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May/10
MLB's 10 Best Left-Handed Relief Pitchers of All-Time: Orosco, Wagner
by Michael W under MLB
Relief pitchers still don't generally get the respect they deserve, even though about 30% of the seats on the team bus are taken by this position.
Left-handed relief pitchers even get less respect, generally speaking.
There have been 188 left-handed relief pitchers in the history of Major League Baseball that have pitched at least 250 G.
There have been a total of 656 relief pitchers in the history of MLB that have pitched at least 250 G, righty or lefty.
So that means that 29% of relief pitchers in history have been lefties and 71% have been righties.
There are only five relief pitchers in the history of MLB that have been inducted into the Hall of Fame; and they are all righties. That means, of course, that there is not one left-handed relief pitcher in the HOF.
This list is set to settle the argument, or start the debate: Who is the best left-handed relief pitcher in the history of MLB.
An Explanation of the Stats
The statistics that I include will be Games Pitched, Games Started, Innings Pitched, ERA, ERA+, WHIP (OOB%), H/9 (OBA), SV, SV/50 (per 50 Games Relieved) and K/BB (ratio). I will also letter grade their length of career and list the primary decade they pitched in.
First , I will include their raw career numbers first. These are simply their career numbers.
Second , I will include their adjusted career numbers, if they had a long career (which most did). Adjusted career is this: Let's take Jesse Orosco, for example. Orosco had a long career. So in order to find his real numbers, I have to exclude some late seasons during his career to find the numbers that he really carried during his career.
With Orosco, I'd exclude his 1990, 1991, 1994, 1999, 2001 and 2003 seasons. That is his adjusted career. Again, this can only be done with long career players. If I don't list an adjusted career under a player's raw career numbers, then it means they didn't played long enough to adjust for their long career or it means they didn't have any bad seasons late in their career.
Third , I will include peak career numbers. Many like short peaks, not me. I include the best seasons equaling at least 250 games for a peak. It takes away the possibility of a pitcher having one or two lucky seasons. The 250-game peak will tell us how good the pitcher was at his best.
10. B.J. Ryan (2000s) Career Length Grade: C+ (so far)
Raw Career: 560 G, 0 GS, 536.2 IP, 3.37 ERA, 133 ERA+, 1.28 WHIP, 7.1 H/9, 117 SV, 10.4 SV/50 and 2.4 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 535 G, 0 GS, 516 IP, 3.24 ERA, 138 ERA+, 1.26 WHIP, 7.0 H/9, 115 SV, 10.7 SV/50 and 2.5 K/BB (exclude his last season)
Peak Career: 284 G, 0 GS, 308 IP, 2.28 ERA, 197 ERA+, 1.11 WHIP, 6.4 H/9, 109 SV, 19.1 SV/50 and 3.2 K/BB (include his 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008 seasons)
He's just a hard guy to hit. He posted less than 7.0 H/9 during three consecutive seasons from 2004-2006.
It's easy to argue that B.J. Ryan was the best relief pitcher during the middle part of the first decade of the 2000s, from 2004-2006. In fact, during the three consecutive seasons combined from 2004-2006, he pitched almost 210 G of relief and almost 230 IP. He recorded a combined 2.04 ERA, 77 SV, 222 ERA+, 1.05 WHIP, 6.3 H/9 and 3.8 K/BB.
Those are obviously three incredible consecutive seasons from 2004-2006 and, again, there is an argument that he was quietly the best overall relief pitcher in the game during those three consecutive seasons.
There's actually an argument that he was the best overall relief pitcher during the five seasons from 2004-2008, but that's another story. He may or may not have been, but he was certainly among the best during those five seasons, no question.
The best season of his career thus far has been his 2006 season. During that 2006 season, he pitched 65 G of relief and over 70 IP. Amazingly, he posted a 1.37 ERA, 38 SV, 335 ERA+, 0.86 WHIP, 5.2 H/9 and 4.3 K/BB.
What a season. Folks, they don't get much better than that 2006 season.
Ryan hasn't pitched in MLB during the 2010 season and most think he won't. Unfortunately, most think his career is through, we'll see.
My guess?
I hope not; but I think so.
What a relief pitcher.
There are absolutely seven or eight players on the Honorable Mentions list that have a logical argument to have this 10th and final spot instead of Ryan.
Two that quickly come to mind are Gary Lavelle and Dave Righetti. Both of them had longer careers than Ryan and that helps narrow the gap between their numbers, but it doesn't narrow the gap all the way.
Another player that comes to the forefront of my mind for serious consideration is John Hiller. Hiller and Ryan had the same length of career, when taken into context of the era, and that obviously makes length of career a wash with these two.
Now, Hiller and Ryan have similar numbers when taken into the context of the era, in my eyes, almost exactly the same. Hiller has better numbers when looked at in their raw state, but they are the same as Ryan's, more or less, when adjusted for the decade. Let's remember, Ryan put up his numbers during the 2000s, the steroid era.
My point is, Ryan gets the 10th and final spot.
Would I have a problem with Hiller having the 10th spot instead?
No, I wouldn't have a huge problem with that, but I'm obviously taking Ryan.
9. Dan Plesac (1990s) Career Length Grade: A+
Raw Career: 1,064 G, 14 GS, 1,072 IP, 3.64 ERA, 118 ERA+, 1.29 WHIP, 8.2 H/9, 158 SV, 7.5 SV/50 and 2.6 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 940 G, 14 GS, 991.1 IP, 3.51 ERA, 121 ERA+, 1.28 WHIP, 8.2 H/9, 156 SV, 8.4 SV/50 and 2.6 K/BB (exclude his 1999 and 2002 seasons)
Peak Career: 279 G, 0 GS, 266.1 IP, 2.60 ERA, 165 ERA+, 1.16 WHIP, 7.4 H/9, 88 SV, 15.7 SV/50 and 3.1 K/BB (include his 1987, 1988, 1989, 2000 and 2003 seasons)
He was basically a fastball and slider pitcher. His slider was a nice hard slider that neared the speed of his fastball. It worked for him and he had extremely good control.
In fact, he posted over 2.5 K/BB during 11 of the 18 seasons of his career; and he posted over 3.1 K/BB during each of the last four seasons of the 1990s, from 1996-1999.
Plesac remains as one of only seven pitchers in the history of Major League Baseball to ever pitch over 1,050 G during a career; and he's one of only four left-handed pitchers to ever pitch over 1,050 G during a career.
He might have been the best overall relief pitcher in all of baseball during the last few seasons of the 1980s, from 1987-1989. During those three consecutive seasons from 1987-1989, he combined to pitch almost 160 G of relief and over 190 IP. He recorded a combined 2.47 ERA, 86 SV, 171 ERA+, 1.08 WHIP, 7.3 H/9 and 3.7 K/BB.
What a way to end the decade of the 1980s, wow.
The best season of his entire career was arguably his 1987 season. During that season, he pitched almost 60 G of relief and 80 IP. He posted a 2.61 ERA, 23 SV, 177 ERA+, 1.08 WHIP, 7.1 H/9 and 3.9 K/BB.
Again, he really didn't let up in the next couple of seasons either. He had a great career and had two or three incredible seasons later in his career, two decades later in the 2000s also.
What a great, long career he had.
8. Randy Myers (1990s) Career Length Grade: A-
Raw Career: 728 G, 12 GS, 884.2 IP, 3.19 ERA, 123 ERA+, 1.30 WHIP, 7.7 H/9, 347 SV, 24.3 SV/50 and 2.2 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 666 G, 12 GS, 828 IP, 3.08 ERA, 127 ERA+, 1.29 WHIP, 7.6 H/9, 319 SV, 24.4 SV/50 and 2.3 K/BB (exclude his last season)
Peak Career: 309 G, 0 GS, 357.1 IP, 2.22 ERA, 177 ERA+, 1.17 WHIP, 6.9 H/9, 157 SV, 25.3 SV/50 and 2.6 K/BB (include his 1988, 1989, 1990, 1996 and 1997 seasons)
His career 347 SV still ranks ninth all time in the history of Major League Baseball; it ranks third all time for a left-handed pitcher. He led the League in SV during three of the five seasons from 1993-1997 and posted over 35 SV each of the three seasons that he led the League.
Incredibly, he posted over 20 SV during 10 of the last 11 seasons of his career, including each of his last seven seasons.
This guy was a SV machine.
Myers started his career with the New York Mets and spent more seasons with the Mets than any other team during his career. He had some good seasons for the Mets. His best season with New York was arguably his 1988 season. During that season, he pitched 55 G of relief and almost 70 IP. He recorded a 1.72 ERA, 26 SV, 190 ERA+, 0.91 WHIP, 6.0 H/9 and 4.1 K/BB.
What a season it was.
He only pitched a couple of seasons with the Baltimore Orioles, but he might have pitched his best ball with them. He pitched with the Orioles during the 1996 and 1997 seasons. He combined those two seasons with Baltimore to pitch over 120 G of relief and almost 120 IP. He posted a combined 2.51 ERA, 76 SV, 187 ERA+ and 2.6 K/BB.
His only two seasons with Baltimore, but incredible back to back seasons.
In fact, the best season of his entire career was arguably his 1997 season with Baltimore. During that season, he pitched over 60 G of relief and almost 60 IP. He recorded a 1.51 ERA, 293 ERA+, 1.16 WHIP, 7.1 H/9, 2.6 K/BB and led the League with 45 SV.
What an incredible season that was.
What an incredible career.
By the time his career was through, he had helped his teams to the playoff five times, including capturing the 1990 World Series championship with the Reds.
With all of his playoff appearances, he basically pitched another short season in the postseason. His career postseason numbers: almost 30 G of relief and over 30 IP; a 2.35 ERA, 1.04 WHIP and 5.3 H/9.
Great postseason numbers.
Myers career ended after the 1998 season because of some serious arm and shoulder injuries. He already had a nice long career by the time his shoulder went south, and what a career it was.
7. Arthur Rhodes (2000s) Career Length Grade: A (so far)
Raw Career: 780 G, 61 GS, 1,099.2 IP, 4.15 ERA, 107 ERA+, 1.32 WHIP, 7.9 H/9, 32 SV, 2.2 SV/50 and 2.2 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 688 G, 61 GS, 1,015.1 IP, 4.06 ERA, 109 ERA+, 1.28 WHIP, 7.7 H/9, 19 SV, 1.5 SV/50 and 2.3 K/BB (exclude his 2004 and 2006 seasons)
Peak Career: 311 G, 0 GS, 269.2 IP, 2.14 ERA, 198 ERA+, 0.97 WHIP, 6.3 H/9, 7 SV, 1.1 SV/50 and 4.0 K/BB (include his 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2009 seasons)
He's the only relief pitcher in this top 10 that has never been a closer. This list isn't meant to be the 10 best left-handed closers of all time, but there are naturally going to be a lot of closers on this list because they are generally among the best relief pitchers in the league. It's why they're closers, right?
Well, Rhodes has never been a closer. In fact, he's never even made the All-Star team. The same thing with the All-Star team, generally speaking, only closers make the All-Star team. Every now and then a non-closer relief pitcher will make the All-Star team, but it's very rare.
Rhodes probably should have made the All-Star team three or four times so far during his career. Take his 2001 season, for example. Rhodes pitched in over 70 games that season and by the time the season was through, he posted a 1.72 ERA, 0.85 WHIP, 6.1 H/9, 242 ERA+ and 6.9 K/BB.
I'm not making those numbers up, those are actually the numbers he posted during his 2001 season. Let me tell you something folks, if you don't make the All-Star team with those numbers then you're just never going to make the All-Star team.
Again, Rhodes has arguably had two or three other seasons during his career that were just as good as his 2001 season, but he's never made the All-Star team. Many suggest that closers don't get the respect they deserve and, as you can see, non-closer relievers get even less respect.
Here's a neat little story about Rhodes, I'll give the quick condensed version here:
In 2006, he arguably had the worst season of his entire career and he suffered from some serious arm injuries that season. Tommy John surgery was performed on him and he missed the entire 2007 season.
Many thought he was done. They thought, he's old and he's coming off of surgery, stick a fork in him. But Rhodes had other plans. After sitting out the entire 2007 season, he returned for the 2008 season. He's 40 years old right now he arguably just pitched the two best seasons of his entire career, the two seasons right after many had counted him out.
I just love those kind of stories, those down for the count but came back stories. Well, Rhodes has one of those. That was the quick condensed version.
Many casual fans would not suspect him, but Rhodes easily has one of the 20 best peaks in the history of Major League Baseball for a relief pitcher; and it's easily one of the 10 best peaks in the history of MLB for a left-handed relief pitcher. His peak consists of five of his last eight seasons.
During his peak, which is a peak over 310 G and almost 270 IP, he's posted a 2.14 ERA, 198 ERA+, 0.97 WHIP, 6.3 H/9 and 4.0 K/BB.
You can search every relief pitcher in the history of MLB, you won't find 20 peaks better than his; and you won't find 10 better by a left-handed relief pitcher.
I had told you that his peak consists of five of his last eight seasons. There have been two Arthur Rhodes. The Arthur Rhodes during the first half of his career, which was fairly good, but not great; and the Arthur Rhodes during the second half of his career, which is dominant.
We have to remember, Rhodes was a starting pitcher during his first four seasons in the League and he was still learning how to be a starting pitcher when they moved him to the bullpen. So after four seasons in the League, he found himself spending his next three or four seasons learning how to be a relief pitcher.
He finally figured it out, obviously. By the time he had it all figured out, the first half of his career was basically over. By this time he was a dominant pitcher with a repertoire of pitches that included a fastball, curveball and slider. He's remained one of the best relief pitchers ever since, and still is, at the age of 40.
6. Wilbur Wood (1960s) Career Length Grade: A+
Raw Career: 651 G, 297 GS, 2,684 IP, 3.24 ERA, 114 ERA+, 1.23 WHIP, 8.7 H/9, 57 SV, 8.0 SV/50 and 2.0 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 556 G, 209 GS, 2,102 IP, 2.86 ERA, 126 ERA+, 1.17 WHIP, 8.3 H/9, 57 SV, 8.3 SV/50 and 2.3 K/BB (exclude his 1975, 1977 and 1978 seasons)
Peak Career: 292 G, 51 GS, 790.2 IP, 2.23 ERA, 161 ERA+, 1.09 WHIP, 7.8 H/9, 53 SV, 11.0 SV/50 and 2.6 K/BB (include his 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1976 seasons)
There are a lot of parallels to Wilbur Wood and Dennis Eckersley. First of all, they are almost the exact same rating, in my book. Eckersley might edge him out, but it's close.
Another big parallel between the two of them is the fact that they both basically spent half of their career as a starting pitcher and half of their career as a relief pitcher.
The parallels between the two help some historians argue that if Eckersley is in the Hall of Fame, then Wood should be also. They argue, in short: generally the same career layout, and generally the same career numbers, when adjusted per decade.
Now, Eckersley was a starting pitcher during the first half of his career and he was a relief pitcher during the second half of his career.
Basically, Wood was opposite. He was a relief pitcher during the first half of his career and he was a starting pitcher during the second half of his career. Of course, what Wood did is rare, usually you start first and then spend the twilight of your career in the bullpen. Not Wood, he relieved first, and started as he got older, rare and arguably harder to do.
Wood had an incredibly long 17 season Major League Baseball career and he started pitching in MLB as a teenager during the 1961 season.
He had two or three good pitches he threw, but he was generally a knuckleball pitcher. He usually threw the knuckleball and some historians argue he possessed the best knuckleball in history. Though, his peer relief pitcher from the 1960s, Hoyt Wilhelm, is also argued to have the best knuckleball of all time.
As I said, Wood basically spent the first half of his career as a relief pitcher, and he had some great seasons as a relief pitcher.
His best season as a relief pitcher was arguably his 1968 season. He led the League with 88 G, which was a MLB record at the time, 2 GS and almost 160 IP. Incredibly, while setting a MLB record of 88 G, he posted a 1.87 ERA, 171 ERA+, 1.01 WHIP and 7.2 H/9.
What a season.
He had some truly great seasons as a starting pitcher during the second half of his career, also. It's arguable if he was a better starter or reliever, as he was great at both.
His best season as a starting pitcher was arguably his 1971 season. He pitched almost 45 G, over 40 GS and almost 335 IP, yes, almost 335 IP. Unbelievably, while pitching almost 335 IP as a starting pitcher that season, he recorded a 1.91 ERA, 1.00 WHIP, 7.3 H/9, 210 Ks, 3.4 K/BB, 22 W, .629 W% and led the League with 189 ERA+.
Again, I think it's close if he or Eckersley was a better overall pitcher, but I can tell you this one thing for sure: Eckersley never had a season as a starting pitcher that was nearly as good as that 1971 season for Wood.
It's a tough one, again, I might give Eckersley the overall edge, but it's a virtual tie.
Overall, it's a toss up. Eckersley was a slightly better relief pitcher, but Wood was a slightly better starting pitcher.
Wood posted at least 20 W during four consecutive seasons as a starting pitcher from 1971-1974, including leading the League with 24 W during consecutive seasons in 1972 and 1973. He won almost 50 games in those two seasons combined as a starter and he won 90 games during the four consecutive seasons combined from 1971-1974 as a starter.
Look, Eckersley was a good starting pitcher, don't get me wrong; but Eckersley won just over 150 games in 12 seasons as a starting pitcher, and Wood won 90 games just in the four consecutive seasons as a starter from 1971-1974.
As you see above, Wood won at least 20 games for four consecutive seasons, and Eckersley never won over 20 games during his 12 seasons as a starter. Again, Eckersley may have been a slightly better relief pitcher, but Wood was certainly a slightly better starter.
5. Tug McGraw (1970s) Career Length Grade: A+
Raw Career: 824 G, 39 GS, 1,514.2 IP, 3.14 ERA, 117 ERA+, 1.25 WHIP, 7.8 H/9, 180 SV, 11.5 SV/50 and 1.9 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 666 G, 37 GS, 1,297.2 IP, 2.93 ERA, 125 ERA+, 1.24 WHIP, 7.6 H/9, 159 SV, 12.6 SV/50 and 1.9 K/BB (exclude his 1979, 1982, 1983 and 1984 seasons)
Peak Career: 307 G, 5 GS, 586 IP, 2.01 ERA, 180 ERA+, 1.12 WHIP, 6.7 H/9, 87 SV, 14.5 SV/50 and 2.3 K/BB (include his 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977 and 1980 seasons)
During his incredibly long 19 season Major League Baseball career, he was basically a relief pitcher for 17 seasons and he was a starting pitcher for two seasons; two of the first three seasons of his career.
The best season of his entire career was arguably his 1980 season and it was the last truly great season of his career.
During that 1980 season, he pitched almost 60 G of relief and over 90 IP. He posted a 1.46 ERA, 260 ERA+, 0.92 WHIP, 6.0 H/9 and 3.3 K/BB.
It was an incredible season.
His best back to back seasons were arguably consecutive seasons in 1971 and 1972. During those two seasons combined, he pitched 105 G, 1 GS and almost 220 IP. He recorded a 1.70 ERA, 199 ERA+, 1.04 WHIP and 6.0 H/9.
By the time his career was through, he had a bunch of good seasons and six or seven seasons that were truly extraordinary.
Incredibly, he helped his team to the playoff during seven of the 13 seasons from 1969-1981, including capturing the 1980 World Series championship.
His combined postseason numbers are: over 25 G of relief and 50 IP; a 2.24 ERA and 6.5 H/9, great career postseason numbers.
Neat trivia: he's the father of country music superstar Tim McGraw.
4. Sparky Lyle (1970s) Career Length Grade: A
Raw Career: 899 G, 0 GS, 1,390.1 IP, 2.88 ERA, 128 ERA+, 1.28 WHIP, 8.4 H/9, 238 SV, 13.2 SV/50 and 1.8 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 688 G, 0 GS, 1,060.1 IP, 2.50 ERA, 146 ERA+, 1.21 WHIP, 7.8 H/9, 214 SV, 15.5 SV/50 and 2.1 K/BB (exclude his 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1982 seasons)
He was a true career relief pitcher and never started a game during his long Major League Baseball career.
Incredibly, he posted less than a 2.80 ERA during nine of the first 11 seasons of his career, including four consecutive seasons from 1971-1974.
By the time his career was through, he recorded almost 240 SV and led the League in SV twice, recording over 20 SV each time he led the League. The fact of the matter is, he recorded at least 20 SV during five of the first eight seasons of the 1970s, from 1970-1977.
He won the Cy Young award as a relief pitcher during the 1977 season. During that Cy Young award winning 1977 season, he led the League by pitching 72 G of relief and almost 140 IP. He posted a 2.17 ERA, 26 SV and 183 ERA+.
Another great season for him, and arguably even better than his Cy Young award 1977 season, was three season prior, in 1974. During that 1974 season, he pitched over 65 G of relief and almost 115 IP. He recorded a 1.66 ERA, 215 ERA+, 1.19 WHIP and 7.3 H/9.
All of those numbers I just mentioned from 1974 are better than his Cy Young award 1977 season, except for G and IP. My point is, 1974 was a great season, and arguably just as good or better than his Cy Young award 1977 season.
The best back to back seasons during his career were arguably consecutive seasons in 1976 and 1977. During those two season combined, he pitched over 135 G of relief and 240 IP. He posted a 2.21 ERA, 49 SV and 170 ERA+.
As you can see, this guy had five or six incredible seasons during his career.
He helped his team to the postseason during four of the six seasons from 1976-1981, including capturing the World Series championship in 1977.
His combined career postseason numbers: over 10 G of relief and 20 IP; a 1.69 ERA, 0.94 WHIP, 7.2 H/9 and 3.0 K/BB. Great career postseason numbers.
He arguably remains as one of the 20 best relief pitchers in the history of MLB, lefty or righty.
3. John Franco (1990s) Career Length Grade: A+
Raw Career: 1,119 G, 0 GS, 1,245.2 IP, 2.89 ERA, 137 ERA+, 1.33 WHIP, 8.4 H/9, 424 SV, 18.9 SV/50 and 2.0 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 882 G, 0 GS, 1,030.1 IP, 2.53 ERA, 155 ERA+, 1.29 WHIP, 8.1 H/9, 374 SV, 21.3 SV/50 and 2.0 K/BB (exclude his 1993, 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2005 seasons)
His career 424 SV still ranks fourth all time in the history of Major League Baseball; and it's first all time for a left-handed pitcher. He led the League in SV three times during his career and posted over 25 SV each time he led the League. In fact, he posted over 25 SV during 11 of the 13 seasons from 1986-1998, including six consecutive seasons from 1986-1991.
He's one of only three players in the history of MLB to ever pitch in over 1,100 games during a career and he's the only one of the three relief pitchers to pitch in over 1,100 games and post less than a career 2.90 ERA.
In fact, of the 13 relief pitchers in the history of MLB to ever pitch in over 1,000 games, there are only two that have posted less than a career 2.90 ERA and over a career 135 ERA+: John Franco and Hoyt Wilhelm. Nice company there Franco.
So that makes Franco the only left-handed pitcher in the history of MLB to ever pitch in over 1,000 games and post less than a career 2.90 ERA and over a career 135 ERA+, the only one ever.
He was just a hard guy to score against. He recorded less than a 2.95 ERA during 14 of the 21 seasons during his career, including each of the first five seasons of his career. In fact, he recorded less than a 2.65 ERA during each of his first two seasons.
He posted over a 140 ERA+ during 12 of the 21 seasons during his career and he posted over a 150 ERA+ during four consecutive seasons from 1994-1997.
He helped his team to the postseason during consecutive seasons in 1999 and 2000. He pitched 15 games in the two combined postseasons. During those 15 games combined, he recorded a 1.88 ERA, 0.98 WHIP, 6.9 H/9 and 3.3 K/BB. Extraordinary postseason numbers.
His team actually made it to the World Series during the 2000 postseason. Unfortunately, they lost, but it wasn't Franco's fault. In fact, he pitched four games in the World Series and posted a 0.00 ERA, 0.90 WHIP and never allowed a run.
All of these facts in combination are part of the reasons that he is easily one of the 20 best relief pitchers in the history of MLB, righty or lefty.
2. Jesse Orosco (1980s) Career Length Grade: A+
Raw Career: 1,252 G, 4 GS, 1,295.1 IP, 3.16 ERA, 125 ERA+, 1.26 WHIP, 7.3 H/9, 144 SV, 5.8 SV/50 and 2.0 K/BB
Adjusted Career: 945 G, 4 GS, 1,064 IP, 2.80 ERA, 139 ERA+, 1.20 WHIP, 7.0 H/9, 139 SV, 7.4 SV/50 and 2.1 K/BB (exclude his 1990, 1991, 1994, 1999, 2001 and 2003 seasons)
Peak Career: 268 G, 0 GS, 336.2 IP, 1.95 ERA, 195 ERA+, 1.10 WHIP, 6.3 H/9, 42 SV, 7.8 SV/50 and 2.1 K/BB (include his 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989 and 1997 seasons)
His career 1,252 G ranks first all time in the history of MLB for a pitcher, period.
This guy is generally underrated by the casual fan. This is likely because he was only a closer during three or four seasons of his career. He pitched great as a closer but, again, only three or four seasons as a closer.
He spent most of his career as a non-closer relief pitcher and even some of his career as a left-handed specialty relief pitcher. He was, more or less, used as a left-handed specialist during the last 30-40% of his career.
It didn't matter which role you used him in, he was among the best in the League in whichever role he was used in.
There is a great quote from Bill James that I want to share with you that will help shed some light on this issue:
"Who is the best left-handed reliever of all time? The best left-handed reliever specializing in getting out lefties, by far, has been Jesse Orosco. He has been consistently effective for 20 years at a job that most people can't do two years in a row."— Bill James, respected baseball historian and Godfather of SABERmetrics
During his career, even though he spent the last third of his career as a left-handed specialist, he still faced almost twice as many right-handed hitters. Left-handed hitters had over 1,580 AB against Orosco and right-handed hitters had almost 3,155 AB against him during his career.
For his career, left-handed hitters posted less than a .210 BA and right-handed hitters posted a .230 BA. Those are both exceptional numbers. They're best and bestest, as my three year old niece would say.
Overall, his career OBA was just over .220 with lefties and righties combined.
Compare that to HOFer, Bruce Sutter, in the three spot and also a relief pitcher from the 1980s. Right-handed hitters recorded almost a .240 BA against Sutter, compared to just over .220 for Orosco. Left-handed hitters recorded almost a .220 BA against Sutter, compared to less than .210 for Orosco. Overall, they combined to hit .230 against Sutter and just over .220 for Orosco.
Orosco simply held his hitters to a lower BA; righties, lefties and combined. And Orosco did it while pitching in almost twice as many career games as Sutter. I'm not saying that Sutter shouldn't be in the HOF, I'm just saying that Orosco was just as good or better than Sutter. Orosco was just used in different roles for much of his career.
Look, Orosco was just a hard guy to hit. He posted less than 7.5 H/9 during 11 of the 18 seasons from 1981-1998, including five consecutive seasons from 1994-1998.
He had five or six incredible seasons. The best season of his career was arguably his 1983 season. During that season, he pitched over 60 G of relief and 110 IP. He recorded a 1.47 ERA, 247 ERA+, 1.04 WHIP and 6.2 H/9.
When he was on, he was on.
He arguably has one of the 20 best peaks in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and he easily has one of the 10 best peaks in the history of MLB for a left-handed relief pitcher. During his peak, which is a peak of almost 270 G of relief and over 335 IP, he posted a 1.95 ERA, 195 ERA+, 1.10 WHIP and 6.3 H/9.
You can search every relief pitcher in the history of MLB, you'll be hard pressed to find 20 peaks better than this one; and you won't find 10 better by a lefty.
In the big picture and the history of relief pitchers, he's quietly and generally slightly underrated by the casual fan.
He is easily one of the 20 best relief pitchers in the history of MLB, righty or lefty.
1. Billy Wagner (2000s) Career Length Grade: A (so far)
His career 6.1 H/9 is the best H/9 in the history of Major League Baseball for a relief pitcher. Incredibly, he has posted less than 7.5 H/9 during 14 of the 15 seasons during his career, including each of his last nine seasons. In fact, he's posted less than 6.5 H/9 during each of his last two seasons.
His career 1.01 WHIP ranks as the second best WHIP in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and it's first all time for a lefty. He has recorded less than a 1.20 WHIP during 14 of the 15 seasons during his career. Wow. He's recorded less than a 1.13 WHIP during each of his last nine seasons and he's recorded less than a 1.03 WHIP during each of his last two seasons.
His career 2.39 ERA ranks as the third best ERA in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and it's first all time for a lefty.
Incredibly, he's posted less than a 2.90 ERA during 14 of the 15 seasons during his career. He's posted less than a 2.75 ERA during each of his last nine seasons. He's posted less than a 2.65 ERA during each of his last eight seasons and he's posted less than a 2.35 ERA during each of his last two seasons.
His career 182 ERA+ ranks as the third best ERA+ in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and it's first all time for a lefty. He's recorded over a 135 ERA+ during 13 of the 15 seasons during his career. He's recorded over a 160 ERA+ during each of his last nine seasons and he's recorded over a 180 ERA+ during each of his last two seasons.
His career 3.9 K/BB ranks as the third best K/BB in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and it's first all time for a lefty. He's posted over 3.2 K/BB during 12 of the 15 seasons during his career, including each of his last nine seasons.
His career 385 SV ranks sixth all time in the history of MLB; and it's second all time for a lefty. He's recorded over 20 SV during 11 of the 15 seasons during his career, including eight consecutive seasons from 2001-2008.
That puts Wagner in the top 10 all time in H/9, WHIP, ERA, ERA+, K/BB and SV; and he's actually either first or second all time in all six of those categories for a lefty. Again, if historians could only choose six statistical categories to look at, and only six, these would very likely be the six that many historians would choose.
And Billy Wagner is the only relief pitcher in the history of MLB that is in the top 10 all time in all six of those categories, the only one, no one else. That shouldn't tell us something; that does tell us something.
That's why he's easily one of the 10 best relief pitchers in the history of MLB, righty or lefty.
He also has one of the 10 best peaks in the history of MLB for a relief pitcher; and it's simply the best peak in history for a left-handed relief pitcher. During that peak, which is a peak over 305 G and 325 IP, he posted a 1.77 ERA, 250 ERA+, 0.90 WHIP, 5.5 H/9, 26.4 SV/50 and 4.6 K/BB.
There is really no question that Billy Wagner is the best left-handed relief pitcher to ever grace the fields of MLB.
The arguments on this list is who's second, not who's first. Two through eight actually have an argument for that two spot, especially two through six; but no question as to who should be in the one spot: Billy Wagner.
The Honorable Mentions
Here are the ten left-handed relief pitchers that just missed the top 10 for various reasons. I will list them in order from oldest to newest: Bobby Shantz (1950s), Ron Perranoski (1960s), Tom Burgmeier (1970s), John Hiller (1970s), Willie Hernandez (1980s), Rick Honeycutt (1980s), Gary Lavelle (1980s), Dave Righetti (1980s), Mike Stanton (1990s) and Steve Kline (2000s)
The 10 Highest Caliber Left-Handed Relief Pitchers of All Time
I consider this to be the Smoky Joe Wood section. Who's the best pitcher, putting career values aside; putting length of career aside and putting some other things aside that affect a relief pitchers overall rating? So, these aren't the best careers, these are the best pitchers, in a way.
Like Smoky Joe Wood in the 1910s, he was a starting pitcher that many historians feel is one of the 10 highest caliber starting pitchers in the history of Major League Baseball. But with his short overall career, he's never rated that high when you see historians rate starting pitchers because they are almost always rating the best careers.
Don't get me wrong, caliber is part of historians formula too, it's just a smaller part of the overall equation; and smaller than it should be, if you ask me, but that's another article.
Smoky Joe Wood's overall rating and career value is lower because of his short career and some other factors. But if a highest caliber list were made, Smoky Joe Wood would appear on many historians all time top 10 lists. But almost never in the top 10 on their all time career list, which are the lists that we usually see.
I hope that makes sense. This is basically what I'm doing here with this list. Again, this list is not a list of the best careers, that list is the list you just read. This list is the highest caliber relief pitchers. Here it is.
10. Damaso Marte (2000s)
9. Tug McGraw (1970s)
8. Steve Howe (1980s)
7. John Hiller (1970s)
6. B.J. Ryan (2000s)
5. Sparky Lyle (1970s)
4. John Franco (1990s)
3. Jesse Orosco (1980s)
2. Mike Gonzalez (2000s)
1. Billy Wagner (2000s)
The Caliber Honorable Mentions (listed in order from oldest to newest): Bill Henry (1960s), Ron Perranoski (1960s), Wilbur Wood (1960s), Al Hrabosky (1970s), Darold Knowles (1970s), Gary Lavelle (1980s), Joe Sambito (1980s), Randy Myers (1990s), Brian Fuentes (2000s) and Arthur Rhodes (2000s)
There you go, the best left-hander relief pitchers of all time. The 10 best careers and the 10 highest caliber left-handed relief pitchers.
Houston Astros, MLB History, Rankings/List


NEW YORK (Scrap Register): Platinum, the weakest of the precious metals, is at the risk of more losses if momentum-based selling from Commodity Trading Advisers occurs, said TD Securities.
This threat exists despite gains in gold during recent months. In contrast, CTAs trading platinum — who have just recently completed a round of short covering — could be whipsawed, as prices will need to close above $800/oz to avoid systematic algorithmic selling in response to firming downward momentum, TDS added.
"We suspect that discretionary managers sold into the trend-follower interest, suggesting that the most-hated precious metal still has some haters after all," TDS noted.


21 December. There is something about being with my mom and dad that stills me. I am grateful for homecomings and especially that we made it in time to celebrate a shared twelfth birthday.
12 December. As much as I dreaded my op I have to admit I was quite looking forward to the enforced bed rest. A bit messed up, I know. And it was a perfect overnight stay, drifting in and out of sleep due to the anaesthetic and a wonderful concoction of painkillers, reading a trashy romance novel, thanks Mel, and being waited on hand and foot. But despite this sad indictment on my life, I am beyond grateful to be home. And for the smile. You just gotta love teenagers.
8 December. Our new neighbours have lots of christmas lights. And an inflatable Father Christmas. I love our Christmas tree with its singular bird. And lights. Not that we felt the need to keep up. At all. But I am grateful for the giggle our perfectly paltry offering gave us.
We found my wig today. I put it on and Kate said take it off it's horrid. Much the same response they both had when I first bought it. Which was one of the reasons I never wore it. Probably the worst purchase I have ever made. And not because of the wig (and it was horrid but it was the closest we could get, even after being styled to my old hair) but the fact that I had to shop for one. Bizarre and awful. I know the wigs made many feel whole again, for me it just underlined the fact that I wasn't. Weird but I felt like I stood out more when I wore it than when I was bald. My mistake was trying to be me. I wish I had had the courage at the time to be mad, go blonde, go blue, go black. I just didn't feel fun I guess. Today I am grateful for the fun we had with it. And that I never wore it.
I am grateful for dress ups. Never ever grow up my angel.
I am grateful for the wonderful sounds emanating from Jem's bedroom. I envy her her love and her ability. I've even made peace with her choice of instrument. I am grateful for a child who is so her own person, no matter what.
20 October. I am grateful that even though we know we are searching for something that doesn't exist, we are having fun doing it. A lakeside pause, a mad moment of lets just effing buy the rambling lake house with far too many bedrooms and lovely vine covered patios for long long lunches. I am grateful for the mad fleeting moment in which I imagine myself being the floaty free stylish and abundantly and effortlessly able mi casa es su casa serene mama of the Lake House. Yeah right.


Very similar to Buckingham Palace, a spectacular palace in Copenhagen where the Danish Royalty lived is Christianborg Palace since 15th C till 1794! However this is the 3rd Palace and the 5th building built on this site after various arson took over the earlier constructions. The present structure was built in 1928.
My visit began with the Royal Reception rooms and to enter here, first you're given a pair of disposable foot mask! No matter how dirty your shoes are, you won't make this fabulous royal palace dirty!!! This very room is interesting, with the pillars are actually strong men holding the roof up on their shoulders.
The passage starts from The Queen's Staircase, a fabulous red carpeted staircase. At the end of Queen's Staircase is the Alexander Hall. This is a relatively smaller room, where tea parties and buffet for lesser number of people was held. Just like Windsor or Buckingham, the ceiling was very ornate and so were the chandeliers in all the rooms. The next was Flora Danica Cabinet where their collection of ceramics from all around the world are kept on display!
I don't know the European concept of having color coded velvet rooms. I've seen this in quite a few palaces that I've been to. This too has the Red room & Green room, where everthing from wallpaper, to draperies to soft furnishings to carpet, everything is the tints, tones & shades of the same color. The green room is also filled with paintings of the greenery of Danish countryside!
The Queen's library is filled with endless collection of books, carefully preserved in glass cabinets! Guess what? This is only a small part. The rest is at Amelianborg Palace, where the royal family lives today.
The Abildgaard room next, looks more like a preparation room for the dining hall following this. The dining hall is huge! The furniture is made of mahogany and can seat 52 people at a time. The chandeliers originally belong to the Oslo Castle in Norway and was brought here when it was sold. Originally designed to hold candles, these are lit by candle shaped electric bulbs today!
There are 2 elaborate silver centerpieces on the either sides of the Swedish Gallery. These 2 were gifted by the Swedish women & Danish people to the Crown Prince Frederick VII of Denmark & Princess Lovisa of Sweden when they got married! There are quite a few paintings in this room representing various Swedish rulers!
Beyond this is The Great Hall which today houses several modern tapestries, 17 to be exact. These were designed by Bjorn Norgarrd and manufactured by several Danish companies and were gifted on the 50th birthday of the reigning Queen Margrethe. However these were put on display only on her 60th birthday! The best part, all these tapestries are handmade, woven in traditional handlooms! The ceiling is painted with 3 huge murals. This hall is the largest room in the palace at 40m x 10m, and can accommodate 400 guests.
Beyond this is a tiny little corner room. Further ahead is the Fredensborg room. King Christian IX was nicknamed as Europe's father in law, as his children were married into the royal families of Russia, Greece, Germany, Sweden, UK and France. Here's a huge painting by Laurits Tuxen depicting him with his wife, 6 children, their spouses and 20 grandchildren!
Beyond this is his room followed by the exquisite Throne room! Its an oval shaped room with the King & Queen's thrones at one end. The flooring is made of oak, cuban mahogany & walnut. The wooden planks go diagonal from the throne to the doors which serve as a guide to the messengers & general people who have to walk backwards to exit the room! The torch stands are also interesting with 3 lion legs that support each of them!
Just beside this is the tower room atop which the tower stands!!! However the interior of the tower cannot be seen from here. The tower is 106m tall and is the tallest in this city. Since 17th C when the 2nd building was built in this site, which was the Copenhagen Castle, the same triple crown spire has been a uniform pattern atop! There are 4 tapestries here depicting the 4 seasons. Exiting this brings to the King's staircase!
Within the same premises is the ruins of the older buildings, the royal stable and the royal kitchen. That's coming up in the next post!
I love these majestic palaces of Europe. I really cannot imagine living in such grandeur. One could dream, though!
those architectures are love tho I may not know exactly how to describe them- they are just amazing! I really really need to get myself there some day! Thanks for the share!
I don't have any question as to the impressive and well-engineered building structure in Copenhagen. However, my interest is caught by this palace. I have in mind that arsonists had tried to burn this building several times. Why?
Interesting place, will definitely visit here.
Specially just to feel that throne room.
Beautiful. That is what I like about travelling to Europe are these palaces with wide open spaces within and outside. Always awestruck by this magnificence. Even in these pictures alone, what more in real life?
This place is beautiful! How I wish I can pay a visit there.
I really love the beautiful places of Europe. From the old palaces down to the new establishments, you sure can really unwind and explore. I really like reviews like this. Aside from learning new stuff, it also seems bringing me to the place as well. Good write you got here.
This is so gorgeous and looks majestic . You took me through the memory lane of visiting the place.
Talk about royalty with all the intricate details. The palace looks really elegant and royal with all the precious architecture in and outside.


text:
Q: getting the name of a typedef in C? I am writing a big code where I have to typedef a lot of structs , and then using void pointers to variables of these structs , for example :
typedef struct {
    int age;
    double height;
}human_t;

and then I will declare and initialize a variable of type:"human_t"
human_t peter = {
    21,
    1.95 };

then I will make a void pointer to peter :
void* ptr = &peter;

what I later need is to know that "ptr" is a pointer to variable of type "human_t". How can I do this ? is there some kind of a predefined method in C ? sorry for my ignorance :) still a beginner .

A: No, that is impossible "out of the box".
It would require run-time type information to be somehow associated with the pointer, and that simply does not exist. A void pointer is a memory address, and nothing more.
You can, of course, as with many things that exist in higher-level languages, implement it yourself.
For this case, you can require that each supported struct begins with an enum that specifies its type. You can then convert the pointer to struct into a pointer to that enum, read its value, and then know which type you're dealing with:
typedef enum {
  ObjectType_Human,
  ObjectType_Alien,
  ObjectType_Predator,
  ObjectType_Smurf,
} ObjectType;

typedef struct {
  ObjectType type;
  int age;
  char name[32];
} human;

Then you can do:
void print_name(const void *obj)
{
  const ObjectType *tp = obj; /* No cast required! */
  switch(*tp)
  {
  case ObjectType_Human:
    printf("the human is called %s\n", ((human *) obj)->name);
    break;
  /* and so on ... */
  }
}

You could also, for instance, put the type information in a map, hashed on the pointer value.
There are many approaches; you're going to have to analyze and pick the best one for your particular application.

A: Alas this is not easy to implement in C.
One approach is to standardise your structures so that the first element is a type field.
The C standard guarantees that the address of the structure is always aligned to the address of the first element (i.e. there is no padding before the first structure member). So it's safe to first cast void* to the type field and, depending on that outcome, cast to the structure of your choice.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Looking for a Finite Difference scheme of the following form.... I'm having trouble deriving a finite difference scheme that calculates the second derivative of a function on the boundaries of a non-uniform grid and makes use of a known first derivative at the boundaries.
Notation
Suppose I have $N$ ordered points  ${x_i}$ ($i \in 1, 2, 3...N$) where $x_i < x_{i+1}$, and a function $f(x)$ evaluated at each of those $N$ points: $f_i \equiv f(x_i)$.
Suppose I also know the function's derivative at the endpoints: $g_1 \equiv \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\big|_{i=1}$ and $g_N \equiv \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\big|_{i=N}$.
Uniform Grid
IF the grid was uniformly spaced (say, with spacing $h$), a possible 1st order accurate scheme at $i=1$ is:
\begin{equation}
   \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}\big|_{i=1} \;=\; \frac{2}{h^2}\left(f_2 - f_1\right) - \frac{2}{h} g_1
\end{equation}
which can be derived from this Taylor expansion: $f(x+h) = f(x) + h f'(x) + \frac{h^2}{2} f''(x)$, which in our notation is: $f_2 = f_1 + h g_1 + \frac{h^2}{2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}\big|_{i=1}$
Non-Uniform Grid
Is there a finite difference scheme to calculate the second derivative at the endpoints in a form like this?
\begin{equation}
   \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}\big|_{i=1} \;=\; A g_1 + B f_1 + C f_2 + D f_3 + E f_4\text{,}
\end{equation}
where $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$ and $E$, are all constants that depend on the grid spacing.

A: You formula for the uniform grid is only of the first order.
$$
\frac{f(h) - f(0)}{h^2} - \frac{2}{h}f'(0) = f''(0) + \frac{h}{3} f'''(0) + O(h^2).
$$
It is not possible to construct a formula of the second order using $f(0), f'(0)$ and $f(h)$. Indeed:
$$
\frac{A}{h} f'(0) + \frac{B f(h) + C f(0)}{h^2} =
\frac{B + C}{h^2} f(0) + \frac{A + B}{h} f'(0) + \frac{B}{2} f''(0) +
\frac{Bh}{6} f'''(0) + O(h^2).
$$
Solving
$$
B + C = 0\\
A + B = 0\\
B = 2\\
$$
gives the only one possible formula and that is of $O(h)$ order.
For the irregular grid (assuming $h_i = O(h)$, i.e. $h$ is some average stepsize) let $\alpha = \frac{h_1}{h} = O(1)$, $\beta = \frac{h_1 + h_2}{h} = O(1)$, $\gamma = \frac{h_1 + h_2 + h_3}{h} = O(1)$
$$
\frac{A}{h} f'(0) +
\frac{Bf(0) + Cf(\alpha h) + D f(\beta h) + E f(\gamma h)}{h^2} = \\
= \frac{B+ C+ D+ E}{h^2} f(0)
+ \frac{A + \alpha C + \beta D + \gamma E}{h} f'(0)+\\
+ \frac{\alpha^2 C + \beta^2 D + \gamma^2 E}{2} f''(0)+
\frac{\alpha^3 C + \beta^3 D + \gamma^3 E}{6} hf'''(0)+
O(h^2).
$$
Now the second order conditions are
$$
B + C + D + E = 0\\
A + \alpha C + \beta D + \gamma E = 0\\
\alpha^2 C + \beta^2 D + \gamma^2 E = 2\\
\alpha^3 C + \beta^3 D + \gamma^3 E = 0\\
$$
These conditions have one more degree of freedom that can be used either for third order accurate formula, or for elimination of $f_4$ ($E = 0$), or for some other properties. In any case, the solution is
$$
A = 2\frac{\gamma  (\alpha
   -\gamma ) (\gamma -\beta
   )}{\alpha  \beta }E -2\frac{\alpha
   +\beta }{\alpha  \beta }\\
C = 2\frac{\beta }{\alpha ^2 (\beta
   -\alpha )}+2\frac{\gamma ^2
    (\beta -\gamma)}{\alpha ^2 (\alpha -\beta )}E\\
D = 2\frac{\alpha }{\beta ^2 (\alpha
   -\beta )}+2\frac{\gamma ^2 (\gamma -\alpha
   )}{\beta ^2 (\alpha -\beta )}E\\
B = -C - D - E
$$
For $E = 0, \alpha = 1, \beta = 2$ we get the formula for the uniform grid
$$
f''(0) = -\frac{3}{h}f'(0) + \frac{-7f(0) + 8f(h) -f(2h)}{2h^2} + O(h^2)
$$

A: I've been working with finite differences a lot recently and wrote a Mathematica script to do the method of undetermined coefficients. I stuck it on my dropbox.
The solution for $i = 1$ is:
$$f''(x_1) = -\frac{2 \left(\delta _2 \delta _3+\delta _4 \delta _3+\delta _2 \delta _4\right) }{\delta _2 \delta _3 \delta _4}f'\left(x_1\right) -\frac{2 \left(\delta _3^2 \delta _2^2+\delta _4^2 \delta _2^2+\delta _3 \delta _4 \delta _2^2+\delta _3 \delta _4^2 \delta _2+\delta _3^2 \delta _4 \delta _2+\delta _3^2 \delta _4^2\right)}{\delta _2^2 \delta _3^2 \delta _4^2} f\left(x_1\right) + \frac{2 \delta_3 \delta_4}{\delta _2^2 \left(\delta _2-\delta _3\right) \left(\delta _2-\delta _4\right)}f\left(x_2\right) - \frac{2 \delta _2 \delta _4 }{\delta _3^2 \left(\delta_2-\delta _3\right) \left(\delta _3-\delta _4\right)} f\left(x_3\right) + \frac{2 \delta_2 \delta_3 }{\delta _4^2 \left(\delta_3-\delta_4\right) \left(\delta_2 - \delta_4 \right)} f\left(x_4\right) + \mathcal{O}\left( \delta_2 \delta_3 \delta_4 \right) $$


text:
I Symfonia c-moll, Op. 11 – symfonia skomponowana przez Feliksa Mendelssohna w 1824 roku.

Mendelssohn rozpoczął pracę na symfonią w 1824 roku i ukończył ją 31 marca 1824 roku, kiedy miał zaledwie 15 lat. Została jednak opublikowana dopiero w 1831 roku. Po raz pierwszy symfonia została wykonana w Royal Philharmonic Society w Londynie, 25 maja 1829 roku, a sam Mendelssohn był dyrygentem. Później Mendelssohn w ramach modyfikacji zorkiestrował scherzo ze swego Oktetu Op. 20 jako alternatywną trzecią część symfonii. Czas trwania symfonii to zazwyczaj około pół godziny.

Utwór jest rozpisany na dwa flety, dwa oboje, dwa klarnety, dwa fagoty, dwa rogi, dwie trąbki, kotły i smyczki.

Symfonia składa się z 4 części :

 Allegro molto
 Andante
 Menuetto: Allegro molto
 Allegro con fuoco

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Symphony No.1, Op.11 (Mendelssohn, Felix)

Symfonie Feliksa Mendelssohna

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The US Treasury now has the Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds where you can learn more about COVID economic relief for your municipality. Information Includes:
Interim Final Rule - The 151 page document with rules for implementation.
Non-Entitlement Unit Information
Compliance & Reporting Guidance
IMPORTANT UPDATE - May 24, 2021
Treasury released additional guidance for Non Entitlement Units (NEUs) which includes all but 9 municipalities in Maryland. The 8-page document provides further information on eligibility and a step-by-step guide for states to allocate and distribute funds to their NEUs. Included in this document is reference to the need for all NEUs to register in SAM.gov as soon as possible after receiving the award if the NEU is not already registered.
The US Treasury just released further guidance on the American Rescue Plan (ARP) as it relates to the Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds.
USE OF FUNDS:
Today they adopted the Interim Final Rule which specifies the requirements for Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund expenditures. The Treasury has submitted this document to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) for publication and is currently pending placement on public display at the OFR and publication in the Federal Register, at which point it will become the official document.
ALLOCATIONS:
Treasury has also published detailed allocation information for the Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds. For municipalities considered "Metropolitan Cities" of which Maryland has nine, the allocations are listed by state in this Treasury document. For municipalities considered "Non-Entitlement Units," which includes the other 148 municipalities in Maryland, the Treasury presently only has aggregate numbers at the state level. However, the state aggregate for Maryland for non-entitlement units went from a first draft of $448 Million to $528 Million. Treasury expects to provide further guidance on distributions to non-entitlement units in the coming days.
IMPORTANT UPDATE - May 5, 2021
The Single Audit Act - The Single Audit Act requires that all non-federal entities that expend more than $750,000 in federal awards in a year are required to obtain an audit in accordance with the Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996, the U.S. Government's Office of Management and Budget's Circular A-133, the U.S. Government's Office of Management and Budget's Circular Compliance Supplement and Government Auditing Standards. A single audit is intended to provide a cost-effective audit for non-federal entities, so one audit would be conducted in lieu of multiple audits of individual programs.
NLC suggests that municipalities begin budgeting to hire an auditing firm for a single audit if they believe they will expend more than $750,000 in federal awards in a year.
At this moment, it is unclear whether the funds from the American Rescue Plan Act can be used to pay auditors. In a call with Treasury and White House officials, NLC pushed hard for this to be an allowable use of funds under the American Rescue Plan Act.
IMPORTANT UPDATE - April 16, 2021:
DUNS Number - In order to receive ARP Funds, all municipalities must ensure they have a valid DUNS number. A DUNS number is a unique nine-character number used to identify an organization and is issued by Dun & Bradstreet. The federal government uses the DUNS number to track how federal money is allocated. A DUNS number is required prior to registering with the SAM database, which is outlined below. Registering for a DUNS number is free of charge.
If an entity does not have a valid DUNS number, please visit https://fedgov.dnb.com/webform/ or call 1-866-705-5711 to begin the registration process.
Please see our US Treasury Guidance page for more details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At Hydrogen we believe in rewarding hard work. So, a number of our consultants were recently treated to a weekend break to celebrate hitting their sales targets.
From London to Singapore and Edinburgh, the festivities took place globally. In Singapore, members of Finance, Legal and Tech team spent a luxurious weekend in Bali, while our power team flew from London to Barcelona for a sunny beach weekend and sightseeing. Finally, our Edinburgh Business Transformation team enjoyed a full active day of quad biking before relishing a well-deserved meal in an award winning restaurant.
Well done to all for their great performances. We're looking forward to seeing further celebrations from our recruitment consultants across our practices globally. Bring on quarter three sales results!


ROTA's and Race Equality Foundation's submission to the Mental Health Act Review 2018. Following on from a wide consultation and our Institutional Racism and the Mental Health Act Review conference on 1st June 2018, hosted at University of East London. Read the submission HERE .
Resident voices: How do we get social housing management right?
Since the disastrous fire at Grenfell Tower in June 2017, serious questions have been raised about whether social housing residents are adequately involved in decisions which affect their homes. The London Assembly Housing Committee is investigating how social housing residents are involved in the management of their homes across London.
Our Senior Policy Officer, Poornima Karunacadacharan, spoke on the 'Legislative duties and gaps - what change is needed to protect all residents', at the meeting which took place on 24th May 2018.
Read the latest June edition of our Policy E-Newsletter now available HERE . This is our quarterly newsletter full of information about our work and what is happening around the sector in relation to race equality.
Did you know that PPI was sold as far back as 1970? If you've ever taken out a loan, mortgage, credit card, store card, or bought something on credit, such as a car, you may have been sold Payment Protection Insurance (PPI). If you think you have or have had PPI, you need to decide whether or not you want to complain.
There is a deadline of 29 August 2019 to complain about the sale of a PPI policy. You will not be able to complain after this date.
An 'unprecedented' coalition of charities and academics have written to Chloe Smith MP, Minister for the Constitution, calling on the government to urgently reconsider the decision to enforce voter ID at the local elections in May.
The group, led by the Electoral Reform Society , are calling for a rethink from across civil society – including Age UK, the National Union of Students, Operation Black Vote, the Salvation Army and Stonewall.
On 26th February, we held our AGM for the financial year 2016/17 followed by "Race, Identity and Belonging" conference with over 50 people attended, despite the cold weather.
We were joined by Afua Hirsch, a writer, broadcaster, barrister and human rights development worker of Ghanaian, English and Jewish heritage. Afua spoke about Race Equality in the 21st century and her new book "Brit(ish): On Race, Identity and Belonging". Attendees had the opportunity to buy the book and get it signed by Afua.


text:
Q: How hibernate session works I have some kind of trivial queries in Hibernate.

*

*If I assume there are two instances running and each is using its own hibernate session. If one session inserts data into DB and the second session tries to retrieve the new data, will it be able to get that data?

*I have set the primary key to be generated by a DB sequence.
So I create an instance and call save() but do not commit the transaction. I am still able to get the ID of that instance. Is there a DB call happening at that moment or how does hibernate maintains its session?

A: *

*yes, once the data is committed to the DB; this does depend on the isolation level configured on the transaction

*Yes, it will be something like select nextval('MY_SEQUENCE'); this will be the id set to the entity; so, you have an id even if the transaction is not committed yet.
This article is worth a read.


text:
Decline in feminism? The backlash myth
By Paul Norton - posted Friday, 19 August 2005 Sign Up for free e-mail updates!
A recurring theme in much political and social commentary is that Australians are conservative, and becoming more so, on socio-cultural issues. It has been asserted recently in the quality press that sexist attitudes are on the rise in society, young women are retreating from feminist values, and a study finding that one-third of Australians consider homosexuality "immoral" is evidence of an anti-queer backlash driven by the Federal Government's family values agenda.
These claims don't come from any particular political camp - they are expressed fearfully by feminists, leftists and queer rights activists, and triumphantly by family values conservatives in both major political parties and by socially conservative elements of the trade union movement, such as the author(s) of the Brompton Report (pdf file 215KB).
Readers may therefore be surprised to learn that Australians' attitudes to issues of gender, family and sexuality have become less conservative, not more so, over the past two decades.
Good survey data on Australians' changing attitudes to social issues is available from successive Australian Election Studies (AES) and Australian Surveys of Social Attitudes (ASSA). Further, data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics enables us to track changes in Australians' work and family choices and young women's life choices. What do they tell us?
One question asked in every AES since 1987 is whether respondents think social changes intended to provide equal opportunity for women have gone "too far", are "about right" or have "not gone far enough". The percentage answering "too far" has declined consistently from 25.8 per cent in 1987 to 9.5 per cent in 2004. The percentage answering "not far enough" has risen from 19.5 per cent in 1987 to 40.2 per cent in 2004.
On the issue of abortion, the AES asks respondents which of the following options they support: "Women should be able to obtain an abortion readily when they want one", "Abortion should be allowed only in special circumstances", "Abortion should not be allowed under any circumstances" and "Don't know". The percentage answering "obtain abortion readily" jumped from 38.6 per cent in 1987 to 50.3 per cent in 1990 and 56.1 per cent in 1993, and has since fluctuated above 50 per cent, peaking at 57.6 per cent in 2001. It was 54.2 per cent in 2004. Those supporting access to abortion "only in special circumstances" declined from 65.0 per cent in 1987 to 39.5 per cent in 1990, and fluctuated in the 30 per cent range to 34.7 per cent in 2004. The proportion supporting a total ban on abortion has dwindled steadily from 6.4 per cent in 1987 to 4.0 per cent in 2004.
These figures do not suggest that Australian public opinion has become more conservative on gender issues in recent times - quite the reverse. The "hard" anti-feminist positions have become increasingly marginal. The figures also discredit the frequent claim that a backlash against socially progressive policies on gender, family and sexuality at the time of the 1996 federal election contributed significantly to Labor losing office. Insofar as these figures lend themselves to conclusions about assertions of a rise in sexist attitudes in society and a loss of feminist ideals and consciousness among young women, they suggest that such assertions are not well founded.
And is there a backlash against gays? Again, one has to look at how measured attitudes change over time. The poll conducted by Morgan Research for the Australia Institute in 2004, found that 35 per cent of those surveyed considered homosexuality "immoral". In a similar special Morgan poll in 2001, the figure was 36 per cent. In both polls, this figure was lowest amongst the youngest adult cohorts, and rose with age. Other polls during the 1990s also showed a slight decline in homophobic sentiment. None of the polling shows evidence of a homophobic backlash in public opinion over the past decade, and suggest that homophobia is on the way out due to generational change.
So much for attitudes. What about behaviour? I have analysed ABS data series on family structures and workforce participation by age and gender from 1979 to 2005. The figures show that the dominant trends among women in the 25-34 age group since the 1970s - greater workforce participation, later and less frequent childbearing, decline of stay-at-home motherhood - have continued more or less unabated despite federal government policies since 1996 which were arguably designed to reverse these trends. The percentage of this age cohort in the workforce rose from 67.7 per cent in June 1996 to 73.4 per cent in June 2005. In the same period the percentage of stay-at-home mothers in the cohort declined from 28.1 per cent to 21.4 per cent. The incidence of childlessness rose from 42 per cent in 1996 to 50.7 per cent in 2005 - for the first time a majority of women in this age group are not mothers.
While the decade from 25 to 34 is when women make most of their existentially significant decisions about childbearing, career-family balance and so on, these decisions are the fruits of values formed and commitments made during the previous decade of their lives. So there is no retreat from existentially feminist life-choices among women who were teenage or 20-something in the 1990s when feminist writers such as Helen Garner, Virginia Trioli, Catharine Lumby, Kathy Bail, Jenna Mead and Anne Summers began to argue about what young women thought and where they were going. As for women currently in the 15-24 age cohort, they are outperforming young men at school, and committing to higher education and professional qualifications in greater numbers than the lads, suggesting that the trends of three decades will continue for the foreseeable future.
The question then remains. Why, when the actual trend is for public opinion and personal behaviour on gender, family and sexuality issues to become more progressive, do commentators across the ideological spectrum concur in wrongly claiming that the trend is towards conservatism? This is a fascinating question, but it will have to wait for another article.
192 posts so far.
Dr Paul Norton teaches and researches in the Department of Politics & Public Policy and the Australian School of Environmental Studies at Griffith University.
» Paid maternity leave for working women - accept no imitations - May 19, 2004
» The nature of Australia's population debate - March 15, 2002
» Explaining the Grumpy Old Men (and Bettina) - February 15, 2002
» Is Global warming a priority for the 3rd Howard government? - December 15, 2001
» Norton versus Norton on the promise of a Knowledge Nation - July 20, 2001
All articles by Paul Norton


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Who's Winning in the Cloud ERP Software Market?
by Andrew Sanders on February 06, 2018
For some time, there's been a quiet war going on between the top three providers of enterprise ERP software—SAP, Oracle and Microsoft. Lately, that war has been taking place on a new front: the cloud. All three major players have pushed out cloud versions of their flagship ERP software within the last few years, with varying degrees of success. Let's take a look at who's currently winning, and what IT managers should know.
SAP's S/4 HANA
As a product of SAP, the HANA database now forms the core of its legacy applications. Unfortunately, the database has been experiencing some teething issues. A recent survey shows that 9 out of 10 SAP customers have no plans to upgrade to S/4 HANA, with many longtime users deserting the platform altogether. To add insult to injury, no less than the COO of Under Armour (a flagship SAP customer) has revealed that attempting to implement HANA "caused delayed shipments and loss of productivity."
HANA is a newer application, so some early issues are par for the course—but this dissatisfaction is on a whole other level. In the final analysis, it looks like the database just isn't a good SaaS application. It's not hosted by SAP, so enterprises must run it in their private clouds. This defeats the purpose of SaaS, turning what should be a relatively simple application into an unmanageable sprawl.
Microsoft Dynamics is relatively unique, since it can be deployed as either a CRM or an ERP software suite. It can also run on-premises or as a SaaS application, or even as part of a hybrid public/private cloud. Last year, however, most of the services under the Microsoft Dynamics umbrella were re-packaged and re-branded as Dynamics 365. While on-premises versions of the software suite are still supported, the emphasis appears to be cloud-only going forward.
For customers who already use the Office 365 suite of products, Dynamics 365 offers useful integrations for both CRM and ERP. Having the CRM and the ERP applications as essentially one product also helps break down data silos. If you don't currently use a wide universe of other Microsoft products already, however, you may wind up feeling a bit constrained
Oracle vs. SAP is a very familiar fight, and in the cloud era Oracle might finally be gaining the upper hand. Last year, it sold $3.4 billion worth of cloud applications, all told. This year, its offerings—including ERP—are being reinforced with buzzword-appropriate technologies such as AI, IoT and blockchain. In theory, adding AI to ERP means that information and payments from suppliers can be folded into the enterprise balance sheet with greater accuracy and on a larger scale.
What's so great about Oracle's cloud ERP? It seems as though its flexible integration with other products is what makes it most attractive. For example, it's designed to be easy to set up, rapidly importing data from pre-existing systems to eliminate the pain of migration. This is especially useful for companies with legacy applications that they can't readily replace.
Choose Your Cloud ERP Platform Wisely
Regardless of whichever SaaS ERP platform your company chooses, it most likely needs to undergo continuous monitoring. We've written about cloud ERP before, and long story short, it can be a lot less stable than other applications in the cloud. Administrators need a granular solution that can tell them whether the application failure is in the network, the WAN or the application itself. Modern monitoring will likely be part of a successful cloud ERP software deployment.
Filed Under: cloud computing, industry insights
Tags: cloud ERP, erp, Office 365, sa`, SaaS applications
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, Гонконг, специальный административный район Китая, 3 Dai Fu Street, Tai Po, N. T.
Since its inception in 1981, RCL Display Ltd. has been one of the leading LCD manufacturers of LCD and modules, with the emphasis on quality control and extraordinary added-values services to customers. The major manufacturing site is based in Dongguan, South China, with over 1200 well-trained personnel. As a well-qualified operation, we have accredited in ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and TS 16949 to monitor and improve the quality of products and services systematically and continuously. Our commitment to improvement has enabled us to develop technological capabilities continuously. We are capable to produce wide ranges of products with different technology. We can build LED backlights, OLED and TFT products with capacitive touch panels and resistive touch panels in house.


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21/12/2020 Watching
Well yes, I know this is a week late but I've been busy doing the 'retrospective' posts for this year, but better late than never eh? As is perhaps usual there are some minor spoilers below, but I'll try and avoid any biggies.
Wolfwalkers (2020) is a beautiful looking animated film on AppleTV+ and feels like a cross between Disney's Brave, the scary anime Attack on Titan and a werewolf movie if it was for kids. It tells the story of a young apprentice hunter Robyn (Honor Kneafsey) and her father, expert hunter Bill Goodfellowe (Sean Bean), who live in a fortified town in Ireland. Bill has been contracted to hunt down and kill the last wolf pack in the forests around the town. Robyn discovers that there is more to the wolves than first meets the eye and befriends a free-spirited Irish girl Mebh (Eva Whittaker) who is a member of an indigenous tribe living in the depths of the forest.
While the story is fairly formulaic the animation is a joy to watch – almost every scene could be a brilliant piece of static art and since I am big fan of both symmetrical and naturalistic design I was happily spellbound. The voice acting is excellent from a cast mostly unknown to me, and I will be keeping an eye out for other, similar-looking animations, from producer Tomm Moore – Song of the Sea and The Secret of Kells.
Ava (2020) recently landed on Netflix and stars Jessica Chastain, most recently seen by me in It: Chapter Two, as a disillusioned and disenfranchised female assassin. This is kind of turning into a film genre in its own right there's so many of these films around at the moment e.g. Atomic Blonde, Red Sparrow to name a couple. Ava is not quite as good as either of those two films but certainly better than The Courier.
John Malkovich and Colin Farrell are both pretty good as members of the black ops organisation Ava works for. One wants to protect Ava from being scrubbed off their books, the other wants to get rid of her. The film has a good mixture of dialogue and action, and while some of the action is a little comic book at times (Farrell's character in particular takes some hits that would leave you dead on the floor) it had a kind of Bourne Identity vibe to it – which is a good measure of quality.
Apocalypse Now: Final Cut (2019) is as the title would imply Francis Ford Coppola's final attempt at a definitive version of his classic journey into the heart of darkness during the Vietnam war. This version has a shorter run time than the previously supposedly definitive Redux version, which I actually prefer, but is still longer than the original 1979 theatrical version. The French plantation scene is still in there in a tighter form as too is a tighter version of the Playboy bunnies scene. The biggest difference I could see off the top of my head is to the ending where in this final cut Colonel Kurtz's base is not bombed.
Final Cut is visually stunning in 4K, with only a few scenes really showing no benefit from restoration, and the film sounds really great if you have a Dolby Atmos amp. You can appreciate the tightness of the film which was left sprawling in the Redux, however there still seem to be some odd choices – for example Willard's prank of stealing of Kilgore's surfboard totally goes against the stoical character's nature. Perhaps it's time for Coppola to release all the footage into the public domain and let fans like me cut together our own versions? Otherwise I doubt we're ever going to be happy.
Mary Queen of Scots (2018) stars a perfectly cast Saoirse Ronan in the title role (check out some old portraits and you'll see what I mean) and an almost unrecognisable Margot Robbie as Queen Elizabeth I. Robbie is not only physically very different from usual (e.g. Birds of Prey) but her performance is remarkably good. Perhaps I have previously not seen her true acting ability because the likes of the aforementioned comic book film don't give her the platform and so this historical role was a bit of an eye-opener for me. Saoirse Ronan for once actually seemed to be the weaker actor of the two, but perhaps that because of the roles they were playing rather than talent.
The film itself is an emotionally-charged retelling of the historical story of Mary Stuart's return to Scotland and unsuccessful claim to the English throne. I feel there may be some 2020's revisionism going on in the amount of ethnic minorities in the film and the Catholic queen's attitude toward homosexuality, but all in all the attention to detail, especially in the costumes, was really good. Oftentimes the film felt like a stage play – perhaps due to director Josie Rourke's thespian background – but it certainly benefited from some very good performances from both lead actors but also supporting cast members such as Guy Pearce and David Tennant. It also felt like it ran out of time – Mary's time in hiding in England and the subsequent arrest for treason were not really covered and before you know it her head is on the chopping block. Come on, that's not really a spoiler if you know your Sixteenth-century history!
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018) tells the story of Clara, a young girl transported like Alice in Wonderland into a Narnia-ish fantasy world populated by bizarre characters. Loosely based on the ballet originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov scored by Tchaikovsky, it is a visually stunning tour de force of computer generated special effects and costumery. It's ostensibly a kids film but there is something for the dads in the form of Keira Knightley making the most of her role as the Sugar Plum Fairy.
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms is also the only Christmas film I'll be watching this year unless I decide to watch Die Hard again. As you might gather, I'm not a huge fan of this kind of saccharine stuff, but this was actually okay.
Slaughterhouse Rulez (2018) is a comedy horror based in a British boarding school. The pupils are attacked by creatures from beneath the earth let loose because of fracking. It's directed by Crispian Mills who is better known to me as the lead singer of the band Kula Shaker, and he does an okay job.
Margot Robbie has a bit part on the end of some video calls as the estranged girlfriend of one of the teachers played by Simon Pegg, and his comedy buddy Nick Frost also makes an appearance toward the end of the film. David Tennant's Staged pal Michael Sheen plays the headmaster and so it's not without it's established comedy actors. The weakness is perhaps in the main characters i.e. the school pupils, who leave a little to be desired.
Man of Tai Chi (2013) is a little-known martial arts film directed by and starring a beardless Keanu Reeves looking more like a bad Neo than Jon Wick. I bought the Blu-ray of this for Siggy as a stocking-filler perhaps last Christmas and we hadn't seen it until now after I spotted it while I was arranged Christmas cards on our shelving. Produced I think mainly for a Chinese audience with the hope of some success in America, this film follows a tried and tested plot of a gifted young Tai Chi student (Tiger Hu Chen) making money from illegal fights while discovering the true value of his learnings. Reeves is in full wooden mode for this, but his delivery of lines suits the role of bad guy.
Hu Chen's skills are undeniable and the wire-work is kept to a minimum. I was hoping The Raid's Iko Uwais was going to have more of a role in the film, but he's only in for what feels like about five minutes. I think the most interesting thing in the film is the presentation of Tai Chi as a fighting style and this is on show quite clearly in the first few fight sequences. What's disappointing later on is that the style is replaced by a style all of Hu Chen's design which looks more like an adaptation Kung Fu.
1984 (1984) is the film adaptation of George Orwell's classic dystopian future novel and is as grim as the source material. 1984 is one of my favourite books and I've seen this film before on TV. It was going cheap in HD on Amazon, so I thought it time I added it to me digital collection and watch it again. John Hurt and Suzanna Hamilton are great as the clandestine lovers, Winston and Julia, trying to be together under the nose of Big Brother and his spies, and Richard Burton is surprisingly good as the authoritarian figure who entraps them.
For a 2020s viewer I think the most notable thing here is not Hamilton's bush – come on guys grow up! – but Winston's work revising the news to suit the government's current agenda – helping to change facts and erase people from history. I'm sure Orwell back in 1948 was using the Soviet regime or Nazi Germany as a basis for his projections, but these days it seems like this kind of behaviour could equally apply to any regime be it communist or democratic. Access to reliable information is a fundamental human right which could be being violated on a daily basis IRL never mind in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Who really knows?
Image by PixxlTeufel from Pixabay
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Columbia Fur Company var ett i Saint Louis baserat amerikanskt pälshandelsföretag vilket verkade 1821-1827.

Tillkomst
Företaget bildades 1821 när Hudson's Bay Company och North West Company slogs samman och ett stort antal pälshandlare friställdes. Kenneth McKenzie, William Laidlaw och Daniel Lamont bildade då Columbia Fur Company som ett konkurrerande företag. Eftersom alla tre var brittiska undersåtar arrangerade de att verksamheten officiellt bedrevs av William P. Tilton & Co., ett amerikanskt företag baserat i Saint Louis.

Handelsområde
Den första etableringen var vid Minnesota River där man byggde fyra handelsstationer för att konkurrera med American Fur Company. Flera handelsstationer byggdes även vid Lake Traverse på gränsen till nuvarande South Dakota och vid Green Bay i nuvarande Wisconsin.  Verksamheten utsträcktes dock snart västerut och 1823 byggde man ett handelsfaktori, Fort Tilton, vid mandanernas byar vid Missourifloden. Snart var man ivriga deltagare i handeln med siouxer och cheyenner på norra prärien. För att konkurrera med Pierre Choteau, Jr. och andra pälshandlare från Saint Louis byggde företaget flera handelsstationer vid Missourifloden. Den största av dessa var Fort Tecumseh vid Bad Rivers utlopp i Missouri. Alla kunde försörjas med handelsvaror från kompaniets huvudkontor vid Lake Traverse, beläget på landet mellan Red River, som rann norrut till Hudson Bay, och Minnesota River, som rann sydost till Mississippifloden.

Avveckling
Företaget köptes 1827 av John Jacob Astor och omorganiserades som Upper Missouri Outfit av American Fur Company med kärnverksamheten förlagd till mandanbyarna på mellersta Missourifloden. Kenneth McKenzie blev avdelningschef och byggde Fort Floyd, snart omdöpt till Fort Union, vid Yellowstoneflodens mynning.

Referenser

USA under 1820-talet
Handelskompanier
Pälshandel i Nordamerika


Make your sales letters easier to apprehend with Excel.
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MANILA, Philippines – The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) announced on Tuesday, November 27, that the Tagbilaran Airport in Bohol will be closed starting 6 pm.
All flights going to the province will be transferred to the new Bohol-Panglao International Airport in Panglao Island once it becomes operational on Wednesday, November 28, at 6 am.
This means that the new Bohol-Panglao International Airport will be the sole commercial airport that will serve the province. The new airport is 40 minutes away from Tagbilaran City.
The new Bohol airport, which can accommodate up to two million passengers yearly, is described as a "total upgrade" from the Tagbilaran Airport.
The new airport is "night-rated," allowing flights during the evening – a feature that the Tagbilaran Airport does not have.
It also boasts of environment-friendly facilities that could prevent as much as 18 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year.
In an advisory on Tuesday, flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL) said passengers should make transport arrangements to the new airport for their new flight itinerary.
PAL ticketing offices at the decommissioned Tagbilaran Airport will remain operational until December 15 to assist passengers during the transition period.
PAL said a ticketing office at the Bohol-Panglao International Airport is still being set up, but the check-in counters will be able to issue tickets if necessary.
Budget airline Cebu Pacific announced on Tuesday that the first flight to land at the Bohol-Panglao International Airport will be Flight 5J 619 from Manila at 7:30 am on Wednesday.
The first Cebu Pacific flight leaving the new airport will be Flight 5J 620 bound for Manila at 8 am, with an estimated time of arrival at 9:25 am.
Cebu Pacific flies thrice daily between Bohol and Manila, and once daily from Bohol to Cagayan de Oro and Davao via its subsidiary CebGo.


フォーラム » FFXI » Jobs » Puppet Master » Attachments for Meva?
I just realized there is not one for meva. Unless the Accelerator ones do both which I doubt it. I wonder if anyone could post to the official JP forum and get that changed, since It worked for BST update... just complain on there and it's done.
With that said, Harle frame would be best for meva? Not that it would matter I'm sure. Just thinking about different setups.
That automaton is already indestructible.
That's all I believe (and other tiers), but it's enough, really.
Mana Jammers are Magic Defense.
You can augment up to 125 meva on Taeon, but for most things, the robot can flat out negate the damage unless it is a "i win" mechanic. And then you have Maintenance + Repair to remove debuffs.
Accelerator tanking works? Guessing Smoke Screen and that Analyzer too? Does master get any pet evasion gear?


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How Beer Made Kings in Early Egypt
Harvard Museums of Science & Culture—Online
The remains of a 5000-year-old brewery found in the ancient Egyptian city of Abydos are providing insights into the relationship between large-scale beer production and the development of kingship in Egypt. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Abydos brewery produced beer on a truly industrial scale—something unparalleled in early Egypt. Matthew Adams will share findings from recent excavations at the brewery and will consider it in context as part of a broad pattern of royal activity at the site that served to define the very nature of kingship at the beginning of Egypt's history...
Read more about How Beer Made Kings in Early Egypt
How We Incarcerate Young People: A Conversation about Policy and Neuroscience
Harvard Radcliffe Institute—Online
Across the United States, children under the age of 18 can be tried as adults in criminal court. Although the practice is condemned by international law, we are the only country in the world that sentences young people to life in prison without the possibility of parole. At the same time, recent developments in neuroscience research demonstrate that the human brain is not fully developed until after the age of 25.
This program will consider the ways we punish young people in the American criminal legal system and how our policies could be reformed. We will bring together a...
Read more about How We Incarcerate Young People: A Conversation about Policy and Neuroscience
The Popularization of Doubt: Scientific Literacy & Alternative Forms of Knowledge in the Soviet Union after World War II
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard—Online
Alexey Golubev, assistant professor of Russian history and digital humanities at the University of Houston, is working on a new book project: a history of Soviet efforts to produce mass scientific literacy after World War II, when tens and later hundreds of thousands of members of the Soviet intelligentsia were recruited to communicate scientific knowledge to the public through popular science lectures, publications, public experiments and debates, and television shows.
This mass scientific literacy campaign resulted in a diverse and autonomous network of people and ideas in...
Read more about The Popularization of Doubt: Scientific Literacy & Alternative Forms of Knowledge in the Soviet Union after World War II
Enduring Unethical Lessons from the Past: Learning from the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee
Harvard Medical School—Online
The United States Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee is used as a case study of the exploitation of communities of color at the hands of medical professionals. What are the lessons learned and how far has medical ethics really come in terms of the treatment of Black and other communities of color? Lillie Head, president of Voices for Our Fathers Legacy Foundation, and Riggins R. Earl, Jr...
Read more about Enduring Unethical Lessons from the Past: Learning from the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee
Diving with a Purpose: A Fifteen-Year Odyssey
Diving with a Purpose is an organization dedicated to the documentation and protection of African slave-trade shipwrecks and the maritime history and culture of African Americans. Jay Haigler and Albert José Jones will share a documentary on the organization's work and recent discoveries. They will discuss the importance of submerged heritage resources in advancing the fields of maritime archaeology and ocean conservation and the need for a better understanding of the transatlantic slave trade and its global, cultural, and social-economic impact on society.
Read more about Diving with a Purpose: A Fifteen-Year Odyssey
Harvard Museum of Natural History—Online
Celebrate National Fossil Day—a celebration organized by the National Park Service—by taking a closer look at museum fossils with Harvard paleontologists. What can we see on ancient seafloors? How do modern animals help us understand extinct animals? What fossils still amaze scientists? What is it like to be a practicing paleontologist? Bring your curiosity and questions to this online event for all ages!
Learn more about and RSVP for National...
Astronauts: Women on the Final Frontier
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian—Online
The first person who will set foot on Mars is alive right now. We believe this, but even if we're wrong we know the first crew to arrive there will look nothing like the ones that landed on the Moon fifty years ago.
Our world has changed for the better, and ASTRONAUTS tells the story of the women who built this better world. The main character and narrator is Mary Cleave, an astronaut you may not have heard of. It's not because so many people have been to space; only a few hundred have! It's because this graphic novel isn't about fame. No astronaut you'll ever meet took the...
Read more about Astronauts: Women on the Final Frontier
Wonderful Cambrian Beasts
Earth is home to a vast diversity of organisms that collectively define the modern biosphere. How did this diversity come to be? Javier Ortega-Hernández will discuss his approach to answering this question by studying organisms that lived more than half a billion years ago in the Cambrian Period (485–541 million years ago). By focusing on the earliest-known animals—some of the most versatile to ever exist—Ortega-Hernández aims to reconstruct the early evolutionary history of major animal groups and contribute to our understanding of Earth's biodiversity.
Read more about Wonderful Cambrian Beasts
Observatory Night: What Stars Are Made Of
Join the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian for a virtual Public Observatory Night with guest lecturer Donavan Moore, author of "What Stars Are Made Of: The Life of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin."
It was not easy being a woman of ambition in early twentieth-century England, much less one who wished to be a scientist. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin overcame prodigious obstacles to become a woman of many firsts: the first to receive a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College, the first promoted to full professor at Harvard, the first to head a department there. And, in what...
Read more about Observatory Night: What Stars Are Made Of
The Bridge: Natural Gas in a Redivided Europe
Three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet empire, the West faces a new era of East-West tensions. Any vision of a modern Russia integrated into the world economy and aligned in peaceful partnership with a reunited Europe has abruptly vanished. Two opposing narratives vie to explain the strategic future of Europe, one geopolitical and one economic, and both center on the same resource: natural gas. In The Bridge, Thane Gustafson, an expert on Russian oil and gas, argues that the political rivalries that capture the lions share of media attention...
Read more about The Bridge: Natural Gas in a Redivided Europe
The Ancient Maya Response to Climate Change: A Cautionary Tale
Ancient Maya civilization suffered a major demise between the tenth and eleventh centuries. The causes continue to be investigated and debated. Paleoenvironmental research over the past twenty years has revealed that the demise coincided with a prolonged, intensive drought that extended across the region, providing compelling evidence that climate change played a key role in the collapse of the Maya. Billie Turner will examine this evidence and the complex social and environmental conditions that affected Maya societies.
Read more about The Ancient Maya Response to Climate Change: A Cautionary Tale
Ancient Maya civilization—known for its cities, monumental architecture, ceramics, hieroglyphic writing, and advanced understanding of mathematics and astronomy—suffered a major demise between the tenth and eleventh centuries. The causes continue to be investigated and debated. Paleoenvironmental research over the past twenty years has revealed that the demise coincided with a prolonged intensive drought that extended across the region, providing compelling evidence that climate change played a key role in the collapse of the Maya.
In this lecture, Billie Turner will examine...
Exhibition Tour: Small Steps, Giant Leaps
Edison and Newman Room, Houghton Library, Harvard Yard, Cambridge
Join curator John Overholt for a guided tour of the exhibition Small Steps, Giant Leaps to learn about the ways early modern science inspired and made possible the historic Apollo 11 moon landing.
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Tours are free and open to the public. No reservation is required.
Exhibition Tours are also offered on the following dates:
July 20 (...
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Following this tour will be a a screening of The Right Stuff (1983) at the Harvard Film Archive at 5:30pm
An Exhibition Tour will also be offered on...
The Care of Foreigners: Immigrant Physicians and the U.S. Health Care System
Geological Lecture Hall, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge
In 1965, the United States invited thousands of physicians from other countries to fill vacancies...
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Conflict and the Global Threat of Pandemics
Geological Lecture Hall, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA
Michele Barry, Professor of Medicine; Senior Associate Dean of Global Health; Director, Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University
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Breakpoint: Reckoning with America's Environmental Crises
Jeremy Jackson, Emeritus Professor of Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Senior Scientist Emeritus, Smithsonian Institution
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