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Overview and How-to Apply
Current institutional members & representatives
WInSAR Charter
InSAR Publications
Past InSAR short courses
Materials from past short courses
How to get access to data
Data Archive Overview
Search and Download Data
InSAR Product Archive
ISCE
RadarCODE Awesome SAR
If you use data from the UNAVCO SAR Archive for InSAR research, you must send citations for publications to winsar@unavco.org. You are encouraged to send any other InSAR publication citations for inclusion here.
Akarvardar, S, K.L. Feigl, S. Ergintav, Ground deformation in an area later damaged by an earthquake: monitoring the Avcilar district of Istanbul, Turkey, by satellite radar interferometry 1992-1999, Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04126.x, 2009.
Aly, M.H. and E.S. Cochran, Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Yellowstone Deformation between 1992 and 2009 from InSAR and GPS Observations, Bull. Volcanology, doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0483-y, 2011.
Amelung, F. and J. Bell, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations of the 1994 Double Spring Flat, Nevada, earthquake (5.9): Main shock accompanied by triggered slip on a conjugate fault, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2433, doi:10.1029/2002JB001953, 2003.
Amelung, F., S.H. Yun, T. Walter, P. Segall, and S. Kim, Stress control of deep rift intrusion at Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii, Science, 316:5827, 1026-1030, doi:10.1126/science.1140035, 2007.
Argus, D., M. Heflin, G. Peltzer, F. Crampe, and F. Webb, Interseismic strain accumulation and anthropogenic motion in metropolitan Los Angeles, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B04401, doi:10.1029/2003JB002934, 2005.
Baek, S., O. Kwoun, A. Braun, Z. Lu and C. Shum, Digital elevation model of King Edward VII Peninsula, West Antarctica, from SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry, Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 2(4), 2005.
Baek, S., J. Kim, Z. Lu, H. Lee, C. Shum, C. Swarzenski, and T. Doyle, Integrated analysis of PALSAR/Radarit-1 InSAR and ENVIST Altimeter for mapping of absolute water level changes in Louisiana wetland, Asia-Pacific Space Geodynamics Project (APSG) Workshop: Space Geodesy for Earth Environment Change and Disaster Monitoring, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 17-21 Aug 2009.
Baek, S., C. Shum, H. Lee, Z. Lu, R. Dietrich, M. Bäßler, and A. Braun, Antarctic Ice Shelf Tide Modeling Using PALSAR Interferometry, Proc. First Joint PI symposium of ALOS Data Nodes for ALOS Science Program, Kyoto, Japan, 19-23 Nov 2007.
Baker, S. and Amelung, F., 2012, Top-down inflation and deflation at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii observed with InSAR, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v.117, DOI: 10.1029/2011JB009123
Barbot, S., Y. Hamiel and Y. Fialko, Space geodetic investigation of the coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2003 M(w)7.2 Altai earthquake: Implications for the local lithospheric rheology, J. Geophys Res., 113, B03403, 2008.
Barbot, S., Y. Fialko and D. Sandwell, Three-dimensional models of elasto-static deformation in heterogeneous media, with application to the Eastern California Shear Zone, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 500-520, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04194.x, 2009.
Bastin, A., D. Hyndman, A. Lambert, J. Ristau, J. He, H. Dragert, and M. van der Kooij, Fault parameters of the Nisqually earthquake determined from moment tensor solutions and the surface deformation from GPS and InSAR, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Am., 94(2), 363-376, 2004.
Bastin, A.M.M., R.D. Hyndman, T. Lambert, H. Dragert, J. Ristau, and M. van der Kooij, Fault parameters of the Nisqually earthquake determined from moment tensor solutions and the surface deformation from GPS and InSAR, Abstracts with Programs — Geol. Soc. Am., 35(6), 15, 2003.
Bawden, G. W., W. Thatcher, R. S. Stein, K. W. Hudnut and G. Peltzer, Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects, Nature, 412, 812-815, 2001.
Beavan, J., E. J. Fielding, M. Motagh, S. Samsonov, and N. Donnelly, Fault location and slip distribution of 22 February 2011 Mw 6.3 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake from geodetic data, Seismological Research Letters, 82(6) 789-799, 2011.
Beavan, J., M. Motagh, E. J. Fielding, N. Donnelly, and D. Collett, Fault slip models of the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes from geodetic data, and observations of post-seismic ground deformation, New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 55(3), doi:10.1080/00288306.2012.697472, 2012.
Bechor, N.B.D., and H.A. Zebker, Measuring two-dimensional movements using a single InSAR pair, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16311, doi:10.1029/2006GL026883, 2006.
Bell, J.W., F. Amelung, T.J. Burbey, and G. Blewitt, InSAR and GPS applications in aquifer deformation and subsidence studies, Abstracts with Programs — Geol. Soc. Am., 36(5), 299, 2004.
Bell, J.W., F. Amelung, A. Ferretti, M. Bianchi, and F. Novali, Permanent scatterer InSAR reveals seasonal and long-term aquifer-system response to groundwater pumping and artificial recharge, Water Resources Research, 44, W02407, doi:10.1029/2007WR006152, 2008.
Bell, J. W., F. Amelung, and C. D. Henry (2012), InSAR analysis of the 2008 Reno-Mogul earthquake swarm: Evidence for westward migration of Walker Lane style dextral faulting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18306, doi:10.1029/2012GL052795.
Berthier, E., H. Björnsson, F. Pálsson, M. Llubes, K. L. Feigl, and F. Rémy, The level of the Grímsvötn subglacial lake, Vatnajökull, Iceland, monitored with SPOT5 images, Earth Planet. Sci. Let., 243, 293-302, 2006.
Biggs, J., D. Robinson, and T. Dixon, The 2007 Pisco, Peru earthquake (M8.0): Seismology and Geodesy, Geophys. J. Int., 176, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03990.x, 2009.
Biggs, J., R. Bürgmann, J. Freymueller, Z. Lu, B.E. Parsons, I. Ryder, G. Schmalzle, and T. Wright, The postseismic response to the 2002 M7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake: Constraints from InSAR 2003-2005, Geophys. J. Intern., 176, doi:10.1111/j.1365-1246X.2008.03932.x, 2009.
Biggs, J., F. Amelung, N. Gourmelen, and T. Dixon, InSAR Observations of 2007 Tanzania Seismic Swarm Reveals Mixed Fault and Dyke Extension in an Immature Continental Rift, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 549-558, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04262.x, 2007.
Biggs, J., P. Mothes, M. Ruiz, F. Amelung, T.H. Dixon, S. Baker, and S-H. Hong, Stratovolcano growth by co-eruptive intrusion: The 2008 eruption of Tungurahua Ecuador, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L212302, doi:10.1029/2010GL044942, 2010.
Bos, A.G., S. Usai, and W. Spakman, A joint analysis of GPS motions and InSAR to infer the coseismic surface deformation of the Izmit, Turkey earthquake, Geophys. J. Intern., 158(3), 849-863, 2004.
Brooks, B., M. Merrifield, J. Foster, C. Werner, F.B.M. Gomez, and S. Gill, Space geodetic determination of spatial variability in relative sea level change, Los Angeles Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/2006GL028171, 2007.
Brooks, A. B., J. Foster, D. Sandwell, C. Wolfe, P. Okubo, M. Poland, and D. Myer, Magmatically Triggered Slow-Slip at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Nature, 321, 2008.
Buckley, S.M. and K. Gudipati, Evaluating ScanSAR Interferometry Deformation Time Series Using Bursted Stripmap Data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Rem. Sens., 49(6), 2011.
Buckley, S.M., P. Vincent, and K. Gudipati, Next-generation InSAR ground-truth data and techniques: initial results, presented at 26th Seismic Research Review — Trends in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring, Orlando, Florida, 2004.
Buckley, S. M., Status of radar interferometry for operational subsidence monitoring, U.S. Geological Survey Subsidence and Aquifer Mechanics Interest Group Meeting Open-File Report, 2002.
Budhu, M., and I. Adiyaman, Mechanics of land subsidence due to groundwater pumping, Intern. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. in Geomech., 34(14), 1459-1478, 2010.
Bürgmann, R., D. Schmidt, R. Nadeau, M. D'Alessio, E. Fielding, S. Lawrence, D. Manaker, T. McEvilly and M.H. Murray, Earthquake potential along the northern Hayward fault, California, Science, 289, 1178-1182, 2000.
Bürgmann, R., E. Fielding and J. Sukhatme, Slip along the Hayward fault, California, estimated from space-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry, Geology, 26, 559-562, 1998.
Bürgmann, R., M.E. Ayhan, E.J. Fielding, T.J. Wright, S.C. McClusky, B. Aktug, C. Demir, O. Lenk, and A. Turkezer, Deformation during the 12 November 1999 Duzce, Turkey, Earthquake, from GPS and InSAR data, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Am., 92(1), 161-171, 2002.
Bürgmann, R., G. Hilley, A. Ferretti, and F. Novali, Resolving vertical tectonics in the San Francisco Bay area from permanent scatterer InSAR and GPS analysis, Geology, 34(3), 221-224, 2006.
Bürgmann, R., P. Rosen and E. Fielding, Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth's surface topography and its deformation, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28, 169-209, 2000.
Bürgmann, R., G. Hilley, A. Ferretti and F. Novali, Resolving vertical tectonics in the San Francisco Bay area from GPS and PSInSAR analysis, Geology, 34, 221-224, 2006.
Cabral C.E., T. Dixon, O.S. Zamora, O.D. Molina, F.C. Mora, Ground subsidence in Mexico City imaged by InSAR, GPS and gravimetry, Abstracts with Programs — Geol. Soc. Am., 35(4), 77, 2003.
Cakir, Z., A.A. Barka, J.-B. de Chabalier, R. Armijo, and B. Meyer, Bertrand, Kinematics of the November 12, 1999 (M (sub w) = 7.2) Duzce earthquake deduced from SAR interferometry, Turkish J. Earth Sci., 12(1), 105-118, 2003.
Calabro, M.D., D.A. Schmidt, and J.J. Roering, An examination of seasonal deformation at the Portuguese Bend landslide, southern California, using radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F02020, doi:10.1029/2009JF001314, 2010.
Calais, E., A. Freed, G. Mattioli, F. Amelung, S. Jonsson, P. Jansma, S.-H. Hoon, T. Dixon, C. Prepetit, and R. Momplaisir, Transpressional rupture of an unmapped fault during the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Nature Geosci., 3, 794-799, doi:10.1038/ngeo992, 2010.
Chandrasekhar, D.V., R. Bürgmann, C.D. Reddy, P.S. Sunil, and D.A. Schmidt, Weak Mantle in NW India Probed by Geodetic Measurements Following the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 280, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.039, 2009.
Chang, W.L., R.B. Smith, C. Wicks, J.M. Farrell, and C.M. Puskas, Accelerated uplift and magmatic intrusion of the Yellowstone Caldera, 2004 to 2006, Science, 318:5852, 952-956, doi:10.1126/science.1146842, 2007.
Chen, C.W. and H.A. Zebker, Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: statistical segmentation and generalized network models, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(8), 1709-1719, 2002.
Chen, C.W. and H.A. Zebker, Two -dimensional phase unwrapping with use of statistical models for cost functions in nonlinear optimization, J. Optical Soc. Am. A (Optics, Image Science and Vision), 18(2), 338-351, 2001.
Cochran, E., Y.-G. Li, P. Shearer, S. Barbot, Y. Fialko and J. Vidale, Seismic and geodetic evidence for extensive, long-lived fault damage zones, Geology, 37, 315-318, doi:10.1130/G25306A, 2009.
Diefenbach, A.K. and M.P. Poland, InSAR analysis of surface deformation at Mount St. Helens, Washington, Abstracts with Programs — Geol. Soc. Am., 35(6), 562, 2003.
Dietterich, H. R., M. P. Poland, D. A. Schmidt, K. V. Cashman, D. R. Sherrod, and A. T. Espinosa, Tracking lava flow emplacement on the east rift zone of Kilauea, Hawaii, with synthetic aperture radar coherence, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2011GC004016, 2012.
Dixon, T.H., F. Amelung, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, F. Rocca, R. Dokka, G. Sella, S. Kim, S. Wdowinski, and D. Whitman, Space geodesy: Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans, Nature, 441, 587-588, doi:10.1038/441587a, 2006.
Dokka, R. K., Modern-day tectonic subsidence in coastal Louisiana, Geology, 34, 281-284, doi:10.1130/G22264.1, 2006.
Doubre, C. and G. Peltzer, Fluid-controlled faulting process on the Asal rift, Djibouti, from 8 yr of radar interferometry observations, Geology, 35, 69-72, 2007.
Durisin, D., C. Wicks and W. Thatcher, Renewed Uplift at the Yellowstone Caldera Measured by Leveling Surveys and Satellite Radar Interferometry, Bull. of Volcan., 61, 349-355, 1999.
Dzurisin, D., E. Endo, E. Iwatsubo, M. Lisowski, M.P. Poland, C. Wicks Jr, U. S. Geological Survey, Vancouver, WA, United States (USA), New results from a proposed PBO Cascade volcano cluster; II, InSAR, GPS, and tilt-leveling data from the Three Sisters area, central Oregon, Abstracts with Programs — Geol. Soc. Am., 35(6), 563, 2003.
Dzurisin, D., M. Lisowski, C. Wicks, M. Poland and E. Endo, Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA, J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res., 150, 35-54, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011, 2006.
Evans, E. L., B. J. Meade, and J. P. Loveless, Geodetic constraints on San Francisco Bay Area fault slip rates and potential seismogenic asperities on the partially creeping Hayward fault, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B3, doi:10.1029/2011JB008398, 2012.
Evans, W.C., M.C. van Soest, R.H. Mariner, S. Hurwitz, S.E. Ingebritsen, C.W. Wicks Jr. and M.E. Schmidt, Magmatic intrusion west of Three Sisters, central Oregon, USA: The perspective from spring geochemistry, Geology, 32(1), 69-72, 2004.
Feigl, K. L., and W. Thatcher, Geodetic observations of post-seismic transients in the context of the earthquake deformation cycle, Comptes Rendus — Geoscience, 338, 1012-1028, 2006.
Feigl, K. L. and C. H. Thurber, A method for modelling radar interferograms without phase unwrapping: application to the M 5 Fawnskin, California earthquake of 1992 December 4, Geophys. J. Internat., 176(2), 491-504, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03881.x, 2009
Fernandez, J., T.T. Yu, G. Rodriguez-Velasco, J. Gonzalez-Matesanz, R. Romero, G. Rodriguez, R. Quiros, A. Dalda, A. Aparicio, and M.J. Blanco, New geodetic monitoring system in the volcanic island of Tenerife, Canaries, Spain; combination of InSAR and GPS techniques, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 124(3-4), 241-253, 2003.
Ferretti, A., F. Novali, R. Bürgmann, G. Hilley and C. Prati, InSAR permanent scatterer analysis reveals ups and downs in San Francisco Bay area, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 85(34), 317-324, 2004.
Fialko, Y., and M. Simons, Deformation and seismicity in the Coso geothermal area, Inyo County, California: Observations and modeling using satellite radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,781-21,794, 2000.
Fialko, Y., and M. Simons, Evidence for on-going inflation of the Socorro magma body, New Mexico, from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3549-3552, 2001.
Fialko, Y., D. Sandwell, D. Agnew, M. Simons, P. Shearer, and B. Minster, Deformation on Nearby Faults Induced by the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake, Science, 297, 1858-1862, 2002.
Fialko, Y., D. Sandwell, M. Simons, and P. Rosen, Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit, Nature, 435, 295-299, doi:10.1038/nature03425, 2005.
Fialko, Y., Evidence of fluid-filled upper crust from observations of post-seismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake, J. Geophys Res., 109, B08401, doi:10.1029/2003JB002985, 2004.
Fialko, Y., Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system, Nature, 441, 968-971, doi:10.1038/nature04797, 2006.
Fialko, Y., M. Simons, and D. Agnew, The complete (3-D) surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, from space geodetic observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3063-3066, 2001.
Fialko, Y., M. Simons, and Y. Khazan, Finite source modeling of magmatic unrest in Socorro, New Mexico, and Long Valley, California, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 191-200, 2001.
Fialko, Y., Probing the mechanical properties of seismically active crust with space geodesy: Study of the co-seismic deformation due to 1992 Mw7.3 Landers (southern CA) earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B03307, doi:10.1029/2003JB002756, 2004.
Fielding, E.J., P.R. Lundgren, R, Bürgmann, and G.J. Funning, Shallow fault-zone dilatancy recovery after the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake, Nature, 458, 64-68, doi:10.1038/nature07817, 2009.
Fielding, E.J., M. Talebian, P.A. Rosen, H. Nazari, J.A. Jackson, M. Ghorashi, and R. Walker, Surface ruptures and building damage of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake mapped by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometric correlation, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03302, doi:10.1029/2004JB003299, 2005.
Finnegan, N.J., and M.E. Pritchard, Magnitude and duration of surface uplift above the Socorro magma body, Geology, 37, 231-234, 2009.
Finnegan, N.J., M.E. Pritchard, R.B. Lohman, and P.R. Lundgren, Constraints on surface deformation in the Seattle, WA urban corridor from satellite radar interferometry time series analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 174, 29-41, 2008.
Foster, J., B. Brooks, T. Cherubini, C. Shacat, S. Businger, and C.L. Werner, Mitigating atmospheric noise for InSAR with a high resolution weather model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL026781, 2006.
Foster, J., J. Kealy, T. Cherubini, S. Businger, Z. Lu, and M. Murphy (2013), The utility of atmospheric analyses for the mitigation of artifacts in InSAR, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, 748–758, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50093.
Freed, A.M., and R. Bürgmann, Evidence of power law flow in the Mojave desert mantle, Nature, 430, 548-551, doi:10.1038/nature02784, 2004.
Freed, A.M., R. Bürgmann, E. Calais, J. Freymueller, and S. Hreinsdóttir, Implications of deformation following the 2002 Denali, Alaska earthquake for postseismic relaxation processes and lithospheric rheology, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B01401, doi:10.1029/2005JB003894, 2006.
Fujii, N., S. Kobayashi, T. Sakurai-Amano, S. Okubo, M. Satomura, and A. Mio, Cent Crustal movement imaging by D-InSAR, reflector array, dense GPS, leveling and gravity changes in the plate convergent zone, at the Tokai region, central Japan, Intern. Geosci. Rem. Sens. Sym., 1999(2), 797-799, 1999.
Funning, G.J., B. Parsons, T.J. Wright, J.A. Jackson, and E.J. Fielding, Surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B09406, doi:10.1029/2004JB003338, 2005.
Funning, G., R. Bürgmann, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, and A. Fumagalli, Creep on the Rodgers Creek fault from PS-InSAR measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/2007GL030836, 2007.
Furuya, M. and J.M. Wahr, Water level changes at an ice-dammed lake in west Greenland inferred from InSAR data, Geophys. R. Lett., 32, L14501, doi:10.1029/2005GL023458, 2005.
Furuya, M., K. Mueller, and J. Wahr, Active salt tectonics in the Needles District, Canyonlands (Utah) as detected by interferometric SAR and point target analysis: 1992-2002, J. Geophys, Res., 112, B06418, doi:10.1029/2006JB004302, 2007.
Ge, L., S. Han, and C. Rizos, Interpolation of GPS results incorporating geophysical and InSAR information, Earth, Planets and Space, 52(11), 999-1002, 2000.
Glowacka, E., O. Sarychikhina, F. Suarez, F.A. Nava, F. Farfan, G. Diaz de Cossio, and R. Mellors, Anthropogenic subsidence in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico, and slip on the Saltillo fault, Environ. Earth Sci., 59, 1515-1524, doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0137-y, 2009.
Gondwe, B.R.N., S.-H. Hong, S. Wdowinski, and P. Bauer-Gottwein, Hydrodynamics of the groundwater-dependent Sian-Ka?an wetlands, Mexico, from InSAR and SAR data, Wetlands, 30, 1-13, 2010.
Gourmelen, N. and F. Amelung, Post-seismic mantle relaxation in the Central Nevada Seismic belt, Science, 310, 1473-1476, doi:10.1126/science.1119798, 2005.
Gourmelen, N., F. Amelung, F. Casu, M. Manzo, and R. Lanari, Mining-related ground deformation in Crescent Valley, Nevada: Implications for sparse GPS networks, Geophys. Res. Let., 34, L09309, doi:10.1029/2007GL029427, 2007.
Gourmelen, N., F. Amelung, and R. Lanari, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar.GPS integration: Interseismic strain accumulation across the Hunter Mountain fault in the eastern California shear zone, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09408, doi:10.1029/2009JB007064, 2010.
Gourmelen, N., T. Dixon, F. Amelung, and G. Schmalzle, Acceleration and Evolution of Faults: An Example from the Hunter Mountain Fault, Eastern California, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 301, 337-344, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.016, 2011.
Hamiel, Y., and Y. Fialko, Structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system from InSAR observations of coseismic deformation due to the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake, J. Geophys Res., 112, B07412, doi:10.1029/2006JB004777, 2007.
Hammond, W.C., G. Blewitt, Z. Li, C. Kreemer, H.-P. Plag, Contemporary uplift of the Sierra Nevada, western United States, from GPS and InSAR measurements, Geology, 40(7), 667-670, doi:10.1130/G32968.1, 2012.
Handwerger, A., J. J. Roering, and D. A. Schmidt (in press), Controls on the seasonal deformation of slow-moving landslides, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.06.047.
Haynes, M., R. Capes, G. Lawrence, A. Smith, D. Shilston, and G. Nicholls, Major urban subsidence mapped by differential SAR interferometry, ESA Special Publication, 414(1), 573-577, 1997.
Hayes, G.P., R.W. Briggs, A. Sladen, E. Fielding, C. Prentice, K. Hudnut, P. Mann, F.W. Taylor, A.J. Crone, T. Ito, and M. Simons, Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake, Nature Geosci., 3(11), doi:10.1038/ngeo977, 2010.
Hearn, E. and Y. Fialko, Can compliant fault zones be used to measure absolute stresses in the upper crust?, J. Geophys Res., 114, B04403, doi:10.1029/2008JB005901, 2009.
Hernandez, B., M. Cocco, F. Cotton, S. Stramondo, O. Scotti, F. Courboulex, and M. Campillo, Rupture history of the 1997 Umbria-Marche (central Italy) main shocks from the inversion of GPS, DInSAR and near field strong motion data, Ann. of Geophy., 47(4), 1355-1376, 2004.
Hilley, G.E., R. Bürgmann, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, and F. Rocca, Dynamics of slow moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis, Science, 304, 1952-1955, 2004.
Hoffmann, J., D. L. Galloway, and H.A. Zebker, Inverse modeling of interbed storage parameters using land subsidence observations, Antelope Valley, California, Water Resources Res., 39(2), 1031-1043, doi:10.1029/2001WR001252, 2003.
Hoffmann, J., H.A. Zebker, D.L. Galloway, and F. Amelung, Seasonal subsidence and rebound in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry, Water Resources Res., 37(6), 1551-1566, doi:10.1029/2000WR900404, 2001.
Hong, S.-H., S. Wdowinski, S.-W. Kim, and J.-S. Won, Multi-temporal monitoring of wetland water levels in the Florida Everglades using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), Remote Sensing for Environment, 114, 2436-2447, 2010.
Hong, S.-H., S. Wdowinski, and S.-W. Kim, Evaluation of TerraSAR-X observations for Wetland InSAR application, IEEE Geosc. Rem. Sens., 48, 864-873, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2026895, 2010.
Hooper, A., and H. Zebker, Phase unwrapping in three dimensions with application to InSAR time series, J. Optical Soc. Am., 24, 2737-2747, 2007.
Hooper, A., H.A. Zebker, P. Segall, and B. Kampes, A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(23), L23611, 2004.
Hooper, A., P. Segall, and H. Zebker, Persistent scatterer InSAR for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcàn Alcedo, Galàpagos, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B07407, doi:10.1029/2006JB004763, 2007.
Hsu, L., and R. Bürgmann, Surface creep along the Longitudinal Valley fault, Taiwan from InSAR measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06312, doi:10.1029/2005GL024624, 2006.
Irwan, M., F. Kimata, and N. Fujii, Time-dependent modeling of magma intrusion during the early stage of the 2000 Miyakejima activity, J. Volcan. Geothermal Res., 150, 202 212, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.014, 2006.
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Shirzaei, M., and R. Bürgmann, Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01305, doi:10.1029/2011GL049971, 2012.
Shirzaei, M., R. Bürgmann, O. Oncken, T. R. Walter, P. Victor, and O. Ewiak, Response of forearc crustal faults to the megathrust earthquake cycle: InSAR evidence from Mejillones Peninsula, Northern Chile, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 333-334, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.1004.1001, 2012.
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Operational support provided by:
Sponsors of WInSAR activities:


text:
package org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.webrtc.setting.fragment;

import android.content.Context;
import android.hardware.Camera;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;

import org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.webrtc.R;
import org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.webrtc.setting.SettingUtil;
import org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.webrtc.util.CameraUtils;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * カメラ設定画面.
 *
 * @author NTT DOCOMO, INC.
 */
public class CameraSettingsFragment extends Fragment {

    /**
     * Settings Adapter.
     */
    private SettingsAdapter mAdapter;

    /**
     * The format of the current camera.
     */
    private CameraUtils.CameraFormat mCameraFormat;

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(final LayoutInflater inflater, final ViewGroup container,
                             final Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        String cameraText = SettingUtil.getCameraParam(getActivity());
        mCameraFormat = CameraUtils.textToFormat(cameraText);
        if (mCameraFormat == null) {
            mCameraFormat = CameraUtils.getDefaultFormat();
        }

        mAdapter = new SettingsAdapter();

        View root = inflater.inflate(R.layout.settings_camera, null);
        ListView listView = (ListView) root.findViewById(R.id.listView);
        listView.setAdapter(mAdapter);
        listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onItemClick(final AdapterView<?> parent, final View view, final int position, final long id) {
                if (position == 0) {
                    openCameraFacing();
                } else if (position == 1) {
                    openCameraSize();
                }
            }
        });
        return root;
    }

    /**
     * Shows the dialog of camera facing.
     */
    private void openCameraFacing() {
        String title = getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing);

        int selected = 0;
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add(getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing_back));
        if (CameraUtils.hasFrontFacingDevice()) {
            list.add(getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing_front));
            if (mCameraFormat.getFacing() == Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_FRONT) {
                selected = 1;
            }
        }

        ItemSelectDialogFragment fragment = ItemSelectDialogFragment.create(title, list, selected);
        fragment.setOnSelectItemListener(new ItemSelectDialogFragment.OnSelectItemListener() {
            @Override
            public void onSelected(final String text, final int which) {
                if (which == 0) {
                    mCameraFormat.setFacing(Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_BACK);
                } else if (which == 1) {
                    mCameraFormat.setFacing(Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_FRONT);
                }
                SettingUtil.setCameraParam(getActivity(), CameraUtils.formatToText(mCameraFormat));
                mAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
            }
            @Override
            public void onCanceled() {
            }
        });
        fragment.show(getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager(), "");
    }

    /**
     * Shows the dialog of camera resolution.
     */
    private void openCameraSize() {
        String title = getString(R.string.settings_camera_size);

        int selected = 0;
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        List<CameraUtils.CameraFormat> formats = CameraUtils.getSupportedFormats(mCameraFormat.getFacing());
        for (CameraUtils.CameraFormat format : formats) {
            list.add(format.getWidth() + "x" + format.getHeight());
            if (format.getWidth() == mCameraFormat.getWidth() &&
                    format.getHeight() == mCameraFormat.getHeight()) {
                selected = list.size() - 1;
            }
        }

        ItemSelectDialogFragment fragment = ItemSelectDialogFragment.create(title, list, selected);
        fragment.setOnSelectItemListener(new ItemSelectDialogFragment.OnSelectItemListener() {
            @Override
            public void onSelected(final String text, final int which) {
                String[] size = text.split("x");
                if (size.length == 2) {
                    mCameraFormat.setWidth(Integer.parseInt(size[0]));
                    mCameraFormat.setHeight(Integer.parseInt(size[1]));
                }
                SettingUtil.setCameraParam(getActivity(), CameraUtils.formatToText(mCameraFormat));
                mAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
            }
            @Override
            public void onCanceled() {
            }
        });
        fragment.show(getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager(), "");
    }

    private class SettingsAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
        private LayoutInflater mInflater;

        private SettingsAdapter() {
            mInflater = (LayoutInflater) getActivity().getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
        }

        @Override
        public int getCount() {
            return 3;
        }

        @Override
        public Object getItem(final int position) {
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        public long getItemId(final int position) {
            return position;
        }

        @Override
        public View getView(final int position, final View convertView, final ViewGroup parent) {
            View view = null;
            if (position == 0) {
                view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.item_settings_param, parent, false);
                String value;
                if (mCameraFormat.getFacing() == Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_BACK) {
                    value = getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing_back);
                } else {
                    value = getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing_front);
                }
                setViewText(view, getString(R.string.settings_camera_facing), value);
            } else if (position == 1) {
                view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.item_settings_param, parent, false);
                String value = mCameraFormat.getWidth() +"x" + mCameraFormat.getHeight();
                setViewText(view, getString(R.string.settings_camera_size), value);
            } else if (position == 2) {
                view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.item_settings_param, parent, false);
                setViewText(view, getString(R.string.settings_camera_fps), "" + mCameraFormat.getMaxFrameRate());
            }
            return view;
        }

        private void setViewText(final View view, final String title, final String value) {
            TextView titleView = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.title);
            if (titleView != null) {
                titleView.setText(title);
            }

            TextView valueView = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.value);
            if (valueView != null) {
                valueView.setText(value);
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Roots tour is part of a 4-year programme to develop dance across Wales thanks to a grant from the Esmée Fairburn Foundation.
Tickets are now on sale for Roots at Dance House (Cardiff) 5-6 November 7.30pm; Muni Arts Centre (Pontypridd) 7 November 7.30pm; The Lyric (Carmarthen) 13 November 7.30pm; The Welfare (Ystradgynlais) 15 November 7.30pm; Neaudd Dywfor (PwhellI) 20 November 7.30pm and Theatr Clwyd (Mold) 23-24 November 7.45pm. Running time 1 hour and a half with intervals. Suitable for ages 8+.


text:
Vizio P-Series Quantum (PQ65-F1) review
This is Vizio's best and brightest TV
By Nick Pino 2019-03-05T06:04:54Z Televisions
Image Credit: Vizio
While it doesn't rival the black levels of OLED and has some issues with SmartCast, this bright and beautiful quantum dot screen is one of the best values in the industry right now.
Full array backlight
Quantum dot technology
HDR10, Dolby Vision and HLG
2,000 nits peak brightness
Vivid mode is blinding
SmartCast OS isn't enticing
Weak 10W speakers
For a minute, it looked like Samsung had found a way to outclass its opponents with its QLED TVs. Not only did quantum dots make them more colorful, but a huge push to create brighter TVs helped the flagship 2017 screens to hit 2,000 nits of peak brightness.
The first-generation QLED TVs were a win for home theater enthusiasts to be sure, but they weren't the kind of things most folks could actually afford.
But then Vizio announced a quantum dot competitor that not only rivaled Samsung in terms of brightness, but priced it at half of what Samsung was selling its QLED series for. That TV is the new Vizio P-Series Quantum, and it's probably one of the best values in the industry right now, as a 65-inch screen with quantum dot, 2,000 nits of brightness and, best of all, will only set you back between $1,500 and $1,700.
In terms of design, there's a lot to like about the P-Series Quantum - it has a slim bezel, a neat silver trim around the edges and two wide legs that are easy to install with a little help from a friend.
While it's not necessarily the slimmest TV we've seen from last year (OLED TVs are always going to be slimmer than LED-LCD screens), it's not bad considering the screen is housing a full-array panel inside. Is there room to improve here? Absolutely. But this isn't necessarily a dealbreaker for us.
What is more of a deal breaker is how the TV handles cabling.
Around the back of the screen you'll find a cutaway space for all the inputs and outputs. The cutaway design makes it easy to connect new devices if the TV is wall-mounted, but when it's sitting on a shelf cords jut out of the side and make your beautiful new living room centerpiece look cluttered and unrefined. Similar screens from Samsung use a t-bar design that relocates cables down through the stand, and that keeps things looking clean.
Alongside the TV, you'll also get a fairly standard plastic remote. The remote will feature shortcut buttons for some of the most popular streaming services including Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Vudu. While it still uses an IR blaster (i.e. it still needs line of sight to the TV) it's fairly powerful, so don't worry too much if you have a big soundbar that blocks the front of the screen.
What the remote is missing, however, is a voice search button. Voice search has become fairly ubiquitous at this stage, and its absence is definitely felt on a TV that otherwise feels just as premium as the competition.
Smart TV (SmartCast)
If there's anything substantial holding the Vizio P-Series Quantum back, it's Vizio's smart platform: In just a few words, SmartCast is one of the least robust platforms and one of the slowest, too. Startup from a complete shutdown takes a seriously long time, and navigating around the interface isn't nearly as snappy as LG's WebOS or Samsung's Tizen platform.
The main interface is divided into three rows: one for featured content, a discovery row and a row that lists all the available apps on SmartCast. The featured content row is almost exactly what it sounds like - a place for Vizio to highlight new apps or content from its partners.
Discover, however, is a bit of a letdown. Often, SmartCast would recommend content to me that had little relation to the shows, movies and YouTube clips that I watched, even after spending weeks with the TV. After logging dozens of hours with the screen, I was still getting recommended nonsensical content.
In terms of apps, your selection of content isn't broad nor does SmartCast offer a traditional app store that you'd find on other smart TV platforms. In its defense, however, there is WatchFree (a re-skinned version of PlutoTV) that gives you some free content right out of the box and voice support for Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant, a big plus if you've got a smart speaker at home.
If not, if you're just here to stream Netflix or find a film using good ol' text search, SmartCast is fine. The platform supports most major streaming services on the built-in interface, and anything missing usually can be cast to the TV using Chromecast Built-in.
Having Chromecast Built-in is like having a Chromecast attached to the TV at all times. You can stream most video or audio apps from an iOS or Android device to the screen, and the TV will instantly pick up the content from your device.
By and large, it's SmartCast's defining (and, in my opinion, redeeming) feature.
HD/SDR Performance
Vizio's upscaling process is massively improved from a few years ago - and the P-Series Quantum is really the pinnacle of Vizio's achievement in the area. To that end, unless you're really taking a critical eye to it, most HD/SDR content looks great.
Movies like Blood Diamond (available on Netflix) look significantly better on this screen than a comparable 1080p TV - and rival native 4K content in all but a few scenes shot at dusk where graininess creeps into the picture.
While Vizio's P-Series Quantum doesn't pack any other nifty upscaling tricks - like HDR+ on Samsung's 2017 and 2018 QLED TVs or LG's four-step upscaling process that radically improves clarity and color- SDR content on the P-Series Quantum still benefits from the ultra-bright backlight and its 192 dimming zones really quash any blooming with the dimmer SDR content. (It's a problem when the TV plays something in HDR, but we'll get to that.)
Motion, handled by Vizio's proprietary Clear Action 960, gives us a 240Hz effective refresh rate and works very well with both fast-paced and dialogue scenes, all of which looked natural throughout our testing process. Occasionally, however, you'll still spot some motion blur and scenes that look unnatural due to overprocessing, but largely there's nothing to complain about in this area.
Around the back of the screen in the cutaway space for the inputs, you'll find five HDMI ports. Four of these ports are HDCP2.2/HDMI 2.0 capable to handle 4K resolution and offer HDR support. The fifth port, however, is HDCP2.2/HDMI v1.4 and is designated as low-latency 1080p. If you're a gamer who doesn't mind trading some eye-candy for faster response times, this is the port you want to use.
That being said, all the other ports were fine for gaming - especially if you're using something like the Xbox One X or PS4 Pro. Anthem, a new title from EA that supports HDR10 and native 4K resolution, looked outstanding on the P-Series Quantum. Red Dead Redemption 2 on PS4 didn't quite offer the same detail, but it's still next-gen-looking enough to impress friends who came over to play some games.
4K/HDR Performance
Speaking of HDR, like the standard P-Series, the P-Series Quantum supports HDR10, HLG and Dolby Vision. And while it's not the most affordable Dolby Vision TVs on the market - an honor that belongs to TCL's 6-Series or 5-Series TVs - it does offer a visual panache that neither of those screens can match.
Movies and shows shot in HDR look exceptional on this TV. Lost in Space on Netflix (available in Dolby Vision) looks remarkable on the screen as vibrant hues of alien worlds stand in stark contrast to scenes of inky deep space - and both look great.
That said, right out of the box, you'll want to turn the TV off its Vivid setting - it's way too bright, makes colors look unnaturally oversaturated and can give certain bright objects on the screen a glowing halo. Out of the box we watched Mowgli: Legends of the Jungle on Netflix and all of the characters radiated light - something that's barely noticeable on other screens but becomes a massive issue here if you don't change the settings.
Switch it to whichever setting makes the most sense for your environment and your particular aesthetic taste. (I found Calibrated Dark with a Cool color temperature to be the best suited for my living room, but your setup / personal preferences will obviously vary.) But at over 1,000 nits peak brightness in most scenes, the TV can really light up a room and might cause a bit of discomfort if you leave the TV on its factory settings.
So why did Vizio make a TV so bright in the first place? Brighter TVs are advantageous for a few reasons. Extra brightness coupled with HDR and Wide Color Gamut mean that the TV is able to produce a wider array of colors than other LCD screens (some one billion colors), and brightness also impacts contrast - which, in this case, is 50,000,000:1.
HDR on TVs like the Vizio P-Series Quantum add detail to the bright and dark areas that normally wouldn't have any on a non-HDR TV - and few do it as well as Vizio's.
Brightness, however, can have its downsides - namely in the form of blooming. When watching HDR content, you can expect to see a halo form around closed captions as well as menu options and other parts of the TV's UI. It's not horrible when you're watching a TV with subtitles off, but turn them on and it can be pretty distracting to see them light up the lower-third of the screen.
Not sure what if the content you're watching is in 4K, HD, HDR or Dolby Vision? One of the most helpful features on the Vizio P-Series Quantum is its handy info button that will quickly tell you what you're watching and in what format.
As far as sound quality is concerned, the P-Series Quantum isn't anything to write home about. It features two 10W speakers that are passable but not excellent.
What Vizio seems to have focused most is on the mid-range, center channel audio with a slight tilt in the upper mids. This makes it relatively easy to hear dialogue during intense action scenes - which is no doubt a good thing - but it comes at the expense of detail in the highs and lows. Movies certainly sound less cinematic without a booming bass response and twinkling musical scores can sound rather flat when played through the back-firing speakers.
All said, you'll likely want to invest in a soundbar sooner rather than later.
The good news there, however, is that Vizio makes two relatively strong contenders in that arena with its SB36512-F6 and SB46514-F6 Dolby Atmos soundbars. The former, which offers a 5.1.4 setup with two rear speakers and a wireless subwoofer, goes for just $499.
While the TV can pass Atmos signal from Vudu and Amazon Prime Video, the bad news is that, as of right now, Netflix doesn't support Dolby Atmos playback on Vizio's SmartCast platform - so just be prepared to also pick up an Xbox One or Atmos-compatible Blu-ray player to get the full experience.
If Samsung sold you on the idea of a quantum dot TV only to scare you away with their price, the Vizio P-Series Quantum is a good compromise. It's a big, bold and affordable screen that supports most forms of HDR and has the ability to light up the room with its 2,000 nits of peak brightness.
It might not be able to hit the inky black levels of OLED, and suffers from slow startup, but it is by far the best value quantum dot TV on the market.
Can't hold out? Here's every member of the Vizio TV 2018 catalog
Need new RAM or SSDs? Better act fast, prices may rise soon

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Here to provide the DC Council Opening Statements for Washington's 42nd game of the season at home against the Chicago Bulls are TAI's Rashad Mobley (@rashad20) and guest Matt McHale (@bullsbythehorns), who writes about the Bulls for the ESPN TrueHoop blog Bulls by the Horns.
@bullsbythehorns: Nobody is really talking about the Bulls—probably because they aren't considered a true threat while Derrick Rose is still rehabbing his surgically repaired left knee—but they've quietly won six of their last seven games, including wins over the Warriors, Hawks, Raptors, Celtics, Lakers, and Pistons. Their lone defeat in that stretch was an overtime loss to the Grizzlies, which was notable because Joakim Noah said something he shouldn't have to coach Tom Thibodeau and ended up getting benched for the whole fourth quarter and overtime. And that may have cost the Bulls the game.
@bullsbythehorns: I doubt the name "Nate Robinson" strikes fear into many hearts. He's, like, four feet tall and playing for on a minimum salary contract. And yet he's shooting nearly 40 percent from 3-point range, he's second on the Bulls in Effective Field Goal Percentage (.492) and third in True Shooting Percentage (.527). What's more, he's tied with Joakim Noah for second on the team in Player Efficiency Rating (16.9) and tied with Carlos Boozer for second on the team in Win Shares Per 48 Minutes (.142). He's actually having a terrific season. The team also relies heavily on his energy when they're dragging, and they likely will be on Saturday after playing the Warriors on last night.
@bullsbythehorns: Frankly, opposing guards have been eating the Bulls alive lately. And according to 82games.com, opposing point guards average about 20 points and eight assists against Chicago, and that's where the biggest discrepancy in PER is. So I'm particularly concerned about how the Bulls do against John Wall and Jordan Crawford, especially on high screen-and-rolls.
@rashad20: Richard Hamilton and Kirk Hinrich (both former Wizards) are both crafty veterans who may not be in their prime, but they still possess enough tricks in their back pocket to present challenges to John Wall and Bradley Beal. Hamilton will attempt to run Beal off as many screens as it takes for him to get open. Hinrich is coming off a 25-point night against the Warriors, where he shot 6-of-7 from the 3-point line, so Wall must keep a close watch on him at all times. But more importantly, the Wizards front line of Nene, Okafor and Kevin Seraphin must match the intensity and physicality of Carlos Boozer, Joakim Noah, Taj Gibson, and, to a much lesser extent, Nazr Mohammed. Okafor has been inconsistent on the offensive end of the floor, but he's been a consistent presence on the boards in the last five games, averaging 12.5 rebounds per. But Kevin Seraphin and Nene—especially Nene, who has become quite the whiner of late—need to win that battle on both ends of the floor while staying out of foul trouble. It is a tall order (pun intended), but Nene and Okafor have ten and eight years of NBA experience respectively, so what good are they if they can't win battles against Noah, Gibson and Boozer?
@bullsbythehorns: It'll be the second night of back-to-back games for both teams, and the Wizards will be at home. That said, the Bulls are an Eastern Conference-best 12-5 on the road and really seem to play their best ball outside of Chicago. Their focus is totally different. I'm guessing it'll be a low scoring game, something like 87-82, Bulls.
@rashad20: I will steal a prediction from ESPN TrueHoop's Kevin Arnovitz (@kevinarnovitz), who told me today that he expects the Bulls to win an 85-79 game.
Per ESPNChicago's Nick Friedell (@NickFriedell), Derrick Rose has taken his next step towards returning from a torn ACL. But no specific return date has been identified as of yet. Without Rose, the Bulls are 26-19, good for third best in the East—just three games behind the Miami Heat.


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text:
NGC 838 ist eine aktive, Linsenförmige Galaxie mit hoher Sternentstehungsrate vom Hubble-Typ S0 im Sternbild Cetus südlich des Himmelsäquators. Sie ist schätzungsweise 178 Millionen Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 80.000 Lichtjahren.
NGC 838 bildet zusammen mit NGC 833, NGC 835 und NGC 839 eine Galaxiengruppe, die als Hickson Compact Group 16 (Arp 318) katalogisiert ist.

Halton Arp gliederte seinen Katalog ungewöhnlicher Galaxien nach rein morphologischen Kriterien in Gruppen. Diese Galaxiengruppe gehört zu der Klasse Gruppen von Galaxien.

Die Typ-II-Supernova SN 2005H wurde hier beobachte.

Das Objekt wurde am 28. November 1785 vom deutsch-britischen Astronomen William Herschel entdeckt.

Literatur
 Jeff Kanipe und Dennis Webb: The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies – A Chronicle and Observer's Guide", Richmond 2006, ISBN 978-0-943396-76-7

Weblinks

 SIMBAD Astronomical Database
 ARP ATLAS OF PECULIAR GALAXIES
 Seligman Arp

Einzelnachweise

Linsenförmige Galaxie

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