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Player Ratings: Southend
Home » Matches » Player Ratings: Southend
by Adam Price | Aug 13, 2018 | Matches | 0 comments
Starting XI:
Matt Macey – 7 – Man of the Match: It was a shaky start for the Arsenal loanee, but he grew into the game as it progressed and, in the end, he may well have been the difference between a point and nothing for Argyle. With Southend squandering many chances as the game wore on, it may just be worth considering how much of a psychological edge it is to have a giant such as Macey between the sticks. It's clear his relationship with the back four is still going through some teething problems – not surprising considering Argyle spent most of pre-season with Harry Burgoyne as the first-choice custodian – but there is clearly an element of command there. Hopefully, that continues to grow as the season progresses.
Tafari Moore – 5: A very interesting competitive debut from a very interesting player. Tafari Moore is clearly very talented, and he showed he could get forward well and link up with Argyle's more prominent attacking threats. He was also, of course, on hand to win the dubious penalty which put Argyle ahead after 20 minutes (perhaps more camera angles will be able to show us exactly what we need to see on that one). One thing we can say for sure is that Moore did make a sizeably greater impression at right-back than Joe Riley after his torrid debut last week in Walsall. Whether either of them can sufficiently replace Oscar Threlkeld does, however, remain to be seen. Moore showed he was not exactly safe from moments of absent-mindedness, and on more than one occasion a certain nervousness on the ball put Argyle in trouble. We can let him off, it was his first game after all, but this must improve if he is to make the position his own. Sponsors' man of the match? I'm not so sure.
Ryan Edwards – 4: After the golden moment of Edwards scoring on his first game back from cancer treatment, this game acted as much more of a reality check for the 24-year-old. Sure, there were no glaring errors from the Liverpudlian, although he did look fairly shaky throughout, and some ghastly ball control in the second half did nothing to help the nerves building around Home Park as Southend pushed for a winner. Perhaps this is symptomatic of a player who is lacking a little in sharpness; he was after all playing in only his second competitive game since January. However, it is vital that he ensures that this sort of performance doesn't become a more regular occurrence. Niall Canavan and Peter Grant will be knocking on the manager's door all season, and whilst we would all like to see Edwards succeed in green, we can be sure that Derek Adams will not allow sentiment to get in the way of him putting his best available XI on the field.
Scott Wootton – 5: Scott Wootton is a classic Derek Adams signing. A player who showed plenty of promise early in his career, who has come unstuck a little and fallen down the pyramid, who Adams believes can be turned around back to his former glory days. Of course, it's far too early to judge whether this will be successful, but this performance will be one Wootton will want to forget. As with Edwards, there were no glaring errors, and he was perhaps ever so slightly more solid than his partner at the back, but the truth is Southend carved Argyle open far too often for a centre-half to be rated any higher than he has been here. The defence is unlikely to be lacking in presence with Edwards and Wootton around, negating the loss of Sonny Bradley, but it may well lack the composure on the ball that has not been replaced since the expiry of Zak Vyner's loan. That may not be a problem considering the early indications of Argyle's style of play but nonetheless acts as a slight worry.
Ashley Smith-Brown – 7: Perhaps Argyle's most impressive player on the day, at least during the first half, Smith-Brown was very unfortunate to be hauled off in the second half after a positional change curbed his momentum. We can say with certainty that Argyle have an exciting talent on their hands with the ex-Manchester City man, and when he played in a familiar role he gave off every impression that he is able to thrive at Home Park. However, his performance also indicated that the experiment of playing him on the left wing is something which should perhaps not be repeated. Indeed, Smith-Brown looks comfortable on the ball, and defensively he was relatively sound amongst the general carnage at the back too, but on the wing he looked exactly as you'd expect – a player trying to learn on the job in an unfamiliar role. Off the ball he just wasn't the player Argyle were crying out for during that period of the game. That isn't his fault, it's a tactical issue, but when Smith-Brown was shunted out wide it was clear his day was only going to end one way.
David Fox – 4: Fox is obviously a very important player for Argyle, as there is nobody else within the squad who can do what he does in the regista role. The 34-year-old's style of play should ensure that he can go on for quite a while yet. His performances are also often indicative of the team's performance as a whole – Fox is unlikely to ever stand out in a poor overall team performance, but likewise, when Argyle do well, Fox is rarely a passenger to such a display. Unfortunately, his performance on Saturday falls much more smoothly into the former category. Use of the ball is so important in the role Fox plays, and sadly that was lacking at the weekend. He lost possession far too often for a player whose job it is to ensure the retention of possession, and he will have to improve in that regard in the coming weeks, for the sake of himself and the team.
Jamie Ness – 4: The complex case of Jamie Ness shows no sign of becoming even slightly less mysterious. Last season, the pre-Christmas Ness, whose poor form and lack of fitness led to the signing of Toumani Diagouraga to turn Argyle's fortunes around, looked a completely different player to the post-Christmas Ness, whose superb form from midfield help drive his team into the play-off picture. On Saturday, we experienced the pre-Christmas Ness again, particularly during the second half, as he appeared to lose all ability to both win and use the ball. Perhaps this suggests that Ness fits much more comfortably into a settled team, rather than one still looking to gel at the beginning of the season. Whether Adams will have the patience to wait for Ness to find his best again remains to be seen.
Conor Grant – 6: Grant didn't play badly at all, and he was certainly the pick of the midfielders on the day. He was generally tidy again, and once more his ability and willingness off the ball mopping up in midfield was another pleasant surprise. It is also very handy that he possesses a decent, if not exactly spectacular set-piece delivery. However, what Grant's performance did not do at any point was demonstrate that he could successfully replace Antoni Sarcevic, should Argyle's number 7 experience a lengthy spell on the sidelines. Grant was far from poor, but the midfield was missing the ability of somebody who would allow Argyle to play ten yards further up the field, particularly during the second half with Southend banging on the door. On current form, Sarcevic will have no problem getting back into the side, and whilst Grant is perhaps the least deserving of being dropped, the success of the Fox-Ness-Sarcevic combination last season will make Adams reluctant not to give that winning formula another chance to succeed.
Ruben Lameiras – 3: I like Ruben Lameiras; I think it's clear that a lot of Argyle fans do. However, he is worryingly prone to games like this where he is being carried by his teammates, waiting for the fourth official to hold his number up to put everybody out of their misery. When the team is on form, Lameiras is a phenomenal player to have around, with his ability on the ball perhaps matched only by Graham Carey in Argyle's squad. But he is a luxury player, and with Argyle under the cosh for much of the weekend's encounter, it was a luxury the Greens could ill afford. Lameiras will undoubtedly put in some eye-catching performances over the course of the season, and we all look forward to them, but he wasn't the player Argyle craved at the weekend. Don't be surprised if Adams 'rests' the mercurial playmaker for Tuesday's visit to Bristol City in the Carabao Cup to give somebody else the chance to impress in his position.
Graham Carey – 7: When things aren't going particularly well, it's very easy to point the finger at your team's best player and suggest he may be underperforming. That may not be too far wide of the mark in this instance, but if Carey is underperforming, it is only up against the standards the Green Army holds him to. The truth is, we have become so used to Carey winning games on his own and being a constant thorn in the opposition's side, that when he does none of those things it almost comes as a shock. However, there can be no doubt that he was Argyle's main threat on Saturday, with an emphatically dispatched penalty one highlight of an overall decent performance. Had any other player performed as he did, we would be praising them, but as it's Carey it appears to be the bare minimum expectation. He'll want to improve, but he needn't worry about his performance at the weekend.
Ryan Taylor – 6: We've long since learnt that it is useless to judge Argyle's centre-forward on his goal tally, as it's clear that Taylor offers so much more to this team than putting the ball in the net occasionally. The way he battles with the opposition centre-backs and how he sets up chances for those around him are much more accurate barometers of any Taylor performance. At the weekend the battle success rate appeared to be fairly mixed – he still seemed to win more than he lost, but when he did, Carey and Lameiras were too far away to pick up on the second balls and allow the team to enjoy the fruits of Taylor's labour. This would appear to be a clear tactical issue, and one would hope this is picked up on soon, because once it is, Taylor's efforts will be both more appreciated and noticeable.
Gary Sawyer (55) – 5: Argyle's new club captain certainly looked a little shaky when he came on, with his ability on the ball simply not up to scratch during the opening ten minutes. He grew into it, though, and in the end showed the sort of calmness Argyle needed at the back to claim their point.
Yann Songo'o (65) – 6: Argyle and Yann Songo'o are stuck in a never-ending cycle. When Argyle aren't playing well, they need Songo'o to come on, perform as he does and save them from being overrun. When Argyle are on form, however, his technical deficiencies are laid bare, and there is simply no room for him in the team. He performed when Argyle needed him to at the weekend, but let's not get carried away.
Freddie Ladapo (71) – 5: Ladapo showed brief glimpses of the sort of player he is, but nothing that allowed Argyle to turn the tide and put the Southend defence under any sort of real pressure. It's clear from the little we've seen of the 25-year-old that he will offer a significant physical presence, although technically he does seem to be lacking in certain areas. That will work against some opponents but alas, not Southend.
Subs not used: Niall Canavan, Joel Grant, Gregg Wylde, Kyle Letheren


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Cultured mongooses pass on traditions
ByEd Yong
All over the world, people greet, talk, eat, dance and celebrate according to their own cultural practices. We're not the only species with such traditions. Chimpanzees have rich cultural traditions that determine how they forage for food, communicate, groom each other and wield tools. Other species with their own local customs, including orang utans, monkeys, dolphins and killer whales, are all united by their vaunted intelligence. But another mammal with a comparatively smaller brain has just joined this cultural club – the banded mongoose.
Corsin Muller from the University of Exeter gave wild mongooses a plastic shell containing some food (like a reverse Kinder egg). He found that adults preferred to break into the shells using one of two possible tactics, and that they passed on these traditions to their pups.
The results earn some kudos for the humble mongoose, but they're important because our evidence for animal traditions has always come from studies that compared the practices of wild populations, or that ran carefully controlled experiments in captive groups. This is the first time that anyone has used experiments to show that wild mammals pass on traditions by imitating one another.
Banded mongooses live in large groups of up to 40 individuals, who cooperate to find food and raise their young. Muller worked with five such groups in Uganda's Queen Elizabeth National Park. Banded mongooses eat an eclectic menu of insects, centipedes, small reptiles, eggs and even mice. Many of their snacks come in a hard shell that needs to be cracked and mongooses do so either by biting them or smashing them against a stone or tree trunk.
Individuals have clear preferences about these two techniques. When Muller gave the adults his plastic shell, containing a mix of rice and fish, he found that some were exclusive biters, others only smashed and yet others used a combination. Critically, they were stuck in their ways. When Muller tested them three months later, they each showed the same preferences.
He also found these adults transferred their preferences to the pups who watched them. Banded mongoose pups form exclusive one-to-one associations with specific adults who act as their mentors. These adults are usually young males, who aren't necessarily related to the pup, and the youngster will aggressively monopolise the attentions of these chaperones.
Around 2-4 months after the adults infiltrated their Kinder surprises, Muller gave their attendant pups (now independent) their own eggs to break into. Even though none of them had seen the toy eggs in the intervening time, they showed a significant preference for the technique that their mentors had used. Those who saw an adult bite the toys open did the same themselves; those whose mentors liked to smash copied that strategy instead; and those whose mentors had ignored their toy eggs were themselves uninterested. These preferences even persisted as the pups grew into adults.
Muller's study expands on experiments with other captive species in a number of ways. In finding the same trend in all five groups of mongooses, he added some valuable replication to his study, which is often missing from experiments that focus on one group of captive animals. Muller showed that multiple traditions can coexist within a single population. And he showed that animals don't need big brains to pass on traditions across the generations. It may be that such traditions are more commonplace than previously thought.
Reference: Current Biology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.037
Photo by Reini68; video by Corsin Muller
More on animal cultures
Chimps prefer to copy others with prestige
Culture shapes the tools that chimps use to get honey
How dolphins prepare the perfect cuttlefish meal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Aspire Zone Announces Events & Activities for January 2015
To kick 2015, Aspire Zone has organised a number of exciting events and activities throughout January for children of all ages, their families and the wider community, as part of its ongoing mission to engage the whole local community.
Aspire Zone remains dedicated to organising events that inspire people to get fit, spend time with their family and for them to also participate in activities that foster sharing, learning and fun.
After the resounding success of the inaugural GCC Charity Bike Show, Aspire Zone has organised the 2nd Annual GCC Charity Bike Show to be held this Friday 16 January 2015 at the Aspire Zone grounds behind the Torch Hotel. Aspire Zone has confirmed that over 1,000 bikers from the six GCC countries will be participating in one of the biggest motorbike shows that the region has ever seen.
Hundreds of spectators are expected to flock to this unique charity parade to see a wide range of motorbikes ranging from vintage ones to the latest models out on display. The event will also showcase custom bikes along with different bikes from different classes from all over the GCC, and will be hosted by the Soul Riders MC for the second time in a row.
Further, to engage school students Aspire Zone has organised Kids Run in The Park, a monthly activity where school students run a specially designed 2.5 km course throughout the Aspire Zone grounds. The next session will take place this Saturday 17 January 2015, and is an ideal opportunity for students to bond with their peers while still being active. There are two race categories: one for students aged from 10-15 at 8 am, while the other race is for stronger kids over 13 years and starts at 8:45 am.
Also taking place this Saturday is the Third Race of the Aquathon Series from 6 am to 12 pm (noon). The Aquathon series takes place every year at Aspire Zone and consists of four races spread across several months, with each race including a swim at the Dome Pool and a run around the Aspire Zone grounds.
This event is open to people of all ages and abilities, aged eight and over, and features adult categories where participants run for 5 km and swim for 500m, as well as a kids category where youngsters run between 1.5-3 km and swim between 100m-300m according to their age group.
And in an effort to continue inspiring today's youth in Qatar to lead happy, healthy and active lifestyles, Aspire Zone has once again launched its Learn2Ride initiative. The initiative is aimed at teaching youngsters to learn how to ride a bicycle or to help them improve their cycling ability. The locally based programme is aimed at children who are eight and above, and with a keen interest in cycling.
In addition to sporting activities, Aspire Zone has once again rolled out its new season for Kids Art in The Park 2014/15 which kicked off on 20 December 2014 and will run every Saturday through to 21 March 2015 from 11 am to 1 pm. Kids Art In The Park consists of a number of fun, educational and creative artistic activities that children can try under the art tent, at the Aspire Park behind the main playground.
For more information, visit the 'Life In Aspire' website.
Tags #Aspire Zone
Losail MX Championship Round 4, Qatar SuperBike Round 4 and Qatar Challenge Round 3 this Weekend
HMC and Qatar Biomedical Research Institute Sign MoU to Improve Patient Care in Qatar
Qatar-Based All-Female Group to Attempt to Climb Mt Kilimanjaro Summit
HMC's Smoking Cessation Clinic Urges Smokers to Quit During Ramadan
Posted On 7 July 2015
Qatargas Continues to Support Young Golfers
Qatar's First Ever LEGO Festival at Doha Festival City
QFA and Qatar Shell to Celebrate National Sport Day with Koora Time
Family Food Centre Celebrates 40 Years with New 'Express' Store


see a heliotrope without thinking of her, as Dr. Sharpe had often said.
That evening Harrie stole away by herself to the village apothecary's.
pushed aside the curtain gently.
wore no other jewels except her wedding ring.
Youth, or perfume or the moon's gold?
three years it still seems like a dream.
Something white on the rock near where the girl had been sitting caught Philip's eyes. In a moment he held in his fingers a small handkerchief and a broad ribbon of finely knit lace. In her haste to get away she had forgotten these things. He was about to run to the crest of the cliff and call loudly for Pierre Couchee when he held the handkerchief and the lace close to his face and the delicate perfume of heliotrope stopped him. There was something familiar about it, something that held him wondering and mystified, until he knew that he had lost the opportunity to recall Pierre and his companion. He looked at the handkerchief more, closely. It was a dainty fabric, so soft that it gave barely the sensation of touch when he crushed it in the palm of his hand. For a few moments he was puzzled to account for the filmy strip of lace. Then the truth came to him. Jeanne had used it to bind her hair!
It was a strange chance that took the Easy Chair, the other evening, to the opera in the midst of a terrible war. But there was the scene, exactly as it used to be. There were the bright rows of pretty women and smiling men; the white and fanciful opera-cloaks; the gay rich dresses; the floating ribbons; the marvellous chevelures; the pearl-gray, the dove, and "tan" gloves, holding the jewelled fans and the beautiful bouquets--the smile, the sparkle, the grace, the superb and irresistible dandyism that we all know so well in the days of golden youth--they were all there, and the warm atmosphere was sweet with the thick odor of heliotrope, the very scent of haute societe.
Cannes and Nice, from which their perfumes are produced.
The polyanthus narcissi, carrying their many flowers in heads at the top of the stalk, are what is termed half hardy and they are more frequently seen in florists' windows than in gardens. I have found them hardy if planted in a sheltered spot, covered with slanted boards and leaves, which should not be removed [Pg 279]before April, as the spring rain and winds, I am convinced, do more to kill the species than winter cold. The flowers are heavily fragrant, like gardenias, and are almost too sweet for the house; but they, together with violets, give the garden the opulence of odour before the lilacs are open, or the heliotropes that are to be perfumers-in-chief in summer have graduated from thumb pots in the forcing houses.


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Eugenie Bouchard was the defending champion, but was chosen to compete in ladies' singles instead where she lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in the third round.

Belinda Bencic defeated Taylor Townsend in the final, 4–6, 6–1, 6–4 to win the girls' singles tennis title at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships.

Seeds

  Belinda Bencic (champion)
  Ana Konjuh (semifinals)
  Kateřina Siniaková (third round)
  Barbora Krejčíková (quarterfinals)
  Taylor Townsend (final)
  Elise Mertens (quarterfinals)
  Katy Dunne (first round)
  Hsu Ching-wen (second round)
  Carol Zhao (third round)
  Camila Giangreco Campiz (second round)
  Karin Kennel (third round)
  Anhelina Kalinina (quarterfinals)
  Anett Kontaveit (third round)
  Nina Stojanović (first round)
  Louisa Chirico (semifinals)
  İpek Soylu (third round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References

External links

Girls' Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Girls' singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's that time of year again! Time for the big post that ties it all up.
I had set a goal of 150 books this year, and smashed it twice! I ended up with 200 books read, which was pretty amazing. I love being a bookworm.
Since I don't feel much like doing a huge list this year, here's the last 50 books I read for you to peruse! If you want to see more, simply click on a book cover and it will take you to BookLikes where I have a profile!
Here's to 2015 being completely bookish!


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Homepage Faculties, Colleges, and Schools The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Degree ProgramsScience and Technology Studies
Degrees Offered: M.A.; STS is also a Research Stream in participating degree programs.
T. Barnes, P. Bartha, J. Beatty, A. Frank, T. Kemple, R. Mawani, S. Petrina, A. Richardson, M. Schabas, J. Segal, E. Thompson, G. Winthrop-Young, A. Wylie.
D. Danielson, M. Fee, D. Newell.
S. Anger, S. Berryman, R. Brain, C. Callison, A. Dick, K. Johnston, A. Kojevnikov, V. Nardizzi, T. Smith, D. Steel, C. Stephens, J. Wang.
K. Bowers, I. Hill, I. Iurascu, H. Tworek.
The Graduate Program in Science and Technology Studies offers opportunities for advanced research and study of scientific work and thought from a variety of perspectives associated with the humanities and social sciences. Associated Ph.D. and M.A. degrees appear as a research stream under the individual graduate programs in English, History, Philosophy, and Sociology, for example, "History—Science and Technology Studies".
The M.A. degree program in Science and Technology Studies offers graduate students firm grounding in the fundamental concepts, research methods, and discourses of STS, including disciplinary and theoretical perspectives on the question of scientific objectivity and methodology; sites of knowledge production; the development of scientific knowledge and technological practices; the uses of knowledge in policymaking and other social contexts; the political and social roles of scientists, engineers, and other experts; science, technology, and ethics; science, technology, and aesthetic representation; public perceptions of science and technology; the rhetoric of science; and critical analysis of interactions between science and technology and the broader literary and media cultures in which they are embedded.
Doctoral Research Streams in Science and Technology Studies are available in English, History, Philosophy, and Sociology graduate programs. For details, please see description under these graduate programs.
Students admitted to the M.A. Program normally possess a degree that is academically equivalent to a UBC 4-year Bachelor degree, with a minimum B+ average in third- and fourth-year-level coursework, or at least 12 credits of third- or fourth-year courses in the A- grade range (at UBC 80% or higher). Acceptance into the Program is dependent upon meeting the general admissions requirements of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and acceptance by the Program's Graduate Advisory Committee.
Students accepted into the M.A. Program are expected to complete the program in two years. The program of study will include 18 credits of coursework and a 12 credit research thesis under the supervision of a faculty member.
In addition to coursework, students will demonstrate their ability to contribute original research to the field through thesis requirements. A student's overall program of study is decided upon by the student, in consultation with and subject to the approval of his or her research supervisor, and with the approval of the Program's Graduate Advisory Committee.
Science and Technology Studies Graduate Program
1866 Main Mall - E370
Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
Email:sts.gradprog@ubc.ca
Web: sts.arts.ubc.ca/
Mimi Yu, Graduate Program Administrator


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For millions of years, New Zealand existed without large animals. Now, after the extraordinary success of British introductions, coupled with sheer breathtaking scenery, the North and South Islands offer unparalleled red deer stalking, says Peter Ryan.
On the walls of caves in France and Spain are ochre paintings, some many times older than the pyramids of Egypt. When they were drawn ice covered much of what we now call Europe. Their bold, simple lines convey not just the shapes of animals, but the very essence of their movement. They capture the sweep of a rhino horn or the proud arch of a wild horse's neck in a single, smooth line.
In those caves are images of rhinoceros, bison, mammoth, wild ox and horses. But a single motif is repeated time and time again – deer. A single glance will tell you that to these people, the stag, and the mysterious antlers he grew and shed each year, had power. We have lived in their skins, used their antlers for tools and bows, eaten their meat and trekked in their steps. We grew up together. Men and stags and antlers go back to the cave, and beyond.
For millions of years, New Zealand existed without large animals, but the old bonds still hold and Victorian settlers bought red stags with them from Britain. It was the longest journey ever made by deer. Much of that bloodstock was sourced from the great English parks, while other releases came from Scotland. With no predators other than man, and completely under-utilised habitat, they went on to extraordinary success.
On the South Island the Otago herd came from the pure wild strains of the Highlands – Black Mount, via Invermark – but those sons of the glens grew larger in New Zealand. Like trout released into a recently flooded reservoir there is something about new habitat (where nutrients have been banked for millennia) that drives size upwards. In 1928, to settle a bet, a South Island stag chosen at random was formally weighed. It tipped the scales at 240kg, which would be impressive in a Highland stag. Natural elegance and symmetry are their chief hallmarks, and trophy quality is still superb. This is the same bloodline hunted by the early legends, men like Lord Belper and Jack Forbes. Quietly spoken, Jack only began to stalk at 40, but went on to string together a series of spectacular wild trophies. He favoured the .318 Westley Richards, forgotten now but the height of fashion in the 1920s.
Due to the extraordinary terrain of the country – the great crags of the Southern Alps, as well as major rivers and lakes – the various herds retained the characteristics of their foundation stock for many years. Even today a particularly distinctive head sporting a 'Windsor' throw-back on the crown, or heavy 'Warnham' beams, might still be referred to by the name of a great park. In recent years there has been more mixing of blood, as well as new genes from farm escapees, and so these distinctive heads are slowly being diluted.
Deer stalking has a different culture in the New World. There is no long tradition of great estates, ghillies or hill ponies. The first settlers saw deer, trout, gamebirds and salmon as the people's resource. Their goal was to ensure that anybody with an inclination should be able to pursue them, ideally at little or no cost. It is a vision that has remained to this day. By world standards New Zealand is remarkably free of politics around deer stalking, which ranks along with wild boar hunting and rugby as a national pastime. Kiwis from all walks of life stalk deer, and wild venison has been a staple for over a century.
New Zealand offers the option to hunt red deer in just about any way you can imagine, from rugged wilderness hunts for wily bush stags right through to luxury hunting on preserves. Trophy size varies accordingly. Most outfitters hunting wild deer offer a good chance of a 10- to 12-point stag, though every year many wild specimens far bigger than that are taken by visiting stalkers. The odds of a travelling hunter taking home a wild trophy are better than ever, with the right connections.
For those interested in scoring, counting points isn't always a good way to evaluate large-bodied deer. Beam and tine length make a huge difference. The record beam length for a wild Kiwi stag stands at a staggering 50". At the other end of the spectrum – and putting aside the debate around estate hunting for a moment – preserves in New Zealand are generally spread over very large areas of tough country. Trophy size goes as high as it is possible to go. Right now news is circulating of a potential world number one taken during the last roar.
The deer lands of New Zealand come in many forms. On the South Island they vary wildly from the wide, tussock-filled valleys east of the Southern Alps, so similar to the glens of Scotland, to the dense wet forests of the West Coast and Fiordland. Both types of terrain offer their challenges. The North Island has a less extreme geography and climate. A favourite valley of mine is typical – a mix of native scrub, fern, steep bluffs, small streams and high tops. In mid-April this valley echoes to the roar of red stags. At night, when the fire has died down low, you can stare up at the Southern Cross, feel the cold night air on your face and listen, as so many of our forefathers did long ago, to stags bellowing their wild challenges across the dark void. By sound alone their excitement becomes your excitement. As you drift slowly away there is the comforting promise of tomorrow, when you will be out there with them. If there's a better way to fall asleep, I can't think of it.
The little camp will be up long before the dawn, guessing at how far away this one is, or whether that one sounds like a stronger animal. Then there's the burning, aching climb to the tops. By noon it will be hot, the air shimmering in the spotting scope, even up on the high ridges. The stags will have gone quiet for the most part by now, exhausted from their struggles in the night, but periodically a distant, broken roar still floats on the breeze.
It was in this valley that I took my first good stag, just before the sun went down. It was a lung-busting rendezvous as much as a stalk, but a single shot from the new Sako .308, my first real hunting rifle, was enough. By the time everything got sorted, the walk out was in the dark. My legs felt stiff and numb, like wood. I fought sleep all the way down the mountain, playing games to stay awake. The game trail was slick but dimly visible, and with the antlers on my shoulders, a pack of venison and a rifle it was easy to imagine a misstep. It wouldn't look good if I staked myself on a tine, which sounds ridiculous, but in that situation is a real possibility. The next day we went back for the rest of the venison, tired but happy.
Today, I'm back in that valley again. Somewhere across from this ridge a throaty stag is prowling and muttering in the scrub. It's easy to imagine him tearing at branches with sap-stained antlers, pawing at the stinking puddle he has created, eyes rolling, belly black with mud and urine. I can almost smell him.
Deer and men are old partners. We try to catch them, they elude us. They know us from a thousand generations, and in our hearts we still long for them.
Best time: March-May, with the height of the roar in April.
Firearms: Easy to enter and exit NZ for a negligible fee.
Guides: Be honest about the kind of hunt you prefer and what your fitness levels are.


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Hydetown is a borough in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 530 at the 2020 census, up from 526 at the 2010 census, down from 605 in 2000. It was established in 1862.

Geography
Hydetown is located in eastern Crawford County at  (41.652312, -79.725872). It is surrounded by Oil Creek Township, a separate municipality. Pennsylvania Route 8 passes through the borough, leading southeast  to Titusville and north  to Centerville. Pennsylvania Route 408 leads west  to Townville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all  land.

Natural features
Hydetown Borough is located just south of the southern terminal moraine for glaciation in northwestern Pennsylvania.  The borough is drained by Oil Creek, a southward-flowing tributary of the Allegheny River, which runs through the northwestern and southwestern sides of the borough and Thompson Creek, which enters from the northeast and joins the main creek southwest of the borough center.  The lowest elevation in Hydetown is  where Oil Creek flows south out of the borough.  The highest elevation is  at the eastern borough boundary.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 605 people, 251 households, and 157 families residing in the borough. The population density was 279.0 people per square mile (107.6/km2). There were 264 housing units at an average density of 121.7 per square mile (47.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.17% White and 0.83% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 251 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $34,563, and the median income for a family was $42,188. Males had a median income of $26,389 versus $17,417 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $14,891. About 5.0% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Hydetown is part of the Titusville Area School District.

References

Populated places established in 1862
Boroughs in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
1862 establishments in Pennsylvania


The skies over ancient Rome blaze with terrifying portents, and soothsayers warn Julius Caesar of approaching doom. As conspiracy swirls through the city, Shakespeare explores the deep repercussions of political murder on the human heart. A classic tale of duplicity, betrayal and murder, performed by an all-star, all-American cast in this BBC and KCRW co-production.
Recorded before a live audience at KCRW Studios, Santa Monica in November, 1994.


Do you have an art degree? What about a teaching credential? I'm always surprised at how many of us have found our dream job of teaching art to kids by tapping into our creativity and allowing our intuition to lead us to the perfect job.
Today's guest is Sparkler Jackie May Hiller who after a career as an occupational therapist, followed her bliss and began teaching art in her children's school.
Jackie and I talk about where we get our energy, the value of online classes, the importance of community and how to cultivate online friendships in the art teaching world.


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Tag: Other churches
Shooting in Nashville church wounds seven, kills one
Seven people were wounded, and one killed in a shooting on Sunday at Burnette Chapel Church of Christ in Antioch.
Thousands of religious leaders march in Washington DC for social justice
Today, thousands of religious leaders from a wide variety of backgrounds met in Washington, DC to protest social and racial injustice in a protest called "One Thousand Ministers March for Justice".
Clergy convene in Charlottesville, protesting Alt-Right rally
On Friday night, ahead of tonight's planned rally, members of the alt-right and white supremacist groups marched through the streets of Charlottesville, VA carrying torches and chanting slogans steeped in the history of bigotry.
Interfaith project explores spirituality of energy efficiency
Interfaith Power and Light has been working with churches and other houses of worship in Ohio to help them become more energy efficient. As a result of the non-profit's work, three churches have received the Energy Star certification from the EPA, a high achievement.
One of the "Sisters of the Church of Baseball" passes away
Sister Frances Evans and her close friend, Sister Maggie Hession, were such great fans of baseball (especially the Texas Rangers), that they were called the "Ranger nuns." Sister Francis passed away on Friday.
First Black female leader elected by Disciples of Christ
The Disciples of Christ have elected Rev. Teresa Hord Owens, an African American, to be their president. Although other mainline protestant denominations, including the Episcopal Church, have elected African American men, Hord Owens will be the first African American woman to lead a mainline protestant denomination on the national level.
Gluten free bread not allowed for use during Eucharist, says Catholic Church
The Vatican stated on Saturday that the bread used for the Eucharist could not be entirely gluten free, although "low gluten" bread was allowable.
Pope taps liberal archbishop to succeed conservative cardinal as head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
July 3, 2017	4 Comments
Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller, a conservative theologian, is nearing the end of his five year mandate as the head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which is the department supposed to defend the Catholic doctrine. The Vatican has released a brief statement that Müller's mandate will not be renewed, and instead, his deputy, Archbishop Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer, who is more liberal.
Indonesian soccer players pray together in sign of religious unity
During a match at the beginning of June, three players of the Bali United soccer team took a moment to pray, each according to their traditions.
First lady Melania Trump visited children's hospital in Rome
During the recent presidential tour, Melania Trump visited with children in Bambina Gesù hospital. She spent time coloring and chatting with the kids in Italian, signing casts, and taking selfies.


Romance Couture has a lovely gift waiting for you for the 6th year of the Peace on Earth Hunt! The Starlight gown lives up to its name with it's enchanting stars and sparkles. It also features a headdress, chest drape, and an intricate bustle. Designers are feeling extra generous and provided hunt hints that you can find on this page (click link). You are looking for a globe with a dove on it. Due to the wide use of area search, some designers placed decoys sharing the same name as the hunt object itself.
Ready to start hunting? Here's your starting point http://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Bonaire06/172/223/24. Happy hunting and play nice *winks*.


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Preview – ACT election 2016
The chamber of the ACT Legislative Assembly
On 15 October 2016 around 222,000 voters in the Australian Capital Territory – which consists almost entirely of the city of Canberra – will go to the polls to elect the 25 members of the territory's Legislative Assembly for terms of four years*.
(Personal note: this is my old stamping ground. I grew up in Canberra, went to the Australian National University, was a regular polling place officer for the Australian and ACT Electoral Commissions at national and ACT elections from the 1988 referendum to the 1996 federal election, and worked for nearly seven years as an adviser to an independent member of the Assembly; many fond memories.)
The ACT Legislative Assembly is one of the few in the world where members of a government-forming house are elected by the single transferable vote (STV) method; the others are those of Éire, Northern Ireland, Malta and the Australian state of Tasmania.
Under this voting system Canberra's voters get a broad range of choice of parties and of individual candidates at elections, up to 80% of enrolled voters get representation in the elected assemblies, and the influence of every vote is as close to equal as it is possible for an electoral system to be.
It's one flaw – and it's a modest one – is the breakup of the electorate into electoral divisions with small numbers of seats. During the current term the Assembly passed legislation to expand its number of members from 17 to 25. The previous configuration of three electoral divisions with 7, 5 and 5 members will be replaced by a new configuration of five divisions each of 5 members.
In common with all Australian jurisdictions, the political system of the ACT has two major parties – the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Liberal Party – and a significant minor party in the Greens. Other minor parties and independents were prominent in past ACT elections, but the territory seems to have settled into a stable three-party system.
The decision of the two major parties legislating in the current term for 5-member seats is in part aimed at decreasing the number of Greens and others who will be elected in 2016 and future elections.
The ALP has now held government in the ACT for four electoral terms, but has governed in loose coalition with the Greens for the most recent two terms. In 2012 the vote for the ALP and the Liberals was almost identical (the Liberals won just 41 more votes across the territory), and resulted in the two major parties winning 8 seats each with the Greens winning the final seat, a result that allowed the Greens and the ALP to retain government.
Extrapolation of the 2012 election results onto the new boundaries is a good starting point for predictions for 2016. When the new boundaries were first released in April 2015 a post by Australia's leading psephologist Antony Green included such an extrapolation, and I have attached done similar calculations and attach a table of the relevant data. The result of the 2012 vote on the 2016 boundaries would probably have been 12 Liberal members, 10 ALP and 3 Green – also a narrow win for the ALP-Green coalition.
In 2016 the ALP is seeking the electorate's support for a 5th term, having been in government since 2001 with three successive party leaders serving as Chief Ministers. If the ALP retains government in October 2016, by the 2020 election the party will have governed the territory for 19 years – an exceptionally long period by modern Australian standards.
The 2012 result appeared to be a high-water mark for the Liberal vote in current conditions, against the background at the time of a troubled federal ALP government. Had the current federal Liberal government continued to be led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott, expectations were for a major crash in the Liberal vote. His replacement in late 2015 by Malcolm Turnbull – a leader much more acceptable to Canberra's middle income, politically moderate demographic – has probably stabilised Liberal support.
Compared to the extrapolated 2012 vote, the challenge for the Liberal party in taking government is to find a 13th seat in addition to the imputed 12 they would have won on the new boundaries. This will not prove easy, as historic party support in four of the new electoral divisions makes it almost impossible to expect an additional seat would be won, and indeed the party will need to defend its 3rd seat in the (new) northern division of Yerrabi from the Greens.
The Liberal's only real prospect lies in the new central division of Murrumbidgee, based on the urban regions of Woden and Weston Creek. The Liberal Party's leader Jeremy Hanson is standing in this division, which may help a bit. But what will matter more is the relative vote shares won by the party's second and third-placed candidates, because in 5-member divisions greater advantage during the counting process, where candidates are sequentially eliminated, lies in having two candidates with similar votes than in the second-placed candidate having a much larger share than the third-placed one. This applies equally to both the Liberals and the ALP.
The ACT election rule that ballot papers have a randomised set of orders in which the candidates' names appear on the ballot paper tends to equalise vote shares for less well-known candidates.
All in all, the next government of the Territory may most likely be decided in this Woden-Weston Creek electoral division.
The key concern for the ALP and the Greens, outside of both being interested in the collective vote and number of seats won by their informal coalition, is the relative number of seats between the two. The ALP will be hoping to keep the Greens to 1 or 2 seats, since a 3rd Green seat, and certainly a 4th, would create a case for them to have a second place in the territory's governing ministry.
* Note: a federal election is also anticipated during the second half of 2016. If a federal election date would clash with the ACT elections, the date for the ACT election is deferred by a number of weeks.
Malcolm Baalman
Follow On Elections on WordPress.com
World Assemblies
Outline of the electoral systems used to elect the world's national assemblies
Key blogsites
Antony Green's Elections Blog
at the ABC (Aust)
Kevin Bonham's Psephologist (Aust)
William Bowe's Poll Bludger
at Crikey (Aust)
Ben Raue's Tally Room (Aust)
Charles Richardson's The World is Not Enough at Crikey (Aust)
Matthew S Shugart's Fruits and Votes (International)
Henry Schlechta's International Elections (International)


Los Angeles: UK public broadcaster BBC has ordered a feature-length documentary on the rise and fall of producer Harvey Weinstein.
The documentary will include interviews with "the many actresses who have been brave enough to tell their stories" of sexual harassment and assault scandal, as well as producers, directors, actors, agents, lawyers, journalists and others, reported Variety.
The 90-minute film, directed by Ursula MacFarlane, has the working title "Weinstein" and will air on BBC Two.
"As a little bit of an (industry) insider, I was fascinated with the story as it unfolded and not a little shocked. As much as people knew a lot about Harvey and his reputation, there was plenty that we didn't know," Simon said.
Chinn, who has met the disgraced mogul once, said the BBC Two documentary would retell the Weinstein story in light of recent revelations and in the context of the wider culture in Hollywood.
"As the story evolved, we started to think about the industry as a whole and the culture and complicity of the industry, and the question of how Harvey got away with that level of alleged behaviour and… Whether we are looking at a real watershed moment, he added.
Tom McDonald, head of commissioning, natural history and specialist factual at the BBC, said that the project "promises to be the definitive take on the Weinstein scandal.


We've established the following campground guidelines to help ensure the safety and enjoyment of all our guests.
One vehicle per campsite. All additional vehiccles and all trailers must be parked in the parking lot.
Security gates are installed for your safety. There is a $20.00 cash deposit required for a gate card. Lending of gate cards or opening the gate for others is grounds for immediate eviction. All vehicles must be registered.
All vehicles must register and display their car pass at all times.
Quiet hours are 11 p.m. to 9 a.m. Quiet means surrounding campsites can not hear you. Turn radios and lights down and refrain from talking loudly. We ask that groups work together to control the noise within your group.
Playgrounds close at dark. Our guests camping near the playgrounds appreciate your cooperation.
Children and teens should be at their campsite or with a parent by 10:00 p.m.
No glass bottles, vehicles or pets allowed on the beach or swimming area.
We try to make Two Rivers clean, presentable and safe. Please help us with those efforts on your own site.
Please respect our campground and your fellow campers. Any campers who are disrespectful to others or cause a disturbance will be asked to leave without a refund.
Please stay within the campground boundaries and off our neighbors property. Tresspassing laws are in effect - if you are not registered - you are trespassing.
Time spent camping isnt' spent - it's invested!


Two bills that would temporarily reinstate the H-2B visa temporary worker program have been introduced recently in the United States Senate and House of Representatives.
The Senate bill (792), introduced March 30, and House bill (1627), introduced March 20, were sent to their respective Judiciary committees. Their fate is uncertain given the Trump administration's desire for broad immigration reform.
Both bills are designed as long term fixes for the program and would make the returning worker exemption (RWE) a permanent feature of the H-2B program. However, NALP and other members of the H-2B Workforce Coalition are working for a short-term solution that would extend RWE for 2017. To accomplish this, we are urging Congressional leadership to include RWE in any 2017 fiscal measures that come before Congress.
April is a critical month for H-2B; we are targeting the continuing resolution (CR) that Congress passed in December to authorize an extension of spending at levels approved for fiscal year 2016. The CR expires on April 28 and Congress must act prior to that date and approve a new spending bill to avoid a government shutdown. If you have not yet done so, please visit the NALP Member Advocacy Center to urge your members of Congress to support H-2B!


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Colorectal Cancer Screening in Switzerland: Cross-Sectional Trends (2007-2012) in Socioeconomic Disparities
Stacey A. Fedewa,
Affiliations Emory University, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
Stéphane Cullati,
Affiliation Unit of population epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Christine Bouchardy,
Affiliation Geneva Cancer Registry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Ida Welle,
Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Claudine Burton-Jeangros,
Affiliation Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Orly Manor,
Affiliations Unit of population epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
Delphine S. Courvoisier,
Affiliation Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Idris Guessous
* E-mail: idris.guessous@hcuge.ch
Affiliations Emory University, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America, Unit of population epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Division of Chronic Disease, University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Stacey A. Fedewa Stéphane Cullati ... Idris Guessous
Despite universal health care coverage, disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by income in Switzerland have been reported. However, it is not known if these disparities have changed over time. This study examines the association between socioeconomic position and CRC screening in Switzerland between 2007 and 2012.
Data from the 2007 (n = 5,946) and 2012 (n = 7,224) population-based Swiss Health Interview Survey data (SHIS) were used to evaluate the association between monthly household income, education, and employment with CRC screening, defined as endoscopy in the past 10 years or fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the past 2 years. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) adjusting for demographics, health status, and health utilization.
CRC screening increased from 18.9% in 2007 to 22.2% in 2012 (padjusted: = 0.036). During the corresponding time period, endoscopy increased (8.2% vs. 15.0%, padjusted:<0.001) and FOBT decreased (13.0% vs. 9.8%, padjusted:0.002). CRC screening prevalence was greater in the highest income (>$6,000) vs. lowest income (≤$2,000) group in 2007 (24.5% vs. 10.5%, PR:1.37, 95%CI: 0.96-1.96) and in 2012 (28.6% vs. 16.0%, PR:1.45, 95%CI: 1.09-1.92); this disparity did not significantly change over time.
While CRC screening prevalence in Switzerland increased from 2007 to 2012, CRC screening coverage remains low and disparities in CRC screening by income persisted over time. These findings highlight the need for increased access to CRC screening as well as enhanced awareness of the benefits of CRC screening in the Swiss population, particularly among low-income residents.
Citation: Fedewa SA, Cullati S, Bouchardy C, Welle I, Burton-Jeangros C, Manor O, et al. (2015) Colorectal Cancer Screening in Switzerland: Cross-Sectional Trends (2007-2012) in Socioeconomic Disparities. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131205
Editor: Keping Xie, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UNITED STATES
Received: March 22, 2015; Accepted: May 30, 2015; Published: July 6, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Fedewa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: This study used Swiss Health Interview Survey (SHIS) data, which are available for a fee (800 Swiss Francs for the 2007 and 2012 SHIS data), and users must request permission to use the data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO) by emailing the following address: sgb12@bfs.admin.ch. Additionally, based on SFSO guidelines, we are unable to release data online.
Funding: This work was supported by the Swiss Cancer League grant KLS-3144-02-2013.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
In 2012, 1,361,000 people were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 694,000 people died from CRC worldwide. [1] The majority of CRCs are diagnosed in developed countries. For example, world-age-standardized CRC incidence in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, United States and Western Europe, including Switzerland, exceeds 25 cases per 100,000 people. [1] In order to reduce CRC incidence and mortality, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) annually, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years with hemoccult periodically or colonoscopy every 10 years are recommended for average-risk adults between 50–75 years by European Panel [2] and the US Preventive Services Task Force. [3] There is no national organized CRC screening program in Switzerland and CRC screening among Swiss residents is low. According to the 2007 Swiss Health Interview Survey (SHIS), only 13% of adults ≥ 50 years had a hemoccult test or endoscopy in the past 5 years for screening reason. [4] In addition to suboptimal CRC screening utilization in Switzerland, social inequalities have been noted where adults highest income bracket were 70% more likely to receive a screening endoscopy.[4] However, temporal patterns of CRC screening patterns by socioeconomic status have not been investigated, which is of interest given a recent Swiss study reporting growing disparities in healthcare renunciation between 2007 and 2010 [5] and projected increases in CRC incidence.[6] The last population based SHIS in 2012 provides an opportunity to examine temporal patterns of CRC screening by socioeconomic status, measured by household income, education, and employment status. This study examines the association between socioeconomic position and CRC screening prevalence as well as potential changes of social disparities between 2007 and 2012 in the SHIS.
The SHIS is a cross-sectional survey repeated every 5 years since 1992 and conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office.[7] It is designed to be representative of all residents' aged 15 years and older living in Switzerland, which are randomly selected following a two-stage stratified sampling strategy. First, respondents were contacted by phone and interviewed using computer–assisted telephone interview. Second, respondents received at home a self-administered questionnaire (either paper or online). The response rate was 66.2% in 2007 and 53.1% in 2012.[8] Data are de-identified and according to Swiss law, de-identified routine health data do not require approval by ethics committees.[9] The present study included the 2007 and 2012 waves because CRC screening questions were introduced only in 2007 and 2012 is the most recent survey year available. We only examined respondents aged 50 to 75 years old (N = 16,059), according to U.S and European CRC screening recommendations. [2, 3] We excluded respondents with missing data on CRC screening use (N = 524), socio-economic or–demographic profile (N = 1,290), health status (N = 175), and health service use (N = 900). The final study population included 13,170 individuals.
Dependent variables
Respondents were asked several CRC screening related questions as follows: 1) "Have you ever had a hemoccult test?" 2) "Have you ever had a visual examination of the colon? (Endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy)?" If respondents answered yes to either question, the date and the reason (diagnostic, screening or screening program) for the last test were ascertained. Hemoccult tests included all FOBTs (guaiac, hemoccult) as well as fecal immunochemical test (FIT). The analysis was restricted to screening related test. We considered only tests performed within 2 years for the hemoccult and 10 years for endoscopy because sigmoidoscopy is rarely performed (<4% of all CRC screenings) in Switzerland. [10] Three separate outcomes were considered: hemoccult in the past 2 years, endoscopy in the past 10 years, and any CRC screening (hemoccult in the past 2 years or endoscopy in the past 10 years).
Independent variables
Three indicators of socioeconomic position were used: income (≤$2,000, $2,001–4000, $4,001-$6,000, >$6,000), education (compulsory, secondary, and tertiary), and employment (employed vs. out of the labor force). Among employed respondents, occupational class (liberal, intermediate, non-manual professions, independent/artisans, overseer/qualified worker, skilled worker) were also considered. Household income was weighted by the number of persons living in the household. In October 2014, 1 US dollar (USD) corresponded to 1 Swiss Franc (CHF). Educational levels generally corresponded to the International Standard Classification of Education 1997[11]: compulsory education corresponded to primary and lower secondary education (approximately 9 years of education starting at age 4 or 5), secondary education includes additional specialized training including vocational training (approximately 1–3 years of additional education), and tertiary included more theory-based and specialized degrees which correspond to bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees (approximately an extra 1–8 years of education). Occupational class was based on the Erikson, Goldthorpe and Portocarero social class scheme [12] which classified occupation based on job duties, setting/environment and management responsibilities.
Other sociodemographic characteristics included sex, age (50–64, 65–75), marital status (single, married/registered partnership, widow, divorced/separated/registered partnership dissolved), and citizenship (Swiss versus not Swiss). Geographic residence was grouped as: metropolitan areas, medium size urban areas, small size urban areas, and rural areas.
Health status covariates included self-rated health (SRH), physical symptoms, psychological distress, health service use, smoking (current versus former/never smoker) and body mass index (BMI). The SRH questions varied between the two surveys. In 2007, respondents were asked "How is your health in general?" and response categories included very good, good, good enough, bad, and very bad. In 2012, respondents were asked "How is your health condition in general?" and response categories included very good, good, average, bad and very bad. SRH was categorized as very good, good, average/good enough, bad and very bad to capture the different response categories over the two surveys. Respondents were asked about the presence and frequency of the following eight physical symptoms in the past four weeks: backache, general weakness, stomach ache/bloating, diarrhea/constipation, insomnia, headache, cardiac arrhythmia, chest pain. The total number of physical symptoms in the past four weeks was classified as: no or a few (<10), some (10 to <12) and many (≥12). Psychological distress was ascertained from the five item Mental Health Index, a subscale of the SF-36[13] where respondents were asked how often (all, most, good bit, some, little, or none) they experienced five mental states in the last four weeks (have you been a very nervous person? Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? Have you felt calm and peaceful? Have you felt downhearted and blue? Have you been a happy person?). Psychological distress was classified intro three levels of distress: high (≤52), moderate (53 to 72) and low (≥73). BMI was grouped into four groups: underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5 to <25), overweight (25 to <30) and obesity (≥30).
Health services covariates included having visited a general practitioner or family doctor visit (yes/no), specialist visit (yes/no) and hospitalization (yes/no) in the last 12 months.
Descriptive statistics of respondents' characteristics were reported using weighted proportions. These weights were used to account for complex survey design and non-participating bias. Differences between 2007 and 2012 were tested using unweighted chi-square test. Poisson regression models with robust variance estimators were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Variance inflation factors were used to assess potential collinearity among socioeconomic variables and collinearity was not detected. For the main analyses, models were stratified by year and were adjusted for education, household income, employment status, demographic factors, health status, and health services use as described above. These variables were a priori considered given their potential associations with screening. [14] For socioeconomic indicators, different coding schemes were examined (education using three to five levels, income as a continuous versus nominal variable, employment in three versus two levels, occupational class in four versus six levels) to check robustness of results and results were similar (data not shown). Trends between 2007 and 2012 were tested by adding a wave (2012 vs. 2007) and predictor product term models. Trends were examined for the three CRC screening definitions described above. A model restricted to employed adults was conducted to examine the association between occupational class and CRC screening. All analyses were conducted with SPSS 22 and STATA 11.
Since individuals aged 50–59 years did not have a full 10 years in which they could have received endoscopy, we conducted sensitivity analyses restricted to respondents' aged 60–75 years. The same analyses were conducted with respondents' aged 52–75 for hemoccult utilization. We also conducted additional analyses accounting for supplemental insurance (no, half-private or private) to see if the relationship between household income and CRC screening was altered.
5,946 and 7,224 respondents from the 2007 and 2012 SHIS were analyzed, respectively. Respondent socioeconomic characteristics varied between the two surveys. (Table 1) The median household income increased from $4,000 in 2007 to $4,130 in 2012. During the study period, there was a 5.2% decrease in respondents with secondary education and 7.2% increase in respondents reporting part or full-time employment. The proportion of divorced or separated respondents increased between 2007 and 2012. In terms of health indicators, obesity and psychological distress prevalence increased slightly between 2007 and 2012, while physical symptoms decreased during the period. Health services use also varied with time. The proportion of respondents reporting visiting a general practitioner within the past year declined from 81.5% in 2007 to 72.4% in 2012 whereas specialist visits increased slightly from 39.8% in 2007 to 43.0% in 2012 (Table 1).
Table 1. Respondent Characteristics by Survey Year Among Adults 50–75 years of age from Swiss Health Interview Survey 2007 and 2012 (n = 13,170).
Prevalence and trends of CRC screening reasons
Overall, CRC screening from either modality increased from 18.9% in 2007 to 22.2% in 2012 (adjusted p-value = 0.036). (Fig 1) This increase was due to growing endoscopy utilization, which rose from 8.2% in 2007 to 15.0% in 2012 (adjusted p-value <0.001). During the same period, hemoccult utilization decreased from 13.0% to 9.8% (adjusted p-value = 0.002). (Fig 1) The prevalence of CRC screening from either modality was 10% higher in 2012 compared to 2007 (PR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.01–1.21) after adjusting for socioeconomic as well as demographic, health status and health utilization factors. The adjusted for prevalence of endoscopy was 44% higher in 2012 compared to 2007 (PR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.26–1.65) whereas the adjusted prevalence of hemoccult use was 18% lower (PR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.73–0.93).
Fig 1. Colorectal Cancer Screening Weighted Prevalence among Respondents Aged 50–75 years of age from Swiss Health Interview Survey 2007–2012.
Hemoccult in past 2 years 2007 vs 2012 (p-value = 0.002). Endoscopy in past 10 years 2007 vs 2012 (p-value<0.001). Any CRC screening (Hemoccult in past 2 years or endoscopy in past 10 years or both) 2007 vs 2012 (p-value = 0.036). P-values are adjusted for education, household income, employment, age, sex, marital status, citizenship, urban/rural status, health status and health care use.
Socioeconomic determinants of CRC screening and temporal trends
Income.
In 2007, the prevalence of CRC screening was 24.5% among respondents with higher income (>$6,000) and 10.5% among respondents with low income (<$2,000). In 2012, the corresponding percentages were 28.6% and 16.0%. (S1 Table). Household income remained positively associated with any CRC screening after adjusting for education, employment status, demographics, health status, and health service use. In adjusted analyses, CRC screening prevalence was 37% higher (not significantly) in high income respondents (>$6,000) compared to low income respondents (≤$2,000) in 2007 (PR = 1.37, 95%CI:0.96–1.96). In 2012, CRC screening was 45% higher in high vs. low income respondents (PR = 1.45, 95%CI:1.09–1.92) (Table 2). However, the test for temporal trend in CRC screening by household income was not significant (p-value for trend = 0.397). When endoscopy and hemoccult were examined separately, high income was associated with endoscopy use in 2007 and 2012 (2007 PR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.01–3.12 and 2012 PR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.21–2.54), but there was no association between income and hemoccult use in either year after adjusting for covariates.
Table 2. Adjusted and weighted prevalence ratios of colorectal cancer screening among adults aged 50–75 from the Swiss Health Interview Survey 2007 and 2012 (n = 13,170).
Education, employment status and occupational class.
Education and employment were not independently associated with CRC screening in adjusted analyses (Table 2). However, in 2007, hemoccult was lower among employed compared unemployed respondents, but no association was observed in 2012 (Table 2). In analyses restricted to respondents in the labor force (N = 7,129, 54.1% of the sample), independent (PR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.09–2.16), non-manual employee (PR = 1.49, 95%CI:1.00–2.22), and superior professions (PR = 1.49, 95%CI:1.07–2.06) had significantly higher endoscopy utilization in 2012 compared to respondents with manual professions (S2 Table). This association was not apparent in 2007, however a temporal trend was not significant (p-value for trend = 0.104) (S2 Table).
Other sociodemographic factors
Rural residence was associated with increased CRC screening (hemoccult or colonoscopy) compared to urban residence in 2007 (PR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.00–1.52), but not in 2012 (p-value for trend = 0.007) (Table 2). A similar pattern was observed when endoscopy and hemoccult were considered separately, however, the test for trend was only significant for endoscopy. Age and marital status were generally not associated with CRC screening, though married respondents had higher hemoccult prevalence in 2012 compared to 2007compared to their single/divorced/widowed counterparts (p-value for trend = 0.006)–a trend confirmed in analyses restricted to respondents in the labor force (S2 Table). Women were less likely to receive CRC screening compared to men and their use of hemoccult declined significantly over time (p-value for trend = 0.014).
Health service use
Health services use, as measured by visiting a general practitioner in the past 12 months, was associated with higher prevalence of CRC screening overall in 2007 and 2012(Table 2). Visiting a general practitioner was also positively associated when hemoccult and endoscopy were analyzed separately. Visiting a specialist, including a gastroenterologist, was significantly related to endoscopy use in both 2007 and 2012.
In sensitivity analyses restricted to adults aged 52–75 or 60–75, results were generally similar to those presented in our primary results among those aged 50–75, though among older (60–76) respondents, GP visits were not associated with endoscopy use (data not shown). However, adjustment for supplemental insurance (no, half-private or private) attenuated to the association between income and CRC screening (data not shown).
This study is the first to examine nationwide CRC screening trends in Switzerland. While CRC screening prevalence increased between 2007 and 2012, CRC screening utilization remains low, especially among adults with low income. The growth in CRC screening prevalence was due to greater use of endoscopy, which is in line with screening patterns in the United States. [15, 16] Yet, CRC screening prevalence in Switzerland (22%) is lower than the US where 58% of eligible adults are up to date with CRC screening. [17] Additionally, CRC screening prevalence in Switzerland, which does not have an organized CRC screening program, is considerably lower than in other European countries with organized screening programs [18–20] but similar to European countries (e.g: Belgium, Netherlands and Denmark) without organized screening programs. [20] Our CRC screening prevalence estimates were similar to other previous population-based estimates, but lower than surveys among hospital series, which is likely due to differences in study populations and we excluded diagnostic hemoccult and endoscopies. [10, 21]
Disparities in CRC screening by income persisted between 2007 and 2012 where adults with higher incomes had greater CRC screening utilization. These findings are consistent with other reports in Europe [18, 22], including a previous Swiss study.[4] The association between income and CRC screening in our study is likely due to a number of factors, including more financial barriers. Despite universal health care in Switzerland where healthcare costs, medical coverage and life expectancy are among the highest in the world, out of pocket expenses and health insurance premiums, which increased by 18% between 2007 and 2012, are substantial.[23] For example, during our study period, individuals were responsible for a 10% co-payment (up to annual limit of 700 CHF) for screening-related CRC tests after their annual deductible (which ranges from 300–2,500 CHF) was met, though patients/physicians may have been motivated to misrepresent symptoms in order to have their tests deemed diagnostic, and thus covered by insurance during this time. [4] A recent study reports that approximately 13% of Swiss forgo healthcare for economic reasons and this proportion is much higher among those in the lowest income (30%) compared to highest income bracket (4%).[5] Beginning July 2013, routine CRC screening (FOBT every 2 years and colonoscopy every 10 years) was fully in Switzerland covered under basic compulsory healthcare coverage, however, it is not known how these changes have affected CRC screening utilization.
Though cost is likely a barrier to CRC screening among low-income respondents, there are several other ways in which income may influence CRC screening. A favorable attitude toward screening is an important predictor of cancer screening, which is not only lower among lower-income individuals, but has been shown to mediate the association between income and cancer screening. [24] Furthermore, lower income is associated with lower adherence to free and organized CRC screening programs in other European counties where individuals were mailed an at-home FOBT kit. [18, 22] Such national programs would in theory, minimize such barriers as time off work and transportation issues. [18, 22]
Income disparities in CRC screening utilization persisted over our 5-year study period. A previous Swiss study reported a growing, but not statistically significant, proportion of healthcare renunciation for financial reasons between 2007 and 2010 among low-income residents. [5] Despite the global financial crisis in 2008, the overall economic impact on Switzerland has been minimal as unemployment, average number of hours worked per week, and income remained stable between 2007 and 2012.[25] Though the overall economic condition in Switzerland is positive, there may be subgroups of the population that may equally experience the positive economic condition which is reflected in the continued CRC screening disparity by income.
In terms of other socioeconomic measures, we did not observe an independent association between education and CRC screening use. In contrast, North American studies report positive associations between CRC and education independent of income.[14, 26] Previous studies in Switzerland have not observed an association with education, CRC mortality[27] and frailty[28], which could be due to narrower ranges of education attainment in Switzerland. Additionally, employment status (unemployed versus employed) was not associated with CRC screening, which is consistent with other findings. [29, 30] Among employed respondents, CRC screening prevalence was higher among professionals relative to manual laborers. The difference was mostly based on the 2012 survey and was largely unexplained, though it may be due to residual confounding by income level. Additional research on whether these differences will increase in the future, or if it's due to random fluctuation is warranted.
We observed notable temporal changes by geographic residence. In 2007, rural respondents had higher CRC screening prevalence compared to urban respondents, while the opposite was observed in 2012. Changes in physician density may explain temporal patterns. Though medical density has increased markedly since the 1950's, [31] in 2002, the Swiss government froze new accreditations for private practice physicians for a period of three years in order to reduce healthcare expenditures [32], renewed this decision for a supplementary period of three years (until 2008)[31] but only for specialists, until 2011. Initial reports noted a decline in general practitioners,[33] with an increase after the "freezing" period (2009–2011)[34] however, the continuation of these effects during the time of our study and the potential differential impact on rural versus urban regions is unknown. Studies examining regional variations in medical demography [35–37] are based on the Swiss cantons, not on the urban/rural variable, limiting the possibility of comparison with the existing literature. Additionally, we did not observe an association between health status and CRC screening.
Limitations and Strengths
There are several limitations of our study worth noting. We did not have information on family history of CRC which strongly influences CRC screening adherence.[14] Though the prevalence of CRC family history in Switzerland has not been reported, prevalence of CRC family history in the US (which has similarly high incidence rates as Switzerland[38]) is low (<10%).[39, 40] Therefore, the degree to which family history of CRC confounds our results is likely to be minor. Selection bias may also be an issue in our study as SHIS response rates ranged from 53–66%. Non-responders have lower socioeconomic status [8] and may also have lower CRC screening utilization, leading to underestimation of CRC screening disparities by income. However, our use of weighted prevalence ratios mitigates the magnitude of this bias. Despite efforts to ask respondents in lay language about CRC test, there may have been misclassification of receipt of colonoscopy or hemoccult due to respondents not understanding the question or having inaccurate recall. Validation studies of self-reported cancer screening indicate that respondents may overestimate screening, though the degree of CRC screening misclassification is moderate. [41] Additionally, we were unable to differentiate between sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, which have different recommended scheduling (5 versus 10 years). However, it is reasonable to assume that the majority of endoscopies performed were colonoscopies as a previous Swiss study reported very low utilization of sigmoidoscopy.[10] Income data from the SHIS has not been validated and respondents may have overestimated their income. Furthermore, we excluded 1,697 (10.9%) respondents due to missing information on screening, sociodemographic, health status, and health service use, which may introduce selection bias though the proportion of respondents excluded due to missing information (10.9%) is small, limiting the magnitude of bias.
Despite these limitations our study has several strengths including our ability to differentiate between screening and diagnostic procedure and to assess various dimensions of socioeconomic position in a large population-based sample. Additionally, all analyses were weighted and corrected for sampling strategy which minimizes the risk of non-answer bias by sociodemographic factors and health status. This increases our confidence for population-based estimates of CRC screening in Switzerland. Additionally, we were able to adjust for many known risk factors for CRC cancer including smoking and obesity.
This study is the first to examine nationwide changes CRC screening in Switzerland. While CRC screening prevalence in Switzerland increased from 2007 to 2012, CRC screening utilization remains insufficient. Additionally, low income Swiss residents had particularly inadequate CRC screening prevalence and this disparity persisted over time. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to increase the access to CRC screening, as well as increasing awareness of the benefits of CRC screening in the Swiss population, particularly among low-income residents. Additionally, the impact of adding CRC screening as a covered benefit to the basic Swiss health insurance plans in 2013 needs to be determined.
S1 Table. Weighted prevalence of colorectal cancer screening among adults aged 50–75 from the Swiss Health Interview Survey (SHIS) 2007 and 2012 (n = 13,170).
S2 Table. Adjusted and weighted prevalence ratios of colorectal cancer screening (for screening reasons) among adults aged 50–75 in the labor force from the Swiss Health Interview Survey (SHIS) 2007 and 2012 (n = 7,129).
This work was supported by the Swiss Cancer League grant KLS-3144-02-2013.
Conceived and designed the experiments: SF SC CB IW CBJ OM DSC IG. Analyzed the data: SC. Wrote the paper: SF SC CB IW CBJ OM DSC IG. Obtained the data, consulted on methods and manuscript writing: SF SC CB IW CBJ OM DSC IG.
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Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article?
Socioeconomic aspects of health
Is the Subject Area "Socioeconomic aspects of health" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Health screening" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Endoscopy" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Cancer screening" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Switzerland" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Urban areas" applicable to this article?