text:
\section{Introduction} In quantum mechanics, systems of the same type (such as
all electrons or all hydrogen atoms) are absolutely indistinguishable:
\begin{quote} Any [registration] performed on the [composite] quantum system
treats all [indistinguishable] subsystems in the same way, and it is
indifferent to a permutation of the labels that we attribute to the individual
subsystems for computational purposes.
\end{quote} (Peres \cite{peres}, p.\ 126). A difficulty was also mentioned
(p.\ 128 of \cite{peres}) that then arose: measurements on quantum system
${S}$ can be disturbed by remote particles that are of the same type as
${S}$. A solution to the problem based on Cluster Separability Principle was
suggested.

The suggestion was developed into a theory in \cite{hajicek2,hajicek4}. There,
local kind of quantum observables was defined, similar to that introduced in
\cite{wan,wanb} for different purposes and the notion of {\em separation
status} based on the local observables was introduced.

However, the local observables and the corresponding separation status solve
only a part of Peres' problem. The present paper delivers a clearer
description of the problem and proposes a better solution to it. Instead of
introducing new complicated kind of observables, we leave the observables as
they are but allow measuring apparatuses to be incomplete. We can then give a
more general, simpler and more satisfactory definition of separation status.

Next, the fact will be explained that no disturbance by the indistinguishable
particles of the environment is observed in quantum experiments and that
successful theories of these experiments can serenely ignore these
particles. The conditions under which such method works will result from the
explanation.

\section{Born rule} One of the basic assumptions of quantum mechanics is the
Born rule (see, e.g., \cite{peres}, p.\ 54): Let ${\mathsf O}$ be an
observable of quantum system ${S}$ with a discrete non-degenerate spectrum
$\{o_k\}$ and eigenstates $|k\rangle$,
$$
{\mathsf O}|k\rangle = o_k|k\rangle\ .
$$
Let ${S}$ be in a state $|\psi\rangle$ and let the decomposition of the state
into the eigenstates be
$$
|\psi\rangle = \sum_k c_k |k\rangle\ .
$$
Then the probability of registering eigenvalue $o_k$ on the state
$|\psi\rangle$ is $|c_k|^2$.

In fact, this measurement of ${\mathsf O}$ must be done by some apparatus, or
meter, ${\mathcal M}$, say, and the probability is understood as a prediction
of the frequency obtained by repeated registrations by ${\mathcal M}$. We are
going to ask the question for which states $|\psi\rangle$ the Born rule is
true?

We are going to work with more general observables and states. Let ${S}$ be a
quantum system with Hilbert space ${\mathbf H}$. A general state of ${S}$ is a
positive, trace-1 operator ${\mathsf T} : {\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H}$
(often called ``density matrix''), and we denote the convex set of all state
operators by ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})$. A general observable is an $n$-tuple
$\{{\mathsf O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$ of commuting self-adjoint operators
${\mathsf O}_k : {\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H}$, $k = 1,\ldots,n$. Let
$\sigma \subset {\mathbb R}^n$ be the spectrum of $\{{\mathsf
O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$, ${\mathcal B}({\mathbb R}^n)$ the set of Borel
subsets of ${\mathbb R}^n$ and let ${\mathsf \Pi}(X)$, $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^n)$, describe the spectral measure of $\{{\mathsf
O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$ (see, e.g., \cite{RS2}). In particular, ${\mathsf
\Pi}(X)$ is an orthogonal projection on ${\mathbf H}$ for each $X \in
{\mathcal B}({\mathbb R}^n)$,
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}(X)^\dagger = {\mathsf \Pi}(X)\ ,\quad {\mathsf \Pi}(X)^2 =
{\mathsf \Pi}(X)\ ,
$$
and satisfies the normalisation condition,
\begin{equation}\label{normaliz} {\mathsf \Pi}({\mathbb R}^n) = {\mathsf 1}\ .
\end{equation} We shall also adopt the notion (see, e.g., \cite{ludwig1}):
every quantum measurement can be split into preparation and registration. Then
the generalized Born rule can be formulated as follows.
\begin{assump}\label{rlborn} The probability ${\mathrm P}$ that a value of
observable $\{{\mathsf O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$ within $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^n)$ will be obtained by a registration on state ${\mathsf T}$
is
\begin{equation}\label{born} {\mathrm P} = tr({\mathsf T}{\mathsf \Pi}(X))\ .
\end{equation}
\end{assump}

In practice, the Born rule means that the relative frequencies of the values
obtained by many registration by the same meter ${\mathcal M}$ on the same
state ${\mathsf T}$ must tend to the probabilities given by the Born rule if
the number or the registration increases.

\begin{df}\label{dfAregO} Given state ${\mathsf T}$ and $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^n)$, let us denote by $\omega[{\mathcal M},{\mathsf T}](X)$ the
relative frequencies of finding values of observable $\{{\mathsf
O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$ within $X$ obtained from many registrations by
meter ${\mathcal M}$ on state ${\mathsf T}$. Let
\begin{equation}\label{born2} \omega[{\mathcal M},{\mathsf T}](X) \mapsto
tr({\mathsf T} {\mathsf \Pi}(X))
\end{equation} for some states ${\mathsf T}$ and all $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^n)$. Then we say that meter ${\mathcal M}$ measures $\{{\mathsf
O}_1,\ldots,{\mathsf O}_n\}$.
\end{df} Definition \ref{dfAregO} differs from the usual assumption by a
weaker requirement on the states: the frequency agrees with the Born rule on
``some states'' but not necessarily on ``all states''. Indeed, ``all states''
seems to be the understanding by various books, such as \cite{ludwig1,peres}
at least implicitly, and \cite{BLM} quite explicitly (``probability
reproducibility condition'', p.\ 29). Let us consider some examples.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The position $\vec{\mathsf x}$ of particle ${S}$ with Hilbert space
${\mathbf H}$ is a triple of self-adjoint operators and its spectral measure
is described by (in $Q$-representation)
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}(X) = \chi_X(\vec{x})\ ,
$$
where $\chi_X(\vec{x})$ is the characteristic function of $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^3)$. The spectrum $\sigma_{\vec{x}}$ is ${\mathbb
R}^3$. Usually, the position is registered by some detector with active volume
$D$ (see, e.g., \cite{leo}). If the detector gives a response (clicks) then we
conclude that a particle has been detected inside $D$. If the wave function of
the detected particle is $\psi(\vec{x})$ then the probability that the
particle will be found inside the detector is
$$
{\mathrm P}(D) = \int_{{\mathbb R}^3}d^3x \chi_D(\vec{x})|\psi(\vec{x})|^2\ ,
$$
Hence, ${\mathrm P}(D) = 0$ if $\text{supp}\,\psi(\vec{x}) \cap D =
\emptyset$. The integral on the right-hand side represents the trace
(\ref{born}) with ${\mathsf T} = |\psi\rangle\langle\psi|$.

A better meter ${\mathcal M}$ registering position is composed of several such
sub-detectors, ${\mathcal M}_1,\ldots,{\mathcal M}_n$ with disjoint active
volumes $D_1,\ldots,D_n$ and the frequency $\omega[{\mathcal M},\psi]_k$ that
the particle will be found inside $D_k$ then satisfies
$$
\omega[{\mathcal M},\psi]_k \mapsto \int_{{\mathbb R}^3}d^3x
\chi_{D_k}(\vec{x})|\psi(\vec{x})|^2\ .
$$
The meter does not register the whole spectrum but only the part
$\sigma'_{\vec{x}} \subset \sigma_{\vec{x}}$ defined by
$$
\sigma'_{\vec{x}} = \bigcup_{k=1}^n D_k\ .
$$
Hence, for all states $\psi$ such that
\begin{equation}\label{suppsi} \text{supp}\,\psi(\vec{x}) \subset
\sigma'_{\vec{x}}
\end{equation} the detector satisfies the Born rule for all $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R}^3)$ because zero probability for ${S}$ being outside of
$\sigma'_{\vec{x}}$ results from both the Born rule and the registrations by
${\mathcal M}$. However, for the states that do not satisfy Eq.\
(\ref{suppsi}), the meter still gives zero probability for ${S}$ being outside
of $\sigma'_{\vec{x}}$ contradicting the Born rule.
\item Next, consider a meter that can register energy (a proportional counter,
say). It reacts to a particle only if the particle energy is larger than some
threshold. Again, such a meter will not react to some states, here to those
whose wave function in momentum representation has a support that lies under
the threshold. This example shows that the problem need not be caused just by
the geometric arrangement of the experiment as in point 1.
\item The Stern-Gerlach meter (see, e.g., \cite{peres}, p.\ 14) can register
the spin observable only if the particle arriving at it can pass through the
opening between the magnets within a narrow range of directions. Thus, it does
not react to a number of states. This example shows that the problem can arise
even for a meter that registers the whole spectrum.
\end{enumerate} Let us compare this with the well-known cases (see, e.g.,
\cite{BLM}) of meters that do not register the whole spectra. For instance, a
real meter can only discriminate between sufficiently different values of an
observable ${\mathsf O}$ with a continuous spectrum that is, it registers only
some coarse-grained version of the spectrum. Thus, one introduces a finite
partition the space ${\mathbb R}^n$,
$$
{\mathbb R}^n = \bigcup_{l=1}^n X_l\ ,
$$
and defines a new observable with spectrum $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ that is easily
constructed from ${\mathsf O}$ (for details, see \cite{BLM}, p.\ 35). Notice
that the idea is to modify the observable so that the correspondence between
observable and meter via the Born rule is improved. The meter then does react
to all states of the system and satisfies the Born rule corresponding to the
corrected observable. Still, the method does not work for the cases above, in
which the Borel sets that are controlled by the apparatus do not cover the
spectrum. Such an apparatus does not react to states corresponding to the part
of the spectrum that is not covered, so that the difficulty with the states
also occurs.

The possibility that a meter may control only a (sometimes rather small)
proper subset of the whole Hilbert space, as the meters of the above examples
do, does not seem to be ever mentioned. This might be due to the belief that,
as in most cases of non-ideal real circumstances, the shortcoming of real
meters is a natural way of practical things which just must be taken properly
into account in each particular instance and that some real meters might be
arbitrarily close to the ideal or, at least, that continuous improvement of
techniques will make meters better. The main aim of the next section is to
show that standard quantum mechanics of indistinguishable particles sets a
theoretical limit to this: a meter that were ideal in this sense would be
unable to register its observable at all.

\section{Incomplete apparatuses} Let us now simplify things by considering
observables described by a single operator ($n = 1$). The foregoing section
motivates the following definition.
\begin{df}\label{dfcomplapp} Let ${S}$ be a quantum system with Hilbert space
${\mathbf H}$ and let observable ${\mathsf O}$ be a s.a.\ operator on
${\mathbf H}$ with spectrum $\sigma$ and spectral measure ${\mathsf \Pi}(X)$,
$X \in {\mathcal B}({\mathbb R})$. Let meter ${\mathcal M}$ register
observable ${\mathsf O}$. We say that ${\mathcal M}$ is {\em complete} if
Equation (\ref{born2}) holds true for all ${\mathsf T} \in {\mathbf
T}({\mathbf H})$ and $X \in {\mathcal B}({\mathbb R})$.

If there is any state ${\mathsf T}$ for which the frequency $\omega[{\mathcal
M},{\mathsf T}]({\mathbb R})$ of registering any value by ${\mathcal M}$ is
zero, meter ${\mathcal M}$ is called {\em incomplete}. Let the subset of
states for which this is the case be denoted by ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf
H})_{{\mathcal M}0}$ and the subset of states for which Equation (\ref{born2})
holds by ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M}$. The convex set ${\mathbf
T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M}$ is called the {\em domain} of ${\mathcal M}$.
\end{df} Thus, the three examples in the foregoing section describe incomplete
apparatuses. We now prove that a complete meter cannot work.

Let registrations by meter ${\mathcal M}$ be performed on a system ${S}$ with
Hilbert space ${\mathbf H}$. Suppose that meter ${\mathcal M}$ registers
observable ${\mathsf O}$ with spectral measure ${\mathsf \Pi}(X)$, $X \in
{\mathcal B}({\mathbb R})$ and is complete. Then, because of the normalisation
condition (\ref{normaliz}), we must have $tr({\mathsf T} {\mathsf
\Pi}({\mathbb R})) = 1$ for {\em any state} ${\mathsf T}$. This means that
{\em any} registration on ${\mathsf T}$ by ${\mathcal M}$ must give {\em some}
result.

Then, according to the theory of indistinguishable systems, ${\mathcal M}$
must also register some values on any state ${\mathsf T}'$ of any system
${S}'$ of the same type as ${S}$. Clearly, this is a difficulty: the
measurement of observable ${\mathsf O}$ of ${S}$ by ${\mathcal M}$ is
disturbed by the existence of a system of the same type as ${S}$ anywhere else
in the world, even if it is localised arbitrarily far away from ${S}$ because
it cannot be distinguished from ${S}$ by ${\mathcal M}$. In fact, for most
microsystems ${S}$, the world contains a huge number of systems of the same
type so that a horrible noise must disturb any registration by a complete
meter.

To show the problem in more detail, let us consider two distant laboratories,
A and B. Let ${\mathsf O}$ be a non-degenerate discrete observable of ${S}$
with eigenstates $|k\rangle$ and eigenvalues $o_k$. Let state $|k\rangle$ be
prepared in A and $|l\rangle$ in B so that $k \neq l$ and let ${\mathsf O}$ is
registered in laboratory A by complete meter ${\mathcal M}$. Using Fock space
formalism, we have
\begin{equation}\label{FockA} {\mathsf O} = \sum_n o_n{\mathsf
a}^\dagger_n{\mathsf a}_n\ ,
\end{equation} where ${\mathsf a}_k$ is an annihilation operator of state
$|k\rangle$ (see, e.g., \cite{peres}, p.\ 137).  Such an observable perfectly
expresses the fact that the meter cannot distinguish particles of the same
type. The state prepared by the two laboratories is
\begin{equation}\label{Fockstate} {\mathsf a}^\dagger_k{\mathsf
a}^\dagger_l|0\rangle\ .
\end{equation} For the average $\langle {\mathsf O} \rangle$ of (\ref{FockA})
in state (\ref{Fockstate}), the standard theory of measurement gives
$$
\langle {\mathsf O} \rangle = \langle 0|{\mathsf a}_l{\mathsf a}_k\left(\sum_n
a_n{\mathsf a}^\dagger_n{\mathsf a}_n\right){\mathsf a}^\dagger_k{\mathsf
a}^\dagger_l|0\rangle\ .
$$
Using the relation
$$
{\mathsf a}_r{\mathsf a}^\dagger_s = \eta {\mathsf a}^\dagger_s{\mathsf a}_r +
\delta_{rs}\ ,
$$
where $\eta = 1$ for bosons and $\eta = -1$ for fermions, we can bring all
annihilation operators to the right and all creation ones to the left
obtaining
$$
\langle {\mathsf O} \rangle = a_k + a_l\ .
$$
The result is independent of the distance between the laboratories. Thus, the
measurement in A by any complete meter depends on what is done in B.

Let us next suppose that ${\mathcal M}$ is incomplete in such a way that the
state of any system of the same type as ${S}$ that may occur in the
environment of ${S}$ lies in ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{{\mathcal
M}0}$. Apparently, such an assumption can be checked experimentally by looking
at the level of noise of the meter. Then, if we prepare a copy of system ${S}$
in a state that lies within ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M}$ the
registration of ${S}$ by ${\mathcal M}$ cannot be disturbed by the systems in
the environment. In fact, this must be the way of how all quantum measurement
are carried out. We can say that objective properties of our environment
require certain kind of incompleteness of registration apparatus ${\mathcal
M}$ in order that ${\mathcal M}$ can work in this environment.

Accordingly, the course of any successful measurement must be as
follows. First, a registration apparatus ${\mathcal M}$ for a system ${S}$
with Hilbert space ${\mathbf H}$ is constructed and checked. In particular,
the level of its noise must be sufficiently low. From the construction of the
meter, we can infer some set ${\mathbf T}_{\mathcal M}$ of states on which the
meter is able make registrations. ${\mathbf T}_{\mathcal M}$ might be smaller
than the whole domain,
$$
{\mathbf T}_{\mathcal M} \subset {\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M}
$$
(the domain is often difficult to specify). Second, systems ${S}$ is prepared
in one of such states. The registration by ${\mathcal M}$ will then not be
disturbed and the probabilities of the results can be calculated theoretically
by formula (\ref{born2}).

The states of ${\mathbf T}_{\mathcal M}$ must therefore be in some sense
sufficiently different from the states of all systems of the same type as $S$
that occur in the environment of $S$. Let us try to express this idea
mathematically. This can be done in the simplest way, if we choose a
particular representation so that the wave function of an extremal state
$|\psi\rangle$ will be $\psi(\lambda)$ and the kernel of a state of arbitrary
external object will be
$T(\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)};\lambda^{(1)\prime},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)\prime})$. For
example, $|\psi\rangle$ in $Q$-representation will be $\psi{\vec{x}}$, in
$P$-representation $\tilde{\psi}(\vec{p})$, etc. Then,
$$
\langle \psi|\phi \rangle = \int d\lambda\,\psi^*(\lambda) \phi(\lambda)\ ,
$$
where $\int d\lambda$ is a generalised integral (such as Lebesgue-Stieltjes
one, see \cite{RS1}, p.\ 19, or, in some cases, convolution of distributions,
see \cite{RS1}, p.\ 323).

Then we propose the following definition:
\begin{df}\label{dfss} Let system $S$ with Hilbert space ${\mathbf H}$ be
prepared in state $|\psi\rangle \langle \psi| \in {\mathbf T}({\mathbf
H})$. Let the environment consists of macroscopic objects with quantum models
and well-defined quantum states. Let $O$ be the system associated with such an
object, $O_S$ the subsystem of $O$ containing all subsystems of $O$ that are
indistinguishable from $S$ and let ${\mathsf T}$ be the state of $O_S$. If
\begin{equation}\label{dfsseq} \int d\lambda^{(1)\prime}
T(\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)};
\lambda^{(1)\prime},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)\prime})\psi(\lambda^{(1)\prime}) = 0
\end{equation} holds for any object in the environment, then $|\psi\rangle
\langle \psi|$ is said to have {\em separation status}.
\end{df} The definition can easily be extended to states of $S$ that are not
extremal. Some motivation of the definition is as follows. Suppose that there
is a system in the environment in a state $\phi$ and that $\langle \phi| \psi
\rangle \neq 0$. Then,
$$
\phi = c_1\psi + c_2 \psi^\bot\ ,
$$
with non-zero $c_1$ and $\langle \psi^\bot| \psi \rangle = 0$, and the meter
would react to the $\psi$-part of $\phi$.

The above ideas also have some relevance to the meaning of preparation
processes in quantum measurements. Stating such meaning extends the Minimum
Interpretation, for which preparations and registrations are primitive notions
(see, e.g., \cite{peres}, p.\ 12).
\begin{assump}\label{shprep} Any preparation of a single microsystem must
yield a state having a separation status.
\end{assump}

A separation status of a microsystem is a property that is uniquely determined
by a preparation. Hence, it belongs to objective properties of quantum systems
according to \cite{models,PHJT,hajicek5}. But it is a property that is a
necessary condition for any other objective property because each preparation
must create a separation status. Moreover, only a separation status makes a
quantum system distinguishable from each other system in the environment and
so to a physical object. Thus, a quantum physical object can come into being,
namely in a preparation process, and can expire, viz. if it loses its
separation status.

We can understand the role of incompleteness of meters better if we compare
quantum apparatuses with classical ones. To this aim, we construct a simple
model of an eye. Indeed, an eye is a classical registration device, either by
itself or as a final part of other classical apparatuses.

Our model consists of an optically sensitive surface (retina) that can
register visible light (i.e., with a wave-length between 0.4 and 0.75
$\mu$m). It can distinguish between some small intervals of the visible wave
lengths and between small spots where the retina is hit by light.

The retina covers one side of a chamber that has walls keeping light away
except for a small opening at the side opposite to the retina wall\footnote{An
eye with a small opening instead of a lens occurs in some animals such as
nautilus.}. The radius of the circular opening even if very small is much
larger than the wave length of visible light so that this light waves suffer
only a negligible bending as they pass the opening. The assumed insensitivity
of the retina to smaller wave lengths is an incompleteness that helps to make
the picture sharp.

Another aspect of incompleteness is that only the light that can pass the
opening will be registered. Again, this is important: if the retina were
exposed to all light that can reach it from the neighbourhood, only a smeared,
more or less homogeneous signal would result. Because of the restrictions, a
well-structured colour picture of the world in front of the eye will appear on
the retina.

\section{Observables} There are two ways of how one could react to the
necessary incompleteness of registration apparatuses. First, one can try to
modify the observable that is registered by such a meter so that the results
of the registrations and the probabilities calculated from the Born rule
coincide, similarly as it has been done above for coarse-grained version of
the spectrum. Second, one can leave the observables as they are and accept the
fact that every meter can register its observable only partially. In our
previous work (\cite{hajicek2,hajicek4}), we have tried the first way. It
turned out, however, that the modification that was necessary for an
observable to describe how a real meter worked was messy. Not only the notion
of observable became rather complicated but also only some idealized kinds of
meters could be captured in this way.

The mentioned idealized kind of incomplete meter ${\mathcal M}$ can be
described as follows. Such an ${\mathcal M}$ determines a closed linear
subspace ${\mathbf H}_{\text{ss}}$ of ${\mathbf H}$ so that, instead of
Equation (\ref{born2}), we have
$$
\omega[{\mathcal M},{\mathsf T}](X) \mapsto tr\Biggl(\Bigl({\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf T}{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}\Bigr){\mathsf
\Pi}(X)\Biggr)
$$
for all ${\mathsf T} \in {\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})$ and $X \in {\mathcal
B}({\mathbb R})$, where ${\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}$ is the orthogonal
projection onto ${\mathbf H}_{\text{ss}}$. Then,
\begin{equation}\label{specdomain} {\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M} =
{\mathbf T}({\mathbf H}_{\text{ss}})
\end{equation} and
$$
{\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{{\mathcal M}0} = {\mathbf T}([{\mathsf 1} - {\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}]{\mathbf H})
$$
because any element ${\mathsf T}$ of ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H}_{\text{ss}})$
satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{THA} {\mathsf T} = {\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf
T}{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}\ .
\end{equation}

The construction of the corresponding ``generalized observable'' is
simple. First, we have
$$
tr\Biggl(\Bigl({\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf T}{\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}\Bigr){\mathsf \Pi}(X)\Biggr) = tr\Biggl({\mathsf
T}\Bigl({\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf \Pi}(X){\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}\Bigr)\Biggr)\ .
$$
Next, consider operator ${\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf \Pi}(X){\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}$. It is bounded by ${\mathsf 1}$ and self adjoint because
${\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}$ and ${\mathsf \Pi}(X)$ are. It is obviously
positive. Thus, it is an {\em effect} (see \cite{BLM,models}). A collection of
effects ${\mathsf E}(X)$, $X \in {\mathcal B}({\mathbb R})$, with certain
properties (including the normalisation condition ${\mathsf E}({\mathbb R}) =
{\mathsf 1}$) is called a {\em positive-operator valued measure} (POVM) (for a
definition see, e.g., \cite{BLM}) and generalizes the notion of spectral
measure. The collection of effects ${\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf
\Pi}(X){\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}$ for all $X \in {\mathcal B}({\mathbb R})$ is
not a POVM, however, because we have, instead of the above normalisation
condition,
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf \Pi}({\mathbb R}){\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}} =
{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}}
$$
Such a quantity could be called ``truncated POVM''. Thus, the notion of
observable had to be changed from a self-adjoint operator to a truncated POVM.

However, the above model of incomplete meter is too simple. For instance, some
of the examples listed in Section 2 cannot be described by it. Indeed,
consider the Stern-Gerlach meter that is arranged in such a way that it can
react to particles moving within a thin tube around the third axis of
coordinates $x_1,x_2,x_3$. The particle that can be registered must thus
arrive at the magnets only within some small subset of the (1,2)-plane, the
third component of its momentum must satisfy
$$
p_3 \in (a_3,b_3)\ ,
$$
which can be large, and
$$
p_1 \in (-c_1,c_1)\ ,\quad p_2 \in (-c_2,c_2)\ ,
$$
where $c_k < \epsilon$ for $k = 1,2$ and for sufficiently small
$\epsilon$. However, these conditions can be satisfied, by any wave packets,
only approximately. Then, the Born rule will also be satisfied only
approximately. Now, a linear superposition of such packets need not be again
such a packet. The above conditions mean that the wave function (in $Q$- or
$P$-representation) of the registered particle must satisfy inequalities of
the form
$$
|\psi(\lambda)|^2 < \epsilon'
$$
for some fixed values of $\lambda$ determined by the arrangement, where
$\lambda$ stands either for $\vec{x}$ or for $\vec{p}$, and $\epsilon'$ is a
small positive number. Suppose that another wave function, $\phi$, also
satisfies the condition. Then it only follows, for all $c$ and $c'$ satisfying
$|c|^2 + |c'|^2 = 1$, that
$$
|c \psi(\lambda) + c' \phi(\lambda)| < 2\epsilon'\ .
$$
Hence, the packets need not form a closed linear subspace of ${\mathbf H}$.

The approach using incomplete meters works even if the domain of an meter does
not satisfy Eq.\ (\ref{specdomain}). In fact, the knowledge of the whole
domain ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal M}$ of an meter is not necessary
for the construction of a model of a registration by it because it is
sufficient to know only those elements of ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})_{\mathcal
M}$ that are prepared for the experiment.

These are the reasons why we adopt the second way in the present paper. Then,
the standard notion of observable (a self-adjoint operator) makes the
following sense. We can assume that the union of domains of all possible
meters that can register a given observable covers, in an ideal case, the
whole set of states ${\mathbf T}({\mathbf H})$. For example, proportional
counters can register energy of free particles while meters using scattering
of photons can register energy of its bounded states, etc. Thus, a standard
observable can not be determined by one meter but with all meters that can
measure it. As each of these meters must be incomplete, a number of meters is
needed for one observable.

Everything that has been said in this and the foregoing sections can easily be
extended if the notion of observable is generalized from a self-adjoin
operator to a POVM.

\section{Tensor-product method} We have seen in the foregoing sections that
the disturbance of measurement by environmental particles can be avoided, if
the measuring apparatus is suitably incomplete and the measured system is
prepared in a state with a separation status.

The present section is going to study this in more mathematical detail. In
particular, we shall consider two {\em ways of description} of composite
states. The first way works with the tensor product of the environmental and
the registered system states and the second one with the symmetrized or
anti-symmetrized state of the whole composite system as required by rules of
the theory of indistinguishable systems. On the one hand, the second way of
description is in any case the correct one and we shall have to show that the
two descriptions lead to the same measurable results. On the other hand, the
first way is the only practically feasible one because it does not require the
knowledge of the environment state.

To develop the two descriptions, let us consider system ${S}$ and its
environment ${\mathcal E}$ with the system ${\mathcal E}_{S}$ of all its
subsystems that are indistinguishable from ${S}$. Let $\psi(\lambda)$ be the
wave function of ${S}$, where $\lambda$ is a shorthand for four arguments, for
example three components of position or momentum and one spin variable $m =
-s,\ldots,+s$. As shown in Section 3, $\psi(\lambda)$ can be any
representation of state $|\psi\rangle$. Let ${\mathbf H}$ be the Hilbert space
of ${S}$ and let us assume that ${\mathcal E}_{S}$ consists of $N$ subsystems
so that the Hilbert space of ${\mathcal E}_{S}$ is ${\mathbf H}^N_\tau$. Here
$\tau$ takes value $-1$ for fermions and $+1$ for bosons and as index in the
expression ${\mathbf H}^N_\tau$ it denotes the antisymmetrization (for $\tau =
-1$) or symmetrization (for $\tau = +1$) of the tensor product of $N$ copies
of ${\mathbf H}$. If we are going to speak about both cases, we use the
expression ``$\tau$-symmetrization''. A wave function of ${\mathcal E}_{S}$
has the form
$$
\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)}) \in {\mathbf H}^N_\tau
$$
and is $\tau$-symmetric in all arguments
$\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N)}$. Then the wave functions of the two
descriptions are
\begin{equation}\label{firstway} \Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})
\end{equation} and
\begin{equation}\label{secndway} N_{\text{exch}}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau\Bigl(\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr)\ ,
\end{equation} where ${\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau : {\mathbf H}^N_\tau \otimes
{\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H}^{N+1}_\tau$ is the orthogonal projection onto
the $\tau$-symmetrized subspace and $N_{\text{exch}}$ is a suitable
normalization factor.

To explain the projection ${\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau$ and the normalization
factor $N_{\text{exch}}$ (for details and general proofs, see e.g.,
\cite{models}), we choose $N = 2$ and consider ${\mathsf \Pi}^2_\tau :
{\mathbf H} \otimes {\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H}^2_\tau$. Let
$\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\lambda^{(2)}) \in {\mathbf H}^2$, then
\begin{eqnarray*} {\mathsf \Pi}^2_- \Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\lambda^{(2)}) &=&
\frac{1}{2}[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\lambda^{(2)}) -
\Psi(\lambda^{(2)},\lambda^{(1)})]\ , \\ {\mathsf \Pi}^2_+
\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\lambda^{(2)}) &=&
\frac{1}{2}[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},\lambda^{(2)}) +
\Psi(\lambda^{(2)},\lambda^{(1)})]\ .
\end{eqnarray*} Orthogonal projections do not preserve the
normalization. Hence, the projection must be followed by a normalization
factor, which we will denote by $N_{\text{exch}}$ standing before the
projection symbol. Of course, $N_{\text{exch}}$ depends on the projection and
the wave function being projected, but we just write $N_{\text{exch}}$ instead
of $N_{\text{exch}}({\mathsf \Pi}^2_\tau, \Psi)$ to keep equations short.

As $\Psi$ is already $\tau$-symmetric and normalised, the expression
(\ref{secndway}) can be rewritten as follows:
\begin{multline}\label{secway} N_{\text{exch}}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau\Bigl(\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr) \\ = N'\sum_{K=1}^{N+1}(\tau)^{N+1-K}
\Psi(\lambda^{(K+1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N+1)},\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(K-1)})\psi(\lambda^{(K)})\
.
\end{multline} This relation will simplify some subsequent calculations.

Equation (\ref{secndway}) shows that we can recover the second description
from the first one, but if the two descriptions are to be equivalent in any
sense, one had to recover the first one from the second, too. For this aim,
the separation status is necessary. Let state $\psi(\lambda)$ be prepared with
separation status and let ${\mathsf \Pi}_\psi = |\psi\rangle \langle
\psi|$. Eq.\ (\ref{dfsseq}) then implies
$$
N' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N+1}}\ .
$$

Now, we make use the fact that the operators on ${\mathbf H}$ can act on
different wave functions (elements of ${\mathbf H}$) in a product and that
this action can be specified by the argument of the function. For example, if
we have product $\psi_1(\lambda^{(1)})\psi_2(\lambda^{(2)})$ and operator
${\mathsf O} : {\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H}$, operator ${\mathsf O}^{(1)} :
{\mathbf H} \otimes {\mathbf H} \mapsto {\mathbf H} \otimes {\mathbf H}$ is
defined by
$$
{\mathsf O}^{(1)}\Bigr[\psi_1(\lambda^{(1)})\psi_2(\lambda^{(2)})\Bigl] =
({\mathsf O}\psi_1)(\lambda^{(1)})\psi_2(\lambda^{(2)})
$$
while ${\mathsf O}^{(2)}$ by
$$
{\mathsf O}^{(2)}\Bigr[\psi_1(\lambda^{(1)})\psi_2(\lambda^{(2)})\Bigl] =
\psi_1(\lambda^{(1)})({\mathsf O}\psi_2)(\lambda^{(2)})\ .
$$
From the definition of separation status we then obtain
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}^{(k)}_\psi\Psi((\lambda^{(1)}),\ldots,(\lambda^{(N)})) = 0
$$
for any $k = 1,\ldots,N$. With this notation, we can achieve our aim:
obviously,
\begin{multline}\label{piA} {\mathsf
\Pi}^{(N+1)}_\psi\Biggl(N_{\text{exch}}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau\Bigl(\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)}) \otimes
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr)\Biggr) \\ = \nu_\psi\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots,
\lambda^{(N)}) \otimes \psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\ ,
\end{multline} where $\nu_\psi$ is again a suitable normalization
factor. Observe that this operation is naturally described by the formalism of
$\tau$-symmetrized wave functions rather than by the Fock-space formalism. The
exchange symmetry is not violated because we can use ${\mathsf
\Pi}^{(K)}_\psi$ for any fixed $K = 1,\dots, N$ instead of ${\mathsf
\Pi}^{(N+1)}_\psi$ and the result will again be the above tensor product with
renamed arguments.

The next point is to give an account of registration by an incomplete
meter. We construct two observables that is registered by the meter, each for
one of the two description ways, and show that the two ways of descriptions
lead to the same results. We work with a simple model to show the essential
points; the general situation can be dealt with in an analogous way.

Let meter ${\mathcal M}$ register observable ${\mathsf O} : {\mathbf H}
\mapsto {\mathbf H}$ that is additive, discrete and non-degener\-ate. Let its
eigenvalues be $o_k$ and eigenvectors be $\psi_k$, $k \in {\mathbb N}$. Let
${\mathcal M}$ be incomplete in the way that it reacts only to $\psi_k$ if $k
= 1,\ldots,K$ for some $K \in {\mathbb N}$. Hence, the subspace ${\mathbf
H}_{\text{ss}}$ is spanned by vectors $\psi_k$, $k = 1,\ldots,K$, and the
projection onto it is
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}} = \sum_{k=1}^K{\mathsf \Pi}_k\ ,
$$
where
$$
{\mathsf \Pi}_k = |\psi_k\rangle \langle \psi_k|\ .
$$
The action of the meter can now be described as follows. Let us prepare state
$\psi$ with a separation status. Hence, $\psi \in {\mathbf H}_{\text{ss}}$ and
its decomposition into the eigenstates of ${\mathsf O}$ is
$$
\psi = \sum_{k=1}^K c_k\psi_k
$$
with $\sum_{k=1}^K |c_k|^2 = 1$. Then the probability ${\mathrm P}_k$ of
registering $o_k$ on $\psi$ is
$$
{\mathrm P}_k = \langle \psi|{\mathsf \Pi}_k |\psi\rangle|^2\ .
$$
In this way,
$$
{\mathrm P}_k = |c_k|^2
$$
for $k \leq K$ and ${\mathrm P}_k = 0$ for $k > K$.

Let us start with the first way, Equation (\ref{firstway}). We define the
corresponding observable by restricting the action of ${\mathsf O}$ or
${\mathsf \Pi}_k$ to the second factor:
\begin{multline}\label{obsfirstway} ({\mathsf 1} \otimes {\mathsf
\Pi}_k)\Bigl[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)}) \otimes
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr] \equiv {\mathsf
\Pi}_k^{(N+1)}\Bigl[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr] \\ = c_k\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi_k(\lambda^{(N+1)})
\end{multline} for $k \leq K$. Eq.\ (\ref{obsfirstway}) specifies the Born
rule of the observable. Now, coming to the second way of description, Equation
(\ref{secndway}), we use the fact that the observable is additive. For
example, it acts on product $\phi_1(\lambda^{(1)})\phi_2(\lambda^{(2)})$ as
follows
$$
({\mathsf O}^{(1)} + {\mathsf
O}^{(2)})\Bigl(\phi_1(\lambda^{(1)})\phi_2(\lambda^{(2)})\Bigr)\ .
$$
Then, to define the observable registered by ${\mathcal M}$, we need the
action of its projection ${\mathsf \Pi}'_k$ for eigenvalue $o_k$, $k \in
{\mathbb N}$. Let us choose:
\begin{equation}\label{piprimek} {\mathsf \Pi}'_k = \sum_{l=1}^{N+1}({\mathsf
\Pi}_k{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(l)}
\end{equation} Observe that operators ${\mathsf \Pi}_k$ and ${\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}}$ commute. Then, using Eq.\ (\ref{secway}), we obtain
\begin{multline*} \sum_{l=1}^{N+1}({\mathsf \Pi}_k{\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(l)}\Bigl[N_{\text{exch}}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau\Bigl(\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr)\Bigr]= \sum_{l=1}^{N+1}({\mathsf \Pi}_k{\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(l)} \\
\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{N+1}}\sum_{K=1}^{N+1}(\tau)^{N+1-K}
\Psi(\lambda^{(K+1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N+1)},\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(K-1)})\psi(\lambda^{(K)})\right]
\\ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N+1}}\sum_{K=1}^{N+1}(\tau)^{N+1-K}
\Psi(\lambda^{(K+1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(N+1)},\lambda^{(1)},\ldots,\lambda^{(K-1)})c_k\psi_k(\lambda^{(K)})
\\ = c_kN_{\text{exch}}{\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau\Bigl(\Psi(\lambda^{(1)},
\ldots, \lambda^{(N)}) \psi_k(\lambda^{(N+1)})\Bigr)
\end{multline*} because operator $({\mathsf \Pi}_k{\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(l)}$ annihilates the state to the right if the argument
$\lambda^{(l)}$ is in function $\Psi$ and gives $c_k\psi_k(\lambda^{(l)})$ if
the argument is in $\psi$.  Thus, the Born rules for the observables of the
two ways of description coincide.

In general, the operator (\ref{piprimek}) is not a projection because the
product
$$
({\mathsf \Pi}_k{\mathsf \Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(r)}({\mathsf \Pi}_k{\mathsf
\Pi}_{\text{ss}})^{(s)}
$$
does not in general vanish for $r \neq s$ and then $({\mathsf \Pi}'_k)^2 \neq
{\mathsf \Pi}'_k$. However, on the subspace of ${\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau({\mathbf H}^N_\tau \otimes {\mathbf H})$ with which we are
working, the product is non-zero only if $r = s$, so that it is a projection
under these conditions.

The last question is whether the dynamical evolutions for the two ways of
description are compatible. First, we define the corresponding
Hamiltonians. Let ${\mathsf H} : {\mathbf H}^N_\tau \otimes {\mathbf H}
\mapsto {\mathbf H}^N_\tau \otimes {\mathbf H}$ be a Hamiltonian for the first
way of description and let us assume that
$$
{\mathsf H}{\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau = {\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau{\mathsf H}\ .
$$
Such a Hamiltonian leaves the subspace ${\mathsf \Pi}^{N+1}_\tau ({\mathbf
H}^N_\tau \otimes {\mathbf H})$ invariant and can also be viewed as a
Hamiltonian for the second way of description. Then, the two
Schr\"{o}dinger equations that we are going to compare are:
\begin{equation}\label{schrodfirstway} {\mathbf H}[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots,
\lambda^{(N)}) \psi(\lambda^{(N+1)})] = i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial
t}[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)}) \psi(\lambda^{(N+1)}]
\end{equation} for the first way of description and
\begin{equation}\label{schrodsecndway} {\mathbf H}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)}] = i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{N+1}_\tau[\Psi(\lambda^{(1)}, \ldots, \lambda^{(N)})
\psi(\lambda^{(N+1)}]
\end{equation} for the second way.

We are able to prove the compatibility only if the evolution preserves the
separation status. Mathematically, this means that the Hamiltonian must
commute with the projections defining the status:
\begin{equation}\label{hamss} {\mathsf H}{\mathsf \Pi}^{(k)}_{\text{ss}} =
{\mathsf \Pi}^{(k)}_{\text{ss}}{\mathsf H}
\end{equation} for all $k = 1,\ldots,N+1$. Then, the projections are conserved
and their eigenspaces are stationary. In the case under study, this implies
that the time derivative commutes with the projections, too:
\begin{equation}\label{timess} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}{\mathsf
\Pi}^{(k)}_{\text{ss}} = {\mathsf
\Pi}^{(k)}_{\text{ss}}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
\end{equation} for all $k = 1,\ldots,N+1$.

Now, the proof of the compatibility is very simple: applying projection
${\mathsf \Pi}^{(N+1)}_{\text{ss}}$ to both sides of equation
(\ref{schrodsecndway}) and using equations (\ref{piA}), (\ref{hamss}),
(\ref{timess}), we obtain equation (\ref{schrodfirstway}).

For processes, in which e.g.\ a measured system loses its separation status,
the two evolutions are not compatible and the second way equation must be
used. Such processes occur during registration of which many examples have
been given in \cite{hajicek4}. We shall adapt the examples to the new
definition of separation status in another paper.

\section{Conclusion an outlook} From quantum mechanical theory of
indistinguishable particles, a strong disturbance of measurement would follow
for measurements by meters that were complete. Suitably incomplete apparatuses
can measure, if the measured systems are prepared in states with a separation
status. The incomplete apparatus gives probability zero to all values that
could be measured on states of the environment. Then, the environmental
particles that are indistinguishable from the measured system can be ignored,
in both the practice of measurements and in their theoretical treatment, as it
is usually done.

A new definition of separation status is proposed that is different from that
of \cite{hajicek2,hajicek4}. In such a way, some problems of the old
definition are removed and the new notion of separation status is even more
general and simpler to use than the old one. Each preparation must create a
separation status.

The environmental particles that are indistinguishable from the measured
system cannot, however, be ignored in the Schr\"{o}dinger equation if the
evolution does not preserve the separation status. The processes of
separation-status change will find application in our theory of state
reduction \cite{haj2} similar to that described in \cite{hajicek2}.

The attempts to achieve a close relation between a quantum observable and its
measurement apparatus is abandoned. The observables are defined as in the
standard quantum theory. In this way, the simplicity and elegance of the
standard theory of quantum observables is preserved. However, each observable
of a system represents a whole class of apparatuses, each registering only a
part of it. The class satisfies the condition that the union of their domains
contains all states of the system.

The new theory is logically consistent with the rest of quantum mechanics,
agrees with the results of real measurements and our understanding of
measurement apparatuses as well as that of preparation processes is improved.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements} The author is indebted to J\"{u}rg
Fr\"{o}hlich, Stefan J\'{a}no\v{s}, Petr Jizba, Franck Lalo\"{e},
Ji\v{r}\'{\i} Tolar and Howard M. Wiseman for useful discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home > Adult Engagement > Programs & Events
SELECT UPCOMING PROGRAMS
Below are just a few of our exciting events. For a complete list of all upcoming programs, please see our calendar. If you're looking for our classes, please take a look at our classes page.
No Time Like the Present: Weekly Meditation
Tuesdays, 8:30 - 9:00 am
How to Talk to Your Children About Antisemitism
Wednesday, February 1, 2023, 8:00 pm
Antisemitism in New York With Rabbi Angela Buchdahl & Scott Richman
Thursday, February 9, 6:00 pm
In Person and Virtual
Sandwich Making for the Community Fridge
Second Friday of every month, 4:45–5:15 pm
Volunteering with Hour Children
Second Tuesday of Every Month, 10:30am - 12:30 pm
36-49 11th Street Queens, New York 11106
Flavors of Shabbat with Jennifer Abadi
Thursday, April 20, 2023, 5:00–6:15/6:30 pm
Thursday, June 15, 2023, 5:00–6:15/6:30 pm
Spotlight: Share Your Story With StoryCorps
(This opportunity is only open to members of Central Synagogue)
Central Synagogue and StoryCorps are partnering to record stories of our members in hopes of creating an oral history mosaic that captures who we are, as a Central Synagogue community, at this moment in time.
Learn More About Our Initiative
Central Synagogue is a single community, made up of thousands of individuals. Each one of us has a story to tell, and everyone's voice matters. Learn how you can help us complete our oral history mosaic by sharing your story.
Watch our StoryCorps Kick-off Event
We are pleased to announce a new partnership with the award-winning oral history project StoryCorps, who will be helping to document and share the many voices of Central through a series of facilitated, recorded conversations.
Couldn't make a recent lecture or special event? Check out our YouTube archive here.
Sarah Berman
Rabbi, Director of Adult Education
Nicole Auerbach
Rabbi, Director of Congregational Engagement
Rachel Kaplan
Program Manager for Adult Education and Relational Programs
Julia Tecotzky
Program Manager for Social Justice
Shamor v'Zachor (Protect and Remember): Photographs by Fran Kaufman
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In Person (Pavilion)
1 Wednesday
Questions about Central's programs or special events? Please email:
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text:
Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies retain FS Sasol League title in style
29 October 2018 – Bloemfontein Celtic defended their Free State Sasol League in style with an emphatic 3-0 win over Simunye Ladies to make it 27 wins out of 30 fixtures. Celtic have successfully stamped their authority in Free State women's football over the years and proved once again that there are worthy Queens of Free State football.
Throughout the season the champions only lost twice against Ace Milan who finished fifth and CUT Ladies who did well to finish third on the table.
Credit must go to Tsunami Queens who pushed Celtic all the way this season. Tsunami won 24 of their 20 fixtures, losing four times and drawing just twice to finish second on 74 points.
Kovsies FC also showed great improvement from last season with a sixth-place finish. The youthful Kovsies led by SAB U21 Championship winning coach, Godfrey Tenoff won 16 out of their 30 encounters but dropped a huge number of points in their 12 losses.
It is back to the drawing board and serious introspection for A to Z Gunners as they get relegated from the Sasol League. Gunners failed to collect a single point from all their matches, losing all 30, conceding more than 200 goals and only finding the back of the net five times.
For a round of the Free State Sasol League, click here


text:
Tag: kim kardashian
Kanye West To Pay Kim K $200k Monthly For Child Support
In their recent settlement, Ye fka Kanye West is to pay $200,000 every month to Kim Kardashian for child support Kim Kardashian and Kanye West, a former Hollywood power couple, are steadily drawing closer to the end of their divorce process. Nearly two years after their breakup, the rapper and reality TV personality both reached settlements on Thursday. North West, 9, Saint, 7, Chicago, 4, and Psalm, 3, who are their shared children, will split legal and physical custody under the conditions of their settlement, according to paperwork acquired by E! News. In order to pay their children's medical, security, and educational costs, both parents will each contribute 50% of the total cost. The rapper will provide $200,000 each month toward Kim's child support obligations. The prenuptial agreement outlines how the couple will divide their assets. Although the agreement has not been signed by a court, it demonstrates significant advancement in the case that Kim filed in February 2021. After the divorce processes went on for months owing to Kanye's opposition to the divorce, Kardashian requested that the court pronounce her single, and her request was granted in March 2022.


Dr. Steven Amoils didn't set out to be at the forefront of a movement to re-imagine how we look at medicine, at least not at first. He was a competitive swimmer just trying to figure out why one month after he could swim 1,500 meters fast enough to set a record in his native South Africa, walking up one flight of stairs would set his heart racing and wear him out.
Impressed enough to start a lifelong journey of learning about alternative medicine and treatments, including two years traveling the world to study practices of indigenous cultures that eventually led to the 1999 founding of the Alliance Institute for Integrative Medicine, which he co-directs with his wife, Dr. Sandi Amoils.
Their Kenwood facility has grown from an offshoot of the dissolved Health Alliance to one of 10 centers in the nationwide network of the Bravewell Collaborative, a foundation created to advance the cause of integrated medicine.
You'll find traditional courses of treatment at the Alliance Institute — they'll write you a prescription or refer you to a surgeon, if that's the proper course of action — but also massage therapy, acupuncture, chiropractic, hypnotherapy and nutrition counseling, among other options. "The concept is you're integrating the best of conventional medicine with the best of alternative therapies," Amoils says.
Alternative therapies aren't a new phenomenon (nor is the public's interest in them), from the pain-management benefits of acupuncture, chiropractic and massage to the stress-reduction benefits of yoga and tai chi.
Studies in 1993 and 1997 by Dr. David Eisenberg, who would pioneer research and education in integrative medicine at Harvard Medical School, found that patients' visits to providers of complementary and alternative therapies exceeded all visits to primary-care physicians, and that out-of-pocket costs for complementary and alternative therapies outpaced those for all hospitalizations in 1997.
The more recent development is the concept of integration, where traditional and complementary treatments are offered in conjunction with one another. Whereas traditional medicine was often practiced "in silos," Amoils says, some of those walls are beginning to come down.
Sian Cotton, director of integrative medicine at UC and UC Health, agrees that there's a populist element to the growth of integrative medicine. "Across health care, it's one of the few things truly driven by consumers," she says.
In May, UC Health formally launched the integrative medicine program at its new 26,000 square-foot UC Health Women's Center facility in West Chester. Open to both men and women, the complementary and alternative medicine therapies available include acupuncture, massage, mindfulness groups, reflexology, therapeutic yoga, Pilates, tai chi, and medical qigong, a traditional Chinese medicine therapy.
Another integrative medicine facility at the Barrett Cancer Center at UC Health's main campus is in the works for January, Cotton says. Putting traditional and complementary therapies under one roof helps reinforce the integrative aspect, she says.
Having the resources of UC Health behind it also allows UC Health Integrative Medicine to expand into areas like research. Two trials are already under way: one to examine the impact of mindfulness training in children with bipolar disorder, the other to study the effectiveness of breathing retraining in African-American teens with asthma.
If skepticism of those therapies has waned, some hurdles remain for bringing integrative medicine further into the mainstream. Across his research, Amoils found that not only did some alternative therapies have questionable usefulness, but also that within some generally accepted disciplines, such as acupuncture, efficacy varied greatly by practitioner. "It's all over the map," he says.
Also, patients' eagerness to try complementary therapies hasn't been matched by insurers' willingness to pay for them. Compensation varies by treatment and insurance plan. The Alliance Institute does not accept insurance and advises patients up front to consult plan administrators to see which, if any, therapies for which they might be reimbursed.
On the plus side, Cotton says more and more medical schools, including UC, are introducing an integrative medicine component into the curriculum. Amoils believes advances in integrative medicine may hold the key to helping solve a health-care crisis in the United States.
"We know that despite the amount of money being spent on conventional medicine, the health of the average person in America is getting worse. We're at a point where the next generation will be the first where the life expectancy of the children is less than the parents.
Cincinnati's somewhat conservative reputation might make it, to some, an unlikely bastion of therapies rooted in other cultures. Where Amoils once doubted that himself, he says 10 straight years of more than 20,000 patient visits to the Alliance Institute has persuaded him otherwise.
For more information: Alliance Institute for Integrative Medicine: myhealingpartner.com. UC Health Integrative Medicine: uchealth.com/integrativemedicine.


text:
Top five amendments to the land code
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PwC Russia
Презентация PwC Legal об основных изменениях в российском законодательстве в сфере недвижимости содержит обзор последних правок к Земельному кодексу РФ.
Published in: Law
1. Top 5 Amendments to the Russian Land Code www.law.pwc.ru Alexander Maslov Associate, PwC Legal 28 May 2015
2. PwC Legal Reform of the Land Code in figures 10 Federal Laws were adopted within the reform of 2014-2015 20 articles have been excluded from the Land Code More than 45 new articles have been included to the Land Code More than 40 articles have been amended 10 new chapters have been included to the Land Code 1. 4. 3. 5. 2. Slide 2 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
3. PwC Legal Seizure of the Facility Under Construction Any facility under construction on a publicly owned land plot may be seized from the developer if the construction was not completed within the lease term. When a lease term expires, the authorities are entitled at their sole discretion to: • seize the building under construction by obtaining a court order and put it up for sale at public auction; or • renew the lease to give the developer additional time to complete the construction. Note A facility under construction may not be seized from the developer if the latter can prove that it failed to meet the construction deadline as a result of the actions (or omissions) of the relevant authorities or the owners of utilities networks. Slide 3 1 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
4. PwC Legal Seizure of the Facility Under Construction Solution The developer should document all relevant actions (or omissions) of the authorities and utilities providers. Outstanding issues • The Land Code does not clarify whether, if a building under construction is seized, title of ownership to the building should be registered prior to the public auction. • The exact lease term for a new lease provided to finalise a construction project is not specified. • The Land Code does not clarify how an unfinished building could be finalised if the new owner fails to complete construction within the new lease term. Slide 4 1 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
5. PwC LegalPwC Legal New regulation of development rights Usage of state and municipal lands without allocation Lease and ownership Easement Development rights Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code Slide 5
6. PwC Legal Lease of Public Lands For Construction Purposes • As a general rule a public land plot, for which the main type of permitted use is construction, may be granted for development only through a lease. • Public land plots may be sold and leased solely on the basis of an auction. • The practice of obtaining a leasehold title through preliminary approval of the location of a building to be constructed is no longer permitted. • The Land Code contains a list of exemptions when land leases may be provided without holding an auction (e.g. for the implementation of large-scale investment projects). • As a general rule, tenants on public lands are not entitled to renew a lease agreement for a new term without having to go through a new auction process. Slide 6 2 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
7. PwC Legal Lease of Public Lands For Construction Purposes Lease terms Maximum lease terms have been established for various situations. As a general rule, when a public land plot is granted for construction purposes, the lease term should be from three years up to ten years. The Land Code also stipulates that the amount of rent is now a material condition of a land plot lease agreement. If the parties to an agreement fail to specify the rent, the lease agreement may be deemed null and void. Slide 7 2 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
8. PwC Legal Construction Easements Construction easements represent a new development right, which is an alternative to a construction lease. Purpose: • placement of linear facilities, telecommunications structures, information signs and protective structures, which do not restrict the permitted use of the land plot; • conducting surveying work; or • conducting work involving subsoil usage. If a federal, regional or municipal land plot was allocated for a term of more than one year, an easement agreement for the given land plot must be concluded with the titleholder (land user, landholder or tenant) of the land plot. Slide 8 3 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
9. PwC Legal Construction Easements State registration of a construction easement • The Land Code states that it is not required to delineate in the state cadastre that portion of the land plot that will be used for construction easement purposes. • Furthermore, it is possible to conclude an agreement establishing an easement with respect to a designated portion of a federal, regional or municipal land plot for a term of up to three years without state cadastral registration of the given portion of the land plot and state registration of the easement as an encumbrance over the land plot. • Please note, however, that such construction easement may not be discovered by means of standard legal due diligence. Slide 9 3 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
10. PwC Legal Use of public lands without lease or easement Public lands may be used without allocation or establishment of an easement in the following cases: • engineering surveys; • capital or current repairs of linear facilities; • construction of temporary or associated structures, storage of construction and other materials and construction equipment, reconstruction of federal, regional or municipal linear facilities; • geological study of the subsoil; • activities aimed at preserving and developing the traditional lifestyles; • placement of non-permanent retail facilities, advertising structures and other facilities. Slide 10 4 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
11. PwC Legal Use of the public lands without lease or easement RF Government Resolution No. 1300 of 3 December 2014 establishes an exhaustive list of those facilities that may be located on public lands without the allocation of the land plot or establishment of easements. The list includes, among other things: • underground linear structures (together with their surface elements); • water pipelines; and • linear sewage facilities. Slide 11 4 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
12. PwC Legal Seizure of lands for state or municipal needs • The seizure of private land plots for allocation to public use is permitted only if such allocation is prescribed in a PPT and within three years after the PPT was adopted. • A procedure for identifying titleholders of seized real estate objects has been introduced. • The rules for establishing the value of seized property has been systematised and clarified. • Under the new amendments, certain companies may now request land seizures. The RF Government adopted an official list of such companies on 6 May 2015. Slide 12 5 Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code
13. PwC Legal Future Prospects Some of the changes are quite favourable and will help create an investment-friendly environment. However the recent reforms have left a number of critical issues unresolved • The major trend in these reforms has been to bring land use legislation into closer accordance with urban planning regulations, and the two bodies of law are likely to be brought even closer in line. • A number of amendments to the Land Code have been introduced to promote the creation of comprehensive urban planning regulations. • It is still unclear how closely the new Land Code amendments will correspond to proposed amendments to the Civil Code related to superficies. Top five amendments to the Russian Land Code Slide 13
14. Thank you! PwC Russia (www.pwc.ru) provides industry-focused assurance, tax, legal and advisory services. Over 2,000 professionals working in PwC offices in Moscow, St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Vladikavkaz share their thinking, experience and solutions to develop fresh perspectives and practical advice for our clients. The global network of PwC firms brings together more than 161,000 people in 154 countries. * PwC refers to OOO PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal. or, as the context requires, other member firms of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity and does not act as agent of PwCIL or any other member firm. PwCIL does not provide any services to clients. PwCIL is not responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any of its member firms nor can it control the exercise of their professional judgment or bind them in any way. No member firm is responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any other member firm nor can it control the exercise of another member firm's professional judgment or bind another member firm or PwCIL in any way. © 2015 OOO PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal All rights reserved. In this document "PwC" refers to OOO PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal., which is a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each member firm of which is a separate legal entity. . www.pwc.ru
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2016 China – Russia Business Seminar. New Opportunities & New Challenges
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Review of community conservancies in Kenya


text:
NYFA Headlines
NYFA COMMUNITY EARNS SEVERAL NOMINATIONS FOR 2021 NAACP IMAGE AWARDS
On February 2, 2021, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) announced its list of nominations for this year's NAACP Image Awards, an annual awards ceremony crediting the outstanding performances in film, television, music, and literature of the past year. This year, NYFA alumni and guest speakers were among the list of distinguished nominees across multiple categories.
Presenting this year's nominees were Anika Noni Rose, Chloe Bailey, Erika Alexander, Nicco Annan, and T.C. Carson. The announcement also featured a statement from NAACP President and CEO Derrick Johnson: "We are excited to recognize and celebrate this year's nominees, who at times throughout this unprecedented year have provided moments of levity, brought our communities together, and lifted our spirits through culture when we needed it the most."
Topping off the nominees was Netflix's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, featuring Academy-Award winner Viola Davis and NAACP Image Award-winner and the late Chadwick Boseman. The film garnered multiple nods, including a Best Actress nomination for Viola Davis and a posthumous nod for Best Supporting Actor for Chadwick Boseman, who sadly passed away last August after a battle with colon cancer. Boseman is also nominated in the Best Supporting Actor category for his role in Spike Lee's Da 5 Bloods.
Still from "Jingle Jangle" (Netflix)
Netflix, which led this year's nominations with a whopping 48 nominations, also received multiple nods for the beloved family Christmas film Jingle Jangle from David E. Talbert. The film garnered ten nominations alone, including Best Motion Picture. NYFA alum, Francesco Panzieri, worked as the in-house compositing supervisor for the film which required multiple CGI sequences.
NYFA alum Issa Rae in "Insecure" episode "Lowkey Feelin' Myself" (HBO)
Trailing behind Netflix in second for nominations was HBO, which scored 25 nominations including multiple nods for NYFA Filmmaking alum Issa Rae's beloved show Insecure, which recently announced its fifth and final season to debut in 2021.
Rae swept this year's award nominations in all the top categories not only for Insecure but for her lead role in Universal's The Photograph and guest appearance on the 46th season of Saturday Night Live. Rae's full list of nominations can be found below:
Outstanding Comedy Series - Insecure
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series - Issa Rae - Insecure
Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series - Issa Rae - Insecure ("Lowkey Feelin' Myself")
Outstanding Guest Performance – Comedy or Drama Series - Issa Rae – Saturday Night Live
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture - Issa Rae – The Photograph
Veteran and NYFA Alum Paquita Hughes
HBO also received a nomination for HBO Max's The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Reunion, featuring NYFA alum Alfonso Ribeiro, for Outstanding Variety Show in which he, along with the cast, paid tribute to former castmate and NYFA guest speaker James Avery. Ribeiro also received a solo nomination for Outstanding Host in a Reality/Reality Competition, Game Show, or Variety Series for his work on America's Funniest Home Videos.
Not to be forgotten in the streaming competition, Hulu landed two nominations, including one for Outstanding Television Movie, Limited-Series or Dramatic Special for Little Fires Everywhere, adapted from the 2017 novel of the same name by Celeste Ng. NYFA alum Paquita Hughes worked on the production team for the Hulu drama, starring Kerry Washington and Reese Witherspoon.
Poster for "All In: The Fight For Democracy"
All In: The Fight for Democracy from Amazon Studios earned producer and NYFA alum Lisa Cortes an NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Documentary Film. The documentary, which currently holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, observes the history and current activism surrounding voter suppression with appearances by Stacey Abrams, Jayla Allen, Carol Anderson, and others.
Acting for Film alum Tyler D'Andrea Lambert on "The Neighborhood" with Cedric The Entertainer
Also receiving recognition this year is NYFA guest speaker, stand-up comedian, and actor Cedric The Entertainer. The actor, known for his iconic roles in Barbershop, Johnson Family Vacation, and Ice Age, has received a nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series for his lead role as Calvin Butler in the comedy series The Neighborhood from CBS. NYFA Acting for Film alum Tyler D'Andrea Lambert had the opportunity to work alongside the acclaimed actor for the nominated series.
New York Film Academy congratulates all the nominees for this year's NAACP Image Awards and encourages everyone to cheer on this year's nominees when the 52nd NAACP Image Awards air on March 27, 2021, on BET, CBS, BETHer, VH1, MTV, MTV2, and Logo.


text:
Klaus Konzorr (born 22 September 1940) is a German diver. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1968 Summer Olympics, and the 1972 Summer Olympics.

References

1940 births
Living people
German male divers
Olympic divers of the United Team of Germany
Olympic divers of West Germany
Divers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Gdańsk
20th-century German people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Believe me I fully understand your position here. That is precisely the reason I started my lumbering attempts at painting backdrops. My old method of propping a picture book up behind a scene was not going to work for anything other than very small scenes. You can do a large backdrop with poster board and rattle cans. If I can do it then anyone can !
Beautiful work once again Nick , layout , composition , pe , figs , destruction , in a very cool destructionally way .
I'm torn between the inside/outside pics. This is strictly my opinion and does not detract from the build and presentation in any way .
The outside pics are very cool and add a sense of realism that can not be denied nor replicated with indoor lights or mock dackdrops .
As in real 1/1 scale photos [ WW1 , WW2 etc. ] sometimes I find myself wishing I could see the detail hidden by the deep shadows .
The indoor pics. though even with directional lighting to replicate the sun from the right or left show more detail of the build which I enjoy seeing . Especially when the detail is so well done .
Your presentations of all your work past and present with the combination of indoor and outdoor pics. have always made your builds a must see , so hippies withstanding , keep doing what you're doing , ...................... it's great theater .
OK the high-views are a bit unrealistic although even then I'm always prepared to believe they were taken from a rooftop or upstairs window of a building in the dio. And I totally agree with Cheyenne, the indoor's are great to appreciate the detail but there's no substitute for daylight.
Jerry & Nacho both made good suggestions re backgrounds – strange how several of us have been wrestling with this aspect lately & it's a nightmare for my Anthropoid project, being as important as the foreground in terms of how much frame-space it'll occupy in many of the photos. I've been thinking about using a laptop/projector but in daylight I seriously doubt it would look any good & besides my reference pictures are all monochrome.
Tim , you're absolutely right , no substitute for natural lighting .
Mock backdrops are sometimes very cool for indoor shoots .
With todays tv screens [ led ] the sun doesn't wash out the picture in an indirect natural lighting setup like old tube tvs.
I used to bring tube tvs out on the patio to watch football for night games .
Now I can watch games during daylight hours and the indirect sunlight does not wash out the picture .
Theoretically you could pause a dvd on your tv and use that as a backdrop for forced perspective pics.
Thanks for the words, and the interesting conversation - It appears we all wrestle with exactly how we go about presenting our projects.
I include the above - because you can see the building in the background - but it doesn't seem to take away from the image that much - almost unnoticed...?
Above, another aerial I'm ok with - maybe the subject matter?
above, the obvious benefit of a blue sky - no distractions!
Our old friend Romain made and painted this soldier for me - the outdoor truly lets him shine!!
Above - this is a good build - but, has a very low middle ground - and is next to impossible to photograph outdoors! really a bummer!
Notice the rain on the windshield above - wow! lucky me!
This one reminds me of some of the earlier images - so much going on in the foreground, that the background fades away.
So - I think I've convinced myself to take more pictures of this project - there simply has to be a way to get more of what's there out!
The last group of pics in the grass are the best in my opinion and several shots almost COMPLETELY fool the eye. Since that is what we all aim to do with miniatures I would be quite proud if I was you. You guy looking through the tall grass--Brilliant !
As J said, I'm sure you will find a way, your way!
That's some great stuff right there.
When you can't run you crawl, and when you can't crawl, when you can't do that, you find someone to carry you.
Jerry - thanks - that build with all the grass - I like it too, although, I must have planted at least hundreds of grass clumps! The simple backdrop worked pretty well - the rainy day helped too.
Hi Nacho - thanks, yes - the green - I agree with you, if it's shown just as green, and you generally can't see leafs, it can look pretty good. I've been watching your hillside work too - that is a very challenging build!! You're doing a great job on it!
Hi Mark - thanks for taking a minute to leave the nice words!
Back to the current project. I am going to try and figure out a different way to take pics of it. I'll try and set up some sort of backdrop - but - who knows what pattern/color/surface to try? It seems it might want to include some level of surface texture along the base - maybe glue on some concrete columns, rebar, and rubble? Paint the lower level debris colors, then something for sky - I'm wondering about air brushing a shade of blue over a reflective surface - to reflect the real sky beyond? That way avoid having to try to match the color of real blue sky? So - that will be this weekend's project.
You never disappoint Nick. you are a true inspiration to us all, mostly me. Thank you for sharing your wonderful work with us to drool over....I'm not worthy!!!!!
You're perhaps one of the "wealthiest" North American modelers I know who builds these kinds of "all in" dioramas. You really don't skimp on anything. I've often see that philosophy applied with overseas modelers.
I love your work. Really inspiring.
Hi Kurt and Charles - yes guys - two model builders who really inspire me! always pushing into new territory - thanks for the words - I appreciate them!
I've seen you refer to "wealthy" before - I'm not sure of exactly what that means - whether it means the expense of money or time!
I'm guilty of the latter! I not sure if a full on build necessarily equates to gross expense...there are ways to do this so that you don't break the bank - at least not all at once!
Same for the dios - while there is lots and lots going on, it's mostly just raw materials being adapted - basswood, aluminum tubing, brass rods, evergreen, metal wire and materials from the art store, and generally not too expensive.
This might sound really weird but I also buy interesting looking PE sets when I see them on sale - the subject just doesn't matter. What's useful is the "box", "bracket" "mount" etc that aber, eduard, or voyager has thoughtfully crafted and I can get for cheap and use for something else...Turns out our pal Matt does the same...for the same reasons.
Hi Marcos - thanks the note - right back at you! I really like you work and always look for your builds!
Wow! how about that skyline!! beauty!
what?? = it's a backdrop??!! yes, a piece of reflective cardboard glued on another piece of cardboard - it does seem to basically work - except - I'd need a 36" x 42" at least to make it work...nah...nope - just too much of a hassle. But - I am pleased to see the concept works.
OK guys - thanks for having a look - this time, I'm calling it done!
Ah, proof that you can build amazing and expansive dioramas without a huge price tag! Those sound like wonderful discounts you got.
Thanks for the explanations, Nick! Great work!
Really great work, Nick. You should really consider publishing a book of your work. I'd buy it for sure.
Just amazing details on all aspects of the build .
How much did you have to pay the bee ? ........... such a cool coincidence while photoing , unless it's the bee pin off a bottle of Barenjager .
Hey Nick, having only just recovered my equilibrium after you posted the previous batch of stunners I'm back on the floor with this latest batch – mercy, gimme a break! I'm with Zon, when's the book coming out?
I think the tweeting guy just misunderstood an order to find the biggest drone around.
Anyhoo how's not-Blade Runner going?
Great work, Nick! Another really huge effort on your part and it shows, Brother. Congratulations on another masterpiece, man.
It looks awesome Nick. Great job. Whad did you use for the tractor hauling the tank transporter?
Hi guys -- thanks for taking some time to leave some good words. I'm glad I tried a bit harder to get some better images of this - - it took a lot of time to get it together!
Hi Peter - you know, I think these and I suppose most projects require some balance - between some good, high quality parts in key places, and if not used everywhere, some time and effort spent to get the other less fancy - to "demonstrate convincing realism" - I like that phrase. To Peter's root point - I'd go broke if ALL of the parts were coming as - is from shops - the scratch work is fun to do, and saves on the money!
Dave! - hi, it's been a while - nice to hear from you and thanks!
HI Nacho - thanks - yeah - it would have been pretty disappointing to not be able to figure out how to take some decent pics of this build!
As you can see above, I cut the drive axle portion of the chassis off, and inserted another drive axle, scratch built the chassis filler and, miraculously, was able to keep all six wheels touching the ground- The trailer was part of a Takom combo kit - I dint use the tractor because I never once saw a pic of it in region - hence, the commercial hauler.
Nick I'm just in awe!
The outdoor lighting is superior, IMHO, and as it happens a natural light source highlights everything, even the flaws and imperfections. But I fail to notice any w/ your dios. Everything seems balanced and easy to follow. Brilliant stuff man!
To consider that, just for example w/ the figures each individual unit had to be: the pose thought out, parts cobbled together, assembled, tweaked, filled, primed, touched up, painted, blended, wash rinse repeat etc etc over and over, then carefully positioned in the scene w/ consideration to other objects and figures. Really quite inspiring for me as well, as I always enjoy medium to large to ex-large dioramas full of goodies.
And these should be in published form, Zon is right about that.


Melanoma is an often deadly skin cancer. In fact, the American Cancer Society estimates that nearly ten thousand people will die from melanoma in 2017. In this Mayo Clinic Radio Health Minute, we hear from Dr. Svetomir Markovic about research into several new areas to combat this disease.


text:
package com.failurous.spring;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

import com.failurous.FailSender;

@Configuration("failurousConfiguration")
@ImportResource("classpath:/failurous-properties-config.xml")
public class FailurousConfiguration {

	private @Value("${failurous.server.address}") String serverAddress;
	private @Value("${failurous.api.key}") String apiKey;

	public @Bean FailSender failSender() {
		FailSender sender = new FailSender();
		sender.init(serverAddress, apiKey);
		return sender;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Cities in Future Days What Happens If Lights Go Out?
In the beginning of an eight-week series of essays about how technology is changing our residence, Jane Wakefield asks whether a city that is plugged into the Internet is vulnerable to hackers.
The nightmare scenario that has had government executives and city leaders biting their fingernails for decades has come true. Chicago is under attack by hackers.
The traffic lights have terminated to function, leaving streets in chaos. The city runs without electricity. It is in the hands of the hackers. If the scenario sounds far-fetched, you'd be right for now at least.
It is actually just an image from recently released video game named Watch Dogs, which features a near-future Chicago in which players control Aiden Pearce, a highly skilled hacker who can invade the urban operating system that is in charge of the infrastructure of the city.
But as cities become ever more connected to the Internet with sensors in everything, including the roads, traffic lights and even the bins, could it truly happen?
While researching the game, Ubisofts brand director, Thomas Geffroyd, was surprised by how easy it was to hack a city.
If hackers get to manipulate the traffic lights, chaos could happen next.
We discovered that there are lots of systems that have been in cities for 20 or 30 years, and they were installed without security in mind, he says.
If you find a weak point, you have access to everything, and it is really easy to hack into the system you simply use a search engine that looks for devices rather than web addresses and then use default passwords and logins to get in.
The worst case scenario, the city is without electricity and the traffic is at a standstill.
Click here for more IT news.


text:
Katherine Paterson's Happy or Unhappy Ending
Happiness seems different for all the characters, for Gilly happiness
isn't something she has been able to experience yet. This is due to
the fact she does not live with her mother and does not know her
mother very well. At the beginning Gilly is very unhappy. Moving from
one foster home to another is affecting her badly. She believes that
happiness is being with her mother, but her theory soon changes. Gilly
realises that being with her mother is not what she wants, being with
Maime Trotter however is. Gilly wants to leave Nonnie (Gillys
Grandmother) and move back with Maime Trotter. Happiness for William
Ernest and Maime Trotter is what they are living in now. Nonnie is
very happy when we meet her and she seems happy all the time. The
story has an intriguing plot. In the beginning, Gilly comes across as
a bully, but we soon see she is emotionally scarred and deep down a
lonely, sad girl. Her life with Trotter starts off badly, but they end
up getting on well. Gillys Nan introduces herself and secretly pays
Gillys mum to visit her. Gilly goes to live with Nonnie, but in the
end chapter tells Trotter she wants to come back.
Galadriel Hopkins is an unhappy child. Her need to know her mother is
very strong and takes over her life. When the story begins, Gilly is
very unhappy. She is eleven years old and unkempt. In the opening
chapter we see her first meeting Maime Trotter and her opinion of her
is not a nice one. Gilly thinks that the only way she can be happy is
to find her mother and live with her. As she does not live with her
mother she feels the need to rebel so that The Social Services will
send her to her mother. During the story, certain events affect...
...ings or people a
chance. Gilly didn't give William Ernest or Maime Trotter a chance,
she immediately thought they weren't up to her standards, but after a
while she realised they were just like her. My views of the characters
did change during the story. At the start, I really did not like
Gilly; I thought she was really mean and a horrible person. As the
book continued though, I realised she was a lonely, hurt person who
was rebellious for a reason. She needed love. I thought the ending was
a happy one because Gilly wants to come home rather than staying with
Nonnie and her mother. All those years she wanted to be with her
mother and when they actually met, she didn't like her. She just
wanted Maime Trotter. I do hope that Gilly goes back to live with
Maime Trotter, because I think that Maime Trotter is the only person
Gilly has ever loved in her life.
I Stand Here Ironing by Tilllie Olsen
Her mother loves her dearly, but was not able to provide her with a great life a child should have lived. Sadly, there was not enough weighing on their relationship her mother welcomed a new husband and more children. Emily seemed to be pushed farther from the entire family. As time goes on Emily grows up, her mother criticizes and blames herself for the distance between the relationships. It is causing tension in their already rocky relationship.
Free Essays - Achieving Understanding in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club
Her unwillingness to adapt to change becomes a major conflict. "Bite back your tongue"(89) her mother's harshness on her while growing up may have caused her lack of self-confidence foiled but assurance. Not only that caused her to resent her mother but the way she introduced her to perfect strangers, "This is my daughter Waver-ly Jong"(101) just to tell people or make reference to the TIME article on Waverly cause her to become upset.
Two Kinds By Amy Tan Character Analysis
Then when she started having all the yelling from her mom when she did not do something right she was not feeling the fun. Everything was not all happy when it came down to her being perfect liked her mom wanted her to be. Well one day Jing- mei did not want to go practice the piano and her mom did not like the word no! So Jing- mei got really upset and her mom tells her " too late to change this" (Tan 231). Jing- mei decided that she was not going to do what her mother wanted her to do.
Evaluation of Feelings of Love in Relationships
She intuitively knew that her mother did not posses some of the qualities she desired and this frustrated her. While at the end of the story, Beccah learns to feel love for her mother (given her tragic circumstances), it is clear that she was angered, frustrated, and embarrassed at times- and at some level wished she could have had a different parent.
The Stone Angel: Independance in Marriage
Her Auntie Doll was her only possible female role model in her life, but Hagar did not have much appreciation or respect for her. It seemed as though she was moving in on her mother's territory. Without a mother figure in her developing years, Hagar had to learn things for herself when it was not appropriate to talk about something with her father; this caused her to make more mistakes along the way. She holds a strong resentment towards other women, especially her mother. Hagar believes her mother was weak for dying during childbirth, in reality it was a situation entirely out of anyone's control.
The Ideal Parent
Sometimes children complain about their mothers, each wishing they could have different type of mom. The lives and situations of each mother were different, but in my opinion, both mothers were a bad model for parenting. "I Stand Here Ironing" by Tillie Olsen shows us a mother who is struggling through her own life and does not pay any attention to her daughter. The mother in this story happens to be the narrator, and we get the indication that she isn't a very good mother. To start, she was very young when she first had Emily.
Mother Daughter Relationship in I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen
In the beginning, while she is ironing, the mother of a nineteen-year-old girl reflects on her daughter's childhood. She is caught between feeling responsible for Emily's unhappy childhood and realizes that she was powerless in making her life better due to the lack of alternatives. As she is ironing, the mother remembers back to when her eldest daughter was an infant. She was a young, inexperienced mother who followed "like the books said" (204) and considered Emily to be "the first and only one of [her] five [children] that was beautiful at birth" (203). During the worst years of the Depression, her husband deserts the family leaving them to fend for themselves.
Like Water for Chocolate: Women of the De La Garza Family
Gertrudis leaves in the beginning which shows that she is bound to her family but doesn't want to be there she wants to do her own thing and lead her own life. I don't believe that Gertrudis pulls apart from any of her family. Rosaura is the weakest of them all, she is very jealous of her sister Tita and that is why she marries Pedro. Rosaura is also the most unhappy she isn't content with what she has so she feels the need to take away other people's happiness because of her ragging jealousy. Rosuara's dies with an illness and unhappiness and this shows her bitterness towards life.
An Analysis of the Mother in Tillie Olsen's Story, "I Stand Here Ironing"
Poor Emily received little attention when attention was needed, allowing us to condemn the mother for her actions. At the same time we understand her because in the past 19 years there were certain situations that they endured where she had no control, leaving her helpless. What we see in the mother from the beginning is guilt, guilt about neglecting Emily. After a concerned phone call about her daughter, anger caused by guilt buried within herself emerges "who needs help…you think because i am her mother I have a key...there is all that life that has happened outside of me, beyond me." The mother is defensive and outraged about this phone call at first but shortly after we see the guilt. We find ourselves asking why does she act this way and how is guilt associated with the way she acted?
Reflection About Cultural Identity
[She] hated the test, the raised hopes and failed expectations" (Tan 223). Because the narrator knows she isn't good at these things she is doing, rage started to grow inside of her. Parents tend to push their children into changing for the better. Children aren't appreciative of that and some rebel to show his or her parent that they don't want to change. Jing-mei expresses her dismay and reveals, "I won't let her change me, I promise myself, I won't be what I'm not" (Tan 223).
More about Katherine Paterson's Happy or Unhappy Ending


Here is the kicker though with all of that sin–we have to stop the cycles of sin. We can understand that God melts it away. We can be thankful for that. But part of that gratitude is RESPECT to God, and not adding more sin on top of more sin on top of more sin.
We cannot take advantage, we can not be entitled, we can not be irreverent. We can not think that we can battle sin with sin.
We must do the exact opposite of those things if we are to live in the joy that God promises. Otherwise we aren't truly saved from the despair of our own world, but just living on the edge between the two.
We must be grateful for every opportunity to act in love, be respectful of the joy and peace that can be so easily shattered, and try our hardest every day to battle sin with choices to love, be kind, be patient, to see our hearts.
Are you letting layers of sin build up? Are you holding them all together and saving them up? Are you adding to the layers each day?


text:
La monterita cinérea (Microspingus cinereus), también denominada dominiquí gris y blanco, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thraupidae perteneciente al género Microspingus, antes situada en Poospiza. Es endémica de Brasil.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye hacia el sur del interior de Brasil en los estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais y Distrito Federal. Puede estar extinta en los estados de Mato Grosso (sin registros desde 1904) y Mato Grosso do Sul (un registro en 1937). Se hicieron diversos nuevos registros en el noreste de São Paulo, oeste de Espírito Santo y suroeste de Río de Janeiro.

Esta especie es considerada rara y local en su hábitat natural: el cerrado y matorrales entre los 600 y los 1200 m de altitud.

Estado de conservación
La monterita cinérea era calificada como vulnerable hasta 2017 por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN) debido a la pérdida de hábitat, pero los registros de nuevas localidades y los indicios de que su población, estimada entre 6 000 a 15 000 individuos maduros, puede haber parado de declinar mientras puede estar expandiendo su zona de distribución hacia el este y sur tolerando áreas más degradadas de Mata Atlántica, hicieron con que sea recalificada como preocupación menor.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie M. cinereus fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francé Charles Lucien Bonaparte en 1850 bajo el nombre científico Poospiza cinerea; su localidad tipo es: «Minas Gerais, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Microspingus» se compone de las palabras griegas «μικρος mikros» que significa pequeño y «σπιγγος, σπιζα spingos» que es el nombre común del 'pinzón vulgar'; y el nombre de la especie «cinereus» en idioma latín significa «de color ceniza, ceniciento».

Taxonomía
Es monotípica, ya fue considerada conespecífica con Microspingus melanoleucus.

La presente especie, junto a otras seis, fueron tradicionalmente incluidas en el género Poospiza, hasta que en los años 2010, publicaciones de filogenias completas de grandes conjuntos de especies de la familia Thraupidae basadas en muestreos genéticos, permitieron comprobar que formaban un clado fuertemente soportado por los resultados encontrados, lejano al resto de las especies del género que integraban; para individualizarlo genéricamente, Burns et al. (2016) propusieron la resurrección del género Microspingus. El reconocimiento del género resucitado y la inclusión de especies fue aprobado en la Propuesta N° 730.14 al Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Microspingus cinereus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Poospiza cinerea en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de Microspingus cinereus en Wikiaves.

Aves endémicas de Brasil
cinerus
Animales descritos en 1851
Taxones descritos por Charles Lucien Bonaparte