
$$
In particular, at two-loops, $N=4$ amplitudes are ultraviolet finite
for $D<7$.

\section{Two-loop cut construction}
\label{TwoLoopCutSection}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=TwoParticle_a.eps,clip=,width=2.3in}
\hskip 1.5 cm
\epsfig{file=TwoParticle_b.eps,clip=,width=2.3in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{TwoParticleFigure}
\small
The two-particle $s$-channel cut has two contributions: one with the
four-point one-loop amplitude `1' to the left and the tree amplitude `T' to
the right (a) and the other being the reverse (b).
}
\end{figure}

First we briefly review the cut construction method
\cite{SusyFour,SusyOne,Review}, extending it to the case of two loops.
Following the discussion in ref.~\cite{Review}, a convenient way to
obtain amplitudes is by considering cuts of unrestricted loop momentum
integrals.  In this way, one may simultaneously construct the
imaginary and associated real parts of the cuts.  Consider for
example, the cuts of the two-loop amplitude ${\cal A}_{4}(1,2,3,4)$.
At two loops one must consider both two- and three-particle cuts.  In
each channel there may be multiple contributing cuts.  For example, in
the $s$ channel there are two two-particle cuts, as depicted in
\fig{TwoParticleFigure}.  The first of these has the explicit
representation
$$
\eqalign{
{\cal A}_{4}^{2 \mbox{-} \rm loop}&(1, 2, 3, 4)
\Bigr|_{\rm cut (a)}  =
\left. \int\! \sum_{P_1, P_2} {d^{4-2\epsilon}p\over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;
  {i\over \ell_2^2 } \,
 {\cal A}_{4}^{1 \mbox{-} \rm loop}
    (-\ell_2, 3,4,\ell_1) \,{i\over \ell_1^2} \,
        {\cal A}_4^{\rm tree} (-\ell_1 ,1,2,\ell_2)
\right|_{\ell_1^2 = \ell_2^2 =0} \, ,\cr}
\equn
\label{CutProductDef}
$$
where $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are the momenta of the cut legs and the
sum runs over all particle types (including helicity) $P_1$ and $P_2$
which may propagate across the two cut lines.  We may use the on-shell
conditions $\ell_1^2=0$ and $\ell_2^2=0$ in the integrand (but not on
the cut propagators) since this equation is valid only for those terms
which have explicit $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ propagators.  It is
convenient to apply the color decomposition (\ref{TwoLoopColor})
before computing the various cut contributions.

The three-particle $s$-channel cut is depicted in
\fig{ThreeParticleFigure}.  The $t$-channel cuts, of course, have a
similar structure to the $s$-channel cuts.  By combining all cuts into
a single function, one obtains the full amplitude.  When combining the
cuts, care must be exercised not to over-count a particular term.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=ThreeParticle.eps,clip=,width=2.8in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{ThreeParticleFigure}
\small
The three-particle $s$-channel cut.}
\end{figure}

As discussed in refs.~\cite{TwoLoopUnitarity,Massive,Review}, by
computing cuts to all orders in the dimensional regularization
parameter, one may perform a complete reconstruction of a massless
loop amplitude.  This follows from dimensional analysis since every
term in an amplitude must have a prefactor of powers of
$(-s_{ij})^{-\epsilon}$, which necessarily have cuts.  For reasons of
technical simplicity, it is convenient to use helicity amplitudes
which implicitly replace the $(4-2\epsilon)$-dimensional momenta of the
cut lines by four-dimensional momenta.  However, to do so we must
ensure that errors, especially through ${\cal O}(\epsilon^0)$, are not
introduced.  In section~\ref{ValiditySection}, we shall argue that at
least for the $N=4$ four-point amplitudes there are no such errors.

We also find it convenient to perform the cut construction in
components instead of using superfields.  The potential advantage
of a superfield formalism would be that one would simultaneously
include contributions from all particles in a supersymmetry multiplet.
However, for maximally helicity violating amplitudes, the supersymmetry
identities are sufficiently powerful that once the contribution from
one component is known the others immediately follow. A component
formulation is also more natural for extensions to QCD.

\section{Computation of amplitudes}

We now proceed with the explicit construction of the $N=4$ four gluon
partial amplitudes.  First we consider the leading color amplitude
$A_{4;1,1}^{{\rm LC}}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+)$. In the cut construction we use
the amplitudes (\ref{TreeAmpls}) and (\ref{OneLoopNFour}) as
inputs.  For the $s$-channel cuts depicted in
\fig{TwoParticleFigure}, with the helicity configuration $(1^-, 2^-,
3^+, 4^+)$, only the internal gluon loop contributes in the
configuration where the cut gluons on each side of the cut have
helicity opposite to that of the external legs. For fermion, scalars
or gluons with a different helicity configuration, propagating across
the cut, the amplitudes on both sides of the cut vanish by a
supersymmetry identity. This then gives for \eqn{CutProductDef},
$$
\eqalign{
A_{4;1;1}^{{\rm LC}}&(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+)
	\Bigr|_{\rm cut (a)}\cr
&\hskip -.50cm  = \left. \int\! {d^{4-2\epsilon}p\over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;
 {i\over \ell_2^2 } \,
 A_4^{1  \mbox{-} \rm loop} (-\ell_2^-, 3^+,4^+, \ell_1^-)
\, {i\over \ell_1^2} \, A_4^{\rm tree} (-\ell_1^+ ,1^-,2^-, \ell_2^+)
\right|_{\ell_1^2 = \ell_2^2 =0} \cr
&\hskip -.50cm = A_4^{\rm tree} \!\left.\left[ \int\!
   {d^{4-2\epsilon}p\over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;  s (p + k_4)^2 \,
  {\cal I}_4^{1 \mbox{-} \rm loop}(s, (p+k_4)^2) \,
{ {\cal N} \over p^2 (p - k_1)^4 (p - k_1 - k_2)^2 (p+k_4)^4}
\right]\right|_{\ell_1^2 = \ell_2^2 =0} \hskip -.6 cm \,, \cr}
\equn\label{SCutSusyB}
$$
where $\ell_1 = p$ and $\ell_2 = p - k_1 - k_2$
and we have used the amplitudes in eqs.~(\ref{TreeAmpls}) and
(\ref{OneLoopNFour}). We have also used, for example,
$1/\spa2.{\ell_2} = - \spb2.{\ell_2}/(p - k_1)^2$
to rationalize the denominators.
The numerator of the integrand is
$$
\eqalign{
{\cal N} & = \spb{\ell_1}.1 \spa1.4 \spb4.{\ell_1} \spa{\ell_1}.{\ell_2}
             \spb{\ell_2}.3 \spa3.2 \spb2.{\ell_2} \spa{\ell_2}.{\ell_1} \cr
& = {\rm tr}_+ [\ell_1 1 4 \ell_1 \ell_2 3 2 \ell_2] \cr
&  = -st \, (p - k_1)^2 (p + k_4)^2 \,, \cr}
\equn
$$
where ${\rm tr}_+[\cdots] = {1\over 2} {\rm tr}[(1+\gamma_5) \cdots]$.  The
$\gamma_5$ term in the trace does not contribute because a four-point
amplitude has only three independent momenta to contract into the
totally anti-symmetric Levi-Civita tensor. The above sewing algebra
is particularly simple because it is identical to that of the one-loop
case, discussed in ref.~\cite{Review}.

Thus, after canceling numerator factors against propagators and
identifying the remaining integral as a two-loop scalar integral
we obtain
$$
A_{4;1;1}^{{\rm LC}}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+)\Bigr|_{\rm cut (a)} =
-s^2 t \, A_4^{\rm tree}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+) \, {\cal I}_4^{\,{\rm P}}(s,t)
\Bigr|_{\rm cut (a)} \,,
\equn
$$
where the two-loop planar scalar double-box integral is
$$
{\cal I}_4^{\,{\rm P}}(s,t) = \int
 {d^{4-2\epsilon}p\over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;
 {d^{4-2\epsilon}q\over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \;
 {1\over p^2 \, (p - k_1)^2 \,(p - k_1 - k_2)^2 \,(p + q)^2 q^2 \,
        (q-k_4)^2 \, (q - k_3 - k_4)^2 }\,.
\equn\label{PlanarIntegral}
$$

The evaluation of the two-particle $s$-channel cut in \fig{TwoParticleFigure}b
is similar and gives the same result.  The evaluation of the $t$-channel
two-particle cuts are again similar, but a bit more involved since all
particles in the super-multiplet contribute.  However, after summing over
the contribution of all particles, with the help of the supersymmetry
identities and spinor identities, the integral appearing in the
$t$-channel cut coincides with the one appearing in the
$s$-channel cut in \eqn{SCutSusyB}, but with $s$ and $t$ interchanged.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=ThreeParticle_ans.eps,clip=,width=4.2in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{ThreeParticle_ansFigure}
\small The result of evaluating the three-particle $s$-channel cuts in
terms of double-box scalar integrals.  The dashed lines indicate the cuts.}
\end{figure}

The three-particle cuts reproduce the results obtained from the two
particle cuts without adding any new integral functions.  The result
of evaluating the three-particle $s$-channel cut in
\fig{ThreeParticleFigure} is depicted in \fig{ThreeParticle_ansFigure}.
The scalar box integral ${\cal I}_4^{{\rm P}}(s,t)$ appears twice because it has
two distinct three-particle cuts.  This calculation is more
complicated than the two-particle cut calculation since one must sum
over a total of sixteen intermediate particle and helicity
configurations.  Nevertheless the $N=4$ supersymmetry ensures that
the various terms combine neatly.

Combining all cuts into a single function that has the correct cuts in
all channels yields the final result
for the leading color $N=4$ four-gluon partial amplitude,
$$
A_{4;1;1}^{{\rm LC}}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+) =
-s t \, A_4^{\rm tree}(1^-, 2^-, 3^+, 4^+) \, \left( s \, {\cal I}_4^{{\rm P}}(s,t)
+ t \, {\cal I}_4^{{\rm P}}(t,s) \right) \,.
\equn\label{LeadingColorResult}
$$
This is depicted in \fig{TwoLoopAmpl_ansFigure}.  We comment that
although substantial progress has been made in the calculation of such
integrals \cite{TwoLoopIntegrals}, the scalar integral appearing in
this amplitude has not yet been evaluated in terms of known
functions.  This amplitude exhibits the cyclic symmetry for the
leading color partial amplitudes (up to an overall $\spa1.2^4$)
implied by the supersymmetry identity (\ref{CyclicIdentity}), as
expected.  We may also use the supersymmetry identity
(\ref{CyclicIdentity}) to immediately obtain the leading color partial
amplitude with non-adjacent negative helicities.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=TwoLoopAmpl_ans.eps,clip=,width=3.3 in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{TwoLoopAmpl_ansFigure}
\small
The result for the leading color two-loop amplitude, corresponding to
\eqn{LeadingColorResult} }
\end{figure}

The computation of the subleading color pieces is similar to the
leading color computation, so we only quote the results.
There are two types of subleading color contributions.  Firstly, there
are contributions arising from planar diagrams.  These can be determined
by evaluating the color algebra for the Feynman diagrams and are given
by nothing more than sums of permutations of arguments of the same
functions that appear at leading color.  Secondly, there is a new
contribution characterized by diagrams with non-planar topology.  The
cut construction of the non-planar contributions is quite similar to
the planar one, with the main difference being the appearance of
non-planar scalar integrals in the final results.

The results for the subleading in $N_c$ partial amplitudes are
$$
\eqalign{
A_{4;1,1}^{{\rm SC}}(1,2,3,4) & =
  2 A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,2;3,4) + 2 A_4^{{\rm P}}(3,4;2,1)
+ 2 A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,4;2,3) + 2 A_4^{{\rm P}}(2,3;4,1) \cr
& \hskip 3 cm
- 4 A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,3;2,4) - 4 A_4^{{\rm P}}(2,4;3,1) \cr
& \hskip .4 cm
+ 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;2;3,4) + 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(3;4;2,1)
+ 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;4;2,3) + 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(2;3;4,1) \cr
& \hskip 3 cm
- 4 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;3;2,4) - 4 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(2;4;3,1) \,, \cr
A_{4;1,3}(1;2;3,4) & = 6 A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,2;3,4) + 6 A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,2;4,3)
+ 4 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;2;3,4) + 4 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(3;4;2,1) \cr
& \hskip .4 cm
- 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;4;2,3) - 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(2;3;4,1)
- 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;3;2,4) - 2 A_4^{{\rm NP}}(2;4;3,1) \,, \cr}
\equn\label{SubleadingColorResult}
$$
where
$$
\eqalign{
A_4^{{\rm P}}(1,2;3,4) & \equiv  -s_{12}^2 s_{23} \, A_4^{\rm tree}(1,2,3,4)
        \, {\cal I}_4^{{\rm P}}(s_{12}, s_{23}) \,, \cr
A_4^{{\rm NP}}(1;2;3,4) & \equiv  -s_{12}^2 s_{23} \,A_4^{\rm tree}(1,2,3,4)
        \, {\cal I}_4^{{\rm NP}}(s_{12}, s_{23}) \,, \cr}
\equn
$$
and $s_{ij} = (k_i + k_j)^2$.  The planar scalar integral is defined
in \eqn{PlanarIntegral}, while the non-planar one, depicted in
\fig{NonPlanarFigure}, is
$$
{\cal I}_4^{{\rm NP}}(s,t) = \int {d^{4-2\epsilon} p \over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \,
            {d^{4-2\epsilon} q \over (2\pi)^{4-2\epsilon}} \
{1\over p^2\, (p-k_2)^2 \,(p+q)^2 \,(p+q+k_1)^2\,
  q^2 \, (q-k_3)^2 \, (q-k_3-k_4)^2} \,.
\equn
$$

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=NonPlanar.eps,clip=,width=1.5in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{NonPlanarFigure}
\small The non-planar integral function, ${\cal I}_4^{\rm NP}(s_{12}, s_{23})$,
appearing in the amplitude.  }
\end{figure}

A simple consistency check on the amplitudes (\ref{LeadingColorResult}) and
(\ref{SubleadingColorResult}) is that they satisfy the expected finiteness
condition (\ref{Finiteness}).

\section{Validity of cut construction}
\label{ValiditySection}

We now discuss potential errors arising from our use of
four-dimensional helicity amplitudes in the cuts.  Such errors would
not occur if the sewing were done using formal spinors and
polarization vectors.  When using the four-dimensional spinor helicity
formalism potential errors will be of the form,
$$
\int {d^4 p \over (2\pi)^4}  {d^{-2\epsilon} \mu_p \over (2\pi)^{-2\epsilon}} \;
     {d^4 q \over (2\pi)^4}  {d^{-2\epsilon} \mu_q \over (2\pi)^{-2\epsilon}} \;
      {f(p,q, k_i) \times \bigl\{ \mu_p^2, \, \mu_q^2, \, \mu_p\cdot \mu_q,
            \cdots \bigr\} \over
      (p^2 - \mu_p^2) (q^2 - \mu_q^2) \cdots } \,,
\equn\label{ErrorTerms}
$$
where we have explicitly separated the loop momenta into four- and
$(-2\epsilon)$-dimensional parts.  (A discussion of the
$(-2\epsilon)$-dimensional parts of loop momenta can be found, for
example, in refs.~\cite{Mahlon,Massive}.)  Terms in the integrand
proportional to $(-2\epsilon)$-dimensional momenta $\mu_p$ or $\mu_q$, may
in principle have been dropped in the above cut construction.  Note
that terms
containing such factors are necessarily suppressed by a power of
$\epsilon$. However, this suppression may be cancelled if the integrals
contain poles in $\epsilon$.

The $N\! = \! 4$ amplitudes are, however, special.  We may use the
fact that the algebra associated with the two-particle cuts is
identical at one and two loops. As discussed in
section~\ref{TwoLoopCutSection}, the one-loop amplitudes
(\ref{OneLoopNFour}) are valid in any dimension when expressed in
terms of formal polarizations and spinors.  Since the one-loop
amplitudes are proportional to $A_4^{\rm tree}$, the two-loop sewing
procedure for the two-particle cuts using formal spinors and
polarizations reproduces the one-loop result, except for the
prefactors and the two-loop scalar integral function.  This implies
that all Feynman diagrams with two-particle cuts have been accounted
for exactly.

This, of course, does not rule out errors of the type in
\eqn{ErrorTerms} from diagrams with no two-particle cuts.  Two
examples of such diagrams are given in \fig{NoTwoParticleCutFigure}.
Here we may appeal to the superspace power counting rule that requires
the extraction of a power of external momentum for each external leg
of a superspace Feynman diagram \cite{Mandelstam}.  After extracting
four powers of external momenta, four-point diagrams with no
two-particle cuts cannot contain any powers of $\mu$ in the numerators
of their integrands since there are no remaining powers of loop momenta
in the non-vanishing diagrams.  This means that there are no
potential errors of the type in \eqn{ErrorTerms} arising from
three-particle cuts.  A more complete discussion of the $\mu$ terms,
especially for theories with less supersymmetries, will be presented
in the future.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=NoTwoParticleCut.eps,clip=,width=2.4in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{NoTwoParticleCutFigure}
\small Examples of diagrams with no two-particle cuts. The external lines
are gluons, but the internal lines are summed over all states in the
supermultiplet. }
\end{figure}

\section{Structure of higher loop amplitudes}

Following the same cut construction procedure used for the two-loop
amplitudes, we have found a pattern for the $n$-loop $N\! = \! 4$
four-gluon leading color partial amplitudes.

The three-loop leading color partial amplitude is given in
\fig{ThreeLoopAmpl_ansFigure}.  Note that there are one-loop pentagon
sub-diagrams.  This complicates the analysis of the three-particle
cuts since one-loop pentagons can be reduced to sums over box
integrals \cite{Integrals}.  In some cuts it is the box integrals that
appear and in some it is the pentagon; this must be disentangled in
order to identify the form appearing in \fig{ThreeLoopAmpl_ansFigure}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=ThreeLoopAmpl_ans.eps,clip=,width=4.5in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{ThreeLoopAmpl_ansFigure}
\small A pictorial representation of the three-loop four-point $N=4$
leading color amplitude. Note the prefactors that involve $\ell$
(where $\ell$ is the internal loop momentum indicated by the arrow in
each term) are part of the integrand.}
\end{figure}

Observing the results for the leading color one-, two- and three-loop
$N=4$ amplitudes one can recognize a pattern which can be used to
construct the $(n+1)$-loop amplitude from the $n$-loop result. The
pattern is that one takes each $n$-loop graph in the $n$-loop
amplitude and generates all the possible $(n+1)$-loop graphs by
inserting a new leg between each possible pair of internal
legs. Diagrams where triangle or bubble subgraphs are created should
not be included.  The new loop momentum including an additional factor
of $i (\ell_1+\ell_2)^2$ in the numerator is integrated over, where
$\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are the momenta flowing through each of the legs
to which the new line is joined. (This is depicted in
\fig{AddLineFigure}).  Momentum conservation ensures that it does not
matter on which side of the new line the momentum pair $\ell_1$ and
$\ell_2$ are taken.  Note that no four-point vertices are created by
this procedure. Each distinct $(n+1)$-loop graph should be counted
once, even though they can be generated in multiple ways. The
$(n+1)$-loop amplitude is then the sum of all distinct $(n+1)$-loop
graphs.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\vskip -.7 cm
\epsfig{file=AddLine.eps,clip=,width=3.0in}
\end{center}
\vskip -.75 cm
\caption[]{
\label{AddLineFigure}
\small
Starting from an $n$-loop integral function we may add an extra line.
The two-lines on the left represent two lines buried in some $n$-loop
integral.}
\end{figure}

We have verified that this  pattern is consistent with
two-particle cuts to all loop orders and with four-dimensional three
particle cuts, up to five loops.  The two-particle cuts are not
difficult to check because the same algebra appears at any loop order.
It is, however, possible that there are further terms in the
amplitudes.  In order to show that nothing has been missed, one would
need to demonstrate that higher order in $\epsilon$ terms in lower-loop amplitudes
do not cause errors through ${\cal O}(\epsilon^0)$.  One would also need to
verify the consistency of higher-particle cuts.  Presumably, a similar
pattern can be found for subleading in color contributions.

\section{Conclusions}

In this letter we have made an initial step in applying the one-loop cut
construction technique \cite{SusyFour,SusyOne} reviewed in
ref.~\cite{Review} to two-loop amplitudes.  As an explicit example we
computed the two-loop $N=4$ supersymmetric four-gluon amplitudes in
terms of a basic set of scalar integrals.  (The amplitudes with two
fermions or scalars and two gluons trivially follow from a
supersymmetry identity \cite{SWI}.)  We also presented a pattern for
the leading-color $N\! = \! 4$ four-gluon amplitudes to all loop
orders consistent with two-particle cuts.

For the two-loop $N\! = \! 4$ amplitudes presented in this letter, we
showed that the cut construction yields the complete amplitude without
any rational function or subtraction ambiguities.  This argument was
based on the fact that the one-loop four-point amplitudes are known in any
dimension and that the amplitudes satisfy a power counting criterion
related to the finiteness of the theory.

A next step, along the lines of this letter, would be to
obtain amplitudes in $N=1,2$ supersymmetric theories as a precursor
to computing QCD amplitudes.  However, before two-loop amplitudes can
be used in phenomenological studies, one would need a numerically
stable method for evaluating the basic integral functions that occur
\cite{TwoLoopIntegrals}.

\vskip .3 cm
\noindent
{\large \bf Acknowledgments}

We thank L. Dixon and D.A.~Kosower for comments which greatly improved
this letter.  We also thank D. Dunbar, A. Grant and A.G. Morgan for a
number of helpful comments.  This work was supported by the DOE under
contract DE-FG03-91ER40662 and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation under
grant BR-3222.

\baselineskip 8pt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


LMM-6018 is a laser marking tape designed for use on stainless steel, glass, ceramic, ceramic like and porcelain substrates. LMM-6018 can be applied to a substrate, laser marked to bond a portion of the tape to the substrate and then peeled away to leave the mark. LMM-6018 is designed for use in applications where spraying and removing our other laser marking materials is not possible or feasible. Rolls are available in 1", 2", 3" and 4" widths. They are 50 feet in length per roll, wound on a standard 3" core. Samples are available in 2" by 6" sheets.
If you do not want to worry about over spray and are working in a small area than laser tape may be for you. It typically requires a little more power than the spray but the labour saving can quickly offset that.
Some burning of the paper backing will occur during marking and is normal. We recommend that the marking be done in a well ventilated area. When making large marks or a large quantity of marks, we recommend a ventilation system to exhaust the smoke created from the paper burning to the outside. Marking may require some trial and error to optimize your laser with a particular substrate. Keep in mind that all lasers react differently depending on the substrate. Best results are obtained when marking at lower powers and slower speeds. High powers tend to damage glass substrates and should be avoided whenever possible. Experimentation should be done to find settings that produce an acceptable mark without glass damage.
No preparation is necessary, use LMM-6018 tape as supplied.
Product must be stored in cool and dry conditions. Storage temperatures should be between 40ºF (5ºC) and 95ºF (35ºC). If stored as recommended, a minimum shelf life of six months after the production date is guaranteed.


text:
Resident Evil is coming to Nintendo Switch, but not in the way you'd hope
By Chris Smith August 17, 2017 9:21 am BST
When we spotted the words 'Resident Evil' and 'Nintendo Switch' in the same sentence this morning, our hearts briefly jumped into our throats.
Could Resident Evil 7: Biohazard really be coming to Nintendo's new hybrid console? No. At least not yet.
Instead, Resident Evil Revelations and the sequel Resident Evil Revelations 2 are on their way to the Nintendo eShop by the end of the year.
The releases will feature all previously available downloadable content, with the games costing $19.99 each (via Nintendo Insider). They'll also be available in a combo pack, but with no financial incentive to buy both.
Related: Best Nintendo Switch games
Revelations is a spin-off story from the main franchise which takes place between the events of Resident Evil IV and V.
It was originally available for the Nintendo 3DS (albeit in 2D) when it arrived in 2012.
Unfortunately the 2015 sequel, starring franchise mainstay Clare Redfield, failed to arrive on the handheld.
Late last month Capcom revealed it was "starting to prepare" to give the Switch more love, following the success of the Switch-exclusive Ultra Street Fighter 2: The Final Challengers.
The title sold 450,000 copies of the game in its first available quarter, according to a WSJ report.
While all of this legacy content is nice to have, we'd appreciate some support for new titles too.
Are you happy with the extent of third-party support for the Nintendo Switch thus far? Or did you expect more developers to have embraced the console by now? Tweet us @TrustedReviews.
Chris Smith is a freelance technology journalist for a host of UK tech publications, including Trusted Reviews. He's based in South Florida, USA. …


Using existing software components, in particular open source components, is good engineering practice. What's not to like about high quality software available for free? However, open source code comes with obligations, if you want to use it correctly and securely. Some of these obligations may not be acceptable for our projects, and some obligations are simply impossible to fulfill due to conflicts between different open source licenses.
Thus, we need to approve the use of open source code in our projects and therefore students must first seek this approval before using open source code. This is called open source governance, i.e. we "govern" the process of selecting and including open source code and managing the resulting dependency on third-party code.
To request review and approval of an open source component, please talk to your course or thesis supervisor. An explanation of the rationale behind these rules is provided in our document on Open Source Governance in University Projects.
All intended uses of open source code must be declared and approved before actual use; all used open source components need to be listed in a bill-of-materials.
We generally permit permissively licensed components (e.g. MIT, BSD, Apache) in our projects and forbid reciprocally licensed components (most notably the GPL family).
Code must not be copied and pasted from the web, only whole components can be used; in particular copying code from Stackoverflow or gist is strictly forbidden.
A component must have a good pedigree: Established open source foundations provide a good pedigree, random code from the web does not.
Any open source component managed by the Apache Software Foundation and the Eclipse Foundation is pre-approved.
All other components need to be reviewed and approved before being used.
A bill-of-materials ("Stückliste") is a list of materials, here open source software components, that are part of the product or project. Each list entry should provide at least the name of the component, the used version, the license of the component, and how it is used within the scope of the product.


text:
Home / Conference Listings / Life Sciences / Forensic Biology, Medical Jurisprudence in Croatia
Forensic Biology, Medical Jurisprudence
Systems Biology and Computational Biology
Genomics and Bioinformatics
Agronomy, Food Production and Food Chemistry
Meetings/Workshops on Forensic Biology, Medical Jurisprudence in Croatia
Croatia (1) India (1) United States (7)
All listed conferences in Croatia
ISABS — 12th ISABS Conference on Forensic and Anthropologic Genetics and Mayo Clinic Lectures in Individualized Medicine
22 Jun 2022 - 27 Jun 2022 • Dubrovnik, Croatia
International Society for Applied Biological Sciences (ISABS)
The conference is next in the series of biennial events organized by the International Society for Applied Biological Sciences (ISABS). The program in 2022 will be more interesting than ever and it will include the following topics: Mathematical Modeling in Cancer Therapy, Gene Therapy, Archaeological Genetics, New perspectives in Human Forensic Molecular Biology, Genomics in Medicine, Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development, Stem Cells in Medicine, Regenerative Medicine, Ribosomes in Medicine, Crime Scene Investigation, Forensic Genetics and Mass Catastrophes Managements. We will have very stimulating Course on Epigenomics. Together with several conference regulars, this 2022 year will bring many new and exciting names including Nobel Prize laureates Aaron Ciechanover, Sir Richard John Roberts and Thomas Südhof. Special Plenary Lectures will be held by Garry Kasparov (New York, USA) and Greger Larson (University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom).
Email: info@isabs.hr
Forensic Genetics: Genome-based applications in forensic science, Forensic DNA phenotyping, Forensic DNA databases, Genetic analysis of forensic non-human material, Forensic and comparative genetics, DNA analysis in victims of mass disasters, Legislation pertinent to DNA databases, DNA autopsy in unexplained deaths. Anthropological Genetics: Ancient DNA, Migration history, Genetic adaptation. Medical Genetics: Genetic basis of disease, Personalized genomics, Molecular diagnostics: current technology and applications, Molecular therapy, Best practices in translational & personalized medicine Prenatal diagnostics, Protein glycosylation in diagnostics and therapy, Regenerative medicine, Translational medicine, Cell therapy, Gene therapy, Stem cells, Pharmacogenomics, Epigenetics, Biobanking, Microbiome, Liquid biopsy, Individualized (Personalized) medicine, Immunotherapy, Infectious diseases.
Molecular Biology, Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine
http://www.isabs.hr


text:
Home › Uncategorized › Scouting Report- Washington Nationals vs. Colorado Rockies
Scouting Report- Washington Nationals vs. Colorado Rockies
By Matt's Bats on June 30, 2014 • ( 0 )
The Nats road trip was not bad! The Nats finished 4-3 in that 7 game stint in the midwestern towns of Milwaukee and Chicago. The Nats' bats took off in the first two in Milwaukee, with Adam LaRoche, Anthony Rendon, and Ryan Zimmerman producing some timely home runs to eventually win the games. The Brewers jumped on Stephen Strasburg in game 3, and then the hitters just couldn't touch Chicago pitching in the first two games against the Cubs.
Then, I was lucky enough to go on the field for batting practice before the first game of Saturday's double header in Chicago (I will explain all of that in a future post). The Nats salvaged the road trip with a doubleheader sweep on Saturday, and for the first time in Nats history, there was no game on Sunday during the regular season. Now the Nats fly back to our Nation's Capital, and they play a team who has had success against the Nats but is on a losing streak- the Colorado Rockies.
The Rockies also just came back from Milwaukee, and were haunted by the Brewers' miracle men who just get the right hits at the right time. The Rockies aren't playing very well right now, so this could be a golden opportunity to gain ground on the Braves, who are playing the Mets. However, the Braves are 393-325 in their history against the Metropolitans, and if the Rockies' squad turns it up against the Nats, the Braves may gain ground in first place. So Mets, can you please #BashTheBraves and #ChopTheChop?
I think the Nats will sweep Denver. Other than Tulo and Morneau, there is not too much star power in this Rockies lineup able to do serious damage. Keep an eye on Bryce Harper on his return from the DL on his bobblehead night. I hope he hits a tater on the return from the DL just like he did exactly 364 days ago. So lets go get a Curly "W" or 3!
June 30- Yohan Flande (0-0, 7.20 ERA) vs. Jordan Zimmermann (5-4, 2.95 ERA)
July 1- Christian Friedrich (0-2, 8.10 ERA) vs. Stephen Strasburg (6-6, 3.70 ERA)
July 2- Jeff Matzek (1-2, 4.24 ERA) vs. Doug Fister (6-2, 2.83 ERA)
#ROCKTHEROCKIES
#RALLYMATTSBATS (I'll be there on Tuesday!)
‹ Scouting Report- Washington Nationals at Chicago Cubs
The MattsBats.com Picks for the 2014 MLB All Star Game ›


marketing co-ops as endangered a species as the spotted owl and the snail darter.
cable has been serving for years.
programmers by channel numbers, rather than by name.
the Ronald McDonald House charity and goodwill and new customers for operators.
markets and to buy up the co-op partners.
capital to new products such as high-speed data or digital.
Inc., Prime Cable, MediaOne, Time Warner Cable, Multimedia Cable and Jones Intercable Inc.
But will it be around at this time next year?
progressive," said Ginny LaVone, executive director of the Chicago co-op.
the exception of Prime. At this time next year, TCI may be the co-op.
remaining keyed in on basic business issues like building viewership.
push the new services within their own systems.
limits," represented by ANM, with an "us-versus-them" campaign.
possible nonwired home before the telco can get to them.
lost sight of the need to share [marketing dollars]," Smith said.
year to a local food bank, Smith noted.
products, such as cable modems.
independent telco and possible competition long-term from Bell Atlantic Corp.
campaign focuses on basic acquisition, he added.
Systems Corp., Comcast and Time Warner.
for the New York co-op.
niche-market. A lot of our growth will continue here," Segali said.
has not been a factor in designing campaigns in the New York area.
ever thought we'd have to know," Smith joked.


People who hurt their backs often think the injury was a result of that one incident that caused immediate pain. But many back disorders often develop slowly over time as a result of repeated stress. Therefore it is imperative that good lifting practices be made part of the normal day to day procedures.
Does the item need to be lifted manually? Is there another alternative? Can a dolly or forklift do just as well?
Is the item safe to move? Do special gloves or procedures need to be used?
If the item is a package, has it been packed correctly? Is the weight balanced? Are there loose pieces inside that may break or be damaged during the move? If the box tips can the loose items inside create an accident?
Is the item easy to grip? Can handles be applied to help you lift the item safely?
Where is the item being moved from? Is it easy to access? If the item is in a confined space, it may need to be dragged into the open before lifting safely.
Where is the item being moved to?
What route is intended? Is there a better one? Will the item fit through hallways, doorways and lift doors? Avoid walking on slippery, uneven surfaces while carrying something.
Do you need to stretch your legs and warm-up before you lift?
Wear shoes with non-slip soles and low heels.
Wear clothing that allows movement for bending, but is fitted so that there is no chance of tripping over it, or having parts of the material snagged on furniture.
Clear a space around the item.
Clear the route you'll take.
Check that no one is in the way.
Stand close to the item, facing it.
Spread feet apart about shoulder-width apart.
Squat to lift and lower. Bend your knees. Do not bend at the waist.
Keep back straight and chin down. Use you abdominal muscles to help keep your back straight.
Your back doesn't need to be perpendicular to the floor, as this can cause strain on the neck – allow the hips to hinge forward to a comfortable position as well as the knees.
Ensure a tight grip below the item's centre of gravity.
Keep the item as close to the body as possible – never reach for the item.
Bow back in and rise up with the head first.
Lift with your legs and your arms – not your back.
Keep movements smooth and slow – never jerky or fast.
Carry items in both hands rather than one hand off to the side. This will decrease stress to the spine.
Do not twist. If you must turn, point toes in the direction you are headed and turn your entire body in that direction. Turn with your feet, not your body.
Try to carry the load in the space between your shoulder and your waist. This puts less strain on your back muscles.
Make sure you can see where you are walking. Never walk with items stacked so high that vision is obstructed.
Put the weight down by keeping back straight, feet apart, bending at the knees.
Pace yourself. Take many small breaks between lifts if you are lifting a number of things.
Don't overdo it. Never lift something that is too heavy for you.
Don't rely on a back belt for protection you. It hasn't been proven that back belts can protect one from back injury.
Take two or three trips rather than trying to take one overloaded trip.
When storing a heavy item, it's better to store it at waist height rather than on the ground. This will avoid unnecessary bending when storing, or when needing to move the item again.


Making video from short clips to full length movies is easier and faster than ever before, and channels like Vimeo, YouTube, and HitRecord have made it increasingly easy for amateur or solo video makers to gain exposure and even earn money. Whether your video is for a course assignment, your own entertainment, or your online channel, or all three, the Odegaard Learning Commons and the Mary Gates Hall Teaching Lab have the tools you need to create excellent videos. These tutorials, and our workshops, provide support for anyone at UW looking to create video in our labs or elsewhere.
Apple iMovie, an easy to use video-editing application, can help you develop the skills necessary to master professional software packages. With iMovie, you can import video from your camera or from other files for creating presentations, short films, or video podcasts. Because of Apple's strong basic support for this, we do not provide internal online curriculum, but link to Apple's tutorials, so we can focus on providing support for less-supported tasks.
Apple Final Cut Pro is the professional standard video-editing software for independent and student filmmaking. Its simple features can be used in extremely powerful ways. Because of Apple's strong support for Final Cut, along with other excellent external tutorials; we bring together several recommended tutorials for your information.
Creative COW provides videos and documents for a large number of Final Cut Pro techniques and in-depth processes.
If you have your movie ready, but want to put it on DVD and need to create a menu, iDVD can help. Although iDVD was discontinued by Apple, we still have this DVD menu creation and burning software available on our video editing Macs. Please refer to the following resource for help with using this application.
Adobe Premiere is the quintessential video-editing tool for the PC or Mac user working toward a professional video product. It is easy to learn, and versatile. We don't directly provide curriculum for Adobe Premiere Pro, but instead have combed through the large number of tutorials available from Adobe and Creative COW to recommend the best and most useful basic tutorials for you.
Adobe After Effects is a highly regarded tool for post-production and motion picture effects. As with many of our other tools, instead of spending our time to recreate existing tutorials, we have combed through the tutorials available free online and have selected several we think will be most helpful to you.
Windows Movie Maker is Microsoft's introductory video editing program for Windows. The following resource explains some of its basic functions.


text:
Orlando, Florida - 407-926-7700
Manassas, Virginia - 703-831-4094
Melbourne, Florida - 321-209-3055
Firm Website
May 2016 Subject Matter Eligibility Update
May 20, 2016 PatentsJudith Evans
Written By Judith Evans
The USPTO just issued a May 2016 Subject Matter Eligibility Update providing further guidance to examiners and practitioners in determining subject matter eligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101, more specifically to clarify the scope of judicial exceptions to subject matter eligibility. Subject matter involving an abstract idea, law of nature, natural phenomena, or natural products is considered ineligible for patent protection and is thus called a "judicial exception." However, claims that include limitations involving these exceptions are not a priori unpatentable; instead they require heightened scrutiny by the examiner to determine whether the claim as a whole "adds meaningful limits on the use of the exception" that make the claim patentable.
In the Life Sciences area, new and detailed examples illustrating the scope of eligible subject matter (i.e. claims reciting "abstract ideas" or products of nature) were provided for vaccines, diagnostic methods, chemical compositions (dietary sweeteners), methods of screening for gene alterations, and hydrolysis of fat.
Diagnostic Claims
Particularly relevant are the new guidelines clarifying the eligibility of certain diagnostic claims. In the past, a claim that includes the steps of first diagnosing a disease, typically by identifying the presence of a biomarker in a patient sample, and a second step of treating the disease with a particular treatment, such as administering an antibiotic, antiviral agent, or other medicine or treatment regimen, was typically rejected as being unpatentable subject matter under Section 101. However, under the May 2016 guidelines Examiners are instructed to recognize that this type of claim is patent eligible, because the recitation of a particular treatment of the diagnosed disease is now recognized as an additional element in "a claim as a whole that adds meaningful limits on the use of the exception (the correlation and critical thinking step). The totality of these steps including the recitation of a particular treatment ….. integrate the exception into the diagnostic and treatment process, and amount to more than merely diagnosing a patient with …[a disease] and instructing a doctor to generically "treat it. BWSM patent attorneys have typically drafted diagnostic claims that include such a particular treatment step in view of previous case law, particularly the Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories decision. 566 U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1289 (2012).
Vaccine Claims
The new guidelines also offer several examples of patent eligible vaccines. For example, the guidelines emphasize the subject matter eligibility of a vaccine that includes a live attenuated virus that has a different structural characteristic (such as a change in the nucleotide sequence of its polymerase gene due to the mutation) than the naturally occurring virus, which has resulted in the live attenuated virus having a different functional characteristic (reduced virulence), if no mutations of this gene are known to occur in nature. In another example, the novel inclusion of an antigen, such as a certain Peptide, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as a cream, emulsion, gel, liposome, nanoparticle, or ointment, is patentable subject matter even without considering whether the antigen has been modified over its naturally occurring state. The reason given is, "The cream's changed form and adherence are marked differences in structural and physical characteristics as compared to the natural counterparts [such as oil and water] , and therefore the cream is not a "product of nature" exception. Thus, the claim is not directed to an exception…, and qualifies as eligible subject matter."
Testing for Gene Mutations
The new guidelines further include examples of controversial claims for testing of gene mutations, modeled after the technology in U.S. Patent 5,753,441, regarding BRACA1 gene screening. In this case, actual claim 1 was directed to screening patients for alterations in the BRCA1 gene by comparing a patient's BRCA1 sequence with the wild-type BRCA1 sequence. The compared sequences can be germline (genomic) DNA sequences, RNA sequences, or cDNA sequences. Because only routine methods well known and used in the art were recited in actual claim 1, it was held to be ineligible by the Federal Circuit as directed to an abstract idea without additional elements that amount to significantly more than the abstract idea in Association for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 689 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ("Myriad CAFC"), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2107 (2013). (It is noted that claims 7 and 8 of the same patent were held ineligible in University of Utah Research Foundation v. Ambry Genetics Corp., 774 F.3d 755 (Fed. Cir. 2014)).
In the guidelines, similar hypothetical claims for gene screening were considered eligible if they recite specific and unconventional ways of gathering data that amount to significantly more than the abstract idea. The guidelines further explain that just because a technique has been discussed in several widely-read scientific journals, mere knowledge of this technique does not make its use routine or conventional in this field. Instead, the evaluation turns on whether the use of a method (such as to detect DNA hybridization) was actually routinely or conventionally used by scientists at the time the invention was made and the application was filed. Thus the use of unconventional methods can make an otherwise abstract idea patent eligible subject matter under section 101.
The May 2016 guidelines are already helping to overcome improper rejections by Examiners of pending diagnostic claims that properly recite both diagnosis of a disease and a particular treatment, and they will assist in continuing to draft and prosecute claims in the Life Sciences.
← Comments on the Revival of Software Patents as Patent Eligible Subject Matter	BWSM Hosts Welcome reception for INTA Participants →
RE: REVISIONS TO THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA'S LOCAL RULES
Congratulations to firm client, Lakeland Motors
Brexit Update – Creation of comparable UK rights to existing EU trade marks and Community designs
WVD partner, Dr. Eugene Molinelli, was recently successful in reversing the USPTO examiner and pre-Appeal review on Appeal
Erica Cipparone has been selected as a recipient of Florida Association of Women Lawyer's 2020 Leader in the Law Award
Erica Cipparone (1)
Eugene Molinelli (2)
Judith Evans (1)
Amaris Gyebi (11)
News Archive (11)
News Archive – 2016
Copyright © Wolter Van Dyke Davis. All Rights Reserved. Nothing posted on this blog is intended, nor should be construed, as legal advice. Blog postings and hosted comments are available for general educational purposes only and should not be used to assess a specific legal situation. Nor does any comment on a blog post create an attorney-client relationship. The presence of hyperlinks to other third-party websites does not imply that the firm endorses those websites, their contents, or the activities or views of their owners.


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[Android, iOS] Free "Peppa Pig: Sports Day" $0 (Was $4.49) @ Google Play & Apple App Stores
nocure on 24/11/2020 - 17:06 play.google.com (487 clicks)
Join Peppa as she competes in Sports Day in this official app!
Peppa and her friends are taking part in Sports Day and they want you to join them! Fans of the TV show will love this sports day-inspired app, which encourages pre-schoolers to explore fun filled games with their favourite little piggy.
5 x fun-filled games featuring Peppa, George and their family and friends:
• Bicycle Race
• Obstacle Course
• Tug of War
• Long Jump
• Ice Cream Maker
iOS Link
Mobile Android App iOS App Peppa Pig
29 Nov 2020 10:00am
eonefamily.com
XabiFernando on 24/11/2020 - 17:23
Head says "it's free, get it" while heart says "it's not Bluey, don't get it"
jv on 24/11/2020 - 17:50
"Peppa Pig: Sports Day"
Google Play & Apple App


Having a beloved pet stolen is one of my worst nightmares. In New York, pet thieves are typically only charged with a misdemeanor since dogs are considered property by law. The value of stolen property must exceed $1,000 to qualify as a felony larceny. Since it's hard to place a dollar value on an animal, most thefts are prosecuted as the lesser offense. Fortunately, it looks like this may be changing for the better.
Earlier this week, the New York State Senate passed a bill with a landslide 58-3 vote that would make it a class E felony to steal a cat or dog. If the bill becomes a law, stealing a pet could get you up to four years in jail. The State Assembly is expected to pass its version of the bill later this month.
Besides making pet theft a more serious crime, the law would also give police a greater incentive to look for missing pets. Since most cases are prosecuted as a misdemeanor, often police can only take limited action on reported thefts. This bill seeks to rectify these situations.
Similar legislature has had difficulty getting adequate support in the past, but judging from the overwhelmingly positive response in the Senate, I'm hopeful that this bill will be passed.
I consider my dogs to be family, so ultimately I wish the law would be changed so that pets would not be considered property. However, I think this bill is certainly a big step in the right direction.


March is a month that is rich with big-ticket activities. The annual NCAA March Madness basketball tournament kicks off, St. Patrick's Day celebrations, and the start of spring (for us in the Northern Hemisphere.) But there's another theme that flies under the radar that doesn't get enough attention as it should – March is Fraud Prevention Month.
Fraud Prevention Month was designed as a way to encourage Canadians to get well informed about fraud and how they can protect themselves. The narrative is continuing to take flight so much so that Manulife created a pilot program designed to significantly reduce the risk of fraud against group benefits health plans by featuring trusted providers on their network list. This identifies providers as having high standards of professionalism, integrity and business practice.
According to the Canadian Health Care Anti-Fraud Association, fraudulent claims cost the industry between $1.2 billion to $6 billion every year. And with more cases of fraud grabbing headlines, it's important to know what it is and how you can protect your startup from group benefits fraud.
You can't let a few bad apples erode a benefits plan for everyone else.
What Are Some Common Misuses and Types of Fraud?
The most common types of benefits fraud among plan members are submitting false claims for services they didn't receive and increasing the number or dollar amount of services provided. This was the case when 12 TTC employees faced criminal charges for submitting false claims totalling $5 million to a health clinic where no product or service was obtained, or where receipt amounts were inflated.
Kickbacks or illegal referrals. Atlas Copco was at the centre of a criminal trial in Sudbury, Ontario in which inflated or false invoices were provided to the insurance company totally $20 million in kickbacks.
Dishonesty: Providers could be performing services outside of their scope of practice or licensing.
Fraudulent claims for health services: For example, receiving running shoes and billing them as orthotics.
Disability fraud. Exaggerating or lying about a medical problem and receiving payments for it.
Claims for services that have not been rendered. For example, dentists could be submitting claims for fake root canals.
Recognizing Benefits Fraud: What are the Signs and Symptoms?
Insurance companies are now providing a list of different paramedical practitioners across the country that they no longer accept claims from, and are delisting providers on a regular basis. The big insurance companies now even have former police officers working for them to help mitigate these issues.
It is natural to see people using up their benefits at the end of the year, so it's normal to see spikes occur in December. However, if you're well into your plan and a significant spike continues month after month – then that's a major red flag. For instance, the City of Toronto saw a spike in claims for erectile dysfunction drugs, which was four times more than other employers with benefits plans, raising serious concerns about fraud.
Tracking the different addresses that show up on claims is a method of finding out if there are discrepancies that need to be investigated.
You typically see a lot of abuse with paramedicals; so if there are changing claim patterns in a particular area, from a certain clinic or provider, it's important to play an active role to see what these pattern changes mean.
It's a major red flag if plan members can't verify the accuracy of their benefits statements for any health treatments they receive.
Brokers can help take a proactive approach in protecting fast-growing startups with their benefits coverage and to make sure that abuse or neglect doesn't drive up their premiums. Here are four unique ways that an insurance broker can help startups curb benefits fraud.
Every quarter your broker will run a claims experience report that actually shows how the claims have been for your company as a whole, not just for an individual. This audit will show where all of your claims have been and then you can start to see some red flags arise if they are way above the anticipated numbers. A broker takes active steps to make sure health benefits claims abuse doesn't get the chance to take shape.
In a small business, you can get a good idea if someone has been sick and are filing for legitimate claims, but advisors can dive a little deeper to validate all of this activity and find out what might have caused this surge by breaking it down into massage claims, physiotherapy, acupuncture, and medical and dental.
Brokers will help employees understand that they can't just place blind trust in their health-care service provider, which can lead to over-billing. A broker will ask for clarification to truly know what your plan is being billed for. They will also help make sure the members know what is involved in a health benefits policy so there isn't any confusion.
Health-care spending accounts are quickly emerging as a popular alternative to group plans as a cost-effective, convenient and flexible way to meet the different and changing needs of employees. You have full control over the cost of claims because employees can only claim to pre-determined limit and the amount is displayed at the bottom of each explanation of benefits.
While March is Fraud Prevention Month, it's important to remain vigilant all year round. We can work together to prevent fraud and provide the best group benefits experience in the industry. Contact us today to learn more about how IPFS can help with fraud prevention for your startup.


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Geek Pick
What's good in the Play Store Sale?
By Russell Holly 09.27.2012 :: 11:03AM EST 09.27.2012
@russellholly
In celebration of surpassing 25 billion apps downloaded by in the Google Play Store, Android users will be able to take advantage of a wealth of content available at a discount for the next few days. This sale is similar to the one Google ran when the company breached the 10 billion download mark, but now includes content from the new services that have been added since that last sale. Some of these sales include 25 apps at 25 cents, and collections of digital content across their movies, books, and music collections.
If you've never purchased any digital content from Google, this sale is a good reason to check it out. The "25 albums that changed the world" collection includes everything from Daft Punk's Discovery album and Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle, to Patsy Cline and John Coltrane collections. The "25 banned books" collection is a set of 99 cent books ranging from Albert Einstein to The Werewolf of Paris. Google has also put together a collection of movies at prices that are moderately discounted from the usual pricing, which includes new titles like Battleship as well as popular comedies like Superbad and Pineapple Express. The collection also includes some family friendly titles like the Lorax, Hugo, and TinTin. Most of the movie deals only apply to rentals, leaving the full price for anyone who wants to buy and own the films.
All of the content purchased from the Google Play Store is available to watch on anything connected to your Google Account, which includes most web browsers and all Android devices that are Play Store certified.
The star of the sale is, of course, the 25 cent apps that are available through the weekend. There are plenty of games in the sale, like Angry Birds Space Premium and Symphony of Eternity. There are a couple of great productivity apps as well, especially OfficeSuite Pro 6 which is usually prices at $15.
In previous sales Google has cycled out different apps every day to offer more options to those interested in trying out new apps for 25 cents, but so far all of the apps that were available yesterday are still available today. It's interesting to note that almost every app that is on sale for 25 cents in the Play Store is also on sale for 25 cents in the amazon App Store, so even Kindle Fire users can take advantage of some of this promotion.
After the 10 billion download milestone, Android enthusiast Shen Ye predicted almost to the day that Google would reach 25 billion downloads. Using the same technique he used to estimate the last milestone, Shen's graph puts the 50 billion download mark at the end of June 2013. Given the even increasing number of Android device activations each day, it would be very exciting to see Google pass 50 billion downloads next June.
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