So they "split" the search Radar unit into smaller one like in Throphy. That's good.. in previous Arena i see the centralized station is in risk of disabled by small arms fire.. which can lead to loss of function.
The fixed MMW radar elements could be made bullet resistent.
So Drozd = Blackbird and was tested in Afghanistan in the 1980s on the T-55AD.
The APS for T-95 is called "Standard", and the APS system for T-99 Armata is called "Afghanistan".
Other Soviet systems I have heard of include Rain, Shater, Barrier, and Arena and Drozd-2.
Looking at the new design the interception modules have been moved to four bins located around the turret... I rather suspect it should be able to handle multiple layers of munitions and would also be easier to reload than the old arrangement of munitions around the turret where fragments and small arms fire could damage them.
Equally the radar components are much smaller and likely more sophisticated and capable, while still offering full coverage.
The question of course is will they call it Arena 2 or just Arena because the first model did not get beyond tests.
The interesting thing is that Drozd, which preceeded Arena also had similar smaller MMW radar detection "boxes" around the turret, and the main change with Drozd 2 is it has larger heavier interception rockets that cover a wider angle.
So they have basically changed the large tower with MMW radar sensors to six small radar boxes on the turret with two forward, two back and two pointing sideways.
They have also removed the munitions from around the front edge of the turret to what appear to be four protected munition bins with two up relatively high to the rear and two mounted low where the turret front ERA ends.
In the pictures I have added to above the Blue Xs are the munitions bins, the Red Xs are MMW radar sensors, and the light blue small x shows the optical sensor that is part of Shtora (ie laser and IR sensor) for clarity.
Note I posted the original photos in case the big Xs made it hard to see clearly.
So they have changed the arrangement of the system... the question remains if the performance has also changed.
I would expect the radar technology has improved a lot, and the computer boxes inside the vehicle are much smaller, and perhaps better integrated into other systems like Shtora.
Questions I have include why are the munitions bins so tall... is it to allow extra layers of munitions to be loaded?
And of course can it deal with top attack weapons yet?
Obviously the greatest threat on the battlefield is RPG and RPG like weapons... simple and widely deployed, and therefore a common threat that is worth dealing with.
Good Post Garry my vote.
I think the current system is more modular and more resistance to complete failure and replacement should be easy depending which module gets damaged.
I prefer the old tower system. The higher the elevation the better the observation. A plug-in tower is more compact making it easier to remove and less likely to be damaged in a LOS attack. One hit might knock it out, but you can fix it far easier by plugging in a new tower than replacing damaged components that will likely have severed connections running around the surface of the hull.
I think this is perhaps for updating older models and I hope for the next gen of vehicles they have integrated Shtora, APS (Afghanistan), as well as the anti sniper laser optics system and anti sniper audio system together, so instead of a set of 6 MMW radar boxes around the turret that they integrate MMW radar and optics/IR/Laser and audio sensors.
I think the tower would be hard to camouflage, but could be designed to fold down if it was in addition to a turret based arrangement.
Obviously when moving the vehicle is less vulnerable to RPG attack, but I think that having both sensor arrangements might have some merit.
As Vlad points out the tower offers a better view, and adding other smaller more compact sensors could make it even more useful.
In fact if they redesigned it so that they had the 6 radar antenna only up on the tower and the electronics in an armoured box at the base the tower could be much more compact and harder to damage. Especially if the connections are very thin fibre optic cables.
I rather suspect the tower idea was rejected because it is large and blocks the view of the new commanders panoramic sight and RWS gun arrangement.
A smaller head on the tower is another way to fix this too.
Perhaps the munitions boxes are better armoured now? I don't know if it was ever considered a serious problem but I would imagine that they would be vulnerable to even small-arms fire.
From the electronic point of view you cannot have "extended" sensor suit from signal processing module. Radar systems are not like radios where you can have extended antena receiver and then lead the signal to the main unit via copper. In a MMW spectrum you ant to have signal processing unit as close to the transceiver as possible in order to minimize signal distortions. However having defence management unit separated and placed inside the hull is quite logical and very likely. Each of the MMW small radar unit having its controller can report to the main defense management using either wired or wireless connection and as Garry pointed out fibers today are quite small, very fast, resistive to electronic interference and generally very reliable in outside enviroments. So using fibers would be very logical option.
Regarding the new overall look of the Arena - i think the main purpose why they removed the big radar tower was to make the system less "noticable". When potential enemy strategist will look onto satelite images or UAV material they are less likely to notice this new Arena version - to be honest if it were not for the X's on the images it would take me a lot longer to notice those components. And here we have images of a model from very close distance. You can pretty much imagine Satellite images or UAV. When big changes make big difference it is ok.... when small changes makes big difference, it is outstanding. So the relative small size of the system might cause that the overall capabilities of the tank might be greatly underestimated, and this is probably one of the main goals. The ammo containers might be tall because there might be more vertically loaded ammunitions or single munition unit might have taller profile in order to "jump" higher and trigger a blast to disable top attack missile. As i know no missile have a 90 degrees descent upon targeted tank. They are all comming down in a like arround 60 degrees angle. This is well enough for a system like Arena to disable such attack. Oh and by the way the second image from the top looks like Drozd APS. Anyway while the new system might look less "mean" it might be much more capable. Lets see - do you have any info about the anti-sniper systems. I have seen hand held ones also bearing detectors based on sound profile but they were all either handheld or experimental systems.
I posted a thread on here about the binocular based system, which is a new development of an older system called PAPV from memory that weighed about 30kgs.
The new binocular anti optics system is fully operational and has already been used to protect Hugo Chavez at least once.
If they can fit the electronics into a pair of binoculars they can certainly fit them into the system like Shtora or Arena.
On another thread Mindstorm translated a part from Gur Khans blog where he stated the new APS system for Kurganets-25 can stop APFSDS rounds, which I presume is the system called Afghanistan being developed for armata et al.
Not only were the original munitions of ARENA not armoured they were spread around the entire lower lip of the turret making the vulnerable to damage. Moving them to armoured boxes should make them safer and potentially make reloading quicker and easier.
I would assume in high threat areas larger bins with more munitions could be fitted, both to the turret and perhaps the hull for a long stay dug in, say in a fire base.
I remember seeing an article some time back about a Ukrainian APS (I don't remember the specific system) test on a 125mm APFSDS round. It didn't completely destroy the penetrator but hit it hard enough to cause it to impact the armor at an angle, thus diverting the energy enough so that the round didn't breach the target. I doubt an IFV will have enough armor to stop the crippled penetrator though, it might be able to save an Armata from an otherwise lethal hit to the flank. Anyways, I find it amazing that they even have the capability to catch the "silver bullet".
Imagine how surprised that commander would be when he gets a solid hit on an Armata's side and his gunner says "That one bounced!".
You hit on an important point Zivo... just because a vehicle has an APS system it doesn't mean it will work perfectly every time, nor is there a guarantee it will be 100% successful either.
Quite often RPGs miss, or hit at a bad angle and don't penetrate as much armour as it says on the box.
Well today using MMW you can have very fast point precision, i would even go as far as to say they could design a "kinetic kill" APS. But ARENA isn't one as such... i think the problem with westerns APS like Iron Fist is that they did not take into account the possibility that a weapon can be fired onto a vehicle in salvo mode.
Meaning 2 and more missiles approaching. In this case ARENA have a much higher success of disabling them all as it is area effect defensive system, not a point precision one.
On the other hand however it has a drawback that it cannot be used in the vicitiny of friendly infantry units as it might injure friendly soldiers. But then again it might be perfectly used against ambush. And again to compensate this, i think it will hardly have much effect on APFSDS rounds - but i might be wrong. Depends on the explosive force. But i think that against APFSDS rounds the kinetic kill system would be the best bebcause the chance of diverting the penetrator from its original trajectory, in order to cause it to hit a angeled armour and ricochet is the most highest.
I believe that your doubt come from the fact that very few persons have the capability to clearly picture in theris minds how much residual penetrative potential retain an highly destabilized APFSDS's rod : barely sufficient at scratch a modern armour .
Interesting video, but there are some points worth discussing in detail. At 3:04, there are two clips simultaneously shown. The clip on top consists of 8 frames and shows a kinetic energy penetrator traveling in a strait path with an upward angle of attack of approximately 45 degrees with zero visible rotation occurring. The clip on the bottom consists of 7 frames and shows a KE penetrator traveling in a strait path with a 45 degree downward angle of attack with perhaps 5-10 degrees of rotation visible over the length of the clip. Neither video shows the actual interceptions. Due to the lack of significant rotation occurring in the frames, it can be concluded the rounds had to travel some distance after interception to reach the 45 degree angles shown in the clips, far beyond Iron Fist's usual protective envelope. The other clip that relates to KE penetrator interception starts at 3:00 and shows the actual Iron Fist round hitting and presumably completely destroying the KE penetrator mid flight. However, it should be noted that the interception point is clearly preplanned, as indicated by the black (+) on the concrete barrier in the background. Keep in mind these tests are all done in a controlled environment. It would be nice if someone could a least find a video of some of the full tests on KE rounds. Ultimately, this video does not show the successful interception and destruction of an APFSDS, but shows a successful advertising campaign.
Currently, there is no known APS that can track and engage a KE penetrator. Which is understandable as it's hard enough just to stop a Kornet traveling at ~600m/s, by comparison a APFSDS travels at 1500-1900m/s. I got my fingers crossed for the Afghanistan/ARENA 2 APS.
Regarding the damage, IMO intercepting and disrupting an APFSDS 45 degrees or completely destroying it outside a controlled environment is a near impossible feat, and this is the absolute BEST case scenario for reducing an APFSDS penetration. The big question is, with a realistically achievable 10-20 degrees of disruption, will a APFSDS penetrate an IFV from the frontal arc?
Iron fist is a single turret with two launch tubes?
What happens when you face a real enemy like the Tiger based Kornet?
It can fire two missiles from each launcher at a target, so with two launchers that means it can fire and control 4 missiles... if it spots a Merkava from say 6km range and first launches two missiles from one launcher and then waits 20-30 seconds and then fires two missiles from the other launcher what exactly is Trophy going to do about it?
Regarding the APFSDS spin... that might be a fin induced slow rate of spin to ensure the Sabot separates cleanly... when it gets hit by the blast from an interceptor it would rapidly lose that rotation inertia.
On the subject of APFSDS rounds they are like needles... they will puncture your skin very easily using the point, but sideways would be useless except against soft targets.
The big question is, with a realistically achievable 10-20 degrees of disruption, will a APFSDS penetrate an IFV from the frontal arc?
Hitting point on, the entire weight of the length of the projectile is concentrated on the point of the penetrator.
Change the angle by a few degrees and instead of a penetrating force, it becomes a shearing force that will snap the penetrator and likely shatter it.
I think that is not wise and even less useful attempt to twist empiric observation to cause it to meet a pre-existing hypothesis.
Neither video shows the actual interceptions. Due to the lack of significant rotation occurring in the frames, it can be concluded the rounds had to travel some distance after interception to reach the 45 degree angles shown in the clips, far beyond Iron Fist's usual protective envelope.
1) Significant reduction in rotation (admited that is was even visible on the compressed frames shown....) is a forced occurrence for any highly destabilized KE rod ,is sufficient to observe almost absent residual KE penetrator's gun induced rotation after ricochets (and here we talk of energy's order of magnitude several times greater than that involved in penetrating rod ricochets ).
2) I have the strange feeling that your strange deduction on the "virtual" range where the interception of the KE projectile happened is fruit of an easy misconception : very likely you have infered that an APFSDS with a speed at the gun's exit of 1500-1600 m/s would require a great amount of space to achieve similar type of AoA variation ; instead those type of explosive-generated ,yaw-forces-induced rod's destabilizations happen usually in time frames in the order of microseconds and spaces in the order of few cm (it is the rule for any oblique plates to penetrating rod's interactions in heavy ERA modules -all in 6-7 cm !!- or in new type of APS such as the Czech Explosively Formed Axem -EFA-).
Currently, there is no known APS that can track and engage a KE penetrator.
One more time : where come from this phantasy notion ?
Those days almost any modern APS show sensor and data processing capabilities to achieve a fire solution on offensive elements with virtual speed multiple times greater than today APFSDS shoot from 1500-2000 m. (the interception of an RPG shoot at 30 m require a much greater sensor responsiveness and data processing's speed than a tipical MBT APFSDS shoot) and the interceptors of almost all of them is capable to generate the energy necessary to reduce the residual penetrating potential of the most modern KE projectile to ridiculous levels.
The unique real problem with APS is COST , material and human - both for production and mantainement/logistic - , up to those days not considered enough profitable, in the balance with catastrophic menace event's probability , for order theirs mass induction on MBT and LAV , simple like that.
Yes ,usually is possible to mount an interceptor launcher on each of the two side of the LAV vehicles (or up to three in total on MBTs, two on the sides and another in the turret's center).
Against a concentrated attack with new the authomatic guided salvo capable Kornet-EM it would be obviously saturated but is important to point out that against several other ATGM ,in partiucular those with top-attack profiles (against which its interceptor numebers would be the double) or requiring active optical/TV guidance by part of the shooter and therefore uncapable of salvo attacks (such as the Israeli Spike-LR ) Iron-Fist would remain very efficient.
1) Significant reduction in rotation (admited that is was even visible on the compressed frames shown....) is a forced occurrence for any highly destabilized KE rod ,is sufficient to observe almost absent residual KE penetrator's gun induced rotation after ricochets (and here we talk of energy's order of magnitude several times greater than that involved in penetrating rod ricochets .
The problem with these 15 frames is that it does not prove that Iron Fist, or any other APS that works on similar principles can actually track and intercept a KE penetrator. What is shown is a destabilized KE penetrator flying at an extreme AOA, and the lack of damage it caused to the target in two still frames afterwards. Using the ~1.5ft KE penetrator as a scale, the distance the round travels ON camera is ~10ft. During those 10 ft, it rotates ~5-10 degrees. To reach the 45 degree AOA shown, it would take ~45-90ft respectively from the point it was initially destabilized to the point it hits the target. APS do not intercept rounds at anywhere near that distance.
IMO, they either mounted Iron Fist far in front of the target off camera, or placed an HE charge with an electronic timer on the path of the KE round and detonated it as the round passed over simply to demonstrate how ineffective a destabilized KE penetrator is. I think the guys in post processing were rather liberal with their narration.
Rafael also did a KE projectile demonstration, and they achieve a similar 10 degree AOA change over a 10ft distance, just as I estimated in the Iron Fist test. (See 1:31-1:37) https://youtu.be/62jzAupr044 Hopefully now you can see why I'm skeptical of IMI's test of their system at intercepting KE penetrators. Unfortunately from the Aspro-A test clip, it's impossible to tell if it was a true intercept or just a timed HE charge, at least in this we get to see the explosion. Rafael even says Aspro-A is in "advanced development against kinetic energy projectiles", which sounds like they mean in the near future it may be possible to intercept them.
instead those type of explosive-generated ,yaw-forces-induced rod's destabilizations happen usually in time frames in the order of microseconds and spaces in the order of few cm (it is the rule for any oblique plates to penetrating rod's interactions in heavy ERA modules -all in 6-7 cm !!
Apples and oranges. ERA and Active Protection Systems such as Aspro-A,ARENA,Iron Fist etc. work on completely different principles.
Thanks, I was trying to remember what that system was called. EFA, at least the heavy version does look promising at stopping KE projectiles. I mentioned it earlier, I guess it's Czech, not Ukrainian. But it is configured and operates much differently that the previously mentioned APS, it uses a rather large shaped charge to shatter the penetrator and a very narrow, highly precise sensor area to trigger it. The problem with it is that it doesn't have the coverage ARENA, Aspro-A, and Iron Fist offer. A combination of the systems in a multi-layered defensive suite would be best.
Sensor speed is just one element in the whole process of intercepting an incoming projectile. Even if you detect it, you still have to target it and destroy it, that's were I find systems configured like Aspro-A, ARENA, and Iron Fist to be lacking.
Find a video showing an interception of a KE penetrator similar to the RPG interception demonstration at the one minute mark of the Aspro-A video, that would definitely convince me it's possible to reliably defeat a KE round with this generation of APS. I like Show and Tell, but I get tired of all the tell and not enough show. If their APS can launch a projectile and destroy a KE round, why not film the process, why all the cropping and cutting?
Please Zino stop yourself now ,in your totally artificial doubt's spiral and absurd Don Quixote fight against the ,by now, well known and accepted achievements in this field by part of dozen of different scientific institutes around the globe and production companies your thesis become more and more fractured from reality.
Obviously the great part of the over axis AOA variation of a KE rod disturbed by an explosive charge in the class of Iron Fist happen in the fraction of second of its detonation ,after the penetrator continue near its existing inertial direction's vector at reduced speed and significantly reduced pace of AOA's variation until its impact with the LAV armour.
Rafael also did a KE projectile demonstration, and they achieve a similar 10 degree AOA change over a 10ft distance, just as I estimated in the Iron Fist test. (See 1:31-1:37) https://youtu.be/62jzAupr044 Hopefully now you can see why I'm skeptical of IMI's test of their system at intercepting KE penetrators.
Hopefully you can see how the same video you posted ,if that was even necessary ,reinforce even further what said in mine previous intervention.
Just in this video ,in fact is possible to see that, in spite of the very limited mass and the related tangential force exerted by those Trophy's intercepting elements ,the rod begin to lose nose stability at 1:33-1:34 and at end of 1.35 and 1:36 (in correspondence of the word "seen" and the target element in the background) exit ,to the right, from camera field of view with an AOA enormously changed .
And i repeat ,here we talk of a type of APS which like old Arena ,for the defeating mechanism used in the interception, shouldn't have, virtually, any chance to destabilize a MBT's APFSDS round !!!
Even if you detect it, you still have to target it and destroy it, that's were I find systems configured like Aspro-A, ARENA, and Iron Fist to be lacking.
Aspro-A and Arena, contrarily to Iron First, should have very limited capabilities to defeat an incoming KE projectile for the type of active element used in the interception , naturally theirs advantage is that, to the contrary of Iron Fist, them can intercept a greater number of menaces for aspect before becoming exausted.
During those 10 ft, it rotates ~5-10 degrees. To reach the 45 degree AOA shown, it would take ~45-90ft respectively from the point it was initially destabilized to the point it hits the target. APS do not intercept rounds at anywhere near that distance.
Angled armour has two effects... it increases the actual thickness of the armour the projectile needs to penetrate by angling the path so instead of crossing the street at 90 degrees from the footpath, you end up jay walking at an angle and have to cover a lot more "road" to get across. The other effect is that at shallow angles the penetrator can sometimes skip off like a pebble on a lake. The thing is that only full calibre penetrators will ricochet. A long slim dart like penetrator will gouge a trough and still try to penetrate.
The thing is however... if that dart like penetrator is not flying like a dart... if it hits at a sideways angle the tip wont get the push from behind it would get if it hit properly. The energy will be wasted, the tip will likely shear off and the shattered pieces of the penetrator will not penetrate.
The problem with these 15 frames is that it does not prove that Iron Fist, or any other APS that works on similar principles can actually track and intercept a KE penetrator.
I would say the opposite... the frames clearly show the APFSDS round being effected by the system, which means it not only tracked the incoming projectile but also managed to send out the interceptor rocket which detonated at the exact right place and time to disrupt the incoming projectile.
Radar signals travel at the speed of light which is plenty fast enough to go out and hit the incoming projectile and then return, be analysed, identified as a threat intercept path calculated turret aimed and fired.
I would suggest Arena would be better in its original form as it doesn't need to aim to fire its interception munition, and launching its munition up to fire fragments down in the path of the incoming threat it minimises the danger of nearby friendly forces because all the fragments end up in the ground.
ARENA was never designed to defeat APFSDS rounds, its design was to engage AT rockets and missiles on the battlefield, which in my opinion it should be perfectly capable of dealing with. It could already deal with top attack missiles like BILL and BILL 2, and for diving top attack weapons I personally think DIRCMs would be more efficient and effective, while Nakidka should deal with MMW radar guided top attack Hellfire and Brimstone.
As much as I appreciate your criticism, you still cannot present a video showing the tracking, interception, and defeat of a KE projectile. These manufacturers have proven multiple times on video, from multiple angles, that their systems are capable of defeating RPGs and ATGMs, both inside and outside a lab. This is an old trick that has been repeated ad nauseam, there is no dispute about this proven capability. What they haven't shown is that their systems can reliably defeat an APFSDS, and they don't have to, as they don't make that claim. They show through a series of clips that there are certain elements of their system that exhibit anti-APFSDS potential, but do not say their Active Protection System as a whole, can defeat a KE round, only that they have tested their systems against them.
If you want to interpret the test clips as confirmation that the APS is capable of intercepting and defeating APSFDS and claim it as fact, be my guest. In my opinion it would be incorrect to draw any conclusion about a system's capabilities based on these videos as we do not know the context, the objectives, how many variables had to be removed and how many times the process had to be repeated to get the results shown in these select tests. I guess I'm just more skeptical than you, and I'm not convinced that the clips demonstrate true anti-APFSDS capability.
I have found two manufacturers that specifically claim to have an APS with anti-APFSDS capabilities. SAAB, says there is an upgrade in development for their LEDS-150 that can defeat KE penetrators. SAAB's publications do not list APFSDS as a round the current version of LEDS-150 protects against, and makes no hint at KE protection. The other company is Explosia, with their EFA, and only when it is applied as an additional layer of protection to the glacis of an MBT, which has already been mentioned.
Agreed, the physics are all there. If a system can destabilize a APFSDS, it should offer a significant increase in protection against them.
No current APS was designed with the intent of defeating APFSDS. EFA could be the exception, but even that was focused more around removing the threat of the Explosively Formed Penetrators showing up in the hands of guerrilla fighters. The reason designers looked passed the KE threat is because, by far the largest killers of vehicles are not APFSDS, but RPGs and ATGMs.
The VDV demand for an anti-KE APS seems to be one of the best uses of a system. It would actually give their BMD's a fighting chance against armor. Regarding DIRCMs, they are already in service with the VVS on the President-S countermeasure suite. If the money is there, DIRCMs will probably be incorporated into Armata, Boomerang, etc. The goal of the Russian designers is to produce a modular and scalable defensive suite consisting of passive, detection, softkill, and hardkill systems. Then deploy the system across multiple platforms for a reasonable price. I'm sure over the next year or two, we will get to see a lot of these pieces coming together.
Don't think of an APFSDS round as some super thing.
The kinetic forces involved are enormous.
Have you ever used a hammer to hammer in nails?
Anyone knows that it is critical to get it straight and to hit it at the perfect angle.
Imagine if the hammer was hitting that nail at over 1km per second... more than three times the speed of sound. If it is flying straight it will penetrate even the steepest angle of armour plate. I have seen a photo where an APFSDS round has hit the roof of a tank at such a shallow angle there is a groove or trough of about 1m in length where the penetrator grazed the roof, and then it hit a raised part near the cuppola and it punched a neat hole where the armour was angled upwards.
When it hits and is stable then no angle of armour will deflect it when it is flying point forward.
If however it is not flying point forward it will snap like a twig and shatter when it hits the armour because the weight and energy is not concentrated uniformly on the tip of the penetrator so it has no penetration potential. Hitting side on means it will have very little penetration performance because the energy is spread out and it doesn't have 4-7kgs of penetrator mass driving it forward.
New penetrators often have multiple penetrators designed into the penetrator so if the front tip is cut off through ERA action then a follow up shaped tip can continue the penetration. Such a structure when destabilised and hitting at an angle of even just 10 degrees will cause the penetrators to shatter and separate... just like a nail would bend and flatten itself against the wood you are nailing.
This version should be more appealing towards customers vs the older towered ARENA system. Mainly because it is much easier to integrate on any vehicle and doesn't require the cassettes to be placed in a ring completely encircling the turret. The new cassette system is also simplistic in its design with very few moving parts, vs some of the other independently aimed APS on the market. The main problem is it still cannot defeat steep diving munitions which are becoming more numerous on the battlefield. Independently aimed APS should have no problem in doing so. Another problem this system may have is weight, it has a lot of large components on it, that might limit the types of vehicles it can be used on.
Despite some possible issues, this upgrade should make ARENA a competitive system, in its previous version it certainly wasn't.
I really don't think we know enough about the changes to the system to comment fairly.
With the old system there was pretty much an array of munitions that faced in a circle around the front of the turret. The fact that the munitions were side by side and faced outwards... each covering about 5 degrees or so, but presumably each munition that was launched up and directed its fragments to intercept the incoming threat actually covered a wider area than it was directed to, so that a threat launched from the same direction with the turret remaining pointed in the same direction and the vehicle stationary too, meant that several munitions could cover that single angle because the spray of fragments they generated overlapped by quite a margin.
With four launcher bins in the new model... do we assume that each munition covers an entire quadrant?
The shape of the bins suggests to me that some munitions could be fired at a lower angle to intercept further from the vehicle while others could be thrown upwards in a more vertical path.
The point is that they have decided to change the storage of the munitions to protected bins and to move the MMW sensors to separate locations around the turret... did they also take the time to redesign the munitions so that they could direct fragments upwards?


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text:
A glare is a facial expression showing disapproval, fierceness and/or hostility. Glaring, in some cultures is considered offensive. A glare may be induced by anger or frustration.

Visually, a glaring person tends to have their eyes fixed and heavily focused on a subject. This can sometimes be considered synonymous to staring but, in most of the cases, staring is caused due to curiosity and lasts only for a short duration, whereas glaring is caused due to contempt and lasts for a relatively longer duration.

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text:
package psi

import (
	"strconv"
	"time"

	"github.com/ziutek/dvb"
)

// TODO: Reconsider all descriptors decoding/encoding code. Goals:
// 1. Simple and orthogonal implementation.
// 2. Avoid allocations.

type ServiceType byte

const (
	ZeroServiceType                            = ServiceType(0x00)
	DigitalTelevisionService                   = ServiceType(0x01)
	DigitalRadioSoundService                   = ServiceType(0x02)
	TeletextService                            = ServiceType(0x03)
	NVODReferenceService                       = ServiceType(0x04)
	NVODTimeShiftedService                     = ServiceType(0x05)
	MosaicService                              = ServiceType(0x06)
	FMRadioService                             = ServiceType(0x07)
	DVBSRMService                              = ServiceType(0x08)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x09)
	AdvancedCodecDigitalRadioSoundService      = ServiceType(0x0a)
	AdvancedCodecMosaicService                 = ServiceType(0x0b)
	DataBroadcastService                       = ServiceType(0x0c)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x0d)
	RCSMapService                              = ServiceType(0x0e)
	RCSFLSService                              = ServiceType(0x0f)
	DVBMHPService                              = ServiceType(0x10)
	MPEG2HDDigitalTelevisionService            = ServiceType(0x11)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x12)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x13)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x14)
	_                                          = ServiceType(0x15)
	H264SDDigitalTelevisionService             = ServiceType(0x16)
	H264SDNVODTimeShiftedService               = ServiceType(0x17)
	H264SDNVODReferenceService                 = ServiceType(0x18)
	H264HDDigitalTelevisionService             = ServiceType(0x19)
	H264HDNVODTimeShiftedService               = ServiceType(0x1a)
	H264HDNVODReferenceService                 = ServiceType(0x1b)
	H264StereoscopicHDDigitalTelevisionService = ServiceType(0x1c)
	H264StereoscopicHDNVODTimeShiftedService   = ServiceType(0x1d)
	H264StereoscopicHDNVODReferenceService     = ServiceType(0x1e)
	H265DigitalTelevisionService               = ServiceType(0x1f)
)

var stn = []string{
	"digital television",
	"digital radio sound",
	"teletext",
	"NVOD reference",
	"NVOD time-shifted",
	"mosaic",
	"FM radio",
	"DVB SRM",
	"reserved",
	"advanced codec digital radio sound",
	"advanced codec mosaic",
	"data broadcast",
	"reserved",
	"RCS Map",
	"RCS FLS",
	"DVB MHP",
	"MPEG-2 HD digital television",
	"reserved",
	"reserved",
	"reserved",
	"reserved",
	"advanced codec SD digital television",
	"advanced codec SD NVOD time-shifted",
	"advanced codec SD NVOD reference",
	"advanced codec HD digital television",
	"advanced codec HD NVOD time-shifted",
	"advanced codec HD NVOD reference",
	"advanced codec frame compatible plano-stereoscopic HD digital television",
	"advanced codec frame compatible plano-stereoscopic HD NVOD time-shifted",
	"advanced codec frame compatible plano-stereoscopic HD NVOD reference",
	"high hfficiency codec digital television",
}

func (t ServiceType) String() string {
	if t == 0 || t == 0xff || t > H265DigitalTelevisionService && t <= 0x7F {
		return "reserved"
	}
	if t > 0x7F {
		return "user defined"
	}
	return stn[t-1]
}

type ServiceDescriptor struct {
	Type         ServiceType
	ProviderName []byte
	ServiceName  []byte
}

func ParseServiceDescriptor(d Descriptor) (sd ServiceDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != ServiceTag {
		return
	}
	data := d.Data()
	if len(data) < 2 {
		return
	}
	sd.Type = ServiceType(data[0])
	providerNameLen := data[1]
	data = data[2:]

	if len(data) < int(providerNameLen+1) {
		return
	}
	sd.ProviderName = data[:providerNameLen]
	serviceNameLen := data[providerNameLen]
	data = data[providerNameLen+1:]

	if len(data) < int(serviceNameLen) {
		return
	}
	sd.ServiceName = data[:serviceNameLen]

	ok = true
	return
}

func MakeServiceDescriptor(typ ServiceType, provider, service string) Descriptor {
	p := EncodeText(provider)
	s := EncodeText(service)
	d := MakeDescriptor(ServiceTag, 1+1+len(p)+1+len(s))
	data := d.Data()[:0]
	data = append(data, byte(typ))
	data = append(data, byte(len(p)))
	data = append(data, p...)
	data = append(data, byte(len(s)))
	data = append(data, s...)
	return d
}

type NetworkNameDescriptor []byte

func ParseNetworkNameDescriptor(d Descriptor) (nnd NetworkNameDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != NetworkNameTag {
		return
	}
	nnd = NetworkNameDescriptor(d.Data())
	ok = true
	return
}

func MakeNetworkNameDescriptor(netname string) Descriptor {
	nn := EncodeText(netname)
	d := MakeDescriptor(NetworkNameTag, len(nn))
	copy(d.Data(), nn)
	return d
}

type ServiceListDescriptor []byte

func ParseServiceListDescriptor(d Descriptor) (sld ServiceListDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != ServiceListTag {
		return
	}
	sld = ServiceListDescriptor(d.Data())
	ok = true
	return
}

// Pop returns first (sid, typ) pair from d. Remaining pairs are returned in rd.
// If there is no more pairs to read len(rd) == 0. If an error occurs rd = nil
func (d ServiceListDescriptor) Pop() (sid uint16, typ ServiceType, rd ServiceListDescriptor) {
	if len(d) < 3 {
		return
	}
	sid = decodeU16(d[0:2])
	typ = ServiceType(d[2])
	rd = d[3:]
	return
}

func (sld *ServiceListDescriptor) Append(sid uint16, typ ServiceType) {
	var el [3]byte
	encodeU16(el[0:2], sid)
	el[2] = byte(typ)
	*sld = append(*sld, el[:]...)
}

func (sld ServiceListDescriptor) MakeDescriptor() Descriptor {
	d := MakeDescriptor(ServiceListTag, len(sld))
	copy(d.Data(), sld)
	return d
}

type TerrestrialDeliverySystemDescriptor struct {
	Freq          int64 // center frequency [Hz]
	Bandwidth     int   // bandwidth [Hz]
	HighPrio      bool
	TimeSlicing   bool
	MPEFEC        bool
	Constellation dvb.Modulation
	Hierarchy     dvb.Hierarchy
	CodeRateHP    dvb.CodeRate
	CodeRateLP    dvb.CodeRate
	Guard         dvb.Guard
	TxMode        dvb.TxMode
	OtherFreq     bool
}

func (tds TerrestrialDeliverySystemDescriptor) Bitrate() int64 {
	bitrate := 54e6 * int64(tds.Bandwidth) / 8e6
	switch tds.CodeRateHP {
	case dvb.FEC12:
		bitrate = bitrate * 1 / 2
	case dvb.FEC23:
		bitrate = bitrate * 2 / 3
	case dvb.FEC34:
		bitrate = bitrate * 3 / 4
	case dvb.FEC45:
		bitrate = bitrate * 4 / 5
	case dvb.FEC56:
		bitrate = bitrate * 5 / 6
	case dvb.FEC67:
		bitrate = bitrate * 6 / 7
	case dvb.FEC78:
		bitrate = bitrate * 7 / 8
	default:
		bitrate = 0
	}
	switch tds.Constellation {
	case dvb.QPSK:
		bitrate = bitrate * 2 / 8
	case dvb.QAM16:
		bitrate = bitrate * 4 / 8
	case dvb.QAM32:
		bitrate = bitrate * 5 / 8
	case dvb.QAM64:
		bitrate = bitrate * 6 / 8
	case dvb.QAM128:
		bitrate = bitrate * 7 / 8
	case dvb.QAM256:
		bitrate = bitrate * 8 / 8
	default:
		bitrate = 0
	}
	switch tds.Guard {
	case dvb.Guard32:
		bitrate = bitrate * 32 / 33
	case dvb.Guard16:
		bitrate = bitrate * 16 / 17
	case dvb.Guard8:
		bitrate = bitrate * 8 / 9
	case dvb.Guard4:
		bitrate = bitrate * 4 / 5
	default:
		bitrate = 0
	}
	return bitrate * 188 / 204
}

func decodeCodeRate(b byte) dvb.CodeRate {
	switch b {
	case 0:
		return dvb.FEC12
	case 1:
		return dvb.FEC23
	case 2:
		return dvb.FEC34
	case 3:
		return dvb.FEC56
	case 4:
		return dvb.FEC78
	case 5, 6:
		return dvb.FECAuto

	}
	return dvb.FECNone
}

func ParseTerrestrialDeliverySystemDescriptor(d Descriptor) (tds TerrestrialDeliverySystemDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != TerrestrialDeliverySystemTag {
		return
	}
	data := d.Data()
	if len(data) < 11 {
		return
	}
	tds.Freq = int64(decodeU32(data[0:4])) * 10
	switch data[4] >> 5 {
	case 0:
		tds.Bandwidth = 8e6
	case 1:
		tds.Bandwidth = 7e6
	case 2:
		tds.Bandwidth = 6e6
	case 3:
		tds.Bandwidth = 5e6
	default:
		return
	}
	tds.HighPrio = data[4]&0x10 != 0
	tds.TimeSlicing = data[4]&0x08 == 0
	tds.MPEFEC = data[4]&0x04 == 0
	switch data[5] >> 6 {
	case 0:
		tds.Constellation = dvb.QPSK
	case 1:
		tds.Constellation = dvb.QAM16
	case 2:
		tds.Constellation = dvb.QAM64
	default:
		return
	}
	tds.Hierarchy = dvb.Hierarchy((data[5] >> 3) & 0x07)
	if tds.Hierarchy > dvb.Hierarchy4 {
		return
	}
	tds.CodeRateHP = decodeCodeRate(data[5] & 0x07)
	if tds.CodeRateHP == dvb.FECAuto || tds.CodeRateHP == dvb.FECNone {
		return
	}
	tds.CodeRateLP = decodeCodeRate(data[6] >> 5)
	if tds.CodeRateLP == dvb.FECAuto {
		return
	}
	tds.Guard = dvb.Guard((data[6] >> 3) & 0x03)
	tds.TxMode = dvb.TxMode((data[6] >> 1) & 0x03)
	if tds.TxMode > dvb.TxMode8k {
		return
	}
	tds.OtherFreq = data[6]&0x01 != 0
	ok = true
	return
}

func encodeCodeRate(fec dvb.CodeRate) byte {
	switch fec {
	case dvb.FEC12:
		return 0
	case dvb.FEC23:
		return 1
	case dvb.FEC34:
		return 2
	case dvb.FEC56:
		return 3
	case dvb.FEC78:
		return 4
	}
	return 7
}

func (tds TerrestrialDeliverySystemDescriptor) MakeDescriptor() Descriptor {
	d := MakeDescriptor(TerrestrialDeliverySystemTag, 11)
	data := d.Data()
	encodeU32(data[0:4], uint32((tds.Freq+5)/10))
	var b byte
	switch tds.Bandwidth {
	case 8e6:
		b = 0 << 5
	case 7e6:
		b = 1 << 5
	case 6e6:
		b = 2 << 5
	case 5e6:
		b = 3 << 5
	default: // Unknown
		b = 7 << 5
	}
	if tds.HighPrio || tds.Hierarchy == dvb.HierarchyNone {
		b |= 0x10
	}
	if !tds.TimeSlicing {
		b |= 0x08
	}
	if !tds.MPEFEC {
		b |= 0x04
	}
	b |= 0x03 // Reserved
	data[4] = b
	switch tds.Constellation {
	case dvb.QPSK:
		b = 0 << 6
	case dvb.QAM16:
		b = 1 << 6
	case dvb.QAM64:
		b = 2 << 6
	default: // Unknown
		b = 3 << 6
	}
	b |= byte(tds.Hierarchy&0x07) << 3
	b |= encodeCodeRate(tds.CodeRateHP)
	data[5] = b
	b = encodeCodeRate(tds.CodeRateLP) << 5
	b |= byte(tds.Guard&0x03) << 3
	b |= byte(tds.TxMode&0x03) << 1
	if tds.OtherFreq {
		b |= 0x01
	}
	data[6] = b
	// Reserved
	data[7] = 0xff
	data[8] = 0xff
	data[9] = 0xff
	data[10] = 0xff
	return d
}

type CAS uint16

var casn = map[CAS]string{
	0x0100: "Mediaguard",

	0x0b00: "Conax",
	0x0b01: "Conax",
	0x0b02: "Conax",
	0x0b03: "Conax",
	0x0b04: "Conax",
	0x0b05: "Conax",
	0x0b06: "Conax",
	0x0b07: "Conax",
	0x0baa: "Conax",

	0x0d00: "Cryptoworks",
	0x0d02: "Cryptoworks",
	0x0d03: "Cryptoworks",
	0x0d05: "Cryptoworks",
	0x0d07: "Cryptoworks",
	0x0d20: "Cryptoworks",

	0x0500: "Viaccess",

	0x0602: "Irdeto",
	0x0604: "Irdeto",
	0x0606: "Irdeto",
	0x0608: "Irdeto",
	0x0622: "Irdeto",
	0x0626: "Irdeto",
	0x0664: "Irdeto",
	0x0614: "Irdeto",
	0x0692: "Irdeto",

	0x0911: "Videoguard",
	0x0919: "Videoguard",
	0x0960: "Videoguard",
	0x0961: "Videoguard",
	0x093b: "Videoguard",
	0x0963: "Videoguard",
	0x09AC: "Videoguard",
	0x0927: "Videoguard",

	0x0700: "DigiCipher2",

	0x0E00: "PowerVu",

	0x1702: "Nagravision",
	0x1722: "Nagravision",
	0x1762: "Nagravision",
	0x1800: "Nagravision",
	0x1801: "Nagravision",
	0x1810: "Nagravision",
	0x1830: "Nagravision",

	0x4AEA: "Cryptoguard",
}

func (cas CAS) String() string {
	name := casn[cas]
	s := strconv.FormatUint(uint64(cas), 16)
	if name == "" {
		return s
	}
	return name + "(" + s + ")"
}

type CADescriptor struct {
	Sys CAS
	Pid int16
}

func ParseCADescriptor(d Descriptor) (cad CADescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != CATag {
		return
	}
	data := d.Data()
	if len(data) < 4 {
		return
	}
	cad.Sys = CAS(decodeU16(data[0:2]))
	cad.Pid = int16(decodeU16(data[2:4]) & 0x1fff)
	ok = true
	return
}

type ISO639LangDescriptor []byte

func ParseISO639LangDescriptor(d Descriptor) (ld ISO639LangDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != ISO639LangTag {
		return
	}
	return ISO639LangDescriptor(d.Data()), true
}

type AudioType byte

const (
	UndefinedAudio AudioType = iota
	CleanEffectsAudio
	HearingImpairedAudio
	VisualImpairedCommentaryAudio
)

var atn = []string{
	"undefined",
	"clean effects",
	"hearing impaired",
	"visual impaired commentary",
}

func (t AudioType) String() string {
	if t > VisualImpairedCommentaryAudio {
		return "reserved"
	}
	return atn[t]
}

type ISO639LangCode uint32

// Pop returns first (lc, at) pair from d. Remaining pairs are returned in rd.
// If there is no more pairs to read len(rd) == 0. If an error occurs rd = nil
func (d ISO639LangDescriptor) Pop() (lc ISO639LangCode, at AudioType, rd ISO639LangDescriptor) {
	if len(d) < 4 {
		return
	}
	lc = ISO639LangCode(decodeU24(d[0:3]))
	at = AudioType(d[3])
	rd = d[4:]
	return
}

type StreamIdentifierDescriptor byte

func ParseStreamIdentifierDescriptor(d Descriptor) (sid StreamIdentifierDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != StreamIdentifierTag {
		return
	}
	data := d.Data()
	if len(data) != 1 {
		return
	}
	return StreamIdentifierDescriptor(data[0]), true
}

type LogicalChannelDescriptor []byte

func ParseLogicalChannelDescriptor(d Descriptor) (lcd LogicalChannelDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != LogicalChannelTag {
		return
	}
	return LogicalChannelDescriptor(d.Data()), true
}

type LogicalChannelInfo struct {
	Sid     uint16 // Program Id
	LCN     int16  // Logical Channel Number
	Visible bool   // Should be visible on program list?
}

// Pop returns first LogicalChannelInfo from d. Remaining infos are returned in
// rd. If there is no more infos to read len(rd) == 0. If an error occurs
// rd = nil.
func (d LogicalChannelDescriptor) Pop() (lci LogicalChannelInfo, rd LogicalChannelDescriptor) {
	if len(d) < 4 {
		return
	}
	lci.Sid = decodeU16(d[0:2])
	lci.Visible = d[2]&0x80 != 0
	lci.LCN = int16(decodeU16(d[2:4]) & 0x03ff)
	rd = d[4:]
	return
}

func (lcd *LogicalChannelDescriptor) Append(lci LogicalChannelInfo) {
	var el [4]byte
	encodeU16(el[0:2], lci.Sid)
	encodeU16(el[2:4], uint16(lci.LCN)|0xfc00)
	if !lci.Visible {
		el[2] &^= 0x80
	}
	*lcd = append(*lcd, el[:]...)
}

func (lcd LogicalChannelDescriptor) MakeDescriptor() Descriptor {
	d := MakeDescriptor(LogicalChannelTag, len(lcd))
	copy(d.Data(), lcd)
	return d
}

func ParsePrivateDataSpecifier(d Descriptor) (pds uint32, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != PrivateDataSpecifierTag {
		return
	}
	data := d.Data()
	if len(data) != 4 {
		return
	}
	pds = decodeU32(data)
	return
}

func MakePrivateDataSpecifierDescriptor(pds uint32) Descriptor {
	d := MakeDescriptor(PrivateDataSpecifierTag, 4)
	encodeU32(d.Data(), pds)
	return d
}

type LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor []byte

func ParseLocalTimeOffsetDescriptor(d Descriptor) (tod LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor, ok bool) {
	if d.Tag() != LocalTimeOffsetTag {
		return
	}
	return LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor(d.Data()), true
}

type LocalTimeOffset struct {
	Country      [3]byte   // ISO 3166 country identifier.
	Region       byte      // Region number in the country (6-bit).
	Offset       int       // Seconds east of UTC.
	TimeOfChange time.Time // Date and time (UTC) when the next time change.
	NextOffset   int       // Next offset (seconds east of UTC).
}

// Pop returns first LocalTimeOffset from d. Remaining offsets are returned in
// rd. If there is no more data to read len(rd) == 0. If an error occurs
// rd = nil.
func (d LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor) Pop() (lto LocalTimeOffset, rd LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor) {
	if len(d) < 13 {
		rd = nil
		return
	}
	rd = d[13:]
	copy(lto.Country[:], d)
	lto.Region = d[3] >> 2
	neg := d[3]&1 != 0
	lto.Offset = decodeBCD(d[4])*3600 + decodeBCD(d[5])*60
	if neg {
		lto.Offset = -lto.Offset
	}
	var err error
	lto.TimeOfChange, err = decodeMJDUTC(d[6:11])
	if err != nil {
		rd = nil
		return
	}
	lto.NextOffset = decodeBCD(d[11])*3600 + decodeBCD(d[12])*60
	if neg {
		lto.NextOffset = -lto.NextOffset
	}
	return
}

// MakeLocalTimeOffsetDescriptor makes descriptor suitable for n time offsets.
func MakeLocalTimeOffsetDescriptor(n int) LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor {
	return make(LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor, n*13)
}

// Update updates n-th time ofset in d.
func (d LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor) Set(n int, lto LocalTimeOffset) {
	buf := d[n*13 : (n+1)*13]
	copy(buf[:3], lto.Country[:])
	buf[3] = lto.Region<<2 | 2
	if lto.Offset < 0 {
		buf[3] |= 1
	}
	min := (lto.Offset + 30) / 60
	buf[4] = encodeBCD(min / 60)
	buf[5] = encodeBCD(min % 60)
	encodeMJDUTC(buf[6:11], lto.TimeOfChange)
	min = (lto.NextOffset + 30) / 60
	buf[11] = encodeBCD(min / 60)
	buf[12] = encodeBCD(min % 60)
}

func (lto LocalTimeOffsetDescriptor) MakeDescriptor() Descriptor {
	d := MakeDescriptor(LocalTimeOffsetTag, len(lto))
	copy(d.Data(), lto)
	return d
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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When I was 19 and having a breast reduction, babies and breastfeeding weren't on my mind…

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Barr, Comer, Rogers are signatories on letter to Trump
Hundreds of Senators, Representatives ask Trump to direct advertising to help local media outlets during COVID-19
By Paul J. Boyle, News Media Alliance | Read more
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that when we face our largest challenges, one of our greatest needs is access to reliable news and information.
Representatives and Senators on both sides of the aisle on Capitol Hill have expressed support for the public service role that is being played by local newspapers and broadcasters in their districts and states. Last week, Members of Congress sent two separate letters that encouraged the Trump Administration to direct existing government advertising campaigns to local newspapers and broadcasters.
Kentucky Representatives signing the letter were Reps. James Comer, Andy Barr and Hal Rogers. Neither U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell nor Rand Paul signed the U.S. Senate version of the letter.
The first letter, organized by Reps. Dingell (D-MI), Upton (R-MI), Flores (R-TX) and Veasey (D-TX), was signed by over 240 members of the House of Representatives.
Lawmakers said in the letter, "To get America moving again and strengthen our communities in the midst of this evolving crisis, we must be creative and use all available tools. Advertising plays an incredible role in local economies, and its importance to the sustainability of local broadcast stations and newspapers cannot be overstated."


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Raúl Fernández Pavón, né le  à Brenes, est un athlète espagnol, spécialiste du saut en longueur.

Biographie
Il se classe deuxième des Championnats du monde juniors de 1996, à Sydney, derrière l'Ukrainien Oleksiy Lukashevych, et obtient une nouvelle médaille d'argent lors des Championnats d'Europe juniors de 1997.

En 2002, Raúl Fernández remporte le titre des Championnats d'Europe en salle de Vienne, en Autriche, en établissant la meilleure performance de sa carrière avec la marque de . Il devance son compatriote Yago Lamela et le Bulgare Petar Datchev.

Son record personnel en plein air, établi le  à Monachil, est de .

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sauteur en longueur espagnol
Champion d'Europe d'athlétisme en salle
Naissance en mars 1978
Naissance dans la province de Séville


Welcome to Bamboo Flooring Facts, where we discuss the pros and cons of bamboo flooring. Unlike many of our competitors who only offer overseas manufacturers warranties, rest assured we stand by our bamboo floors and are obliging to assist you if your flooring has any issues after installation, providing you are the original purchaser and owner of the property where it has been installed.
According to Tom Godfrey, spokesman for consumer organisation CHOICE, bamboo is hard-wearing, durable, easy to clean, and uses low embodied energy." The latter refers to the total energy used to produce the flooring. While there's over 1200 different species of bamboo, bamboo flooring is generally constructed from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Bamboo floorboards are more durable than timber flooring and less likely to dent than laminate. To help minimize moisture content transfer from the concrete slab into bamboo flooring, a moisture barrier should be applied.
Durable and eco-friendly, our floors combine the durability of strand woven bamboo with the easy installation of a floating floor. If you would like any more information on our range or bamboo flooring prices available, please don't hesitate to contact us. This website is easily navigable and contains oodles of essential factoids that will help you make your flooring decision.


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Q: Facebook OAuth redirect_uri to page tab error I am following this tutorial http://developers.facebook.com/docs/appsonfacebook/tutorial/
and specifically at this part of code
 $app_id = "YOUR_APP_ID";

 $canvas_page = "YOUR_CANVAS_PAGE_URL";

 $auth_url = "http://www.facebook.com/dialog/oauth?client_id="
        . $app_id . "&redirect_uri=" . urlencode($canvas_page);

When I enter $canvas_page as
$canvas_page = "http://www.facebook.com/PAGE_NAME/app_APP_ID/"

I get an "Error occured. Try again Later"
If I enter Canvas Page Url instead, it shows the canvas page correctly but I do not want that.
I am sure that it was working last week, so I do not know what is wrong now.

A: For me the problem was the GET request, somehow it seems facebook asks for the GET parameter, I will show you what I mean:
I had this:
uri = "http://www.facebook.com/pagename/app_appId";

When I changed it to the below it started working:
uri = "http://www.facebook.com/pagename/?sk=app_appId";

Hope this helps someone as it helped me.

A: According to the docs, this should work - https://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/pagetab/
What won't work is redirecting directly from Canvas App -> Auth Dialog -> Page Tab
but Page Tab -> Auth Dialog -> Page Tab should work fine with that documentation

A: What was previously working was this
$canvas_page="http://www.facebook.com/pages/PAGE_NAME/PAGE_ID?sk=app_APP_ID"

but since I changed the app to a namespace I had to do something like this:
$canvas_page="http://apps.facebook.com/APP_NAMESPACE/"

and it now shows up correctly without error

A: In the app settings, try put TAB URL in:
app on facebook -> canvas URL
In the secure URL too
Put in here WITH Slash at the end, BUT in your REDIRECTION put WITHOUT slash at the end.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Flat to choppy water. Shallow for about 50m.
Tiny beach, small grassy rigging area. Trees along the shoreline.
Continental weather. It is necessary to wear a wetsuit all year.
Only good with Easterlies, which are rare.
By car to the Lake Starnberg, then along the west side of the lake until you reach Feldafing. Find the golf course and cross it to get to the water.


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greensboro (n.c.) -- history -- 20th century (195)
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ymca of the usa (149)
home economics -- accounting -- periodicals (63)
greensboro (n.c.) -- race relations (35)
segregation in education -- united states (32)
university of north carolina at greensboro (30)
general perspectives on race relations (29)
protest movements -- united states (28)
greensboro sit-ins, greensboro, n.c., 1960 (27)
application forms (4)
cc015 hayes-taylor ymca archives (149)
government documents collection (uncg university libraries) (82)
rl.00207 william henry chafe oral history collection (38)
oh001 greensboro voices collection (35)
oh006 preserving our history: rotary club of greensboro (15)
oh003 uncg centennial oral history project (9)
wv0327 laura avis gibson papers (7)
home economics pamphlets collection [general] (6)
ua9.2 school of music performances -- programs and recordings, 1917-2007 (6)
cone 10081 robert l. phillips collection, 1890s-2003 (6)
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: Industries
Greensboro 1808-1941: A brief history
Textiles, Teachers, and Troops Contextual Essays
Oral history interview with Laura Gibson, 2005
WV0327 Laura Avis Gibson Papers
Primarily details Laura Avis Gibson's service with the Coast Guard during World War II, in addition to her youth on a farm and her work at Burlington Industries.
Gibson briefly recalls her childhood on a farm in Randolph County and then...
Family Economics Review [1987, Number 2]
Blind Strike May Drag On
MSS141 Clarence Lee Harris Papers, circa 1916-1997
In this Greensboro Daily News article, W.K. Lee Jr. reports on a strike by employees at the Industries of the Blind in Greensboro. Lee notes that only two of the forty-three strikers are white, and says many black leaders feel "inaction on the...
A brief survey of textile mill companies in Greensboro
Family Economics Review [1988, Volume 1, Number 2]
Oral history interview with Nancy Riddle Hinchliffe, 1999
WV0064 Nancy Riddle Hinchliffe Papers
Primarily documents Nancy Riddle Hinchliffe's service in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) during World War II, particularly her time in the European Theatre of Operation in 1944 and 1945.
Hinchliffe briefly discusses her life before the...
The Greensboro patriot [January 10, 1894]
The Greensboro Patriot
The January 10, 1894, issue of The Greensboro Patriot, a newspaper published in Greensboro, N.C. by W.M. Barber & Co..
The January 21, 1918, issue of The Greensboro Patriot, a newspaper published in Greensboro, N.C. by W.I. Underwood.
Greensboro business action report [March 10, 1972]
General Collection (UNCG University Libraries)
The March 10, 1972 issue of Greensboro business action report, the official publication of the Greensboro Chamber of Commerce.
Oral history interview with Don Hughes, 2011
OH006 Preserving Our History: Rotary Club of Greensboro
Don Hughes was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and spent much of his youth in the area. After serving in the Navy from 1946 to 1950, Hughes attended Harvard. He continued at Harvard, earning a degree from Harvard Business School, before joining...
Oral History Interview with Al Lineberry by William Chafe
RL.00207 William Henry Chafe Oral History Collection
This December 17, 1974, oral history interview conducted by William Chafe with Al Lineberry primarily documents Lineberry's activities on the Greensboro school board and Chamber of Commerce during the controversy over school integration in the late...
The Greensboro patriot [April 1, 1896]
The April 1, 1896, issue of The Greensboro Patriot, a newspaper published in Greensboro, N.C. by W.M. Barber & Co..
[Articles from The morning post newspaper]
North Carolina Vertical File Collection (UNCG University Libraries)
Includes the original name of North Carolina Agricultural and Technology State University as it was known as Agricultural and Mechanical College for Colored Race. This issue mentions the names of the officers and faculty of the college, description...
Greensboro business action report [October 25, 1971]
The October 25, 1971 issue of Greensboro business action report, the official publication of the Greensboro Chamber of Commerce.


Today's Office 365 post was written by Timothy Harris, vice president of global IT shared services at Mylan, a global pharmaceutical company.
In information technology, it's tempting to be wowed by a new product or swayed by a charismatic salesperson. But if I'm doing my job well, I actually look beyond the technology itself. I stay focused on solving my company's business problems. For example, Mylan has been growing so quickly that we've found it difficult to establish a cohesive technology suite for our geographically distributed workforce.
In the past several years, we've acquired new business units that expanded our capacity to produce life-saving pharmaceuticals, but they also created an IT environment with lots of overlapping products that confused users and made it challenging to work together, especially across business units. In response, our CEO sponsored the Connect, Collaborate, Communicate initiative to help us become a more unified organization—one that reached out to our internal knowledge base to improve operations and that shared best practices across the board. Those of us within IT needed to find and deploy technologies that would fully support this unification effort. Rather than looking at separate tools, we wanted a platform that provided comprehensive capabilities and a consistent experience for all Mylan employees.
We established and now follow three guiding principles: buy instead of build, keep our number of technology vendors to a minimum, and look at the cloud first. Why a cloud-first strategy? We believe that the cloud brings agility to the business, plus the ability to scale. In addition, nearly every one of our cloud migrations ends up with a lower total cost of ownership five years down the line.
Like any good business, we did our due diligence when choosing a cloud services provider. We looked at Google, but we felt that it would have added complexity without answering our business needs. For example, we saw that Google Docs just wasn't robust enough to replace the Microsoft Office suite, which we use heavily throughout the company. So we still would have needed Office if we'd selected Google cloud services. We work hard to avoid that kind of overlap in functionality and the confusion it causes for employees on which solutions to use when. With Microsoft Office 365, we found the platform we were looking for.
We've already migrated our messaging system to Office 365, deployed a new telephony system, and started to standardize our Microsoft Office suite on Office 365 ProPlus. We're device agnostic, so we appreciate how easy Office 365 ProPlus makes it for us to securely connect almost any employee device. Next, we'll extend our adoption to include cloud-based document storage and document collaboration capabilities.
As our Office 365 usage expands, we'll continue to increase productivity simply because it's easier to connect with one another. For example, we use a follow-the-sun approach to research and development (R&D). R&D staff members in our Pennsylvania and India offices collaborate more closely and continually now that they have the presence functionality in Microsoft Skype for Business to see who's available to work through an issue. A quick instant message exchange might get the question answered and the research back on track. Furthermore, someone may launch a call or videoconference to address more complex problems. Whatever the method, with these tools, we're augmenting our pharmaceutical development process. In fact, we anticipate that our employees will be able to travel less because the communications capabilities now open to them make it easier to work together virtually. In the past, employees found our videoconferencing so complicated to set up that many groups just continued to hold physical meetings with printed presentations. But now that they can fire up a Skype meeting with a single click, employees meet virtually and share screens, which saves both time and paper.
Our move to Office 365 definitely helps us get new employees up and running more quickly, both when we acquire whole business units and when we hire new employees individually. This has made us more nimble and scalable as a company, which has reduced our costs for messaging and conferencing alone by half. When we take advantage of the other collaboration and storage capabilities, our cost savings will keep increasing.
Along with shifting our IT financial investment from servers and storage to cloud capacity, we're shifting our staffing priorities, too. We no longer have to worry about system administration or hardware procurement. Instead, we're investing our IT dollars in strategic projects that make a difference to our core business, such as exploring enterprise applications to automate our pharmaceutical factories and ensure data integrity. By adopting Office 365, we're making a positive difference in our ability to grow and make greater strides in our pursuit of better healthcare around the globe.


The following is the second installment in a three-part excerpt from "One Person Acted and Everything Changed," a book that chronicles ten accounts of extraordinary people who risked everything to change the world.
ouie Psihoyos' growing appreciation for the urgency of this crisis and his decision to launch the Oceanic Preservation Society (OPS) came from a convergence of events. At one point, he shot a photo essay for Fortune Magazine featuring Jim Clark, a computer genius and entrepreneur who became a billionaire by founding several Silicon Valley technology firms. The two became friends and then diving buddies, eventually teaming up to do underwater photography at dive locations around the world. Over the years they began to notice that each time they returned to a diving location, they would see far fewer fish. One of those locations was the Galapagos Islands, where they also observed fishermen poaching sharks in a marine sanctuary.
Psihoyos agreed. He looked at Jim seriously, and asked, "What about you and me? We can use your money and my eye, and we can make films to expose the destruction going on in our oceans." In that moment, a partnership was born.
For Psihoyos, it was a huge and risky departure, both personally and financially, moving from a life as a still photographer to a life as an activist producer of documentaries. Exposing illegal activities can be dangerous, especially when big money is involved, and it's often as dangerous to expose legal ones. Yet, in his view, the stakes of not doing so were far beyond reason. He felt he had a moral imperative to let the world know what was happening and a responsibility to motivate as many people as possible to change it.
Their partnership took form in 2005 when Clark bankrolled the startup of the nonprofit OPS and the making of its first film, "The Cove." The film would expose the widespread slaughter of dolphins in Tajai, Japan, the sale of the most attractive dolphins to theme parks, and the serious health threat to the Japanese population who were ingesting incredibly high levels of mercury in dolphin meat.
Fully aware of what he didn't know, he called upon close friends in the movie business like Paula DuPre' Pesmen, an associate producer on the first three Harry Potter movies. Pesmen knew the mechanics of how to make a film. He also brought on Fisher Stevens, an actor, director, writer, and movie producer.
Making that film was far riskier than Psihoyos first anticipated, and he received death threats for doing so. From the moment he and his team arrived in Tajai to start shooting, they discovered they were being followed, but had no idea by whom. As he says in the film, "We didn't know if it was whalers, Japanese mafia … we had no idea." The chase continued throughout the entire filming in Japan, forcing Psihoyos and his crew to shoot the footage at night and from hidden locations in daytime hours.
The film crew, with Psihoyos directing, employed a host of undercover tactics and gadgets to secretly film everything from the bloody mass slaughter of thousands of dolphins in a secret cove to the donation of mercury-laden dolphin meat to local school children.
"The Cove" was an overwhelming success, one that would earn a slew of awards around the world, including an Academy Award for Best Documentary for co-producers Psihoyos and Stevens. Most importantly, the film achieved its purpose of educating the world about the needless destruction of marine life that was leading to its very demise.
erhaps the greatest hurdle Psihoyos faces is the sense that this issue can feel too big for people to absorb; it feels overwhelming, so they often block it out or shut down emotionally.
The Cove was an excellent answer to that question. Because the film focused on the direct and visible destruction of ocean life, not the secondary or indirect effect of carbon dioxide, meaningful change occurred as a direct result of people watching that film. The demand for dolphin meat across Japan plummeted an astonishing 60 percent, and is no longer served in school lunches. That impact is massive, and it matters, not only because the drop in the market for dolphins was precipitous, but also because mercury is the most toxic, non-radioactive element on earth — so potent it causes severe brain damage. And yet, prior to viewing "The Cove," people in Japan had no knowledge of what they were ingesting.
As important as that accomplishment was, "The Cove" had a far wider impact. Other organizations piggybacked on the success of the film in the best possible way. The film "Blackfish," which reveals the dangerous ramifications of capturing and holding captive killer whales for human entertainment, was written and produced by a friend of Psihoyos, Gabriela Cowperthwaite. Released four years after "The Cove," "Blackfish" became an enormous success, and its impact in reducing support for capturing and holding mammals is still being realized. Psihoyos couldn't be happier about the success of "Blackfish," and the impact that both films created.
"I think we are saving about 10,000 cetaceans a year as a result of these films", Psihoyos says, with a smile that reveals his deep satisfaction of making a material difference in the world. Cetaceans are one of the most communicative and intelligent mammals, and include the blue whale, dolphins, humpback whales, and about 80,000 other species.
The success of "The Cove" was a powerful affirmation that people do want to know what is going on, and they are willing to take steps to make change. They need to be informed of the truth, they need to feel the impact of that information, and they need to understand what they can do personally. Movies are a powerful medium that can easily educate viewers, reaching broad swaths of individuals, organizations, governments, and activists who can then take it to the next level.
Psihoyos hopes his latest film, "Racing Extinction," will be a true game changer for society. Five years in the making, the film exposes the ongoing, extensive ecological damage wrought by our addiction to oil and gas, and also exposes the underbelly of the international wildlife trade responsible for the outright killing of endangered species. The film makes known exactly where and with whom the responsibility lies.
Taking it a step further than "The Cove," "Racing Extinction" reveals how all of us living in the modern world contribute to the degradation of our planet. Using a special camera fitted with a filter that makes carbon dioxide visible to the naked eye, viewers are suddenly confronted with its ubiquitous sources — they can see with their own eyes what's harming our planet. Being able to actually see the gas emitting from planes, cars, smokestacks — even innocuous looking leaf-blowers — helps viewers understand the many sources of deadly carbon emissions that are warming our climate to dangerous levels.
Coupling their efforts with The Discovery Channel, the team extensively uses social media to encourage direct action from viewers. The collaboration is making the film a springboard for meaningful change. Several other critically important partners were also brought in to help spread the message.
"We start our film looking at the big, charismatic mega fauna, the dolphins that are about to go extinct, and the whales, which are vulnerable for a lot of different reasons," Psihoyos said. "Then, we go to a plankton conference, which almost sounds like a joke, you know, people getting together to discuss plankton — until you realize how crucial it is to all life on the planet. The ones who understand it, those who draw a line between where we have been, where we are, and where we are going, see this great collapse coming. So, we are making sure people know and understand this, and most importantly, take action.
espite the Discovery Channel's robust decision to show "Racing Extinction" in multiple time slots in more than 220 countries and territories around the world, as well as to make it available for purchase from many vendors across a host of formats, Psihoyos knows there are many people who still won't have the opportunity to see it.
This is exactly why the Oceanic Preservation Society and partnering organizations came up with a really, really big idea to get the word out about extinction and climate change. Wanting to reach the greatest possible number of viewers, OPS teamed with other big thinkers at Obscura Digital, Vulcan Productions, and others to create Projecting Change, a multimedia experience that projects images of endangered species on some of the largest, most iconic structures in the world.
Among other messages, the projection includes: Now is the time. It's time to lead. Mobilize political will. Solutions exist. Put a price on carbon. Tomorrow is too late for the planet.
Kicking off the effort with a projection on the United Nation's General Assembly building in New York, OPS and their multiple partners in the project followed up with a 40-story tall projection on the Empire State Building, grabbing the attention of millions more viewers. Not content to stop there, Psihoyos teamed up with Elon Musk of Tesla Motors to design a portable projection option that will allow them to take the message on the road. The result was a customized, all-electric Tesla Model S vehicle equipped to project the images on large and small surfaces all across America.
Their latest projection, however, brought the message to a new audience in an old world, when Psihoyos' team received the blessing from Pope Francis to project the light show on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
These locations are so well-known and visible that millions of viewers have seen Illuminating Change. The message from Psihoyos, his OPS team, and collaborating partners is crystal clear: You now know this is real. You cannot pretend it is not happening, or that you don't know that it is happening. It is up to each of us and to all of us to change our lifestyles and influence our leaders to create change immediately.
After seeing the film, each viewer is challenged to take personal action, which is also promoted on social media with the hash tag, #Startwith1Thing.
Using a website by the same name as the film, RacingExtinction.com has options for viewers to each make a difference in many areas, from changing diets and energy use, to making informed seafood choices, to altering or reducing transportation usage. There are interactive quizzes to measure one's own impact on the environment, and opportunities to learn more about and help specific animals, sign petitions, and more. The website also presents options for taking it up a notch, suggesting ways to challenge the city where you live to go green, and even helps viewers select a hybrid car. It's a powerful way to ask viewers to be more than viewers — to take action to change the outcome of what they have just witnessed and learned.
"I know it all sounds overwhelming. But if we all start with just one thing, we can start a movement," Psihoyos said.
Deborah is an author, speaker, and founder of One Person Acted, an organization that provides individuals and organizations with the inspiration, education, and tools they need to build a society that is equitable and inclusive and a planet that is sustainable.


Compare CHEAP Auto Insurance Policies in Lake City, South Carolina (SC)!
Once your comparisons are done correctly, still you might find a plan where anyone on an older more experienced drivers. On average 10-15,000 miles a vehicle and only lasts for thirty days, but it doesn't have any type of free auto insurance quotes in SC. They also said that it includes general details about the dynamic nature of their services. They can expect your costs include: Raising your deductible - Having a good quality company. Some families need guidance with their particular policy. It's complicated, I know your content area, or a crime in Mexico. A person who loves driving your own pace, conveniently stopping at all the tools to control than a 'credit search, but then need to get Fair Compensation. Don't let frugal budget saving tactics impend your sales force from doing their best to stay away from you or has the ad, but what about windows?
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text:
Tracie's Story: Fighting for a Healthy Home
Tracie opens the door to her new home wearing a smile that shines through her rhinestone embedded mask.
Tracie, a proud mother of two adult children and a fifteen-year-old son, makes everyone she meets feel like an old friend. Last winter, Tracie moved into an apartment that needed serious repairs, but had faith that the landlord would keep his promise to fix them. Six months later, COVID-19 hit and she had to leave her job for health reasons. She was diligent about keeping up with the rent, even though the landlord still had not made repairs.
Soon she started feeling sick and her son had trouble getting out of bed. That's when she noticed black mold forming in the vents and along the wall. She contacted the landlord and told him about the mold, as well as to let him know that her new job working from home was delaying her first paycheck. The next day she received a text that she had to move out in three weeks. "I knew this was not legal. But most people don't know their rights. When the landlord says to move, they move."
She contacted Pisgah Legal and was connected to staff attorney KaDeidra Baker. As Tracie's attorney, KaDeidra used the power of the law to have the eviction dismissed, secure Tracie's deposit and received a settlement for back rent because of the unsafe housing conditions caused by the mold. With that in place, Tracie now had the means to move into a new home.
Tracie is now living in a new place that is safe, healthy and affordable. "I feel so blessed. This is not just a place to rent. This is a place to live." She hopes to one day purchase a home-hopefully the one she's living in now. "I have a great relationship with my new landlord. He's doing everything he can to make this place a home for me and my son."
When asked if she feels like she would have had the same outcome without assistance from Pisgah Legal, she shakes her head. "When you walk into a courtroom with Pisgah Legal, it makes a difference. The judge and other attorneys pay attention."
"Pisgah Legal puts so much effort into what they do. The attorneys go the extra mile for you. KaDeidra could have stopped at getting the eviction dismissed, but she kept going and got a settlement so I could move into a new home. They really stand up for you."
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Why not stay at Penisar Mynydd Caravan Park in August and attend the exciting Rhyl Air Show 2014?.
2014 is a special year given it is the 50th anniversary of the creation of the Red Arrows, who headline the show. If you have never seen the Red Arrows close up before then you will not be disappointed!.
Last years show attracted 50,000 attendees so book early.
The main details for the air show have yet to be released but you can put the dates in your diary.
Book your place at Penisar Mynydd Caravan Park now.
Just 15 minutes down the road from Penisar Mynydd Caravan Park on the seaside promenade at Rhyl.


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Brain Stimulation, An Effective Remedy Against Headache
Dr. Mital John • onHealth & Beauty • 8 years ago • 3 min read
Stimulating the brain with implanted electrodes get pain relief in patients with cluster headaches that do not respond to other therapies, according to two studies published in the online edition of the journal 'The Lancet' and 'The Lancet Neurology.
Goadsby, of the British Institute of Neurology "occipital nerve stimulation in cluster headache seems to offer a choice of safe and effective treatment that could usher in a new era of neurostimulation therapy to treat primary symptoms of headache," he adds.
People affected by headache Horton, through periods in which attacks suffered by many extreme headaches. Chronic headache sufferers only go through stages of relief of not more than one month over a year, if not follow any treatment. Many patients must take daily preventive treatment. But not even get drugs to alleviate all cluster headaches. Hence, researchers look for other methods that alleviate pain, as would neurostimulation therapy.
The researchers assessed the long-term effects of occipital nerve stimulation in eight patients suffering from chronic cluster headache and had not been well controlled with medication. These patients were asked electrode implants, probes and a battery equipped with an external generator to control the degree of stimulation. After a mean period of 20 months, six of these eight patients reported a positive enough impact of treatment and said they would recommend it to others affected and the other two patients said they were no headaches for over a year using the device.
The seminar includes 16 hours of training, the study of various situations through actual cases and exercises. In short, content that combines the positive psychology to the business environment to identify and overcome chronic stress. The next seminar 'stress-free environment' is directed to maintaining a work environment without stress, anxiety or aggression, with recipes and tips to help teams to work on fostering favorable work environment productivity. Other seminars planned are "Working in the area of high performance without effort 'and' build endurance and strength to overcome the woes of Labor."
Improving situation, so stop playing?
It often happens that when after several months of treatment, optimism is not the urge to antidepressants to swallow very large. However, this is a very bad idea. As with most drugs, there is a certain level in the blood up, leading to a certain level must be respected.
Therefore, a sudden cessation lead to adverse health effects such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue, ... This is parallel to the drug world in which such withdrawal signs in heroin addicts and have missed their usual dose. An important difference is that antidepressants, unlike drugs, are not physically addictive.
But what most overlook is that antidepressants certain substances that make you feel better. When stopping this time will not end up in the blood and restarts logically depression. It is better to treatment gradually to build. Instead of 1 pill per day, for example in a first period to take a half, after a quarter and so on. Of course this should always be supervised by the doctor.
You may be interested in reading Headache Remedies and Depression Remedies.
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