Tom Siegfried, the editor of Science News, has published a blistering indictment of statistical methods in science and medicine. I am moved to speak for the defense.
It's science's dirtiest secret: The "scientific method" of testing hypotheses by statistical analysis stands on a flimsy foundation.
This argument strikes me as so totally wrong-headed that I have a hard time believing Siegfried is serious about it.
To begin with, the snide remarks about Las Vegas and crapshoots are off-target. The branch of mathematics with roots in the study of gambling is not statistics but the theory of probability. The two fields are closely allied, but they're not identical. Early statistical ideas came out of astronomy and geodesy, with later developments in the social sciences, genetics and agriculture. If you really must find some vaguely disreputable locale for statistics, the apt choice is not the casino but the brewery (a notable Student of statistics worked for Guinness).
We don't usually attach error bars to these expressions, or hedge our bets by saying "Force is equal to mass times acceleration within one standard deviation." But where do such "exact" laws come from? When Galileo performed his experiments with balls rolling down an inclined plane, the measured data did not exactly conform to a parabolic trajectory. Likewise with Newton's inverse-square law: No real-world observations precisely follow the form 1/r2–not unless the experiment has been fudged. Making the leap from experimental data to mathematical law requires a process of statistical inference, where we extract some plausible model from the data and attribute any departures from the model to measurement error.
In the time of Galileo and Newton, tools for statistical inference were crude; by the time of Gauss, they were much sharper. In 1801 the newly discovered planetoid Ceres was observed for 41 days before it was lost in the glare of the sun. Astronomers hustled to predict where and when it would reappear in the sky. Among all the attempts, the clear winner was the prediction of Gauss, whose advantage in this competition was not so much superior astronomy as superior statistics. His secret was the method of least squares, which he later backed up with a comprehensive theory of measurement error, introducing the idea of the normal distribution.
Later still, statistics had a role in showing that the "exact" mathematics of Newtonian celestial mechanics is not exact after all. It took careful observations–and careful statistical analysis of those observations–to quantify a tiny anomalous precession in the perihelion of Mercury, explained by general relativity but not by classical gravitation.
Statistics is no "mutant form of math"; it's the way that science answers the fundamental and inescapable question, "How do we know what is true?" I really can't imagine how science could survive without statistics. What would replace it? Divination?
Siegfried complains that statistical tools offer no certainty–that when a result is reported as statistically significant at the 1-sigma 2-sigma level (or in other words with a P value of 0.05), there's still a 1-in-20 chance that it's a meaningless fluke. Quite so; that's essentially the definition of a 2-sigma P value. But the uncertainty is not some methodological malfunction. It reflects the true limits of our knowledge. The strength of statistical reasoning is that it makes those limits explicit.
Again, I'll readily agree that standards of statistical practice should be strengthened, and that weak or faulty conclusions are too common in some areas of the published literature. But the claim that "any single scientific study alone is quite likely to be incorrect, thanks largely to the fact that the standard statistical system for drawing conclusions is, in essence, illogical" is, in essence, illogical. Yes, we have lies, damn lies and statistics. But we also have lies and damn lies about statistics.
But I believe there's plenty of room for improvement in the kinds of statistical methods we use. Traditional statistics is stretched to its limits or beyond by some new types of data.
I did not read the first article on which you are writing. However I think he was probably not slamming stats but rather some scientists sloppy use of stats.
I find it amusingly ironic that your critique focuses on the first 3 paragraphs — just the lead-in — and disregards most of the article's 60+ paragraphs. Are you applying some sort of statistical 5% rule here?
On a more serious note: Siegfried's lead-in does make several inflammatory statements. The rest of the article is factual and discusses well-known mis-uses of statistical methods, including summaries and citations of more thorough research on the issue. I do not see how someone reading the article in its entirety could take your critique seriously.
Frak: the lead-in of an article lays out the argument the author is trying to make, and is absolutely the most important part of any piece. If the rest of the article is inconsistent with the lead-in (which I agree is true in many spots), then the author has failed to support his thesis.
No one is saying that statistical methods do not have limitations. The so-called "facts" in the article are subject to similar limitations, and in most cases, he only gave one side of the issue. I find the analysis to be superficial - and he offers no semblance of a solution.
A thank you to Brian for pointing out the article. I come to this blog regularly and enjoy Brian's writings as well as the links he provides.
I read Brian's post as well as the article and frankly I'm not surprised by either. The reality is that statistics and probability are not well understood, even by experts. And, as Mr. Siegfried notes, many scientists who compute statistics haven't the faintest idea of what they are doing or why. They run some software, get a result, and write a report. The public is expected and encouraged to accept the result.
The reality is that analysts (and I am one and have worked on system testing) use statistics because it was mandated somewhere by someone to do so. The applicability and validity are not important; what's important is to get a number. Further, the distributions on which statistics rest are completely disregarded in most studies. You simply have to read reports to see this and Mr. Siegfried provides ample examples both of mis-applied statistics and wrong interpretations of results.
To see that probability is so greatly misunderstood one has only to look at the Monty Hall problem. Wikipedia has a good entry on this and, frankly, the results are counter-intuitive such that mathematicians have argued about it furiously. To see more of this, there are articles in, I think, the current issue of either Mathematics Magazine or the College Mathematics Journal. Plus, the Mathematical Intelligensia just had an article about Bayesian methods that also shows the counter-intuitive nature of this approach.
In short, Mr. Siegfried is doing science a service by pointing out the issues with statistics and probability. Hopefully, scientists will be more careful to report just what a statistic implies AND what it does not imply.
Brian, you, too, are doing us all a service with your posts and comments.
Is it science's failure to come up with new physical laws? Why are medicine and economics still relying on statistics?
Consider the modifying phrase in this sentence: "Even when performed correctly, statistical tests are widely misunderstood and frequently misinterpreted." To me this demonstrates that, up to this point, Siegried is criticizing the *incorrect* use of statistical tests. That is, there are two problems: a) incorrect application of statistical methods, and b) misinterpretation of correctly applied methods. Neither is an indictment of statistics per se. The rest of the article seems to confirm this interpretation.
This has tripped me up, too. It's a subtle point.
By the way, you write "when a result is reported as statistically significant at the 1-sigma level (or in other words with a P value of 0.05)" — isn't the 1-sigma level closer to 68%, not 95%?
@David Eisner: Oops! Make that 2-sigma, not 1-sigma. And note that the error is all mine, not Siegfried's.
Regarding Tom Siegfried view about "rigorous mathematical methods". Somehow i think that he did not thought about classical mechanics, but rather about mathematical methods involved in classical mechanics and in that time math in general. Let me explain.
To my knowledge, Galileo was fascinated by the works of Descartes which in turn helped Newton and Leibniz to create calculus. Indeed, classical physics methods are calculus based. For example, well known F=ma, can be written as body momentum derivative over time F = dp/dt. So, that being said, I rather think that Siegfried's "mathematical paradise" is … calculus. But I can be wrong about his view.
And there are a lot of physical theories which uses statistical or probabilistic approach, take a look at quantum mechanics or chaos theory… Without statistics whole fields of physics should be destroyed, which would be ridiculous given the fact that these fields gave remarkable ideas and new technological inventions. So statistics should survive.


I'm trying to picture you as a somewhat rebellious teen, lol!
This doesn't seem like my type of movie.
When did you change? When you turned 20?
I adored this movie. The acting was spot-on, as was the writing. I also had the privilege of watching it at the Sacramento Tower theatre with many Sacramento natives, who laughed and oohed at the familiar settings in the film. Beautifully done!
Definitely not my kind of movie. I can't relate to it (I wasn't that kind if teen), and it makes me frustrated to watch characters make choices that are very opposed to ones I'd make. But you had an interesting review – I can see why many people would appreciate this film.
I know what you mean about coming-of-age films because I can never tell if I'll like this kind of movie. I love Breakfast Club but found Juno unlikable and not all that clever, despite some good points. I never had much of a rebellious faze so it has to be a special kind of snark for me to relate to such a character. Good review though, and I'll be interested to see how hyped (or overhyped) this movie gets as the Oscars approach.


text:
Q: Prove that the following statements are equivalent So I have three matrices A,B and C with conditions as outlined below.
I need to prove the four statements are equivalent by proving if and only
if between each of them.
I struggle to understand how should I set up this problem
and prove the statements consequently?

A: (i) The linear equations have no solutions
A matrix can only have 3 possiblities for solutions

*

*0 solutions

*1 solution

*Infinitely many solutions

A matrix having no solutions means that the augmented matrix looks like
$$
\begin{bmatrix}
num1 ... numN & | & sum1 \\
............. & | & .... \\
0 ..........0 & | & sumM
\end{bmatrix}
$$
This means that the rank of teh augmented matrix (i.e. A) is greater than teh coefficient matrix (i.e. B) (This is important later).
So this means that if you split up your matrix into vectors, where each vector represents a column of A, it would look like
x1$\begin{bmatrix} num1 \\ ... \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ + ... +
x2$\begin{bmatrix} numN \\ ... \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ =
$\begin{bmatrix} sum1 \\ ... \\ sumM \end{bmatrix}$
As you can see, teh last row of the vectors can't add up to sumM because they are all zeros. Therefore, the last column can't be written as a linear combination of the vectors in the first n columns
It's pretty intuitive that if teh last columns (which is the column that everything is supposed to add up to) can't be written as a linear combination of teh first n vectors, there there would be no solution to
x1$\begin{bmatrix} num11 \\ ... \\ num1N \end{bmatrix}$ + ... +
x2$\begin{bmatrix} numN1 \\ ... \\ numNM \end{bmatrix}$ =
$\begin{bmatrix} sum1 \\ ... \\ sumM \end{bmatrix}$
Therefore, putting this all in an augmented matrix will have no solutions. And we have proven (i) <-> (ii)
See if you can do the rest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hello everyone – or should I say Heeey Dudes! For as you read this, I shall be enjoying a road trip through California! Yes, we're motoring down the freeways and byways from LA to San Diego, stopping off along the way to tuck into some lovely meals (I'm particularly looking forward to the Mexican food). Also of course I'll be seeking out spices, as this is chilli country after all! Tell you all about it next month!
Our spice of the month is Allspice, which gets especially useful now the cold evenings are coming in, and our recipes include a Greek classic, Stifado, and two classic comfort foods in Ragu Bolognese and a delicious Apple and Blackberry Crumble with custard. In fact comfort foods are the subject of our feature where we list some of our favourites, along with how to give them the Spice Mountain touch. I hope you find some of your favourites in there too!
Just one more thing about California (sorry!!) – while we're away our online shop will not be sending out orders. You can still order however, and we will get your spices out to you asap on our return. Have a good month, and see you next time!
This pungent berry, also known as pimento and Jamaican pepper (Jamaica being where the majority of allspice is grown), is used in cooking in many countries and cuisines, although it is particularly prevalent in Caribbean food. Its flavour is warm and aromatic, not a million miles from black pepper but with a more complex character, including notes of cloves, nutmeg and cinnamon. It has long been used in Western cooking, especially in pickles and slow-cooked meaty stews, and it is essential in Caribbean curry powders and of course Jerk chicken. Allspice also turns up in North African and Middle Eastern cooking. Allspice is available whole and ground, the flavour of the ground being concentrated and more pungent – a little goes a long way, and a teaspoonful is generally sufficient. The whole berries will lend a more subtle flavour, and are usually used in combination with other similar spices.
Every Greek holiday will feature at least one helping of one of the country's national dishes, the aromatic, gently spiced beef stew known as Stifado.
Before we start, a disclaimer – someone somewhere (probably an Italian) will dispute that this ragu is actually a true Bolognese, and I dare say they'd be correct, technically.
An Autumn Sunday, a walk in the woods (or the park) and a lovely crumble waiting to be enjoyed when you get home, smothered in creamy custard to take the chill out of your bones.
We've all got one or two, those foods which just take us back to childhood or happier times, which bring back fond memories. Foods which satisfy even in imagination. Comfort foods are of course a highly personal affair, but certain meals and foods seem to make everyone's list. Equally obviously these foods come with a certain degree of 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it', but there are few foods which don't benefit and improve from the judicious use of the Spice Mountain touch! Here we list some of our favourite comfort foods, and what you can include in them to give even more comfort.
Beans on Toast/Cheese on Toast – You get in late from work, and there's nothing in the fridge for tea. You could grab a takeaway, or you could dig out that tin of beans from the cupboard! Or rescue the one inhabitant of the fridge, that lump of cheese. All you need then is toast, butter and some spice. For beans, a teaspoonful of curry powder (either Karachi blend for hot, or mild Madras) works wonders, and for your cheese on toast just sprinkle on some Cajun seasoning. And of course you can just slap the cheese on top of the beans, and then you don't have to choose.
Bangers and Mash – Definitely one from childhood this, and when I was small beans were the accompaniment of choice. But for grown-ups, we'd suggest a good onion gravy boosted with red onion powder, tomato powder or champignon crumbs for those who love mushrooms. As for the mash, liven it up with a grate of nutmeg, or for genuine luxury a few saffron strands added with the milk and the butter.
Noodle Soup – the comfort food of choice across the Far East, few things are as satisfying as a steaming bowl of noodle soup. What you spice it with depends on where you wish you were of course, but you can't go wrong making a laksa type dish using Tom Yum blend, adding Shichimi Togarashi for Japanese flavours or Pho blend for an authentic Vietnamese soup.
Spag Bol – One of Italy's gifts to the world of comfort food is pasta, and the most commonly loved pasta dish worldwide must be Spaghetti Bolognese. Our recipe for Bolognese is shared in this month's recipes, and the sauce can be used to put together other Premier League comfort foods such as lasagne and moussaka. A guilty pleasure from student days also stands out, viz the leftover Bolognese and cheese toastie – oh yes!
Chips – or French fries for our non-Brit readers (although thinking about it crisps would make our comfort food list any time!). As basic as food gets, your chips can be jazzed up with all sorts of things. A mixture of salt and balsamic vinegar powder keeps your chips simple, and from our blends, try any of these three – Patatas Bravas, Cajun seasoning or Caribbean blend. Are there any more, Mum??
Mac & Cheese – Another pasta contender for greatest comfort food ever, this one can be spiced up nicely with a few different ideas. Cajun seasoning works wonderfully, as does anything involving plenty of garlic and paprika, and an alternative is our Peruvian spice blend – the combination of Amarillo and Penca chillies coming together beautifully with all that cheesiness! Also don't forget to add a grate of nutmeg to the cheese sauce.
Fied Rice– Every cuisine that features rice will have a version of fried rice somewhere in the repertoire, and of course rice is receptive to pretty much anything so feel free to do as you please when it comes to spicing it up. We would however strongly advise involving some of our lovely Nasi Goreng blend, specifically designed for fried rice with a mix of vegetables and spices.
Dumplings – While there is absolutely nothing wrong with a Euro style suet dumpling, especially on top of a paprika-laden goulash, we are more concerned here with Asian dumplings – potstickers, wonton, that sort of chap. And in this case it's the dipping sauce which is important – it should always contain a healthy blast of chilli, and our Korean gochugaru flakes are ideal, with a fruity sweet heat.
Custard – A good custard is a thing of genuine beauty, and if it is made with Vanilla sugar you will find it as difficult as us to find words to describe it! Also don't forget the real McCoy, vanilla pods. And when it comes to comfort, let us relax and imagine diving into a bowl of banana custard fortified with our 100% freeze-dried banana powder. We stock many other fruit powders too, and most will work with custard.
Apples – The fresh, crisp flavour of apples complements the warmer, aromatic spices such as nutmeg, cinnamon and cloves, especially if you are making something sweet. In the savoury department, sage is a surprisingly good match.
Fennel – The distinct aniseed of fennel means that powerful flavours are needed to complement it. Orange peel works well, as does lemon (our lemon pyramid salt for instance), and the milder, more toasty chillies such as Ancho or New Mexico work really well.
Kale – The earthy, iron notes of kale work especially well with garlic (our smoked garlic flakes for example) and also chilli, particularly flakes such as Aleppo or Chipotle. A slightly more leftfield idea is to season kale with our Himalayan salt with roasted spices.
Pumpkin – Pumpkin goes really well with so many spices, but nutmeg has to be the pick. Otherwise try matching with top quality pepper such as Kampot, or roasting pumpkin with Chinese 5 spice. Additionally if you are making a pumpkin soup boost it with a mild curry powder such as our Korma blend.


text:
Alberta Teachers' Association wants investigation of in-school COVID-19 transmission
Chris Epp CTV News Calgary Anchor Weekend News at 6 & 11:30 | Video Journalist
@CTVchrisepp Contact
Published Friday, September 18, 2020 7:11PM MDT
While the first community-transmitted case of COVID-19 was found in a school, many Alberta parents say it won't make them think twice about sending their kids to in-person classes.
CALGARY -- Alberta's chief medical officer of health says for the first time, COVID-19 has been transmitted at school and a group advocating for teachers wants to know more about how it happened.
The infection was detected among two students at Waverley Elementary School in Edmonton. It's believed one student contracted the virus in the community, then unwittingly passed it on to a schoolmate.
"This is not unexpected and is not a cause for alarm," said Dr. Deena Hinshaw Friday afternoon.
"Even with the cautious approach we have been taking, we expected that we would eventually see some examples of transmission in schools."
So far, 78 cases of COVID-19 have been found among staff and students at 57 of Alberta's 2,415 K-12 schools.
She says none of those patients became seriously ill or needed hospitalization.
That's why some parents, such as Rick Norland, say they'll keep their kids in the classroom.
"It does put me on alert," says the father of an 11-year-old boy.
"But I feel like we've to keep the day going, you know? Keep things rolling and just try to social distance as much as we can."
However, some groups are a little more concerned about the situation.
The Alberta Teachers Association says it wants the case of on-campus transmission to be investigated so officials can minimize the changes of it happening again.
"I think we need to do a thorough examination as to what the causes are of what happened here," said Jason Schilling of the ATA.
"(We need to) evaluate what's been going on at the schools with the protocols. Do we need to reassess certain protocols to make sure the schools are safe for students or staff?"
In the meantime, staff and students at Bowness High School, the site of the first in-school COVID-19 cases in Alberta, will be returning to class on Monday. They've been self-isolating since the cases were first discovered by Alberta Health Services.
No further infections were reported among those staff members and students and all are expected to resume their school year.
Trump claims Canada wants U.S. border reopened
Public Health Agency president stepping down, cites need for a break
Canada-U.S. border closure extended to Oct. 21
B.C. adds 179 cases of COVID-19 to total, including 40 historic cases
Alberta adds 1 COVID-19 death, 107 cases
Families cope with rocky school start when sniffles could mean COVID-19 tests, self-isolation
Gargle test for COVID-19 works for adults as well as children, researcher says
Bloc Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19
Design of post-CERB benefits could change as pandemic shifts course, minister says
Killer parties: University students' get-togethers are putting lives at risk, officials warn
Hinshaw warns against stigmatizing schools with COVID-19 cases and outbreaks
Alberta's first COVID-19 school transmission 'likely' detected in Edmonton: Hinshaw
Biden presidency to be predictable

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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As the 2017 AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award National Winner, Tanya will receive a $10,000 bursary from Westpac (adding to the $10,000 bursary she received as the WA state winner) to further progress her winning project – a Camp program to support women from regional WA to develop their leadership skills and capacity – plus also assist with speaking engagements as the National Winner.
"I am thankful to AgriFutures Australia and the AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award for this fantastic opportunity. It just shows that even in an isolated location like Kulin, you can make a difference," Tanya says.
"The Award bursary will allow me to really ramp up the women's camp pilot program. This program will target women living and working in rural and regional areas, providing personal development and leadership skills training to increase their self-esteem and equip them to take on leadership roles and initiate change in their own communities," Tanya says.
Tanya ran camp and youth activity programs for at risk children all over the world before she established Camp Kulin four years ago.
"I had to resort to Google maps to find the location of Kulin when a resident first called and invited me to visit in 2013," Tanya says.
Now, under Tanya's guidance, hundreds of volunteers contribute to improving the lives of WA children by teaching them life skills, leadership and self-confidence. Camp Kulin also provides scholarships for those affected by childhood trauma or facing emotional challenges.
"I'm really excited to help spread the word about the AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award, which provides women like me with so many opportunities," Tanya says.
John Harvey, AgriFutures Australia Managing Director, congratulated Tanya and says her impact on the volunteers and participants at Camp Kulin, as well as the Kulin community, is an example of leadership at its best.
"Tanya is a true example of everything the AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award stands for. She has the drive and the capacity to create real change and has also innovated to create a completely new industry for the wheatbelt, which in turn will support other rural and regional businesses in the supply chain," Mr Harvey says.
Meanwhile, the 2017 national runner up, Simone Kain from SA, is living proof the Award is creating opportunities for female leaders wanting to create impact in rural and regional Australia.
Simone identified a lack of children's books addressing life on the land in Australia. Simone will be building on her successful 'George the Farmer' stories and educational resources about life on the land by creating three new educational children's resources, focusing on the wide and varied careers that are possible in agriculture, and featuring her other popular character Dr Ruby, a talented agronomist.
"Congratulations to Tanya, Simone and all the outstanding national finalists who have all contributed significantly to their industries and communities," Kay Hull, AgriFutures Australia Chair says.
"I can't wait to see all their projects come to life over the next 12 months. These awards celebrate the enormous but often untold contribution Australian women make to rural and regional communities," Mrs Hull says.
The AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award Platinum sponsor, Westpac, also congratulated Tanya on her innovative project and for winning the coveted national Award.
"Tanya's recognition as this year's winner is a tribute to all women in rural, regional and remote Australia. We know from our relationships with our customers that there are thousands of women across Australia making incredible personal contributions to their sector and their communities, and that is why we continue to sponsor these awards," Steve Hannan, General Manager for Westpac Agribusiness says.
Mr Hannan also commended all the national finalists on their achievements and said the bank looks forward to seeing how their Westpac bursary helps them to pursue their future success.
Online applications for the 2018 AgriFutures™ Rural Women's Award open on Thursday, 14 September at www.agrifutures.com.au/rwa and close on Sunday, 29 October.


Archery Australia some years ago established a category of membership called "Temporary Member". This was done to overcome insurance concerns and to allow more people to experience the sport.
Everyone shooting at your club/RGB must be current financial affiliate (members) of Archery Australia as either an Affiliate or Temporary Member, if not they do not comply with the Archery Australia Constitution and conditions of the insurance policy and the club/RGB may be at risk.
Temporary Membership is firstly intended for NON MEMBERS of Archery Australia who are taking part in an instruction course or Archery Come N Try.
Temporary Membership is also intended for visitors. These could be visitors or Archery Alliance members who are NOT currently registered with Archery Australia but wish to shoot at your club/RGB or enter an Cross Participation event.
By making visitors Temporary Members both the non member and your club/RGB is covered for insurance, but again, Temporary membership does NOT replace Full Membership.
Temporary Membership provides no rights or privileges other than Public Liability insurance coverage.
All NON MEMBERS taking part in an instruction activity, irrespective of the duration of the course, must take out Temporary Membership.
Your club/RGB may wish to invite Archery Alliance members (ABA or 3DAAA) to engage in Cross Participation tournament or club activity; in this case Temporary Membership forms should be used. Temporary membership does not replace any restriction placed on an individual by an Archery Alliance member. Allowance of Alliance Members to compete in an Cross Participation activity is at the sole discretion of the organising committee or host club/RGB.
For people undertaking instruction there is a maximum of 12 visits permitted. These 12 visits do not need to be consecutive but can be split over a longer period.
Temporary membership is not Associate membership.
A visitor or Archery Alliance member can attend a maximum of 4 times in a year. If a visitor wishes to visit more than 4 times in a year they should consider joining the club.
At all times Temporary Membership for the purpose of instruction or as a visitor/cross participation are two separate activities and can not be combined .
It is recommended that clubs/RGBs charge a fee for Temporary Membership which is retained by the club/RGB and hopefully used to develop coaching and member's facilities at the club/RGB.
How long does Temporary membership last?
For an instruction class the maximum period is 12 visits while under instruction. Following the instruction course people wishing to shoot at a club/RGB will be expected to join.
For visitors or Archery Alliance members there is a maximum of 4 times a year. After this number of visit the individual will be expected to join the Archery Australia through a club.
The important point is, Temporary membership does not replace full membership and is not a method of avoiding membership or any restrictions imposed by an Archery Alliance association.
When do people need to complete the forms?
There are 2 types of forms INDIVIDUAL and GROUP forms. For instruction classes the person must complete a form which will cover them for the duration of the course. For visitors a form must be completed each time they attend the club/RGB.
What do we do with the completed forms?
Can we use Temporary Membership when the club/RGB is holding activities away from the club/RGB venue?
For example the club/RGB is invited to hold an activity at a school fete, community activity or camp which involves members of the public having a try at archery.
Answer - Providing the activity is approved and supported by the club/RGB and a Risk Analysis of the activity has been undertaken and recorded in club/RGB meeting minutes Temporary Membership can be used.
As you may be allowing large groups to participate the group temporary membership form should be used.
Of course the venue to be use must be set up following Archery Australia Safety Policy and the club /RGB should have carried out a Venue Safety Inspection.
The process for Temporary Member, is very simple, if a person wishes to shoot at your club/RGB or as part of an activity arranged by your club/RGB, the person MUST be a registered with Archery Australia to ensure they are covered for Public Liability Insurance, a Temporary Membership form MUST be completed and sent to Archery Australia.
If the visitor is an Alliance member the club MUST view the individuals current membership card to either ABA or 3DAAA, a Temporary Membership form MUST be completed and sent to Archery Australia.
The completed Temporary Member form must be sent onto Archery Australia quarterly. Archery Australia will kept on file in case of a claim and for proof of Temporary Membership.


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While the term flexibility refers to the total available range of motion around a joint, it does not necessarily translate to moving well.
Mobility expresses how well we can move through the appropriate functional range of motion for a joint with a given movement pattern.
In order to get the most out of your body and training and to perform physical activities injury and pain-free, you will need an appropriate level of flexibility and mobility.
So let's see what mobility exercises you can do to improve this aspect of your training.
A great mobility exercise for opening up your shoulder joints, which are particularly tight among swimmers and climbers, the shoulder extension requires an elastic band before you are good to go.
Place your hand through the stretching band and rotate your palm up. Grip the band and lean back, stretching your arm above your head and engaging your Latissimus muscle.
This mobility exercise is good for runners and cyclists since it loosens up tight hip flexors, common among these groups.
Place the stretch band around one quad's hip crease and stretch that leg back placing the knee on the ground and slowly rotating the hip forward.
Get on all fours and position a stretching band around one quad, then place the foot in front of the opposite knee.
Oscillate your hip against the band's pull and you'll surely loosen up a stiff hip capsule.
Ankle mobility exercises are highly important for runners, tennis and soccer players and pretty much any exercise where you have to push on your ankles.
Avoid injury and make sure you get the burst you need by doing this following exercise: standing up, place the stretching band just above the ankle and step forward with that leg.
Move the knee forward and oscillate outward then repeat facing the other direction.
If you want to target more than one area when doing your mobility exercises, try the deep squat and work on your ankles, knees, and hips at the same time.
Stand with feet shoulder-width apart and lower your hips to your ankles, making sure to keep your feet flat on the ground.
Move slightly to stimulate circulation but make sure to remain in this position for 10 min. You can start with 2-3 min and work your way up.
The couch stretch opens up your entire anterior muscle chain, allowing you to fully extend your hips, knees, and ankles.
Start on all fours with your feet against the wall. Raise one leg so the foot lies flat against the wall, then step the other leg forward, foot beneath you.
Engage your glutes, quads and hip flexors by arching and relaxing your back.
This is a mobility exercise that works the rotation and lateral flexion of your spine and by improving thoracic mobility it can also decrease upper back pain.
Sit down on a chair and put your hand behind your head.
Spread your elbows as far as you can in order to tighten your shoulder blades.
Keep your hips and lumbar spine from rotating and rotate as far as you can along the thoracic spine.
After rotating, bend along the thoracic spine.
Come back up and rotate even further, bend and rotate some more.
Do this for as long as you're still making progress with your rotations, and when you see yourself stalling, switch to the other side.
As you get older, mobility becomes a real problem, and many people get stairlifts by Access BDD to deal with this issue. So make sure you do some mobility exercises from a young age, in order to avoid these types of problems when you get older.
Whether you prefer running 5 miles a day or tearing it up in the weight room, mobility exercises will help you achieve your maximum potential, make sure you are able to keep proper form and protect you from injury.
Only a few minutes to prepare for a safe, effective workout, I call that a bargain, don't you?


c.1300, "to remove from one place to another," also "to turn from one language to another," from Latin translatus "carried over," serving as past participle of transferre "to bring over, carry over" (see transfer), from trans- (see trans-) + latus "borne, carried," from *tlatos, from PIE root *tel-, *tol- "to bear, carry" (see extol). Related: Translated; translating. A similar notion is behind the Old English word it replaced, awendan, from wendan "to turn, direct" (see wend).
This and other extracts from the same poet are translated by Thomas Moore, Esq.
"Why, he copped the copper's kale," Aggie translated, glibly.
Into how many languages has the Bible in whole or in part been translated?
Morell translated it into English, and seventeen new numbers were added.
They would have stiffened in astonishment could they have translated the "glare."
His autobiography was translated into English and published in London in 1846.
And now translated into English with the aduise of the Author.
The conductor muttered a reply, and that reply the Russian translated.
The book was translated into Dutch in 1873 and into German in 1897.
Which expression, translated into English means, he quashes it.


Its exquisite design and useful apps and features are more than enough compensation for Motorola's slightly disappointing choice of chipset. If you're looking for a compact smartphone and don't want to spend, the 3rd Gen Moto G is still the best phone to buy.
Motorola has nailed it once again with the third-generation Motorola Moto G. Its camera is superb, the upgraded internals make it a more responsive phone, and the extra software features make it feel more like a flagship and less like a budget device than ever.
Almost every aspect of this phone has been improved over its predecessor with waterproofing an unexpected, but very welcome extra. You can't go too far wrong with the superb Moto G.
More powerful than budget phones and cheaper than mid-rangers, the third-generation Motorola Moto G has been crammed with its best-ever specs while maintaining a outstandingly low price. Add a microSD for some extra storage and there's very little to criticise at all.
Motorola's done it again with this year's Moto G, and there's no point even considering going for any other phone if you're on a budget and need something quick, sharp and on point.
It feels great in the hand and the ribbed back makes it easy to grip. The battery life is also solid and waterproofing means it'll survive a trip down the toilet. Not many Android phones come with screens as small as 5in, meaning the Moto G is arguably one of the best.
Overall you get a lot of bang for your buck here and at a low cost to boot. No it's not going to move mountains, but damn it it doesn't half try with performance and capabilities well above par. If this isn't one of the best budget smartphones on the market I don't know what is.
It's pricier than previous generations, but an amazing camera and near-flawless performance make this the most complete-feeling Moto G yet.
The Moto G is a hard smartphone to beat. It's a winner on almost all fronts, and its price tag gives it a killer edge over competing handsets. In the plus column: it's waterproof; is customizable through Moto Maker; offers good battery life, signal performance, and voice quality: comes with stock Android and quicker system updates; includes excellent, customizable lock screen behaviors; and the camera outperforms most others in this class. In the minus column: the GPS isn't as accurate as it could be. That's hardly anything to cry about.
The Moto G still remains the most affordable water-resistant phone out there. (...) Despite packing a processor that's well over two years old now, the Moto G still performs solidly after a few months of use.
The third generation Moto G, which provides users with the second-most-recent version of Android, a 5-inch display, great battery life, Motorola's useful (but unobtrusive if you don't want it!) software suite, and even some decent internals.
This year, Motorola raised the stakes yet again - gets you a feature-packed Android smartphone with a large 5-inch HD display, water-resistant design, great pair of cameras, front-facing speaker, and Android 5.1.1. with no bloatware and the Moto experiences.
In the end, the Moto G is still king of Android's busiest seaport. Its newest version has enough new features to entice existing users to upgrade, and is robust enough to stand on its own in a delegation of loud and vain merchants.
It offers enough, to justify the slight price rise on previous versions. The camera is a good reason for many to upgrade, and it gives the Moto G a slight edge over rivals at this price.
We're not fully convinced that it performs better than its big-name rivals, but the 13MP camera on the Moto G offers a huge improvement over last year's offering. (...) After spending some time with the new Moto G, we'd be hard-pushed to think of another phone as good with this price tag.
The Motorola Moto G isn't the cheapest proposition anymore like its predecessors were, but it still packs a solid punch for the money you shell out for it. Customisable looks, IPX7 rating so it can be dunked endlessly and a bloat-free Android experience that you will not find easily. It is a great phone and one that delivers on what it promises.
Of course, the Moto G isn't for everyone, but it strikes that perfect balance of value, design, and performance – while still staying true to the foundational principles of the series. There's a reason why the Moto G series is constantly a mainstream, it just keeps on getting better. And obviously, we continue to see that with this latest iteration. Power users might not take fancy in this phone, but it still generates a broader appeal. Don't underestimate the intensity of what it offers!
Smartphone makers are really trying to nail the "high-quality, low-cost" formula this year, and they're working up ways to sell straight to consumers too. Even with all that new competition, the Motorola Moto G's blend of performance, clean software and a mostly solid camera make it the best bang for your Android buying buck... for now, anyway.
Oh, how far we've come. Smartphone makers are really trying to nail the "high-quality, low-cost" formula this year, and they're working up ways to sell straight to consumers too. Even with all that new competition, the Motorola Moto G's blend of performance, clean software and a mostly solid camera make it the best bang for your Android buying buck... for now, anyway.
One of the best aspects of the Moto G remains the price tag. This smartphone is exceptionally affordable and a very decent value proposition considering the hardware inside.
...for the Moto G, it's extremely hard to fault it. I would even go as far as to say that while using the Moto G, aside from when I wanted to take photos, I never found myself desperately wanting to run back to the iPhone 6, LG G4 or any of the other.... phones I have on my desk. If you're after a budget-friendly device, this is your phone.
If you're looking for the very best camera or the very sharpest display, this is not the right phone. But if you're OK with good enough features plus some nice touches like excellent software and a waterproof build - not to mention an incredibly good price - this phone is the one.
Motorola again delivers a good mid-range smartphone with its new Moto G, which convinces with strikingly good key features. The battery life and primary camera are really good and are difficult to match in this price range. The HD screen is also appealing.
The Moto G is stylish, but it could be easier to hold. The added battery capacity to this year's Moto G does everything it needs to. Given how impressive and popular the Moto G is, it's hard to see it as anything but Motorola's actual flagship.
... whether or not Motorola had done enough to secure its crown as the leader of the mid-range, a device that doesn't cost a bomb and doesn't make you suffer, and I can say yes. It's not as "mid-range" as it once was. For similar prices competitors are offering better screens, better processors etc, but they haven't got the fit and finish of the Moto G.
Motorola's Moto G range was arguably the first premium entry-level smartphone, but other handsets are vying for its crown. The Moto G 2015 bumps up the specs and keeps an affordable price tag and while it's not perfect, it's definitely impressive.
It's an affordable handheld for the masses: a highly customizable smartphone with excellent battery life, great performance, and software that adds usefulness without bogging it down. If you can live with its lackluster camera and display, it's absolutely a solid buy (at least at the higher tier).
I don't have a lot of complaints about the Moto G. Still, for people looking for a mid-priced phone with all the joys of Android Lollipop, the Moto G is probably a good choice.
The new Moto G may not have cutting-edge specs, but it's all the phone you need and an incredible deal... The customization options, high-res camera, and long-lasting battery take it to another level that most budget phones don't come close to approaching.
This is not a phone that will wow you with clever ideas or great hardware. In fact, the improvements made here compared to previous versions are quite modest so you can't expect a major jump in quality.
The third generation Moto G is a competent mid-range Android phone with a colourful, changeable covers. It's a good all-rounder with a nice camera and good battery life.
Budget handsets rarely have the consistent experience which the Moto G offers. You'll struggle to find a device at this price-point with a better camera, while the battery life is more than enough for most users.
Everyone should consider a Moto G (2015). Maybe you don't want to spend a lot of money on a smartphone. Maybe you need one for your son or daughter. Maybe you need an unlocked smartphone for abroad. Maybe you need a backup phone. There are plenty of holes this device fills, and I plan to continue carrying mine for the foreseeable future.
This device is great for anyone who purchased a low-end smartphone in the past few years as well as those that've never owned a smartphone before. Those of you that have top-tier smartphones from three years ago: this device is an upgrade.
In the end, I think as far as conventional mid range devices goes there's no competition for the Moto G. The construction and the camera are good, the performance is the best of an ARM device at this price point, and the battery life is amazing.
With the 3rd generation, Motorola have improved on the original formula, and brought water resistance and improved on the second gen's bigger screen and body.
Waterproofing and a much improved camera mean the Moto G (3rd Gen) still offers good value, despite a slight price hike.
Great software, including some useful Motorola-specific apps, make it a clean and clever device to use, while its decent battery life, water-resistance, improved camera, and the addition of Moto Maker personalisation options really make this Moto G stand out.
With various upgrades including a waterproof design, great cameras and stock Android, the new Moto G 2015 is a great affordable phone. The device is still a bit chunky and it's a shame to see the stereo speakers gone.
While the camera and battery performance are indeed at an acceptable level, we particularly liked the overall stability and experience that the smartphone offers; something we believe users at every price point deserve.
The screen could do with more pixels, but this would hamper battery life; the battery should charge more quickly, but this is hardly the end of the world, and... that is about it. Add a 32GB micro SD card and the Moto G is a hugely attractive option for those on a lower budget.
The latest Moto G boasts only minor changes to the recent Moto G 4G but it's a significant jump on the previous model, with improved screen and camera, waterproofing and the addition of 4G. There are other serious contenders in the budget smartphone zone of course, not least the Vodafone Smart Ultra 6, which offers a faster processor, slightly bigger display and better camera for a few quid less -- although you'll need a Vodafone contract. Whether you opt for the 8GB or 16GB version, it's still a terrific bargain.
The new Motorola Moto G doesn't cost much, but it's all the smartphone many people will need. Your Moto G will run the latest version of Android, make loud calls, take clear photos easily, not break, and not run out of battery by the end of the day.
Motorola delivered stellar performance for a device normally associated with low-end budgets.
Motorola appears to be trying to move a little upmarket, and while the Moto G is fantastically customizable and has a great camera, the rest of its specs are unimpressive.
It's a very good phone. It's going to be all the phone a lot of people ever need. Like its smaller, cheaper predecessors everything about it feels right: the customary qualities of a sharp and bright display, solid construction and booming sound are here too, but in a classier chassis.
There's a lot to like about the Moto G 3rd Gen, especially the waterproofing, the plain, bold styling and the 155 gram heft of a well-made product in the hand ... but up against a lot of competition, now that the lesser known Chinese manufacturers are beginning to get their teeth into Europe.
With added water resistance and a better camera, the LTE-enabled Moto G is one of the best affordable unlocked smartphones around right now.
The Moto G punches above its weight in almost every way, and is without question the best phone you'll find at anything approaching this price. It's waterproof. It has a removable, swappable back and an SD card slot. I could keep going.
With its classy design and the smooth software experience, you could be forgiven for thinking it cost more. Unfortunately, you do have to contend with a lack of attention to detail on the finished product and, more importantly, with under-par photo quality.
Every day, we search through thousands of tariffs and offers from UK online retailers to find the best Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) deals and contracts across a selection of price points and needs.
Select 'Pay Monthly' if you're looking to get the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) as part of a monthly contract with minutes, data and texts. Alternatively, choose 'No Contract' if you prefer to buy the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) SIM Free or on Pay as You Go.
Finding the perfect deal is easy. Just use the sliders to filter tariffs for minutes, data, monthly cost and upfront cost. You can also filter by network and retailer to find the best Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) deal for you!
The cheapest contract price in this category is cheaper than buying the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) SIM Free and a comparable SIM Only tariff by .
You could save on the cheapest contract price in this category by buying the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) SIM Free and a comparable SIM Only tariff separately.
We've used Flickr to find a selection of pictures taken by the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version) camera. Here is a selection of photos taken by users from around the world so you can see what kind of picture quality you can expect from real-world use of the Motorola Moto G (2015 Version).


Please contact the athletics department offfice for more information: 719.471.1999, x241.
Each parent and/or student athlete can choose to volunteer five hours per sport played to get a discount and pay $150/sport for Junior High and for High School.
Still responsible for five (5) volunteer hours for spring sport.
*Effective August 24, 2016, we are only be able to accept online payments of $150.00. When paying for a 3rd sport, please turn in a check made out to "The Vanguard School" for the remaining balance of $100.
The term "registration" means that ALL required athletics forms and documentation of the athlete's physical are turned in to the athletic department's office. Please note the "Registration Deadline" for registration in each respective sport.
ALL junior high and high school athletes MUST have a physical on file with the Vanguard School athletics department prior to participating in scheduled team practices/games/matches/meets.
All parents (at least one per household) MUST attend ONE athletic meeting held annually, regardless of the sport(s) in which the athlete(s) is/are being registered.
For more information on the athletics registration process, please contact Rick Jensen, Vanguard School athletic director by email at Rick.Jensen@TheVanguardSchool.com.
All online registration, including submission of necessary forms MUST be completed and furnished to the athletic director prior to students participating in ANY scheduled practices, games, meets or other associated activities. This is a CHSAA requirement.
In addition to the above references, The Vanguard School has provided additional forms below called 'cautionary statements' for participation in a particular sport. These forms outline the inherent risks for each sport and offer tips for athletes to manage those risks, as well as prepare for and maintain proper fitness throughout the season. Athletes and parents should read/review these informational forms during the registration process. These forms do not need to be turned in to the athletics department, but parents and students will signify at the time of online registration that the applicable form(s) has/have been read and understood - a local school requirement. Click on a link to access the applicable form(s) for your athlete(s).
If you have any questions on the use of these athletics forms, please contact Rick Jensen, Vanguard School athletic director by email at Rick.Jensen@TheVanguardSchool.com.


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Dannon Green Wikipedia, Age, Height, Instagram, Net-Worth, Girlfriend
With a strong mind and determination from a very young age, Dannon Green made it through all. Dannon Green is an American actor, director, and producer who is mostly recognized for his works in "Baby Boy", "Butter", "For da Love of Money", and "I Am The Dream".
Besides that, Dannon has also graced his acting on UPN's sitcoms "Moesha", "Girlfriends", and "One On One".
Name Dannon Green
Birthday April 13, 1966
Net Worth $1.1 million
Education The Ohio State University
Instagram @dannongreen
Twitter @DannonGreen
10 Facts about Dannon Green
Dannon Green is not available on Wikipedia's bio as of now. However, we assume that this article will certainly help you know more about him.
According to his IMDb bio, Dannon Green is a multi-capable TV personality as he is an Actor, Writer as well as Producer.
As of now, Dannon Green was born on April 13, 1966, belonging to American nationality. So, his age is 54 years old. His birth sign is Aries.
His IMDb suggests that Dannon has several Actor credits for "The Hills", "Civilian Life" and others, and some Writer and Producer credits.
Speaking of his physique, he stands with a height of 5 feet 8 inches but his weight is not revealed as of now.
Dannon Green is available on Instagram as well as Twitter. However, he does not seem to be that active as of now. His Twitter account has only 157 followers and his Instagram account has only 328 followers.
Moreover, he has made his TV debut on Apollo Comedy Hour. And, from that point of time, he is constantly getting into eminence.
According to filmfreeway.com, currently, he is single as he has never spoken about his girlfriend or relationship.
Currently, he is writing and directing his first-ever own documentary "The Executioners" which is a story based on a boxing gym out of Philadelphia.
As per networthpost.org, Dannon has an estimated net worth of $1.1 million with a successful professional career. However, his earning is yet to be disclosed.
Dannon
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¹²US Confidence Declines To Lowest Since February
The Ugly Reality Of Lowering Debt By Default
Home Prices To Take Hit Next Year In Many Markets
Walking Away With Less
By Caroline Valetkevitch | 29 September 2010
Consumer confidence index falls to 48.5 in Sept
S&P/Case Shiller home prices declines 0.1 pct in July
CEO Economic Outlook Index dips to 86 in 3rd qtr (Updates with U.S. market closing prices, adds gold prices)
NEW YORK, Sept 28 (Reuters)— U.S. consumer confidence fell to its lowest level in seven months in September, underscoring lingering worries about the strength of the economic recovery. But in a sign of stabilization in the housing market, U.S. home prices hovered above multi-year lows without the help of the homebuyer tax credit that ended in April. The day's data is the latest to give a mixed signal on the economy, with a 9.6 percent unemployment rate and still-tight access to credit among factors hurting consumers and keeping concerns about a double-dip recession alive.
"With unemployment at a 26-year high, confidence among consumers remains weak. This decline in sentiment will give the Fed a stronger reason to increase stimulus in November," said Kathy Lien, director of currency research at GFT in New York. The Federal Reserve said last week it was prepared to put more money into the economy, if needed, to stimulate the recovery and avoid deflation.
The Conference Board's index of consumer attitudes fell to 48.5 in September from a revised 53.2 in August, pressured by a weak labor market and environment for companies. That was below the median of forecasts from analysts polled by Reuters, which was for a September reading of 52.5. The August reading was revised down slightly from an original 53.5. The report also showed inflation expectations eased slightly, even with the Fed's stance on the economy. Last Friday the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan's preliminary September reading on U.S. consumer sentiment was worse than expected and at the weakest level in more than a year.
U.S. stocks .SPX initially extended declines following the confidence data, but ended the day higher as investors snapped up some of the month's better-performing sectors. Though weak stock market prices weighed on consumer morale, the benchmark Standard & Poor's 500 index is on track to rise 9.4 percent in September after a 4.7 percent decline last month. "Consumer confidence is being sapped by high unemployment, low equity prices and now a renewed decline in house prices. This all suggests that the outlook for consumption growth remains ominous," said Paul Dales, a U.S. economist at Capital Economics in Toronto.
By Nin-Hai Tseng | 29 September 2010
September 28, 2010: 2:35 PM ET
FORTUNE— There have been at least a few seemingly positive signs of progress during this anemic economic recovery: U.S. households are spending less. They're saving more. Debt is steadily falling.
But don't be fooled by the cheery headlines. The trend toward fiscal discipline might sound uplifting, especially at a time when many have learned all too painfully that they spent too much in the years leading up to the financial crisis. But dig a little deeper and you'll find that even the best economic news is masking something ugly.
It turns out that many households aren't exactly tightening their wallets and using all their saved cash to pay down debts. They're simply defaulting on them. Total household debt fell by $77 billion during the three months ending in June, but nearly half of that decline stemmed from bank charge-offs of residential mortgages, credit cards and other consumer loans, according to Capital Economics Group. In a recent report, the London-based economic research consultancy found that this isn't necessarily a new development. Household debt has fallen every quarter since the beginning of 2008, leaving it $473 billion below the peak, which is the equivalent of reducing debt at every household by $4,200.
Shedding away debt— however it's done— is critical to the overall health of the economy. But the wave of households de-leveraging by default is worrisome. And many Americans are using their new savings to buy up U.S. Treasuries instead of devoting it all toward paying down debt. During the past year, households bought 42% of the new Treasury debt issued, equal to about $616 billion and far more than the $432 billion absorbed by foreign investors.
This will probably prolong the de-leveraging process further, say analysts at Capital Economics. Until households can meaningfully shed off debt, it will likely be one of the key factors stalling economic growth and the job market as many companies wait for GDP to pick up significantly before hiring more workers.
Cutting Plastic Or Cutting Credit Card Bills?
The wave of defaults on mortgage loans is no surprise, given the rise in foreclosures and the fall in housing prices. But perhaps even more troublesome is the increase in consumer defaults on credit card debt. It's been widely reported that debt levels on credit cards have fallen— at one point surprisingly dropping below the level of outstanding student loans, according to an August story in The Wall Street Journal.
But consumers haven't exactly discovered a newfound sense of frugality. In 2009, outstanding credit card debt dropped by about $93.2 billion compared with the previous year, according to a report from CardHub.com, a credit card comparison website. This might sound like good news, but the reality is that the majority of the drop— $81.6 billion— is due to Americans defaulting on their debt.
So the 'real' decrease is much smaller— about $11.6 billion— and much of that came during the first quarter when many people used tax returns to pay down card debt. At this rate, CardHub.com predicts consumers in 2010 will actually accumulate at least $26.2 billion more in credit card debt over last year. "It's alarming," CardHub.com CEO and founder Odysseas Papadimitriou says. "We cannot revert to pre-recession debt levels."
Household debt might generally be falling, but at what cost? Those who default, depending on the size of the loan, take sizeable hits to their credit background, which could impact the terms of future loans. So while consumers' debt burdens might technically be less today than they were just a few years ago, at least on paper, the burden is still quite heavy on the minds [[and ability to borrow: normxxx]] of a significant number of consumers.
The 30-year Treasury yield fell nearly 7 basis points to 3.66 percent, its lowest in about three weeks, while the dollar slumped against the euro. At the same time, gold rose to a fresh record high as reports fueled views the central banks would stimulate the economy with new liquidity. The Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller data showed U.S. home prices declined in July.
The index of 20 metropolitan areas was down 0.1 percent in July from June on a seasonally adjusted basis, as expected in a Reuters poll. But it followed a 0.2 percent June rise, which was revised down from a 0.3 percent increase.
Business Outlook Weakens
In another sign of concerns over the outlook for the U.S. economy, a U.S. Business Roundtable survey found the number of CEOs who expect their companies' sales and U.S. headcount to rise over the six months declined in September. The Business Roundtable's CEO Economic Outlook Index declined to 86 in September from 94.6 in June. In contrast to U.S. sentiment indicators, overseas data Tuesday showed the consumer mood in Germany and Italy improved and French consumer spending rose during the summer. President Barack Obama, who is travelling across the United States this week to try to drum up voter enthusiasm ahead of the November U.S. congressional elections, signed a $30 billion small business lending bill into law on Monday.
With worries about the economy in the forefront, opinion polls suggest the Nov. 2 mid-term elections could result in the Republicans wresting control of Congress from the Democratic Party.
Home Prices Up Versus Year Ago
S&P, which publishes the home price indexes, also said home prices in the 20 cities index rose 3.2 percent from July 2009, a slower annual pace than the 4.2 percent increase in June. Data last week showed new home building rose in August and sales of previously owned houses crawled off a 13-year low. Analysts have been watching for signs of stability in the housing market after declines seen with the end of a tax credit for home buyers in April.
"People are still waiting to get a set of numbers that has absolutely none of the government incentive in it for home buyers. From what I was able to gather, we are a couple of months away from that," said Peter Jankovskis, co-chief investment officer at Oakbrook Investments LLC in Lisle, Illinois.
By Alan Zibel and Janna Herron | 29 September 2010
WASHINGTON— Don't take the latest snapshot of U.S. home prices too seriously. The Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller 20-city index released Tuesday ticked up in July from June. But the gain is merely temporary, analysts say. They see home values taking a dive in many major markets well into next year.
That's because the peak home-buying season is now ending after a dismal summer. The hardest-hit markets, already battered by foreclosures, are bracing for a bigger wave of homes sold at foreclosure or through short sales. A short sale is when a lender lets a homeowner sell for less than the mortgage is worth.
Add high unemployment and reluctant buyers, and the outlook in many areas is bleak. Nationally, home values are projected to fall 2.2 percent in the second half of the year, according to analysts surveyed by MacroMarkets LLC. And Moody's Analytics predicts the Case-Shiller index will drop 8 percent within a year. Among the areas likely to endure big price drops, according to Veros, a real estate analysis company:
Port St. Lucie, Fla., and Reno, Nev., where prices could fall 7 percent over the next year.
Orlando and Daytona Beach, Fla., which face price drops of at least 6 percent.
Las Vegas, which led all declines in the latest report, is also expected to post a 6 percent drop. Home values there have already tumbled 57 percent from their peak four years ago.
Las Vegas has been hit by foreclosures and the loss of tourism and construction jobs. More than 70 percent of homeowners there owe more on their mortgages than their homes are worth, according to real estate data firm CoreLogic. And the city's unemployment rate is nearly 15 percent, one of the highest for major U.S. markets.
The outlook in Orlando is also grim. More than half of borrowers owe more on their mortgages than their properties are worth. The unemployment rate there is nearly 12 percent.
This year, about 2 million, or 41 percent, of the 5 million homes sold will be distressed sales, predict analysts at John Burns Real Estate Consulting in Irvine, Calif. 'Distressed sales' include foreclosures and short sales. For next year, that figure is on pace to hit 2.4 million homes, or 45 percent of all sales. Distressed sales are projected to make up at least a quarter of the market for the next four years. In healthy housing markets, distressed sales typically make up only 6 to 7 percent of annual sales.
A much brighter outlook is forecast for some areas of the country, especially major cities that never experienced an outsized housing boom— and bust. Major cities in Texas, for example, have relatively healthy economies and low levels of foreclosures. Dallas home prices fell only 11 percent from their peak in 2007 and bottomed out last year. They have since rebounded about 8 percent. Houston and Dallas are projected to rise about 3 to 4 percent over the next year.
Those markets "don't have the huge supply of homes that a lot of the coastal markets have," said Eric Fox, vice president of economic and statistical modeling at Veros. Houston and Dallas both have jobless rates of under 9 percent, below the national average of 9.6 percent. And in both cities, fewer than 15 percent of borrowers owe more on their homes than their properties are worth.
Nationally, prices have risen nearly 7 percent from their April 2009 bottom. Yet they remain nearly 28 percent below their July 2006 peak. Most experts predict about 5 million homes will be sold this year. That would be in line with last year and just above 2008, the worst sales performance since 1997.
The latest changes in the Case-Shiller national index represent a three-month moving average— for May, June and July. Sales in May and June were inflated by government tax credits that have since expired. July was the worst month for home sales in 15 years. August wasn't much better. The record number of foreclosures, job concerns and weak demand from buyers have combined to weigh down prices. "The market, at best, is weak, and starting to decline," said Michael Feder, chief executive of Radar Logic Inc., which tracks the housing market.
By Dina Elboghdady and Dan Keating, WP | Sunday, 26 September 2010
Manassas homeowner frustrated over short sale delays
For more than two years, single mom Monica Valladares has been trying to sell her home on a street that has had more than 10 short sales since May 2009. Launch Photo Gallery
A new wave of distressed home sales is rippling, more quietly this time, through American cities and suburbs. Its unsettling effects are playing out here in Manassas, along Brewer Creek Place, a modest, horseshoe-shaped street lined with 98 brick townhouses. Several years after the U.S. foreclosure crisis erupted, the U-Hauls are back.
The last time, banks seized nearly every fourth house on the street through foreclosure. This time, homeowners are going another route: a short sale. "I love this house, but I just have to leave," said Leanna Harris, 27, the owner of a corner unit that used to be the builder's model, with a stone path in the yard and a gourmet kitchen. "I'm at peace with it now."
The original owner bought the home for $400,714 in 2006; Harris and her husband, both bartenders, paid what seemed to be a bargain price, $289,000, in 2008. But they have fallen behind on their mortgage payments, in part because her husband was out of work. Now they have a $246,000 offer for the home, and the balance on their mortgage is more than that. They want to accept the offer. All they need is their bank's okay.
That kind of deal is called a short sale, and it's sweeping the country. In these deals, a lender allows a troubled borrower to sell a home for less than what's owed on the mortgage. Completed short sales have more than tripled since 2008, and 400,000 of these deals are projected to close this year, according to mortgage research firm CoreLogic.
The giant mortgage financier Fannie Mae approved short sales on 36,534 home loans it owned in the first half of the year, nearly triple the number in 2007 and 2008 combined. Freddie Mac, its sister company, approved 22,117 in the first half of 2010, up from a mere 94 in the first half of 2007. Distressed homeowners are being drawn to short sales in large part because they can help protect a borrower's credit rating and thus the chance of buying another home later on.
"I worked hard for a long time to keep my credit score close to perfect, and I know a foreclosure would be much worse for my credit than a short sale," said Harris, who listed her Brewer Creek Place home as a short sale about a month ago. "If there's a chance we can avoid foreclosure, we'd rather do that". In a short sale, homeowners must get the go-ahead from the mortgage lender. Sometimes that happens before the property is put on the market, and other times before the deal closes.
In some areas of the country, including the Washington region, lenders can later pursue borrowers for the difference between the proceeds collected from the short sale and the amount owed on the mortgage, also called a deficiency. But lenders say they only do so if they conclude the borrowers skipped out on a loan that they could afford. For lenders, short sales are less expensive than foreclosures to handle and help ensure that homes transfer in good shape.
And for the wider real estate market, these sales could help shore up the floor under housing values because homeowners— unlike with foreclosures— have a vested interest in getting the best price. That's because the higher the offer, the more likely the lender will approve the sale. But short sales are prone to maddening delays and often fall through because they require the approval of many, often-competing parties— including the primary mortgage lender and in some cases the holders of second and third liens.
Across the Washington region, short-sale listings now far outpace the number of foreclosures available for sale, according to RealEstate Business Intelligence, a subsidiary of the local multiple listing service. About 14 percent of area homes for sale are short sales, more than double the figure for foreclosures, with some of the greatest volume in Prince George's and Prince William Counties, where the drop in housing prices has been especially pronounced. Brewer Creek Place, which wraps around the back end of the Independence subdivision south of the Prince William Parkway, was first developed five years ago on the eve of the housing market meltdown. Most of the residents bought their townhouses at a time when mortgage lending standards were especially lax, leaving some borrowers saddled with staggering debts when the home-loan market collapsed.
Yet along the street, there are few signs of the turmoil. Kids zip around on scooters. Neighbors primp their flower beds. But from her driveway, Brenda Holliday has watched the crisis spread. Taking a break from hosing down her convertible PT Cruiser on a recent Saturday, she pointed to the three homes to her right. Each had sold as a foreclosure since 2008.
Then she pointed to the door to her immediate left with a lock box hanging on it. "That's a short sale," she said. She nodded to the corner unit further down the block. "I think that's a short sale, too". To Holliday, 60, her townhouse seemed ideal when moved in four years ago shortly after she was widowed. She's been renting the place from the owner with half of each monthly payment credited toward her eventual purchase of the home, which she initially agreed to buy for $365,000.
Leanna Harris may have been the first on the street to buy a home as a short sale. When she did, in early 2008, such deals were so rare that Prince William County hadn't even started to track them yet. "I wanted this house really bad," said Harris, who went to settlement on the home the day after their baby girl was born. "It is my dream house."
But before long, she and her husband were looking at a short sale from the other side. The Harrises fell behind on their payments and never regained financial footing, she said. The couple received temporary relief for six months from Bank of America. But Harris said the bank ultimately rejected them for a permanent loan modification and threatened foreclosure unless they immediately made up the $10,000 in payments that had been deferred, including interest and fees, or sold the house.
Harris said she felt tricked. But she listed her home as a short sale because it seemed to offer a relatively painless way out. She said she doesn't expect the bank's approval to come quickly. Lenders readily acknowledge that they are overwhelmed with the volume of short sales coming their way. "It has taken considerable effort to build up the capacity to do these [short sale and modification] processes and also to connect them together," said David Sunlin, a senior vice president at Bank America. "We're adding staff and vendors and technology".
The Obama administration, meanwhile, has been seeking to encourage even more short sales as a way of reducing the nation's inventory of vacant and abandoned properties. In April, the administration launched a program that financially rewards lenders and borrowers for successfully negotiating a short sale if the borrower's loan could not be modified through the federal government's year-and-a-half-old foreclosure prevention effort. Lenders receive $1,500 and borrowers another $3,000 for moving expenses. Under the initiative, all eligible borrowers must be notified of the option to sell their homes short before their loans are referred to foreclosure.
The Treasury-run program also sweetens the deal for borrowers by relieving them of any obligation to repay a deficiency. Clearing the way for a short sale has often proved cumbersome because there can be so many parties to a potential deal. Aside from lenders, transactions may also have to be green lighted by investors who own the mortgages, local tax authorities, appraisal firms, escrow companies, homeowners associations, mortgage insurance companies and subordinate lien holders.
That's why the administration cannot simply order a lender to approve a short sale, said Laurie Maggiano, policy director at the Treasury Department's homeownership preservation office. "We have to give servicers discretion to make intelligent business decisions as to which properties are likely to be successful short sales, rather than say everybody has to get one," she said. It can also be difficult to persuade mortgagees to participate, because of the risk that approval will fall through.
According to Frank McKenna, a vice president at CoreLogic, the industry is on track to incur about $310 million of unnecessary losses on these transactions every year.
Monica Valladares, 29, has been trying to offload her home on Brewer Creek Place for more than a year. She bought it new for $329,000 in 2006. Keeping up with her mortgage payment was easy when her three roommates— her grandmother and two cousins— were chipping in. But the arrangement fell apart, the family scattered and Valladares, a single mom, said she could not afford the home on her salary as a researcher for a telecommunications company.
In early 2009, Valladares listed the townhouse as a short sale for the first time. The home, overlooking a wooded lot and playground, quickly attracted multiple offers. The highest was $220,000, she recalled. She moved out, thinking the turnaround would be quick. But her agent could not get the bank to review even the most lucrative contract, she said.
When the potential buyers dropped out about six months later, Valladares applied to Bank of America for a loan modification that would reduce her payments. A few months later, Valladeres was told she did not qualify, she said.
Desperate, Valladares tried the short-sale route again. "I don't know what else to do, what else to try," Valladares said during a recent visit back to the vacant town home. "This house is damaging my credit big time". Within days, she received a $220,000 offer.
When she called her primary lender to get approval for the deal, however, the bank said she wasn't eligible for a short sale because she had been enrolled in a loan modification program after all, Valladares recalled. Straightening out the confusion took weeks. The lender finally agreed to the sale. But there were more obstacles. For one, the homeowners association said Valladares must pay $4,000 in dues and late fees before it will clear the sale, she said, adding she doesn't have the cash.
Yet another problem is that Valladares had taken out a second mortgage to help her finance the original purchase of her townhouse. The lender on that second loan has yet to approve the short sale, said Roger Derflinger, her current real estate agent. "The offers come quick," Valladares said. "It's the bank that's slow."
But as she's grown older, the stairs have gotten harder, she said, and now she feels a bit trapped. If she leaves, she loses the money she put toward the purchase. If she stays, she'll have to pay about $150,000 more than the townhouse is worth. Its value has been eroded by the steady stream of nearby foreclosures and short sales.
Holliday squeezed the garden hose full throttle. "A moving van pulls up and another family is gone— that's all I know," she said. "It's plain sad."


text:
Q: Alocar Memória de Atributo em Estrutura Preciso alocar mais memória do atributo nota da estrutura Aluno:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Aluno
{
    int matricula;
    int nota;
};

void cadastraNotas(struct Aluno* cadastro, int aluno, int *qtdNotas)
{
        printf("\nInforme a quantidade de notas do aluno %d: ", cadastro[aluno].matricula);
        scanf("%d", &qtdNotas[aluno]);

        if(qtdNotas[aluno] > 1) {

          //Aqui estou em dúvida como escrever
          cadastro[aluno].nota = realloc(cadastro[aluno].nota, qtdNotas[aluno] * sizeof(struct Aluno));
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < qtdNotas[aluno]; i++)
        {
            printf("Informe a nota %d: ", i + 1);
            scanf("%d", &cadastro[aluno].nota[i]);
        }
}

A: Poste um programa inteiro de modo que alguém possa facilmente testar se achar que pode te ajudar.
    struct Aluno
    {
        int matricula;
        int nota;
    };

    void cadastraNotas(struct Aluno* cadastro, int aluno, int *qtdNotas)

    ...

Acho que deve pensar mais sobre os dados e como pretende usar isso. De um modo geral Aluno pode ter umas notas e um cadastro pode ter uns alunos. Há 3 maneiras comuns de tratar isso:

*

*[a] fixar um máximo de notas para um Aluno e de Alunos para uma Turma

*[b] usar uma estrutura de dados, como uma lista ligada por exemplo, e ir alocando notas e alunos conforme a execução

*[c] usar alocação dinâmica e alocar conforme necessário notas e alunos, como faz o sistema ao montar a lista de parâmetros para main() que é declarada

    int main( int argc, char** argv);

Exemplo simples usando valores fixos
typedef struct
{
    int matricula;
    int N; // quantas notas
    int nota[10];

}   Aluno;

typedef struct
{
    const char* codigo;
    int     N;
    Aluno   aluno[10];

}   Turma;

Nesse caso você pode ter até 10 notas por aluno e até 10 alunos por turma, mas é tudo fixo, estático. É fácil de escrever mas nada flexível...
Veja um exemplo do caso [a]:
#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct
{
    int matricula;
    int N; // quantas notas
    int nota[10];

}   Aluno;

typedef struct
{
    const char* codigo;
    int     N;
    Aluno   aluno[10];

}   Turma;

int     mostra_turma(Turma*);

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    Turma turmaA =
    { .codigo = "Fisica II",
        .N = 0
    };
    mostra_turma(&turmaA); // vazia

    // poe uns alunos na turma
    Aluno um = { 128, 4, { 1, 2, 3, 4 } };
    Aluno outro =
    {
        .N = 3,
        .matricula = 1234,
        .nota = { 1, 1, 1 }
    };
    turmaA.aluno[turmaA.N] = um;
    turmaA.N += 1;
    turmaA.aluno[turmaA.N] = outro;
    turmaA.N += 1;
    mostra_turma(&turmaA);
    return 0;
};  // main()

int     mostra_turma(Turma* T)
{
    printf("Turma '%s' tem %d alunos\n\n",
        T->codigo, T->N);
    for (int i = 0; i < T->N; i += 1)
    {
        Aluno* al = &T->aluno[i];
        printf("Mat #%d\t%d Notas: ", al->matricula, al->N);
        for (int j = 0; j < al->N; j += 1)
            printf("%d ", al->nota[j]);
        printf("\n");
    };
    printf("\n");
    return T->N;
};  // mostra_turma()

Pode ser que só isso já te sirva e ao menos mostra como endereçar as estruturas de turma e aluno.
Esse programa mostra
Turma 'Fisica II' tem 0 alunos

Turma 'Fisica II' tem 2 alunos

Mat #128        4 Notas: 1 2 3 4
Mat #1234       3 Notas: 1 1 1

[b] usando uma lista ligada
Usar uma lista ligada permitiria gravar os alunos um a um e apagar mais facilmente um cara no meio da turma por exemplo, e é bem flexível. É mais lento claro, e mais complicado. Mas com tudo estático não serve para quase nada.
Para o caso de usar uma lista não vou postar um programa aqui porque seria apenas uma lista ligada de Turma onde cada Aluno teria uma lista de Nota. O mesmo modelo.
Mas vou postar uma estrutura que funciona, assim saberá o que escrever se precisar disso.
É bem simples se já tem uma implementação de lista ligada ou se alguém te ceder uma. Outras linguagens já tem isso disponível. E se escrever sua primeira lista pode fazer de modo a poder usar em outros casos sem ter que mudar nada: por isso são chamadas de estruturas abstratas de dados afinal.
A lista ligada tem nós e tem uma estrutura de controle, coisas genericamente chamadas de metadados. Você pode escrever sem isso mas vai trabalhar pra caramba a toa.
uma possibilidade usando listas ligadas
struct no
{
    void* item;
    struct no* proxima;
    struct no* anterior;
};  // no
typedef struct no Node;

struct a_propria_lista
{
    char* nome;
    unsigned  quantos;
    unsigned  maximo;
    Node* inicio;
    Node* fim;
};
typedef struct a_propria_lista Lista;

typedef struct
{
    int     matricula;
    Lista*  notas;

}   Aluno;

typedef struct
{
    const char* codigo;
    Lista*      alunos;

}   Turma;

A Turma poderia ser apenas uma Lista mas é pouco versátil. É melhor deixar o modelo assim, para poder acrescentar dados à Turma e deixar a Lista só com os alunos. Mesmo caso para as notas. Como a Lista sempre tem o tamanho conhecido não precisa mais dos campos de tamanho que eram importantes no caso (a): se você declarou
Turma* turma_dois;

Então
size(turma_dois->alunos);

vai sempre retornar o total de alunos na turma. E de modo semelhante para as notas.
Claro, sempre se escreve um mínimo de funções para uma lista, e o mínimo inclui uma função size() que devolve o tamanho.
Como cada nó da lista é apenas um ponteiro para um item, void* item, a conta fecha e você pode usar as mesmas funções de lista para ler Turma e Aluno.
[c] Usando um vetor de estruturas
Esse é um caminho muito rápido para executar e percorrer, mas pode ser chato se vai ficar editando Turma durante a execução ou criando novas notas. Há que se optar.
Eis um exemplo

typedef struct
{
    int     matricula;
    int     N;
    int**   nota;

}   AlunoC;

typedef struct
{
    const char* codigo;
    int         N;
    AlunoC**    aluno;

}   TurmaC;

Nesse caso é possível iterar pelos alunos na Turma usando
TurmaC    sala1;

e endereçar os alunos como um vetor, usando
*aluno[0], *aluno[1]...

até o fim da lista. Só que você precisa manter noção do fim da lista, e por isso o parâmetro N está de volta. É como o argc de main(). Sem ele a coisa não anda porque não há como saber onde termina o tal vetor.
int**   nota;

por exemplo declara um ponteiro. Nada mais. Só que é um ponteiro para um ponteiro para int.

*

*nota é int**

**nota é int*

***nota é um int.

Se você alocar 10 ponteiros para int e colocar o endereço em nota pode iterar pelos alunos usando *nota[0] até *nota[9] e isso é muito, mas muito útil mesmo.
Eu postei aqui no SO um programa exemplo que faz isso, com resultados e discussão. O programa cria um bloco dinâmico desses, usando strings, para explicar o que o sistema faz para montar o bloco de argumentos para main(), e passa para uma função
    int nova_main(int argc, char** argv)

que lista os caras. Não posso agora replicar aqui, talvez depois.
Escrevi um outro exemplo usando um vetor de int** como é o seu caso com as notas aqui.

Pode ver esses dois exemplos e se achar útil e tiver alguma pergunta
me avise e eu posso depois editar um exemplo para esse caso aqui.


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