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Lessons from the Fight against Terrorism
by Moshe Yaalon and Avi Dichter
Munich and the morality of Israel's counterterrorist measures.
In December 2005, Lt. Gen. (ret.) Moshe Yaalon, Avi Dichter, and Ambassador Dennis Ross addressed The Washington Institute's Special Policy Forum. The following is an excerpt of Yaalon and Dichter's remarks.
Successful counterterrorism efforts must satisfy moral imperatives and strategic objectives. Prior to analyzing responses to terrorism, however, legal considerations are at the forefront.
Israel considers the morality of counterterrorist measures within the framework of three tests: the "mirror" test, in which the counterterrorist executor asks whether the policy meets his own ethical standards; the "our own society" test, in which a policymaker must consider whether the policy meets the moral standards of his broader society; and the "international" test, which considers whether the policy satisfies internationally recognized moral standards, as well as what would be the response of the international community.
Strategic considerations in counterterrorist operations must account for the absence of an exclusively military "knockout" option against terrorism. Policymakers must therefore operate on two fronts against terrorism: the short-term battle against the terrorists, and the long-term battle to win the hearts and minds of their constituents.
The best defense is a good offense. Secondly, never to surrender to terrorism.
The short-term battle against the terrorists is ultimately a cost-benefit analysis of lives lost versus lives saved by a given operation. Preventing collateral damage while targeting terrorists is therefore essential; during the past five years of conflict, Israel often declined to attack terrorist leaders when they were in densely populated areas for fear of inflicting collateral damage. Terrorism can be fought surgically -- focusing exclusively on the terrorists -- by achieving three advantages: intelligence dominance, which includes the capability to intercept terrorists, foil their financial support systems, and prevent the smuggling of weapons; information dominance, which includes the ability to deliver the intelligence to decision makers, so intelligence can be used effectively and quickly; and operational flexibility and creativity, which include the ability of all arms of the military to arrest or kill terrorists on short notice.
In the fight against Palestinian terrorism, the consequence for not acting against terrorists due to concern for civilian casualties was often more terrorist attacks and Israeli deaths. This complicated the cost-benefit analysis of lives lost versus lives saved. The attention given to minimizing civilian casualties and civilian hardships during a war against terrorism, however, is the driving force behind the long-term battle for the hearts and minds. Decision makers must always be cognizant of implications of counterterrorism for the terrorists' constituents; measures that do not adequately consider the hardships imposed on civilians will neither create greater security nor advance the long-term vision of peaceful coexistence in the region.
Effective counterterrorism should be based on two guiding principles. The first of these is that the best defense is a good offense. Israeli counterstrikes on Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) bases in Syria and Lebanon following the Munich Olympics attacks, which disrupted PLO capabilities, were effective uses of force and deterred future terrorist incidents. Israel has further exemplified this principle since the April 2002 Operation Defensive Shield, when the IDF moved from the defensive to the offensive, including the use of targeted killings as an offensive tool. It should be emphasized that the targeted killings in the aftermath of Munich and those since April 2002 serve different purposes: while both deterred future attacks, the former were additionally intended to punish, while the latter were intended to preempt, terrorist attacks.
The second key principle of counterterrorism is the imperative never to surrender to terrorism. Following the Munich attacks, the Israeli government refused to surrender to the terrorists' demands; this was in contrast to the actions of the German government, which released three of the terrorists it had arrested after the Black September organization hijacked a Lufthansa airliner.
Avi Dichter
The major goal of counterterrorism must be to thwart terrorist attacks before they happen. The preferable method of thwarting terrorism is to arrest terrorist leaders and operatives, both of whom can be excellent sources of intelligence regarding future attacks. However, when terrorists are threatening to attack and cannot be apprehended, Israel has undertaken a policy of targeted killings. In contrast to the portrayal of counterterrorism in Steven Spielberg's Munich, targeted killings are not executed to punish terrorists who are no longer considered to be threats.
Targeted killings have served two purposes in Israel's fight against terrorism. First, targeted killings have been effective in creating disarray within terrorist organizations, thereby significantly undermining their ability to organize and attack. The current tahdiya -- period of calm -- unilaterally declared by Hamas in January 2005 is an example of the success of targeting terrorist leaders: Hamas's leadership in the West Bank was demolished, much of its leadership in Gaza had fled as fugitives, and, as a result, Hamas was no longer an effective terrorist organization.
The movie Munich makes terrorism and counterterrorism look like a child's game.
Targeted killings have served a second purpose by effectively creating a deterrent for future attacks. Israeli counterstrikes against the Black September terrorists in the wake of the Munich attacks, for example, succeeded in sharply curbing Palestinian terrorism during the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, with terrorist threats against Israel emanating from regional terrorist hosts -- mainly Iran, Syria, and Lebanon -- targeting terrorists serves to undermine their sense of security.
Despite their success, targeted killings are not the most effective means of cracking down on terrorism. More effective counterterrorism requires cooperation with the terrorist organization's host government. In pursuit of this policy, during the early stages of the intifada, the Israeli Security Agency opted to keep its communication channels with Palestinian security services open. On occasions when the ISA informed Palestinian security services regarding the locations of known terrorists poising to strike, however, Palestinian security officials declined to arrest the terrorists, fearing retribution from the terrorist organizations against their own families. Before the security situation in Israel improves, the Palestinians must put the priorities of the state above their families. Currently, the Palestinian Authority is stronger than Hamas in Gaza, but lacks the will to fight.
The movie Munich makes terrorism and counterterrorism look like a child's game. The distinction of principle between terrorism and counterterrorism must therefore be emphasized: where terrorists take a panoramic view of their targets -- seeking to kill as many Israelis as possible, even if it means killing Palestinian civilians in the process -- counterterrorism policymakers focus precisely on their targets and work to minimize all other casualties.
This rapporteur's summary was prepared by Eric Trager.
Courtesy of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Why Israel Fights
Israel: The Defining Moral Issue
Why Fight
Moshe Yaalon and Avi Dichter
General Yaalon, a distinguished military fellow at the Institute, is the former Israel Defense Forces (IDF) chief of staff. Mr. Dichter, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center for Middle East Policy, is the former head of the Israeli Security Agency (Shin Bet).
(5) Stephen Geller, February 26, 2006 12:00 AM
good article; thoughtful.
(4) Sam, January 24, 2006 12:00 AM
I don't agree....
I don't agree with most of what's said in this article , but as I believe in freedom of opinions , I have to comment here :
" Effective counterterrorism should be based on two guiding principles. The first of these is that the best defense is a good offense. "
That's absolutely wrong....By offense , you are creating more potential terrorists...This would create the desire of " RETALIATION "....So , we'll go to an endless circle of violence....
Offence can prevent terrorism in the short run , but on the long term , it'll just create more terrorism.....
I also would like to ask everyone who wants to talk about Munich events to read the details first.....With all my condemnation of taking innocent hostages , I know that the hostage takers wanted the release of some Palestinean prisoners in Israel....Golda Mayer refused to negotiate them even to reach a compromise , instead , the German police used violence trying to free the hostages which caused the massacre....
The next day , the Israeli airforce attacked Palestinean refugee camps in Lebanon and killed 150 civilians....
Now , do you think that this stopped terrorism ?? NO....And it'll NOT...
The only thing which will stop violence in the middle east is " PEACE " and Negotiations....Violence from both sides will not solve the problem , believe me....What we need , is to teach people there " the culture of peace and co existence ".....
I know many will not agree with me , but I hope everyone can think about this....May be we can create better future....
And I strongly believe that what will help Israel for the long run is peace with all of its neighbors....I hope !!!
(3) Margarita, January 20, 2006 12:00 AM
great article. Now we have to think how to reach the wider audiance with it.
(2) Anonymous, January 16, 2006 12:00 AM
The Steven Spielberg Film Munich by its very provocation among Jews be a wake-up call
The Steven Spielberg film "Munich" may in fact by the very nature of the slaughter of innocent Jews at an international arena during the 1972 Olympics by first hostage taking and then being blown up by Arab terrorists as the subject for entertainment, vicarious reliving via the route of Hollywood bespeaks far more important issues of our day then the film itself. The fact remains as far as Hollywood is concerned, or would have the rest of us believe, Islamic terrorism is a controlled substance whose target when mainly Jews, the wider target, the West, as an issue, can be put on ignore!
What is it that makes for safekeeping in a world endangered by jihad, Iran's eminent gathering of nuclear weaponry and delivery systems posing the greatest threat since the advent of Hitler and his cohort minions put the entire globe to the torch?
I postulate the notion the threat is so greatly ignored because of a belief that as long as Israel is the main target, other Jews remain safer! As long as its on the movie screen, we in our seats when the film is done, are safe. Camouflaged, submerged, allied with those in a world mutually evolved under the rubric of "Judaic/Christian" culture so-called upon which our safety pivots we remain safe! What in fact does constitute a safety hatch?
To my mind such safe covering constitutes a kind of anti-Semitism by disassociation, if not pursuit of disappearance itself! An eternal nation, a contract we Jews have long, long standing with HaShem, can not abide such a lie! Our greater contract does not abide our disappearance! Our destiny is home, Mr. Spielberg, it truly is about home! And we Jews must see ourselves and one another as the beloved, Israel as the way to redemption! The love and applause by non-Jews is not guaranteed through escape but by embrace of our destiny predicated on the Torah that our choice is to live!
(1) morgan, January 15, 2006 12:00 AM
Israil minimizes deaths is praiseworthy. May I srail and Palestine both fluorish!Long live Sharon!
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Are young adults in Australia different from the rest of the community in their spirituality? How do the leisure activities of young couples change when they have children? Are blue-collar workers different from their employers in their approach to work, leisure and religion?
Profiling Australians helps readers gain a better understanding of the wide differences that can exist in the lifestyles and beliefs of Australians. It also provides churches with important information to help them in their planning for ministry and mission, not only where they are designing activities for specific groups of people but also where they need to make their activities accessible to a wide range of people in the community.


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NBWA Women's Empwerment Summit: The Evolution of Women in Business
Gabrielle Union-Wade in a searing two piece, wide legged pants suit. Her pose... Flawless
Feburary 18, 2019 – Saturday, The NBWA hosted its annual empowerment ceremony during #NBA All-Star Weekend at The Foundation For The Carolinas.
NBWA put on a stellar bruncheon for its second year of commitment. Jarret Affairs, the collaborative custodians of the event reveled guest by the echelon, bringing over 100 patrons as well as local vendors for the occasion.
It was a regal affair enriched by celebrities like Gabriel Union-Wade (Actress and Philanthropist), Gail King, La La Anthony (Actress, Producer, New York Times Best Selling Author), CleRenda McGRady (Best Selling Author, Life Coach, Inspirational), Shannon Allen (Grown and a Busy Mom on The Go), Ayesha Curry (Chef and restaurateur),
Sandra L. Richardson (Managing Director of Morgan Stanley and Head of Global Sports & Entertainment Segment Sales & Engagement Group in Wealth Management), and hosted by Mia Wright (President), Cookie Johnson (Vice President and Director), Tomi Rose (Vice President and Director) Traci Wilson-Mourning (Director), Renee Taplin-Jones (Secretary and Director), as well as Angela Jones (Treasure and Director); Moderated by Capri Champion (ESPN Sports News Anchor) and Baron Davis (two-time NBA All-Star and record-holder). Evolution of Women in Business honorees: Debra Lee (Chief Executive Officer of BET), Valdosta Butterfield Jones, Courtney Ajinca, and Chasity Melvin. Distinct acknowledgements went to Stacey D. Stewart (March of Dimes) as well as Carolina innovator, Janine Davis (Founder of Girl Talk). Special appearances by Jada Pinkett-Smith.
Guest arrived by the fashionable masses, and even in its exclusivity, The NBWA Empowerment Brunch reigned to be absolute, emitting nothing but QUEEN vibes on the wet and whirlwind of a day. It was one of the most inspiring points of All-Star Weekend. If you missed it, you skipped one heck of a presentation.
"I feel like the most impactful part of the event that I want to address is a lot of women isn't comfortable in their own skin. Especially, us, black women," says Cari Champion. "We feel like people don't love us and see us for who we are. We feel neglected, we feel not loved, and that's not true. We are so wonderful and so beautiful in so many ways. With this being black history month, I think it's applicable that we look at every one of us in all our different styles, colors, and love, and embrace it. I hope that throughout the event, we see all these amazing women, and we celebrate everything they bring to the table. We don't compete, but we celebrate. I'm a big believer—One the things I say is, 'Hold the door open.' If I didn't have somebody who I looked up to, I wouldn't know that this would be possible for me; so, hopefully, today, everybody will feel that in this room. There are already so many amazing women here today, it's crazy."
While the missive seemed to be the same throughout the afternoon, it wasn't until the panel discussions, hosted by Baron Davis and Capri Champion, that women reverberated their thoughts and feelings on a more thoughtful and personal level. In fact, Ayesha Curry talked about the difficulties she faced as a basketball wife, mother; moreover, an entrepreneur, and how the picture perfect persona is really a discord, and furthest from the truth as far as her life is concerned.
"Part of empowerment that we want to address," says Gabriel Union "It goes beyond business. If we can't meet face to face on the same level playing field and eye to eye and be honest without the snapchat filter, the Instagram filter and the filters that we put on our lives, we can't all come up," she continued to speak about the difficulties that women face with each other. The attendees gasped with resounding assertions of enduring the same exact things in their lives or line of work. The dispatch shrieked the same message, #UNITY and Leveling up together—Activating a sisterhood that fled the scene after the civil rights movement and long before the evolution. Those were some of the things that were tackled during the 2 hour segment.
Last year's event offered panel discussions from Gayle King, Ayesha Curry, Adrienne Bosh and Cookie Johnson, which was a little different than this year's extravaganza. Many weighed in whether the convo surrounded business, being a good wife, friend, or mother, it still concentrated on the moral of harmony and sisterhood regardless of social standing, creed or skin color.
Courtney Ajinca
Gabriel Union-Wade
Valeisha Butterfield Jones

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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František Černický (16. září 1902 – 16. června 1973) je bývalý rakouský fotbalista, záložník a fotbalový trenér českého původu.

Fotbalová kariéra
Hrál za SK Slovan Vídeň, SK Slavia Praha a SC Fives Lille. Se Slavií získal čtyřikrát mistrovský titul. Ve Středoevropském poháru nastoupil za SK Slavia Praha mezi lety 1927 a 1932 ve 14 utkáních. Za rakouskou reprezentaci nastoupil v 1 utkání.

Ligová bilance

Trenérská kariéra
Trénoval SK Slovan Vídeň a Sturm Graz.

Externí odkazy

 Worldfootball.net
 Sturm Graz
 Footballdatabase.eu
 National Football Teams
 EU-Football.info
 Player History

Rakouští fotbalisté
Fotbalisté SK Slovan Vídeň
Fotbalisté SK Slavia Praha
Rakouští fotbaloví trenéři
Trenéři Sturmu Graz
Narození v roce 1902
Narození 16. září
Úmrtí v roce 1973
Úmrtí 16. června
Muži
Rakušané českého původu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Where do uterine polyps come from?
From an overgrowth of cells in the uterine lining (endometrium). In other words, endometrial polyps gro from endometrial tissue that attaches to the endometrium. Unfortunately, the exact cause is not known yet.


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Why Jyn Erso in 'Rogue One' Fuels Rey's Mother Rumors
Matt Marshall April 8, 2016
Will Jyn Erso be the Next Piece in the Skywalker Puzzle?
It's been a little over 24 hours since the Rogue One: A Star Wars Story trailer dropped online. And to be honest, who hasn't been dissecting every frame, trying to uncover what's going down in our beloved galaxy far, far away.
There's no doubt the teaser still give off the vibes of classic Star Wars (AT-AT walkers, the Death Star), albeit a more grounded mature approach. But what's shockingly different this time around is that Rogue One is steering clear of the Skywalkers. Or is it?
Rumors began to fuel online yesterday that the film's lead, Jyn Erso, played by Felicity Jones, could very well be Rey's (Daisy Ridley) mother. Do we have the next piece of the puzzle of the Skywalker legacy right in front on us?
It's possible. Many fans have already speculated that Rey is Luke's daughter. So for right now, let's dismiss the Han and Leia rumors. Put the Kenobi and Palpatine offspring theories to rest too. If Luke's wife is roughly his own age, she'd be in her late teens in the original film. In reality, Jones is 32, though we don't actually have her character's age narrowed down just yet. Mark Hamill was playing a whiny 18-year-old at 25. So it's no stretch that Jones herself could pass herself off as twenty-something rebel.
Rey's mother doesn't necessarily have to be Force-sensitive either. She's already inherited that from her potential daddy. But Jyn has some traits she could pass down to Rey. Like Rey, she's been on her own since she was young and can handle herself in a fight if need be.
If Jyn Erso is by chance Rey's mother,we're dealing with a double-edged sword here. The move would keep Star Wars claustrophobic, still centered around the Skywalkers when there's an entire universe of stories to explore. And it might even be taken as a forced, neatly tying together Rey's parentage in a nice clean bow. But don't forget, this is the same universe where Anakin Skywalker built C-3PO, who somehow ended up with his son 30 years later. The will of the Force is out there working overtime.
And if that's not enough. Rogue One could potentially take a page out of Game of Thrones' book with its highly debated R+L=J theory. If you're not up on your Westeros history, R+L=J refers to a certain character's potential parentage in the series. We still don't know if it's true, but if you rearrange the letters you have L (Luke) + J (Jyn) = R (Rey). Coincidence? You be the judge of that.
Rogue One follows the events just before Star Wars as a group of Rebels have joined forces to steal the plans for the Death Star. The film is directed by Gareth Edwards (Godzilla) stars Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Riz Ahmed, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Jiang Wen, Forest Whitaker, Alan Tudyk and Genevieve O'Reilly. Rogue One: A Star Wars Story is due out in theaters December 16th.
Could Felicity Jones end up becoming Rey's unknown mother. If not, what will be her ultimate role in the Star Wars universe? Let the speculation begin.
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Will Jyn Erso be the Next Piece in the Skywalker Puzzle? It's been a little over 24 hours since the Rogue One: A Star Wars Story trailer dropped online. And to be honest, who hasn't been dissecting every frame, trying to uncover what's g...


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Nashville Predators Value Increases 10% in Latest Forbes Estimate
December 1, 2011 by George Scoville
On the heels of THW's recent discussion of the burgeoning financial health of the Nashville Predators comes Forbes's 2011 NHL Team Values estimates. The Music City's pro hockey franchise saw a 10% jump in value over last year's estimates, ranking them 25th on the list of 30 NHL franchises. The business-focused outlet estimates the Preds value to be $163 million, with $82 million in revenue and a negative operating income of $7.5 million (all figures in USD).
That operating loss has been offset in recent years by a $7.4 million subsidy that Predators Holdings, LLC receives from the Metro government to manage arena operations year-round, including other sporting events, concerts, and other forms of entertainment. Funding comes from a modest hotel and tourism tax passed by the city council in 2008, pursuant to a renegotiated lease agreement when the current owners took the helm from current Minnesota Wild owner Craig Leipold. Predators Holdings, LLC are also due to receive funds from the State of Tennessee to offset losses as the result of rescheduling premiere events at below-market rates to host events like country music legend Garth Brooks's series of benefit concerts for flood relief victims in Middle Tennessee (stick tap: Dirk Hoag).
While the gain in valuation should probably give Fans of the Fang something to smile about, Forbes's estimates should ultimately be taken with a grain of salt. The business-focused outlet does not receive raw data or any other financial information from NHL franchises for the purpose of its annual review, and they do not make the methodology for producing estimates available to the general public. For insights into Nashville's increase in value, see our interview with Chris Parker, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer for the Nashville Predators.
The Nashville Predators declined to comment on Forbes's valuation estimates.
George Scoville
In his day job, George is a political consultant in Washington, DC. He grew up in the south, but has lived all over the country. He bleeds gold and blue for the Nashville Predators.
Categories Nashville Predators, The Business of Hockey Tags Craig Leipold, Forbes Magazine
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Reconstructing embedded liberalism: John Gerard Ruggie and constructivist approaches to the study of the international trade regime
Lang, Andrew T. F. (2008) Reconstructing embedded liberalism: John Gerard Ruggie and constructivist approaches to the study of the international trade regime. In: Ruggie, John Gerard, (ed.) Embedding Global Markets: an Enduring Challenge. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK, pp. 13-46. ISBN 9780754674542
In 1982, John Gerard Ruggie published a study of the postwar international trade and monetary regimes in which he introduced the concept of 'embedded liberalism'. A large and growing number of international trade scholars are finding Ruggie's concept of embedded liberalism an appealing one, and it now occupies a significant place on our conceptual horizon. In this article, the author returns to Ruggie's original article to excavate lessons which are peculiarly relevant for current trade law scholarship. He argues that Ruggie's account of embedded liberalism usefully serves to destabilize common assumptions about the objectives and normative underpinnings of the trade regime and thereby to expand our conceptions of what a liberal trade regime might plausibly look like. On the other hand, he explains why he does not share the enthusiasm of those who see in embedded liberalism an attractive normative vision to guide WTO reform. In addition, and most importantly, the author draws attention to the constructivist theoretical framework of Ruggie's piece. He suggests that Ruggie's article provides a useful introduction to the central elements of constructivist thinking about international institutions and shows how attention to constructivist insights has the potential to significantly enrich and expand our understanding of the trade regime and of trade law.
http://www.ashgate.com/
© 2008 The Editor
J Political Science > JX International law
Departments > Law


If you were a fan of David Letterman and his late night talk show you could easily identify on-camera characters like Paul Schaeffer, Biff Henderson and even Alan Kalter.
But what about all of the people behind the camera? The ones who produced, directed and wrote the show.
And whatever happened to them on May 26, 2015 … the day after Letterman's last show aired on CBS?
A wonderful behind-the-scenes documentary has recently surfaced answering that very question.
The following behind-the-scenes employees at Late Show with David Letterman share wonderful insights, tidbits and anecdotes regarding the very last episode that aired May 25, 2015.
Their comments are the premise of the first video (Part I) found below.
But what is far more interesting to me, is Part II.
Walter Kim–Senior Video Writer/Producer at LinkedIn who put the documentary videos together, but who also spent over 20 years in New York working with Letterman as his digital creative director–has provided a bit of The Purpose Effect gold.
Individuals who steadily define (and redefine) what they are in life and at work seize the opportunity for clarity. Determining and adjusting their disposition, character, identity, attributes and qualities ensures they offer themselves the chance to continually reach new levels of success.
Team members who successfully define, answer the question: Who am I in life and at work?
What Mr. Kim surfaces in Part II are the real-world struggles, trials and tribulations that these Letterman employees went through as that final show concluded. There are incredible stories and insights into their personal sense of purpose, and what was (and wasn't) working for them during the lead up to that final show, as well as afterwards.
It's rare to get such raw and truthful feedback from people who spent so many years in a family unit, working in roles that they clearly loved. For some, their personal purpose was questioned. For others, it gave them a chance to redefine who they wanted to be post-Letterman.
These are not rich celebrities either. Just normal folk, looking for a way to remain in the 'sweet spot,' something each of them were clearly in during their respective tenures at Late Show.


To Be Lovely As Moonlight Wear Our Peach Embroidered Dress Worn By Bollywood Star Ayesha Takia. This Contemporary Georgette Suit Consists Of Dupatta, Creased Cuffed Pant And Knee Long Straight Top Having Full Sleeves And Round Neck. Border & Diamonds Are Adding Style To This 3 Pcs Set Function Wear.
It Is A Faultless For Fashionista Having Athletic Frame.


Seems someone didn't make sure the camera was set for night pics... yeah, that would be *me* -- so all of the images are b..l..u..r..r..y... here's a groovy shot of one of our oldest and dearest Halloween characters, Cranky.
Now that election day and my birthday are over it's time to get back to blogging... Thanks to everyone for making October amazing!!!
Welcome back, Trix! Yeah, we get lots of ToTs from other neighborhoods, but I don't mind. Keeps Halloween alive in our neck of the woods. Many of my friends report that they don't get any ToTs at all, or very few! I just hate that we run out of candy every year, and wind up having to go through the kids haul to get out stuff to give out! This year we wound up resorting to handing out Halloween pencils and plastic skulls!
Thanks, Mr. Gill! :) I definitely forgot to add that I was grateful for all of the kids that stopped by this year. When my favorite holiday falls on a Sunday there are many families in our area that do their own thing on Saturday and don't come out to play with us for the real deal.
Sorry, sugar rush. That's what I get for topping my waffles with peanut butter and washing it down with cherry coke.
Are you kiddin' me? You're always welcome around here, especially if you're under the influence and givin' away bazillions of exclamation points! I mean really, who doesn't *love* exclamation points?
Maison, how is it even fair that you're so awesome?


*Important message about the Louis Freeh report on Jerry Sandusky and Penn State.
Message About The Freeh Report- Sandusky Was Framed- No Evidence 2001 *Important message about the Louis Freeh report on Jerry Sandusky and Penn State. There is no evidence or information to substantiate the alleged 2001 Lasch building incident. That means Freeh lied or was given false information. Knowing that the 2001 incident never happened,… Continue reading *Important message about the Louis Freeh report on Jerry Sandusky and Penn State.
Something To Breeze By On Your Way – Penn state links next.
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Gender roles and sexism
Professor's Name
Gender is the state of being male or female while sexism is the discrimination of others on the basis of sex especially women. Gender roles are the tasks expected to be carried out by either sex as understood by the society. Men are usually portrayed by the society as superior to women and are believed to be smarter and able to achieve more than women who are supposed to stay back at home cooking, washing and taking care of the kids. The modern woman has been able to overcome all these and she is sailing in deep seas same as men do.
There is a large number of men in the society today that believe that women are inferior to men and they should submit to them wholly. These men have made their women housewives and cannot have a career because they have children. Some societies are so cruel that they can't allow women to have a way to make a living and this causes them unwanted dependence on men. According to Bram stoker's "Dracula" the stereotype of men's superiority over women is portrayed. During the Victorian era, men were believed to be smarter and accomplished to realizing more.
In Dracula, Van Helsing tells Jonathan parker, "A brave man's blood is the best thing on this earth when woman is in trouble. You are a man, and no mistake." (189) From this we can see that society views women as weak and simple minded beings who cannot defend themselves and only a man can help them when in trouble. From the way Van Helsing talks about Mina, he believes that women are dumb and men are smart, and adept of doing more. Bravery among men and weakness among women was a gender role that is well cultivated in this book as can be seen in these instances of van Helsing. When a woman is intelligent van Helsing believed that her brain is man's brain and is merited by a man. As stated by SAGE journals, "sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances severity of gender hierarchy." Bravery in men and weakness in women are gender roles that are outdated since modern woman can do the same tasks that can be carried out by a man given equal chances and resources.
Chastity and purity are some of the values that are valued in women. These women are usually considered as heroic, steadfast and strong in relationship. Pure and chaste women are favored in society. However, women who were not pure and chaste are taken to be unfit and outcasts in the society and usually do not take part in societal events. They are considered evil.
In Bram stocker's "Dracula" a Victorian woman is a pure and chaste woman. Mina, a character in the novel, is the ideal embodiment of a Victorian woman. She is a loyal and intelligent woman as seen throughout the novel. When her boyfriend Jonathan is missing for months, she remains faithful and worries for his wellbeing. In her journal Mina openly states, "No news from Jonathan. I am getting quite uneasy about him…." (72) She represents a complete Victorian woman who depicts the traditional woman and traditional values in Victorian society. Lucy, another character in Dracula, signifies both the wanted and the unwanted traits of a Victorian woman. Lucy is innocent as mina. In fact, Lucy is mina's best friend and from what we know, mina cannot have a friend who could stain her clean and blameless being. This shows that Lucy is a Victorian woman.
As it transpires later in the novel, we see that Lucy is somewhat sexual. she is somehow beautiful than mina. Later Dracula changes Lucy into an awful erotic vampire. Lucy is defined by the quote, "The sweetness was turned to…. heartless cruelty, and purity to voluptuous wantonness." (187). Lucy depicts qualities of both a decent Victorian woman and a bad one. By giving Lucy two personalities, Bram wanted to show the ease, potential and the ability in which the real Victorian woman can be changed into impure, unchaste, wicked and voluptuous woman of Victorian society.
Women have been given narrow gender roles in the society. Characteristic gender roles of a woman are to be kind, nurturing, caring and motherly. Women are usually intimidated and their values suppressed. Bram stoker in his book uses characters like Mina and Lucy to express gender roles of the Victorian woman. Mina talks about women as having a motherly spirit that always rises above minor issues anytime a situation of motherly need arises. All through the novel, Mina cares for both Lucy and Jonathan in a motherly way. Van Helsing talks about Mina and labels her as, "One of the God's women, fashioned by his own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that its light can be here on earth. So true, so sweet, so noble, so little an egoist." (193).
Submissiveness was another role a Victorian woman was supposed to observe. Lucy, in a letter, tells Mina, "woman ought to tell her husband everything – don't you think so, dear? "(62) Mina challenges gender roles by her "New woman" characteristics. The novel designates her as having a "man's brain", and a "woman's heart" (238). "New woman" were females who would stand up for their self-worth and would do more than what the mean society expected from them. Their sexuality was not a shame to them. Vampires in the novel represented a new woman of the Victorian era. "New woman" were leaders and can hold jobs and positions like those of men and this aided in breaking down gender barriers.
When a woman starts earning more than a man, there is a shift of roles and a confusion comes to where men will fit into the family dynamic. In reference to New York times, Alexandra Killewald, a Harvard sociology professor says, "We have held on to that idea that men are supposed to provide, but have loosened up on the idea that women have to be housemakers." This show that still there are men who believe that women should stay at home and do the household chores only.
Emergence of the new feministic culture known as "New woman" and a nontraditional role has added pressure to men and has come swiftly that no one saw it. As evidenced from the New York times, during the last five decades, taking a case study of United States for example, gender roles have developed to be much more democratic. The number of women in college has increased drastically. Many women are earning more than their counterparts, and husbands are becoming more responsible back at home.
Finally, owing to the fact that the world is dynamic and changes are inevitable, women and men should be given equal chances. In my opinion, sexism and discriminative gender roles are outdated and should not be part of current world.
Bram, Stoker. Dracula. 1897. Project Gutenberg, 2013
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Early Fashion Magazines & Wenceslaus Holla
Posted by Vintage Fashion London | Jul 16, 2013 | Vintage
The 16th century may not be on your list as one of the most influential periods for influencing fashion, but it was the birth of something that has remained with us to this day: fashion illustration.
It was this time period that gave us the earliest examples of engravings in fashion. The interest in fashion came about due to increased exploration and discovery by civilisations, which led to a fascination with the costumes people wore throughout the world. Most notable of these works is Vecellio's collection of engraved woodcuts, which provided people with the opportunity to see dresses from continents as far away as Africa and Asia.
The illustrating of fashion continued with Wenceslaus Hollar, a 17th-century engraver. It was The Earl of Arundel who met Hollar in 1636 and invited him to make etchings of the English way of life. The result was the beginning of his fashion-related etchings. The level of detail he created in his etchings was extraordinary, with people noting his depictions of fur muffs feeling as though you could 'feel as if every hair of the fur is represented in the engraving'. See the image below for an example of the amount of detail Hollar could put into his etchings.
Hollar and other illustrators who drew the fashions of that period primarily etched their work. The way Hollar could create such detail in his fashion drawings was by using the intaglio technique that was developed at the start of the 16th century. Intaglio was considered 'an easier form of etching than the earlier method, as the image burnt into the copper plate rather than incised with a piercing tool'.
When these fashion illustrations were created with this process, an acid-resistant wax coat was used to protect the copper plate whilst a needle was used to draw the image onto the plate. When the drawing had been completed the plate would be immersed in an acid bath and the acid would burn into the needled areas to create a 'first take'.
The artist would then be able to repeat the process, further engraving the areas they wanted to add a greater depth to. The result would be that the acid then creates a tone and shading that would show once the copper plate it used to press ink on the paper.
The intaglio process allowed artists at the time to produce drawings with expert detail and Hollar was a master of the technique. As a result, it is possible to see the smallest of details on his etchings, such as the stripes of a fabric or the small details on a shoe.
Hollar used this technique to illustrate his interest in recording the English way of life, which led him to publish engravings depicting women's clothing of the time. These illustrations were drawn from life subjects, making them not only valuable historical documents but also some of the earliest examples of 'fashion magazines'. Below is an example of the sort of image he could create for early fashion magazines.
The success at the time led to his work being continually published in journals and they became especially successful in France, which by then had become known as the centre of fashion. The result was the first fashion magazines had been created.
Not only was this the beginning of fashion 'magazines' but it was also a period of time that was pivotal in the history of British printmaking. Hollar continued his engravings by making a compilation of all the dresses worn in every class of society, named 'Ornatus Muliebris Anglicanus'. He is also thought to have published over two thousand drawings in total and prior to his work there are few resources available of fashion drawings and illustrations of contemporary clothing for that time or earlier.
The fact that Hollar was an extraordinarily talented and prolific artist is emphasised by the fact that he was almost blind in one eye. His work has almost single-handedly provided us with an insight into Britain for that period of time.
Hollar was also somewhat of an experimenter when it came to engraving, he produced prints of virtually all the styles available at the time, from portraits to natural history prints and satires. There are even engravings that people will be familiar with today, such as the recording of the fire of London in 1666, where he created before and after images of the blaze. So, not only was he a large influence on fashion illustration, but he also helped historians have a better understanding of the architecture of that period a few of those buildings remain to this day.
Overall the middle of the 17th century was a period of amazing innovation for printed images and their trade, whether it was in fashion illustration or architecture.
Those interested in Hollar's work can see it at the bpi 1700 corpus, though the most comprehensive series of his work can be found at the Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection at the University of Toronto.
Images via University of Toronto Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection and Wikipedia.
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The Trial, by Franz Kafka
November 4, 2010 at 15:50	(Book Reviews, Fantasy, Fiction, Highly Rated Books, Philosophy, Politics) (Absurdism, Book Review, Dystopia, Franz Kafka, Modernism, The Trial)
A quite terrific novel, that punctuates its intended dreariness and nihilism with some sharp, staccato nails of clarity, hammered through the pages abruptly to anchor the spiralling hopelessness of K. into something resembling context. These range from the chilling warnings of the Priest, like a final desperate foghorn calling to a ship about to rend itself, to the diabolical condescension of the Lawyer in his bed, mocking K. with a cruel pastiche of the human condition, to K.'s own final plaintive cry, like an inverse and twisted "it is finished", as he succumbs to the System.
It is extremely tempting to draw a correlation between K.'s predicament and the fate of Orwell's Winston, but that might be missing the point somewhere: for Kafka's world is so much more terrifying than the world of 1984, in that the evil is so undefined and faceless. No evil, then; but only an callous indifference that makes the reader wonder if Kafka's world is upon us, rather than some dystopia that probably won't happen.
The disjointedness of the edited version actually adds significantly to the enjoyment of the book; it accelerates K.'s trial wickedly fast, adding to the uncontrollable and almost supernatural power held by the half-imagined judges (wherever they lurk). It made the finished work read like a third person diary entry, where even the impartial observer is whisked along at breakneck pace, and where there are no opportunities for settling back and viewing the facts objectively. The confusing editing knocks the reader from his plinth where he can remind himself that he is reading Literature, and deposits him in a world just as confusing for him as it is for the characters.
SilverSeason said,
I like your point about the structure of the book, which is confusing. But K's situation is confusing and he passes from episode to episode without really learning anything useful or making any progress. But that must be the point. For my own comments on K, see http://silverseason.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/franz-kafka-the-trial/.
J. Holsworth Stevenson said,
I quite agree. The poor fellow is quite the passive observer and at times even hapless participant in his own damnation. Your own thoughts on K.'s preposterous opinion of his own importance are spot on, in fact. Perhaps Kafka was making a cynical point on humanity's (and his own) insignificant vantage point, and inability to alter the course of life's injustices. Nihilists, eh? What are we to do with them?


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*Just before Jacob died in Egypt he sent an urgent message to all his twelve sons, calling them together. He proclaimed a blessing and made a prophecy about each one of his boys. One by one he spoke publicly to them, all of them listening intently. They would never hear such important words again. He spoke first of all to his oldest son Reuben. You would expect the firstborn son to receive special status but because of his wickedness this is forfeited. So it would pass down to the next in line, his second and third sons by his wife Leah, Simeon and Levi. Alas, these brothers were also wicked men, unworthy of receiving the birthright.
THE CRUELTY OF THEIR EARLY BEHAVIOUR.
We are told bluntly, "Simeon and Levi are brothers" (v.5). Why did their father say that? What is the point of it? All the twelve men standing before him were his sons and so were brothers. Why does he start his prophecy by pointing out that Simeon and Levi were brothers? The answer is that they were not brothers merely in the sense of a biological relationship but also in the sense of the mind and disposition and values and enthusiasms. Levi was "a brother to one who destroys" (Provs. 18:9). They were a team, working together, and walking along the same unscrupulous track as one; they were tuned in to the same evil frequency. There was not a membrane you could put between them, Levi being just as guilty as Simeon. They were the Kray twins (notorious London gangsters of the 1950s) of the land of Goshen, an evil duo, two mean men joined in their commitment to wickedness – Jacob's second and third sons were brothers in the evil disposition.
Jacob specifies their wickedness, not now gross sexual sin like their older brother but that they were men of extreme cruelty. "Their swords are weapons of violence," (v.5). Do we have this today? Are we not sickened and hardened by accounts in the news of horrific violence, in Afghanistan, and in Libya, and in the Sudan, and Pakistan. There are the horrors of modern warfare, and the torture and cruelty inflected on women, and children and prisoners. There is the drug trade, and the enslaving of women, and the cruelty inflicted on the unborn child. We live in one of the most violent and heartless generations in the history of the world.
How different things seemed to be when these boys were born. Their rejected and neglected mother, Leah, had thought, "Now my husband will be joined to me. He will be bound to me by our natural affection for our sons, and our mutual child support. There will be this band holding the marriage together;" so she thought. So the name given to the third son was 'Levi' and 'Levi' comes from the word to bind. "Now Jacob and I will be bound together. I know he loves Rachel more than me, but I have given him three sons." So she was full of hope at the sight of three little boys running around the family home. She would see lots more of Jacob the doting father, and so there would develop a love relationship between them both. But it takes more than that, and other things than having children together to guarantee husband and wife going on in a relationship of love. Having children can also be used to drive a couple apart. Christians can experience what Leah was to experience that these things didn't work out as we hoped, and that many a time the purposes of God are of an entirely different nature. In fact 'Levi' was a very apposite name for her third son, but not in the way Leah thought, for Levi was bound up with Simeon. He was totally under the influence of his older brother.
So the time came when the brothers' swords became weapons of violence. Remember the infamous occasion. The full sister of Simeon and Levi was named Dinah, and she was fancied by man called Shechem who either seduced or raped her. Then he fell in love with her and asked his father Hamor to get her as his wife. When Simeon and Levi heard what had happened to their sister they were outraged. They were "filled with . . . fury" (Gen.34:5) at what had been done to their kid sister. Hamor asked Jacob and the family if his son could marry Dinah, and Shechem himself spoke up and offered to pay the highest bride price they might demand. It was then that the deceit of Simeon and Levi was evident. They told Shechem that they couldn't dream of their sister marrying an uncircumcised man, but if all the men of the town were circumcised then it would be the beginning of cordial relations between these two large families and there could be inter-marriage. So Shechem jumped at the deal. "What a fine lot of men are these sons of Jacob," he told the townsfolk and he was the first to volunteer to be circumcised. He was such an influential and popular figure that all the men opted for circumcision, from the oldest to the youngest. It became a trend, a sign of bravery. Of course they were left weak and hurting after this operation. Then the monstrous wickedness took place; "Three days later, while all of them were still in pain, two of Jacob's sons, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brothers, took their swords and attacked the unsuspecting city, killing every male. They put Hamor and his son Shechem to the sword and took Dinah from Shechem's house and left. The sons of Jacob came upon the dead bodies and looted the city where their sister had been defiled. They seized their flocks and herds and donkeys and everything else of theirs in the city and out in the fields. They carried off all their wealth and all their women and children, taking as plunder everything in the houses" (Gen. 34:25-29).
What inhumane cruelty! What an over-reaction to a bad deed. Every single man butchered in his bed! All the widows and fatherless girls were taken as plunder to be slaves! It was the holocaust of Shechem perpetrated by Levi and Simeon the sons of Jacob. These were Old Testament Messiahists, Old Testament Christians, the great grandsons of Abraham, a family of believers in the Lord acting in this way. Here were men who lived under the law that said, "Love your neighbour as yourself," which also said, "You shall do no murder." It was male genocide plotted by lies and deceit. There was no justification for the action, and every reason for cursing it, so that now Jacob, these years later, pronounces the curse upon his sons, the horror of what they did still fresh before him. He stands and turns to all their brothers and says of Simeon and Levi, "Cursed be their anger, so fierce, and their fury, so cruel!" (v.7). No blessing for them! They are not to receive an inheritance. Reuben had forfeited it, and now Simeon forfeits it and Levi forfeits it. They are not to receive an inheritance in Jacob. Levi will never have a parcel of ground about which people will say, "That valley to the north, and that hill to the south, and that spring to the east, and that river to the west all belong to Levi." No! Levi's descendants are all going to be scattered throughout Israel. They will live in every town and village and hamlet with little white houses on distant hillsides and in them the members of the tribe of Levi will live. They will not have a homeland where their kinfolk live, the place the Levites call their home. No home area at all. That is the curse that came upon their children and children's children to the fourth and fifth generation. That is where the curse rested for killing men in their anger and hamstringing oxen as they pleased.
Oh avoid the brothers Simeon and Levi! Blessed is the man who does not walk in such ungodly counsels. Remember the stark warning of being influenced by violent men here in the first chapter of the book of Proverbs, "My son, if sinners entice you, do not give in to them. If they say, 'Come along with us; let's lie in wait for someone's blood, let's waylay some harmless soul; let's swallow them alive, like the grave, and whole, like those who go down to the pit; we will get all sorts of valuable things and fill our houses with plunder; throw in your lot with us, and we will share a common purse' – my son, do not go along with them, do not set foot on their paths; for their feet rush into sin, they are swift to shed blood" (Provs. 1:10-16). In days of riot and looting and knife crime should we not heed such a warning? Even old Jacob, the father patriarch, still needs to address himself after seeing their wretched behaviour, warning himself of the danger of falling into bad company such as his very own sons; "Let me not enter their council, let me not join their assembly for they have killed men in their anger" (v.6). Evil council corrupts good living.
What a sorry situation exists in the family of Jacob. Surely Reuben the firstborn will get the inheritance, but that man grossly sinned against heaven, against his own father, doing things that are not mentioned among the Gentiles, and so he lost the birthright. Coming to Simeon, surely the birthright will be his, but he shows that he is a raving psychopath. "Cursed be you, my son." Then the third in line is Levi, and he is one with his brother; they fuelled one another's wickednesses, the one as corrupt as the other, a pair of mass murderers; "Cursed be you my son! Cursed be your fierce anger, Cursed be your cruel fury!" Leiv too has forfeited the birthright, and we begin to wonder, don't we, when will this ever end? Who is worthy to receive it? Which of these boys has not been guilty of sins that mean he has forfeited the right to receive the blessing that should have come upon the firstborn? Reuben has gone, and Simeon has gone, and Levi has gone – all stand before us as examples of gross evil, and they were all raised in the family of the patriarch Jacob, the grandson of our father Abraham.
THE EXTRAORDINARY DIVERSITY OF THEIR SCATTERING.
The prophecy is this: "I will scatter them in Jacob and disperse them in Israel" (v.7). Jacob, you realise, is speaking in the name of Jehovah. And when we look at the subsequent history of the lines of Simeon and Levi we find that that is exactly what happened. There was no place for them in Israel, but when you look at the two different tribes then you discover that the scattering of Levi was to be of an entirely different nature from the scattering of Simeon.
i]. Simeon was scattered. When Simeon was scattered his tribe was slowly, imperceptibly and remorselessly annihilated. Four centuries later, at the Exodus, they still existed, numbered with Reuben and Gad. After the forty years of wandering in the wilderness a striking change has taken place. There is a census and instead of almost 60,000 fighting men as they had been at the Exodus they have shrank to just 22,000 men. They are now the smallest tribe. Moses mentions their existence a few years later in Deuteronomy 27, but when he blesses all the tribes of Israel in Deuteronomy 33 there is no mention of Simeon. There is no portion of land whatsoever allocated to them. They just have a few towns within the borders of Judah and they lasted only to the reign of David. Simeon's descendants could no longer be found. You look for the tribe of Simeon and you can't find it. There was no refuge for him, not a little cottage somewhere, or a tent in a mountain valley in Seir where the last of the tribe of Simeon existed. Simeon was scattered so comprehensively among Israel that there was not a family left. There was not a single individual of whom could be said, "He is a pure born and bred Simeonite." Not one. Simeon was dispersed as effectively as the ten northern tribes were scattered to the four winds of heaven, broken up and lost for ever. Gone into oblivion, and this tribe is soon a name that no-one bears as (we might say) their 'surname,'or as their clan name. Now it is just a given name, a first name, a euphonic name, 'Simeon', but bearing no relationship whatsoever to the tribe of Simeon; not at all, any more than any 'Simeon' who lives in Wales today. They are gone, and God obliterated them just as he said, "I will scatter them; I will disperse them." God can break up denominations and professing churches that have violently opposed the gospel. Vast formerly thriving religious groups are now in their death throes. They are looking for survival in being attached to other groups which are themselves in the process of being scattered. The Lord Jesus warns the church in Sardis that he has the power to blot out people's names.
Moses was shattered at the sight and he symbolically shattered the tablets of stone with the ten commandments. That stopped the music and the dancing. What did Moses say? He challenged them as to their loyalties. "Who is on the Lord's side?" and there was a silence finally broken by the voice of Simeon's brother Levi shouting out "Here am I!" Were they words? Was that a mere profession? What did Moses say next? "Go through the camp and slay the idolaters." "Here am I." Really? Are you with the Lord? Or are you among those who speak with their lips of being loyal to God but whose hearts are far from him? A profession without any action is dead.
The Levites unsheathed their swords those swords handed down from their fathers, those swords that had been used for the massacre of the men of Shechem, now went through Israel and with Jehovah's approval slew mercilessly those who had turned from the living God and showered their adoration on a golden image of a cow. The righteousness of Jehovah was avenged by Levi's words – "Here am I" and deeds. Levi had borne through every generation the marks of Shechem but now was a time to expunge that wickedness by showing a repentant heart and a life of new obedience to the Lord. That did not wipe away the past. That past was there to haunt Levi and make Levi groan and vow that such a monstrous deed would never be done again. Here was his opportunity to show a radical new obedience was in his heart.
So Levi is certainly scattered through Israel or Jacob. There was no section of the land given to him; no mountain high and valley low, no house, no city, but he is going to find a place in the house of the Lord. That is going to be his dwelling place. That is where he is going to dwell. There will be rotas and it will be his turn as one of the tribe of Levi to leave his family in the village street for a month and go to Jerusalem and serve in the temple in the name of the Lord. So he will be scattered but also elevated, and that is his glory. The curse still rests upon him; no inheritance is given to him, but the Lord is his inheritance, and the Lord's house is his true home, and every house in Israel, every house in Jacob is going to stand open to him. He is going to have access to every home in Israel as a teaching, pastoring Levite, and not only that, but all Israel is going to give him the tenth, the tithe. It is going to be brought to Levi. That is the ironic way in which God deals with his people. That is the way he leads them. This Levi, the brother in crime of Simeon, with such a wretched beginning, now blossoms out into such glory that means he stands in the temple of God, that he becomes a mediator for all the other tribes as they come to God through the sacrifices and rituals that he performs in their names. Levi stands in the temple of the Lord. What a great end after such a bad beginning. You see it in again in the history of the church; Saul of Tarsus, the torturer becomes a teacher; the persecutor becomes a preacher; the bigot becomes a baptizer in Jesus name. Your violent past need not impose itself irresistibly on your future. Sin has abounded, true, but grace does much more abound.
The whole history of the tribe was turned around even while the whole condemnation spoken by Jacob actually came to pass; "Cursed be their anger, so fierce, and their fury, so cruel. I will scatter them in Jacob and disperse them in Israel" (v.7). Yes, that occurred, but the dispersal becomes the scattering of salt throughout the nation. You, Levi, will be the salt of the earth, the presence of men of God all over Jacob, you will help fight the putrefaction of Israel. The whole history of this tribe has been turned around and cast into a different mold. It began in sin; it ended in consecration. It began in weapons of violence; it ended with weapons of righteousness. It began with a curse and it ended with a blessing. Why does God do such things? If the murderers of all the men of Shechem can become priests and Levites, if the Pharisaic torturer Saul of Tarsus can suffer to bring Christ to the nations then there is room in the Kingdom of God for every one here. God is able to take a murderer of Shechem and use him in priestly service. He can take a. S.S. prison guard from Auschwitz, or a Japanese soldier herding British prisoners of war to build the bridge on the river Kawai, or a serial killer like the so-called 'Son of Sam' and regenerate men who've shown such depravity, and make them new creatures in Jesus Christ who now are presenting their bodies as living sacrifices to God each day. Then I stand in amazement at what God's grace is able to do. There is hope for each of you. The curse we deserve for our ungodly ways has fallen on Golgotha; Christ was made a curse for us that we might be the blessed of God.
THE INCONSISTENCY OF THE LIVES OF SONS OF LEVI.
i] Korah the son of Levi in Numbers 16 showed carnal ambition; we are told that "he became insolent and rose up against Moses" (Nums. 16:1&2). Korah told Moses that Moses had gone too far, that he had set himself above the Lord's assembly. But it was not Moses' ambition that was the problem, it was that Korah the Levite longed to become Korah the Priest, and Moses saw this and he pleaded with him, "Now listen, you Levites! Isn't it enough for you that the God of Israel has separated you from the rest of the Israelite community and brought you near himself to do the work at the LORD's tabernacle and to stand before the community and minister to them? He has brought you and all your fellow Levites near himself, but now you are trying to get the priesthood too. It is against the LORD that you and all your followers have banded together" (Nums.16:8-11). Let's be satisfied with where God has put us, and how God uses us, and the office we have. Do you seek great things for yourself? Seek them not! The remains of indwelling sin that showed their power at Shechem still need to be put to death today. We have to be killing the sin of carnal ambition thinking of ourselves more highly than we ought to think, or that sin will kill us as it killed Korah and his followers.
iii] Hophni and Phinehas were the sons of Eli, the High Priest, and they stooped to the grossest immorality. These were the days of the judges, in other words there was no king in the land, no focus for the patriotism of the people except Eli the High Priest. His wretched sons did three wicked things. The first concerned the way that sacrifices were made to God. We are told of this in the first book of Samuel and the second chapter at the twelfth verse; "Eli's sons were wicked men; they had no regard for the LORD. Now it was the practice of the priests with the people that whenever anyone offered a sacrifice and while the meat was being boiled, the servant of the priest [a Levite] would come with a three-pronged fork in his hand. He would plunge it into the pan or kettle or cauldron or pot, and the priest would take for himself whatever the fork brought up. This is how they treated all the Israelites who came to Shiloh. But even before the fat was burned, the servant of the priest would come and say to the man who was sacrificing, 'Give the priest some meat to roast; he won't accept boiled meat from you, but only raw.' If the man said to him, 'Let the fat be burned up first, and then take whatever you want,' the servant would then answer, 'No, hand it over now; if you don't, I'll take it by force.' This sin of the young men was very great in the LORD's sight, for they were treating the LORD's offering with contempt. (I Sam. 2:12-17). Then the second wickedness of these men was what often goes with bullying and with choosing to worship God in your own way, sexual sin rears its ugly head again. We read about Eli the high priest, "who was very old, heard about everything his sons were doing to all Israel and how they slept with the women who served at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting" (I Sam. 2:22). Then the third wicked thing these sons of Levi did was to pick up the Ark of the Covenant from the Holy of Holies and carry it into battle against the Canaanites, like some good luck charm, crying, "Let God then fight for himself," and he did, but not as they expected. Hophni and Phinehas and Eli were wiped out completely.
iv] Annas and Caiaphas were the chief priests at the time of Jesus of Galilee. Those priests of the tribe of Levi had a calling to prepare the people for the coming of the Messiah, and point out to them in all the sacrifices that they were signs and foretastes and preparations for his arrival. But what these priests did was to kill the Christ. They did not recognize him, They would not receive him. They said, "He is worthy of death," and that the death of the cross. The sons of Levi gave Israel's Messiah to the Gentiles to crucify. The marks of Shechem are hard to eliminate. That cruel murder 2000 years earlier is overshadowed by the murder of God the Son. "I can't get rid of those marks," said Levi. "I bear in my body," said Paul, "the marks of the Lord Jesus." Change your marks! You can bear new marks, of grace and pardon in the place of wickedness.
Yet remember on the day of Pentecost Peter stood before them and said to them that Jesus was delivered by the determinate power and foreknowledge of God, and they with their wicked hands had crucified and slain him. Levi and your sons have taken with your wicked hands a whip and hammer and nails and a spear and you have killed the loveliest and the best. You servants of the greatest of all High Priests, the archetypal priest, you have killed him because God had determined by his death to offer redemption to the world. So you must do what Peter commanded you on that Pentecost day, to repent and be baptized every one of you for the remission of sins. Be saved from this untoward generation." There is an offer of mercy for the scattered, sinning sons of Levi. Did they listen? Of course they did. God made them willing in the day of his power and we are told by Luke in Acts chapter six and verse seven, "a large number of priests became obedient to the faith." Grace and peace was found by Levi and soon they are scattered even further afield at the eruption of new persecution, and they went everywhere through Europe preaching the word of God. So there is hope for you, not only of mercy but of living a useful life.
THE LIMITED AND TEMPORARY PURPOSE OF THEIR LIVES.
The Levites had a purpose in old covenant times. It was a dispensational function, in other words, it was limited to the time before the Messiah came. They were to lead the children of Israel, and instruct them as the people came with their offerings and sacrifices to the altar. "The blood of bulls and goats can't atone for your sins as men and women made in the image of God," the sons of Levi said, "and our performing the rituals as God has told us does not give it a power to cleanse you of your guilt. All these are just signs and types of the great sacrifice and the mighty High Priest which one day will come, just as God has promised. The Seed of the woman will crush the serpent's head. One born of the line of Abraham will bless not just Israel but all the nations of the world." They were servants, and never more than that, pointing the people forward to the one who would come. There was nothing permanent in their office, nothing whatsoever. Like the kings and the judges, the cities of refuge and levirate marriage, the food laws and the badger skins – all such stuff had a clear date stamp on it, "Not to be used after the coming of the Messiah," it said.
That is what they told the children of Israel. The Christ who was going to come would come not of their line. He would not be of the lineage of Levi. His would not be the kind of priesthood that had these things in the background, the abomination of the Shechem holocaust. There would be another figure at the time of Jacob's grandfather. His name was Melchizedek and the Old Testament does not know what to do with him! In Psalm 110 there is a reference to him, but that is all. Yet Levi's great-grandfather, Abraham, bowed to him and gave him a tenth, a tithe and the writer of the Hebrews tells us that Levi himself also already gave tithes to Melchizedek in Abraham when that patriarch met him.
Now Melchizedek's priesthood was not temporary, and it was not marred by any incident in its past. In fact we know nothing of its origin and we know nothing of its further development. He falls out of the blue and that is the way he springs on the scene of redemptive history, "without father and without mother, without beginning of life or end of days, but a priest forever, after the order of Melchizedek." Now the priesthood of Levi was only for a period, and then many a time they did not do a good job, but only until Jesus of Galilee appeared, only until the son of Judah appeared. Then the help that the sons of Levites had been to the people came to an end never to be resurrected again. Their duty was done; their function was over; sin was corrupting them Levites. One of them walked by a wounded man lying in the road to Jericho, ignoring his need. It was time for someone better than Levites to teach and pastor the people, another Counselor.
Christ comes! He who is priest and sacrifice to whom the allegiance of the people shall be given, the one who make atonement as the Lamb of God, and then shall stand and abide for ever, interceding at God's right hand in glory. He has gone there not taking animal's blood, but his own blood, there living to make intercession for all his billions of people saving them to the uttermost. What an accomplished priesthood! What a fulfilled priesthood! What an effective priesthood! And when we examine the sons of Levi and their work, sacrificing, serving, teaching, then we are seeing through a glass darkly a cobwebby faint picture of the great reality of the One who is at the right hand of God today. Before the throne of God above I have a strong a perfect plea, a great High Priest whose name is love who ever lives and pleads for me.
The birth of Levi failed to bind us together and bind us to him. It did not work. Levi was bound to his shameful brother Simeon, but one came whose name was Bands who bound us to him with unbreakable cords of love. How effective he was, so that we also read in Revelation 7 that of the tribe of Levi there were 12,000 who were sealed by God, and Levi's name is written on the gates of heaven. Many of the priests believed. Though its history was checkered and the priests abused their power, he came, the one they knew had to come, whom they spoke about, the one who takes away not Israel's sin but the sin of the world. The Lamb of God who was given as Priest sacrifice, whose own blood was sprinkled on the altar and on the throne of God, the mercy seat of God. His priesthood is higher than Aaron, and higher than Levi, in whom is full redemption.


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School fees in Singapore: Most expensive & affordable schools in Singapore
Posted 14 Feb, 2019
Students preparing for GCE O-Level (Source : Nanyang Language and Bussiness School).
Singapore has one of the top education systems in the world. Singapore's education system supports the development of children's strengths and social skills. Schools in Singapore produce students with strong academic results who later go on to pursue successful careers.
Learn more about why Singapore's education system is considered a global standard.
Singapore has the highest achieving primary and secondary pupils in international math and science tests.
In Singapore, most people aged 15 and over can read and write, boasting a 97% overall literacy rate.
98% of men and 98.2% of women are literate, which is greater than most Asian countries.
8% of Singapore's population have secondary school diplomas.
English is used as the main language of instruction.
Schools in Singapore (Overview)
As of 2018, there are a total of 185 primary Schools, 150 secondary schools, 16 mixed level schools, and 14 junior colleges in Singapore. The type of secondary school a child attends will determine their career path. For example, those who achieve A Levels may attend a university, while others may study at technical institutes.
Each school or institution is categorized into five types – Specialized, Specialized Independent, Independent, Government-aided, and Government schools. Government schools outnumber independent and specialized institutions, with a total of 144 schools.
Structure of Education System in Singapore
Primary – Children in Singapore attend preschool up to the age of six, getting prepared for primary school, where they will spend 6 years. This stage teaches children basic math skills, gives them a good grasp of the English language, and improves their knowledge of their mother tongue.
Secondary – Students need to choose a path, either to attend a standard secondary school (five years) or a specialized school that leads to O-Levels in four years.
Post-Secondary – This usually takes between one to three years and offers a choice of schools, including junior colleges, polytechnics, and institutes of technical education.
Private Schools in Singapore
There are 3 types of private schools in Singapore – these are Full Time Religious Schools (Madrasah), Privately Funded Schools, and Special Education Schools. In Singapore, there are 29 Private Schools registered with the Ministry of Education. There are 12,228 students and 1,772 teaching staff among these private schools.
Private School Fees
Data from Edarabia.com suggests that the average yearly school fees among private schools in Singapore ranges from 1,800 SGD (1,309.57USD) to 46,350 SGD (33721.28 USD). The United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA) East Campus is the most expensive, with an average annual fee ranging from 38,685 SGD (28,142.76 USD) to 46,350 SGD (33,718.93 USD). Meanwhile, the most affordable private school is DPS International School with annual fees ranging from 2648 SGD (1,957.28 USD) to 3852 SGD (2,847.23 USD).
Ministry of Education Schools in Singapore
According to data from the Singapore government, the current number of students in Singapore is 446,582. Teachers in Singapore number around 33,378. This means that for every 1 teacher, there are 13 students. Singapore's teaching force has grown by 20%, which is comparable to OECD standards. Instead of reducing class size, Singapore opted to increase the number of teachers deployed to help students.
School Fees for Citizens & Non-Citizens
Every year, the Ministry of Education in Singapore regularly reviews and issues revised school fees for Singapore permanent residents (PR) and international students (IS) enrolled in Government and Government-aided schools. Revised fees take effect January of each year.
According to the MOE, school fees among MOE schools will continue to rise in the next three years. School fees range from 155 to 205 SGD (112.76 to 149.13 USD) per month for PR students, and 415 to 750 SGD (301.93 to 545.65 USD) per month for international students.
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Cupcakes will also be available for night-shift employees from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm (at GRMC on the 2nd floor hallway near the North elevators beside the VA crosswalk and in Public Safety).
Wednesday, Jan. 15, 7:30–8:30 a.m. – The Hull College of Business is sponsoring its Annual Economic Forecast Breakfast in the Jaguar Student Activities Center on the Summerville Campus. RSVP to Lenora Harkins at LHarkins@gru.edu or 706-737-1418.
Thursday, Jan. 16, 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. – All GRU and GRHealth employees and students are encouraged to Go Downtown on to receive discounts from more than 50 downtown businesses. At 6 p.m., everyone is invited to listen to music in the Augusta Commons; following the performance will be a fireworks display. Shuttle transportation will be provided from both campuses to downtown. GRU Go Downtown Ambassadors will be on hand to direct visitors to participating businesses.
Friday, Jan. 17, at noon – The Martin Luther King Day Celebration will be hosted this year by Paine College in the Gilbert-Lambuth Memorial Chapel.
Tuesday, Jan. 28, at noon – GRU President Ricardo Azziz will give his presentation on the State of the Georgia Regents University & Georgia Regents Health System in the Maxwell Performing Arts Theatre.


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Vinay Apte (17 June 1951 – 7 December 2013) was an Indian film and television actor. He acted in several Marathi movies and television shows in his almost 40-year-old career. He has also acted in Hindi movies such as Chandni Bar, Ek Chalis Ki Last Local, It's Breaking News, Satyagraha and Rajneeti.

Apart from acting he was associated with a production house. He died in Mumbai on 7 December 2013.

Apte began his acting career in 1974 in Marathi theatre and gradually began directing Marathi plays. His first play Mitrachi Goshta (Friend's Story) was written by well known Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar. Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy, a play directed by Vinay Apte, had been the target of heavy political controversy. He appeared in several TV serials such as Lajja and Eka lagnachi dusri goshta. He also appeared in several Bollywood films like Dhamaal, Aarakshan, Gangajal and Rajneeti. He was one of the leading actors in Marathi cinema, dramas and serials.

Filmography

Aakrosh (1980)
Kalyug (1981) - Mhatre
Gandhi (1982) - Hindu Youth in Calcutta street #2
Bombay War (1990)
In India Today (1991)
Nishpaap (1992) - Anna Khalbhor
Hach Sunbaicha Bahu (1992) - Malharrao Kolshe
Ladhaai (1999) - Dr. S.M Shinde
Chandni Bar (2001) - Inspector Gaikwad
Saathiya (2002) - Senior inspector
Kyon? (2003) - DSP Manohar Shinde
Police Force: An Inside Story (2004) - Sawant
Khabardaar (2005)
Corporate (2006) - State Finance Minister Gulabrao Ingle
Aai Shappath..! (2006) - Devki's father-in-law
Karz Kunkavache (2007)
Brinda (2007)
Ek Chalis Ki Last Local (2007) - Ponnappa
Dhamaal (2007) - Prabhakarn Shriperavardhana Attapatu Jaisurya Laxman Shivramkrishna Shivavenkata Rajashekhar Shrinivasan Trichapally Ikaparam Pila Perambdur Chinnaswami Muthuswami Vengopal Iyer
It's Breaking News (2007) - DIG Dandekar
Vignharta Shri Siddhi Vinayak (2007)
Checkmate (2008) - Sampatrao Mahabal
Pranali: The Tradition (2008) - Keshav Prasad
Dashavatar (2008) - Kansa
C Kkompany (2008) - Inspector Jawle
Foreign Chi Patlin (2008) - Sarpanch Balwantrao Patil (Tatya)
Madhu Ithe Choughe Tithe (2008)
Agnihotra (2009, TV Series) - Sadanand Rao
Ek Da Kaay Zale Baiko Udali Bhurrr (2009)
Nishani Dava Angatha (2009)
Jogwa (2009) - Basappa
Veer (2010) - Nanku
Lalbaug Parel (2010) - Speedbreakers Father
City of Gold - Mumbai 1982: Ek Ankahee Kahani (2010) - Govind Rahate
Ranbhool (2010)
Raajneeti (2010) - Babulal
Sa Sasucha (2010) - Kartik's Father
Target (2010) - Vishwasrao
Paradh (2010) - Prataprao
Mohaan Aawatey (2011) - Aamdar
Taryanche Bait (2011)
Aarakshan (2011) - Neta Bhishamber
Arjun (2011) - Jay Thackray
Hello JaiHind (2011)
Adaalat (2011-2012, TV Series) - Meghraj Rane
Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta (2012, Marathi Serial) - Mahesh Desai
Yedyanchi Jatra (2012)
Dhagedore (2012) - Advocate Bhalerao
Badam Rani Gulam Chor (2012) - Politician
Chakravyuh (2012) - Krishna Raj
Bokad (2012)
Mazha Mee (2013)
Dham Dhoom (2013)
Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon (2014, TV Series) - Shivdutt Marathe
Gulabi (2014) - Minister
Gour Hari Dastaan (2015) - MLA Olwe
Dhol Taashe (2015) - Deshmukh
Aawahan (2015) - Chief Minister
Shasan (2016) - Anand Rao
Dhondi (2017) - Patil
total dhamaal (2018) - Patil

TV serials
 Lajja
 Manus
 Avantika
 Anamika
 Asmita
 Parijaat
 Agnihotra
 Bhagyalaxmi
 Laxman Resha
 Kya Baat Hai
 Gharaounda
 Ya Sukhano Ya
 Bolachi Kadhi
 Raat Chanderi
 Bhagya Vidhata
 Girid Interpol
 Mungeri Ke Bhai Naurangi Laal – Hindi
 Abhalmaya
 Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta
 Durva
 Vahinisaheb

Plays
 Mee Nathuram Godse Boltoy – Director
 Mitrachi Goshta
 Just Another Rape – English
 Carry On Heaven – English
 Kamala – English
 Kabaddi Kabaddi

References

External links

Indian male television actors
Indian male film actors
1951 births
2013 deaths


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Taiwan Sex Scandal Involving 60 Female Actresses/Models With Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui (李宗瑞) Leaked Nude Pictures
April 13, 2013 October 4, 2013 admin Leave a comment
Everyone seem to be searching for the leaked and uncensored photos of the Taiwanese sex scandal involving Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui ( 李宗瑞) now known as the Edison Chen of Taiwan. According to a report from Hong Kong, 16 pictures and a 13 seconds explicit videos were leaked and widely shared online. The different females were involved in the leaks which includes Kelly Lin (林熙蕾), Amber Ann (安心亞) and Maggie Wu( 吳亞馨). Now the young socialite is being called a serial rapist still at large.
Justin Lee (李宗瑞), 27 years old, is the son of Yuanta Financial Holding's director Lee Yue-tsang (李岳苍), who reportedly has resigned from his position after his son's sex scandal was uncovered. The Taiwanese heir's sex scandal involving dozens of female celebrities and was disclosed to the public triggering quite an Internet sensation when he went on the run. Justin is accused of drugging and raping several women, and videotaping sexual intercourse with them as well as other willing partners. After two women accused him of sexual abuse Taiwanese police seized his computer and found numerous sex videos and photos on the computer that feature up to 60 singers, models and actresses, including at lease 10 who appeared unconscious during the sexual intercourse. He reportedly fled to the United States. after the allegatioms were made by the two woman but police suspect Justin Taiwan remained in Taiwan, and hiding in the northern Taiwan region.
Now the Chinese world have been actively on the hunt and requesting for the set of pictures on major forums, social media platforms and mobile messaging applications. The batch of leaked pictures show the sex scandal involving the son of a wealthy businessman Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui ( 李宗瑞) in relations with his willing female celebrity sex partners. Justin who is currently in big trouble and on the run because of his alleged unlawful sexual activities is seen in the photos engaging in varies sex acts with several willing starlets. But police are investigating the allegation that Justin drugged two models at the same time, and used them for a threesome while they were unconscious. It is also alleged that he did not care whether or not the women were having menstrual periods and continued with sexual intercourse anyway.
Taiwanese police made an apology to the public for the disclosure of Justin's sex scandal videos and photos, saying it is a second blow to the victims, and vowed to catch the people who initially uploaded them. But speculations have emerged that some ones inside the local police department are responsible for the disclosure. Some have checked to see if the pictures involving Kelly Lin (林熙蕾) Amber Ann (安心亞) were edited but unfortunately, the pictures involving Maggie Wu 吳亞馨 seems to be real. Maggie Wu (吳亞馨) and Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui (李宗瑞) were in a relationship back in 2008 for 5 months.
According to Taiwan tabloids, Justin Lee frequently hanged out at night clubs across Taiwan, buying expensive liquors for others to display his wealth. Models and actresses were often spotted gathering around and hanging out with the playboy, and did not mind having intimate interactions with him such as cuddling, and French kissing. His spending in clubs have always been generous and almost everyone in the entertainment industry knows him. The female artists and models were also often pictured with him engaging in some intimate moments from time to time in tabloids. Multiple witness even shared that he fetch these girls back home quite often and his relationships has an average time span of 2 months (after knowing each other for like 1-2 days in the clubs).
Justin rumored ex-girlfriend, Maggie Wu (吴亚馨), was said to have a breakdown after noticing she was in the exposed nude photos. She canceled a press conference scheduled to be held, for the reason she worried that she would be overwhelmed by emotion during the conference. But in the last promotional activity, she had made it clear that she had not been in touch with Justin for a long time and refused to make more response to Justin's sex scandal. Maggie dated Justin in 2008, and she was rumored to have attempted suicide by cutting her wrist after breaking up with him.
This sex scandal erupted after the 2 models sued him for sexual assault. Taipei City police took on the case even though the actual incident happened 1 year ago. Initial investigation revealed that around 60 female artiste/models were closely linked with Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui 李宗瑞 and there might be more sexual assault victims. It is believed that these female artiste/models kept their incidents with him a secret as it would influence their reputation as a public figures. Since then Taiwan police have released a warrant to arrest Justin he went into hiding for more than 2 weeks. The story is when Justin found he was interested in someone, he would never let her go to far. After drugging her, he would take her to his place with the help of his bodyguards and then raped her.
The police investigation also revealed that there are quite a number of videos were recorded, some indicated that the female artiste/models are aware of the filming while some did not. Interestingly, the playboy named all his sex videos alphabetically with the victims' full names in the titles. These videos were kept in different folders and were arranged follow by A-Z. After filming his sexual encounters, Justin liked sharing the sex videos with his friends to boast. Apparently it was even well known in his social circle that Justin Lee/Li Zhong Rui (李宗瑞) would make sex videos and shared these videos/pictures with his friends to show off his "personal accomplishment" with the female celebrities. And apparently, Justin's father is one heck of a player as well. Lee Yue-tsang (李岳蒼) is the father of 5 kids (From 4 different women). Some have started asking, like father like son? However we should not convict the man before he as had his day in court.
Now, we are going to avoid posting here the alleged rape pictures but we will be trying to get and post the pictures and videos of this sex scandal involving willing participants. So far everything leaked pics from the Taiwan police are of women that Justin was known to have relationships with and not of the women alleging rape. Only about 16 real photos have been leaked of this scandal thus far. Many more fake images are also floating around… It can be difficult to tell what is what but below we think we have most of the real ones and hopefully not many of the fakes. It seems the people who leaked these photos used their cell phones to take pictures of the computer screens at the polices station or at Justin's house so the images are not direct copies from Justin's collection. Hopefully some brave soul will download the images and share with the world without getting caught.
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