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Dedicated engine pages:
20R: One of the more famed R-series engines, from 1975
R-series: the four-cylinders that could
4A-F: hot 1980s-90s DOHC fours
5M-GE: 1982-86 DOHC V6 powerplants
GR: The current 3.5 liter V6 family
RZ: the current 2.7 liter family, which started back in 1989
JZ series high-performance straight-six engines (Supra and others)
Also see the transmissions page.
Four Cylinders
The 1.2 liter engines of the early 1970s had a 71 cubic inch displacement and 9.0:1 compression. They had a single two-barrel carburetor, and produced (in 1974) 65 net horsepower at 6,000 rpm and 67 pound-feet of torque at 3,800 rpm. This engine was only used in one model of the Corolla.
The 1.6 liter engines launched with the 1974 cars displaced 97 cubic inches, and had 8.5:1 compression; they too had a single one-barrel carburetor, producing 88 horsepower at 6,000 rpm and 91 lb-ft of torque at 3,800 rpmp in 1974. This engine was used in the Corolla and Carina.
The 1974 Corona and Celica used the 18R 120 cubic inch engine with the same 8.5:1 compression, producing 97 hp @ 5,500 rpm and 106 lb-ft @ 3,600 rpm; buyers had a choice of four-speed manual or three-speed automatic.
The 1974 Mark II used an in-line six-cylinder engine displacing 156 cubic inches, producing 122 hp @ 5200 rpm and 141 lb-ft @ 3,600 rpm. Buyers could choose a four-speed manual or three-speed automatic.
Toyota engine chart courtesy of Matt Yi, 1979-1989
Valves/
Valve Drive
18RG
18RGEU
18RGR
18RGRU
18RGU
75-80*
90@4800
122@2400
22RE
2SE
2T-C
2TZ-FE
(2.4 l)
3A-C
3K-C
3SFE
3SGE
3SGTE
3TGTE
4A-GE
4AF
4A-FE
1988-?
4AGE
4AGELC
4AGZE
4ALC
4K-E
Also see 1JZ/2JZ and GR six-cylinder pages
5M-GE
7MGE
7MGTE
20R engine introduced 1975 and described on this page.
The 5A-F was produced through 1987; the 5A-FE (fuel injected) introduced the same year and was used in the seventh generation Corollas from 1995 to 1998 (overseas models only). The thermostat was oddly located on the inlet side, under the distributor.
Thanks for the update, Caleb Lounds.
Toyota engines by car (Matt Yi), 1979-1989
22R,RE
4A-C,LC
4AFE
4M-E
1A,3A,AC
Toyota uses the first digit in their engine designations to indicate the engine's generation. For example, the old 4A-FE was the fourth generation A engine. The 1ZZ-FE is the first generation ZZ engine. However... the 1JZ and 2JZ were separated by a single year and were made simultaneously.
The 1983 Cressida and Celica Supra were the first cars to get a new 2.8 liter straight-six. This modern powerplant had twin cams and electronic fuel injection, and produced a hefty-for-the-time 150 horsepower at 5,200 rpm and 159 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm. In the Supra, it was paired with a five-speed manual transmission. By 1988, the Supra had 3.0 liter twin-cam V6 with 24 valves and a total output of 200 horsepower; an intercooled turbocharger option boosted that to 230 horsepower.
The ordinary Celica had to make due with the 2.4 liter four-cylinder engine also used by Toyota trucks in that year, with 100 horsepower and 130 lb-feet of torque. The standy 2.4 was fuel-injected starting in 1983. By 1988, the Celica's GT-S engine was putting out a full 135 horsepower (from a 2.0 liter twin cam 16 valve engine), with an optional 190 horsepower in the All-Trac Turbo - an all wheel drive turbocharged version of the Celica that predated the Subaru WRX by quite a few years. That level of power was V8 territory in those days.
The first generation Celica (and other cars) used the confusingly-labelled 18R 2.0 liter engine, which produced 86-89 hp, and 105-107 lb-feet of torque; an 18R-C variant was sold in California from 1971 to 1974, producing 97 horsepower and 106 lb-ft of torque. The 18R displaced 1968 cc, and had a bore and stroke of 3.48 x 3.15 inches (88.5 x 80 mm).
The 20R and 4A-GE engine
Introduced in 1975 in the Celica and Corona, the 20R engine used a hemispherical head design for optimal fuel-burning and power generation at high rpm; it was however designed to meet and beat emissions standards as well, without the power-sapping add-ons other manufacturers were resorting to. The 20R was a 2.2 liter (2189cc) single-overhead cam (SOHC) design.
The 1.6 liter 4A-GE was a higher-compression (9.4:1 rather than 9.0:1), electronically fuel injected, 16-valve version of the 4A, with 112 horsepower and 97 lb-feet of torque. This latter engine used dual cams, a central spark plug ("semi-hemi"), and variable induction - a series of valves in the induction ports to improve intake velocity at low engine speed, andincrease airflow at higher speeds. An oil cooler was standard. Transmissions used with the 4A-GE were the close-ratio five-speed stick and the four-speed automatic.
Corolla engines
In modern times, the Toyota Corolla has used two different engine families (shared with the Celica).
Corollas made from 1993 to 1997 had two engine choices, the 1.6 liter 4A-FE and the 1.8 liter 7A-FE. The 1.8 was used in the GT-S. As emissions laws and tuning changed, horsepower figures moved around slightly, but not enough that the average person would notice: in 1993, horsepower was 110 hp at 5,600 rpm. By 1996, less peak power was available, but you could get it more quickly: 105 hp at 5,200 rpm. Torque went up by two foot-pounds in the same time, from 115 to 117.
1998 models benefitted greatly from a new engine family. Most automakers in the late 1990s were able to create new engine families with more power, better economy, and lower emissions, partly because of new technologies (distributorless ignition, returnless sequential fuel injection, etc.) but also because of computer-aided design and modelling. Some, notably GM and Chrysler, took the same engine blocks and squeezed large new chunks of power out of them, without losing efficiency.
In Toyota's case, the 1ZZ-FE engine combined substantially more power and economy with cleaner burning of fuel. It debuted with 120 hp (at 5,200 rpm) and 122 lb-ft of torque (at 4,400 rpm), which means that it not only makes more power than its predecessor, but does not need to be revved as high to do it. The result is a very fast car that feels peppy at all engine speeds. This engine later went up to 130 hp and 125 lb-ft of torque. See a timing chain tensioner "DIY" with photos, for the 1ZZ-FE.
The ZZ is an aluminum block engine which uses iron cylinder liners - a common design now. The deck is open, which saves weight and allows for greater precision in construction, also results in less cylinder strength, really only a problem for those who want to turbocharge or supercharge their engines with a high degree of boost. On the other hand, the bottom end has been strengthened with a full-size main bearing girdle.
Like the ol' Chrysler slant six, the 1ZZ-FE has a fairly long stroke, which is one reason it makes good torque. The bore is 79 mm, the stroke is 91.5 mm. There are two cams and 16 valves (four per cylinder).
The heads are designed to provide knock resistance while keeping combustion efficient. Their tapered squish area design, which forces a mixture of fuel and air at the spark plug, allows for a high compression ratio of 10:1 - on regular gas.
The valve seats, rather than being pressed into the head, are sprayed on, allowing them to be much thinner than standard valve seats - the result is efficient transfer of heat through the valve seats instead of the valve stems. This allows the valve stems to be relatively thin and light, so that the valve springs can be lighter, reducing wasted power and allowing for thinner cam lobes. This also means that the twin cams can be driven by a quiet, compact single-roller timing chain.
The fuel injection is returnless (a technique pioneered by Chrysler), with a pressure regulator in the gas tank, to reduce fire risk and make combustion more efficient.
The exhaust manifold is short, with the catalytic converter very close to the engine. To allow this, the aluminum intake manifold was moved to the front of the engine. Long intake runners were used to increase low-rev power. Toyota uses extruded aluminum, which is smoother than cast aluminum, and made the runners fairly wide.
2000 saw the introduction of the next generation ZZ engine, which includes variable valve technology ("VVT-i" for Toyota, "VTEC" for Honda, and there are others) to raise power by 5 hp while increasing fuel efficiency by about two or three miles per gallon.
2003 saw yet another major advancement, this one in gas mileage. Though the 2003 Corolla added both weight and a little horsepower - another 5 hp, making it 130 in total with 125 lb-ft of torque - gas mileage actually increased, thanks to direct injection. This system, long used by Mitsubishi in smaller engines, is even more efficient than the now-common sequential multiple-port electronic fuel injection, eliminating one more step in the process where fuel can fall out of suspension - essentially squirting it directly into the cylinder. Toyota is the first company to put direct injection into a standard-price "large" four-cylinder engine.
M20A-FKS (2019-present)
A new design, the two-liter M20A-FKS engine featured a lightweight resin cylinder-head cover, a more rigid crank. Compared with the old 1.8 liter Corolla engine, the 2.0 M20A-FKS was smaller in size, and lighter in weight.
The D-4S fuel injection system switched between direct injection and low-pressure port fuel injection, depending on driving conditions; it had dual variable valve timing, with the intake controlled by an electric motor and the exhaust controlled by hydraulic pressure.
To increase torque, the engine had a longer stroke than the old 2ZR-FAE. Changes to the heads and fuel injection allowed for up to 13:1 compression. These changes included an enlarged valve lip angle and laser-clad valve seats; in addition, tumble and knocking were reduced by adding air volume, pistons with a round top surface, and slanted sidewalls. The design was also intended to reduce friction.
Like the old 2ZR engines, which were offered alongside the M20A but on lesser models, the M20A was a dual-overhead-cam design with four valves per cylinder.
Note: the following table is for the U.S.-spec 2021 Corolla.
USA engines
M20A-FKS
169 @ 6,600
137-140 @ 6,100
Torque (lb-ft)
Direct + Port
EPA MPG*
* M20A: Corolla SE CVT; 2ZR: L and LE model. M20A was only 29/36 with 6MT and 31/38 on XSE. 2ZR was 29/37 on XLE.
There were other changes, as well. There were now three oil jets per cylinder, to reduce knocking, friction, and oil use; and a drain path within the crankcase, to return oil from the cylinder head, resulting in less oil agitation from the crankshaft. The rods were made of high-strength steel for lower weight, and the cam had a concave profile to increase valve lift.
Toyota Supra and other JZ straight-six engines
Moved to their own page!


Future has announced the launch of an annual Official Tour de France Guide, on sale this week.
On sale tomorrow (6th June), with a coverprice of £6.99 – the 180-page Official Tour de France Guide comes with a DVD, worth £24.99, which is packed with over two hours of the best stages selected from the Tour's last twenty years including its closest finish in 1989, with Greg Lemond and French hero Laurent Fignon, as well as the US legend Lance Armstrong's seven Tour wins.
Edited by Pro Cycling's Pete Cossins, big name contributors include five time-tour winner Bernard Hinault, retired footballer turned cycling enthusiast Graham Le Saux and current Tour Race Director Christian Prudhomme, reflecting on the success of the Tour's visit to London in 2007. A comprehensive route guide covers every stage of the race, including road maps, route analysis, gradients for the major mountain climbs, and when and where to see the riders.
Retail activity to promote the Official Guide in major stores will include displays, promotions and a value pack offering readers a free issue of Cycling Plus magazine with their Official Guide.
Next INDUSTRY OPINIONS: What's in the box?


The CW have released a new teaser for their latest superhero show, Black Lightning. However, don't get too excited about seeing the character crossover with the rest of the networks DC line-up. Said network chief Mark Pedowitz at a recent CW upfront presentation: "we do not aim to do a five-way crossover. Black Lightning, at this time, is not part of the Arrowverse. It is a separate situation. But there will be a big fourth quarter crossover with all four of the shows that are on in the fall." Booooooo!!


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Video GamesMalmö, Sweden
SEK 38,056
pledged of SEK 320,000pledged of SEK 320,000 goal
Funding Unsuccessful
The project's funding goal was not reached on Sat, April 2 2016 6:00 PM UTC +00:00
Dwelvers
Help me finish Dwelvers, a real time strategy game that's been in development for three years and is available on Steam Early Access.
Dancing Devils
First created · 0 backed
Campaign Rewards FAQ Updates 7 Comments 21 Community
Pledge SEK 24 or more About $3
~$2.9 / ~€2.7
Thank you for helping me fulfill my dream of finishing Dwelvers, a game I've spent 3 years on that I want to finish in the next year. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible. In addition to above you will also receive Dwelvers wallpapers.
Pledge SEK 99 or more About $11
~$12 / ~€10,5
You get 3 Kickstarter DLCs of your choice. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
Pledge SEK 149 or more About $16
~$17 / ~€15
A digital DRM free copy of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
A digital DRM free copy of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get 3 Kickstarter DLCs of your choice. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
You get all 15 Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
A digital DRM free copy of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get all 15 Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
You get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
Be the author of an official skirmish map for the game + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + you get ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
Limited 1 backer
Pledge SEK 999 or more About $105
~$117 / ~€108
Be the author of an official skirmish map for the game and get a digital DRM free copy of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
Limited 0 backers
Pledge SEK 1,499 or more About $158
A numbered (101 - 500) collector's edition physical game box for the finished game and a Steam key as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also get an unique character model with special graphics and the name of your choice which is connected with your Steam ID.
Estimated delivery Jun 2017
A numbered (4 - 100) collector's edition physical game box for the finished game and a Steam key as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. The box is signed by the developer of Dwelvers with a personal thank you for your support. You'll also get an unique character model with special graphics and the name of your choice which is connected with your Steam ID.
You'll join my team at Castle Game Jam 2016 where we have VIP seats. Together we'll spend 1 week in a castle developing a game and talk about game development (travel costs not included). You'll also get a digital DRM free copy of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
For more information about Castle Game Jam, visit their event on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/1471374316501334/
We'll create a unique model for a character in the game based on your input and ideas. You can choose any of creature types for the character and a name of your choice. You'll also get 4 digital DRM free copies of Dwelvers on Steam as soon as the Kickstarter is finished + you get a hoodie with the Dwelvers rock hand logotype on the back + ALL Kickstarter DLCs. You'll also be able to join in on the polls which determines which features that gets implemented first, and thus are available in the early access as soon as possible.
Feb 27, 2016 - Apr 2, 2016 (34 days)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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3D Hubs Releases Worldwide 3D Printing Trends Report for February 2016
February 3, 2016 by Bridget O'Neal 3D Printers3D Printing3D Printing Materials
As you gasp with surprise that the second month of a new year is actually already upon us, we bring you the latest from 3D Hubs with their Worldwide 3D Printing Trends Report for February 2016. This data is always fun to read because surprises, big and small, usually pop up, and we are able to learn what real users in the real world are doing. Currently, there are positive highlights and upward movement for several 3D printers and happy manufacturers accompanying them. Also quite notably, the figures for the number of 3D Hubs around the globe rose from 25,000 last month to 26,500 this month—all busy innovating in a total of 150 countries.
In the 'Highest Rated 3D Printers,' both first and second hold tight this month as both the PowerSpec 3D Pro and the Prusa Steel remain in the coveted number one and two spots. Third place, however, shows the Vellemena K4800 making quite the jump all the way from #8. While this category was a bit more low-key than usual, we were interested—but not surprised—to see that the Zortrax M200 has added a whopping 150 'stellar new reviews,' and is holding strong at #6. Also racking up the good reviews is Flashforge's Creator Pro, climbing four rungs to #8, and according to 3D Hubs data is now the third printer in the top 20 list to reach 1,000 reviews.
The 'Highest Rated Industrial Printers' tend to hold on slow and steady without a lot of change, and that's the case this month as the top three remain the same, in the form of the Objet Eden260, ProJet 460Plus, and the Projet 3500 HDMax.
We get to the good stuff with 'Trending Printers,' as the Da Vinci 1.0 Junior arrives on the scene to show off a 57.1% growth to go with its sudden grasp on the first-place crown. XYZprinting is a company that's on fire with success, so this is no surprise, but it's certainly an impressive leap. The Duplicator I3 showed 31.5% growth and climbed one spot in place of the Form 2, which is now trending at #3.
The LulzBot Mini, another popular printer, is showing up in the top ten again at #4, and the ATOM 2.0 takes fifth place. Also of note for #6 is CEL Robox which climbed nine spots to take its place, with the Micro Delta trailing behind.
Taking a look at 'Top Print Cities,' as a lover of the Big Apple, I'm always glad to see New York City still on top as far as 3D printing goes, although LA may begin to give them a run for their money. We've been keeping an eye on the emerging Toronto, which held steady at #9 for a while but has, yes, indeed moved up to #8 this month, dislodging Boston. As far as printing locations go, have you ever been to a 3D Hubs event? They invite you to check out their calendar for cities hosting events all around the world this month.
In 'Printer Model Distribution,' the Prusa i3 has not only kept its position in first, but also surpassed the 2,000 printer mark. Again, the Zortrax M200 receives mention as it begins to work on slowly nudging the Replicator 2X out of place. And, the 'Printer Manufacturer Distribution' category makes us all witness to history this month as the MakerBot becomes the first 3D printing manufacturer to hit the 3,000 mark.
The 'Popular Printers by Region' shows the PrintrBot Simple Metal trading spots with the Replicator 2x for #3. Once again, the Zortrax M200 comes into play this month as they are the only 3D printer to show a gain in Europe, as the rest fall back. For Asia, the Prusa i3 and the FlashForge Creator Pro both gained market share. South America showed only a slight change as the Prusa i3 gained 0.6% this month, while the others retreated in a minor fashion.
'Popular Materials' shows ABS print orders on average costing around $34.2 per order, with PLA costing $31.4. Resin orders are still more expensive and have remained around the same price at $50.7. Regarding industrial prints, average orders went down by $1.6 for nylon, decreased $4.1 for PolyJet, with full color sandstone—generally the highest—also coming in less at .70.
With such an increase in hubs this month, it's pretty fascinating to check out the map below and imagine so many people innovating on a variety of 3D printers in so many different areas of the world. Thanks to 3D Hubs we have a better idea of which tools and materials everyone is using too. Until next month! Were there any major surprises for you in this month's report? Discuss in the Worldwide 3D Printing Trends Report for February 2016 forum over at 3DPB.com.
Tagged with: 3d hubs • 3d hubs trend report • 3d hubs trends • 3d printing industry trends worldwide • 3d printing trend report • Popular desktop 3D printers • Top 3D Printing Cities • trending 3d printers • Worldwide 3D Printing Trends Report • Worldwide 3D Printing Trends Report for February 2016


Join NOT The Footy Show for NRL Season 2014!
Straight up - we will not be doing weekly regular shows like we have in the past (though we may pump out a quick tips pod every week... maybe) but since we keep getting told by one or two fans every off-season that we can't go away for good... we will be around in 2014.
THIS WEEKEND WE RECORD OUR 2014 PICKS PODCAST - SEND US YOUR PICKS HERE AND WE'LL READ THEM OUT ON EPISODE 149 - released Sunday Night!
The format will simply involve doing short 20 minute shows here, there and every so often - basically whenever the game demands that your favourite collection of Rugby League Lovers can find the time to not only record - but then edit the 'gold' that you've become accustomed to over the last five years.
Yep, we enter SEASON FIVE in 2014... and we've come a long way since recording our first official show in front of Ray Price's crotch at Parramatta Stadium before the 2010 NRL Season (though Nic and Waz did record a bunch of YouTube Video Shows during the 2009 Finals - that time in front of a Pizza shop in Sydney's north west).
So the good news is you haven't heard the last of DC, Nic, Maria, Matt, Jake and Waz... but like in 2013 - you just won't hear as much of them as you did from 2010-2012. However - there will be new semi-regular guests... so that's a bonus.
So jump onto itunes and subscribe if you haven't bothered up until now and... tap into the NRL Podcasting Odyssey that just won't go away.
Looking forward to it? Let us know on the FB Page please - why not share the love?
If you play any form of Fantasy Footy in 2014 - you'll need to keep a close eye on the NRL Dream Team Website for the coming weeks into the Season.
The Postman has been tasked with ranking each position in order of the Top 10 he would pick in his Dream Team if money was no object. We're talking maximising big game output potential here and overall PPG value - investing in Cash Cows are nice and all - but these are the guys we think will simply PERFORM the best at EACH POSITION.
Here are his picks for the Wingers/Fullbacks.
But don't worry we will help you with the must-have Cash Cows once the Round 1 Teams are named.
Remember the season starts next Thursday week and your Local Postman is along for the ride in an even bigger way this year.
The team at Virtual Sports has wisely invested in The Postman's 'expertise' and I/he will be providing Fantasy Footy Content direct to the NRL Dream Team Website as well as their Social Media channels in 2014.
Make sure you sign up to Dream Team here ASAP as 1st Prize is 20k + weekly $500 prizes and prizes for 2nd through 10th Overall! And there's also Eliminator and State of Origin Comps for a few thousand bucks each as well.
Remember if you post on the Official Facebook or Twitter pages - we will answer ANY Fantasy Footy questions - not just DT - because let's be honest most questions apply to all games, not just one.
How good were The Auckland Nines!
Join Waz and DC Chapman as they pass very positive judgement on what is clearly going to be a pre-season fixture for a very long time - and you'll hear Waz like you've never heard him before... delirious, because of - wait for it: too much football.


The Ports of Sweden and the Dockworkers' Union have today entered into a secondary agreement. This means that the port conflict has been called off.
The Ports of Sweden and the Dockworkers' Union enter into a secondary agreement – all industrial actions cancelled.
The Dockworkers' Union gives notice of total work stoppage and blockade.
The Dockworkers' Union has decided on a total strike from 6 March going forward. The Dockworkers' Union wants obtain more than what everyone else is getting and are choosing to harm Sweden – and all of us – in order to force the Ports of Sweden to agree.
Lockout on days off etc. in all member companies of the Ports of Sweden. The Ports of Sweden gives notice regarding lockout on days off and a blockade against new hiring, overtime work and the hiring of temporary replacements for overtime work during the period 6 March until 31 July 2019.
Since the Dockworkers' Union at the end of June commenced its latest round of strikes, they have carried out over 120 strikes, declared that they intend to pursue the conflict and rejected the two proposals for a solution that the mediators have presented. The Ports of Sweden has worked hard to reach a solution to the conflict, among other things we have accepted both of the proposals by the mediators. Unfortunately it is now clear that the Dockworkers' Union seeks conflict and not a solution.
New proposal from the mediators – the Ports of Sweden recalls all notices of partial lockout in response to industrial action.


text:
Ship Transport
MoRTH is spending Rs 62,000 crore to uplift road infrastructure and reduce pollution in Delhi: Nitin Gadkari
by Team TR | Mar 23, 2022 | NATIONAL, Road Transport (N)
The Union Road Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari has said on Tuesday, that road projects with a worth of Rs 62,000 crore have been undertaken in Delhi, which is the national capital, to deal with the problem of pollution that is increasing and also to ease the congestions of traffic in Delhi-NCR.
While replying to a debate in the Lok Sabha that was covering the demands for grants for Road Transport and Highway Ministry, 2022-2023, the Union Minister looked back on how he was not able to get out of the traffic for hours on the Dhaula Kuan route, as there is constant traffic on the road, every time he used to travel to the national capital to and from the airport.
Union Road Transport Minister, Nitin Gadkari
Nitin Gadkari inaugurated a three-lane underpass in the year 2019, at the Parade Road junction, which is near Dhaula Kuan in Delhi in order to ease the traffic on the route to the airport and Gurugram from Delhi. He also added that the ministry is trying its level best to reduce the pollution that takes place due to the traffic, and the department is now spending Rs 62,000 crore only to tackle the pollution of Delhi. Gadkari also mentioned that the department made ring roads and various other roads so that the pollution of the national capital comes down. Adding further, Gadkari said that he envisions making the Indian road infrastructure the same as the United States by the end of the year 2040.
By this statement, Gadkari referred to the context of a famous quote by one of the great leaders and former President of the US John F. Kennedy, which was about American roads being good and helping the nation economically. The minister also highlighted the improvement that took place in the infrastructure of roads and highway connectivity. The travel from Delhi to Meerut is an affair of just 40 minutes now after the new highways and better infrastructure, which used to take almost 4 hours earlier.
A three-lane underpass was inaugurated in 2019 near Dhaula Kuan to ease traffic on Delhi – Gurgaon route.
The department aims at improving the quality of the infrastructure with a reduction in the cost of construction. Adding the milestone of road construction of 38 km/day is a world record that was achieved by India in 2021. There has been commendable progress in the infrastructure building as the time span has been reduced to a lesser time on long routes like the road travel from Delhi to Jaipur and Delhi to Haridwar takes only 2 hours now which usually took around 4 hours. Likewise, it only takes 4 hours now to travel from Delhi to Amritsar.
The connectivity between the cities of Delhi and Mumbai are on the verge of improvement such that it will take only 12 hours of travel time and the department will complete this connectivity in 2022 only. The travel from Leh, Ladakh and Srinagar, now people could travel to Mumbai before the end of the current year. The minister also added that they are trying to make routes possible in such a way that one can travel from Srinagar to Mumbai within 20 hours. The work for the Zojila tunnel in Kashmir is blooming and is expected to be completed by the year 2024, which is much earlier than the scheduled target, which was in 2026.
Budget2022 | Morth | NitinGadkari | Infrastructure | delhi | LogisticsInfrastructure | delhiroads | pollution
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London - class 5c3, Henry III pennies of the London mint.
Obv: hENRICVS REX III.' - with NR ligated. Note the pellet after III. Oval eyes. R1/X4. Central fleur side pellet stalks rise from the crown-band.
Rev: ION/ON/LVN/DEN - EN ligated, pellet on N in 2q and also on the 4q.(see enlargement). These two pellets make it one of the less common reverse types. RIC: 8-9.
Notes: Baldwin's Auction September 2016, lot #3108, where it was described as class 5b2. Good very fine. ex Lockett Collection.
Obv: hENRICUS REX III'. - NR ligated, dis-jointed central fleur.


The workshop provides a useful, practical framework for preparing for negotiating and getting the most value from business deals.
Accordence has certified facilitators and consultants located throughout the world who provide training and consulting in a variety of language skills and cultural knowledge. Languages Accordence consultants work in include English, French, Spanish, Mandarin, Italian, German, Dutch, Japanese, Russian, and Portuguese. Accordence programs and consulting initiatives are led by our own consultants as well as channel partners. The esteemed Roger Fisher, best-selling author and founder of the Harvard Negotiation Project at Harvard Law School, served as a Senior Advisor to Accordence.


XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is an XML-based language for financial reporting. XBRL provides a standard for uniform reporting for all users of the financial information supply chain; such as public and private companies, the accounting profession, regulators, analysts, the investment community, capital markets and lenders, as well as key third parties such as software developers and data aggregators.
Taxonomies are maintained by www.xbrl.org. You can download taxonomies or read more detailed information on the XBRL website.
Someone who wants financial information from you, provides you with a taxonomy (an XML document) containing one or more schemas, each with one or more lines to fill out. The lines correspond to the individual financial facts required by the sender. You import this taxonomy into the program and then fill out the schema(s) by entering which account or accounts correspond to each line, what kind of timeframe to use, for example net change or balance at date. In some cases you can enter a constant instead, for example, number of employees. You are now ready to send the instance document (an XML document) to the someone who requests the information. The idea is that this might be a recurring event, so unless changes have been made to the taxonomy, you just export new instance documents for new periods on request.
The XBRL Specification explains what XBRL is, how to build XBRL instance documents and XBRL taxonomies. The XBRL Specification explains XBRL in technical terms and is intended for a technical audience.
The XBRL Schema are the core low-level components of XBRL. The schema is the physical XSD file which express how instance documents and taxonomies are to be built.
The XBRL Linkbases are the physical XML files which contain various information about the elements defined in the XBRL Schema, such as labels in one or more languages, how they relate to each other, how to sum up elements, etc.
An XBRL Taxonomy is a "vocabulary" or "dictionary" created by a group, compliant with the XBRL Specification, in order to exchange business information.
An XBRL Instance document is a business report, such as a financial statement prepared to the XBRL specification. The meaning of the values in the instance document is explained by the taxonomy. An instance document is somewhat useless unless you know the taxonomy to which it is prepared.
A taxonomy can consist of a base taxonomy, for example, us-gaap or IAS, and then have one or more extensions. To reflect this, a taxonomy refers to one or more schemas which all are separate taxonomies. When the additional taxonomies are loaded into the database, the new elements are simply added to the end of the existing elements.
Label linkbase: This linkbase contains labels or names for the elements. The file may contain labels in different languages which are identified with an XML property called 'lang'. The XML language identifier usually contains a two-letter abbreviation, and although it should be easy to guess what the abbreviation means, there is no connection to the Windows language code or to the language codes defined in the demo data. Therefore, when the user looks up the languages for a specific taxonomy, he will see all the labels for the first element in the taxonomy, meaning that he can then see an example of each language. A taxonomy can have several label linkbases attached to it as long as these linkbases contain different languages.
Presentation linkbase: This linkbase contains information about the structure of the elements, or more precisely; how the issuer of the taxonomy suggests that the program presents the taxonomy to the user. The linkbase contains a series of links that each connect two elements as parent and child. When applying all these links, the elements can be shown in a hierarchical way. Note that the presentation linkbase deals with just that: the presentation of elements to the user.
Calculation linkbase: This linkbase contains information about which elements roll up to which. The structure is quite similar to the presentation linkbase, except that each link or 'arc', as they are called, has a weight property. The weight can be either 1 or –1 indicating whether the element should be added to or subtracted from its parent. Note that the rollups are not necessarily in keeping with the visual presentation.
Reference linkbase: This linkbase is an xml file that contains supplementary information about the data that is required by the taxonomy issuer.


Brazilian authorities are investigating an alleged massacre of indigenous residents of the Javari Valley. Very little has been confirmed at this point. It appears that several members of the tribe were collecting food when they encountered a group of miners. These prospectors had been hired to illegally dredge the valley's rivers for gold.
It is thought that ten or more people (some estimates go up to twenty) were killed. If this is confirmed, then a nearly a fifth of the tribe's members have been lost forever.
The miners claim that they killed out of self-defense, and it was "kill them or be killed"*. However, this is not supported by other statements of the miners, which displayed clear genocidal intent. The workers were overheard bragging that they '"killed the lot" before "cutting-up" the bodies'**.
My history teacher has said on several occasions, "Killing another human being is a traumatic experience." His point is that for the majority of people, killing someone is not something that they can look back upon positively. The only way that people are able to rejoice in such massacres is by dehumanizing the victims. The boastful attitude of these men suggests a similar mindset.
FUNAI, the National Indian Foundation of Brazil, is investigating these claims along with other sectors of the Brazilian government. Two of the gold miners have been arrested.
This attack on indigenous people is likely related to extreme budget cuts to FUNAI. Earlier this year, conservative government parties cut their budget more than 40%, leaving the agency responsible for protecting nearly a million indigenous lives with little more than £14 million (USD 18.6 million). For reference, 1.18% of the U.S.'s federal budget in 2015 amounted to over USD 13 billion (about £10 billion). The amount of money devoted to uncontacted Amazonian tribes (such as the one discussed in this article) is even smaller–only £600,000 (USD 800,000).
Unfortunately, this is just one of many examples of how governments have failed to protect their indigenous peoples. We like to think of ethnic cleansing as something in the past, but as long as atrocities such as this continue, as do genocides.
Previous Post Do You Know Your 30 Human Rights?


Has anyone heard of Tristar tools?
I have a chance to trade a old craftsman 12" band saw for a Tristar 14" band saw. I have searched and searched and the only thing I can find is one being sold on a auction site. It looks a lot like the buffalo one on a different forum on here and the one they sale at harbor freight. Its a Model VBS-14. the one on here is Buffalo Band Saw BP-VBS-14. I think this is the same saw but under a different name with the BP added to the model number and now its sold at Harbor Fright as a Central Machinery. Has anyone owned one of these or know anything about this brand? I know it not going to be a great saw but it looks like it is built a lot stronger then this old craftsman. Any input would be greatly appreciated.
-- Jesus was a Carpenter too!!!
1) Power switch is inconveniently located on the base, not on the upper arm casting.
2) Multiple speed pulleys are sort of a challenge to get aligned/tensioned, and aren't really necessary.
3) Stock belts are junk. Replace with link style belts.
4) Base design/assembly takes longer than one would think (really bad instructions). Needed additional base re-enforcement to quiet vibration.
5) Original blade is adequate, but should be replaced with a better blade.
6) Miter gauge is cheap junk, miter slot isn't the same 3/4" size as what would be on a table saw.
7) No pre-drilled holes for mounting fence.
8) Built in dust port is barely functional.
9) Blade tension rod is too short for my liking.
10) I tossed the orignial steel blade guides and added Cool Blocks. The HF uses the square blocks on the upper and the round blocks on the lower. So you need to order two different sets.
Tri Star International was an importer of Taiwanese machines, along with several others long since out of business. They were located in St Louis. I have one of their 15" planers and it's a basic Gee Tech machine.


Buffalo, NY – Erie County Sheriff Timothy B. Howard reports the arrest of two individuals after Deputies responded to calls about a suspected drug deal in the Town of Clarence Thursday afternoon.
Deputy Biegasiewicz responded to a neighborhood off Heise Road at approximately 4:10 p.m. where a description of the vehicle involved in the suspected incident was provided.
The Deputy located the vehicle and two individuals were detained leading to an investigation. The Deputy discovered a quantity of marijuana and narcotics and charged 19-year-old Patrick Ahlers of Clarence and the 17-year-old driver with unlawful possession of marijuana and criminal possession of a controlled substance.
The driver was also evaluated for driving while impaired by drugs and Deputy Biegasiewicz, a Drug Recognition Expert, determined the operator was impaired and subsequently charged him with DWI – Drug.
Both defendants were released to the custody of their parents and will appear in Clarence Town Court at a future date.


Following the Chaikin Money Flow indicator, we note that the current 20 day value is -0.322713 on shares of Alliqua BioMedical, Inc. (NASDAQ:ALQA). Traders will watch to see if the indicator can help confirm an ongoing trend. In the midst of a bullish trend, the CMF value staying above zero may point to continuous buying pressure and the possibility of a sustained rise in price. In the midst of a bearish trend, the CMF value staying below zero may show continuous selling pressure and the possibility of continued price decline.
Trading on volume of 300, Alliqua BioMedical, Inc. (NASDAQ:ALQA) has seen a change from the open of 0.03 since the stock opened at 2.77. Monitoring today's activity, the stock has hit a high point of 2.8 and slipped to a low of 2.77.
Checking in on the Awesome Oscillator, we see that the reading is 0.03692647. Traders may follow this oscillator to measure market momentum. Created by Bill Williams, the Awesome Oscillator calculates the difference of the 5 period and 34 period SMA.
The 20 day Keltner Channels upper envelope is 2.9329472. The 20 day Keltner Channels lower envelope is 2.735009. The Keltner Channels indicator was introduced by Chester Keltner in his book How to Make Money in Commodities. Keltner's ideas have since been expanded upon and are widely used by technical traders.
Donchian Channels may be useful for technical traders. The primary function of the indicator is to measure volatility. The bands will widen when volatility is high, and they will become narrow with low volatility. The 20 day upper band level is 3.18. For the same period, the lower band level is 2.7.
Shares of Alliqua BioMedical, Inc. (NASDAQ:ALQA) ended last session at 2.8. Following today's trade, we note that the stock has moved 1.4492754% since the opening bell. The company has a current market cap of 14765372. The stock's high price over the last month is presently 3.24.
Watching volatility readings, we can see the current value for the stock is 11.320755. Volatility for the week stands at 6.8273654, and the monthly reading is 7.1841216. Volatility involves the amount of risk in relation to the amount of change in a stock's value.


Slim and standard use different keyboard matrixcode-mappings.
The fx-9750GII is a fx-9860GII without backlight and with a smaller LCD (visible diagonal 70mm).
To distinguish between slim and standard, use bit 3 of port E.
To detect the emulator, use the calculators fingerprint at 0x8000FFD0.
When calling this syscall, the keys OPTN, EXP and AC/on must be pressed simultaneously.
As well the calculator can be switched on with this three keys, because the fx-9860 calls 0x176 on startup.
Or the contact P103 can be closed.
Returns 1 if a SD-slot is present.


text:
Yoknapatawpha Emergency Services received a 911 call reporting an unpleasant odor at a Combs Street residence. Sheriff's deputies dispatched to the scene discovered the body of YCSD detective Charles Tatum inside the home.
As Sheriff Sheldon prepared to talk to the press about the detective's death, Internal Affairs sent him a memo about Detective Tatum.
The next morning, Detectives Armstrong and Murphy met with Detective Tatum's landlady to find out more about the circumstances leading up to her 911 call.
Meanwhile, per the Sheriff's order, Detective Tatum's residence was put under surveillance, leading to an unidentified person being detained at the scene.
She was subsequently identified as Detective Tatum's girlfriend and transported to the sheriff's department to sit down with detectives.
That afternoon, the detectives received an urgent call from the Coroner's Office, and after meeting with the medical examiner, updated the case file with the coroner's findings. Later, Internal Affairs notified the detectives of a development in their investigation.
With the investigation reclassified, CSU went over the scene again.
First thing the next morning, the coroner sent over a preliminary summary report documenting their findings.
Then Detectives Armstrong and Murphy sat down with Detective Tatum's supervisor and senior supervisor to learn more about the investigations he was working on.
At Sgt. Spearman's suggestion, the detectives went to talk to a local businessman who might know something about Detective Tatum's recent investigative interests.
That afternoon, they talked to another detective who sometimes worked with Detective Tatum.
Later, they reviewed the voicemail on Detective Tatum's cell phone.
The next morning, the Detectives Armstrong and Murphy spoke to a local businessman with a criminal past that intersected with Detective Tatum.
Then they had a talk with a recently released ex-con with no love of law enforcement, especially Detective Tatum.
Next, they spoke to another man who attributed all the changes in his life to Detective Tatum.
Later, they talked to another ex-con who really annoyed Detective Armstrong.
The crime lab sent over a summary report of some of their early findings from the preliminary analysis of the crime scene evidence.
Meanwhile, the detectives and many others attended Detective Tatum's funeral.
That afternoon, Detectives Armstrong and Murphy sat down with the Mugshots bartender who was working the last time Detective Tatum was there.
Later, the detectives spoke to patrons who were at Mugshots that night about their interactions with Detective Tatum.
While the detectives were interviewing the bar patrons, Detective Tatum's most recent credit card statement and cell phone call logs came in.
The next morning, a forensic sketch artist worked with witnesses from Mugshots to create a composite sketch of the woman seen with Detective Tatum.
Meanwhile, detectives obtained security video from a local convenience store showing a transaction of interest.
Later, Detectives Armstrong and Murphy talked to a clerk from Underneath It All about a recent purchase in the store.
Other investigators mapped out locations of interest to the investigation.
The next day, the detectives brought in one of the waitresses from the Rebel Yell to find out what she knew.
IA notified Homicide of developments in the investigation including recovery of certain evidence.
While investigators were in the midst of spending a couple of days talking to patrons and staff at the Rebel Yell, the local media reported on recent progress in the case.
Later, the detectives went to see Jolene in her new digs to find out if she had anything else to tell them.
While they were talking to her, some updated forensics came in from the crime lab.
That evening, the local gossip blog published a new post.
The next morning, the detectives got a call asking them to come over to the jail for a chat.
Several hours later, investigators listened in on a conversation in the county jail's visiting area.
First thing the next morning, the regional crime lab agreed to prioritize the YCSD's request and analyzed some new evidence.
Less than an hour after receiving the findings, the detectives confronted the latest suspect with the damning evidence.
Late that afternoon, the YCSD announced the results of their investigation in a press conference.


text:
Places Germany
The Cathedral in Bamberg
Bamberg Cathedral is one of the most impressive medieval buildings in Germany. A mixture of Gothic and Romanesque style of the tower of this Cathedral unique.
As you know, the city of Bamberg was founded in the early eleventh century, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry. And the construction of Bamberg Cathedral – the heart of the medieval city - began in 1004, and ended eight years later. Consecration of the Cathedral on 12 may 1012 years turned into a huge affair, attended by the Emperor Henry II., thirty-six bishops, and a crowd of ordinary people. The Bamberg Cathedral of St. Peter and St. George quickly became known throughout Europe for its monumentality and marvellous paintings decorating its interior.
Modern Bamberg Cathedral has little in common with a building constructed in the year 1012, the current Cathedral was built two hundred years later. The first Cathedral burned down in the fire of 1081. The new Cathedral in Bamberg was built in the same place in 1111. The construction of the new Cathedral was carried out under the leadership of Bishop Otto. Was built the Cathedral, the beauty is not inferior to the previous one, but it suffered the same fate. It was badly damaged during the second fire in 1185. But Bamberg Cathedral, of course, restored, and now we can plunge into the world of the middle ages went in.
#соборы
#достопримечательность
The Reichstag
Tours to Germany
Berlin-Paris-Amsterdam
Сказочная Бавария


text:
Indian Navy Tests Indigenous Air-Droppable Containers for Logistics Support
© Sputnik / Vitaliy Belousov
NEW DELHI (Sputnik) - The containers, domestically developed by the country's defence research body, could drastically improve ships' deployment duration on missions.
In what may provide a major boost to India's operational logistic capability in the Indian Ocean Region, the Indian Navy has conducted successful trials of the Sahayak air droppable containers. The containers were successfully dropped at the intended location from IL-38 aircraft off Goa in the Arabian Sea during the trials, according to the navy.
READ MORE: Indian Navy Inducts Its First Submarine Rescue Vessel
"Sahayak Containers will enhance operational logistics capability of Indian Navy and will provide the wherewithal to supply spares and stores to ships which are deployed more than 2,000 km from the coast," a statement issued by the Indian Navy reads.
© AP Photo/ Rafiq Maqbool
Indian Navy Adds More Teeth With 5th Landing Craft Ship Near the Strait of Malacca
The cylindrical containers have been indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India's state-owned military research body. On Tuesday, the Indian Navy dropped a test payload of 50kg in the container, which descended to the sea with the help of a parachute.
READ MORE: All Issues Pertaining to Serviceability of MiG-29K Sorted Out — Indian Navy
"With the success of these trials, series production of Sahayak containers and parachutes would be undertaken," the Indian Navy added.
The Indian Navy has been enhancing its operational and logistic strength in the Indian Ocean Region by signing pacts with several friendly nations. Since 2016, India has signed logistics pacts with the US, Singapore, France, while similar pacts are expected to soon be signed with Russia and Japan.
Indian Navy to Get Two Modern Vessels for Submarine Rescue in Next 3 Years
Corporate Feud Delays Crucial Indian Navy Warship Project
Indian Navy Looks to Raise High Performance Unmanned Submarine Squadron by 2021
Indian Navy's First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier to Begin Sea Trial in 2020
defence capabilities, trials, pact, India's Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Indian Navy, India, Indian Ocean


I've received some good qualitative feedback from the last issue, as well as from the audio recording of the Winchester Creatives talk I did on Collaborating with Clients.
I do talks and send out weekly issues for very good reason - I'm collecting feedback. I don't particularly care whether the content is right or wrong because the audience will tell me. Like a good DJ, I want to provide value to the audience right here, right now.
We do this every Friday at Etch at our weekly retrospective (following our team breakfast!). What went well, what didn't and how could we improve. Trends can be recognised and so actions can arise.
With Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant all hanging off audio, Gary Vaynerchuk is tipping audio to being the next content creation boom. The entrepreneur notes that more people are tuning into podcasts as they are more able to multi-task and there can be less barriers to recording on a microphone to going all in on video.
7 killer tips for junior designers. In addition, I'd add keep learning. I'm still a student of design, and always will be. There's so much to learn, so much that's changing and so much experience to gain from just producing work. Once you're comfortable, then start bending the rules (and check out last week's issue for more on that!).
Is Design School relevant in a fast-paced design industry? When the web changes so quickly, can a 3-year design course prepare candidates for the world of design work?
Like anything, there's various hacks like Andrew Wilshere's here.
Consider backwards engineering your dream role. Are all your actions taking you closer to that goal?
Big Radical, who will now be part of the Etch family, are a London-based product development studio, with a focus on design and mobile development.
Funnily enough, I was last at Big Radical for an interview a few years back (shout-out to Arvid!). Crazy how things turn out!
Now we have a bigger presence in London, I'll be around Soho if you want to chat design, cycling or your next big thing.
We love Slack, but for every argument for, there's one against. Now that Etch spans three locations, we're implementing more guidelines around how we communicate, and work remote-first.
You know I'm a stickler for time, right? 😂 Do you ever forget to track your time? Wish there was a tool to help? Well, there is on a Mac. Timing automatically knows what apps and websites you're using and tracks, so you can accurately get a record of how you spent your day. Useful if you need to complete time-sheets too!
I joined The Woods Cyclery Gravel Ride last Sunday and had such a blast! The Woods know their audience and the store in Lyndhurst is part bike-packing mecca part workshop - it's beautiful! Getting to ride in new places with new faces is one of the main reasons I ride. Bring on more of this in Autumn! Plus: lots of questions about My Wild Love!
And as one store finds it's niche, others are closing. With WiggleCRC's bad results last week, now is really the time to understand customers and your place within their lives.
I'm still itching to work with a cycle shop who want to focus on growth - please get in touch!
A new two-day 395km stage race for modern gravel / cyclocross style bicycles through the South African Karoo. The route is almost exclusively gravel, and range from super smooth hard-packed dirt to soft sand, sharp rocks and corrugations. The race will be semi-supported, and there will be two rest stops with good food, coffee and fresh water along each of the two stages.
I know Dario's been enjoying the Karoobaix course before the race starter. Looking forward to hearing reports as they emerge. Who's going next year?
Seth Godin explains why great marketers don't talk about features or even benefits. Instead, they tell a story.
Bye AIM! Can't believe you lasted this long tbh!
I'm getting to understand more and more about studio design and how that impacts (or encourages) cross-team collaboration. When hand-in-hand with working in whole weeks rather than days, you need a space where a designer, developer, producer and others can tackle the hard stuff in a focussed, productive way. And no doubt your environment influences your work.


BarTender® enterprise labeling software transforms information into the labels, barcodes and RFID that drive labeling compliance in FDA- and EC-validated installations at medical device and pharmaceutical companies around the world.
Global change management in an instant.
The agility to meet changes in regulation, product or process with BarTender's Intelligent Templates™. Edit a label's data, format or design — updates occur immediately throughout your organization. Your label is ready to print, in real time, anywhere in the world it's needed.
Configurable, role-based access to secure labeling.
You control all access to label design and modification, database setup, document saving and printing from a central location onsite — or at a facility on the other side of the world. Apply label format encryption to any of the security levels, providing the ultimate in protection against unauthorized use.
Always know who worked with your files.
Regulators want you to know who's edited and printed your labels. BarTender manages electronic signatures, and brings full audit trail accountability with comprehensive data logging capabilities, from print history to versioning.
BarTender enables accuracy and patient safety by integrating pharmaceutical database information, generating ISMP Tall Man Text and automating the calculation of variables required for safe medication dispensing and use.


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Deoria DM attends marriage of late BSF constable's daughter
2 December 2020, 10:24 am ·1-min read
Gorakhpur (UP), Dec 2 (PTI) The district magistrate of neighbouring Deoria attended the wedding ceremony of a late BSF soldier's daughter to fulfil the wish of the bride who invited him through a letter.
Deoria DM Amit Kishore attended the function with his wife on Tuesday night and stayed there till the 'Kanyadaan' ceremony.
He also gave a wedding gift to the couple while his nine-year-old daughter made a card and gifted it to them.
"Salempur resident Ajay Kumar Rawat, a constable with '88 Battalion' had died of cardiac arrest on August 25, 2018 at Udhampur in Jammu when he was on duty," said Kishore.
"I stay in contact with the families of martyr soldiers and those who die during duty. I was also in contact with Rawat's family. His daughter Shiwani Rawat had on November 29 expressed her wish that I attend her wedding," he said.
On the wedding gift, he said, "My daughter made a card for the couple and I also gave a wedding gift and my blessings. It is the responsibility of the district magistrate to take care of the families of Army, Air Force, paramilitary soldiers and officials if they face any problem." "Shivani is a graduate and her groom is a software engineer. She has three brothers, one is elder to her and two are younger," Shivani's uncle Vijay Kumar Rawat said PTI CORR SAB RAX RAX
Sanitation worker in AIIMS first person in Delhi to get COVID vaccine; Vardhan calls it historic day
COVID-19 vaccination drive underway on first day in Aarunachal
Consent form for Covaxin assures compensation in case of adverse events
Sanitation worker takes first jab as COVID-19 vaccination drive begins in Ladakh
Sonam Kapoor introduces her cutest co-star in Blind to husband Anand Ahuja!
Sonam Kapoor is now shooting for her upcoming film Blind in Glasgow, Scotland. The actress is putting all her efforts to bring life in the character she has to play. Sonam is playing a blind police officer, she has a guide dog with her in the film. The name of her character is Gia. While...
Vijay Sethupathi has issued a statement apologising to fans for cutting his birthday cake with a sword. A picture of the superstar from his pre-birthday bash created chaos on social media, where many criticised him for setting a not-so-good example. Check out the full story.
I believe in telling my words through films: Sankha Ghosh
Kolkata, Jan 16 (PTI) Independent filmmaker Sankha Ghosh, whose 'Sunyo' (Zero) was screened at 26th KIFF, believes in telling my words through the medium of films even if his film doesn't get the benefit of distribution network of theatres as a commercial release.
Students tell story of Gurgaon through lives of 19 people
New Delhi, Jan 16 (PTI) In a novel initiative, seventh grade school students have come up with an e-book that focuses on the journey of 19 unique individuals living in one of the most diverse metropolitan cities of India - Gurgaon.
Bigg Boss 14's Talent Manager Pista Dhakad Dies in Road Accident
Pista Dhakad was working as a talent manager with the show's production company Endemol Shine India.
Hathaway's wax statue to get name change after actor says she doesn't like being called 'Anne'
Los Angeles, Jan 16 (PTI) Days after Hollywood star Anne Hathway said that she prefers being addressed as 'Annie' rather than 'Anne', the Madame Tussauds in New York City has decided to change the name plate beside her wax figure.
Alex Trebek fans petition to see 'Jeopardy!' stage dedicated to late host
Washington [US], January 16 (ANI): American-Canadian game show host Alex Trebek's fans have come up with a suggestion for cementing his legacy.
Kareena Kapoor Khan and Saif Ali Khan are designing their new house! Read to know the details:
In the Bollywood industry there are several adorable couples who gives major couple goals. One of them is of Saif Ali khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan. They will welcome their second baby soon. Kareena Kapoor Khan joined her girl gang to celebrate at her house Fortune Heights and shared photos from their get together on...
Music composer pair Vishal and Shekhar come on board spy thriller, Pathan
Shah Rukh Khan starrer, and Siddharth Anand directed film Pathan, has wrapped its first schedule at Yash Raj Film Studio by mid-December. Before taking leave for the New year he completed the first schedule of the film, there he met his co-actress Deepika Padukone, however, the antagonist of the film, John Abraham, is yet to...
Zoya Akhtar addresses cyberbullying: "Online abuse cannot be normalised"
In a session jointly organised by the Population Foundation of India and Jaipur Literature Festival, Director and Producer, Zoya Akhtar in conversation with author Mihir Sharma talked about the dangers of online abuse and bullying. Population Foundation of India and the Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF) recently organised a session titled, 'Cyber Bullies: Anonymity and Accountability',...
'Pieces of a Woman' review: When loss rebuilds, you relate
It was a tough decision to watch a Shia LaBeouf film after FKA Twigs's narrative about the murderous extent to which he took himself to stay in characters. However, you'd be doing injustice to Vanessa Kirby, let alone director Kornél Mundruczó's brilliant work, if you missed Pieces of a Woman on Netflix. Here's a drama designed to get you out of your comfort zone.
Here Is How BLINKs And BLACKPINK Members Showered Their love For Jennie Birthday
Many Blink's sent beautiful flowers to Jennie to showcased their love on her birthday eve. Jennie took to Instagram to thank BLINKs for this and even showed off some of the flowers she received. Jennie also showed off the blue flowers that her mother gets for her every year for her birthday. https://www.instagram.com/p/CKE2FlWDN7d/?utm_source=ig_embed Here is what in...


text:
Josselson, Michaelr2WPadmin2018-07-29T13:39:33+00:00
Michael Josselson
Creating a transatlantic cultural community between intelligence and intelligentsia
Written by Christoph Nitschke, German Historical Institute
Michael Josselson was a central figure in the so-called cultural Cold War of the postwar decades, and combined American foreign policy objectives with networking among cultural elites on both sides of the Atlantic. A European immigrant, Josselson was an intellectual and a businessman who became an American intelligence officer and went on to lead the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) as a cultural counterweight to what he perceived to be the forcible and subversive methods of Soviet propaganda. Josselson used his wide-ranging personal and professional experience to coordinate conferences, publications, and the finances of the Congress in order to forge a transatlantic network of moderate anti-communists from a heterogeneous multi-national intelligentsia.
From"Double" Émigré to Cultural Cold Warrior
Born the son of a Jewish timber merchant on March 2, 1908, Michael Josselson was forced to leave his birthplace, Tartu, Estonia, in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution. He was brought up bilingually in both Russian and German while growing up and attending school in interwar Berlin. Josselson briefly enrolled at the Universities of Berlin and Freiburg in 1927/28, studying political economics under Werner Sombart and others, before taking a job as a buyer with the Berlin office of the American department store chain Gimbel Brothers.
During the interwar period, Josselson became well acquainted with prominent figures among Europe's intellectual and cultural elite. He met composer Nicolas Nabokov, who was to become a fellow émigré, colleague, and lifelong friend. A cousin of renowned novelist Vladimir Nabokov, Nicolas Nabokov tutored Josselson and exposed him to the blend of German and international artists, writers, and musicians in late-1920s Berlin. A quick promotion at Gimbel saw Josselson working various corners of the European market. He thus added international business contacts to his widespread intellectual acquaintances, and steadily improved his impressive fluency in Russian, German, French, and English.
After Hitler's ascent to power, Josselson sought to leave Nazi Germany. His qualifications allowed him to successfully apply for the position of office manager of Gimbel's French headquarters in 1935. While in Paris, he not only met his first wife, Colette, but also rapidly ascended to the position of managing director for Gimbel's European offices. This required the constant journeyman to migrate yet again, this time to the United States.
Josselson arrived in New York in 1937. He soon faced the tough task of coping with the closure of Gimbel's European branches as the onset of World War II took its toll on the international economy. After the United States joined the war in 1941, Josselson had to revert back to working as a buyer, now for the American market, which in turn necessitated a move to Pittsburgh. Not only did he suffer a setback in his career, but he also left behind in New York the wife he had just married the year before. The pair later divorced in 1949.
The department store chain Gimbel had to adapt to wartimes, and so did Josselson. Naturalized in June 1942, he was drafted into the U.S. Army the following year. The 35-year-old's intellectual and linguistic abilities landed him in military intelligence. By the time of his discharge in 1946, they had propelled him to the rank of first lieutenant. Josselson mainly worked as an interpreter until 1945, when he joined the intelligence section of the U.S. Army's Psychological Warfare Division (PWD). He was part of an interrogation team named "Kampfgruppe Rosenberg" after its leader, German-born Albert G. Rosenberg. Due to their particular knowledge of language and culture, immigrants like Josselson and Rosenberg were often used in debriefing the enemy and making contact with the civil population. In this capacity, Josselson interviewed German prisoners, "rapidly separating," as he himself ironically recalled, "strong Nazis from non-Nazis, lies from truthful responses, voluble from tongue-tied personalities"(qtd. in Saunders 1999, 12). It's fair to say that he was highly skeptical of the efficiency of that method. Josselson understood, as CCF-colleague Melvin Lasky later described it, "that Nazism in Germany had all been a mixed grotesquerie. Americans had no idea, in general. They just waded in and pointed the finger" (qtd. ibid., 14).
Schooled and socialized in Germany, Josselson knew better. Sharing a billet with German-American actor Peter van Eyck, he stayed in Berlin and continued working for the American Military Government in Germany (OMGUS). The wartime PWD became the Information Control Division (ICD), led by psychological warfare expert Robert A. McClure. As a cultural attaché, Josselson was now specifically tasked with sifting through German arts and culture, looking for intellectuals connected to Nazism. This was an area he was doubtlessly familiar with from his early days in Berlin. Reunited with his old friend Nicolas Nabokov, the pair, in the latter's words, "did a good deal of successful Nazi-hunting and put on ice a few famous conductors, pianists, singers and number of orchestral musicians" (Nabokov 1951, 263). Josselson and Nabokov were also involved in the exculpation of big-name German intellectuals and helped readmit them to professions they both appreciated.
Josselson ostensibly put a lot of effort into securing fair trials for a number of German intellectuals, the most popular example being the rehabilitation of originally ICD-blacklisted composer and conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler. A note in Josselsons papers plainly says that he spared "Furtwaengler the humiliation of having to go through the denazification procedure despite the fact that he had never been a member of the Nazi Party" (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 14). There was more to it, though; writing to Josselson in the 1970s, Nabokov recalled that Josselson also accomplished the feat of enticing the German composer away from the Soviet sector where the Russians had been trying to secure his services.
Josselson developed a keen interest in keeping German high-culture in the western zones. "I felt no animosity to the Soviets" in the immediate postwar period, he later stated. "In fact I was apolitical at that time and this made it much easier for me to maintain excellent personal relationships with most of the Soviet officers I came to know. It was only after Soviet policies became openly aggressive, and when stories of atrocities committed in the Soviet zone of occupation became a daily occurrence […] and when the Soviet propaganda became crudely anti-Western, that my political conscience was awakened" (qtd. ibid., 10–11). While this statement has to be taken with a pinch of salt, being written after decades of anti-communist activity, it is conceivable that observation of the scale of political and cultural oppression in the Soviet zone made Josselson choose political sides. At the same time, something can be said for his personal relationships to Russian officers. A note from the head of the American intelligence in Berlin indicates that Josselson was "particularly useful because of his knowledge of Russian and his close liaison contacts with his allied opposite numbers. He has given us a number of valuable intelligence leads" (qtd. in Steury 1996, 69). His background as a double-émigré thus served him well in Cold War West Germany.
Around that time, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) had evolved into the newly established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Recruited by the English-American Lawrence de Neufville, Josselson came with more than just good credentials. He had built a reputation in intelligence circles by then, especially in connection to the world of arts and culture. A British MI6 agent even remembered him as "the big fixer, the man who could get anything done. Anything" (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 11). However, when or even if Josselson became "the quintessential undercover operative" that one author claims him to have been (Grose 2000, 139) cannot be said with absolute certainty, as evidence supporting these claims and information on Josselson's intelligence activities are altogether lacking. For a fact, he joined the covert action department of the CIA's Berlin office in 1948. His corresponding State Department application might have only been cover, but it shows Josselson's genuine connections to think tanks like the RAND Corporation and Brookings Institution, highlighting his transatlantic experience.
Meanwhile, the antagonism between capitalism and communism heralded the advent of the Cold War. As rising tensions between the capitalist West and communist East escalated, both sides prepared not only for military and political, but also ideological clashes. Josselson's actions in denazification and intelligence must be seen in this context; every German philosopher, poet, and novelist whose reputation could possibly be salvaged added to the Atlantic bloc's intellectual arsenal of democracy. On the other side of the Iron Curtain, cultural life was leveled to provide for a coherent ideological front. Describing his new work as "a continuation of psychological warfare, only this time directed against the Soviets," the 41-year-old Josselson contributed to arming the Western world for its imminent Kulturkampf with the East (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 42). The stage was set for what CIA handler Thomas Braden later famously called the "battle for Picasso's mind" (qtd. in Thomas 1995, 61).
Leadership of the Congress for Cultural Freedom
In 1950, Josselson became the executive director of the newly founded Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). The CCF was a product of discussions between several American and European intellectuals about the need to emphasize the cultural merits of liberal democracies and to oppose totalitarian influences on arts and free thought. Jumpstarted by a conference that opened in West Berlin only hours after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, its main goal became the cultural fight against global communism and its forcible and subversive methods. The Congress was deliberately constructed as an international network open to all kinds of intellectuals, including prominent figures such as Raymond Aron, Ignatzio Silone, Sidney Hook, Edward Shils, Ernst Reuter, Franz Borkenau, Michael Polany, Arthur Koestler, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. While participants brought forth and exchanged ideas, the CCF's permanent executive committee in Paris was responsible for securing its funding, organizing conferences and seminars, and guiding the national offices that ran magazines or subsidized other publications deemed worthwhile. In its peak years, Josselson oversaw offices in 35 countries with 280 employees, the publication of two dozen periodical magazines and countless books, and a budget of close to one million dollars. Secretly laundered through various international organizations like the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, most of this funding was provided by the CIA.
The Agency saw the CCF as a major weapon in the dawning Kulturkampf. The historian Giles Scott-Smith points out the role the CCF played in culturally defining an American-dominated Atlantic community in the 1950s and 60s (2010, 138–142). He acknowledges that whether planned or not, the CCF had three essential effects: Firstly, it leveled the playing field between the various elites and provided a forum in which every intellectual had a voice and thus could identify with the cause of anti-communism. Secondly, it established norms for art and thought in an effort to establish discursive hegemony over what was considered 'free' and 'true' culture. Thirdly, it cemented the two blocs by discrediting a 'third way' or neutralist way of thinking, thus forcing a choice between alleged freedom and oppression. In short, it performed tasks vital to the construction, promotion, and domination of a transatlantic cultural community.
However, histories of the CCF offer conflicting reports of how much control the CIA really exercised and whether the CIA was directly responsible for the inception of the CCF. Josselson was involved in proposing the Berlin conference that launched the Congress, but did he and the CIA really plan out its development and perhaps even lay out a grand strategy for the cultural Cold War? Or was Josselson's penchant for all things arts and culture, combined with genuine anti-communism, the decisive factor for convening a conference that then developed independently into the CCF? It is also important to note that whatever political goal Josselson and others tried to implement was filtered through the layer of the Congress itself, i.e. the perception of participating intellectuals and those who "produced" culture. The CCF had a dynamic of its own, and the agenda of "free thought" cannot be completely dismissed as rhetoric. As Josselson later claimed, the Congress was naturally barred from taking up a political position, because it was "such a heterogeneous group—with Catholics and atheists, socialists and conservatives" (qtd. in New York Times, May 14, 1967, 32).
The CCF was an attempt to combine a myriad of intellectual currents, unified only by their opposition to communism and belief in political and cultural freedom. Hence, Josselson's main tasks in this environment were coordination and moderation. Once described as "a Prussian by day and a Russian by night," Josselson's work revealed "the 'Prussian', a controlled and orderly man" attempting to organizationally connect groups of anti-communist intellectuals, as well as individuals all over Western Europe (Coleman 1989, 41). In Thomas Braden's words, Josselson "was running around from meeting to meeting, from man to man, from group to group, and keeping them all together and all organized" (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 108).
Josselson's unique resume, intellect, and linguistic capabilities provided him with the skills necessary for the challenge. The former businessman's old acquaintances were especially effectual, though not always positively so. On the one hand, for instance, working with fellow Jewish émigré Ulli Beier's magazine in Nigeria in 1960 proved to be a pleasant experience for Josselson, something he attributed to their common background in Weimar Berlin. On the other hand, Josselson's old enmity with author Günther Birkenfeld, dating back to OMGUS times, always seemed to overshadow his strained relationship to the German CCF office.
Josselson knew that the international and intellectual diversity of the expanding Congress made it difficult to implement ideas. Therefore, he tried to concentrate power at his Paris office, advocating "democratic centralism" (qtd. in Coleman 1989, 199). Moreover, a logical step towards unifying the CCF was to find a degree of balance between the different extremes of anti-communism: The Congress had to move toward a moderate position and exclude radicals. Consequently, by 1952, Josselson had succeeded in driving out the more right-wing group concentrated around spirited ex-communists like Arthur Koestler. In 1957, the CCF—under Josselson's guidance—even dropped its ever-troublesome U.S. affiliate, the American Committee for Cultural Freedom (ACCF). "The American Committee seems to recognize only one weapon in the fight against Communism: denunciation," the executive director had written the year before. "Our methods are different" (qtd. ibid., 166).
The CCF's policy of the initial years was to find its most ardent expression at the Congress's 1955 conference in Milan. A collective proclamation demanded the "end of ideology," i.e. an end to the political geography of left, center, and right wing. The goal was to replace the old distinction with an "Atlantic" consensus of free thought (Scott-Smith 2002b). Michael Hochgeschwender (1998, 591) emphasizes that this consensus happened to be fairly identical to the CIA's aims, which allowed Josselson to be most efficient in his position. He was the vital link between American intelligence and European intelligentsia. "Josselson may be seen to have acted as a bridge between the 'Anglo-Saxon' and the Continental European communities of intellectuals and academics," summarizes Volker Berghahn (2001, 319, n. 65).
Playing the role of "matchmaker for the stormy partnership" (Grose 2000, 139), the cosmopolitan Josselson was open to influences from both sides; he made the process reciprocal. While the CIA agent definitely understood the true political meaning of the CCF—he once sharply reminded a colleague that they were "not publishing cultural magazines with a capital C," just as the Congress was "not primarily interested in reaching readers in England and the U.S. because a communist or neutralist problem does not exist" there—Josselson also more than listened to the intellectuals' voices (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 309; and Coleman 1989, 61). This was his world, after all, and he was familiar with nearly all the published works of the authors within the CCF.
Josselson's longtime cultural interests lend some credence to claims by his wife Diana (whom he married in 1953) that her husband had always been "a thorn in [the CIA's] side, going his own way," and that "if ever there was a man who was a free agent, who answered only to the dictates of his own conscience," it had been Josselson (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 341 and 404). Although this appears to be an overstatement, at least for the formative years of the CCF, Josselson did tend to have strong beliefs and a fierce temper. Contemporary John Thompson later remembered him as very "demonstrative with his emotions. He'd get into arguments and faint and have heart attacks. He was very European" (qtd. ibid, 342). Even though Josselson moved to Geneva in 1960 due to his health, he still wholeheartedly supported the Congress, still ran it effectively, and increasingly recognized its importance beyond political and ideological frontlines. "I frankly wouldn't like to see the Congress's raison d'être to be the Cold War," he commented in 1964 (qtd. in Coleman 1989, 221).
In the mid-60s, Josselson had apparently been planning to cut the Congress's financial ties to the CIA altogether, make it independent of American government money, and ensure its longevity. He had tried to gain complete funding for the CCF from old acquaintance Shepard Stone and the Ford Foundation in 1966. Shortly after, however, a decade and a half of secret funding by the CIA was famously uncovered in a series of articles that cost both the Congress and Josselson their integrity and credibility. One journal called the events a "Literary Bay of Pigs" (The Nation, June 5, 1967). Insisting that "[t]he C.I.A. never 'used' the congress […], it was the congress that used the C.I.A. by employing its funds," Josselson nevertheless took full blame after indirectly being identified as the CIA liaison in the community (qtd. in New York Times, May 14, 1967, 32). He resigned from his position in the same year and soon suffered arterial obliterations and two more strokes. Michael Josselson died in January 1978, at the age of 69.
Between America and Europe: An Ambassador for the Transatlantic Cause
Maybe the most important change Josselson underwent in the years after 1955 was his growing disillusionment with the once so-alluring "American idea." Employment opportunities and a genuine belief that America was a place where the free world could rally against destructive totalitarianism had triggered his emigration from Europe. Alongside fellow émigrés like Nicolas Nabokov, he championed what he perceived as "American" ideals. "In the 1950s our motivation was buttressed by America's historic promises," Josselson writes in his private papers. Eventually, however, he showed increasing frustration with how American foreign policy handled the Cold War: Embittered, he goes on to recount that by "the second half of the 1960s our individual values and ideals [had] been eroded by our intervention in Vietnam and by other senseless U.S. policies" (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 361–362). By that point, his vision of modernity looked thoroughly different: "What a gruesome society," he wrote to Nabokov in 1975, "it has become since you and I opted for it" (qtd. in Coleman 1989, 240).
This transformation illustrates his relationship to his adoptive homeland and to the continent he abandoned. Intellectually, though, it may be fair to say that he never really left Europe. His behavior was shaped by his unique identity, set apart from traditional national state affiliations. Indeed, there is some evidence that speaks to his genuine interest in establishing a truly transatlantic network built on an Atlantic consensus composed of all kinds of intellectual voices and circulating ideas. In that, Josselson's case supports recent studies which undermine the traditional postwar domination of American hard and soft power and find that a transatlantic "West" was a mutual, and not solely American, construct.
The old continent's cultural merits evidently had a major effect on Michael Josselson. Looking back on Josselson and the CCF, the British author Stephen Spender remarked: "Josselson was a rather tragic character. I think that he was in the position of an ambassador who stays in a country too long, and instead of representing the people who've sent them there starts representing the people to whom he's sent, which is why ambassadors are never allowed to stay too long in countries because they tend to switch in this way. And I think that this kind of switch happened with Josselson" (qtd. in Saunders 1999, 411).
Article Title Michael Josselson
Coverage 1908-1978
Author Christoph Nitschke
Keywords Michael Josselson, Estonia, Estonian, CCF, Congress for Cultural Freedom, CIA, Cold War
URL http://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/michael-josselson/


I'm posting on the Poppystamps blog today using the newly released Poinsettia Peace, Polar Bear Fun, Wintertime Bears, Christmas Greetings stamp sets and Elegant Tree Border Contour die.
Hello crafty friends, welcome to the Poppystamps & Birch Press Blog Hop! You should have arrived from Sue McRae!
Birch Press Design has released so awesome A2 sized stackable cover plate dies and my card today features the Circa Layer die set!
With the Circa Layer die set, I made a fun and playful animals card. First, I die cut all three circle cover plate from shades of blue card stock using the Circa Layer dies. I then cut kitties, squirrels, and tiny butterflies out of white card stock, and then die cut stitched leaves from green card stock using the Fall Leaf Collage die. I adhered all elements as shown to the picture on the light blue cover plate panel using double-sided tape, and then mounted them on an A2 top folded navy blue card base using foam tape. To finish it off, I embellished with a few clear sequins.
For the sentiment, I used the Poppystamps Wintertime Bears stamp set.
Look at these playful kitties! Aren't they so cute?!
We will be giving away a $25 gift certificate to one lucky hopper. Hoppers have until 12 am EST August 27 to leave a comment. The winner will be announced on the Poppystamps blog on August 29.
We want you to know we think you're all winners – so we're offering FREE SHIPPING (USA only) on all die orders from Birch Press Design. What a great time to try out these new dies! You can see all the layered dies here. And Poppystamps.com is having a special sale for you too! You can also enter the code "FRESH" at Poppystamps for an additional 20% items already on sale (go to the SUMMER SALE page to see the great deals)! Click HERE to go shopping! As a bonus, free shipping on poppystamps orders from August 23 through Aug 28!
I'm posting on the Poppystamps blog today using so beautiful Flourish Blooms stamp set and Daphne Butterfly die.
I'm posting on the Poppystamps blog today using Hampstead Oval Frame, Freehand Happy Spring, and Devyn Butterfly Trio dies.
I'm posting on the Poppystamps blog today using Easter Excitement and Love Note stamp sets.


The first official toilet paper product was established in China in 1391 however, unlike today, toilet paper was not readily available until the 17th and 18th century. In fact, Joseph C. Gayetty was the first individual to introduce packaged toilet paper in the United States in 1857, naming it 'Gayetty's Medicated Paper'. It wasn't until 1871 that Seth Wheeler created the rolled perforated toilet paper. Now a days, most people use about 8.6 sheets of toilet paper per trip, 57 sheets per day and 20,805 sheets per year, according to the Toilet Paper Encyclopedia. That's a lot of paper!


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The best SUV electric cars
Posted on 14th February 2020 7th August 2020 by bianca
If you think electric cars were 'a thing' in 2019, just wait till this year. 2020 will see the launch of more mainstream EVs than ever before. The electric SUV is becoming an ever more popular segment in electric cars for their convenience, family use and mile range. So, what are the best available electric SUV's at the moment?
The Audi e-tron is the manufacturer's first all-electric car, and it is the most-advanced Audi yet. A 5-door SUV with lane departure warning, Pre-sense Front and Basic, and a rear-view camera as standard.
The Audi e-tron is designed for comfort, safety and performance. It all begins with the streamlined body that not only gives the e-tron its dramatic appearance but also exceptional aerodynamics. The flowing contours of this EV promotes aerodynamic efficiency and an almost silent drive. Staying true to Audi's SUV style with the octagonal grille but special e-tron details, such as a unique light signature, ensures it stands out.
With the Audi e-tron, electric efficiency sacrifices nothing to its performance. This EV has one electric motor at the front and one at the rear, jointly producing 300kW of power. Don't let the e-tron fool you as it can propel from 0-60mph in less than 6 seconds! The e-tron goes the distance too, with a range of up to 212 miles.
Step inside the e-tron and you'll see the modern and uncluttered design accentuating the cabin's space. You will see that this is a common theme within electric cars. The e-tron has a customisable virtual cockpit and discrete touch-screens with voice-command controls. All housed in an unobtrusive centre console to allow for a clear and expansive dashboard.
The Tesla Model X
Of course, you can't really talk about electric cars without mentioning the powerhouse of this segment: Tesla. Their electric SUV and e-tron competitor, the Model X, offers a higher mile range than the Audi at 257 for the Model X 90D. The Tesla Model X has incredible torque. With the capability to tow up to 2,250 kilograms allowing you to go anywhere, anytime.
The Tesla Model X is built for safe
ty. There is no internal combustion engine in Model X, so the crumple zone is greater in size than an ICE car. The position and weight of the floor-mounted battery pack, provides a very low center of gravity.
The Model X is top in the class for offering storage, with more cargo room than most sport utility vehicles. Not to mention that our Tesla Model X's some with seating for up to seven. As well as easy accessibility to the back rows via the falcon wing doors which can still open in the tightest of parking spaces. This is possible due to the sensors on the EV that monitor the proximity of the surroundings. Second and third row seats can also fold flat when not in use, allowing for more interior cargo space.
Additionally, the Model X benefits from Tesla Supercharging. These Superchargers are located all over the UK for convenient use. I think that we can all agree that Mr. Musk has clearly done an excellent job building Tesla's charging network.
The I-Pace is Jaguar's first venture into the world of electric cars. This all-electric performance SUV is one of our most highly coveted EVs here at EVision. The I-Pace reimagines Jaguar's classic balance of sports car and luxury craftsmanship. Its cutting-edge technologies work seamlessly with you, for an effortless drive.
This four-wheel-drive EV is powered by two motors, working to deliver an impressive range of 292 miles. The Jaguar also comes with some amazing features to increase and maximise the driving range such as, adjustable suspension and regenerative braking. Aerodynamic efficiency is a key feature in the world of electric cars and the Jaguar I-Pace is no exception. The bonnet, rear and door handles have all been designed specifically to slice cleanly through the air to further optimise the range and stability.
Integrating technology in this EV was easy for Jaguar, housing two touchscreens. The first is a 10-inch infotainment system, the second is a 5-inch touch screen with multi-function dials. This EV offers an abundance of storage too. A centre floating console, underarm rest cubby bin, cup and phone holders can hold all of your valuables perfectly. Not to mention that the I-Pace's architecture has been adjusted. The front sport style seats are positioned further forward than normal to maximise the space where the engine would typically be.
Let's not forget that the I-Pace has earned a historic title at the 2019 World Car Awards, claiming the title of World Car of the Year, World Car Design of the Year, and World Green Car.
The Kia e-Niro offers 0% emissions and 100% style. Discover a world of smart convenience with our Kia e-Niro. This EV is a well-equipped electric SUV, with a range of 260 miles and instant acceleration. It's exterior is expertly designed with air vents on the side of the vehicle for aerodynamic efficiency.
The smart regenerative braking helps to save energy and recharge the battery. As well as letting you enjoy effortless one-pedal driving. The Kia has 3 main driving modes; Sport, Eco and Normal. Sport mode offers very fast acceleration and an amazing response time. In this mode, the traction is effortless, being very helpful for tight corners. Eco mode is brilliant for the environment helping you cover the maximum miles of the car. Then you have Normal mode. In this mode the range will differ depending how you drive the car. Our e-Niro also comes with an electronic parking brake that is easy and convenient. Just press the button to activate the parking brake. To release the brake, simply start the car.
Interior wise it is modern yet easy to understand. Everything is logically and similarly placed but updated with a futuristic center console. All of the information you need, such as range, battery level and power usage, is clearly displayed on the 10.25" touchscreen. The abundance of space in the e-Niro is a luxury that everyone can enjoy. Offering a surprisingly spacious boot as well as further storage when folding the rear seats.
Would you opt to hire a Jaguar I-Pace or would you rather lease a Tesla Model X? Perhaps even an Audi e-tron rental or the Kia e-Niro.
We suppose the real question is which one will you choose? Why not all of them, now we have you thinking…
Electric Company Cars
Thinking of switching your internal combustion engine 'ICE' car from petrol or diesel to electric instead?
Now is the time to make the move, as electric company cars are becoming increasingly popular. The UK government has announced that as of April 6th, 2020, Benefit in Kind for electric vehicles will drop to 0%. This means that whatever your salary, you will pay nothing in Benefit in Kind tax for the tax year 2020/21.
As of tax year 2021/22, the Benefit in Kind tax for electric vehicles will climb to just 1% and for tax year 2022/23, the Benefit in Kind tax will rise to just 2%.
This means for the next three years, Benefit in Kind tax for electric vehicles will stay at an all-time low.
You can find out more about electric company cars by watching the below video:
Will green number plates increase the number of electric cars?
What 2020 and the rise of electric cars will mean for taxi drivers


Escape From Monster High (Ep. 9): Frights, Camera, Action!
The vampires need a new Queen and it looks like Draculaura's been chosen for the job, but there's something more sinister going on. Meanwhile, Miss Nightmare and Dubious Khan get a lead on how to break the curse of the Vincula Vindictae.
Miss Nightmare and Dubious Khan test a theory by reviewing the next movie before the bracelets tell them to do so. Meanwhile, a genie grants Howleen Wolf 13 wishes which could lead to certain doom for Monster High.


Join my NEW ALBUM campaign at igg.me/at/LaurenFlaherty | Singer/Songwriter of Lifetimes Dance Moms Indie & out of control | Blog: Music & Misadventure : NECN's Morning Show will feature my music tomorrow (Tues, 3/19)!
NECN's Morning Show will feature my music tomorrow (Tues, 3/19)!
I am emerging from the land of green fog, also known as the day after St. Patrick's in Southie, to let you know I was selected as the "Best of Local Music Feature" for tomorrow's NECN's Morning Show. My songs "Just Rain" and "The Fantasy Me" will be aired sometime between 7-9 AM. If you live in New England and have cable, please check your local listings and set your DVR or VCR. (It's channel 6 in Downtown Boston.) I hope you'll be able to tune in and catch a tune or two!