text:
The following is a list of the regions of Peru ordered by population from Census 2007 and estimated population of INEI.

Demographic Map

See also

 List of Peruvian regions by GDP
 List of cities in Peru
 List of metropolitan areas of Peru
 Regions of Peru

References

Regions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
J. Mycol. 8: 140 (1902)

#### Original name
Sorosporium cuneatum Schofield

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Welcome to Aphrodites Spa Boutique Lake District Hotel
Our Windermere Hotels
Windermere Boutique Spa Suites
Windermere Tranquil Retreat
The Romantic Poets in the Lake District
Posted by admin on February 4, 2018 | Featured
Some of the popular poets in the Lake District are as famous as the Lakes themselves. As such, Windermere and the surrounding areas aren't just about breath-taking scenery.
Luxury spa hotels in Windermere are among the most popular places to stay in the Lakes.
The Lake District is made up of breath-taking terrains, crystal clear glaciers and serene bodies of water, thought to be the inspiration for many of the most famous works of William Wordsworth, his sister, Dorothy Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey.
The rugged and wildly beautiful terrains which offer a stunning backdrop to the lakes helped escalate the popularity of the famous poets who lived here.
The history of poetry in the English Lake District dates back two centuries when men and women were driven to immortalize their expressions through words.
If you are looking for somewhere special to stay in the Lakes why not book into a luxury spa hotel in Windermere with hot tub suites?
These poets in the Lake District created their own style. Which came to be known as the Romantic Movement. Their style of poetry conveys the basic philosophy that humans can draw strength from nature. While they are championing nature, they have also presented a beautiful picture of the Lake District as evident in William Wordsworth's "Daffodils" – better known for its line: "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud."
William Wordsworth is possibly the most famous of poets in the Lake District. Having found inspiration from local sights, he would spend hours walking through the Cumbrian countryside. Wordsworth's most famous poem is "The Prelude" which is believed to be an account of his early years. The title of this poem was given after he died and it was previously revised by Wordsworth numerous times.
His sister Dorothy wrote mostly short stories, letters and diary entries and she never sought to be an author. Robert Southey was England's poet laureate from 1813 to 1843 and he is also known as a biographer. Southey is responsible for writing the biographies of writer John Bunyan, naval officer Horatio Nelson, political leader Oliver Cromwell, and theologian John Wesley.
Coleridge is known for poems such as The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan. Visitors can walk in the footsteps of the famous poets of the Lake District by visiting the places they used to live and the Lakes which inspired them. Dove Cottage and Rydal Mount were former homes of William Wordsworth and are now open to the public. Most of Wordsworth´s manuscripts can be viewed at the Jerwood Centre.
The churchyard at St. Oswald's in Grasmere is the final resting place of William Wordsworth and his wife, Mary.
Where to stay in the Lake District
If you are planning to visit the Lake District, why not book into a luxury Windermere spa hotel and make the most of your stay.
enquiries@aphroditeslodge.co.uk
Longtail Hill, Bowness-on-Windermere Cumbria, LA23 3JD
Cancellation/Booking Policies
Check In & Check Out
Copyright ©2020 The Aphrodites Lake District Boutique Hotel All Right Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Astrophysicist Katie Mack Fact Checks "Supermassive Black Hole" by Muse
Catie Keck
Any space enthusiast will agree black holes are metal as hell, so it only stands to reason such a topic would be forever immortalized in a song literally titled "Supermassive Black Hole" by confirmed nerds Muse. In the latest episode of I Need My Space, podcast guest and theoretical astrophysicist Katie Mack broke down what the 2006 single got right and wrong about those hungry big boys.
Basically, Muse mostly gets it right in its lyrics — which is great! Good job, Muse! For the uninitiated, that catchy-as-hell chorus goes like this: Glaciers melting in the dead of night / And the superstar's sucked into the supermassive. The bridge repeats "Supermassive black hole" a few times. That's basically the whole song.
"It has this bit about a star sucked into a supermassive black hole," Mack tells INMS host and Inverse senior editor Rae Paoletta. "There will be people who will say, 'Black holes don't suck!' Like it's not the same as a physical process — okay, fine. But stars do fall into black holes sometimes and get ripped apart. And we can see like bursts of radiation from the vicinity of black holes sometimes from stars being disrupted as they're falling into black holes. It's just really neat."
As Mack notes, "Supermassive Black Hole" isn't the band's lone astrophysics rodeo, as Muse also released a song in 2010 called "Neutron Star Collision."
"We detected a neutron star collision with gravitational waves a few months ago," Mack tells Inverse. "I was waiting for [Muse] to make some kind of statement, and they didn't."
While he may not have commented on the recent actual scientific event for which one of his songs was named, Matt Bellamy has definitely certified himself as a space nerd. Aside from "Supermassive Black Hole" and "Neutron Star Collision," Muse's other song titles include "Space Dementia," "Starlight," "Knights of Cydonia," and "Dead Star," among plenty of others. Basically, don't come for Matt Bellamy — he'll out-space your ass.
Check out more from the conversation with Katie Mack in the seventh episode of I Need My Space. It'd mean the world to us if you subscribed, rated, and reviewed the show.


We have given our website an update with a new design. It was a little overdue. The new design is a little more modern in it's UI approach.
We would like to take this time to remind our monthly hosting clients that you get one FREE re-design per year. If you feel as though it's time for a new look, just let us know.


text:
JimCoin (JMC)
===========

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/RazorLove/jimcoin.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/RazorLove/jimcoin)

Scrypt Hashcash PoW Template


Charalamidou S, Nolan J, Loughman J, Stack J, Higgins G, Cassidy L, Beatty S. Psychophysical impact and optical and morphological characteristics of symptomatic non- advanced cataract. Eye 2011 Sep;25(9):1147-54. doi: 10.1038/eye.2011.123. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
Higgins GT, J Khan, IA Pearce. Glycaemic Control and Control of Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients in an Ophthalmology Clinic- What lessons have we learned from the UKPDS and DCCT studies? Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007 Nov;85(7):772-6.
Higgins GT, Maxwell N, O'Connor G. Spontaneous Ocular Prolapse as an Unusual Late Presentation of Acrocephalosyndactyly. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2007 September/ October;23(5):419-422.
Higgins GT, Allen R, Hall R, Field EA, Kaye SB. Development of ocular disease in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the oral mucosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug; 90(8):964-7. Epub 2006 Apr 13.
Higgins GT, Olujohungbe A, Kyle G. Recurrent Sub-conjunctival Haemorrhage as the First Presentation of Systemic AL Amyloidosis Secondary to Myeloma. Eye. 2006 Apr;20(4): 512-5.
Higgins GT, Wang JH, Dockery P, Cleary PE, Redmond HP. Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells that have Phagocytosed Photoreceptor Outer Segments Express Chemotactic and Angiogenic Cytokines. [ARVO Abstract] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42(4): S221. Abstract nr 1187.
Higgins GT, Wang JH, Cleary PE, Redmond HP. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression by a Retinal Epithelial Cell Line is Down-regulated by UVB in Normoxia, but Up-regulated in Hypoxia. [ARVO Abstract] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41(4): S836. Abstract nr 4451.
C Power, J Street, JH Wang, GT Higgins, HP Redmond. Macrophages which have ingested apoptotic neutrophils release TIMP-1; a newly identified anti-inflammatory effect? Irish J Med Sci Spring 2000, Vol 168(1) Suppl. 1.
Incubation With Endogenous Retinal Antioxidants Inhibits Chemokine Release By RPE In An In-Vitro Model Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Incubation with Antioxidant Compounds Attenuate Hypoxia- And Hypoxia/ Reoxygenation-induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Release from RPE Cells.


text:
TGS Q4 2022 Revenue Update
OSLO, Norway (9 January 2023) - Based on preliminary reporting from operating units, management of TGS ASA ("TGS") expects revenues (excluding contribution from Magseis Fairfield ASA) for Q4 2022 to be approximately USD 164 million, compared to USD 105 million in Q4 2021.
POC revenues* are expected to be approximately USD 172 million, up from USD 120 million in Q4 2021. Late sales accounted for approximately USD 136 million, 157% above the USD 53 million reported for Q4 2021.
Kristian Johansen, CEO at TGS, commented: "I'm pleased to see that the strong momentum in sales accelerated in the quarter. Late sales in Q4 2022 are the best fourth-quarter late sales since 2014. In addition, we have seen solid growth in order inflow related to new investments lately, meaning that the multi-client backlog increased significantly in the quarter"
TGS will release its Q4 2022 results at approximately CET 07:00 am on 9 February 2023. CEO Kristian Johansen and CFO Sven Børre Larsen will present the results at CET 09:00 am during a live webcast.
Access and registration for online attendees is available by copying and pasting this link into your browser: https://channel.royalcast.com/landingpage/hegnarmedia/20230209_1/
The slides from the presentation will also be available in PDF format at both the TGS and Oslo Stock Exchange websites.
*For the purpose of POC revenues, multiclient revenues committed prior to completion of projects are recognized on a percentage of completion ("POC") basis. This differs from IFRS reporting where revenues committed prior to completion are recognized when the customers receive access to the finished data.
Adjustments between preliminary IFRS and Segment revenue numbers for Q4 2022:
Preliminary IFRS reported revenue: USD 164 million
- Revenue recognized from performance obligations met during Q4 for completed projects: USD 23 million
+ Revenue recognized under POC during Q4: USD 31 million
= Preliminary net segment reported revenue: USD 172 million
TGS provides scientific data and intelligence to companies active in the energy sector. In addition to a global, extensive and diverse energy data library, TGS offers specialized services such as Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) data acquisition, advanced processing and analytics alongside cloud-based data applications and solutions. For more information visit TGS online at www.tgs.com.
All statements in this press release other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, which are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict, and are based upon assumptions as to future events that may not prove accurate. These factors include TGS' reliance on a cyclical industry and principal customers, TGS' ability to continue to expand markets for licensing of data, and TGS' ability to acquire and process data product at costs commensurate with profitability, as well as volatile market conditions, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Actual results may differ materially from those expected or projected in the forward-looking statements. TGS undertakes no responsibility or obligation to update or alter forward-looking statements for any reason.
CFO Sven Børre Larsen
E-mail: investor@tgs.com


Nina Dobrev is battling Tim Tebow on this week's Lip Sync Battle, and she's—clearly—pulling out all the stops. We've already seen Tebow bare it all while channeling Rocky Balboa in a preview to his performance. Now a new teaser shows Dobrev doing a sultry dance for him as she sings Marvin Gaye's virginity-losing classic "Let's Get It On." This show is getting *steamy*.
Lip Sync Battle airs Thursday on Spike TV at 10/9 c.


Is RWE considering a complete turnaround of their business plan?
Greentechgrid.com: "We may be about to witness one of the most profound transitions ever to occur in the utility industry. Challenged by the surge in distributed renewables and a strong decline in revenues, one of Europe's largest largest utilities, RWE, is reportedly planning to completely transform itself from a traditional electricity provider into a renewable energy service provider."…."The massive erosion of wholesale prices caused by the growth of German photovoltaics constitutes a serious problem for RWE which may even threaten the company's survival," wrote the utility in a recent strategy paper.
The strategy documents were initially outlined by the European energy website Energy Post. The site reported that the strategy was agreed upon by RWE's board last month and will be evaluated within the entire company at the end of October.
Greentech Media has not been able to get the full report, but RWE confirmed that the strategy has been discussed within the company and with investors.
According to the documents, RWE wants to move away from simply being a developer and owner of centralized power plants and instead help use its expertise to help manage and integrate renewables into the grid.
….Citing a "prosumer" business strategy, the documents read as if they were written by a consumer electronics company, not a legacy utility.
….In a landmark report this summer, the Edison Electric Institute, a group representing America's investor-owned utilities, warned that distributed generation is a looming danger to revenue and customer engagement.


ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates, Dec. 7, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Raytheon Company (NYSE: RTN) marked its 30-year anniversary of partnership with the United Arab Emirates by announcing it has formed Raytheon Emirates, a new, wholly owned subsidiary incorporated and headquartered in Abu Dhabi.
The creation of Raytheon Emirates supports the Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 by forming an aerospace and defense business that fosters cyber-secure digital transformation, contributes to the nation's economic diversification, and employs a highly skilled, highly productive Emirati workforce.
The new subsidiary will oversee Raytheon's operations in the Emirates by leveraging capabilities and resources in the fields of cybersecurity, effectors, air defense and sustainment, and advanced technology, and by applying Raytheon expertise, processes and systems to the development of human capital and locally based suppliers.
"We are focused on expanding the capabilities of Raytheon and its business partners in the UAE by emphasizing local hiring and talent development, cultivating a strong supplier base, and developing new technology solutions," said John Brauneis, who was named chief executive of Raytheon Emirates.


text:
package org.workcraft.dom.visual.connections;

import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Stroke;
import java.awt.geom.Point2D;

import org.workcraft.dom.visual.Touchable;
import org.workcraft.dom.visual.connections.VisualConnection.ScaleMode;

public interface VisualConnectionProperties {
    Stroke getStroke();
    Color getDrawColor();

    double getArrowWidth();
    double getArrowLength();
    boolean hasArrow();

    double getBubbleSize();
    boolean hasBubble();

    Point2D getFirstCenter();
    Touchable getFirstShape();

    Point2D getSecondCenter();
    Touchable getSecondShape();
    ScaleMode getScaleMode();

    boolean isTokenColorPropagator();
    boolean isSelfLoop();
}


Thinking about getting started with QuickBooks Hosting?
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This entry was posted in ERP, QuickBooks and tagged cloud adoption, enterprise resource planning, QuickBooks Desktop, QuickBooks Hosting.


text:
Government plan
Air Slovenia replacing Adria Airways?
Shortly after the bankruptcy of Adria Airways, the government of Slovenia has plans for a new national airline. However, this is not the only option.
Ljubljana Airport.
The epidemic, which has made die one European airline after another in recent years, recently caught up with Adria Airways. At the beginning of the week it became clear that the airline would never take off again – after 58 years of history. But the Slovenian state does not want to be airlineless. According to local media, a new national airline, Air Slovenia, could soon take off.
Minister of Economy Zdravko Počivalšek explained that Air Slovenia could start at the end of February with a fleet of ten to twelve aircraft and an offer of 15 destinations. According to the politician, Lufthansa will help to get the new airline off ground. However, he did not reveal any details. The establishment of a new national airline also has not yet been decided definitely.
Brussels, Lufthansa and Swiss are already there
The government wants to ensure that Slovenia remains connected. Another option would be to subsidise certain routes. Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa and Swiss have already announced last week that they will take up flights to Ljubljana.
Difficult situation: Adria Airways loses two planes due to unpaid bills
Flüge wieder möglich: Adria Airways gets a grace period of one week


On 24th March, Lara Kenny and Andy Aston experienced the challenge of a lifetime as they headed to Borneo for the Springboard Charity trek, climbing 4000m Mount Kinabalu, trekking through the rainforest and helping build a school for the community of Kampang Garung.
Spending time with the people of Kampang Garung. Despite the language barrier, they were so warm and welcoming, and generous too – giving up some of their homes for us to camp in! The children brought so much positive energy, being eager to learn and make friends.
I relished the physical challenges that came with the trek. I struggled with the altitude and it was often hard to keep up with the group, but I felt proud of myself for making it through. Seeing how well all the trekkers did despite the heat and terrain was inspiring – I wish I had the same fortitude as some of my team mates who even had the energy to encourage others through the hard slogs.
The opportunity to disconnect, especially in the village where there's no signal gave me the chance to be mindful of the experience we were all enjoying together, to reflect on my life at home, and to give my mind a much-needed break.
Reaching the summit of Mount Kinabalu in the dark was incredible and a moment that I will never forget. Already feeling exhausted, there was a moment when I just stood still in the cold, unsure how I was going to take the next step to head back down. As the sun broke revealing the beautiful views, it gave me strength to keep going.
Trekking through the jungle to reach the village was amazing; I loved the simplistic way of life – washing in the local river, spending evenings talking and sharing stories with fellow trekkers and enjoying a simple diet of mainly rice, winter melon and palm hearts.
The vegetarian village feast was so fun! We had only a few ingredients and our kitchen was a tiny, handmade shed with a wok burner. Six of us cooked for the community, creating a feast of winter melon and mung beans stew, black rice with coconut and squash, Chinese cabbage and cucumber and a Chinese leaf, tamarind and teriyaki slaw.
To celebrate their trek, Andy and Lara are hosting Trek 19: Party with a Purpose, raising funds for Springboard charity. If you'd like to purchase tickets, click here.


ADUGS is one of the biggest producers of confectionary products in the Baltics. The company has higher turnover, more export sales and more employees than its competitors. Continuous development and constant search for new solutions holds the company on its leading position. ADUGS began making sweets in 1997; and with more than 15 years' experience in the confectionery business, it has grown from a small, independent firm into a leader on the market. The company offers a wide range of different products – from cookies, crackers, cakes and biscuits to wafer cakes and exclusive handmade products. All products are packaged in the packaging of various types and sizes.
Due to the original recipes, excellent taste and high quality, company's products are popular not only in the Baltic States, but also in many other countries around the world. ADUGS exports its products to more than 10 countries, including Germany, Spain, Portugal, Israel, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, USA, Greece and Russia.
Investments in modern technologies allowed the company to grow, combining production innovations with home recipes. Therefore, ADUGS can guarantee prices available to any customer, while the quality of products meets the highest international standards.
People often say: "Sweets are my weakness", but we say: "Sweets are your joy!" ADUGS confectionery is always fresh, beautiful and delicious; it suits to any situation, be it a gift or just a sweet treat to you.
The company offers more than 200 types of confectionery products - cookies (also with filling and glaze), various kinds of gingerbreads (with and without filling), crackers, wafers, wafer cakes, crispbreads, dried mini bagels and bread rusk.
Adugs participates in LIKTA training project "Training of ICT industry companies and partners in innovative technologies and business development" Nr. APA / 1.3.1.1.1 / 10/02/005 (Rev. No. L-APA-10-0022).


text:
Home POLITICS Kevin Doyle: 'Businessman Peter Casey has a message that could very well...
Kevin Doyle: 'Businessman Peter Casey has a message that could very well see him elected to Brussels'
Peter Casey who is running in the European Election. Photo: David Conachy
Love him or hate him, Peter Casey is back.
The 'Dragon's Den' businessman who lit a fire under the presidential election now wants to take on Europe.
And while the news will have many burying their heads in the hands, he has a very good chance of getting elected. Casey is joining the field in the nonsensical constituency of 'Midlands-North West' which stretches from Kildare to Galway and up to Donegal. Voters' issues will range from commuter traffic to rural isolation.
The area spans 13 counties where Casey picked up more than 120,000 votes on his way to finishing second to Michael D Higgins last October.
In 2014, the quota in Midlands North West was 129,290 – but that included the counties of Laois and Offaly which have now moved to Ireland South.
Naturally the presidential election was a moment in time and Casey can't bank on collecting all those votes again. However, it's worth remembering he started the Áras campaign as the complete outsider, whereas now he is a household name.
There is one empty seat in the constituency after the decision of three-term Independent MEP Marian Harkin not to seek re-election.
Fianna Fáil top brass have been eyeing up her seat for some time, having made a complete mess of their electoral strategy five years ago. Their card consists of two sitting TDs, Brendan Smith and Anne Rabbitte.
They will not be overjoyed by the prospect of fighting Casey who attracted strong Fianna Fáil vote in the presidential election.
Casey could also pull votes from contrarian Luke 'Ming' Flanagan, who topped the EU poll last time.
Sitting MEPs Mairead McGuinness (FG) and Matt Carty (SF) look safe.
The odds would put Casey at the top of the list of newcomers who at this stage include Maria Walsh (FG), Dominic Hannigan (Labour), Saoirse McHugh (Green), Cyril Brennan (PBP) and Michael O'Dowd (Renua).
Casey won't win if he simply plays the Traveller card again. The European campaign will be very different – and his manifesto suggests he understands that. He is set to focus heavily on the rural-urban divide.
"The Government must stop promoting Dublin as the centre of the universe, which only drives up the price of Dublin real estate and encourages more people to leave and ignore rural Ireland. If they pump any more jobs into Dublin, it's going to fall into the Irish Sea," he says.
It's a message that will travel well in the Border region and west of the country.
He also argues companies who set up in rural Ireland should be tax free for the first two years and capital gains tax free if they sell the business within 15 years. That's a goal that might be better pursued on the floor of the Dáil than in the bustle of Brussels.
The country's newest political party, Aontú, has spent its early days denying its an anti-immigration party.
But much in the same way he was outspoken on Travellers, Casey has no qualms about delving into the issue of immigration.
His manifesto includes a section which describes direct provision centres as "cramped bordering on inhumane accommodation".
He says a discussion needs to be had. Well, there are 43 days until polling.
Previous articleSleepless nights for Kit Harington ahead of Game Of Thrones swansong
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text:
package leap.orm.query;

import leap.core.annotation.Inject;
import leap.core.annotation.M;
import leap.orm.dao.Dao;
import leap.orm.mapping.EntityMapping;
import leap.orm.sql.SqlClause;
import leap.orm.sql.SqlCommand;
import leap.orm.sql.SqlFactory;
import leap.orm.sql.SqlLanguage;

public class DefaultQueryFactory implements QueryFactory {

    protected @Inject @M SqlLanguage queryLanguage;
    protected @Inject @M SqlFactory  sqlFactory;

	@Override
    public <T> Query<T> createQuery(Dao dao, Class<T> resultClass, String sql) {
		return createQuery(dao, resultClass, sqlFactory.createSqlCommand(dao.getOrmContext(), sql));
    }

	@Override
	public <T> NativeQuery<T> createNativeQuery(Dao dao, Class<T> resultClass, String sql) {
		SqlCommand command = sqlFactory.createNativeCommand(dao.getOrmContext(), sql);
		return new DefaultNativeQuery(dao, command, resultClass);
	}

	@Override
    public <T> CriteriaQuery<T> createCriteriaQuery(Dao dao, EntityMapping em, Class<T> targetType) {
	    return new DefaultCriteriaQuery<T>(dao, em, targetType);
    }

	@Override
	public <T> Query<T> createQuery(Dao dao, Class<T> targetType, SqlCommand command) {
		return new DefaultCommandQuery<T>(dao,command,targetType);
	}

	@Override
    public <T> EntityQuery<T> createEntityQuery(Dao dao, EntityMapping em, Class<T> resultClass, String sql) {
	    return createEntityQuery(dao, em, resultClass, sqlFactory.createSqlCommand(dao.getOrmContext(), sql));
    }

	@Override
	public <T> EntityQuery<T> createEntityQuery(Dao dao, EntityMapping em, Class<T> targetType, SqlCommand command) {
		return new DefaultEntityQuery<T>(dao, em, command, targetType);
	}

	@Override
    public SqlClause createQueryClause(Dao dao, String sql) {
	    return queryLanguage.parseClause(dao.getOrmContext(), sql);
    }
}


text:
Lotte Betts-Dean
07nov6:00 pmLotte Betts-DeanKurt Weill with Southbank Sinfonia + Sian Edwards
Currently Associate Artist with Southbank Sinfonia, Lotte features in a concert celebrating the music of Kurt Weill, the centrepiece of which is his Second Symphony. Lotte performs the Walt
Currently Associate Artist with Southbank Sinfonia, Lotte features in a concert celebrating the music of Kurt Weill, the centrepiece of which is his Second Symphony. Lotte performs the Walt Whitman settings, conducted by Sian Edwards.
Weill's Second Symphony bridged the tumultuous period in which he was forced to flee his native Germany and seek refuge in Paris. Begun in Berlin, the seeds of the symphony lie in its foreboding, trumpet-led introduction. From it evolves a work of relentless urgency, its energy fuelled simultaneously by anger, fear and an antidote of wry satire.
Drawing on all the skill that penned theatrical masterpieces like The Threepenny Opera and blending it with the classical foundations used by Mozart and Haydn, Weill created art that spoke of its time but with lessons that will resonate through the ages.
There will be a post concert talk featuring Lotte and Sian which is open to Friends of Southbank Sinfonia.


In a leap towards flying around the world using solar power alone, Solar Impulse lands in New York – an important landmark for Solar Impulse and for Switzerland. EPFL has been a scientific partner to Solar Impulse since the plane's inception, helping to validate the feasibility of the aircraft all the way to monitoring the mental states and heart rates of the pilots.
Throughout the years, EPFL scientists have evaluated and developed technology for Solar Impulse. They assembled the first mathematical models of the airplane, combining expertise from almost 15 laboratories and providing a first global picture. They also worked on aspects like flight simulators, solar cell technology, motor optimization, and man-machine interfaces with the participation of 20 laboratories. As Solar Impulse lands in New York, this fruitful collaboration continues with studies that address turbulence during take-off and landing, models of composite materials, and pilot well-being under strenuous flight conditions.
EPFL set the scientific framework of this solar powered airplane back in 2003 as the official scientific partner to Solar Impulse. The first report preferred a plane to the alternate proposal of a Zeppelin, suggesting a wingspan of approximately 70 meters and a weight of 1800 kg – close to the 63.5 meter, 1600 kg HB-SIA plane that just landed at JFK International Airport. This very first model was established by Pierre-Olivier Moix at the Industrial Electronics Laboratory. In close collaboration with André Borschberg, who would later become CEO, co-founder and pilot of Solar Impulse, Moix combined a set of components into a single mathematical model and found that a solar-powered plane could fly around the world.
To build this model, technical specifications were provided by EPFL scientists on components such as motor propeller optimization, energy generation and management, composite materials and multi-functional solar skins. Scientist Alfio Quarteroni and collaborators later extended this model for efficient design of a solar airplane using advanced mathematics. The same methodology was used to design the yacht Alinghi, which won the America's Cup in 2003 and 2007.
Technology to monitor the vital signs of the Solar Impulse pilots is currently being developed at EPFL. The pilots were already monitored during a 72-hour flight simulation in 2012. Researcher David Atienza and collaborators developed the most clinically accurate, portable device – conveniently built into T-shirts or sleek chest-bands — to monitor heart rates and detect irregularities in real time. Based on EEG signals, researcher José del R. Millán and collaborators measured the mental awareness and sleep patterns of the pilots throughout the three days and three nights of flight. They also tested the cognitive performance of the pilots and, more specifically, how well they perceived their own mental aptitude several times during the flight.
The advice and technology provided by EPFL scientists has guided Solar Impulse throughout its adventure, and it has stimulated valuable research at EPFL. With Solar Impulse's milestone flight "Across America" from California to New York, EPFL and Solar Impulse look ahead to a continuing collaboration in the future and an around-the-world flight in 2015.


text:
Newton's Life and Work at a Glance
The following tabular summary of Newton's life and work does not pretend to be a comprehensive biography. It simply offers a quick and easy reference guide to the principal milestones in Newton's personal and professional development, and correlates them with contemporary events and publications that influenced him.
For those wanting more detailed and nuanced accounts of Newton's life and the various aspects of his thought, there is a wealth of material available online and in print. It would be impossible to provide an exhaustive list of such resources, but most of the best examples are listed on our Links page (for online material) and our Bibliography (for books and articles in print).
Note on dates: During Newton's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the 'Julian' or 'Old Style' in Britain and parts of Eastern Europe, and the more accurate 'Gregorian' or 'New Style' elsewhere. The difference between them lay in their attitude to leap years. At Newton's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates: thus Newton was born on Christmas Day 1642 by the Julian calendar but on 4 January 1643 by the Gregorian. On either 19 February/1 March 1700 or 29 February/11 March 1700 (depending on which calendar is used to measure the gap), this discrepancy rose to eleven days, because there was no 29 February 1700 in the Gregorian calendar. Since some reference sources use one calendar, some the other, and some a mixture of both, this can cause considerable confusion. In the interests of clarifying apparent discrepancies with other sources, both options are given here wherever a particular date is specified.
Matters are further complicated by the contemporary English habit of regarding the year as beginning on 25 March. It is here regarded as beginning on 1 January, but notes are added where this may lead to confusion (for instance, the Complete Works of Joseph Mede are dated 1664 but were in fact published in the early months of what we now call 1665).
Dates Life Times
1642 April (exact date unknown): Marriage of the elder Isaac Newton, an illiterate but quite well-to-do yeoman farmer, to Hannah Ayscough.
Oct: Death of the elder Isaac Newton (buried 6/16 Oct.). Death of Galileo Galilei.
Marriage of Princess Mary (later Mary II, then aged nine) to William of Orange.
Outbreak of English Civil War (Oct.).
1642/3 25 Dec./4 Jan.: Birth of Isaac Newton in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire.
1645 Royalist defeat at Battle of Naseby marks the beginning of the end of the Civil War.
1646 27 Jan./6 Feb.: Hannah Newton marries Barnabas Smith, rector of North Witham (about a mile and a half from Woolsthorpe), and moves to North Witham, leaving young Isaac in Woolsthorpe in the care of Hannah's mother, Margery. Birth of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Birth of John Flamsteed.
1648 Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War in Northern Europe.
1649 Execution of Charles I; England becomes a republic.
1650 Death of René Descartes.
1651 Publication of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.
1652 Publication of Elias Ashmole's alchemical verse anthology Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum.
1653 Death of Barnabas Smith. Hannah returns to Woolsthorpe with her three children by her second marriage, Mary (b. 1647), Benjamin (b. 1651) and Hannah (b. 1652). Oliver Cromwell appointed Lord Protector.
1654 Newton is enrolled at King's School, Grantham (about 7 miles from Woolsthorpe). Boards with a Mr. Clark, the town apothecary, who provides the first stimulus to his interest in chemistry. Initially regarded as a poor scholar, he eventually rises to top of the class. Publication of The Marrow of Alchemy by 'Eirenæus Philalethes' (i.e. George Starkey).
1656 Birth of Edmond Halley.
c. 1658 Leaves school and is set to learn to manage the family estate. Perhaps wilfully, proves thoroughly incompetent and neglectful. The Grantham schoolmaster, Henry Stokes, and Hannah's brother, William, persuade her to let him return to the Grantham school to be trained for university. Apparently forms a short-lived romantic attachment to Clark's step-daughter (according to a report of her recollections in her old age). Death of Oliver Cromwell (24 Aug./3 Sept. 1658). Succeeded as Protector by his son Richard.
1659-1661 Publication of Lazarus Zetzner's huge alchemical anthology Theatrum Chemicum.
1660 Restoration of Charles II.
Foundation of the Royal Society.
Publication of Robert Boyle's New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall.
1661 Enters Trinity College, Cambridge (5/15 June), first as a subsizar and then a sizar (i.e. paying his way by acting as servant for socially superior fellow-students or for tutors). Further supports himself with a small money-lending operation. Publication of Boyle's Sceptical Chymist.
1662 Apparently undergoes some form of religious crisis: draws up a list of his sins before and after Whitsun that year, presumably in the hope of charting an improvement. His conscience is still troubled by such remembered boyhood sins as 'Stealing cherry cobs from Eduard Storer', 'Calling Derothy [sic] Rose a jade' and 'Squirting water on Thy day [i.e. Sunday]' - but also, more ominously, 'Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them' and 'Wishing death and hoping it to some'. Establishment of the Royal Society by royal charter.
1663 Makes friends with John Wickins, a new arrival at Cambridge, who becomes his room-mate for the next twenty years and works as his assistant.
1664 Probably attends the mathematics lectures given by Isaac Barrow, holder of the newly-instituted Lucasian Chair of Mathematics. Devotes himself to private studies in mathematics and optics, largely ignoring the official university curriculum of classics, Euclidean geometry and Aristotelian philosophy. Begins to fill up his college notebook instead with a series of wide-ranging scientific entries headed 'Quæstiones quædam Philosophiæ' ('Certain Philosophical Questions'). Publication of Boyle's Experiments Touching Colours.
Birth of Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss mathematician who is later (c. 1689-93) to become Newton's closest friend for a time.
1665-7 Graduates BA.
Returns to Woolsthorpe for the summer of 1665. Is detained there by the outbreak of plague in Cambridge and remains in Woolsthorpe until March 1667, apart from a short stay in Cambridge in spring 1666 which is cut short by a recurrence of the plague. During this period, despite being almost entirely self-taught in mathematics and optics, he establishes the fundamentals of what is now called the calculus (Newton calls it 'the method of series and fluxions'), setting down the basic rules of differentiation and integration in a paper of October 1666, and demonstrates the heterogeneity of white light through its separation by refraction. Nearly blinds himself by conducting optical experiments on his own eyes.
The sight of a falling apple - or so Newton himself is said to have claimed decades later - focuses his attention on the subject of gravity. Realises that the force required to keep the moon in orbit round the earth (as stated by Kepler in his Third Law) is of the same kind as that operating in terrestrial gravity. However, Newton's theory of universal gravitation is not fully worked out for another twenty years. 1665 Great Plague. Publication of Robert Hooke's Micrographia and of the (posthumous) complete works of Joseph Mede (dated 1664, i.e. early 1665), whom Newton later acknowledges as the greatest influence on his interpretation of Biblical prophecy.
1666 Great Fire of London. Publication of Boyle's Origin of Formes and Qualities.
1665-7 Second Anglo-Dutch War.
1667 Made Fellow of Trinity College (22 Sept./2 Oct.). This requires him to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England (a declaration of orthodoxy with particular emphasis on the doctrine of the Trinity), to take a vow of celibacy, and to promise to take holy orders within seven years of receiving his MA.
1668 Awarded an MA. Publication of the Opera chymiatrica (Works of Chemical Medicine) of Jodocus a Rhe (a.k.a. Johannes Rhenanus).
1668-9 Installs elaborate experimental apparatus in a shed in the grounds of Trinity College, adding two furnaces for (al)chemical experiments and a copy of Zetzner's monumental Theatrum chemicum in 1669. Constructs the first functioning reflecting telescope (from a design by David Gregory).
1669 Writes 'De analysi per æquationes numero terminorum infinitas' ('On Analysis by Infinite Series'), another milestone on the road to calculus. Barrow retires as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics to become chaplain to Charles II and recommends Newton to succeed him, which he does on 19/29 Oct. Barrow and the mathematician and publisher John Collins urge Newton to publish his work on calculus, but he is reluctant. At Barrow's request, Newton prepares the former's Lectiones opticæ (Optical Lectures) for the press, despite being well aware that his own unpublished optical discoveries are far in advance of Barrow's and contradict many of his conclusions. Publication of Secrets Reveal'd by 'Eirenæus Philalethes' (i.e. George Starkey), an English version of the Introitus apertus that had appeared two years earlier. Publication of Barrow's Lectiones opticæ.
1670 Begins delivering his Lucasian lectures (Jan.), which according to later anecdotes are extremely poorly attended. Lectures on geometrical optics rather than pure maths, putting forward the radical view that the science of colours, and indeed the whole of natural philosophy, is governed by mathematical principles.
1671 Barrow persuades Newton to allow him to demonstrate the telescope to the Royal Society, where it causes a sensation. Newton writes De methodis serierum et fluxionum (On the Method of Series and Fluxions), expounding the principles of calculus, though this is not published until 1736. Publication of John Webster's Metallographia and of Henry More's Enchiridion metaphysicum.
1672 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society (1/11 Jan.).
Newton's 'Theory about Light and Colors' published in the Royal Society's journal, Philosophical Transactions (30 Jan./9 Feb.). Critical reactions from various quarters, and especially from the Society's own Curator of Experiments, Robert Hooke, elicit furious responses from Newton and embroil him in numerous polemical exchanges for the next four years, during which he repeatedly declares himself unwilling to engage in any further scientific publication or correspondence. However, he intermittently keeps up a vicious semi-public quarrel with Hooke until the latter's death in 1703. Outbreak of Third Anglo-Dutch War.
1673 Cold-shoulders various attempts to persuade him to re-engage with the scientific community and concentrates harder on his still almost totally secret (al)chemical studies. At about this date, he also begins an intensive study of the textual history of the Bible (both in the original and in various translations) and of the Church Fathers, which continues to occupy him for the rest of his life and soon leads him to conclude that the doctrine of the Trinity is a heretical error introduced in the 4th century AD. Leibniz elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Publication of Christian Huygens' Horologium oscillatorium (Of Pendulum Clocks).
1674 End of Third Anglo-Dutch War.
1675 Visits London in spring to ask the Secretary of State, Joseph Williamson, for a dispensation from taking holy orders, as the statutes of Trinity require him to do as an MA of seven years' standing. This is granted and the statutes altered for Newton's benefit. It is not clear what grounds he argues for his exemption, though his private reasons are almost certainly his dissent from the Church's teaching on the Trinity.
Sends the Royal Society a 'Hypothesis' concerning the causes of light and colours. This is closely related to an alchemical essay, 'Of natures obvious laws and processes in vegetation', written (but not disclosed) by Newton at about the same time. Relations with Hooke worsen as the latter thinks Newton credits himself in the 'Hypothesis' with a number of ideas Hooke had already put forward in his Micrographia (1665). Greenwich Observatory founded, with John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal.
1676 Leibniz visits London in October and (without Newton's knowledge) is shown a copy of Newton's 'De Analysi' by John Collins. However, Leibniz has already independently established the fundamental principles of calculus, though (as he later acknowledges) he learns much from Newton's work on series expansion.
1677 Death of Isaac Barrow.
1678 Publication of Ralph Cudworth's True Intellectual System of the Universe. Publication of Ripley Reviv'd by 'Eirenæus Philalethes' (i.e. George Starkey).
1679 Returns to Woolsthorpe in the spring to nurse his dying mother (buried 4/14 June). Newton remains in Woolsthorpe for most of the year settling the family's affairs. Birth of Newton's half-niece Catherine Barton.
1679-1680 Correspondence with Hooke about the path of falling bodies provides Newton with the key dynamic concepts of inertia and centripetal attraction.
1681 Correspondence with Flamsteed about the comets of November and December 1680, which Flamsteed maintains are one and the same. Newton initially disagrees but later acknowledges Flamsteed was right: this has further important implications for Newton's understanding of gravity.
c. 1683 Wickins resigns his fellowship and leaves Cambridge (probably to allow him to marry, which he cannot do as a Fellow). Newton invites Humphrey Newton (no relation) to share his rooms and work as his amanuensis.
1684 August: Halley visits Newton to discuss astronomical matters, particularly the notion of gravity. The two get on well and Halley becomes one of Newton's staunchest supporters. Correspondence with Flamsteed about the possibility of an attraction between Jupiter and Saturn. Leibniz publishes an account of his calculus in the Leipzig-based journal Acta Eruditorum.
1685 Accession of the Roman Catholic James II (27 Jan./6 Feb.).
1686 Fully formulates his theory of universal gravitation: every object in the universe attracts and is attracted to every other object. Publication of Edmund Dickinson's alchemical Epistola ad Theodorum Mundanum (Letter to Theodorus Mundanus).
1687 Plays a significant role in orchestrating opposition to the King's demand that Sidney Sussex College award an MA to a Benedictine monk, Alban Francis, without requiring him to take the statutory oath of allegiance to the Church of England - despite the fact that Newton, as a convinced but secret unitarian, owes the Church of England no more allegiance than Francis does. Newton and other delegates face examination by Judge Jeffreys, and Vice Chancellor John Peachell is sacked, but the college stands its ground and the degree is never conferred.
July: largely at Halley's urging and entirely at Halley's expense, publishes Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), his masterwork on mechanics, fluids and gravity. Though few outside England are initially convinced by Newton's theory of gravity, the book establishes his reputation throughout Europe as at least one of the greatest mathematicians and scientific thinkers of his day. Death of Henry More.
1688 Petition of Seven Bishops against James II's toleration of Roman Catholics.
The 'Glorious Revolution': arrival from the Netherlands of the Protestant William of Orange and his army (Nov.) and flight of James (Dec.).
1689 Elected MP for Cambridge University. Applies for provostship of King's College, Cambridge, but (much to his chagrin) is not appointed.
Now seen as something of a superstar in English intellectual circles, Newton acquires a devoted following of mostly younger disciples, many of whom come to share his unorthodox theological views as well as championing his natural philosophy. At this time or a little earlier, makes friends with the philosopher John Locke and with the Swiss mathematician Fatio de Duillier: his friendship with the latter is arguably the one really close relationship of Newton's life. Terminates Humphrey Newton's service as his amanuensis. Accession of William III and Mary II (James II's sister).
Publication of The Cambridge Case, an anonymous account of the Sidney Sussex affair (probably not Newton's composition though he may well have had a hand in it).
Publication of Le triomphe hermétique (The Hermetic Triumph) by Alexandre Toussaint de Limojon, Sieur de Didier.
1690 Writes two long letters to Locke, and a shorter supplement, concerning 'corruptions of Scripture', explicitly stating his own anti-trinitarian convictions. Begins revising the Principia and elaborating on his conviction that true (i.e. Newtonian) natural philosophy was known to the sages of various pre-Christian civilisations and represented in veiled, allegorical form in myths and in the design of ancient temples and monuments such as Stonehenge. Maintains that all 'his' discoveries are in fact re-discoveries of 'prisca sapientia' ('ancient wisdom'). Publication of Boyle's The Christian Virtuoso and Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
1691/2 Death of Boyle (31 Dec./10 Jan. - at quarter to one in the morning, for which reason many sources treat the date as 30 Dec./9 Jan.). His will endows the Royal Society's Boyle Lectures in defence of religion.
1692-3 Correspondence with the mathematician Richard Bentley on the value of natural philosophy as a proof of God's existence and a bulwark of true religion.
Correspondence with Locke about alchemy. Locke, who is one of a team appointed to inspect Boyle's manuscript legacy, sends Newton copies of two alchemical recipes he finds among the papers. Bentley delivers the first Boyle lectures (1692), drawing heavily on his reading of and correspondence with Newton, and publishes them (1693).
1693 Invites Fatio to take rooms next to his in Cambridge, though this plan is never realised.
Suffers a nervous breakdown (c. July/August). Writes distractedly to Locke in September apologising for having imagined 'that you endeavoured to embroil me wth woemen' and that 'when one told me you were sickly ... I answered twere better if you were dead'. Explains a month later that 'when I wrote to you I had not slept an hour a night for a fortnight together & for 5 nights together not a wink'. Has regained his composure by the end of the year. From this point on, has little if anything more to do with Fatio (the reasons for this rupture remain obscure).
1694 Presses Flamsteed for data on the moon's motion, which Newton still cannot satisfactorily explain in terms of his gravitational theory. Deeply offends Flamsteed by telling him not to waste time on his own theoretical speculations on the subject but to concentrate on collecting and supplying better data. Death of Mary II leaves William III as sole monarch.
1696 Visited in March by an anonymous 'adept' who reveals what he claims is a 'menstruum' to dissolve all metals. Probably in about this year, Newton composes (but does not publish) the essay 'Praxis', the most substantial of his own (al)chemical compositions. However, his practical research into the subject seems to be abandoned at about this date, though he continues to collect books and manuscripts.
Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint (19/29 March), which is housed at this date in the Tower of London. Leaves Cambridge on 20/30 April to settle in London. Though the post has traditionally been treated as a sinecure, Newton (much to the annoyance of the other Mint officers) takes his duties very seriously indeed, waging vigorous campaigns against the institution's endemic corruption and inefficiency.
At some point after this move, probably before 1700, Catherine Barton (b. 1679), the daughter of Newton's half-sister Hannah (née Smith), comes to live with him in London. Silver recoinage in England (till 1698).
1697 Publication of John Pollexfen's Of Trade, Coin and Paper Credit, an attack on credit and paper money.
1699 Fatio publishes a work asserting Newton's priority in the discovery of calculus and heavily implying that Leibniz stole the idea from him (though Newton himself acknowledged in the Principia that Leibniz had reached at least some of the same conclusions independently). Newton later denies having had any hand in the publication.
1700 At his own request, Newton transfers from being Warden to Master of the Mint (a nominally less prestigious but in fact more influential and lucrative position). The appointment is made on 25 Dec. 1699/4 Jan. 1700 - a birthday present.
Leibniz responds to Fatio's criticisms in the Acta Eruditorum, and an increasingly bitter and personal dispute erupts between Leibniz and Newton, waged - on both sides - largely through third parties or under cover of anonymous publication. This preoccupies both men until Leibniz's death (and Newton until his). Exacerbated more or less wilfully by the seconds of both parties, the argument swells to encompass attacks on Leibniz's views on miracles and 'pre-established harmony' (later satirised by Voltaire as the doctrine that 'all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds') on the one hand, and Newton's theory of gravity on the other. Second edition of Pollexfen's Of Trade, to which Newton writes (but never publishes) an extensive rejoinder.
1701 Again elected MP for Cambridge University.
Appointment of Newton's friend and fellow unitarian Hopton Haynes to the Mint post of weigher and teller.
Officially resigns as Lucasian Professor (Dec.), having held the post in absentia for over five years, and is succeeded by his protégé William Whiston. Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession. Act of Settlement debars Roman Catholics from the British throne.
1702 Designs Queen Anne's Coronation Medal. Accession of Anne.
1703 Elected President of the Royal Society, a post he holds (by annual re-election) until his death. Death of Robert Hooke.
1704 Publishes Opticks, his second masterpiece, setting out the principles of refraction and arguing for the corpuscular nature of light.
1705 Knighted.
1706 Publication of Optice, a Latin translation of the Opticks. Fatio becomes deeply involved with a sect of controversial and much-derided radical mystics, the 'French Prophets'. Publication of A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God by Newton's protégé Samuel Clarke.
1707 Fatio and other 'French Prophets' pilloried in London. Union of England and Scotland. Silver recoinage in Scotland (to 1709) and re-organisation of the Edinburgh Mint.
1710 Ejection of Whiston from Lucasian Professorship for his advocacy of unitarianism (Oct.).
1712 At Leibniz's somewhat naive request, the Royal Society appoints a committee to review the history of the calculus controversy. The committee is selected by the Society's President - Newton - who also compiles its report for it. Consisting principally of carefully selected extracts from relevant scientific correspondence, with explanatory notes, the report emphatically (and quite correctly) asserts Newton's priority, and heavily (and quite unjustly) implies plagiarism on Leibniz's part.
Uses his authority as President of the Royal Society to compel Flamsteed, who is still smarting from the lack of credit given him for his contributions to the Principia, to hand over an unfinished star-chart and compilation of astronomical observations to be completed and edited by Halley. Publication of Samuel Clarke's Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity (in fact a work with a distinctly anti-trinitarian flavour).
1713 Publication of the 1712 calculus report as Commercium epistolicum ... de analysi promota (Correspondence ... Relating to the Progress of Analysis).
Second edition of the Principia, with the acknowledgments of Leibniz toned down and all reference to Flamsteed excised. Adds a 'General Scholium' setting out Newton's view of the relationship between God and Creation. The new preface by Newton's disciple Roger Cotes denounces Leibniz as a 'miserable reptile'. Peace of Utrecht ends British involvement in War of the Spanish Succession.
1714 Accession of George I.
1715 Devotes almost an entire issue of the Philosophical Transactions to 'An Account of the Book entituled Commercium Epistolicum', his own anonymous review of his own report on the calculus controversy. Flamsteed acquires most of the copies of Halley's edition of his star-chart and burns them.
1716 Draws up a summary of his theories on ancient chronology at the request of Princess Caroline of Wales, asking her to keep the manuscript to herself (which she does not). Death of Leibniz.
1717 Marriage of Catherine Barton to John Conduitt.
1718 Second English edition of the Opticks.
1719 Second Latin edition of Optice. Death of Flamsteed.
1720 Newton is said to have lost £20,000 in the South Sea Bubble according to Catherine Conduitt. South Sea Bubble. Halley succeeds Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal.
1721 Third English edition of the Opticks.
1722 Begins to suffer from bladder stones and is increasingly forced to delegate his duties at the Royal Society and Mint to others (in the case of the Mint, largely to Conduitt, who eventually succeeds him as Master).
1725 Unauthorised publication, in Paris, of Abregé de la chronologie de M. le Chevalier Newton, a French translation of the 'Abstract of Cronology [sic]' Newton had written in 1716, with adversely critical commentary by the translator. Newton promptly publishes a withering rejoinder in the Philosophical Transactions. Posthumous publication of Flamsteed's Historia coelestis britannica (British History of the Heavens), his own completion of the work he had been forced to surrender unfinished to Halley.
1726 Third edition of the Principia.
1727 Presides over his last Royal Society meeting on 19 Feb./2 March. Shortly afterward takes to his bed, suffering from a new bladder stone. Dies, having refused the last rites, on 20/31 March.


A projectile is fired at an angle of 30degree with the horizontal with velocity 10m/s. At what angle with the vertical should it be fired to get maximum range?
Any projectile launched at 45º with the vertical (or horizontal direction) with have a maximum range.
Any projectile launched at 45º with the vertical (or horizontal direction) will have maximum range.


Deestone tyres for pickup any good now?
I think we have Deestone on our old pickup or they could be Maxxis !! We went with a cheaper brand as we don't drive fast at all and not very far normally. We paid under 10k for the set and they are fit for purpose. On our Ranger, we replaced OEM tyres with Michelin but they were 20k plus..
Not quite as critical as my own...???
My local Blacks in Phimai has a promotion for 4 tyres 245-70- 16 at around 10500 vs Bridgestone at 25,000.
I like Bridgestones but say no more when my Bridgestones on my new truck wear out will put Deestones my wife's nephew has them on his Vigo which drive from time to time, no problem af4er I put the correct psi in em.
Mine been on over 4 years, no issues, and way cheaper.
For a vehicle that sees max 120 k no problem.
We have premium tires on our Teana because I drive it fast.
I do much more long distance journeys at higher speeds in mine,him primarily local. What did you think I meant ?
My 4 year old pickup with 90000 kilometres is showing hardly any wear on the original Bridgestones. I'm very conscientious about pressures ( a hangover from track days) and always check with my digital gauge when cold to ensure 29psi when cold. Just got it back from a service at my local Isuzu and they were 36 psi when I measured cold this morning. God knows what they pumped them up to when doing it while hot! They are mostly a good dealer on everything else but Do they not really understand the importance of tyre pressures in Thailand ?!
When the OEM tyres on our Suzukis wore out we replaced them with Deestone. There didn't seem to be any negatives.
My 4 year old pickup with 90000 kilometres is showing hardly any wear on the original Bridgestones.
Deestone is a large well established Thai tyre manufacturer with competitive prices I would have no problem using them instead of the more expensive brand names.
What premium tires do you use?


This splendid Costa Rican Villa is situated on a verdant hillside in the mountains of the Southern Pacific Zone, between San Isidro and Dominical. Manuel Antonio is now just one hour away by the brand new Costanera highway There are no other homes in sight and we have 60 acres of surrounding forest to insure your privacy. In the day time you will experience the abundant sights and sounds of the jungle from thecomfort of the open air living spaces snd the tranquil sounds of falling waters will lull you to sleep at night. The Howler monkeys and toucans visit daily. Los Aires is a birdwatchers paradise.


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Q: Get ID of the selected dropdownlist item I am new to mvc and i need some help.
 I have this model class:
Public Class PostCategories

Public Property ID() As Integer

Public Property Name() As String

Public Property Slug() As String

Public Property ParentID() As Integer

and I have this dropdownlist in my view:
 @Html.DropDownList("IDList", New SelectList(Model, "Id", "ID"), "Selected Parent")

Instead of ID, I'd like to put the Name in the dropdownlist and save the ID to the db. How am i supposed to do it? Need help pls.

A: Assuming your View Model is a list of PostCategories then just use:
@Html.DropDownList("IDList", New SelectList(Model, "ID", "Name"), "Selected Parent")

A: As Beyers said, it should be sufficient to change your code to
@Html.DropDownList("IDList", New SelectList(Model, "ID", "Name"), "Selected Parent")

where the second parameter of the SelectList constructor is the value of the selected item you want to be passed upon form submit, and must reflect the name of one of your Model properties, therefore must be "ID" and not "Id".
The second parameter is the item's name displayed in the dropdown, in this case you should use "Name" as  it's probably the property you want to use.
Optionally you can pass in a fourth parameter that is the selected value at page load time.
Another approach would be to build your SelectList in the controller and pass it using the ViewBag like this:
ViewBag.PostCategoriesId = new SelectList(yourPostCategoriesList, "ID", "Name");

and then in the View your code would be like:
@Html.DropDownList("PostCategoriesId", string.Empty)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Everything We (Were Surprised to) Like About the 2019 KIA Optima
by Jason Cook | April 19, 2019 June 27, 2019 | Kia
Since so many automakers seem content in allowing traditional midsize sedans to be erased from existence, it's refreshing to shift our attention over to one that's enjoying some praise right now. And while nearly twenty years and nearly four full generations have come and gone since its original introduction, the 2019 KIA Optima feels fresh in its depiction of an offering that has always felt ahead of its time.
In recent years, we've seen in-class competitors like the Camry, Accord, and Altima make a big deal out of their redesigns, stressing an aggressive aesthetic which might have previously been beyond their designers' reach. But a desire to rebrand a sedan with an aggressive look is nothing new, and any credit due to Toyota, Honda, or Nissan feels diminished when we remind ourselves that KIA had almost always designed the Optima inspired by the same sensibilities. In some ways, one could say that KIA had helped to pave the way.
So with five model years under its belt, how well does the current generation of 2019 Optima fare against the expectations placed around it? Well, let's take a closer look and find out.
Priced to start around $22,990 MSRP the 2019 KIA Optima is available in four trim levels (LX, S, EX, and SX) and, depending on the configuration selected, three different powertrains. Seating five, the 2019 Optima is enjoying a refresh consisting of updated exterior design and lighting design, as well as new wheel designs.
It also boasts a wider standardization of driver assist features including (but not limited to) forward-collision warning, automatic emergency-braking, lane-keep assist, lane-departure warning, and a monitor designed to maintain driver attention on the road.
As part of the KIA family, the 2019 Optima comes with a Limited Warranty covering 5-years or 60,000 miles, whichever comes first. With a Powertrain warranty covering 10-years or 10,000 miles, whichever comes first.
The (base) LX comes powered by a 2.4-liter inline-four cylinder engine paired to a six-automatic transmission capable of 185 hp,178 lb-ft of torque and 35 mpg (highway, 25 city). The Optima S features the same engine configuration. While powertrains differ for each of the trim levels, each one features continuous variable valve timing and direct injection.
Moving along to the Optima EX (starting at $26,890 MSRP) you'll find a Turbocharged 1.6-liter I4 mated to a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission that churns our 178 hp, 195 lb-ft of torque and 37 mpg (highway, 27 city). And finally, the SX (priced to start at $31,990 MSRP) comes powered by a 2.0-liter of that turbocharged I4 paired off with the 6-speed automatic, delivering 245 hp, 260 lb-ft of torque and 30 mpg (highway, 21 city).
While there are countless design notes that feed the Optima's sporty appearance, they're far more subtle and understated than seen in other competitive options. From the iconic tiger nose grille and front fascia positioned just below the KIA badging, the swept-back appearance of the Optima feeds into its sleek, aerodynamic appearance. Striking, albeit with a sense of refinement, it makes an instant first impression and compels your eye to follow its clean lines backward.
Walk around the Optima, and it's hard to ignore the sleek, body-hugging contours that contribute to its lithe, athletic aesthetic. Complimented by a low, sloping roofline the Optima is tied up perfectly by the bold angles of its rear fascia. Overall a beautiful design that punches way outside of its weight class.
But one area that the Optima reflects a sense of refinement comes in the selection of available colors. Ultimately, each of the seven exterior colors made available is fairly ordinary. And while some might consider the absence of 'electric green' or 'sunburst orange'-like colors to be a negative, it speaks the Optima's strength of design that bold colors aren't needed in order to dress it up.
While the execution differs across trim levels (with some stronger material choices available 'up the ladder' in the SX) the core aesthetic of the Optima's interior seems to have stemmed from the same sporting philosophy that inspired its exterior.
While many of today's vehicles either utilize flat, horizontal motifs to stretch the cabin outward or curved motifs to create a more intimate cabin experience, the Optima sidesteps such rigid polarity. In some ways the former, in others the latter, it incorporates both in a tasteful and complementary manner that (to be honest) feels fresh by comparison. Combined with the forward/downward stand of the door paneling, your eyes are continually drawn forward to the front of the cabin. This conveys a subtle sense of momentum, lending the Optima a sense of performance credibility.
As alluded to above, the SX trim level offers certain enhancements to the Optima's cabin experience both in terms of leather upgrades and contrasting two-tone color combinations. The pairing of red & black leather, for example, has proven a popular combination for many automakers in recent years but—especially in an affordably priced car like the Optima – does wonders to enhance both its perceived value and perceived sense of athleticism.
But the well-appointed SX also enjoys enhanced infotainment options, like a 10-speaker Harman Kardon audio system (a considerable step-up from the six-speaker base option) and 8.0-inch touchscreen interface. But regardless of which trim level you select, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto come standard ticking (what are now) the standard boxes.
Hybrid Variants
For those with an eye permanently fixed on sustainability, KIA offers both a Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid variant of the Optima.
The (traditional) Optima Hybrid is priced to start around $28,090. A 2.0-liter engine (capable of 154 hp) is paired with a 38kW electric motor to create a combined power rating of 192 horse and an estimated 45 mpg (highway, 39 city).
The plug-in version of the Optima Hybrid is eligible for classification as a 'Clean Air Vehicle' and is priced to start around $35,390 MSRP. The pairing of a 154 hp 2.0-liter engine and 50kW electric motor deliver 202 hp and 40 mpg combined.
While it's hardly rare to see hybrid or plug-in hybrid variants of sedans anymore, it's always refreshing to see an automaker confident enough in their offerings to serve up the powertrain trifecta. As Car and Driver said, "There's an Optima for every palate, and each flavor has merit." The Optima is a perfect example of that kind of confidence, and we applaud KIA for it.
Is the KIA Optima Right for You?
While we applaud KIA for creating an offering that isn't afraid to push the limits of its own identity, the Optima never feels like it's aspiring too far or losing its sense of self. That, in itself, speaks volumes, assuring us that KIA aimed to create something that was nothing less—and nothing more—than the final product.
But don't mistake competence and a clear sense of identity for complacency. The availability of a plug-in hybrid variant and teased development of a convertible concept mean that KIA might have bigger plans for the Optima, beyond a midsize sedan or sports-wagon. And judging by the near-continual ascension of sales over its near-twenty year lifespan, well, the Optima feels more popular than ever.
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The first machine able to record sound was the phonautograph, devised by a Frenchman, Leon Scott de Martinville, in 1855. The device recorded sounds on smoke-blackened paper wrapped around a cylinder. Unfortunately, there was no way to replay the sound.
The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, recorded sound on cardboard cylinders covered in tinfoil. When the mouthpiece used to create the recorded was replaced by "reproducer" with a sensitive diaphragm the sound could be played back.
Sound was amplified by a horn up to two metres long – the longer the horn, the better the sound.
In 1887, Chichester Bell (a cousin of the inventor of the telephone) and Charles Tainter developed an improved version of Edison's phonograph which used wax cylinders rather than Edison's tinfoil ones. Bell and Tainter founded the Columbia Phonograph Company.
Most early models were housed in wooden cabinets designed as pieces of furniture.
Early gramophones were hand-cranked with a clockwork mechanism regulating the speed of the turntable.
The Great Depression severely damaged the recording and gramophone industries as people were unwilling to spend money on recordings when they could listen to radio for free. Record players without radios were quite rare through the 1930s but became standard after the Second World War.
It was not until prosperity returned after the War that interest in recordings was revived by new formats capable of longer and higher quality reproduction. 33rpm and 45rpm vinyl records were introduced in 1949 and production of shellac 78rpm records ceased in the 1960s. Stereo records were introduced in 1958.
By the 1950s, most record players were portables, designed for table-top operation.


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A variety of innovative strategies and actions designed to ensure the preventive conservation of its Permanent Collection have been developed by the Eva Klabin Foundation.
In May 2002 it completed the project supported by the Vitae Foundation for upgrading the environmental conditions at the museum, adapting the air-conditioning system to work with forced ventilation (installed by AIRMIX). Additionally, a drainage network was also laid to siphon off rainwater falling very close to the building and increasing its humidity levels. Temperatures and relative humidity levels in the museum rooms are monitored on a daily basis.
Other interventions in the exhibition circuit are intended to upgrade no only the presentation conditions but also the conservation of the items. Recently, the bases, rugs and support hooks of the entire Roman Glass Collection, which date back to the late XIX century, were replaced by new items, produced by Regina Barreto, offering better conservation conditions.


THEY were fundamental to his success – and held the key to his personal happiness, too.
And now a West End gallery is set to celebrate the role the muses of artist Pablo Picasso played in his early life with an exhibition and a week of performances that tell the stories of Fernande Olivier, Olga Khokhlova and Marie-Thérèse Walter.
The Gallery Different, in Percy Street, is hosting the seven-day event with three actors reading monologues written by playwright Brian McAvera.
Picasso's Women is set to be previewed this August at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival before heading to the gallery in September.
Gallery director Karina Phillips told Diary the monologues offered an insight into Picasso's character, warts and all, and the accompanying all-female show was a celebration of women's work today, which too often lacks a champion.
"This is a collaboration with theatre company White Elephant and it was the idea of actor and director Collette Redgrave to hold the show in a gallery and include works that dovetail with the performances," she reveals.
She describes the scripts as a form of "purgatory" for the characters who give a no-holds-barred, blisteringly honest view of life alongside such a giant in the landscape of 20th-century culture.
Putting together the art that goes with the show was an interesting task.
"It needed, of course, to be relevant. The obvious thing to do would have been to use some of Picasso's work – his drawings, sketches, prints – but we felt it would be more interesting to take the theme forward," she says.
The result is a collection that includes works that have been specifically created.
And the title of the show – Muse, Model or Mistress? which will also run from September 24 to 29 – came from a phrase used by the Cubist, French-American trail-blazer Marcel Duchamp, adds Karina.
"Exhibition titles are always a bit tricky to choose," she says.
"I was thinking about what we could call this one when I came across an article which outlines how Duchamp once spoke to the art collector Peggy Guggenheim.


With not a lot of snow to ride on but too much to hike in, Heinz & I made our way out to Saltair for a little exploration.
The sad thing is, there are hundereds, if not thousands of dead ducks that liter the "beach". I guess in Utah it's legal to just shoot ducks and leave them for dead. It was pretty disturbing.
A couple miles down from Saltair, there is an old abandoned warehouse and train car painted with graffiti. It's one of those things where you just need to see once and realize that it's not that neat.
And that's our Saltair graffiti experience. I don't think this post could get any more random.
Hopefully I will be on the slopes soon with some powder shots. Until then, happy day.


text: Baycon 2000 was held May 26–29, 2000 at the San Jose DoubleTree Hotel in San Jose, CA. The theme was "Yesterday's Tomorrows". Author GoH was Esther Friesner, Artist GoH was Baron Engel, Fan GoH was Dave Clark, Special Guests were Neil Norman and the Cosmic Orchestra starring Tim Russ (Tuvok of Star Trek:Voyager), Poul and Karen Anderson, John and Bjo Trimble, and Toastmaster was Kent Brewster. Chair was Amy-Elyse Patterson. The con's charity was the Friends of the California Air & Space Center, for which they raised $4,478. Attendance was 1873 members.


A delightful Pinot with strong varietal character from a pair of winemakers whose reputation has grown due to their magnificent Riesling and Shiraz wines.
The Pinot Noir has been grown on the Cherry Hills Vineyard at Oakbank where the well exposed site enjoys a North East aspect. The soils are grey loams which contain a high degree of quartz and a thin layer of schist just below the top soil.
Part of the success of this wine must be attributed to the winemaking techniques employed. The fruit is de-stemmed, but not crushed, and transferred into small, 1 ½ tonne fermenters where it is cold soaked for 4 days, gradually warming up as fermentation begins. Ferment temperatures are allowed to climb to 32°C, being held there for a few days before allowing to ferment cool. Plunging of the cap is by hand. This process contributes to maximum flavour extraction. After the primary ferment has finished, the wine is left on skins for another 30 days before pressing and racking into French oak casks, coopered by Sirugue, and Dargaud & Jaegle.
Medium body, bright crimson colour with crimson mauve hue. Perfumed nose of violets, strawberry and cherry showing good varietal lift. The palate delivers excellent weight and mouthfeel with impressive length and depth. Flavours of dark cherry and spice emerge. Velvet smooth tannins. Very good flavour wave with long aftertaste.
Strong colour; a powerful, complex bouquet; black cherry, plum and a touch of game (good); long palate, deserves time; very different from the '04.


Have you been procrastinating on starting or even finishing up a project? Maybe you don't know where to even start? Consultations offer a way for the Client to receive feedback, opinions, guidance, direction and suggestions based on their unique circumstances from an experienced and knowledgable Professional. These are some of the reasons why each project always starts with a Consultation!
Up to a two hour person-to-person consultation for Residential, Commercial or Hospitality Design. Since this is a pretty in-depth process, please be immediately prepared to get started with the consultation, as this time will fly by quickly!
Design Consultations are priced at $497. Areas outside the North Orange County, CA area will incur an additional travel fee.


Dr Carolina Orloff is a scholar currently working on research projects studying the literature, cinema and politics of contemporary Argentina. Born in Buenos Aires, Carolina graduated from the University of York with a degree in English and Philosophy and then received her MA in Literary and Film Translation from the University of Leeds. In 2010 she obtained her PhD in Latin American Literature from the University of Edinburgh, where she taught at an Undergraduate Level, and where she then moved on to be a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (at IASH). In addition to writing and publishing on Argentinian literature, cinema and on translation theory, Carolina has published extensively on the writer Julio Cortázar. Her monograph The Representation of the Political in Selected Writings of Julio Cortázar appeared in the UK in 2013 (Tamesis) and, having been translated into Spanish by Carolina herself, has also come out in Argentina in a revised edition under the title La construcción de lo político en Julio Cortázar (Godot, 2015). She is currently working on several projects dealing with contemporary Argentinian literature and socio-cultural politics. As a translator, she recently published a new Spanish translation of Virginia Woolf's short stories (Ed. Godot, 2015) and contributed to Palabras Errantes with an English translation of Mariana Docampo's short story "El Amor". Between February and June 2016 she will be a Visiting Scholar at the Centre for Contemporary Latin American Studies at the University of Edinburgh where she will continue her work on the writer Guillermo Martínez and the socio-political implications of crime fiction in Argentina. Please visit http://www.carolinaorloff.com for more information on her trajectory, grants and current projects.


No visit to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is complete without eating a pastie (pronounced "pass-tee"), a small meat pie that was first introduced by miners back in the day. As I drove east on Route 2 (the main drag across the U.P.), pasties were available at just about every restaurant, mini-mart, and even at gas stations (buying food at a gas station is a worthy goal for all of us, right?).
The recipe varies, but it is generally a crust that is filled with diced potatoes, rutabagas, carrots, onions and some sort of meat. It's been described as a pot pie without the pot, and there are vegetarian options, too. A friend from the U.P. told me that having a pastie for lunch generally meant that you didn't need to eat again for the rest of the day.
I googled a bit, and I learned that pasties came from Cornwall, England in the early 1850's when the copper and iron mines were first opening in the U.P. (I learned some other things about pasties, too, maybe for a different kind of blog). Pasties are artful in their simplicity, and the miners appreciated a lunch that they could stick in their pockets–and a heavy lunch at that. If a pastie got cold, it could supposedly be re-heated by holding it on a shovel blade over a headlamp candle.
My pastie stop of choice was the Hog Island Country Store not too far east of the tiny community of Naubinway. The store was cash-only, as many businesses here tend to be. The owner was very friendly, something that is also quite common up here. It was a small one-room shop, and yet she had several different kinds of pasties as well as smoked fish (another can't-miss UP delicacy).
I ordered a beef pasty and a smoked menominee and ate them on their picnic bench out front. I was feeling smugly local until I saw my reflection in the store window. Not a lot of khakis and short sleeved polo shirts up here.


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Wasilij Grigorjewicz Kisielow, ros. Василий Григорьевич Киселев (ur. . we wsi Kuczukowo w rejonie Włodzimierza, zm. ?) – rosyjski, a następnie radziecki wojskowy (pułkownik), wykładowca taktyki, dowódca pododdziału szkoleniowego i komendant  Szkoły dla Dowódców Narodów Wschodnich, a następnie zastępca komendanta Szkoły Oficerskiej ROA podczas II wojny światowej, emigracyjny działacz polityczny.

Życiorys
W 1916 r. ukończył gimnazjum we Włodzimierzu, zaś w marcu 1917 r. 3 peterhofską szkołę praporszczików. Brał udział w końcowym okresie I wojny światowej. Służył w 9 Batalionie Eksploatacyjnym. Następnie uczestniczył w wojnie domowej w Rosji. W kwietniu 1918 r. wstąpił do wojsk bolszewickich. Pełnił funkcję instruktora we włodzimierskim okręgowym komisariacie wojennym. Pod koniec listopada tego roku ukończył wyższy kurs metodyczny, po czym został szefem oddziału administracyjnego komisariatu. Od stycznia 1920 r. był sekretarzem komisariatu.  Od kwietnia tego roku pracował w chersońskim gubernialnym komisariacie wojennym jako zastępca szefa oddziału administracyjno-mobilizacyjnego. Następnie został szefem sztabu tyłów guberni chersońskiej, a potem wschodniego odcinka bojowego. Po pokonaniu ukraińskich oddziałów powstańczych od lutego 1921 r. pełnił funkcję adiutanta na nikołajewskich kursach piechoty czerwonych dowódców. Od września tego roku był zastępcą dowódcy pododdziału szkoleniowego. Jednocześnie tymczasowo pełnił obowiązki zastępcy komendanta kursów. W sierpniu 1922 r. został wykładowcą na kursach. Od stycznia 1923 r. kierował charkowskimi wyższymi kursami starszych oficerów. We wrześniu 1924 r. objął dowództwo pododdziału szkoleniowego centralnej szkoły wojskowo-politycznej. W październiku tego roku został wykładowcą taktyki w leningradzkiej szkole wojskowo-politycznej im. F. Engelsa. W marcu 1929 r. ukończył wyższą szkołę wojskowo-pedagogiczną im. Lenina w Leningradzie. W grudniu 1931 r. przeszedł kurs motoryzacyjny. Od listopada 1932 r. dowodził pododdziałem szkoleniowym szkoły. W listopadzie 1933 r. został szefem sztabu szkoły. Od stycznia 1934 r. wykładał taktykę w Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej im. W.I. Lenina, zaś od marca 1935 r. w wojskowo-medycznej akademii Armii Czerwonej im. Kirowa. W 1937 r. awansował do stopnia majora. Od czerwca 1938 r. był komendantem obozów pracy. W 1940 r. został pułkownikiem. Na pocz. listopada tego roku objął funkcję zastępcy komendanta wojskowo-medycznej akademii Armii Czerwonej im. Kirowa. Od końca lipca 1941 r. był wykładowcą w katedrze wojskowych i wojskowo-sanitarnych dyscyplin. Pod koniec września tego roku został szefem sztabu 20 Dywizji Strzeleckiej NKWD. Na pocz. grudnia tego roku dostał się do niewoli niemieckiej. Przebywał w oflagu XIII-D w Hammelburgu, gdzie wstąpił do Rosyjskiej Robotniczej Partii Ludowej. Po rozwiązaniu partii latem 1942 r., zaangażował się w działalność Politycznego Centrum Walki z Bolszewizmem. W sierpniu tego roku wyjechał w składzie ppłk W. W. Brodnikowa do Buchenwaldu, a następnie do Lebus. Brał udział w opracowywaniu planów tzw. desantu na GUŁAG. Miał zostać dowódcą wschodniego odcinka operacji desantowej. Prowadził też zajęcia z taktyki dla członków Politycznego Centrum Walki z Bolszewizmem. W maju 1943 r. wraz z grupą przywódców organizacji wyjechał do Belina w celu przeprowadzenia rozmów z przedstawicielami gen. Andrieja A. Własowa. Po aresztowaniu większości członków grupy przez SD został skierowany do specjalnego obozu w Lötzen. Następnie wyjechał do szkoła dla dowódców Szkoły dla Dowódców Narodów Wschodnich w Mariampolu. Od pocz. 1944 r. wykładał taktykę w szkole. Następnie dowodził pododdziałem szkoleniowym. W listopadzie tego roku w stopniu pułkownika został komendantem szkoły. Od marca 1945 r. był zastępcą komendanta szkoły oficerskiej ROA. 9 maja tego roku wraz z oddziałami "własowskimi" poddał się Amerykanom. Przebywał w różnych obozach jenieckich. Uniknął deportacji do ZSRR. Mieszkał w zachodnich Niemczech. W 1948 r. współtworzył Związek Flagi Andriejewskiej. Do 1951 r. był członkiem wojskowej rady politycznej i głównego zarządu organizacji. Następnie pełnił funkcję szefa sztabu organizacji. Dalsze jego losy są nieznane.

Bibliografia
 Kirył M. Aleksandrow, Офицерский корпус армии генерала – лейтенанта А. А. Власова, 1944 – 1945, 2001

Funkcjonariusze NKWD
Uczestnicy I wojny światowej (Imperium Rosyjskie)
Radzieccy wojskowi
Radzieccy kolaboranci III Rzeszy
Wojskowi Rosyjskiej Armii Wyzwoleńczej
Urodzeni w 1896
Zmarli w XX wieku
Wykładowcy Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej im. W.I. Lenina


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Dietary Fiber Obesity and the Etiology of Diabetes
Sat, 13 Jul 2019 | Human Nutrition
In 1975, Trowell suggested that the etiology of diabetes might be related to a dietary fiber deficiency. This is supported by several key pieces of evidence. Vegetarians who consume a high-fiber lacto-ovo vegetarian diet appear to have a lower risk of mortality from diabetes-related causes compared to nonvegetarians. Consumption of whole grain cereals is associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Importantly, the same dietary pattern appears to lower the risk of obesity, itself an independent risk factor in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Obesity is emerging as a problem of epidemic proportions in affluent and developing countries. Consumption of whole grain cereal products lowers the risk of diabetes. A report showed that in 91 249 women questioned about dietary habits in 1991, greater cereal fiber intake was significantly related to lowered risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study, glycemic index (but not glycemic load) was also a significant risk factor, and this interacted with a low-fiber diet to increase risk. These results provide epidemiological evidence of a role of fiber in the etiology of diabetes.
Potential Mechanisms Indicating a Role in the Etiology of Diabetes
It can be hypothesized that a reduction in the general and postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response may delay the development of insulin resistance and thus the development of diabetes (NIDDM) although there is very little direct evidence to support this hypothesis. However, diets high in both carbohydrate and dietary fiber have been reported to improve insulin sensitivity. Much of the research in this area has studied the effect of dietary fiber on the management rather than the prevention or etiology of diabetes.
There is good evidence that diminished glucose absorption lowers the insulin response to a meal.
The action of fiber in this regard may be through slowing the digestion of starch and other nutrients. It seems that soluble fiber may play a role because large amounts of soluble dietary fiber have been shown to reduce postprandial glucose concentration and insulinemic responses after a single meal in both normal and diabetic subjects. However, the effect appears to be dependent on viscosity rather than on solubility per se. The very viscous gum, guar gum, gum tragacanth, and oat gum are all very effective whereas psyllium and some pectins are less viscous and less effective. One suggested mechanism for reducing the glycemic response is an impairment in the convective movement of glucose and water in the intestinal lumen due to the formation of a viscous gel: Glucose is trapped in the gel matrix, such that there is less movement toward the absorptive brush border of the surface of the intestinal wall and the glucose needs to be squeezed out by the intestinal motor activity of the intestine. However, other factors may also be important. There may be some impairment in digestive activity in the lumen, an alteration in hormonal secretion by cells in the gut mucosa, and a reduced gut motility that delays transit time. In the case of whole grains, there is scope for the fiber to interfere with the physical accessibility of starch to small intestinal a-amylase. Clearly, there is also potential for foods of low glycemic index to be high in RS and this does seem to be the case. A specific instance is a novel barley cultivar that exhibits both characteristics. It should be noted that there are reports of a second meal effect (i.e., the dietary fiber ingested at one meal can affect the glucose rise after the subsequent meal). The mechanism for this is unknown.
A Role for Fiber in the Etiology of Other Diseases?
Although much of the earlier observational studies in native African populations were wide ranging, most attention has subsequently focused on CHD and cancer. Probably this is a reflection of the socioeconomic importance of these conditions in economically developed societies. However, fiber has a role in the prevention and management of other conditions, but much of the relevant information has come from interventions, not from case-control or cross-sectional studies.
Constipation, diverticular disease, and laxation
Unquestionably, fiber is of direct benefit in relieving the symptoms of constipation and diverticular disease but there is little information about its role in the etiology of these conditions. Numerous interventions have shown that foods high in insoluble NSPs (e.g., certain cereal brans) and some soluble NSP preparations (e.g., psyllium) are very effective at controlling constipation and diverticular disease and enhancing laxation. The actual effect can vary with source. Wheat bran increases undigested residue, and fiber from fruits and vegetables and soluble polysaccharides tend to be fermented extensively and are more likely to increase microbial cell mass. Some NSP (and OS) preparations retain water in the colon. The physical form of the fiber is also important: Coarsely ground wheat bran is a very effective source of fiber to increase fecal bulk, whereas finely ground wheat bran has little or no effect and may even be constipating. RS appears to be a mild laxative and seems to complement the laxative effects of NSPs. The effective dose appears to be approximately 20-30 g of total fiber/day consumed either in food or as a supplement. In addition, animal studies show that NSPs and RS appear to prevent colonic atrophy seen in low-fiber diets. The mechanism of action appears to be greater fecal bulking and fermentation and the generation of SCFAs, which is necessary to prevent atrophy.
Diarrhea Colonic SCFA absorption stimulates fluid and electrolyte uptake in the colon and thus can assist in reducing diarrhea. Complex carbohydrates may also play a role in modifying the colonic microflora thus reducing the number of pathogens. An etiological role for fiber is unknown, but there is good evidence that RS can act to minimize the fluid losses that occur in serious conditions such as cholera.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (colitis and Crohn's disease) Clearly, inflammatory conditions have an immune component. In the case of Crohn's disease, there appears to be no established therapeutic or etiological role for fiber. The situation is slightly different for distal ulcerative colitis, in which fiber intake seems unrelated to incidence. However, rectal infusion of SCFAs (especially butyrate) has been reported to lead to remission, so it appears that either the generation of these acids or their delivery to the distal colon may be the issue.
See also: Cancer: Epidemiology and Associations Between Diet and Cancer. Cereal Grains. Colon: Disorders; Nutritional Management of Disorders. Coronary Heart Disease: Prevention. Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology and Epidemiology. Diarrheal Diseases. Dietary Fiber: Physiological Effects and Effects on Absorption. Food Safety: Bacterial Contamination. Obesity: Prevention. Vegetarian Diets.
Diabetes is a disease that affects the way your body uses food. Normally, your body converts sugars, starches and other foods into a form of sugar called glucose. Your body uses glucose for fuel. The cells receive the glucose through the bloodstream. They then use insulin a hormone made by the pancreas to absorb the glucose, convert it into energy, and either use it or store it for later use. Learn more...
Natural Ways to Treat Diabetes
Constipation Help Relief In Minutes
Cardiovascular Disease Homeopathic Treatments
Metal Activated Enzymes versus Metalloenzymes
Severe Malnutrition and Reductive Adaptation
Static Biochemical Tests - Human Nutrition
Anthropometric Measurements Height
Total Energy Expenditure and its Components
Natural Dietary Supplements, Home Remedies To Treat Obesity Naturally, How to Cure Diabetes and Get Off Insulin, Carbohydrates, 3 Steps to Heal Coronary Heart Disease Naturally, Vegetarian, Vegetarian Diets, Vegetarian Diet


Does Quebec's anti-corruption squad need an overhaul?
Thu, Dec 13: Quebec's anti-corruption squad says negative press is making it difficult to recruit investigators. In its annual report, the interim commissioner says the organization has to make changes. Global's Raquel Fletcher reports.