Short-chain alcohols are important products of biomass conversion and can be further converted into platform chemicals via catalytic dehydration. Although cationic species are believed to be intermediates in the alcohol-to-hydrocarbon processes, directly observing them is still a challenge due to the lack of efficient tools to deal with their instability and short lifetimes. Here we integrate a micro catalytic reactor onto the ion inlet of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-speed, high-sensitivity, and high-throughput detection of the short-lived cationic species generated during dehydration of short-chain alcohols over heterogeneous catalysts. Hundreds of cationic species can be feasibly observed within the catalytic alcohol dehydration on acidic zeolites H-Beta and H-ZSM5. It is demonstrated that these cationic species may feasibly reveal the catalytic reaction activity and selectivity. This strategy has the potential to inform catalyst development and to help refine reaction conditions in the future.
Detecting the short-lived active species generated within chemical reactions plays crucial roles in elucidating the mechanisms of chemical reactions, discovering new reactions, and screening catalysts1,2,3,4. Currently, the most popular techniques for active species detection in heterogeneous catalysis are infrared spectroscopy5, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)6, electron paramagnetic spectroscopy7, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy8,9, which can monitor in situ the generation and dynamic changes of active sites and species on the solid surface.
Cationic species are believed to be involved in many important chemical reactions, such as the heterogeneous catalysis of alcohols to hydrocarbons10,11. However, there is still a lack of efficient methods for directly observing these cationic species due to their relatively low abundance and extremely short lifetimes. Generally, an efficient technique for the detection of these short-lived cationic species should be fast and sensitive enough to detect them before their decomposition and capable of high-throughput screening to deal with their complexity.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is extremely useful in active species detection owing to its high sensitivity and high throughput. MS-based strategies usually involve transferring the active species into the gas phase within the MS detector, as well as ionizing the neutral compounds by electrospray ionization or desorption electrospray ionization strategies12,13,14. Many important intermediates generated within homogeneous chemical reaction systems have been successfully detected by MS in recent years, such as essential intermediates in the Pomeranz–Fritsch synthesis of isoquinoline15 and the reductive amination of 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde with 4-aminomethyl-pyridine16. However, few MS-based strategies have paid attention to detecting the short-lived ionic species natively generated in heterogeneous catalysis with solid-phase catalysts, such as dehydration of short-chain alcohols to platform chemicals3,17,18.
In this study, we develop a novel strategy for profiling short-lived cationic species by integrating a micro catalytic reactor packed with a solid catalyst onto the ion inlet of an Orbitrap MS (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Figure 1). All gas-phase cationic species generated in the heterogeneous catalysis of short-chain alcohol dehydration can simultaneously come into the MS detector for fast and high-throughput detection without separation, ionization, or any other perturbation steps. Then, hundreds of cationic species are directly observed during the catalytic alcohol dehydration on acidic zeolites and these cationic species are demonstrated to be directly related to the catalytic activity and selectivity.
To demonstrate the efficiency of our new strategy in discovering the short-lived cationic species, heterogeneous catalysis of butanol dehydration on weak acidic γ-Al2O3 was investigated. First, 1-butanol was injected into the micro catalytic reactor packed with γ-Al2O3 and the reaction temperature was controlled at 373 K. It was observed that the most abundant cationic species was 1-butanol with sodium ions [C4H10ONa]+ (Supplementary Figure 2 and Supplementary Data 1). Then, the reaction temperature of the micro catalytic reactor was increased to 423 K and three cationic species began to appear with the elemental composition [(C4H10O)2H]+, [(C4H9)2OH]+, and [C4H9]+, which might belong to the protonated 1-butanol dimer, protonated 1-butanol ether, and 1-butanol dehydration cationic species, respectively (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Figure 2, and Supplementary Data 1). The abundances of these three cationic species grew exponentially along with the increase of catalytic reaction temperature from 423 to 723 K (Supplementary Figure 2). Obviously, the [(C4H10O)2H]+ is one of the most abundant cationic species generated during the heterogeneous catalysis of 1-butanol dehydration, even higher than the 1-butanol molecular ion at 723 K, demonstrating that the protonated 1-butanol dimers widely existed in this heterogeneous catalysis system. If we remove γ-Al2O3 catalyst and inject 1-butanol into a void reactor, only the butanol molecular ion [C4H10ONa]+ was clearly observed at 723 K, and the abundances of the other three cationic species were all decreased over two orders of magnitude (Supplementary Figure 3). Thus, the cationic species [(C4H10O)2H]+, [(C4H9)2OH]+, and [C4H9]+ are indeed involved in the γ-Al2O3 catalytic 1-butanol dehydration.
Although 1-butanol was applied, the unimolecular dehydration of butene formation was still the major process in the γ-Al2O3 heterogeneous catalysis and the abundance of 1-butanol dehydration cationic species ([C4H9]+) was about ten times higher than the protonated 1-butanol ether ([(C4H9)2OH]+) (Fig. 2a), which was highly consistent with the previous reports on investigating the olefin and ether synthesis rates of butanol on γ-Al2O319,20. The high abundance of unimolecular dehydration cationic species [C4H9]+ implied that the Cβ–H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step (RDS) of the unimolecular dehydration process. The above results were also validated by the previous reports on studying the kinetic isotope effects in the olefin formation from butanols20,21. Our results exhibited that the catalytic reaction temperature was crucial to 1-butanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3, and the abundances of cationic species generated within heterogeneous catalysis were exponentially increased along with the reaction temperature increasing (Supplementary Figure 2). However, many other cationic species of unsaturated olefins (or aromatics) and alkoxy (or aldehyde) derivatives were further observed at 723 K with a relatively low abundance (Supplementary Figure 2 and Supplementary Data 1), which might be attributed to the tandem catalytic reactions of 1-butanol dehydration products on γ-Al2O3, such as isomerization, polymerization, and cracking22,23,24.
Then, 2-butanol was injected into the micro catalytic reactor packed with γ-Al2O3 at 623 K. The cationic species generated within the 2-butanol dehydration process was similar to 1-butanol and [(C4H10O)2H]+, [(C4H9)2OH]+, and [C4H9]+ were also observed. Compared with 1-butanol, the relative abundance of unimolecular dehydration cationic species [C4H9]+ was significantly improved in 2-butanol dehydration at identical conditions (Fig. 2b), which could be attributed to the secondary carbeniums being more stable than the primary ones. Thus, the olefin formation process is more preferred in the 2-butanol catalytic dehydration19,20. Further, more cationic species of unsaturated olefins (or aromatics) and alkoxy (or aldehyde) derivatives were observed at a lower temperature than 1-butanol catalytic dehydration (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Data 1). This could be attributed to the fact that more olefins are generated in the 2-butanol catalytic dehydration process as described above.
The above results clearly demonstrated that our strategy can successfully detect the short-lived cationic species generated in the relatively simple heterogeneous catalysis system of butanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3. Then, a much more complex heterogeneous catalysis system of methanol dehydration on acidic zeolites was investigated. First, methanol was injected into the micro catalytic reactor packed with H-Beta25 and hundreds of cationic species with mono positive charge were clearly detected in the MS at 623 K (Fig. 3a). The elemental composition of 477 ionic compounds was feasibly determined as high mass accuracy was achieved by an Orbitrap analyzer (Supplementary Data 1). The high mass resolution of MS was essential to discriminate different cationic species with molecular weights close to each other. For example, the mass of [C8H9O4]+, [C12H9O]+, [C9H13O3]+, [C13H13]+, [C10H17O2]+, and [C11H21O]+ are 169.05, 169.07, 169.09, 169.10, 169.12, and 169.16 Da, respectively, which cannot be discriminated by common quadrupole and ion trap MS but are clearly discriminated in our study (Supplementary Figure 4). To further validate the reliability of the assigned elemental composition for these cationic species, we utilized 13CH3OH to replace CH3OH for the reaction at identical conditions. Then, the heavy isotopic forms of about 70% cationic species could be feasibly observed (Table 1 and Supplementary Data 1). If we consecutively inject 100 μL of H2O three times to deactivate the acidic zeolite followed by CH3OH injection, almost all cationic species generated within the reaction were significantly decreased accordingly (Supplementary Figure 5). These cationic species could mainly be assorted into two categories, including unsaturated olefins (or aromatics) [CnH2n − 3]+, [CnH2n − 5]+, [CnH2n − 7]+, [CnH2n − 9]+, [CnH2n − 11]+, and so on, and unsaturated alkoxy (or aldehyde) derivatives [CnH2n+1O1,2]+, [CnH2n − 1O1,2,3]+, [CnH2n − 3O1,2,3]+, [CnH2n − 5O1,2,3]+, [CnH2n − 7O1,2,3,4]+, and so on (Fig. 3a, Table 1, and Supplementary Data 1). The generation of olefins (or aromatics) cationic species can be explained by conventional paring and side-chain reaction routes for methanol to hydrocarbons conversion10,26,27,28. The mass of important cationic intermediates 1,3-dimethylcyclopentenyl ([C7H11]+), pentamethylcyclopentenyl ([C10H17]+), 1,1,2,4,6-pentamethylbenzenium ([C11H17]+), heptamethylcyclopentenyl ([C12H21]+), and heptamethylbenzenium ([C13H21]+) previously identified by in situ solid-state NMR were all observed in our results. However, the unsaturated alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species were rarely reported previously.
It is widely recognized that methanol is firstly dehydrated to generate dimethyl ether (DME), followed by formation of other hydrocarbons. However, the detail reaction route of DME generation is still controversial29. We observed the protonated methanol dimer with a relatively high abundance (Fig. 3a), indicating that protonated methanol dimer widely existed in methanol to hydrocarbons conversion. This might be experimental evidence that two methanol molecules are adsorbed together and reacted simultaneously to form DME, which is also the preferred route due to its lower activation barrier30. Although previous reports speculated the formation of trimethyloxonium in the first C–C formation31, we have not observed it, which is validated by the result obtained from solid-state NMR32. In the reaction temperature investigation, the types and abundance of cationic species were both increased along with improving the reaction temperature from 373 to 623 K (Supplementary Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure Data 1). Although neither olefins nor DME was observed at 373 K in solid-state NMR33, we found that parts of the alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species were already generated at this temperature with low abundance, including [CnH2n − 3O2]+, [CnH2n − 5O1,2,3], and [CnH2n − 7O2]+ (n = 5–11), which further demonstrated the high detection sensitivity of our strategy. The olefins and aromatics cationic species began to appear at 423 K, such as [C5H7]+, [C7H7]+, [C8H9]+, [C8H11]+, and [C9H9]+. At 523 K, most of the cationic species could be already observed with a relatively lower intensity compared with 623 K. Therefore, the alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species widely existed in methanol dehydration at our reaction condition and could be generated at a much lower reaction temperature than olefins and aromatics cationic species.
We further packed a strong acidic zeolite H-ZSM534 into the micro catalytic reactor for investigating the short-lived cationic species generation in methanol dehydration at 623 K. Although the general categories of cationic species were similar to those observed in H-Beta experiments, H-ZSM5 exhibited a much higher activity and selectivity in producing olefins (or aromatics) cationic species. Within the mass range m/z 50–200, the number of cationic species of olefins (or aromatics) were increased to 28% and the corresponding total MS signal intensity was enhanced more than three times. In contrast, both the types and abundance of alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species were greatly suppressed in H-ZSM5 catalytic reactions (Fig. 3a, b, Supplementary Figure 7, and Supplementary Data 1). The most abundant cationic species were usually olefins or alkoxy cations with only one oxygen atom in H-ZSM5 reactions, which was significantly different from H-Beta that alkoxy cations with two or more oxygen atoms were always the most abundant ones. The cationic species with more than three oxygen atoms were nearly absent in H-ZSM5 reactions. Obviously, the formation of cationic species is directly related to the activity and selectivity of an acidic zeolite catalyst, and H-ZSM5 can greatly reduce the overall oxygen contents of cationic species.
Then, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, and pentanol were injected into the micro catalytic reactor packed with H-ZSM5 at 623 K. The chemical compositions of the cationic species observed in catalytic dehydration of these alcohols were highly similar, which demonstrated that similar hydrocarbon pools might be formed during the catalytic dehydration of short-chain alcohols (Fig. 3a–f and Supplementary Data 1). Although the absolute MS signal intensity of cationic species was decreased along with the increase of alcohols carbon numbers, the selectivity for producing olefins (or aromatics) cationic species was improved accordingly, concomitant to the types and abundance of alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species that were further suppressed, especially for the ones with multi-oxygen atoms (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Figure 7). This can be attributed to the C–C bonds that already existed in alcohols with multi carbon atoms, which are easily dehydrated to form olefins (the corresponding protonated alcohol dimers, dehydrated dimers, and dehydrated monomers were all observed). Thus, the overall oxygen contents of cationic species are decreased for alcohols with multi carbon atoms. However, coke formation on zeolite surfaces was more serious for alcohols with more carbon atoms, which might be the reason of MS signal intensity decreasing for the cationic species.
It is well known that the cationic species are widely involved in the process of catalytic dehydration of short- chain alcohols, yet few cationic species have been directly observed by the experiment up to now due to the lack of an efficient detection tool19,20,35,36. We integrated a micro catalytic reactor packed with a solid catalyst onto the Orbitrap MS ion inlet, allowing the cationic species generated in heterogeneous catalysis to simultaneously come into the MS as fast as possible for high-throughput detection. This strategy can significantly enhance the probability for detecting the short-lived cationic species. Butanol dehydration on solid γ-Al2O3 is a widely studied heterogeneous catalytic reaction, yet the mechanism is still controversial20,21,35,37. Our results suggest that olefin formation is the major process in butanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3, and the Cβ–H bond cleavage is the RDS in the unimolecular dehydration process. There are both hydroxyl groups and Lewis acid sites on the γ-Al2O3 surface. Thus, the cationic species [C4H9]+ might be generated through two different pathways by interacting with the surface hydroxyl groups and Lewis acid sites (Supplementary Figure 8).
Both the reactants and solid catalysts play crucial roles in the heterogeneous catalytic reaction. In our study, the 2-butanol could produce relatively more cationic species [C4H9]+ than 1-butanol due to the secondary carbeniums that are more stable and unimolecular dehydration more likely occurred. More interestingly, the cationic species generated in acidic zeolites catalyzed experiments were far beyond our expectations, and hundreds of unsaturated olefins or alkoxy cations were clearly observed. The generation of these cationic species might be attributed to the formation of a complex hydrocarbon pool, and the cationic intermediates produced onto the zeolite surface come into the gas phase and then ionize or react with the mixture of hydrocarbons and unreacted alcohols38. We further injected pentene or phenyl olefins into the micro catalytic reactor packed with H-ZSM5 to investigate if the cationic species could be formed by protonation of neutral olefin products onto the catalyst surface. However, no cationic species could be observed at these conditions with olefins as reactants in our system (data not shown). Thus, the cationic species are generated by the catalytic process of alcohol dehydration, not by the protonation of olefins on acidic zeolites or MS heating capillary.
Our key findings are as follows: first, the carbon chains of cationic species generated in the alcohol-to-hydrocarbon processes are gradually propagating from several to over 20 carbons and highly unsaturated polyaromatic rings must be formed; second, the alkoxy (or aldehyde) cationic species widely exist within the alcohol-to-hydrocarbon conversion, which can be generated at a lower reaction temperature compared to olefins and aromatics cationic species; third, the acidic zeolite with higher activity and selectivity for olefins (or aromatics) production (H-ZSM5) can significantly decrease the overall oxygen contents of cationic species; fourth, very similar cationic species were observed for alcohol reactants from C1 to C5, which means that carbon chain propagation, isomerization, and cracking should be common in the alcohol-to-hydrocarbon conversion. Overall, the observed cationic species by our strategy are directly related to the catalytic activity and selectivity of alcohol dehydration processes. Hence, we believe that this method exhibits great potential in both catalyst screening and reaction condition refinement in the future.
In summary, a micro catalytic reactor packed with a solid catalyst was integrated onto the ion inlet of Orbitrap MS, which seems suitable for detecting the short-lived cationic species generated in heterogeneous catalysis of alcohol dehydration due to its high speed, high sensitivity, and high throughput. This strategy is complementary to conventional in situ techniques for active species characterization on solid catalysts and might be helpful for investigating the heterogeneous catalytic reactions related with cationic species.
Γ-Al2O3 (product number 267740), 1-butanol, and 2-butanol were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). PEEK tubing and sleeves were obtained from Upchurch Scientific (Oak Harbor, WA, USA). Fused silica capillaries with 75 μm i.d. were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA). The element concentration of γ-Al2O3 was characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Magix 601) and provided in Supplementary Table 1.
The integrated micro catalytic reactor was fabricated by stainless steel, and it was designed with a reaction chamber (1 mm i.d. × 8 mm) for γ-Al2O3, H-Beta25, or H-ZSM534 packing and a pre-heat chamber (2 mm i.d. × 10 mm) for alcohol pre-heating and gasifying (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Figure 1). The reaction chamber was fabricated within the connection fittings of a stainless-steel union and was directly integrated onto the ion transfer capillary inlet of Orbitrap MS. The temperature of the micro catalytic reactor for dehydration catalytic reaction could be adjusted from 373 to 723 K by controlling the temperature of MS ion transfer capillary. The pre-heat chamber was fabricated within the body of a stainless-steel union. The stainless-steel fittings on the other side of the union were connected with a 75 μm i.d. capillary for alcohol reactant introduction. γ-Al2O3, H-Beta, and H-ZSM5 were activated by 873-K calcination for at least 4 h before use. The main characteritics of these catalysts were provided in Supplementary Table 1. Before alcohol injection, the system gas pressure of the micro catalytic reactor was about 100 Pa because it was directly connected to the MS high vacuum system. After alcohol injection (10 μL/s), the alcohol reagent could be rapidly gasified due to the high temperature and low gas pressure of the catalytic reactor. Then, the pre-heated alcohol gas flow passed through the packed γ-Al2O3 or acidic zeolites bed and directly comes into MS.
The MS analysis was performed on LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo, San Jose, CA, USA) at a resolution of 30,000 and survey full scan MS was acquired from m/z 50 to 600. The MS data collection was performed by Xcalibur 2.1.0 (Thermo). The temperature of the ion transfer capillary could be set at between 373 with 723 K according to the requirement of catalytic dehydration reactions. The spray voltage was set at 0 V. One microscan was set for each MS. The target ion setting was 5e5 for the Orbitrap, with a maximum fill-time of 200 ms.
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available on the figshare website, DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6176072, or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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The authors greatly appreciated Dr. Shutao Xu for providing acidic zeolites H-Beta (Si/Al = 24) and H-ZSM5 (Si/Al = 19), Dr. Keyong Hou for help in fabricating the micro catalytic reactor, and Dr. Shengjun Huang for the helpful discussion. Financial supports are gratefully acknowledged from the China State Key Research Grant (2016YFF0200504), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21675152), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2014164), and a grant from DICP (ZZBS201603) to F.W.
F.W. conceived the research, designed the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. Z.L performed MS data analysis. G.W. performed part of the MS experiments of butanol dehydration.


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I have often listened to clients who have said they have experienced past lives through either a psychic telling them, a flash in a meditation or on a drug induced trip, or a regression into a life with a regression therapist.
I often ask about that life and what they experienced in it. What I found is that there is not much healing of the life included in their experience. It's a visit to a life, a look around at patterns perhaps that are similar to this life and then that seems to be it.
After years of exploring, having sessions in past life and hypnotic regression and experiencing other lives during rebirthing training I still felt that knowing I was an American Indian or a Witch who was hung was not enough. I saw a pattern of standing up for those that cannot speak but no healing came from it. I was killed lifetime after life time for speaking out against those that were untrustworthy.
Before I left Australia for the UK. I had a past life regression session with someone and I was left carrying the grief of that life around for a good while until I found my soul training in 'Contemporary Shamanism' in Devon England.
You see I was trained differently and that has made all the difference to my calling.
My training was so much deeper than just a visiting exploration. What I learned was that journeying into other lives has little point unless one can heal the wounds from that life and access the gifts.
Let me share with you a real life story as an example.
I once journeyed a young priest in the making. (I know! Who would have thought that a young priest would be interested in Other Life journeys!) He came to see me due to being deeply conflicted whether to continue on the path of priesthood or to seek having a partner and a family. He arrived wearing the collar that a priest would wear. I thought how interesting at the time that a collar covered the throat chakra perhaps even blocked it. Anyway, I sat beside him guiding him through into non-ordinary reality till he found himself in another life. This life was of a Tibetan monk. He had arrived there as a child and been there for many years. Never knowing any other way of living or being. He was accepting of his life but felt like it wasn't necessarily his choosing. As we moved through the life towards and through significant events it became clearer to him and more real. He felt deeply connected to the life more and more.
I then asked him to move to the time of his death. He saw himself being beheaded by a soldier in the Chinese army, along with many other monks who stood nearby. He remembers knowing and accepting he was going to die, feeling the metal sword moving through his throat and then quickly leaving his body.
This is where there is significant difference is between Regression and Other Life Healing.
I asked him a few questions in reflecting back on his life and then we moved the whole of the spirit body to a neutral healing place of his choice.
There I asked him to look within the body and tell me what he saw. He saw parts of the sword embedded in his throat and his head was hanging on by a few veins or similar as it had not been fully cut off.
We called in spirit assistance and did what resonated with him in how to remove the metal fragments, re-attach the head and then deal with scaring. The metal went into a bucket of light (source), as did the broken scar tissue and bits of rust. His neck and head became naturally aligned and back into place. I guided him to look into the spirit body of that life and to see what feelings still resided, e.g. feelings of hopelessness and guilt at seeing other friends be killed and doing nothing to stop it etc. Which were willing cleared out of the body through a technique I use.
Then we looked at a very important aspect of the life in Tibet. What symbolized being a monk for him personally? It was his weathered robe and his Mala beads strewn around his wrist and hand. I asked him would it be Ok to now let go of that symbolism so he could have free will to choose his calling in this life rather than feel duty bound to it?
He was more than willing to let them go into the bucket of light. And as a Buddhist in that life, he understood that, attachment was not necessary.
What was left after some more clearing was a glowing light body without the wounding and the vows and promises embedded in it.
The light body then dissolved naturally into the source and he returned to this life, this body (earth suit), and this current life soul journey.
He shared how much more peaceful and lighter he felt. How he felt free, really free to make the choice now rather than to feel if he didn't somehow he would fail at what he thought he 'must' do.
I heard back and he had decided to take a year off from his studies and work part-time in a place connected with his faith but without the 'program' that had walked with him from that lifetime. I knew that whatever decision he made after that year would come naturally to him. My gut instinct feels he chose faith and family without the monastic celibate contract.
Other life work can be enjoyable, fascinating and healing. I do not consider myself a healer. I am a spiritual midwife and wound tracker who guides people to their own inner healing…. which if you really want to you, are capable of doing.
Why carry the burdens from another life? That may indeed lead to repeating the same lesson again and again without growth. When one cleanses the wounds, vows, and beliefs of other lives then one is completely free to choose what path one takes in this present one, gifts and all.
This is such a beautiful sharing, so powerful and moving. To know one can receive a healing and not just visit a past life, to know that people like yourself are out there to have others experience closure and wholeness, to move forward and be free to live life without the chain of such past wounds, is more than wonderful. Thank you for sharing, for being willing to be an instrument and witness to such healing. I look forward to participating in such sessions with you. I also hope you will offer again the training for others like myself to not only experience such inner healing but to help others experience the same.
Wonderful! Very powerful. Thanks so much!
thank you for shinning your light so beautifully!
you truly are an inspiration! I so enjoy reading about you and your work!
Is there a way you can work with someone remotely? I mean "travelling" and healing parts and bits and pieces just like you describe here with the priest who came to see you?! Like Skype or Hangouts?..
I once saw an astrologist who recommended (that some years ago!) to do a past life regression and see what`s my story with commitment and love and marriage and all that jazz 🙂 he said there`s something fishy there.
Always a pleasure to read your articles!
Thanks for the lovely feedback Ileana. I feel it is possible on skype if one can set the technology up so one can be fully relaxed. It does take some time though to journey depending on how the person travels. Blessings.
I'm echoing Jerry's comment – I too felt deeply moved by your compassion towards this fellow and by your commitment to caring for those wishing to heal so to move on. Australia is so fortunate to have you!
ps Odette – please add me to Sept training.
I have too been dissatisfied with people talking of past lives without actually doing the work to heal, learn or grow through it, it has almost become trendy or prestigious to talk of past lives…but to me the value in past lives comes in the ability to understand what part of it is still echoing in our lives and changing it so that this lifetime is unencumbered by the echoes of the past. I have done this for my family and changed the way in which they connect with each other this lifetime. It is important work to do, but simply identifying a past life is not enough.
Thank-you so much for your post and discussing the limitations of exploring past lives without dealing and healing through them.
What a lovely story. Thank you for outlining the differences between past life regression and healing other lives. It is nice to see people finding happiness and peace in their present paths through searching for and healing the burdens they carried in another life. I agree with R Congues, it is important to work through the burdens of our past lives, not just discover them. Thanks for sharing!


text:
require_relative "../abstract_unit"
require "active_support/time"
require "active_support/core_ext/numeric"
require "active_support/core_ext/range"

class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  def test_to_formatted_s_from_dates
    date_range = Date.new(2005, 12, 10)..Date.new(2005, 12, 12)
    assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10' AND '2005-12-12'", date_range.to_formatted_s(:db)
    assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10' AND '2005-12-12'", date_range.to_fs(:db)
  end

  def test_to_formatted_s_from_times
    date_range = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
    assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10 15:30:00' AND '2005-12-10 17:30:00'", date_range.to_formatted_s(:db)
  end

  def test_to_formatted_s_with_alphabets
    alphabet_range = ("a".."z")
    assert_equal "BETWEEN 'a' AND 'z'", alphabet_range.to_formatted_s(:db)
  end

  def test_to_formatted_s_with_numeric
    number_range = (1..100)
    assert_equal "BETWEEN '1' AND '100'", number_range.to_formatted_s(:db)
  end

  def test_to_s_with_format
    number_range = (1..100)

    assert_deprecated do
      assert_equal "BETWEEN '1' AND '100'", number_range.to_s(:db)
    end
  end

  def test_to_s_with_format_invalid_format
    number_range = (1..100)

    assert_deprecated do
      assert_equal "1..100", number_range.to_s(:not_existent)
    end
  end

  def test_date_range
    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime.new
    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime::Infinity.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
  end

  def test_overlaps_last_inclusive
    assert((1..5).overlaps?(5..10))
  end

  def test_overlaps_last_exclusive
    assert_not (1...5).overlaps?(5..10)
  end

  def test_overlaps_first_inclusive
    assert((5..10).overlaps?(1..5))
  end

  def test_overlaps_first_exclusive
    assert_not (5..10).overlaps?(1...5)
  end

  def test_should_include_identical_inclusive
    assert((1..10).include?(1..10))
  end

  def test_should_include_identical_exclusive
    assert((1...10).include?(1...10))
  end

  def test_should_include_other_with_exclusive_end
    assert((1..10).include?(1...11))
  end

  def test_include_returns_false_for_backwards
    assert_not((1..10).include?(5..3))
  end

  # Match quirky plain-Ruby behavior
  def test_include_returns_false_for_empty_exclusive_end
    assert_not((1..5).include?(3...3))
  end

  def test_include_with_endless_range
    assert((1..).include?(2))
  end

  def test_should_include_range_with_endless_range
    assert((1..).include?(2..4))
  end

  def test_should_not_include_range_with_endless_range
    assert_not((1..).include?(0..4))
  end

  def test_include_with_beginless_range
    assert((..2).include?(1))
  end

  def test_should_include_range_with_beginless_range
    assert((..2).include?(-1..1))
  end

  def test_should_not_include_range_with_beginless_range
    assert_not((..2).include?(-1..3))
  end

  def test_should_compare_identical_inclusive
    assert((1..10) === (1..10))
  end

  def test_should_compare_identical_exclusive
    assert((1...10) === (1...10))
  end

  def test_should_compare_other_with_exclusive_end
    assert((1..10) === (1...11))
  end

  def test_compare_returns_false_for_backwards
    assert_not((1..10) === (5..3))
  end

  # Match quirky plain-Ruby behavior
  def test_compare_returns_false_for_empty_exclusive_end
    assert_not((1..5) === (3...3))
  end

  def test_should_compare_range_with_endless_range
    assert((1..) === (2..4))
  end

  def test_should_not_compare_range_with_endless_range
    assert_not((1..) === (0..4))
  end

  def test_should_compare_range_with_beginless_range
    assert((..2) === (-1..1))
  end

  def test_should_not_compare_range_with_beginless_range
    assert_not((..2) === (-1..3))
  end

  def test_exclusive_end_should_not_include_identical_with_inclusive_end
    assert_not_includes (1...10), 1..10
  end

  def test_should_not_include_overlapping_first
    assert_not_includes (2..8), 1..3
  end

  def test_should_not_include_overlapping_last
    assert_not_includes (2..8), 5..9
  end

  def test_should_include_identical_exclusive_with_floats
    assert((1.0...10.0).include?(1.0...10.0))
  end

  def test_cover_is_not_override
    range = (1..3)
    assert range.method(:include?) != range.method(:cover?)
  end

  def test_overlaps_on_time
    time_range_1 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
    time_range_2 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 00)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 18, 00)
    assert time_range_1.overlaps?(time_range_2)
  end

  def test_no_overlaps_on_time
    time_range_1 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
    time_range_2 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 31)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 18, 00)
    assert_not time_range_1.overlaps?(time_range_2)
  end

  def test_each_on_time_with_zone
    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Eastern Time (US & Canada)"], Time.utc(2006, 11, 28, 10, 30))
    assert_raises TypeError do
      ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).each { }
    end
  end

  def test_step_on_time_with_zone
    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Eastern Time (US & Canada)"], Time.utc(2006, 11, 28, 10, 30))
    assert_raises TypeError do
      ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).step(1) { }
    end
  end

  def test_cover_on_time_with_zone
    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Eastern Time (US & Canada)"], Time.utc(2006, 11, 28, 10, 30))
    assert ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).cover?(twz)
  end

  def test_case_equals_on_time_with_zone
    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Eastern Time (US & Canada)"], Time.utc(2006, 11, 28, 10, 30))
    assert ((twz - 1.hour)..twz) === twz
  end

  def test_date_time_with_each
    datetime = DateTime.now
    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each { })
  end

  def test_date_time_with_step
    datetime = DateTime.now
    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).step(1) { })
  end
end


text:
new-article 111641586062850 https://lifestyle.livemint.com story https://lifestyle.livemint.com News /news/talking-point/the-citizen-s-manifesto-111641586062850.html https://images.livemint.com/img/2019/05/31/90x90/Parliament_1559294843890_1559294844261.jpg
Home > News> Talking Point > The citizen's manifesto
The citizen's manifesto
The election is over but our job as citizens is only just beginning
It is now time for us, the citizens of India, to step up
/news/talking-point/the-citizen-s-manifesto-111641586062850.html 111641586062850 story
We must ensure our democratic institutions are not eroded
By H.R. Venkatesh
So you cast your vote and exercised your duty to India in a most fundamental way. Or maybe you weren't able to vote. Either way, there are now many other ways to be a good citizen, and this piece addresses three such urgent strategies.
But first, to those of you who were happy the Narendra Modi-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won, congratulations. I am guessing you had a good week. Unlike a number of your brethren across the political divide, who, in their disappointment, like to describe you all as anti-secular and illiberal. I know that makes you angry, and that there were other compelling reasons you voted for the prime minister to keep his title.
And to those of you who wanted the Congress-led coalition to win, don't lose heart. I came across these words of hope on the day of the election result and they will lend you strength: "Your opponents would love you to believe that it's hopeless, that you have no power, that there's no reason to act, that you can't win. Hope is a gift you don't have to surrender, a power you don't have to throw away."
These words are by the writer and activist Rebecca Solnit, and they can be found in her book Hope In The Dark. Solnit also says, "It's important to say what hope is not: it is not the belief that everything was, is, or will be fine. The evidence is all around us of tremendous suffering and tremendous destruction. The hope I'm interested in is about broad perspectives with specific possibilities, ones that invite or demand that we act. It's also not a sunny everything-is-getting-better narrative, though it may be a counter to the everything-is-getting-worse narrative."
On counting day, I was with many fellow Indians at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, US, and I was envious of countries that allow their citizens to vote via postal ballot.
We had gathered to see the results pour in. The setting was surreal because we were in a bubble (business school) within a bubble (the campus) within a bubble (Silicon Valley).
Most were happy that Modi and the NDA won, but I still heard them express their desire for a more united, secular and developed India. They spoke about keeping the government accountable, and it dawned on me that we have let our political parties polarize us more than we realize. I felt in that moment that we ought to distance ourselves from party politics and focus on what we could do for India as citizens.
Eric Liu, whose book reflects on how we can exercise power as citizens.
So what should we do?
There's a long list of issues we could take on, but I believe we can boil down our duties as citizens to at least these three:
1. Make a new friend.
2. Keep your member of Parliament (MP) accountable.
3. Guard our institutions of democracy.
Now I have noticed something weird about my behaviour in the past 10 months at Stanford and its surrounding towns of Palo Alto and Menlo Park. I tend to smile a lot. A LOT. I smile at strangers on the sidewalk and in elevators, at people at stores, cafés and restaurants.
This is unlike my behaviour in India, where I go about freely with my natural "resting face". Which could be a scowl for all I know.
Partly, the reason for this is that there is a small-town vibe here and everybody else smiles a lot too. But there's something deeper at play. I smile because I don't want to come off as threatening or "not belonging".
Here, I am aware all the time that I am a brown-skinned man. And since I prefer these days to go about without shaving or grooming any facial hair (an extreme overreaction to my news-anchoring years when I put on make-up every day, no doubt), I worry even more that people will think I am a criminal. This, I realized, is the burden of being a minority. For someone who hasn't always been part of one, this is a new feeling.
It is not very different from being a Muslim or a member of any other minority in India. Wherever you go, you are aware that people may be suspicious of you or just not used to the idea of you. Do you blend in or do you wear community indicators such as a cap, facial hair or veil? Do you feel the burden of proving your loyalty and citizenship again and again?
Being like that all the time is exhausting. And when the most powerful political party in your country wins an election partly by making you the enemy, it can be downright terrifying. So maybe the first step you could take to fulfil your duty as a citizen is this: Get to know someone from a background different from yours. If you are in the majority, reach out to someone from a minority background, and vice versa. Doing so will help you imagine what it is like to be in each other's shoes.
A second step is to keep your MP accountable. In 2016, I launched NetaData, a start-up that focused partly on doing just that. I wanted to aggregate all publicly available data on our political leaders and give them a score. But one of the problems is its top-down approach. Three years on, I think a bottom-up approach would have worked better. For example, what if we all ran a Facebook page or group for each MP seat in India? We would need very few resources to maintain this if we truly developed a grassroots approach. And if we had more data on our MPs, they would be more accountable.
My third suggestion is to ensure our democratic institutions are not eroded further. We have seen how the Election Commission failed to censure political parties for flagrant violations of the model code of conduct. There are hundreds of such institutions in India. "Adopt" one such institution. For example, if you are interested in higher education, you already have a stake in ensuring the right people are placed in charge of our great universities. If these places of learning and research are to reach the potential of a great global university, we need to protect their free expression and autonomy.
The writer and academic Eric Liu, who wrote a book, You're More Powerful Than You Think: A Citizen's Guide To Making Change Happen, on how we can exercise power as citizens, has much to offer to us on this difficult journey. Our job as citizens, he says, is "not getting wedded to any political ideology or orthodoxy except for the idea that our job now is to challenge unearned privilege, to break apart monopolies, to deconcentrate power, to make the little citizen bigger, and to fight the feeling of helplessness…."
Democracy isn't just about having free elections. It is about dozens of other things, including keeping our leaders accountable and ensuring a dialogue with each other.
For too long have we relied on various organs of the state to do their job of safeguarding our democracy. They, and this includes the opposition and even the media, have failed us. It is now time for us, the citizens of India, to step up.
H.R. Venkatesh is a John S Knight journalism fellow at Stanford University. He is a former editor of The Quint and a former senior anchor at CNN-IBN.
Elections | Vote | Democracy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Definitely! See WordPress in Your Language for information on existing translations, and Translating WordPress to find out how you can help if your language's translation is missing or needs improvement.


Abortion Debate Many high school students choose to join a debate team or enroll in a public speaking class that encourages the correct methods for debating. These students are often faced with researching and developing arguments either supporting or against hot button topics that is prevalent in our society today. These topics can include a variety of things, but most students have the opportunity to participate in an termination debate in some way, shape, or form. Many teachers include the abortion topic in their teaching and allow children to actively debate the topic in the classroom. A great many debate teams tackle the topic of terminations and actively debate the topic using intelligent arguments. If you are preparing for a debate on the topic of terminations, your first step should be to research all available information on the hot button issue.
The World Wide Web is an excellent source for gaining information on the topic of terminations when preparing for an debate. There are numerous websites run by groups or organizations that cover both sides of the argument quite well. Be sure you look at both sides of the argument, both pro life and pro choice, before you begin to create your own argument about termination to be used in your debate. Regardless if your viewpoint, whether chosen or assigned, is for or against terminations, you should take great care to research both sides of the topic so that you can better formulate your specific argument.
When preparing for your debate, take great care to carefully word the argument as to not include any insensitive or potentially upsetting phrasing. You should also take great care to respect both sides of the issue as well as the women who are faced with the option of abortion and the individuals who work in clinics that perform abortions on a daily basis. You should leave out any angry or slanderous remarks and be sure your debate content is presented in an educational, intelligent, and professional manner. Ensuring your debate content is professional may be the difference between a win and a loss or allowing your opponent to understand and appreciate your side of the argument instead of angering him or her by using unprofessional language.


Neighbors | Jessica Harker.Members of the Friends of the Austintown library welcomed speaker Robert Marcus to address the group about services available homeless veterans.
Neighbors | Jessica Harker.Deborah Liptak, the Development Director of the Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County, addressed the Friends of the Austintown Library after the presentation by Robert Marcus.
The Friends of the Austintown Library recently hosted Robert Marcus who presented on resources available to local veterans.
Marcus is an employee with the US Department of Veterans Affairs and works with veterans in both Mahoning and Trumball county.
"My job and responsibility is to hook them up with somewhere to stay and the help they need," Marcus said.
Marcus has been working with veterans for 11 years.
He grew up in Cleveland and was raised in Ohio, coming from a family of service members he saw first hand the need for veterans services.
Marcus works out of the Community Research and Referral center where veterans can go to get the resources they need.
During the presentation Marcus talked about the services that were available to veterans who are not dishonorably discharged.
"Say a veteran calls me today with no where to go, no income and no support system. It's my job to get them what they need," Marcus said.
He said that a huge problem veterans face every day is that they can't afford housing. To combat this issue Marcus said that the Housing and Urban Development organization partners with the VA to help get these veterans vouchers for housing.
The VA pays HUD for the vouchers and as long as the veteran can pay 30 percent of the rent they can keep the voucher as long as they need.
Marcus said that after a year veterans are eligible to transfer their voucher to other parts of the country where they have openings, giving them the freedom to move around and maintain housing.
Marcus said that the VA also has case workers who work with veterans once they are housed to be sure all their needs are met.
"Case workers will visit them, take them to doctors appointments or if they need to go shopping," Marcus said.
The VA will also help veterans who suffer from mental health or substance abuse problems once they are housed.
The organization also offers assistance to veterans who can't work, whether or not their injury occurred while they served.
Veterans with service connection injuries are compensated for their inability to work. If a veteran can't work because of an injury that can not be directly traced to their time serving, they will still be able to receive assistance.
Along with these programs and emergency housing options, Marcus also sited homeless shelters for both men and women that help veterans with no where to go.
After his presentation members of the Friends of the Austintown library asked Marcus questions, including how they can best assist local veterans in need.
Marcus said that the main need is in transportation and that bus passes are a huge help to getting veterans to the services they need.
For more information about the services available to local veterans, call 877-424-3838.
June 8, 2016 12:07 a.m.
August 30, 2018 12:10 a.m.


Light Work and Urban Video Project congratulate 1985 Light Work Artist-in-Residence Dawoud Bey and 2010 Urban Video Project (UVP) artist Trevor Paglen on winning the prestigious MacArthur Foundation 2017 "Genius" Grant!
Each of the 24 "Genius" Grant recipients are selected for having "shown extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction." Grant Fellows will receive a $625,000 award from the foundation "as an investment in their potential," paid out over five years with no strings attached.
The 2017 "Genius" Grant awardees join an illustrious cohort of former Light Work and Urban Video Project affiliated artists, including Robert Adams, Wendy Ewald, LaToya Ruby Frazier, Ann Hamilton (UVP), Alfredo Jaar, Inigo Manglano-Ovalle (UVP), Fazal Sheikh, Cindy Sherman, Bill Viola (UVP), Carrie Mae Weems, and Deborah Willis.
"For over forty years, Light Work has been an important place for artists from around the world to conduct artistic research, develop new projects, and exhibit their work as part of our programs in Syracuse. The MacArthur Foundation's continued recognition of numerous artists whom we've had the pleasure of working with underscores the significance of the work they have contributed to the field and the value of supporting such creative minds. We certainly can't take any credit for their genius, but we're thrilled to get to know so many brilliant artists and to be able to be a part of their legacies.
Dawoud Bey was selected by the MacArthur Foundation Grants committee for his "expansive approach to photography that creates new spaces of engagement within cultural institutions, making them more meaningful to and representative of the communities in which they are situated." He participated in a Light Work residency program in 1985. In 2009 Bey's photographs were part of Embracing Eatonville, a group exhibition in the Robert B. Menschel Photography Gallery in Syracuse University's Schine Student Center. Bey's limited-edition archival print, Five Children, was part of the Fine Print Program, and selected images from his body of work are part of Light Work's expansive permanent Collection.
Born in Queens, Dawoud Bey began his formal training by apprenticing to local commercial and fashion photographer Levy J. Smith and later studied at the School of Visual Arts. He completed his undergraduate work at Empire State College and his MFA in Yale University's graduate photography program. A former Guggenheim and NEA fellow, Bey is currently Distinguished College Art and Associate Professor of Art at Columbia College Chicago, where he has taught since 1998.
The Studio Museum in Harlem hosted Bey's first one-person exhibition in 1979. He has since had numerous exhibitions worldwide, including The Art Institute of Chicago, The Barbican Centre in London, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the National Portrait Gallery in London, the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, and the Yale Art Gallery in New Haven.
Trevor Paglen was selected by the MacArthur Foundation Grants committee for his "documentation of hidden operations of covert government projects and examining the ways that human rights are threatened in an era of mass surveillance." Paglen's Code Names was part of Urban Video Project's architectural video installation at the Everson Museum of Art in 2010.
Paglen is an artist, writer, and experimental geographer whose work deliberately blurs lines between social science, contemporary art, journalism, and other disciplines to construct unfamiliar yet meticulously researched ways to see and interpret the world around us. His visual work has been exhibited at Pittsburgh's Andy Warhol Museum, Berlin's Transmediale Festival, Philadelphia's Institute of Contemporary Art, the Istanbul Biennial (2009), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), and the Taipei Biennial (2008). Numerous publications have also featured his work, including Aperture, Art Forum, Modern Painters, Newsweek, The New York Times, and Wired. Paglen has received grants and commissions from Art Matters, Artadia and the Eyebeam Center for Art and Technology, and Rhizome.org. He is the author of three books. He holds a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, an M.F.A. from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and a Ph.D. in geography from UC Berkeley.
For more information about these and all of Light Work's artists, please visit our Artist Index, Artist-in-Residence Program, Exhibtions,Chronology, and Collection.


text:
/ Portrait - NPG x27575; Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
by London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company
albumen carte-de-visite, circa 1877
acquired Dalziel Collection, 1977
Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912), Painter. Sitter in 40 portraits, Artist associated with 5 portraits.
London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company (active 1854-1922), Photographers. Artist associated with 952 portraits.
Place made: United Kingdom: England, London (photographers' studio, London)
Dalziel Family Collection: photographs, 1860s-1900s
Eyeglasses and spectacles
Trial of social activists Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh following their publication of a book by the American birth-control campaigner Charles Knowlton, which suggested that working class families should be able to practice birth control. Although found guilty, the case was thrown out on a technical fault.
The Grosevenor Gallery opens, founded by Sir Coutts Lindsay, as a rival to the Royal Academy. It exhibited work by artists such as Edward Burne-Jones and Walter Crane, outside of the British mainstream, and became famous as the home of the Aesthetic movement.
The first Lawn Tennis Championship is held at Wimbledon with around 20 male competitors, witnessed by a few hundred spectators. Spencer Gore the first singles champion, wins 12 guineas.
The American inventor Thomas Edison invents the tin foil phonograph, combining the technologies of the telegraph and telephone. Experimenting with a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, he recorded and played back the short message 'Mary had a little lamb'.
Listen to a series of podcasts exploring the lives of pioneering women, past and present.
Explore the podcasts
Eggleston Playlist
William Eggleston was closely associated with the alternative music scene in Memphis. Revisit our 2016 exhibition and listen to a special playlist.
Listen to the playlist
Archive interviews
Links to audio and transcripts of interviews with artists, sitters and historic recordings.
Watch, listen and read
Photographic holdings - Albums 163-228
Dadabhai Naoroji
Women Poets and Photography, 1860–1970
George Augustus Sala
Queen Victoria Trail


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Sri Lanka Throughout the years, Sri Lanka has been known by many names, but the one that perhaps describes it best is the old Persian name, Serendib, meaning 'serendipity'. In just 2009 Sri Lanka saw the end of a brutal 26 year long civil war. The entire nation breathed a sigh of relief, and finally, this beautiful teardrop shaped island opened up to the rest of the world once again. Since then, the entire country has been in a constant state of growth. The skyline of Colombo, Sri Lanka's capital city, is shooting skyward as rapid developments take root, one after another. The bustling streets of Kandy and Anuradhapura are quickly filling with tourists. But outside of the urban meccas, Sri Lanka's tangled green jungle, rolling hills, and surf-washed shores draw a different kind of traveler. Extreme nomads with a burn for outdoor adventure have long known Sri Lanka's real charm isn't something you'll find in the city. You'll find it in the butter flat lagoons, strong wind, and barreling surf. You'll find it in the desolate islands, the hidden waterfalls, and the mysterious mountain temples. Surrounded by hundreds of kilometers of coral reef, and inland, covered in winding rivers and…
Test & Reviews
Extreme Nomads Selection: 5 Best Dark and Twisted Netflix Originals Shows
Published by Jim Thirion on October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017
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We love Netflix.
(And no, we didn't get paid to say that)
For most digital nomads living in foreign lands. watching traditional TV channels is slowly becoming an awkward thing, like a long lost habit from a previous life – so having the bingeable wonder that is Netflix at our fingertips at all times? Hubba-bubba.
Going to the movies? Well first you got to be fine with subtitles and actors you know being dubbed in the language of the country you're in, which can often get quite disturbing, but mainly you have to find a film that is actually worth an hour and a half of your time, and that's getting trickier when you see what the industry is coming out with these days.
With enormous budgets involved, especially in the US, investors usually tend to the side of caution and will prefer a script that has been proved successful enough to make it a safe bet. Hence the shy 39 percent of original productions in the last 10 years.
In fact, in the US, the average budget for a non-original script is $70 million, while it hovers under 40 million for an original one.
So when Netflix started out its "Netflix Original" shows, where creatives were given the chance to get produced as long as they came up with an original (and good, most of the time…) storyline, unsurprisingly the ball started rolling.
Now, we love ourselves a bit of dark and twisted (who doesn't?), so much so in fact, that the Netflix algorithm has started to feed us nothing but sinister true crime and uncomfortable horror flicks.
You would need 41 days solid to binge watch the totality of Netflix original shows.
But we're going to cut to the chase here for you:
Here are the best dark and twisted Netflix original shows so far.
Already standing proudly at 4 seasons, Black Mirror is truly unique and maybe the most original show on Netflix.
Episodes do not correlate by narrative, and so each episode is a new story with new characters. What binds the brand together is the main theme of the show, technology's lightning fast progress and what the implications are for human kind, especially when it comes to stuff we are still barely toying with, like artificial intelligence or the transfer of human consciousness into computer programs.
But a program doesn't have rights, right? Unlimited life and knowledge may sound good, but what if it means the eventuality of unlimited suffering as well? By the way, if you were wondering, Black Mirror's name comes from the state of your screens (laptop, tv, tablets, mobile…) when they're off, showing only a black screen in which you can see a dark reflection of yourself.
Season 4 was released in December 2017 and expectedly received rip-roaring reviews.
Following a narrative that twists and turns through the lives of 8 individuals from all over the globe, Sense 8 is a wild ride exploring culture, sex, crime, love, drugs, evil corporate overlords- oh, and psychic connections.
We follow the journey of a fascinating group of characters- an Icelandic DJ, an Indian scientist, a lesbian activist in San Fransisco, a loveable German criminal, a Korean businesswoman, a handsome American cop, a cheeky Kenyan entrepreneur, and a gay has-been Mexican actor- as they slowly begin to come to terms with their psychic powers.
Fast-paced and deliciously dark, Sense 8 is one of the best Netflix Original shows to hit our screens in a long while.
Although there's only one season so far (*sob*), this binge-worthy show deserves every bit of praise it has received in the media so far- and more. Arguably the best Netflix Original show of 2017, Mindhunter explores the inner workings of the FBI back in the 1970's as a team of investigators attempts to chase down the culprit behind a series of grisly murders.
Our handsome protagonist dives behind the scenes into the highest security prisons in the U.S. so that he can conduct interviews with some of the freakiest and most twisted killers the world has ever seen, in the hopes of shedding light on his latest case.
Fantastic script writing and top-notch production make Mindhunter one of the best crime shows on Netflix right now.
Netflix has only recently begun adding foreign-language original shows to its repertoire, and this German-made psychological thriller was one of the first to kick off this awesome new trend. Set in a quiet German town, the seemingly perfect lives of four well-to-do families are blown wide open when two young children disappear from the village.
The clever narrative weaves together the seemingly unconnected tales of our lead characters across a timeline of 30 years, the result of which is a marvellously clever storyline that delivers twist after dark twist.
It's more and more that we're seeing big names joining in on the Netflix revolution, and this time it was Jessica Biel who pulled a blinder in her leading role in The Sinner, one of the darkest and definitely one of the most twisted Netflix Originals shows ever to be created.
The eight-episode standalone series unravels the tale of a young mother (Biel) who- to everyone's horror and astonishment- stabs an apparent stranger to death on a sunny afternoon at the beach. The impressively artful and wildly uncomfortable story deep-dives into the disturbed mind of our protagonist as we try to understand the real reason behind the murder.
Better get stuck into this one over the course of a weekend- once you start watching The Sinner you won't be able to stop.
Love a good Netflix Originals binge? In need of some more recommendations? Let us know what genre you're into, and we'll dig out the best of the bunch in our next article.
Categories:	Lifestyle
Tags: netflix
Aka French Dawg - I like boards under my feet and wind on my face. I also find my flow by wandering earth's wild corners, creating powerful visual content, discovering talented artists and athletes, and running Extreme Nomads to help fellow adventurers find the ultimate dream spot.
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There are a bunch of interesting weapons in Destiny 2. Auto rifles, rocket launchers, swords, and weirdo reverse-tractor beams. But which guns are best? Here's our list of the top five.
The exotic scout rifle MIDA Multi-Tool is pretty easy to get. It probably has the least stringent requirements of any of Destiny 2's exotic quests. Once you get it, you'll have a gun that lives up to its name. It's got so many uses! Obviously, it's good at long range. But it staggers enemies really effectively, so it's solid at close range, too. You really don't need to use anything else.
The best thing about the MIDA Multi-Tool is that it lets you keep your radar active when you aim down your sights. That puts it way above most other guns for PvP, particularly in the more intense modes on the competitive playlist or during Trials of the Nine. Destiny 2 has increased the time it takes for your radar to come back after you aim down the sights of a normal gun, making the MIDA's radar perk that much more valuable. It's a no-brainer.
There's plenty of new stuff in Destiny 2, so it's comforting to use a gun that we're all already familiar with. MIDA Multi-Tool is one of several Destiny 2 exotics that Bungie carried over from the first game. It's been floating around the meta since waaaay back in 2014, and it just wouldn't be Destiny if that weren't still the case. Sequels are all about using the same guns we've been using for three years, right? It's so nice to stick with what we know.
If you're competing in Trials of the Nine, chances are most of your teammates are going to be using the MIDA Multi-Tool. You wouldn't want to stick out, right? Of course not! Don't be a weirdo! You can always equip a good auto rifle in your energy slot, if you really want to use something different from time to time. But let's be real: if we could have our way, we'd just equip a MIDA Multi-Tool in both slots! We guess that's what the MIDA Mini-Tool is for.
The MIDA Multi-Tool won our hearts years ago with its iconic "death stapler" firing sound, and we definitely have yet to get sick of it! It's so refreshing to go into a crucible match and immediately hear that clipped thwack coming from every angle. Why use any other gun when you can use one that sounds this good? It's a fair question.
If you came across this article while looking for an actual list of good Destiny 2 guns, I actually posted a list of my favorites in a comment you can read below. Use any of those guns instead of a MIDA Multi-Tool. Please?


Obtain giant information with the easy-to-use BitTorrent client. Both strategies will allow you to download the specified observe. Nonetheless if you happen to use the interior search, you also get different songs by an artist cut up into albums.
Any Video Converter Free is possibly the very best free YouTube music and video downloader, with which you'll be able to obtain you favourite music movies or music file only (.m4a) from YouTube and often other video or sharing sites too like VEVO, Vimeo, SoundCloud.
This powerful YouTube downloader might help you to observe YouTube films and listen to music from CDs on Android by converting DVD&CD to well-liked formats like MP4, M4V, AVI, WMV, MOV, WMA, MP3, and so on.
Remember the fact that many larger artists only stream.
Is a user-pleasant free mp3 download web site and online youtube converter. Mp3juices is concise and straightforward to use. It allows you to get free full album downloads and convert music to MP3 at ease. You just have to type the identify of the wanted music useful resource into the search box and then click on Search". Mp3juices will provide help to find the best match and lists the corresponding music assets quickly. Then, click on Obtain" button underneath the specified useful resource to download free albums. It is price mentioning that Mp3juices also permits you to instantly convert Youtube to MP3 There aren't any any ads and registration requirement to obtain mp3 albums free so you may safely download music albums by Mp3juices.
There are hundred alternative ways of downloading almost anything from the internet, however, not each manner is a authorized manner. Offline mixtape is an computerized playlist that YouTube Music will build and download primarily based on what it thinks you like and what number of songs you need it to download. The characteristic was YouTube Music's unique offline choice, and for much of its previous life was the one strategy to obtain music for offline playback.
Last time we checked, there have been 5,965,819 tracks.
Download music you're keen on for free and hear offline. Latest research confirmed that Belgium has the highest costs in the case of mobile information in Europe, with Proximus, Orange and Telenet as the principle actors in this market. This file offers info on two of these essential players and in addition features information on mobile commerce, video and apps.
There are hundred different ways of downloading nearly anything from the web, nonetheless, not every way is a legal way. Many web sites provide to obtain audio observe youtube videos (from youtube to mp3 songs). Open youtube web site on your Android browser, do a seek for the music you might be looking for and copy the URL. Now, on a brand new tab seek for Youtube to Mp3" and you will notice a listing of the website that allows downloading the audio recordsdata in mp3 format. Open any of these web sites you want and paste the video URL you copied earlier. Wait few minutes for the video to process and obtain as soon as prepared. Keep in mind, you shouldn't obtain any copyrighted songs this manner.
Compressed with better audio quality in a smaller size than MP3 file, mainly applied to Apple units. Meaning you could possibly find yourself getting a nasty letter from your ISP, or even a label, none of which isn't enjoyable. Their content material will not be confined to Music tracks only. You too can hearken to tales, podcasts and other audio content on this app.


(National Sentinel) Mindboggling: The worst thing about the Marxist American Left is that they create problems and deadly situations that conservatives and libertarians have to live (or die) with.
It's intellectual laziness to blame these shootings on "assault weapons," given that, after 10 years' worth of an assault weapons ban (1994-2004), data found that it did nothing to impact gun crimes or gun violence.
However, what the law did do was solidify a victim mentality mindset in the Democratic Party and in pop culture, along with a belief that 'less guns equal fewer gun crimes' which is 150 percent wrong.
Nevertheless, the Alt-Left has convinced a majority of decision-makers that lie is true, which is why we have so many "gun-free zones" around the country.
Like our schools. Not only can law-abiding Americans not carry a gun onto school grounds, but most schools don't even have any armed guards, even though, very clearly such an armed presence would be one of the biggest deterrents there is to an armed gunman.
After dozens of warning signs and alerts from concerned citizens went unnoticed, a shooter walked into a South Florida high school and murdered 17 people. In the wake of the tragic mass shooting, guns and "gun free zones" have become hot-button issues.
The Left has since turned-up the volume on calls for a crackdown on Secondment Amendment rights, quickly exploiting teens who attend the targeted school to makes [sic] the case for them. They have also slammed the suggestion that schools should have armed security, or perhaps well-trained, voluntarily armed teachers.
But what does the evidence say about "gun free zones"?
Data provided by the Crime Prevention Research Center found that in 98.4 percent of the time there have been mass public shootings in the U.S. between 1950 and 2016 they occurred in gun-free zones.
Between January 1998 and December 2015 mass shootings occurred in gun-free zones 96.2 percent of the time, the center noted.
These percentages aren't even close to 50-50; they overwhelmingly indicate mass shootings occur far more often in gun-free zones.
And yet, our local school districts and state governments continue to double-down on the stupidity that if we continue to leave our kids unprotected but just get rid of guns they'll finally, finally be safe.
You know, like outlawing heroin has worked. If America ever did the unthinkable and repealed the Second Amendment, the very next day the cartels in Mexico, as well as criminal enterprises around the world, would leap into the very profitable gun-smuggling black market; the only difference is that with a total gun ban, more Americans would die because the entire country would become a gun-free zone.
Just look at the statistics above; gun-free zones are the preferred areas of attack for mass shooters.
Americans are outraged by the latest school shooting in Florida and frankly, rightly so. But being outraged and then tripling and quadrupling down on the very same gun-free zone policies that are leaving our children vulnerable every single day is mindless insanity.
You want these shootings to stop or at least be radically reduced? Fine. Let's start protecting our kids like we protect our money, our sports events, and our entertainers while we figure out why we have so many incidents like this nowadays but didn't in the 1950s — when guns, per capita, were a lot more common.
A version of this story originally appeared at Newstarget.
A gun free zone, especially one marked with a "gun free zone" sign creates a "safe space" for a mass shooter. I think that retired vets should be hired to protect schools from mass shooters.


Ovis soaps make a great gift because they smell good and convince through excellent quality. In the past we have already received many inquiries of people, who were given our Ovis soap as a gift. Although we believe that our soaps are pretty anyway, as a gift they look even nicer with a little something on top of it! We have therefore come up with a variety of decorations for you that makes your gift look even more attractive!


NEYMAR is facing up to SIX YEARS in prison with courts re-examining his controversial move from boyhood Brazilian club Santos to Barcelona.
The PSG star, 26, was ordered to stand trial in Spanish court last year for fraud over the 2013 transfer.
Neymar is yet to face judges, but fresh reports in Spain now state that the national court has opted to refer the case to the Criminal Chamber in front of three judges.
It is regarded as a more serious twist in the case as three judges are able to pass sentences of more than five years.
Neymar's transfer from Brazil to Spain has been investigated by Spanish authorities since January 2014.
Barca President Josep Maria Bartomeu was charged with tax fraud and corruption for his part in the transfer.
His appeal was rejected last year and he will also stand trial at some point.
It was then revealed that the Catalans had already agreed to pay him €40m in wages, which led to an out of court settlement and the resignation of then-President Sandro Rosell.
Part of Neymar's defence is that the case should be heard by the Brazilian legal system, rather than the Spanish courts.
In the past, high-profile footballers and managers targeted by Spanish tax authorities have been spared jail time and instead hit with large fines.
Jose Mourinho, Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale have all been subject to large fines in the last couple of years.
Neymar was previously fined £900,000 for tax evasion because of tax fraud involving his image-rights company.


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Q: Should I use "We then" instead of "Then we" In one academic paper I wrote "Then we ...", but the editor suggested me to change it into "We then ...". I would like to know if the former is really unnatural or both are acceptable.

A: Both are fine, but when you begin a sentence with "then" as a transition from a previous clause, it normally has a comma after it:

We listened for about an hour. Then, we left.

That isn't needed if you are not beginning a sentence:

We listened for about an hour then we left.

If it is not indicating a succession of events and is instead being used to mean "therefore" then the comma is not necessary, for example:

Waiter: "Are you intending to eat here?"
  Customer: "No".
  Waiter: "Then I must ask you to leave".

A: Great grammatical explanation and examples from Astralbee above. My view is that 'We then ...' simply sounds more academic, and 'Then we ...' harks back to how we are taught to write simple sentences at primary school -- 'Then we went outside to play. Then we came inside for lunch.' The 'then' in 'We then' links more with the actions that you're about to explain, and so is more academic; the other way round, it links more to the WE phrase: We did this; we did that', and is about the people involved, rather than the subject of the sentence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Through SHARANYA, a 501(c)(3) Devi Mandir (Goddess temple), I offer counseling services for individuals and couples centered in their spiritual beingness. Utilizing traditional and alternative methodologies, including energy work, divination, guided meditation, deep listening, intuitive reflection and other spiritual techniques, I bring an east-west approach to the healing, transformational, and growth journey. Ritual practice and methods for continuing unfoldment may also be pursued as appropriate to the process.
Areas of Specialization: eating disorders, tantrick practice for spiritual development, couples therapy, spiritual counseling for all life-affirming paths, goddess-centered explorations and practices.
Forest Moon Institute offers live Qigong classes, Reiki training and individual consultation. Live and distance courses in Reiki and other healing arts are also available.
I was born into a family where most of the women and a few of the men were psychic, with a wide range of skills from clairaudience to psychometry. I was raised to accept my abilities as a natural part of myself, and it wasn't until I was in my teens that I realized that other people didn't hear voices, see ghosts or receive messages from inantimate objects, rocks and trees. As a teenager, I honed my skills by learning more about palmistry, astrology, numerology and metaphysics. Over the years, I have worked with many different people and Spirits to create a strong connection with the Spirit world.
As a channel or medium, I connect with a number of different Guides, Spirits and other beings that are not currently in Earth bodies. My principal contact and Guide is Thoth, the Egyptian God of Wisdom. I also work very closely with Anubis, who is the opener of the way in Egyptian theology, and my connection with the Egyptian Pantheon is strong.
I have studied Egyptology since I was five, I also have strong ties with Greek, Celtic and Native American studies.
In the last seven years, I have expanded my channels to beyond this planet, and beyond this dimension. Working with the Star Council, which is comprised of a number of Beings from other star systems has been very illuminating.
In addition to my classes, I provide personal consultations and alchemical healing sessions over the phone and in person.
As an author, I have written many articles and started several books. One of these days I may actually get one of the books finished. My articles have been published in several different languages. My first article was published by Seventeen Magazine when I was only fourteen.
As an artist, I have experimented with ceramics, stained glass, beads, painting, drawing, and digital art. I supported myself for a number of years as a graphic artist. I worked for a number of years creating fine jewelry, and taught this skill in five different countries. I received a Masters degree of Fine Arts from the University of Maryland.
Madame Violet is a spiritual advisor, professional psychic, metaphysical facilitator, lightarian facilitator, and reiki grand master. She teaches many courses in energy healing and metaphysics. In addition to her teaching abilities, Madame Violet guides her guests to spirtual happiness with her truthful and compassionate psychic revelations.
Reiki Rays is a local and global leader in holistic and spiritual education, sharing our knowledge with over 2,500 students on six continents since opening in 2000.
All courses and programs are industry accredited and certified.
We offer affordable rates, open enrollment, and compassionate teachers who are working professionals in their field.
Students can study via home study, private instruction, or attend local workshops.
Reiki Rays Institute of Spiritual Growth offers a full service wellness center including massage therapy,craniosacral therapy, and other bodywork, energy therapy and Reiki for people and pets, a holistic and spiritually-focused retail shop, live workshops, and fully certified and accredited live and distance education courses, certificate programs, and degrees.
All services and courses provided by fully trained professionals with credentials in his or her field.
School of Intuitive Development With online classes and a local branch in Cleveland, Ohio, there are opportunities to learn and develop your intuitive abilities wherever you are! Learn Reiki and so much more to nurture your intuition.


Seattle is known for many amazing things, but good, downtown wineries usually doesn't top the list. Woodinville has long held the honor of housing some amazing wineries for the wine elite, until now. A new trend of urban wineries opening in-city tasting rooms have taken the scene by storm and when you stay at our boutique Seattle hotel, you'll be close to them all!
Located in the diverse Georgetown neighborhood, this eclectic tasting room used to be a Dr. Pepper bottling plant. Sip on amazing wine varietals while swaying to music and enjoying a view of Boeing Field. Jet City features two tasting rooms, one paying tribute to the rustic Pacific Northwest, while the upstairs takes you back to the 60's with old school decor and pieces that celebrate the aviation industry.
Another cool and trendy tasting room located in Georgetown, Mercer Estates brings its grapes from Eastern Washington to be enjoyed in their new artsy space. Guests can enjoy wine and learn all about the brand from their friendly, knowledgeable staff. They also offer full glass pours and encourage outside food!
With grapes located in Wall Walla Valley, Seven Hills is one of the region's oldest and most respected wineries. Their second tasting room, located in Pioneer Square at The Estates Wine Room allows guests to not only taste their delicious offerings, but also enjoy pours of their sister properties wine – Archery Summit and Double Canyon. Guests are also able to enjoy wines by the glass and food pairing experiences.
Want to know more about our downtown Seattle hotel? You can always catch a glimpse into Hotel Ändra's View from Within by following us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.


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Nick Darke Award
Carla Grauls announced as winner of Nick Darke Award
November 10, 2013 November 10, 2013 / 1 Comment / News / By A.C. Smith
As reported in The Stage, Carla Grauls has been announced as the winner of the Nick Darke Award. The Award, funded by Falmouth University, is presented to a playwright writing on an environmental theme. The £6,000 prize is designed to support the writer in developing their piece. More detail about the winning entry Made for …
Carla Grauls announced as winner of Nick Darke Award Read More »


Vagabond Productions produces interactive entertainment for both the screen and in the community. Whether creating live music and art events, or providing technical support for film and television, Vagabond Productions endeavours to be the best.
We are back at the Arctic Air studios, prepping for Season III. Sorry if you don't hear from me until Christmas.


HONG KONG (Reuters) - JD.com Inc's finance arm has raised at least 13 billion yuan ($1.96 billion) in fresh equity from Chinese investors, doubling its valuation ahead of an expected initial public offering, people with direct knowledge of the matter said.
The fundraising underscores investor enthusiasm for big, privately-held Chinese technology companies even as public valuations falter. This week, smartphone maker Xiaomi completed the world's largest tech IPO in almost four years, but saw its shares fall on debut in Hong Kong even after pricing its deal at the low end of its offered range.
JD Finance's fundraising round, which kicked off late last year, establishes its valuation at 120 billion yuan, the sources told Reuters.
The valuation is double the roughly 60 billion yuan JD Finance was estimated to be worth after it was split from JD.com, China's second-largest e-commerce firm, in mid-2017.
More investors could yet join the fundraising, said one of the sources, meaning that JD Finance's final valuation may rise further.
Big investors in this round include CICC Capital, a unit of investment bank China International Capital Corp (CICC), brokerage China Securities, private equity firm Citic Capital and BOCGI, Bank of China's investment arm, the sources said.
JD Finance said the fundraising has yet to be completed and declined to comment further. CICC and China Securities declined to comment. Citic Capital and BOC didn't respond to requests for comment.
JD Finance's fundraising follows that of Ant Financial, the affiliate of its arch rival Alibaba, which last month was valued at $150 billion when it raised $14 billion in the world's largest-ever single fundraising by a private company.
JD Finance said it currently doesn't have an IPO plan.
The firm plans to use proceeds from the fundraising to invest in domestic financial institutions and buy securities and banking licenses, among other areas, sources with knowledge have previously told Reuters.


Jagged mountain peaks, stunning coastal views, waterfalls, abandoned gold mines and glistening white sand beaches make the Coromandel Coastal Walk a uniquely "kiwi" walking holiday. The trip involves four to seven hours hiking each day with a variety of grades from easy to hard. You will carry a daypack only; your guides take care of the rest.


Aberdeen City Libraries have kicked-off a series of Bookbug sessions as part of Bookbug Week (Monday 14 May – Sunday 20 May 2017).
The eighth annual Bookbug Week offers hundreds of free story, song and rhyme events for babies and toddlers across Scotland.
Aberdeen City Libraries works with partners in health and education to deliver the Bookbug programme in Aberdeen.


You can now pick up your 2017 Lordship Rec Hub calendar from the Hub (£6 for 1 or £20 for 4) or your Lordship Rec Hub greetings cards (£1.50 each or cheaper in packs). All the photos are taken by Rec users and all the proceeds go to support the Hub.
Come and identify and count the birds at the lake in Lordship Rec. Find out about all the birds that live on and around the lake, including the best way to feed them.
Free Bird Food for everyone taking part.
Free entry. Open to all. Ideal for young children and their families!
Xplorer is the perfect outdoor activity for primary and pre-school children and their families. It is a family friendly navigation challenge that is educational and fun and gives children a sense of adventure as they explore the park to find the markers. It involves a healthy mix of physical activity and decision making that the whole family can enjoy together. Using a simple map the aim is to find a number of markers that are located around the park. At each marker children need to identify what is pictured and enjoy learning a fun fact to tell their friends. Older children will have fun competing against their friends or other family members whilst younger children will enjoy the excitement of successfully finding the markers.
No experience of map reading is necessary and parents are encouraged to join in the fun!
Have fun together – Go Xplore!
How to transform shop bought flowers into a work of art using every day foliage and accessories bring along a bunch and create a bouquet.
We all eat raw food in our daily diet come along and learn interesting and apetising ways to increase raw food consumption for a healthier life.
Come and explore herbs and strategies that can support you and your family through the stresses of everyday life.
Growing your own food does not stop in September. Come along and learn how to grow and harvest throughout the year while using the whole plant. Samples of less known crops will be available to sample.
Meeting for all those interested in the Friends project to improve the lake. We have obtained a grant to add more vegetation in the lake and more floating islands as well as other repairs and a new information board.
We meet at the Downhills Park Gate entrance at 10am. Tools, tea and biscuits provided. Bring a packed lunch and wear suitable footwear.
Come and meet the Friends and hear about all our achievements in the Rec over the past year and discuss plans for the next!
Tottenham Flower and Produce Show, Internation Music Event and Health and Lifestyle Market.
Music from around the world by local musicians in the Hub, Stalls with Herbs and natural skin and beauty products, home grown vegetables, clothes and healthy food plus workshops.
September 10th, by the Hub in the Rec. Entries can be brought to the show tent from 8.30am till 11am. Judging takes place at 12 noon. After judging the show tent will be open to the public to view the entries. The prize giving will be at 3pm. From 11 there will be green stalls in the rec and workshops in the Hub.
Entry forms available from the Hub or email: joancurtis@blueyonder.co.uk. Completed forms can be left at the Hub, posted to the address on the form or brought on the day.