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Utah Braces for the Future
"Almost 75 percent of Utah's population lives near the Wasatch Fault. Earth scientists have shown that this fault has repeatedly experienced strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 or larger and will continue to do so in the future. Efforts to increase public awareness of earthquake hazards in Utah have resulted in residents and community leaders taking actions that will save lives and reduce damage in future earthquakes."
Los Angeles Dam Story
"In 1971, the near-failure of a dam during a magnitude 6.7 earthquake forced 80,000 people to evacuate their residences. In 1994, the replacement dam survived an almost identical earthquake with little damage. Underlying this progress in designing critical structures are years of research on the powerful shaking during large earthquakes."
Quake Forcasting - An Emerging Capability
"Earth scientists have begun to forecast damaging earthquakes in California. Although quake forecasting is still maturing, it is now reliable enough to make official earthquake warnings possible. These warnings help government, industry, and private citizens prepare for large earthquakes and conduct rescue and recovery efforts in the aftermath of destructive shocks. In recent years, earthquake forecasting has advanced from a research frontier to an emerging science. This science is now being applied in quake-plagued California, where shocks are closely monitored and have been studied for many years."
Michael, A. J. (Andrew Jay); Reasenberg, Paul; Stauffer, Peter H.
Averting Surprises in the Pacific Northwest
"Scientists recently discovered strong evidence that great earthquakes (magnitude 8 to 9) have repeatedly struck the Pacific Northwest in the past several thousand years, most recently about 300 years ago. This discovery has spurred the reinforcement of existing structures and changes in building codes in the region--measures that will save lives and reduce damage in future earthquakes."
Pay a Little Now, or a Lot Later
This fact sheet addresses the potential threat of an earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area. "Odds are 2-in-3 that at least one disastrous earthquake will strike the San Francisco Bay Area before 2020. Faced with this threat, corporations and government agencies have stepped up efforts that will reduce future losses by billions of dollars."
Bakun, W. H. (William H.)
S. Rept. 104-4: Oversight Over Intelligence Activities, Report, January 18, 1995
"Over the past several years, Committee Members and staff have visited with officials from a large number of foreign governments to discuss the Congressional oversight process of the U.S. Intelligence Community. In response to the growing number of requests received from foreign governments for information regarding the U.S. system of oversight, and at the direction of Senator DeConcini, the Committee produced a booklet entitled 'Legislative Oversight of Intelligence Activities: The U.S. Experience.' The booklet contains a narrative which traces the evolution and accomplishments of the congressional intelligence committees, and explains how the committees are organized and function. The Committee was instrumental in making more intelligence-related information available to the public. The Committee accomplished this by holding an unprecedented number of hearings and briefings that were open to the public. In addition, the Committee took the lead in a number of efforts to declassify previously classified material by the Executive Branch. In total, the Committee has worked with the Executive Branch to declassify and make available to the public over 36,400 pages of material. [...] In conclusion, this report demonstrates the wide range of issues the Committee dealt with during the 103rd Congress. The Committee continued to carry out its responsibilities in the same bipartisan manner that has characterized its work since its inception, and, for the most part, received excellent cooperation from the Intelligence Community. Rarely did the Committee receive information that it had requested in less than a timely and complete manner. Overall, the close working relationship between the Committee and the Intelligence Community, so essential to the conduct of legislative oversight, has continued. While the future will hold new challenges for both institutions, the experience during the 103rd Congress provides a good foundation for the years to follow."
If Civilizations Count ... So What?
"Samuel Huntington stepped into this debate about the future with a new paradigm postulating an ongoing and intensifying clash of civilizations. In his controversial 1993 article, he wrote that states would remain the principal actors, but that they would increasingly define their interests in terms of civilizational issues. He identified eight major civilizations that he believed would be the principal forces in the future. These include Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic/Orthodox, Latin American, and African. This paper focuses on four of these civilizations: Western, Orthodox, Islamic and Confucian. Clearly, the United States must recognize civilizational influence and its impact on the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. The best way to do so remains engagement with individual nation-states. In civilizations in which a dominant power is emerging, such as the Confucian Civilization of China, the challenge will be to work with the dominant power through compromise or balance of power diplomacy."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Our Changing Planet: The FY 1996 U.S. Global Change Research Program
"Global change research brings significant benefits to the . nation and the world by providing a well-founded scientific understanding of the Earth system to ensure the availability of future resources essential for human survival, such as water, food, and fiber. The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), along with its international partners, provides the foundation for expanding the ability to both predict and respond to extreme events such as floods, droughts, and heat waves. The USGCRP also aims to reduce vulnerabilities to changes in important environmental factors, such as climate, ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface, and land cover. Scientific knowledge is essential for informed decision making on environmental issues and to ensure the social and economic health of future generations. Thus the USGCRP is a critical investment for the future of this nation, its economy, and the health and safety of its citizens. The USGCRP was created in 1989 and formalized in 1990 by the Global Change Research Act of 1990. Since that time, global change research has remained a key science initiative. Continuing to improve scientific understanding of the Earth system is a priority of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Environment and Natural Resources."
U.S. Global Change Research Program; National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)
National Military Strategy of the United States of America, 1995
"Challenges to our global interests did not disappear with the end of the Cold War. Today we face a world in which threats are widespread and uncertain, and where conflict is probable, but too often unpredictable. The strategic landscape is characterized by four principal dangers which our military must address: regional instability; the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; transnational dangers such as drug trafficking and terrorism; and the dangers to democracy and reform in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere. Many ethnic, religious, territorial, and economic tensions, held in check by the pressures of the bipolar global competition, erupted when the constraints posed by the Cold War were removed. Regional instability also results when regional powers such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea pursue aggressive policies in attempts to dominate their neighbors militarily, politically, or economically. Despite progress, the process of economic and political reform in the successor states to the Soviet Union is subject to reversal. Moreover, Russia will continue to retain large numbers of nuclear weapons and associated delivery systems. Thus, it is important for us to work with Russia and the other newly independent states to stem the proliferation of all types of weapons of mass destruction and to support the process of democratic reform."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
Corona: America's First Satellite Program
"This volume of newly declassified documents and photos is organized in four parts. Part 1 presents the first history of the CORONA program, an article published in 1973 in a classified special supplement to CIA's professional quarterly, Studies in Intelligence. Part 2 provides a brief look at how the interdepartmental Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance, formed in 1960 to coordinate satellite collection, implemented the new system. Part 3 includes a number of National Photographic Interpretation Center and other CIA reports on the analysis of CORONA imagery, while Part 4 concludes with an example of a nonmilitary use of satellite imagery. In each part, a brief introduction is followed by the relevant documents in chronological order. CORONA was the United States' response to a growing need in the 1960s for detailed photographic coverage of countries behind the Iron Curtain. The introduction of newer-and still classified-satellite systems after 1964 further improved the program's utility and performance. The sheer volume of documents and imagery associated with CORONA-its imagery alone is estimated at over 2 million linear shelf feet-made it both important and difficult to select representative samples for this volume. […]. This book of documents is but the first installment of information on America's first satellite system. In the years ahead the American public can look forward to a wealth of declassified reports and imagery from the CORONA program."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
Ruffner, Kevin C.
Analysis of the Administration's Future Years Defense Program for 1995 Through 1999
"The Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) is a classified document that shows how current and future defense spending would be allocated among the combat and support elements of U.S. military forces. As the term is used here, it reflects the Administration's planned spending priorities for the Department of Defense (DoD) for fiscal years 1995 through 1999. For at least the past decade, there has often been a mismatch between the force structure (the number of military personnel, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other equipment) that an Administration proposes to field and the financial resources available to support those forces. Several analysts argue that a similar mismatch exists in the current FYDP. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has been asked on several occasions over the past year to analyze the fit between proposed levels of defense spending and the Administration's plan. In testimony before the House Armed Services Committee in March 1994, CBO stated that although the Administration's most recent plan was subject to certain risks, its blueprint for defense spending seemed roughly sufficient to support the military forces envisioned in the Bottom-Up Review through 1999-the last year of the FYDP."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics: 1995
"This is the 23rd annual Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. It brings together in a single volume nationwide data of interest to the criminal justice community. Statistical information about crime and criminal justice in the United States is published by hundreds of public and private agencies, academic institutions, research organizations, public opinion polling firms, and other groups. All levels of government collect and disseminate such data."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Pastore, Ann L.; Maguire, Kathleen; Anderson, Sean E.
Northern Mariana Islands Immigration: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session on the Issues Associated with Immigration Into the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, September 22, 1994
From the opening statement of the Hon. Daniel K. Akaka: "Today's hearing will focus on issues associated with immigration to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, including the increase in the number of non-residents, the lack of an efficient monitoring system to track their entry, as well as reports of labor, physical and sexual abuses against alien workers. Many of these abuses have been directed against women from the Philippines and the People's Republic of China. I am very anxious to hear from local and Federal officials on what actions they have undertaken or plan to undertake to address these problems. There is growing concern in Congress that the only way to stem these serious abuses is to crack down on an immigration policy that offers an open door to alien workers and organized crime. One solution would be to strengthen Federal oversight, assistance, and enforcement in the Commonwealth."
Health Care Problems and Concerns of Persian Gulf War Veterans: The Response of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense and Related Issues, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs of the House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, November 16, 1993
From the opening statement of Lane Evans: "These heroes of the Persian Gulf War are shackled by a wide array of health problems and symptoms. They had been healthy and physically fit before their Gulf services. Now, they cannot resume the active and productive lives they led before serving in the Gulf." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Lane Evans, Jack Quinn, Thomas J. Ridge, Mac Collins, Joseph P. Kennedy, Spencer Bachus, Troy Albuck, Ronald R. Blanck, Jesse Brown, Dennis Cullinan, Paul S. Egan, Hellen Gelband, Kimo Hollingsworth, Charles Jackson, Brian Martin, Myra B. Shayevitz, and Timothy James Striley.
Law Enforcement Issues in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Oversight Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Native American Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session on the Indian Law Enforcement Reform Act of 1990, Law Enforcement Issues in Indian Country, and Recent Allegations of Police Brutality, March 18, 1994-Washington, Dc
This is March 18, 1994 hearing on "Law Enforcement Issues in the Bureau of Indian Affairs," held before the Subcommittee on Native American Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives. From the opening statement of Bill Richardson: "Today's hearing is on law enforcement issues in Indian country. Representatives Thomas and Johnson have requested this hearing because of recent allegations of police brutality on several reservations. I note that there are hundreds of excellent law enforcement officers serving Indian country. However, if there is truth to the allegations, the subcommittee will take some action. On August 18, 1990, Congress enacted the Indian Law Enforcement Reform Act. This law marked the first comprehensive statutory scheme governing BIA law enforcement activities on Indian lands. Despite the enactment of this law, there remains serious problems in BIA law enforcement. There have been increasing complaints regarding the excessive use of force by BIA law enforcement officers. These complaints have been the focus after a great deal of media attention. Although the numbers of allegations of police brutality against BIA may not reflect a significant problem, the manner with which the BIA has responded to complaints against BIA officers does present a significant problem." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Wayman Babby, Gerald Brun, Wilma Bordeaux, Connie Cox, Walter M. Francis, Billy F. Hillgartner, Rod Lewis, William Matthews, Floyd Phillips, Theodore R. Quasula, Harvey Spoonhunter, Clara Spotted Elk, Mary V. Thomas, Richard Whitesell, and John Woodenlegs.
Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage: 1995
"This study describes the 'defensive' measures that the US Government applies to counter foreign collection of US economic-related intelligence and information. It also lists the US targets of foreign economic collection and the methods foreign governments and corporations use to obtain US economic and technological information, including at times US Government information that directly affects US industry. This study does not address the concept of the US Government 'offensively' collecting foreign proprietary information and providing it to US firms, which is against US policy. To provide a full scope of foreign economic collection efforts targeted at US firms, this report examines 'foreign industrial espionage' as specifically requested by Congress as well as other types of collection efforts that potentially could be damaging to US national and corporate interests. This report includes collection efforts by foreign intelligence services, other government agencies, and private firms, in two broad classes of economic collection activities - espionage and illicit acquisition of proprietary information, and other economic collection efforts. In distinguishing between different types of collection activity, this report is not designed to establish legal parameters for the activities described, nor to characterize the actions and decisions of US law enforcement and intelligence agencies with regard to counterintelligence (CI) operations and investigations. "
National Counterintelligence Center (U.S.)
Ascension of Wildlife Rabies: A Cause for Public Health Concern or Intervention?
"The epidemiology of rabies in the United States has changed substantially during the last half century, as the source of the disease has changed from domesticated animals to wildlife, principally raccoons, skunks, foxes, and bats. Moreover, the changes observed among affected wildlife populations have not occurred without human influence. Rather, human attraction to the recreational and economic resources provided by wildlife has contributed to the reemergence of rabies as a major zoonosis. Although human deaths caused by rabies have declined recently to an average of one or two per year, the estimated costs associated with the decrease in deaths amount to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. In future efforts to control rabies harbored by free-ranging animal reservoirs, public health professionals will have to apply imaginative, safe, and cost-effective solutions to this age-old malady in addition to using traditional measures."
Rupprecht, Charles E.; Smith, Jean S.; Fekadu, Makonnen . . .
Coasts in Crisis
"This publication is the first in a planned series, Public Issues in Earth Science, published by the U.S. Geological Survey. Its purpose is to describe the importance of the earth sciences in an issue vital to our society: the deterioration of our ocean and Great Lakes shorelines and wetlands. The personal effect of this crisis on people living in coastal regions is enormoushomes are destroyed, savings lost. The effect on coastal communities and recreation and fishing industries is devastating-businesses are destroyed, resources and jobs lost. The long-term repercussions on Federal, State, and local agencies and the insurance industry can be huge. According to the 1990 census, the most dramatic population growth over the past decade occurred in the coastal States; continuation of this trend will increase the stress on our coastal environments. [...] The earth sciences provide information critical to understanding and resolving this crisis. Through cooperative investigations, the earth-science community can contribute to a better understanding of coasts, their dynamic processes, and their responses to human intervention."
Williams, S. Jeffress; Hiebert-Dodd, K.; Dodd, Kurt . . .
Serial No. 104-56: Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite, Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Native American & Insular Affairs of the Committee on Resources and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House Of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session on Examination of the Political Preferences of the U.S. Citizens of Puerto Rico, October 17, 1995
This is the October 17, 1995 hearing on "Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Native American & Insular Affairs of the Committee on Resources and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations. From the opening statement of Elton Gallegly: "The Puerto Rico legislature enacted Concurrent Resolution 62, which asked the 104th Congress to respond to the results of the 1993 Puerto Rico plebiscite and to indicate the next steps necessary to resolve Puerto Rico's political status. [...] This may well be the most important territorial matter in the 104th Congress. Let me assure the people of Puerto Rico that we will listen to the views of all sectors of Puerto Rico. You have a collective right to pursue full self-government whether under or outside the sovereignty of the United States and within or wholly without application of the Constitution. The Federal Government has an obligation to clarify which factors in a proposed political status are attainable, and what status directions are possible." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Hector Luis Acevedo, Miguel Hernandez Agosto, Ruben Berrios-Martinez, Jose Antonio Casillas, Angel M. Cintron-Garcia, Jeffrey Farrow, Luis A. Ferre, Arturo J. Garffer, Howard L. Hills, Carlos Vizcarrondo Irizarry, Fernando Martin, Kenneth McClintock, David Noriega-Rodriguez, Miriam Ramirez de Ferrer, Roberto F. Rexach Benitez, Charles A. Rodriguez, Pedro Rossello, and Luis Vega-Ramos.
United States. Government Publishing Office
Serial No. 104-41: Nuclear Waste Policy Act Amendment, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session on H.R. 1020, a Bill to Amend the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, October 10, 1995
This is the October 10, 1995 hearing on "Nuclear Waste Policy Act Amendment," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of James V. Hansen: "The issue of nuclear waste disposal is one which we in the West have a high degree of sensitivity to and concern about. [...] Our purpose today is to hear from those at the Federal, State and local level that would be impacted by a proposal that I intend to offer at a markup later this week. That proposal would redirect the rail route for delivery of nuclear material away from the Las Vegas Valley as designated in H.R. 1020 as introduced and travel north from Caliente, Nevada, around the test site and on to a location for an interim facility near the Yucca Mountain site. Also, the bill would allow for a heavy haul truck route for a period of five years while the rail route is being constructed." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Yvonne Culverwell, Daniel Dreyfus, Lorraine Hunt, Mark James, Sue Lowden, Cameron McRae, Kevin Phillips, Jack Regan, Maitland Sharpe, and Edward Wright."
Serial No. 104-12: Crude Oil Exports, Hearing Before the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session on H.R. 70, a Bill to Permit Exports of Certain Domestically Produced Crude Oil, and for Other Purposes, May 9, 1995
This is the May 9, 1995 hearing on "Crude Oil Exports," held before the U.S. House Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of Don Young: "While we have taken steps necessary to reduce our vulnerability to others, we have done nothing to encourage domestic energy production. In fact, production on the North Slope has now entered a period of sustained decline. In California small, independent producers have been forced to abandon wells or defer further investments. By precluding the market from operating normally, the export ban has discouraged production. [...] The ban no longer makes sense. Rather than increasing our dependence on foreign oil, it has decreased domestic production and made us more reliant on imported oil. H.R. 70 will allow the market to determine the price and buyer of crude oil. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline will supply the West coast with crude because it is the closest market. The excess that creates a glut would be sold overseas, and the market will take over." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Linda Adamany, Tom Deckard, Nolan W. Hancock, Jerry Hoffman, Kent Jeffreys, Thomas P. Jones Jr., Dan Lawn, Riki Ott, Walt Parker, Stan Stephens, Richard A. Fineberg, Philip J. Loree, Roger Marks, Michael Sacco, Peter A. Sutton, Terry Turner, Douglas P. Wheeler, and William H. White.
Health Hazard Evaluation Report 94-0238-2484; U.S. Marshals Service Los Angeles, California
"In April 1994, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a health hazard evaluation request from the management of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) in Los Angeles, California. The reason for the request was concern that deputy U.S. Marshals and administrative support staff were occupationally exposed to tuberculosis (TB) since seven of these employees had reportedly exhibited a positive reaction during recent tuberculin skin testing by the employee health office."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Burton, Nancy Clark; Boudreau, Yvonne
Serial No. 104-3: Trends in Federal Landownership and Management, Hearing Before the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, March 2, 1995
This is the March 2, 1995 hearing on "Trends in Federal Landownership and Management," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of Don Young: "The committee is meeting today to hear testimony on trends in Federal landownership and management. [...] I have never believed that the official government statistics which show that Federal landownership has actually decreased in the lower 48 states. As a result, last year Congressman Pombo and I requested the GAO [Government Accountability Office] determine how much public land has been locked up for multiple-use management and the net gain in Federal landownership since 1964. [...] As you can see from this chart facing you, GAO found that 95,000,000 acres of public lands have been locked up in varying degrees during this 29-year period." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John H. Anderson, Terry L. Anderson, John Baranek, Ron Johnson, Ralph Lamoreaux, Bob Lessard, and Anna Sparks.
Serial No. 103-63: Hawaii Overflights, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, November 18, 1993
This is the November 18, 1993 hearing on "Hawaii Overflights," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands of the Committee on Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Bruce F. Vento: "The subcommittee is meeting today to consider the initiative by our colleague on the subcommittee, Congresswoman Patsy Mink, H.R. 1696. This measure provides for the regulation of air space over the NPS [National Park System] lands in the State of Hawaii by the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Park Service." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Hal Becker, David Chevalier, Bob DeCamp, Elling Halvorson, David R. Harrington, David Leese, Kathy Moser, John T. Reynolds, and Barry Stokes.
Serial No. 104-25: Surface Mining, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, June 27, 1995
This is the June 27, 1995 hearing on "Surface Mining," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of Ken Calvert: "The subcommittee meets today in an oversight role to review the issue of State primacy in the regulation of active coal mining operations under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, commonly called SMCRA." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: O. Gene Dishner, Robert C. Dolence, Blair M. Gardner, Paul Ison, Charles R. Matthews, Terry O'Connor, Cindy Rank, Mark Squillace, Ted Stewart, Gwen Thompson, and Robert J. Uram.
Serial No. 104-23: State vs. Federal Land Management, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, June 20, 1995
This is the June 20, 1995 hearing on "State Vs. Federal Land Management," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Lands of the Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of James V. Hansen: "The Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Lands commences today to take testimony on the economies and efficiencies of State management of Federal lands. There is an ever-increasing interest in the West, in rural America and in Congress to find ways to substantially increase the involvement of the State and local governments. The overwhelming discontent in the West stems from the enormous Federal presence through ownership of lands and resources. Although in past decades the Federal Government has been a good neighbor, the trend over the last 20 years has been toward a top- down, command-and-control approach to management of Federal lands." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Fife Symington, Robert H. Nelson, and Don Leal.
Serial No. 104-20: Private Property Rights-Part II, Hearing Before the Task Force on Private Property Rights of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, June 13, 1995
This is the June 13, 1995 hearing on "Private Property Rights-Part II," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Task Force on Private Property Rights of the Committee on Resources. From the opening statement of Lamar Smith: "Private property rights are a basic civil right and as essential to the free and decent society as the right to practice one's religion, speak out freely, and defend oneself in court. [...] These hearings are necessary because over the past 20 years the Federal Government has not respected this basic civil right. Too often the Government has taken private property, refused to compensate the landowner, and left the private property owner with a worthless title and a property tax bill." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James Ayer, Brian Bishop, Melvin R. Brown, Lorraine Bucklin, Bill Burgess, Benjamin Cone Jr., Joseph N. De Raismes, Mary Fattig, Hank Graddy, David Guernsey, Marilyn Hayman, Cheryl Johnson, Mark Johnston, Mark Killian, Robert Kleeman, Carol La Grasse, Wallace McGregor, Alice Menks, Terri Moffett, Georgiana Murray, Mack Birkmaier, Sharon Beck, Sally Ormsby, Gail Phillips, Bill Pickell, Margery B. Pinkerton, Marianne W. Fowler, David Allen Smith, Sherry Sullenberger, Richard Welsh.
Serial No. 103-119; Serial No. 103-82: Fire Policy and Related Forest Health Issues, Joint Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session, October 4, 1994
This is the October 4, 1994 hearing on "Fire Policy and Related Forest Health Issues," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Agriculture. From the opening statement of George Miller: "This oversight hearing [...] is very important to those of us concerned with the stewardship of the public lands and with the impact of fire and fire policies as they relate to the public lands. We have witnessed again this year, as we have in many past years, the impact of fire. And, unfortunately, this year we had the tragic impact of fire with the loss of the lives of the firefighters and the loss of people's property. This calls into focus how we can best put together a policy that will respond to the evolving forest policies and to the changing living patterns and habits of the citizens of this country who are moving into forested areas in increasing numbers." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Bob Armstrong, Mel Berg, Daniel B. Botkin, Joan Comanor, Michael Dombeck, James Douglas, James Lyons, and Jack Ward Thomas.
Serial No. 103-118; Serial No. 103-79; Serial No. 103-125: Ecosystem Management, Joint Oversight Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Specialty Crops and Natural Resources Committee on Agriculture and the Subcommittee on Environment and Natural Resources Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session on Ecosystem Management and a Report by the General Accounting Office, 'Ecosystem Management-Additional Actions Needed to Adequately Test a Promising Approach,' September 20, 1994
This is the September 20, 1994 joint hearing titled "Ecosystem Management," held before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Specialty Crops and Natural Resources Committee on Agriculture and the Subcommittee on Environment and Natural Resources Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. From the opening statement of George Miller: "The hearing will come to order for the purposes of conducting an oversight hearing on the GAO [Government Accountability Office] report on ecosystem management and additional actions needed to adequately test the promising approach. [...] This report is in response to a request from Chairman Studds, Chairman Rose, and me, the request that we made to try to help us better understand and to manage the ecosystem approach that the administration has undertaken and to give us a better understanding of what changes may be necessary to fully implement it." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James Duffus III, James Pipkin, George T. Frampton, Jr., and James Lyons.
Serial No. 103-117: War Restitution Act, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session on H.R. 4741 to Amend the Organic Act of Guam to Provide for Restitution to the People of Guam Who Suffered Atrocities Such as Personal Injury, Forced Labor, Forced Marches, Internment and Death During the Occupation of Guam in World War II, and for Other Purposes, September 20, 1994
This is the July 30, 2009 hearing titled "Climate Change and National Security," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. From the opening statement of Ron de Lugo: "It is now over 50 years since the liberation of Guam. Yet, after all that time the people of the territory are still waiting for the Nation they remained so loyal to during that occupation, so loyal to, to fully recognize its debt to them. I hope that this hearing today will open the final chapter in the offer to right this wrong." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Allen Stayman, Joe T. San Agustin, Francis E. Santos, Marilyn D.A. Manibusan, George Bamba, Lourdes T. Pangelinan, Beatrice Emsley, and Flora Baza Quan.


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Sterling K. Brown Joins Blake Lively Spy Pic 'The Rhythm Section'
May 31, 2018 2:45PM PDT
Deadline already broke the story months ago that The Rhythm Section was resuming production in June after Blake Lively sustained a hand injury in late January. Sources confirm now that This Is Us actor Sterling K. Brown has joined the production which is continuing on in Spain. Brown's role in the Reed Morano-directed spy pic based on Mark Burnell's Stephanie Patrick novels is being kept under wraps. Lively's protagonist takes on an assassin's identity so she can wage revenge against those who orchestrated a plane crash that killed her family. Global Road is financing and Paramount, who has WW rights, is still planning to meet its Feb. 22, 2019 release date.
© 2019 PMC. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Eastern Antioquia () is subregion of the Colombian Department of Antioquia. The region consists of 23 municipalities.

Geography
The region of Eastern Antioquia limits to the north west with the Metropolitan Area of Medellín and with Northeastern Antioquia region. To the east the region borders with the Magdalena Medio Antioquia region, to the south with Caldas Department and to the west with a section of the Southwestern Antioquia region, covering a total area of 8,094 km², approximately 13% of the total area of Antioquia Department.

Municipalities

The region is covered by 23 municipalities being Guarne the closest to the city of Medellín
located some 24 km away. The largest municipality of this region is Sonsón with a total area of 1,323 km² and the smallest one being the municipality of Argelia.

 Abejorral
 Alejandría
 Argelia
 Carmen de Viboral
 Cocorná
 Concepción
 El Peñol
 Granada
 Guarne
 Guatape
 La Ceja
 La Unión
 Marinilla
 Nariño
 Retiro
 Rionegro
 San Carlos
 San Francisco
 San Luis
 San Rafael
 San Vicente
 Santuario
 Sonsón

Demographics
The population in this region is distributed evenly between the urban and rural areas with 43% of the people living in the urban centers and 57% living in the countryside.

References
 Government of Colombia: Se Educa; Regions of Antioquia, Eastern Antioquia

External links
 Oriente Virtual: Comunidad del Oriente Antioqueño
 Corporación Empresarial del Oriente Antioqueño
 Incubadora de Empresas del Oriente Antioqueño
 Agencia para el Desarrollo Económico del Oriente Antioqueño
 Bilingual Tourism guide of Eastern Antioquia

Regions of Antioquia Department

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
By Peter Cohen, Macworld |
Tiger Woods PGA Tour released for iPhone, iPod touch
Electronic Arts (EA) has released Tiger Woods PGA Tour for the iPhone and iPod touch. It's available from the App Store for $10.
Play as or against Tiger Woods (and other PGA greats) across seven real-world courses.
This marks the popular golf video game franchise's debut on the iPhone. It features famed pro golfer Tiger Woods, along with other well-know golf pros like Annika Sorenstam, Vijay Singh, Natalie Gulbis and Retief Goosen. Play-by-play commentary is voiced by former pro golfer Sam Torrance and The Golf Channel's Kelly Tilghman.
You can play as or against Tiger woods on 3D fairways, using realistic sounds, 3D graphics and dynamic camera angles. A unique "Swing Meter" is employed to get you into the game, which features more than 120 holes on seven famous PGA courses around the world: Pebble Beach, St. Andrews, TPC Sawgrass, Doral, TPC Boston, The K Club and Fancourt.
System requirements call for iPhone 2.2.1 software update.


The US has announced charges against two Russian intelligence officers and two hackers over a massive Yahoo data breach that affected at least 1 billion user accounts.
The indictment, unveiled by the justice department on Wednesday, said that the hack targeted the email accounts of Russian journalists and opposition politicians; former government officials in neighboring countries; and several US government figures, including "cyber security, diplomatic, military and White House personnel".
At a press conference in Washington, the acting assistant attorney general for national security, Mary McCord, said: "The department of justice is continuing to send a powerful message that we will not allow individuals, groups, nation-states, or a combination of them to compromise the privacy of our citizens, the economic interests of our companies or the security of our country.
The justice department has previously charged Russian hackers and hackers sponsored by the Chinese and Iranian governments, but Wednesday's indictment marked the first criminal case for cybercrimes brought against Russian government officials.
It comes amid intense political controversy over Russian interference in the US election, including a data breach of the Democratic National Committee.
McCord declined to comment on whether there was a link between the Yahoo hack and Russia's alleged attempts to sway the election in Donald Trump's favour.
But the indictment provides the latest indication that the US is willing to retaliate against data thefts with foreign ties in a criminal forum.
The two Russian intelligence agents were identified as Dmitry Dokuchaev and Igor Sushchin, both of whom work for the FSB, the Russian spy agency successor to the KGB.
Dokuchaev was described as an officer in the FSB Center for Information Security, known as "Center 18", which is supposed to investigate hacking.
According to the Washington Post, which first reported news of the charges, he began working for the agency to avoid prosecution for credit card fraud.
Dokuchaev was one of two FSB agents arrested in December, according to Russian news agencies, and charged with treason over alleged cooperation with the CIA.
It was unclear at the time whether the arrests were linked to US election hacking, and details of what exactly the men were accused of have been scarce, with a series of contradictory insider leaks provided to various Russian outlets.
A top expert at Russian cybersecurity firm Kaspersky was also arrested, as well as people with links to a group of Russian hackers called Shaltai-Boltai, who posted hacked emails from government officials online and sold them in anonymous online auctions.
The two freelance hackers were named as Alexsey Belan and Karim Baratov, a Canadian citizen, who was arrested in Toronto earlier this week. Russian authorities are protecting Belan from extradition, it was reported.
Other law enforcement agencies, including M15, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the Toronto police department participated in the investigation.
The attack on Yahoo was exposed partially in September, but in December the company discovered the extent of the intrusion which was described as one of the largest hacking attacks in history.
The justice department indictment shed significant light on the hackers' tradecraft.
The team financed its efforts in part by forcing Yahoo's search engine results to point to a specific erectile dysfunction pill manufacturer for targeted users. The impotence pill manufacturer paid Belan for this fraudulent traffic by the click. McCord said that, unorthodox funding methods aside, the two intelligence officers "were acting in their capacity as FSB officials".
When news of the Yahoo breach broke last year, the company itself was widely condemned for what technologists called improper security – the breach was possible because the hackers were able to forge "cookies" that told Yahoo's servers to allow them full access to vast numbers of private email accounts.
That Yahoo's authentication cookies could be forged at all struck many experts as proof of the company's negligence. According to the indictment, the hackers were also very careful, uploading a program that cleaned evidence of the intrusion to Yahoo's servers.
According to the indictment, not only did the hackers write authentication cookies for use on their own computers, they were also able to forge cookies, upload them to Yahoo's system and push them to individual users they wished to target, according to the indictment.
The FSB-led team monitored more than 6,500 accounts with the technique, which was markedly similar to the activities of the "Cozy Bear" hacking team found lurking in the servers of the Democratic National Committee last year. Cozy Bear's activities have been widely attributed to the FSB.
According to the justice department, the hackers forced surreptitious entry to Yahoo networks in early 2014 to begin reconnaissance but did not begin stealing user data until October or November of that year.
Theft continued into 2016, a persistence unusual for money-motivated thieves and reminiscent of the patience demonstrated in the DNC intrusion.
Initial news of the breach in September caused friction between Yahoo and Verizon, which cut a $4.83bn deal for the company earlier in 2016. When, in December, Yahoo admitted that the breach was far wider than even the historic 500m accounts it had originally reported, Verizon's general counsel began to suggest to reporters that the effects of the breach might materially diminish the agreed-upon value of the company.
Yesterday, Yahoo discounted the price of its core assets to Verizon by $350m.
In 2014, the justice department indicted five Chinese military officers, believed to be serving in China's military hacking efforts, for the theft of hundreds of terabytes of data from several US companies and unions.
The then attorney general Eric Holder said the indictment, the first ever that targeted a foreign military engaged in hacking, signaled an "aggressive [US] response" to large-scale hacks.


text:
Q: How change the cursor for a mat-radio-button? I've this mat-radio-button. When the option is disabled, I'd like to make the cursor no-drop.
<mat-radio-button _ngcontent-c11="" class="mat-radio-button mat-accent b-disabled-radio
  mat-radio-disabled" value="option['text']" ng-reflect-checked="false"
  ng-reflect-value="option['text']" ng-reflect-disabled="true" tabindex="-1"
  id="mat-radio-12">

</mat-radio-button>

Using the Chrome DevTools, when I change the value of this rule from default to no-drop, it works, i.e. I can see the cursor change.
.mat-radio-disabled, .mat-radio-disabled .mat-radio-label {
     cursor: default; //==> no-drop
 }

However, when I copy/paste the rule in the myComponent.Component.css, nothing is happening.
Thanks for helping

A: It's working if you put your styles into global stylesheet: https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-mu68jp
Put the following code in you global styles (styles.css):
app-my-component {
  .mat-radio-disabled, .mat-radio-disabled .mat-radio-label {
     cursor: no-drop !important;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Anastrephoides este un gen de muște din familia Tephritidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Anastrephoides


text:
Smart Manufacturing (88)	 Manufacturing Management (68)	 Additive Manufacturing & 3D Printing (67)	 Machining & Metal Cutting (52)	 Software (45)	 Tooling & Workholding (37)	 Automation (36)	 Measurement & Metrology (19)	 Stamping, Forming & Fabricating (11)	 Lasers (11)	 Grinding & Deburring (10)	 Welding & Cutting (7)	 Materials (6)	 Robotics (5)	 Quality/Inspection/Test (5)	 Product Design & Engineering (5)	 Plant Engineering & Maintenance (4)	 Fabrication (3)	 Controls (3)	 Metals (2)	 Maintenance & Repairs (2)	 Finishing & Coatings (2)	 Electronics Manufacturing (2)	 Cybersecurity (1)	 Casting (1)	 Assembly & Joining (1)
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Laser-Equipped Swiss CNCs Grow in Capability, Ease of Use
Beginning around six years ago, one machine tool builder after another added laser cutting and even welding to their products' already impressive repertoires.
Laser, Fabrication and Automation Power Ahead
Laser 3D printing and marking systems are among the heavy-duty cutting and welding systems that had been scheduled for the IMTS Fabricating and Laser Pavilion—testament to the growing impact of what once might have been viewed as ancillary processes.
High-Power Fiber Laser Welding With Filler Material
Fiber laser welding continues to grow as it improves in weld quality, reliability and performance. Many fiber laser welding applications are autogenous, where the weld is formed entirely by melting parts of the base metal and no additional filler wire or powder is used
Grede Acquires Some Assets From RMG Waukesha
Grede said it has acquired some assets of Renaissance Manufacturing Group (RMG) Waukesha, LLC.
Building a Future in Florida
Florida's advanced manufacturing industries are diverse and include sectors producing intermediate and finished products ranging from plastics and micro-electronics to tortillas and motor vehicles.


text:
Алексей Дмитриевич Бесчастнов (1913—1998) — советский государственный и военный деятель, генерал-лейтенант.

Биография
Родился в 1913 году в деревне Фряново (ныне — рабочий посёлок в Московской области).

В 1925 году окончил 5 групп сельской школы во Фряново. Трудовую деятельность начал в октябре 1926 года — работал пекарем-бараночником в пекарне общества потребителей, в январе — июне 1929 года был продавцом в магазине того же общества. С июля 1929 года — секретарь Фряновского поселкового совета. С января 1930 года — библиотекарь библиотеки при фабрично-заводской школе-семилетке.

В апреле 1930 года перешёл на комсомольскую работу — стал секретарём комитета ВЛКСМ шерстопрядильной фабрики им. III Интернационала во Фряново. С января 1931 года заведующий орготделом, а в июне-августе того же года — секретарь райкома ВЛКСМ города Щёлково.

В сентябре 1931 г. поступил в Московский коммунистический университет им. Л. М. Кагановича, после его окончания в июне 1932 г. — секретарь райкома ВЛКСМ в городе Дмитрове. В марте 1935 — январе 1936 г. учился на курсах марксизма-ленинизма при МК ВКП(б), затем работал секретарём райкома ВЛКСМ в городе Кашире.

В октябре 1937 г. направлен на работу в НКВД. Работал в центральном аппарате НКВД в оперативном отделе:
 помощник начальника 3-го отделения 2-го отдела ГУГБ НКВД СССР (25 октября 1937 — июнь 1938 г.);
 помощник начальника отделения 3-го спецотдела НКВД СССР (июнь — 1 ноября 1938 года);
 начальник 4-го отделения 3-го спецотдела (1 ноября 1938 — 7 мая 1940 г.).

С 1940 по 1948 годы работал в УНКВД-УНКГБ по Краснодарскому краю:
 начальник 3-го спецотделения Сочинского горотдела и заместитель начальника 3-го спецотдела УНКВД (7 мая 1940 — апрель 1941 г.);
 начальник 3-го отдела УНКГБ (апрель — август 1941 г.);
 начальник ЭКО УНКВД по Краснодарскому краю (с 6 сентября 1941 г.), возглавлял оперативные группы краевого УНКВД в Геленджике (с 29 сентября 1942 г.) и в Новороссийске (с 25 декабря 1942 г.);
 заместитель начальника УНКГБ по Краснодарскому краю по кадрам (24 июня 1943 — 13 мая 1944 г.);
 заместитель начальника УНКГБ — УМГБ по Краснодарскому краю (13 мая 1944 — 7 мая 1948 г.),

В 1941 году окончил 2 курса Краснодарского государственного педагогического института. В 1945 году выезжал в командировку в Советскую зону оккупации Германии, в 1945—1946 году — в Польшу.

С 7 мая 1948 года по 5 ноября 1951 года — начальник УМГБ по Сталинградской области.

С 5 ноября 1951 года по 3 сентября 1954 года — старший советник МГБ/МВД/КГБ СССР в ЧССР. 10 июня 1953 г. был временно отстранён от должности и отозван в Москву, восстановлен в должности 20 июля.

С 3 сентября 1954 года по январь 1957 года — начальник 11-го отдела Первого главного управления КГБ при Совете министров СССР. В 1956 году выезжал в командировки в НРБ и РНР.

С января 1957 года по август 1962 года — старший советник КГБ при Совете министров СССР в ВНР.

С августа 1962 года по декабрь 1964 года — заместитель начальника 7-го Управления КГБ при Совете министров СССР.

В 1964—1968 годах работал на Кубе:
 Руководитель группы специалистов Госкомитета экономических связей СССР на Кубе (декабрь 1964—1965 )
 Руководитель Представительства КГБ при Совете министров СССР при МВД Кубы (1965—1968)

С 1968 года по 25 октября 1969 года — заместитель начальника Инспекции при Председателе КГБ.

С 25 октября 1969 года по 25 октября 1974 год — председатель КГБ при Совете министров Узбекской ССР.

С октября 1974 года по сентябрь 1981 года — начальник 7-го Управления КГБ СССР (занималось наружным наблюдением) — членом Коллегии КГБ СССР (19 августа 1975 — 11 сентября 1981);

С 1981 года — в действующем резерве КГБ. Заместитель министра по производству минеральных удобрений СССР по режиму (октябрь 1981 — февраль 1986 г.), с 26 января 1982 г. — член Научно-технического совета при заместителе министра обороны СССР. С 1986 года на пенсии.

Депутат Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР 8-го и 9-го созывов (1970—1979) от Ферганского избирательного округа № 632 Ферганской области. В Верховном Совете СССР 9-го созыва — член Мандатной комиссии Совета Союза. Также избирался депутатом Верховного Совета РСФСР 3-го созыва.

Член ВКП(б)/КПСС с 1932 года. Делегат XXIV съезда КПСС. Член ЦК КП Узбекистана.

Умер в 1998 году в Москве. Похоронен на Ваганьковском кладбище.

Звания
 лейтенант государственной безопасности (25 сентября 1938 г.);
 старший лейтенант государственной безопасности (28 февраля 1939 г.);
 капитан государственной безопасности (31 декабря 1942 г.);
 подполковник государственной безопасности (11 февраля 1943 г.);
 подполковник (июль 1945 г.);
 полковник (1948 г.);
 полковник государственной безопасности (1952 г.);
 полковник (1955 г.);
 генерал-майор (18 февраля 1958 г.);
 генерал-лейтенант (17 декабря 1969 г.)

Литература
 , с. 66.

Ссылки
 Бесчастнов
 ЗВЁЗДЫ ГЕНЕРАЛА БЕСЧАСТНОВА

Депутаты поселковых советов СССР
Сотрудники КГБ СССР
Председатели КГБ Узбекской ССР
Начальники управлений и главных управлений КГБ СССР
Члены Коллегии КГБ СССР
Заместители министров СССР
Депутаты Верховного Совета РСФСР 3-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза 8-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза 9-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза от округов Узбекской ССР
Генерал-лейтенанты (СССР)
Похороненные на Ваганьковском кладбище
Делегаты XXIV съезда КПСС
Функционеры ВЛКСМ
Члены ЦК КП Узбекистана
Почётные граждане Вроцлава
Члены Мандатной комиссии Совета Союза
Секретари комитетов ВЛКСМ на предприятиях и в организациях


This week, Microsoft announced some majors changes coming to their subscription service, Xbox Game Pass. Currently, Game Pass gives subscribers access to a library of over 100 games, with the library rotating from time to time. The change coming to the service in March, has the potential to shake up many aspects of the industry.
The decision to include Microsoft published games on launch day is surely going to surge the subscriber numbers in the months that big titles launch. The first of which is the highly anticipated, open-world pirate game, Sea of Thieves, launching on March 20th, for purchase at retail, digitally, and as a download on Game Pass. Other announced titles would include State of Decay 2 and Crackdown 3 as well as future titles in the Halo, Gears of War, and Forza franchises. This would also extend into any major title published by Microsoft in the future.
Though, with the reality of holes in the release windows of many of these first party titles, this could open up the opportunity for third party partners to allow one of their major releases to be the highlight of a month and receive special treatment on Game Pass. Not only that, it allows the focus to shift to indie games if Microsoft wants to pursue that avenue. Another anecdote worth noting, is that Phil Spencer has mentioned in the past the interest in releasing exclusive gaming experiences on the Game Pass platform– akin to how Netflix has it's own shows.
Though some might speculate that putting these titles on the service on launch day could impact overall game sales numbers, with the trend of game purchases moving towards digital sales, it would only make sense that a future in which subscription services for gaming becomes more prevalent since all forms of media are becoming focused on that front. Granted, with the established nature of Game Pass rotating out games every few months, they could use this as a way to tantalize gamers on the fence about purchasing certain games, giving them a taste of something for a relatively low entry fee, and if they fall in love and the game leaves a month or two later, it may incentivize them to then go out and purchase the game itself. So this method could potentially get gamers in the subscription service forking over money monthly as well as eventually purchasing the game to keep it. Not only that, this would give some of these games larger communities of gamers at launch since some gamers will be undoubtedly dipping their toes in with Game Pass.
It will also be interesting to see how this affects retailers in general, with companies like Amazon and Best Buy offering memberships to receive discounts on games purchased, the opportunity to play big budget, first party titles for $10 on launch instead of $48-$60 is an easy decision for many players. Though, if this pans out in Microsofts favor, as consumers we can hopefully look forward to retailers offering better incentives to purchase new games at their storefronts and potentially urge other publishers creating similar services.
Next 71: Monster Hunting + Microsoft Buying Who Now?


"Am Bratach Deàlrach nan Reultan"
'S e dùthaich ann an Aimearaga a Tuath a tha anns na Stàitean Aonaichte neo ainm oifigeil: na Stàitean Aonaichte Aimeireaga (SAA) (Beurla: "United States of America" no USA). Tha ì na Poblachd cùmhnantach. Tha crìochan aice sa tuath le Canada agus sa deas le Meagsago. Tha 48 de na stàitean suidhichte eadar an Cuan Siar agus an Cuan Sèimh. Tha Alasca ann an iar-thuath na dùthcha le Canada san àirde an ear agus leis an Ruis san àirde an iar dhith. Tha Hawaii suidhichte anns a' Chuan Shèimh.
Chaidh na Stàitean a stèidheachadh an ceathramh latha dhen t-Iuchar, 1776, nuair a thòisich ar-a-mach anns a' chiad 13 tìreanan imrich aig Breatainn ann an Ameireaga an aghaidh Rìoghachd Bhreatainn Mòr. B' e an "Ar-a-mach Ameireaganach" an t-ainm air an strì seo agus sheas ì seachd bliadhna gu Còrdadh Pharas ann an 1783 nuair a dh'aithnich Breatainn Mòr gun robh na Stàitean Aonaichte neo-eisimeileach. Ann an 1787, shoidhnig riochdairean às a h-uile tìrean bun-reachd ùr. Tha e na bun-reachd nan Stàitean fhathast san latha an diugh. Bha cogadh eile le Breatann ann an 1812.
Bhon àm ud tha an dùthaich a' fàs agus sgaoileadh tarsainn air Ameireaga a Tuath gu ìre far a bheil ì a-nis cho mòr is nach eil ach dà dhùthaich anns an t-saoghal nas motha: an Ruis agus Canada.
Nuair a thàinig daoine geala siar, do fearann na gnàth-mhuinntir Aimeireagach, bha cogaidhean leotha ann an 18 is 19 linn, mar eisimpleir Cogadh Nimíipuu. Dh'èignich an ùghdarras na gnàth-mhuinntire do tèarmannan tùsanach às dèidh seo. Thairis air ùine, fhuair a' ghnàth-mhuinntir coirean a-rithist: saoranachd ann an 1924, flaitheas ann an 1934, agus saorsainnean chatharra gu lèir ann an 1968.
Bha an dùthaich gu mòr an sàs gnothach Tràilleachd thar a' Chuain Shiar eadar an 16mh Linn agus an 19mh Linn, gus an do rinn Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation am measg a' Chogaidh Chathara Ameireaganaich. Chaidh na daoine dubha a' bhòt agus na saorsainnean chatharra eile a cheadachadh ann an 1870 gu oifigeil, ach cha cho-èignicheadh gus an Iomairt Shaorsainn Chatharra anns na 1950an. Bha leas-breith ann an taigheadas, foghlam, agus obair.
Ann an 1920, fhuair na boireannaich a' bhòt, às dèidh iomairt Silent Sentinels. Thog boireannaich fianais a-muigh an taigh cinn-shuidhe (Beurla: White House) corr math 's aon is leth-bhliadhna. Chuir an ùghdarras mòran dhuibh ann an làimh, agus ghiùlain iad droch-ghrèidheadh ann am prìosan, mar eisimpleir biadhadh ri èignicheadh.
Bha nan Stàitean an sàs a' Chogaidh Mhòir agus an Dàrna Chogaidh, airson na Caidreachais an dà àm. Às dèidh an Dàrna Chogaidh, bha iad cudromach anns an stèidheachadh nan Dùthchannan Aonaichte. Aig an aon àm, bha iad an sàs a' Chogaidh Fhuair an aghaidh na h-Aonachd Sobhiatach, anns an Cogadh Bhiet-Nam gu sònraichte. Bha proxy wars eile ann an Aimeireaga a Deas is dùthchannan eile.
Tha dà phàrtaidh phoileataigeach a-nis, am Pàrtaidh Deamocratach is am Pàrtaidh Poblachdach. Bha Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, agus Barack Obama nan cinn-shuidhe as ainmeil nan Deamocratach, agus bha Abraham Lincoln, Dwight D. Eisenhower, agus Ronald Reagan nan cinn-shuidhe as ainmeil nam Poblachdach. Bha taghadh ceann-suidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte ann air 4mh an t-Sultain 2016, a chaidh a bhuannachadh le Donald Trump, dhan Pàrtaidh Poblachdach.
Air a tharraing à "https://gd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Na_Stàitean_Aonaichte&oldid=545147"
Chaidh an duilleag seo a dheasachadh 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2019 aig 21:31 turas mu dheireadh.


Just recently, my husband told me we'd been invited to dinner at someone's home, and we discussed whether or not we could commit to the date they'd offered. I felt immediately overwhelmed, because I thought about the emails with similar requests waiting for a reply in my inbox. I'm grateful for the invitations, and I also want to remain open-hearted to everyone in our neighborhood, everyone in our community group, everyone on our staff team, all the parents of the kids on our children's sports teams, and everyone in our church at large, but the deepest truth is that what I really want is friendship. I'm surrounded by lovely people and countless relationships, but relationships don't always equate to friendship, and I tend to forget that.
I think back to the invitations in my inbox. Does the woman inviting me to coffee need counsel or does she want to get to know me as a person? Does the dinner invitation come from a place of desired friendship or from a place of pastoral need. I often don't know until I'm sitting across the table from others. If there are sparks of mutuality, in which I'm asked questions or there is some sort of interest and care shown toward me as I do for another woman, I may have a potential friend. And I thank God for those women: relationships that have evolved into friendships.
I can practically hear your rebuttal through the computer screen: it's not as easy or clear-cut as that. Yes, but having discernment is the necessary first step toward friendship. We must allow ourselves the freedom to distinguish friends among the many relationships we have. We also cannot steward or pursue friendships we can't even name. We are limited people and must draw lines somewhere, whether it's regarding our time, our money, or our relationships.
If discernment is the first step, risk-taking is the second. I hear from so many pastor's wives who are desperate for friendship: the mutual care, mutual conversation, mutual enjoyment, and mutual initiation. Too often, however, they've been told they can't have good friends in the church, they've carefully crafted excuses that have only served to keep them isolated, and they've been hurt--painfully, devastatingly hurt--in ways they usually must keep silent about. Perhaps some have even heard from others that they aren't allowed to have friends, because it might be showing favoritism within the church. All of these sentiments have made us fearful of taking risks.
Pastor's wife, friendship is possible. And not only is it possible, but it's necessary. You may navigate social situations that others don't, but in every believer's need for life-giving friendships, you are no exception. Take the risk and initiate today.
I recently chatted with Kathy Litton from NAMB about navigating the combination of ministry and friendship. Click on the image to listen.