Due to the dynamism and heterogeneity of today's markets, mass customization has been widely applied in the manufacturing industry with the objective of satisfying individual customer needs while maintaining near mass production efficiency. Product family design is an effective approach for mass customization where problem modeling and solution are two significant concerns. As a large amount of data with diverse variety need to be represented (including production data, customer requirements and design knowledge), powerful knowledge representation models are necessary to capture the large variety and complexity of data. Given a configuration problem description and representation, efficient reasoning methods are also required for configuration solution search and optimization. Cost is a critical composition and criterion for product family design; however, the integration of cost estimation and product family design has not been successfully addressed. In this thesis, an extended Dynamic Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DCSP) based product configuration and cost estimation system is proposed to to effectively represent the large amount of data with great variety and complexity in product family design as DCSP terms (i.e., variables, domains and constraints). In the extended DCSP-based system, structural constraints are proposed to capture the inherent hierarchy among modules and components. Activation constraints are composed to represent derivation relationships among variables in the extended DCSP-based system. As both structural and activation constraints can activate variables into the DCSP according to triggering conditions (i.e., hierarchical and derivation relationships among variables), they are utilized to dynamically extend the search space of the extended DCSP-based system such that only a subset of the original variables are involved in the final solution. To integrate cost estimation with product family design tightly, cost calculation constraints are introduced into the extended DCSP-based system, by which results of product configuration and cost estimation can be obtained simultaneously. Thus, cost can be utilized as a coherent criterion for product configuration. To study the impact of changes to cost drivers and design parameters on the cost of a product, the entire product family, or even the entire product lifecycle, cost variation constraint are proposed. Mapping relationships between concepts of the extended DCSP-based system and the data traditionally stored in product data models are also analyzed to facilitate the construction of the extended DCSP-based system. Based on the extended DCSP-based product configuration and cost estimation system, an augmented backtracking algorithm is designed. In the algorithm, structural constraint handler and activation constraint handler are embedded into a classical Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) solving procedure, both of which are able to trigger the extension of the extended DCSP-based system. Thus, the solving process of the extended DCSP-based system can be viewed as a sequence of stable phases, each of which is classical backtracking performed on a fixed classical CSP. To address issues of augmented backtracking (trashing and late conflict detection), a hybrid solving algorithm—forward checking and backjumping with fail-first heuristic (FC-BJ with FF)—is applied to the extended DCSP-based system to enhance solving efficiency. Furthermore, a hybrid heuristic (a combination of an amended constraint-most heuristic with fail-first heuristic) is integrated with FC-BJ to control backtracking occurrence in the implementation of the algorithm FC-BJ with FF on the extended DCSP-based system. Finally, the extended DCSP-based configuration and cost estimation system is evaluated using two configuration tasks (desktop PC configuration and cable-operated elevator configuration). Three proposed algorithms are performed on the two DCSP-based configuration tasks respectively and good solving efficiency is achieved.


Exactly that – – the best way, time and plan to look for your next job.
Some time ago. I did a video in response to a question where I was asked when is the best time to start looking for your next job? And the answer that I offered was on the day you start your new position. That's when you start thinking about your next job. Yes, you have to execute at your current job, the however is, you need to start planning your next steps.
What's the organization you think this one can lead you to next? What role can this job lead you to next complete with job title, compensation, reporting structure, perhaps even the hiring manager, as well.
Yeah, I know. This sounds screwy to a lot of you. The however is, when you think about it, you spend a lot of time lurching from search to search, you spend three years or three months working in a place when, suddenly you decide to go looking for another job. You really don't know where or what you want to do and you haven't really thought about it because you've been so focused on executing for your current job that you haven't thought about yourself. You haven't thought about your professional needs. You haven't thought about your career and you haven't treated yourself as the CEO of your own organization with responsibilities to your shareholders-- friends, family, whomever--to lead yourself in your career.
That mistake is probably one of the most pivotal mistakes that professionals make and, I have to say, it's probably not even restricted to professionals. There are people who start positions and takeblue collar jobs or at Retail establishments who don't really think about the next step for themselves when they finally get that paycheck.
They're just thinking about the current situation, working hard, hopefully getting ahead . . . and that is really disappeared from the American landscape. So, on the day you start your current position, it's important to start thinking ahead. Obviously, you should be doing it before you take the job but, work with me here, okay?Most people don't do that anymore than they do this.
So this is new information. So again, ideally you do it before you take the job ,where does this position lead me to, what's the stepping stone that can be derived from this and, if you don't do it before. You certainly have to do it on day one of your new position.
What's the next firmyou're going to work for. What role do you want to be in? What choices will I have? What's the comp level that this will lead me to if I do extraordinary work, how can I develop my brand further so people will discover me and reach out to me with these opportunities, so I don't have to aggressively market myself.


Felipe Anderson has confirmed Manchester United did make a bid for him last summer.
The Brazil international was linked with a move to Old Trafford during the last two transfer windows and he's revealed Lazio rejected a £39.5m offer.
"Whenever we're approaching the transfer market there's a lot of talk about my future," he told Brazilian outlet UOL.
Isco has made 33 appearances for Real this term and is expected to be part of Vicente del Bosque's Spain side for Euro 2016.


Unfortunately for most, many people who suffer from a herniated disk are likely to do so again in the future. Even after the disc has healed, there is a lot of risk for re-injury or another herniated disc due to the vulnerability of the disc and those around it. Fortunately, there are many things that you can do to manage your risk of getting a herniated disc.
Exercise should become your very best friend when you are trying to prevent a herniated disc from recurring. Back exercises will strengthen the muscles in the back, which will then provide more support for the spine. When this support is given, the discs between the vertebrae of the spine receive less pressure, and your risk of getting another herniated disc will go down drastically.
There are many exercises to choose from. You will probably wish to use more than one back strengthening exercise each day, and incorporate them into a complete work out. Exercise of any type will always reduce your risk for any type of health condition. If you are unsure which exercises are right for you, you may wish to contact your physician.
In many cases, herniated disc patients are treated for their symptoms and healing is promoted through physical therapy. In these physical therapy sessions you will learn many back exercises that ease pain and strengthen back muscles as well as strengthening the spine itself. You can easily take these exercises with you when your physical therapy is complete, making sure that you continue them daily to reduce your risk of a recurrence of the herniated disc.
Much of the risk from a herniated disc comes from how you lift. If you have young children that you pick up often or work in a career such as construction, warehouse, or fire department, you have a much higher risk of getting another herniated disc. The easiest way to reduce this risk is to refrain from the activity that caused the herniated disc to begin with. In many cases, however, this is not possible.
For those that cannot simply stop lifting heavy object, people, or children, you may need to alter your lifting habits to reduce your risk of a recurrence of the herniated disc. When you are lifting something heavy from the floor, always squat down, keeping your back straight. Lift with your knees, not your back, and you will reduce your risk of a herniated disc.
If you are picking up something from a table or other surface it can be more difficult to avoid lifting with your back. Keep your back straight, and lift the object with your arm strength. Avoid bending backwards as you grasp or struggle with the load. You can further reduce your risk by wearing a back brace to keep the back straight while you are lifting.
There are a few other things that you can do to reduce your risk of another herniated disc. You can increase exercise, and decrease or cease smoking. Strengthen leg and arm muscles to avoid lifting with your back, and strengthen back muscles to support the spine. Wear a brace whenever doing heavy lifting, and follow good lifting habits, and you will greatly lower your risk of a repeat herniated disc.


text:
Government must do more to minimise Brexit disruption to Northern Ireland-Britain supply chain
By Jeffrey Donaldson MP
19 Jan Brexit
Let's stop using the fishing industry as a political football and work together to untangle Brexit red tape
By Alistair Carmichael MP
Post-Brexit Lords committee reforms will mean a cross-departmental, forward thinking approach to scrutiny
By Lord McFall
Myths about poverty must be refuted so that parents are trusted with £20 and not half a pepper
By Sam Freedman
14 Jan Health
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By Richard Benyon
14 Jan Political parties
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By Institution of Engineering and Technology
NOAH welcomes EU deal
By NOAH
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By British Plastics Federation
EXCL Ministers accused of 'hiding' impact of Brexit on schools as Lib Dems complain to watchdog
Matt Honeycombe-Foster
matt_hfoster
4 min read 31 December 2019
Ministers have been accused of "hiding" the impact of Brexit on schools amid a bitter freedom of information battle with the Liberal Democrats.
The party has asked the Information Commissioner to step in after its attempts to get hold of a survey filled out by schools across the country were rejected by the Department for Education.
As a no-deal Brexit loomed late last year, education minister Lord Agnew wrote to all local councils, academy trusts and private schools saying his department required "a clearer understanding of school preparedness" for Brexit.
He called on all schools to complete a survey about their plans to mitigate the impact of leaving the bloc, urging them to get in touch with food suppliers and medical firms as well as review their data protection policies to make sure they were ready for the possibility of Britain crashing out without an agreement.
But the Lib Dems have hit out at the government after it twice rejected calls to have the survey findings published under Freedom of Information laws - something the party argues would reassure parents.
The party's education spokesperson Layla Moran told PoliticsHome: "Boris Johnson and the Conservatives have form when it comes to hiding the impact of Brexit from the public. Now, they're refusing to tell parents the effect of Brexit on our schools."
She added: "As the Conservatives recklessly wound down the clock towards a possible no-deal Brexit in October, Ministers passed the buck for Brexit preparations on to schools and councils.
"No headteacher should have to ask suppliers if their school can get enough food and medicine should our borders grind to a halt."
"Parents have a right to know that their children will be healthy and safe."
A report by Lord Agnew which leaked to the Observer in August warned that the DfE was "heavily dependent on the actions of major suppliers and other government departments to ensure continued provision" of fresh food for school meals under a no-deal outcome.
The report also warned that Dover in Kent could face heavy travel disruption leading to cancelled exams and "pupil and staff absence".
'OVERWHELMING PUBLIC INTEREST'
In the pitch to the DfE to unveil the information, the Lib Dems said there was an "overwhelming public interest" in it being released.
They argued that publishing the survey findings would "enable the public to know if the schools in their area are prepared for leaving the European Union".
But the Department rejected the party's first request, arguing that making the survey available could hit the "formulation or development of government policy" in the future.
The DfE said: "It is in the public's interest to ensure that Ministers are being briefed effectively on key areas that will affect the way in which they make decisions.
"However, it is important that within this area, as in all other public policy areas, officials should be able to give and receive free and frank advice to Ministers, and that the ability to do that must be protected where appropriate.
"The Government will ultimately use the information obtained through the survey to further inform Government policy and the formulation of any more targeted advice for schools on leaving the EU – but that development of advice is ongoing and not yet resolved. "
When the Lib Dems appealed that move, the DfE launched its own internal review, and again argued that publishing the information could "prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs", "affect the free and frank exchange of views", and could "put schools off sharing information with the department in the future".
PoliticsHome understands the Lib Dems have now stepped up their battle with the DfE by filing a complaint with the UK's data watchdog, the Information Commissioner's Office.
The move means the ICO will have to investigate whether the DfE has responded correctly to the call, and could see the department forced to publish the findings of the study if it the watchdog rules against it.
A Department for Education spokesperson said: "It is standard practice for exemptions in the FOI act to be used where information has been gathered or will be used to inform policy making, as is the case here.
"The Prime Minister has made clear the government's first task is to get Brexit done and maximise the opportunities it will provide.
"Britain will leave the EU at the end of January 2020 and we have already made extensive preparations ahead of that, and have provided guidance for schools and councils to help them prepare."
They added: "We will respond to the ICO in the usual way."
By Eleanor Langford
Read the most recent article written by Matt Honeycombe-Foster - Home Office ditches controversial video claiming 'activist lawyers' are protecting asylum seekers after backlash
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New episode - Listen now
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Portuguese Journal of Behavioral and Social Research 2019 Vol. 7 (1): 41-51
Departamento de Investigação & Desenvolvimento • Instituto Superior Miguel Torga
ARTIGO ORIGINAL
Understanding the omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, and paleo dietary patterns: How they differ in disordered eating indicators
Compreendendo diferentes padrões alimentares — Omnívoro, vegetariano, vegano e paleo: Diferenças em indicadores de perturbação alimentar
Maria Coimbra (1)
Cláudia Ferreira (1)
(1) Univ Coimbra, CINEICC – Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Portugal
Received: 08/03/2021; Reviewed: 06/04/2021; Accepted: 03/05/2021.
https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2021.7.1.205
Background and Objective : Disordered eating behaviours are a spectrum of maladaptive eating behaviours that affect a substantial proportion of today's society, having been studied regarding their relationship with different dietary patterns. The present study aimed to better characterise the omnivore, vegan, vegetarian and palaeolithic (paleo) dietary patterns and explore dietary pattern's differences regarding disordered eating indicators, sociodemographic data, the motive of choice of dietary pattern and perception of health value. Method: All data were collected online, comprising a sample of 447 [omnivores (n = 281), vegetarians (n = 61), vegans (n = 50) and paleo (n = 55)] women from the general Portuguese population. Results: Results revealed that the dietary patterns differed regarding motive of choice (omnivores: "Family habit"; vegetarians and vegans: "Ethical/Moral"; paleo: "Weight/Shape control") and on the self-assessed health value of their dietary pattern, with the vegan and paleo diets reporting the highest values. Finally, the groups differed significantly regarding disordered eating, binge eating, and orthorexic behaviours, with the paleo group generally presenting the highest values. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of exploring the individual's dietary pattern, including motive of choice, in the field of eating psychopathology, with an emphasis on the paleo diet as a risk factor. This means that prevention and intervention clinical guidelines should be developed for individuals with this dietary pattern.
Keywords : Dietary pattern; Disordered eating behaviours; Binge eating behaviours; Orthorexic behaviours; Paleo diet; Descriptive cross-sectional study.
Contexto e Objetivo: Comportamentos alimentares perturbados são um espectro de comportamentos alimentares inadequados que afetam uma proporção substancial da sociedade atual, tendo sido estudados quanto à sua relação com diferentes padrões alimentares. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar melhor os padrões alimentares omnívoro, vegano, vegetariano e paleolítico (paleo), explorando as diferenças entre estes padrões alimentares relativamente aos indicadores de perturbação alimentar, dados sociodemográficos, motivo de escolha de padrão alimentar e perceção de nível de saúde. Métodos: Todos os dados foram recolhidos online, compreendendo uma amostra de 447 [onívoros (n = 281), vegetarianos (n = 61), veganos (n = 50) e paleo (n = 55)] mulheres da população geral portuguesa. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que os padrões alimentares diferiram quanto ao motivo de escolha (omnívoros: "Hábito familiar"; vegetarianos e veganos: "Ético / Moral"; paleo: "Controle de peso / forma") e quanto ao nível de saúde autoavaliado do seu padrão alimentar, com as dietas vegana e paleo revelando os valores mais elevados. Por fim, os grupos diferiram significativamente em relação aos comportamentos alimentares perturbados, de compulsão alimentar e ortoréticos, com o grupo paleo apresentando os valores mais elevados, na generalidade. Conclusões: Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar o padrão alimentar do indivíduo, incluindo o motivo de escolha, no campo da psicopatologia alimentar, colocando ênfase na dieta paleo enquanto fator de risco. Isso significa que diretrizes clínicas de prevenção e intervenção devem ser desenvolvidas para indivíduos com este padrão alimentar.
Palavras-Chave : Padrão alimentar; Comportamentos alimentares perturbados; Comportamentos de compulsão alimentar; Comportamentos ortoréticos; Dieta Paleo; Estudo transversal descritivo.
In the last few years, the adherence to different dietary patterns has been rising, and though research around these dietary patterns and their role in the field of eating-related psychology is still young, there has been a recent focus around it ( Cramer et al. 2017; Paslakis et al., 2020).
The main dietary patterns discussed and subject of investigation are omnivore, vegetarian, and vegan. Overall, the main difference between these three dietary patterns is the consumption of meat and animal products. The omnivore diet is associated with the inclusion of meat and animal products, while the vegan diet is characterised by the complete avoidance of meat and animal products (Heiss et al., 2017a; Paslakis et al., 2020). The vegetarian diet is harder to characterised: while full vegetarians avoid meat and fish completely, there are different types of vegetarian diets, such as pescetarians (inclusion of fish) and ovo-vegetarians (inclusion of eggs) (Heiss et al., 2017a; Timko et al., 2012). Previous research has questioned if different dietary patterns might be associated with more vulnerability for disordered eating behaviours (Brytek-Matera, 2020;Collins & Quinton, 2020; Timko et al., 2012).
Disordered eating behaviours (DEB) are a spectrum of maladaptive eating behaviours (such as binging, eating restraint, purging, and excessive use of laxatives) that affect a substantial percentage of western society's population (Gauvin et al., 2009; Mitchison et al., 2012). While eating disorders have a prevalence of 0.9% to 3.5% in women from western societies (Hudson et al., 2007), DEB have been reported to have a much higher prevalence in women (Ortega-Luyando et al., 2015). Several studies have explored the relationship between meat-avoiding diets (such as vegetarian and vegan) with DEB, but results are inconsistent. Some studies have found higher levels of DEB in meat-avoiding diets when compared with the omnivore diet, with some even suggesting that vegetarian and vegan individuals may adopt such diets in order to "disguise" and justify certain behaviours, serious DEB or even eating disorders ( Heiss et al., 2017a; Robinson-O'Brien et al., 2009; Timko et al., 2012). On the contrary, other studies have reported no significant differences between omnivores and meat-avoiding diets in their relationship with DEB ( Fisak et al., 2006; Forestell et al., 2012; Heiss et al., 2017b). Likewise, meat-avoiding dietary patterns have been studied in regards to their relationship with orthorexic behaviours. Results have also been inconsistent, with some studies reporting a non-significant relationship and some studies finding significant results, when compared to omnivore diets (Çiçekoğlu & Tunçay, 2018;Ferreira & Coimbra, 2020; McComb & Mills, 2018).
Recently, the paleo diet (or palaeolithic diet) has become more popular, with some studies exploring its nutritional and health value as well as associated psychological characteristics or difficulties ( Ferreira & Coimbra, 2020;Klonoff, 2009; Norwood et al., 2019; Pitt, 2006 ). Despite this, literature concerning paleo's relationship with eating-related difficulties and DEB is still scarce. This diet is often referred to as the caveman diet since it consists of the sole consumption of foods that existed prior to the development of agriculture, excluding (or minimally consuming) grains, cereals, legumes, dairy products, and all processed foods (de la O et al., 2020; Klonoff, 2009). Contrary to the previously mentioned dietary patterns, the paleo diet is often used as a weight-loss strategy, gaining recognition for its low caloric intake (Obert et al., 2017). This raises the question if the paleo diet is a dietary lifestyle pattern or a weight loss strategy. In contrast, some studies have reported that vegan and vegetarian diets have as a central core the individuals' values and personal beliefs (Ruby, 2012). This indicates that the motive of choice for the individual's diet should be considered when assessing dietary patterns.
So, there is clearly a great need to further explore different dietary patterns – omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, and paleo – and disordered eating behaviours (such as eating restraint, binge eating behaviours, and orthorexic behaviours). At the same time, it is important to better characterise these dietary patterns, specifically on the motive of choice and self-assessed health value, which can play a role in the way they experience their diet and eating behaviour.
We hypothesise that (a) the dietary patterns will differ on their motive of choice, with individuals who identify with the paleo diet using it mainly as a strategy for weight or shape control, (b) there will be significant differences in the self-assessed health value between dietary patterns, with the meat-avoiding diets presenting the highest values, and (c) meat-avoiding diets and the paleo diet will present higher levels of DEB when compared with the omnivore dietary pattern.
The initial sample was composed of 560 participants from the general Portuguese population, with ages ranging from 15 to 70 years old. After exclusion criteria were applied (excluding (a) male participants, (b) participants younger than 18 years old or older than 65 years old, (c) participants who did not identify with omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, or paleo dietary pattern and (d) participants who selected "Other" for their dietary pattern motive of choice), 20.18% of the initial sample was excluded.
Therefore, the present study comprised a sample of 447 female participants, with an age range of 18 to 65 years old, from the general Portuguese population. The sample was divided into four groups according to the individual's dietary pattern, omnivores (n = 281), vegetarians (n = 61), vegans (n = 50) and paleo (n = 55).
The omnivore group had an age mean of 33.45 (SD = 11.81) and a mean of 14.58 (SD = 5.54) years of education. Concerning the area of residence, 52.3% of this group resided in an urban area, 22.8% lived in a semi-urban area, and 24.9% in a rural area. The BMI mean was 24.26 (SD = 4.54), representing a normal BMI according to World Health Organization ([WHO], 2011).
The vegetarian group had an age mean of 31.31 (SD = 11.34) and 14.90 (SD = 2.63) years of education. Sixty-five point six per cent of this group lived in an urban area, 27.9% in a semi-urban area, and 6.5% in a rural area. This group also presented a normal BMI (M = 24.05; SD = 4.99; WHO, 2011).
For the vegan group, the age mean was 30.36 (SD = 8.89), and this group had a mean of 14.94 (SD = 2.14) years of education. In an urban area resided 60% of this group, 24% in a semi-urban area, and 16% in a rural area. The BMI average was 21.25 (SD = 3.29), corresponding to a normal BMI (WHO, 2011).
Finally, the paleo group had an age mean of 41.42 (SD = 8.24) and a mean of 13.80 (SD = 3.02) years of education. Regarding the area of residence, 54.5% of this group lived in an urban area, 18.2% in a semi-rural area, and 27.3% in a rural area. The BMI for this sample corresponded to the pre-obesity category (M = 25.85; SD = 4.50), according to WHO (2011).
This paper is part of a wider research centred around the role of different dietary patterns on eating behaviour. The investigation and data collection respected all ethical and deontological requirements inherent to scientific research in psychology and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra. The participants were invited to participate in the study through different online social networks and were informed of the study's voluntary and confidential characteristics before answering the survey and signing an informed consent. The full survey took 15-20 minutes to complete. The study had no missing data since all questions were of mandatory answer.
Participants were asked to report their demographic information (sex, age, years of education, and area of residence).
Data Concerning Dietary Patterns
Participants were asked to choose which dietary pattern they identified with: omnivore, vegan, vegetarian, paleo, or other. Additionally, participants were asked to select their motive of choice for the adoption of their dietary pattern, with the options being: Ethical/Moral; Family habit; Weight/Shape control; Medical/Sports indication; Other. Participants also answered the question "How healthy do you believe your dietary pattern is?", ranked from 1 "Very unhealthy" to 5 "Very healthy".
BMI was calculated by dividing the self-reported weight by the height squared (kg/m2).
Binge Eating Scale (BES)
BES (Duarte et al., 2015; Gormally et al., 1982) is a self-report measure that assesses behavioural, cognitive, and emotional features of binge eating. BES includes 16 items, each with three or four statement options, coded from zero to two or three, with higher values indicating higher severity of binge eating. This measure presents good psychometric properties, with a Cronbach's alpha of .85 in the original study, a Cronbach's alpha of .88 in the Portuguese version, and .90 in the current one.
Düsseldorf Orthorexie Scale (DOS)
DOS (Barthels et al., 2015; Ferreira & Coimbra, 2020) is a self-report measure that assesses orthorexic behaviours. The scale has ten items, measured according to a four-point Likert scale (from 1 = "never" to 4 = "always"). Higher total scores represent higher levels of orthorexia. This scale has presented good psychometric properties in the original study and in the Portuguese version (respectively Cronbach's α = .84; .86), and in the current study (Cronbach's α = .86).
Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)
EDE-Q (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994; Machado et al., 2014) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess disordered eating attitudes and behaviours that occurred in the last 28 days. The scale includes 36 items, ranked by frequency or severity. EDE-Q has shown good psychometric properties in the original and the Portuguese version (with Cronbach's alpha of .97). In the present study, Cronbach's alpha was .95.
All data were analysed using SPSS software version 22 (Chicago, IL) with p values of < .05, indicating statistical significance.
Group differences regarding dietary pattern's motives of choice were examined through chi-square tests, and group differences regarding dietary pattern's health value and DEB indicators were conducted with ANOVA procedures, with post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test.
Sociodemographic Comparisons
Sociodemographic characteristics were explored and compared between the groups. The four groups presented significant differences in their demographic characteristics regarding age [F(3, 443) = 11.414 ; p < .001] and BMI [ F(3, 443) = 9.484; p < .001]. However, no significant differences were found regarding years of education [F(3, 443) = 0.819; p = .484] and area of residence [c 2(6) = 12.35; p = .055].
Dietary Pattern's Motives of Choice
Participants' dietary pattern's motives of choice are presented in Figure 1. In the omnivore group (n = 281) the most reported motive of choice was "Family habit", for the paleo group (n = 55) the most reported motive of choice was "To control weight/shape", and for the vegetarian (n = 61) and vegan group (n = 50) the most reported motive of choice was "Ethical/Moral". The groups presented significant differences between them [c2(9) = 290.56; p < .001].
Dietary Pattern's Motives of Choice Distribution
Dietary Pattern Self-Assessed Health Value
Participants answered the question "How healthy do you believe your dietary pattern is?" as shown in Figure 2. The paleo group presented the highest reported value, and the omnivore group reported the lowest value. The groups presented significant differences between them regarding the reported health value of their dietary pattern [F (3, 443) = 44.09, p < .001]. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the omnivore group (M = 3.39, SD = 0.75) differed from all other groups, the vegetarian group (M = 3.80,SD = 0.81) also differed from all other groups, while the vegan (M = 4.30, SD = 0.54) and paleo (M = 4.36, SD = 0.62) groups only differed from the omnivore and vegetarian groups.
Means and Standard Deviations of Self-assessed Health Value by Dietary Pattern
Differences Between Dietary Patterns Regarding Disordered Eating Behaviour Indicators
Dietary pattern group differences for DEB (EDE-Q, BES, and DOS-P) were explored. Results revealed statistically significant differences regarding EDE-Q, BES, and DOS-P.
Comparisons of Disordered Eating Behaviour Indicators by Dietary Pattern
(O; n = 281)
(Vt; n = 61)
(V; n = 50)
(P; n = 55)
F; df
Post-Hoc
EDE-Q
4.81; 3
V, O < P
V < P, Vt
DOS-P
20.45; 3
< .001
O < Vt, V, P
Note . N = 447. EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; BES = Binge Eating Scale; DOS-P = Dusseldorf Orthorexie Scale – Portuguese version.
Eating behaviour-related research has explored the role that different dietary patterns might have in disordered eating (Cramer et al. 2017; Paslakis et al., 2020). Recent studies have attempted to include other dietary patterns that are becoming more prevalent in Western societies, as is the case of the paleo diet ( Ferreira & Coimbra, 2020 ; Klonoff, 2009; Norwood et al., 2019). Therefore, this research has focused on the comparisons and differences between meat-avoiding diets (such as vegan and vegetarian), the omnivore diet, and the paleo diet.
The present study aimed at exploring the group differences between dietary patterns (omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, and paleo) in regards to disordered eating indicators, such as disordered eating (EDE-Q), binge eating (BES) and orthorexic behaviours (DOS-P), while also exploring the self-characterisation of the individuals adopting these dietary patterns, including the motive of choice and perception of health value.
The four groups presented significant differences regarding their age and BMI, with the paleo group presenting the highest values for both sociodemographic characteristics and the vegan group the lowest. These results may be directly related, with higher age possibly explaining higher BMI. However, the higher BMI in the paleo group, placing it in the pre-obesity range, may also be related to the motive of choice this group mainly presents for the adoption of their diet.
Dietary pattern's motives of choice were explored, with results finding that the omnivore group is the most heterogeneous group, with the most common motive being Family habit (43.8%). The present study's results also clarify that the vegetarian and vegan groups mainly adopt such diets for Ethical/Moral reasons, which aligns with research that associates these dietary patterns' adoption with personal beliefs and values (Ruby, 2012). On the other hand, 80% of the paleo group admits to adopting this diet to Control weight/shape, which aligns with research that has studied the paleo diet as a weight-loss strategy (Obert et al., 2017). These results confirm our first hypothesis and shed light on the staggering differences between the motive of choice behind the adoption of these dietary patterns.
To further understand how individuals self-assess their diets' health value, participants ranked how healthy they believed their diet to be. Significant differences were found between the four groups, with the omnivore group reporting the lowest value and the vegan and paleo group the highest. Thus, our initial hypothesis was not confirmed since the meat-avoiding diets (vegetarian and vegan) did not both present the highest values, but the vegan and paleo diet did. It is interesting to see that the only group that does not present a normal BMI but instead places in the pre-obesity range, and also acknowledges the adoption of this dietary pattern as a weight/shape control strategy, considers their diet to have the highest health value.
The main aim of the current study was to explore how the dietary patterns differ in DEB, and results revealed significant differences. Regarding disordered eating (assessed by EDE-Q), the paleo group presented significantly higher values than the vegan and omnivore group. It is interesting to note that, like several previous studies (Forestell et al., 2012;Heiss et al., 2017b) but unlike others (Heiss et al., 2017a; Timko et al., 2012), the omnivore group and the meat-avoiding groups (vegan and vegetarian) did not present significant differences in disordered eating. However, when it comes to binge eating behaviours, the vegetarian and paleo group presented significantly higher values when compared with the vegan group. This result suggests that even though the vegetarian and vegan groups are often studied in the same category (meat-avoiding diets), they present significant differences, particularly in binge eating behaviours, and should be considered two distinct groups and patterns. Finally, concerning orthorexic behaviours, all groups presented significantly higher values when compared with the omnivore group, which adds to the existing inconsistent results on the matter (McComb & Mills, 2018). Overall, our hypothesis was confirmed, with the omnivore diet always placing in the lower range when compared with the other groups.
When reflecting on the broader view of these results, the paleo group raises great concerns and presents itself as a completely different dietary pattern (higher BMI, mainly used for weight/shape control, significantly higher values in DEB indicators), which might indicate that this group presents greater vulnerability for the development of eating disorders and other related difficulties. Additionally, the previously mentioned findings suggest that the motive of choice behind the adoption of different dietary patterns may impact the way the individual experiences it, particularly when this motive is Weight/shape control.
Some limitations have to be considered. Firstly, this is an exploratory study, from which it is not possible to draw causal conclusions. However, this study seems to provide interesting and innovative data that could help guide future research in this field. Though DEB have been reported to have a much greater prevalence in women, future studies should include men in their overall samples, making it a better representation of the total Portuguese population. The study sample collection was fully conducted online, which may be associated with certain biases. Moreover, all measures were self-reported, so future studies should include different methodology, for example, clinical interviews.
Concluding, the present study confirms the importance of exploring eating-related behaviours by dietary group and opens the door for future studies to consider the individual's motive of choice for the adoption of different dietary patterns and the prevention of the development of eating disorders. Moreover, it suggests that the paleo group may represent a particularly vulnerable group for the development of eating-related difficulties. This highlights the importance of future research on this matter, as well as on the development of specific clinical support guidelines for individuals with this dietary pattern, both in cases of prevention and intervention.
Ethical approval | Aprovação Ética : This study was approved by the Ethical Board of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra. All participants included signed an informed consent. | Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Ética da Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra. Todos os participantes assinaram um consentimento informado.
Conflict of interest | Conflito de interesses : The authors declare no conflict of interest. | Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.
Funding sources | Fontes de financiamento : This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. | Esta investigação não recebeu qualquer subvenção específica de agências de financiamento nos sectores público, comercial, ou sem fins lucrativos.
Availability of data and material : The data collected and used in the present paper may be available upon request. The data is not available since it is still being used as part of a wider research regarding Orthorexia Nervosa. | Os dados recolhidos e utilizados no presente artigo poderão ser disponibilizados mediante pedido. Os dados não estão disponíveis uma vez que ainda estão a ser utilizados como parte de uma investigação mais ampla sobre a Ortorexia Nervosa.
Contributes: MC : Literature review; Data collection, input, and processing; Manuscript writing. CF: Data collection; Contribution in writing the manuscript; Revision of the final draft of the manuscript. | MC: Revisão da literatura; Recolha, entrada e processamento de dados; Redação do manuscrito. CF: Recolha de dados; Contribuição na redação do manuscrito; Revisão da versão final do manuscrito.
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Çiçekoğlu, P., & Tunçay, G. Y. (2018). A comparison of eating attitudes between vegans/vegetarians and nonvegans/nonvegetarians in terms of orthorexia nervosa. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32 (2), 200–205. https://doi.org/gdct4r
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Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Ferreira, C. (2015). Expanding binge eating assessment: Validity and screening value of the Binge Eating Scale in women from the general population. Eating Behaviors, 18, 41–47. https://doi.org/f7jpxd
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Ferreira, C., & Coimbra, M. (2020). To further understand orthorexia nervosa: DOS validity for the Portuguese population and its relationship with psychological indicators, sex, BMI and dietary pattern. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/gbxx
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Heiss, S., Hormes, J. M., & Timko, C. A. (2017b). Vegetarianism and Eating Disorders. Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention, 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00004-6
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Norwood, R., Cruwys, T., Chachay, V. S., & Sheffield, J. (2019). The psychological characteristics of people consuming vegetarian, vegan, paleo, gluten free and weight loss dietary patterns. Obesity Science & Practice, 5(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/gbx5
Obert, J., Pearlman, M., Obert, L., & Chapin, S. (2017). Popular weight loss strategies: A review of four weight loss techniques.Current Gastroenterology Reports, 19, Article 61. https://doi.org/ggkf9t
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Robinson-O'Brien, R., Perry, C. L., Wall, M. M., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2009). Adolescent and young adult vegetarianism: Better dietary intake and weight outcomes but increased risk of disordered eating behaviors. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(4), 648–655. https://doi.org/fqvgpn
Ruby, M. B. (2012). Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite, 58(1), 141–150. https://doi.org/dtbfzk
Timko, C. A., Hormes, J. M., & Chubski, J. (2012). Will the real vegetarian please stand up? An investigation of dietary restraint and eating disorder symptoms in vegetarians versus non-vegetarians. Appetite, 58(3), 982–990. https://doi.org/f3w3fj
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Home » Is There a 'Hidden' Curriculum at Teaching Hospitals?
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Is There a 'Hidden' Curriculum at Teaching Hospitals?
New Dartmouth Atlas report gives residents something else to consider when selecting a place to train.
Matthew Weinstock
As health care becomes increasingly transparent, and the calls to improve care delivery grow louder by the day, more and more groups will find new and different ways to slice and dice hospital data. Even those who have been doing it for eons will find new stories to tell.
Consider the latest entry from the Dartmouth Atlas Project. Early this morning, Dartmouth researchers released a report that attempts to shine a light on what they call the "hidden training curriculum" at some of the nation's most elite and highly-regarded academic medical centers (don't think of "hidden" in dubious terms though; the researchers aren't accusing these teaching hospitals of some nefarious plot…read on).
As you know, the Dartmouth Atlas Project has for nearly two decades been studying and publicizing the problem of variation that exists within the delivery system. This morning's report, "What Kind of Physician Will You Be? Variation in Health Care and Its Importance for Residency Training," not only delves into the variation between 23 different teaching hospitals, but attempts to link that to the training of doctors-to-be.
The report, researchers said during a press call yesterday, is an effort to show med students, and current residents, that how they are taught to care for patients is as important as where and what they are taught. Based on various Medicare data stretching from 2008 to 2010, the report identified significant swings in the "intensity of care" provided at the end-of-life, surgical procedure rates, patient experience and safety and quality.
For instance, the lead researchers — one a med student, the other a resident — found that nearly 70 percent of chronically ill patients at NYU Langone Medical Center saw 10 or more different physicians during the last six months of life. Compare that to Scott & White Memorial Hospital in Texas, where 43 percent of patients saw 10 or more docs. This suggests that residents at Scott & White are more likely to develop the skills needed to manage patients with complex chronic conditions, rather than referring them to a specialist, said report co-author Alicia True, a first-year student at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth.
Or this example: "Knee replacements are performed in Salt Lake City at a rate that is more than two times that in Manhattan." This led researchers to make the following assumption: "An orthopedic resident trained in Salt Lake City is likely to learn a treatment style for osteoarthritis of the knee where surgery is more probable than a resident in New York City, who more readily prescribe physical therapy or analgesics."
During the press call, True and her co-reseacher, Anita Arora, M.D., a resident at Yale School of Medicine and recent Dartmouth graduate, acknowledged that they didn't interview residents or medical center officials to assess how or what the residents are actually taught.
"I really only know the training that I am getting," Arora said. "It is difficult for me to understand what it would be like to train at another institution, but the data shows that there is variation."
Joanne Conroy, M.D., chief health care officer at the Association of American Medical Colleges, says that the report and data don't pick up on some key things, like the culture within the institution or market dynamics. For instance, there could be other factors leading to the high number of knee surgeries in Salt Lake City, not the least of which are those giant hills that people ski down. Or, she said, consider Cedars-Sinai, which has one of the most highly regarded palliative care programs in the country, but scores low in the Dartmouth report for the number of patients in hospice.
Importantly, Conroy told me during an interview, the report does highlight the need for greater attention to having open dialogue with patients. "That is the enduring lesson from this," she said. That and creating an environment of team-based care.
"The strength of integrated health care involved with medical education is that it provides the daily mentoring of how patient-centered care works best," said Jim Rohack, M.D., director of the Center for Healthcare Policy at Scott & White Healthcare and immediate past president of the AMA. Sharing medical records, improving communication between physicians, discussing cases, creating a true team environment, he said, will help avoid duplication and unnecessary expenses.
Both of those ideas — patient-centered and team-based care — were things that True and Arora reiterated time and time again on the press call.
"If I train in residency and I get use to having conversations on the patient's goals and desires, if I am good at those discussions, I will carry that forward and that will stick with me," Arora said.
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Earlier this year, nine medical specialty societies issued a list of 45 tests and procedures that their members concluded are not indicated in all of the situations in which they are used. It was the latest salvo in a long battle over whether much of the care provided to patients is effective and advisable. But this is a complex picture, replete with issues of physician judgment, medical education, patient preference and the threat of malpractice litigation. Is there a way through these woods?
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Generational and demographic change is picking up among health care professionals. Administrators, clinicians and even patients are having to adjust.
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Hurricane Alex Weakens to Tropical Storm
Hurricane Alex weakened to a tropical storm Thursday as it moved further inland over northeastern Mexico, dumping heavy rains that flooded cities but sparing U.S. oil facilities near its path.
Rain from the first named storm of the 2010 Atlantic season flooded about 80 percent of the port city of Matamoros, sent uprooted trees crashing down on parked cars and forced thousands to flee low-lying fishing villages. Inland in the industrial city of Monterrey, at least two people were killed by Alex's rains, which washed away cars, bridges and some houses and turned dry desert beds into turbulent rivers.
"The damage is enormous, a river burst its banks and we have people trapped on the roofs of their houses," said mayor Martin Zamarripa of the town of Hualahuises outside Monterrey.
Alex made landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on the Tamaulipas coast around 9 p.m. Wednesday . U.S. oil installations have not been hit by the storm, which formed near the Yucatan peninsula Saturday, but some companies cut back production and evacuated staff.
As of Wednesday, oil companies had shut down production of more than 421,000 barrels per day, about a quarter of the Gulf's output, as a precaution.
They have also shut 919 million cubic feet per day of gas output, some 14 percent of the Gulf's total.
BP Plc said Thursday its Gulf oil and gas output was back to normal, although the passage of Alex slowed oil clean-up and containment efforts at its leaking deep-sea well off the Louisiana coast.
The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, the nation's only deepwater oil supertanker unloading terminal, hopes to resume operations by late Thursday, a spokeswoman said.
Alex, which is expected to dissipate over Mexico's central mountain ranges over night, had maximum sustained winds of 50 mph and was located about 150 miles east of Zacatecas in central Mexico.
Across the border in Brownsville, Texas, at least three tornadoes swept through the area, tossing over tractor-trailers although no major damage was reported. "Isolated tornadoes are possible over portions of extreme southern Texas today," the U.S. National Hurricane Center said. Alex was the first and strongest Category 2 hurricane to occur in June since 1966.
Mexican marines evacuated thousands of people from fishing communities along the Gulf coast and into shelters, but some refused to leave their homes even as water ran in under doors.
However, local authorities will remain on high alert in case of rainfall as high as 20 inches. Alex killed a dozen people in Central America over the weekend.
(Additional reporting by Cyntia Barrera Diaz in Mexico City and Robin Emmott in Monterrey, editing by Jackie Frank)
Climate Disasters Forcing Insurers to Rethink Low Premiums, Few Claims Model
Violent Protest in Downtown Atlanta over Killing of Activist
Categories: National NewsTopics: Tornado
New York Prosecutors Allege Workers' Comp Premium Fraud in Two Schemes Worth $10M


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Anthony Muñoz
11 consecutive All-Pro selections
11 straight Pro Bowls
Player Menu Toggle
Career Capsule
Enshrinement speech
Anthony MuñozCareer Highlights
consecutive All-Pro selections
straight Pro Bowls
"One thing we always worked on…was dominating our opponents. We called it finishing our blocks. We were taught to finish off our man until we heard the whistle."
Read Anthony Muñoz's Bio
Class of 1998Enshrinement speech
(Southern California)...6'6'', 278...Michael Anthony Muñoz. . .Bengals' first-round draft pick, third player overall, 1980 draft. . .All-Pro 11 consecutive years, 1981-1991. . . Elected to 11 straight Pro Bowls. . . Great agility, exceptional straight-on blocker. . . Caught seven passes and scored four touchdowns on tackle-eligible plays. . .NFL Offensive Lineman of the Year 1981, 1987, 1988. . . Selected to NFL's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, 1994. . .Started at tackle in Super Bowls XVI, XXIII. . .Born August 19, 1958, in Ontario, California.
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Anthony Muñoz Cincinnati Bengals
Anthony Muñoz, a 6-6, 278-pound offensive tackle, was the first-round pick of the Cincinnati Bengals and the third player selected overall in the 1980 NFL Draft. Some considered the pick a risk because of multiple knee injuries and the fact that he played only one full game his senior year at the University of Southern California. But as the two-time All-America lineman (1978-1979) proved, the concerns were unnecessary.
An exceptional straight-on blocker, Muñoz was agile, quick, and strong. He had great foot quickness and agility necessary to block quick defensive ends. Considered by many to be the premier tackle during his 13-seasons of play, he started 164 of 168 games from 1980-1990.
An all-around athlete, he even caught seven passes and scored four touchdowns on tackle eligible plays. His stalwart play was the key to the success that propelled Cincinnati to three AFC Central Division titles and two AFC championships (1981 and 1988).
The recipient of virtually every possible honor, Anthony was elected to 11 consecutive Pro Bowls and was named All-Pro 11 straight times from 1981 through 1991. He was named the NFL Offensive Lineman of the Year in 1981, 1987, and 1988 and the NFL Players Association Lineman of the Year in 1981, 1985, 1988, and 1989.
Always in top-notch condition, Muñoz missed only three games due to injury. His rigorous workout routine included working out in the weight room he had installed in his home and running three to four miles every day. He set high personal standards and worked tirelessly to achieve them.
Born August 19, 1958, in Ontario, California, Muñoz was too big to play Pop Warner football as a youth. Instead, he concentrated on becoming an excellent baseball player. Eventually, as a college sophomore, he pitched for USC's national championship team in 1978. By then, however, it was clear that his size and his talents were more suited for football.
Anthony Muñoz's Stats
1980 Cincinnati
Additional Career Statistics: Receiving: 7-18, 4 TD
Anthony Muñoz's Championship Games
1981 AFC – Cincinnati Bengals 27, San Diego Chargers 7
Muñoz started at offensive left tackle for the Bengals.
1988 AFC – Cincinnati Bengals 21, Buffalo Bills 10
Super Bowl XVI – San Francisco 49ers 26, Cincinnati Bengals 21
Super Bowl XXIII – San Francisco 49ers 20, Cincinnati Bengals 16
Anthony Muñoz's Career Highlights
All-Pro: 1981 (AP, PFWA, NEA, SN, PW), 1982 (AP, PFWA, NEA, PW), 1983 (AP, PFWA), 1984 (NEA, SN), 1985 (AP, PFWA, NEA, SN), 1986 (AP, PFWA, NEA, SN, PW), 1987 (AP, PFWA, PW), 1988 (AP, PFWA, NEA, SN, PW), 1989 (AP, PFWA, NEA, SN, PW), 1990 (AP, PFWA, NEA, PW), 1991 (SN)
All-Pro Second Team: 1984 (AP), 1991 (AP)
All-AFC: 1981 (UPI, PW), 1982 (UPI), 1983 (UPI), 1984 (UPI, PW), 1985 (UPI), 1986 (UPI, PW), 1987 (UPI, PW), 1988 (UPI, PW), 1989 (UPI, PW), 1990 (UPI, PW)
Pro Bowls
(11) – 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988*, 1989, 1990, 1991*, 1992
* Did not play
• All-NFL Team of the 1980s
• NFL's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, 1994
• All-Time NFL Team (chosen in 2000 by the Hall of Fame Selection Committee)
Year-by-Year Team Records
Year Team W L T Division Finish
1980 Cincinnati Bengals 6 10 0 (4th)
1981 Cincinnati Bengals 12 4 0 (1st)
1982 Cincinnati Bengals 7 2 0 (3rd*)
1983 Cincinnati Bengals 7 9 0 (3rd)
1984 Cincinnati Bengals 8 8 0 (2nd)
1986 Cincinnati Bengals 10 6 0 (2nd)
1989 Cincinnati Bengals 8 8 0 (4th)
1990 Cincinnati Bengals 9 7 0 (1st)
* AFC regular season finish in strike-shortened season.
Anthony Muñoz's Career Capsule
Full Name: Michael Anthony Muñoz
Birthdate: August 19, 1958
Birthplace: Ontario, California
High School: Chaffey (Ontario, CA)
Elected to Pro Football Hall of Fame: January 24, 1998
Enshrined into Pro Football Hall of Fame: August 1, 1998
Presenter: Michael Muñoz, Anthony's son
Other Members of Class of 1998: Paul Krause, Tommy McDonald, Mike Singletary, Dwight Stephenson
Pro Career: 13 Seasons, 185 games
Drafted: 1st round (3rd player overall) in 1980 by Cincinnati Bengals
Uniform Number: 78
Anthony Muñoz Enshrinement speech
Michael Muñoz:
Thank you. I know that you expect me to introduce to you another great football player. And in a way I am. I'm not going to focus on the fact that he was the number one draft pick of the Cincinnati Bengals in 1980. Despite the fact that he suffered three knee injuries out of four years including his senior season at USC. I'm not going to focus on him being the first player ever selected to eleven consecutive Pro Bowls. Or his unanimous selection to the team of decade. Or even the NFL 75th Anniversary team.
Instead, I'm going to use this time to say thanks to my dad for what he has meant in my life. Dad, thank you for always being there. By coming home when you could have gone out with the guys. Or by not taking jobs so you could watch me and Michelle play basketball and football. Thank you for taking us with you whenever and wherever you could. I never remember watching you play but I always remember being there. I remember going to Spinney Field, I remember going to Pro Bowls, trying to catch Reggie Roby's mile-high punts. Getting Bruce Smith's shoe autographed and getting Howie Long's practice jersey. I thank you for keeping us in your heart when you're away on the road. By bringing us gifts or calling us on the phone to let us know that you love us. Thanks for always being there.
And thank you for always being consistent, in your work ethic. I remember Michelle and I would go to Sycamore High School. And you'd be running and you would run and run and run. And me and Michelle would say 'are you done yet?' And he would start his sprints. And thank you for being consistent in your walk with the lord. You've always been consistent in leading our daily prayers. No matter what happens, good or bad, easy or hard, I've seen you trust God and be consistent in what you say and what you do. Thank you for always being there, always being consistent but most of all thank you for always being a real person. You've been my model. I've learned to say 'I'm sorry, I was wrong' from you being big enough to admit your mistakes. You have modeled humility. I have learned to respect women because of the how you have loved and respected Mom.
You've also been my mentor. You've taught me technique, strategy, moves and drills. You've taught me how to let my actions speak louder than my words. And to make people more important than things. And finally you've shown me how to be a man. Recently, in Ontario, California where you grew up, his former classmates and friends all had the same basic thing to say about him. Everybody knew who the big man on campus was. Except for one person and that was him. Humility has always been a hallmark for your life. You have showed me strength under control and how to be tough while still being tender. You are a real man.
Ladies and gentleman, I'd like to introduce to you a great football player, a great friend, a great father and a great husband. He is a man who stands tall among men because he is a man who walks with God. He is a man of God. I introduce to you, my father Anthony Muñoz. (applause).
Anthony Muñoz:
Thank you. These past few days we've been celebrating as a family. Yesterday we had an opportunity to celebrate a miracle and a gift that happened 17 years ago. Seventeen years ago, I remember going into a team meeting right about seven o'clock, my second year in the NFL. My wife was due with our first child. I got a knock on the team meeting room door and there I flew down highway 71 to be at the hospital for our first child, Michael Muñoz was born. And I'm thankful. And Michael, it is an honor to have you introduce me today. Thank you very much.
Also 19 months after Michael was born, we were blessed with a daughter. There is another very special gift. I'd like to introduce our daughter, Michelle. Stand up. (applause). And also my best friend for the last twenty years, my wife DeDe (applause). Someone who could not be here that saddens me very much is my mother, Esther Muñoz who had an accident several weeks ago, broke her hip, was in the hospital. And Mom, I miss you.
Back in 1980, I was offered an opportunity. An opportunity by the late Paul Brown. I was offered an opportunity by Paul Brown and his son, Mike Brown who is her today. Mike's brother, Paul's son, Pete Brown. The Brown family – they offered me an opportunity as they drafted me with the number three pick in the NFL. An opportunity to play in the NFL. As they sent Forrest Gregg out to Los Angeles – right here (Anthony points to the tent at the side of the stage where Gregg sat with other members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame). After going through those three knee operations in four years at USC, they sent Forrest Gregg out to work me out at USC to see if this guy was worthy of being picked. I won't go into details but I knew who Forrest was. I knew he was a Hall of Fame tackle. He was putting me through a workout. So, I needed to show him that I was worthy for them to pick me. He put me through some drills and I moved along and all of sudden he decided to pass rush me. I wasn't sure how to react but I reacted like any offensive lineman would react. He made a move inside, made a move outside just as he made them, I stuck both hands right into his chest and jammed him to the ground. You better believe I was scared. I extended a hand, I apologized and he said, 'no problem' he smiled, he goes 'that's okay'. And Sam Wyche who coached me for eight years in the Cincinnati Bengals, also. They gave me an opportunity that I am so grateful for. When a lot of people did not give me a chance to go to an NFL camp. The Brown family and Bengal organization gave me that opportunity.
You know, a lot of times when we strive to get to the pinnacle of our profession, it's, it's like a triangle. You reach the pinnacle and you have a broad base of people – just like each and every one of you – that make that possible. Well, I had those people. Lots of people. And it started as a kid. But through my pro career, preparing me for my pro career, I go back to USC. They gave me an opportunity to attend the University of Southern California and play football there, coached by John Robinson. My offensive line coach Hutson Hauck who built that foundation as I was drafted in 1980 with the Cincinnati Bengals.
Not to mention when I was a six-year-old kid in Ontario, California. And as I would get on my bicycle and try play as many baseball games as possible during the summer. And we would go the Parks and Recreation, where Jim Semon would open up the shed to allow us to play. And that, as a six-year-old kid, Jim Semon would provide a baseball glove for us to play baseball. That was an opportunity that I had as a kid. Thank you, Jim.
It's opportunities like that that motivate me now as an adult to put in the energy and time in charitable causes in the community of Cincinnati to provide those opportunities for those that have a dream, that want to accomplish something. To give those people that God has created to make the most of the gift that he has given them. That's why I take the time because it's the people that have allowed me to reach the pinnacle of my career.
And also, I was offered instruction. Of course at the professional level. 1980 as a rookie, the Bengals had just hired an offensive line coach – about five-foot-nine, five-foot-ten, Jim McNally, who is not here today, is the offensive line coach at Carolina. And I believe his daughter Jenny is her to represent him. I'm not sure where she is but she is here. Jim McNally taught me a lot. Jim was the kind of guy, my first two off-seasons I lived in southern California and about 10 o'clock at night, he would call me. After viewing tapes all summer or all off-season, he would say, 'I found some new technique. Get down in your stance and I'll show you what to do.' So the first time he calls me, I have the phone in my ear and I get down in my stance and he says, 'now shift your weight to your left, shift it to the right.' Now I'm sitting there only have played one year in the NFL and I'm doing everything he says. And we're 2000 miles apart from each other. Well, I've told him this. The second time he calls and goes, 'I've got something else, get down in your stance.' So I'm laying on the bed and say, 'okay, I'm in my stance'. 'Shift to the left'. I said 'okay', I roll over and grab the pillow I say 'I feel it.' I thank Jim McNally for all those years, the 13 years I had him as my offensive line coach.
And in college, my college teammates who taught me what it meant to work and work hard. Guys like Brad Budde, who came from an NFL football family background and he got to USC and it looked like he had been lifting weights since kindergarten. He taught me what it meant to work extremely hard and prepare yourself for the upcoming season.
And it was people like my brother Joe, who's right here in front – Joe, stand up – and his wife Barbara. It was individuals like my brother Joe and my brother Tom, who is not here today, that taught me 'you just go out and play and let your playing do the talking. You don't have to say anything. Be competitive, be intense but let people see your humility.' And I appreciate them for those lessons that they taught me. That performance will speak louder than whatever you say. I was offered encouragement. I'll never forget the 13 years at Riverfront Stadium and the jungle that was established right there on the river down in Cincinnati. I appreciate all the encouragement from the fans – week in and week out – and even now after being out of the league for five years, as Cincinnati is our home and we go about town and a
lot of encouragement.
Also, the encouragement and the support as I look out and see guys that aren't your normal sized guys. Guys sitting out right in front of me that were part of Super Bowl XVI offensive line and Super Bowl XXIII offensive line. Guys, take a, take a stand right here. Guys that I played with, right here, offensive lineman, right here. The encouragement that they offered me throughout my career.
And not to mention the encouragement that my mother Esther gave me growing up as a kid. The lessons she taught me, work ethic encourage, and toughness and mental toughness as she battled through most of her life fighting arthritis and had both knees replaced. Those are the lessons that I'm thankful for, the encouragement that my mom gave. The opportunity she offered and the instruction she offered me as a kid. And one other gentleman that I would like to mention. As I was in advanced comp class in high school and I was not doing too well during the basketball season. And my assistant baseball coach, Mike Alonzo and pulled me aside and said – he knew that baseball was my first love in high school – he said, 'now, if you don't get this class going in the right direction, you won't be able to play baseball.' And Michael, I thank you for that encouragement in high school.
And as I mentioned earlier, my best friend for the last twenty years, my wife DeDe. I thank you for all the years of support, encouragement and love and standing by me through the good times and through the bad times. You just mean so much to me and I appreciate you. And I appreciate you every – more and more every day we're together. Thank you. I appreciate that.
As I wrap it up, I think about all the opportunity I was offered, the encouragement, the instruction I was offered. And it allowed me to do only one thing and that is offer my life, make my life an offering. See, because in my second year in the NFL, I knew I wasn't motivated by the money, I knew I wasn't motivated by the notoriety. And I sat in my hotel room the night before the season opener and there had to be more to playing in the NFL. And I realized as I looked through the scripture, that there is more than playing in the NFL. That I was to present my body as a living sacrifice and that was my way to worship God. And you talk about intensity and competitiveness, that's exciting. You see, and as I met the gentleman that sculpted this bust, Blair Buswell, and I sat there with him for two days, and he brought in all – just the details. And I look at God, at how God has sculpted this person and brought the details in with all the people I've mentioned and has allowed me to be the person I am. And that's what I'm thankful for.
And I'm thankful to the selection committee for this great, great honor – the privilege of being with all these other enshrinees. What a thrill for a kid out of Ontario, California to be sitting here in Canton, Ohio and saying thank you, thank you, thank you and God bless you. (applause).
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NFP2015 World Congress Report
Posted on July 6, 2015 byJennie Mooney
The NFP2015 World Congress was held in Milan in the Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca (University of Milano-Bicocca) from 11-14 June 2015. About 500 participants attended with representatives from all five continents, with Speakers from Belgium, Chile, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Macedonia, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, USA.
Digital Technology – Apps for use in NFP
There were two presentations on the use of Apps in natural family planning and fertility awareness, one by Lorenzo Siva from Italy and one by H. Wettstein, Lully, Switzerland.
Both speakers emphasised the importance of the use of Apps in NFP, as according to predictions there will be two billion smartphones worldwide in 2016 and methods have to adapt to modern technology. Mr Siva stated that there are many NFP and Fertility Awareness Apps available on the internet but most are of limited value and some of those less-useful Apps have been downloaded by a million viewers. Some apps aim to replace traditional teaching and methods, while others merely store data without interpreting it.
The title of Mr Wettstein's talk was, 'When Smartphones are used for birth regulation. A comparison study of 4 symptothermal apps in 2013 and 2014'. He named the following four Smartphone Apps which he reviewed:
mynfp.de (German) is in the German language
sympto.org (Swiss) is in English and is produced in Lully, Switzerland.
CycleProGo.com (Couple to Couple League, USA) is in English
whimsicallily.com (Lily Pro Produced by Whimsical Inc, California) is in English
Mr Wettstein considered that only two of these apps were useful for the symptothermal method of NFP, in that they were as good at identifying the fertile window as an experienced user of manual, sympto-thermal NFP would be. These are www.mynfp.de and www.sympto.org.
The extensive, technical review is available on the Swiss NFP website: – "SymptoTherm Foundation, Lully VD, Switzerland, sympto.org , November 2014. Symptothermal Contraception with Smartphone Apps. The comparison study of 2013 continued in 2014 Margaux DUCHAMP, Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute Lausanne, and Andreea LOTREA, University of Bucharest, Business School. Editorial: Harri WETTSTEIN, Secretary of, and Gina KRETSCHMANN, sympto Canada."
IEEF News
Under the title, 'European Network to verify the qualification of the NFP Trainers', the former President of the IEEF, Dr Michele Barbato who is an Obstetrician in Milan, spoke on the Education Policy of the IEEF which aims to verify the qualification levels of NFP Teachers in Europe.
He stated that in 1980, NFP was used by 20% of couples for fertility regulation and by 2004 the number of NFP users had decreased to 4%.
The IEEF Education program set up the San Benedetto Project in which "couples renew their understanding of natural family planning in light of the theology of the body and the theology of love." Their aim is to set up a Masters in Fertility in Conjugal Sexuality run by the John Paul II Institute, Catholic University of Sacre Coeur, IEEF and FAAF to offer NFP teachers a university degree and to provide the role of NFP teacher with a relevant academic standing.
The IEEF Education Program also set up the FEDRA Project. The IEEF appointed a a team from different European countries to develop and prepare NFP Teaching and Training packages and tools for teachers and families, which is known as the 'FEDRA Project'. This team commenced work in 2011 and at this 2015NFP Congress the first edition of their teaching materials was presented by Sigrun Ohme-Peters as outlined below.
FEDRA Project: Teaching Materials Now Available
Sigrun Ohme-Peters from Germany was the co-ordinator of the FEDRA Project. The FEDRA Project was started in 2011 the aim of which is to provide standard teaching materials, (Manual /Workbook) in 7 languages.
Sigrun presented the first printed edition of the IEEF Manual/ Workbook in English and German at the Congress, a work which had contributions from an international team chaired by Sigrun. She stated that the FEDRA Project is near completion, only the chapter on Anthropology was incomplete but that otherwise the Manual was complete. Further translations are planned.
The printed Manual, a textbook of 300 pages, outlines the scientific basis of natural family planning and is the same in all languages.
The Workbook covers the Method of NFP used and this will vary depending on the NFP Method used in that particular Country. The Workbook has Teaching charts to explain the method used and also Exercise charts and Homework tests to assess learning. The printed Workbook presented at the Congress outlines the Symptothermal Method of NFP (Rötzer Method) which is used by PERLE in Germany.
Congratulations are due to Sigrun and the FEDRA team for their excellent work.