b. 22 Oct. 1637, 2nd s. of Dudley North I, 4th Lord North, and bro. of Sir Dudley North II and Hon. Roger North. educ. Isleworth (Mr Willis); Bury St. Edmunds g.s. c.1650; St. John's, Camb. 1653; M. Temple 1655, called 1661. m. 5 Mar. 1672 (with £14,000), Lady Frances Pope, da. of Thomas, 3rd Earl of Downe [I] and coh. to her bro. Thomas, 4th Earl, 3s. 2da. Kntd. 21 May 1671; cr. Baron Guilford 19 May 1685.
KC 1668; solicitor-gen. 1671-3; attorney-gen. 1673-4; c.j.c.p. 13 Dec. 1674-82; PC 22 Apr. 1679-d.; ld. keeper 1682-d.
North succeeded (Sir) John Vaughan as chief justice of common pleas before the next session, and at once aroused the ire of the Opposition by his judgment in the Suffolk election case. Suspected as 'a man of arbitrary principles', he was threatened with impeachment in 1680 for drafting the proclamation against tumultuous petitioning. It was North who advised the King to combat the opposition press not by prosecution but by answering its arguments, a suggestion which produced the work of Roger L'Estrange, and in April 1681 he himself was responsible for drafting a declaration justifying the dissolution of the Exclusion Parliaments, so dexterously drawn up that it was believed to have paved the way for the Tory revival. He succeeded Finch as lord keeper in December 1682, and in the following year was active in the quo warranto proceedings against the corporation of London. At the accession of James II he exerted himself on behalf of the Court in the elections.
He got as many of his friends and relations to be chosen as he could ... and to make attendance easy for those gentlemen whose concerns were in the country, he took of them to rack and manger in his family, where they were entertained while the Parliament sat.
a most knowing, learned, ingenious gent, and besides an excellent person of an ingenuous, sweet disposition; very skilful in music, painting, the new philosophy and politer studies.
This biography is based on Roger North, Lives of the Norths.
1. Lynn Freemen, 180; C. H. Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, iii. 543; Lyme Regis mss B6/11; R. East, Portsmouth Recs. 365.
2. CSP Dom. 1672-3, p. 630; North, Examen, 511-12.
3. Grey, ii. 67, 415; CJ, ix. 275, 280, 308.
4. Examen, 252-5, 516; HMC Ormonde, n.s. iv. 508-9; v. 96; Law Q. Rev. lxvi. 249; Dalrymple, Mems. i. 254; Evelyn Diary, iv. 299.


Project. North West Infrastructure (formerly the North West Iron Ore Alliance) is an incorporated joint venture company which represents the interests of its three shareholder companies: Atlas Iron; Brockman Mining; and FerrAus.
We are amongst India's largest iron ore mining companies and the largest producers of Noble Ferro Alloys . Essel Mining & Industries Limited (EMIL) is part of the US$43 billion Aditya Birla Group, India's first truly global corporation with operations in 35 countries.


text:
EQAO > Schools Using Data > Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute
Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute
2018 School Recipient of the Dr. Bette M. Stephenson Recognition of Achievement
Approaches to Math Learning that Made a Difference
School Profile and Reports
Data and Schools: A Journey of Learning
Student population: 670; Grades: 9–12
Kenner CVI, which opened in 1952, is the oldest operating public high school in Peterborough.
Kenner offers a wide range of programs, including the International Baccalaureate, Learning and Life Skills, cooperative education, technological education and arts education. In addition, Kenner offers Specialist High Skills Majors in construction, hospitality, horticulture and transportation.
"We have created a culture of high expectations at Kenner, where students feel supported to achieve their best. We have clear and consistent expectations in each classroom, and students know they cannot simply 'pass' or choose not to do their work. This culture boosts student confidence and trust. Our teachers have formed a collective efficacy around the belief that we can make a difference for each of our students."
EQAO Data: Together with its feeder schools, Kenner looks at EQAO data from Grades 3 to 6 to 9. Staff look to see which students have met, never met, risen to or fallen from the provincial standard. EQAO assessment information is used to determine where students were finding success and where there were gaps for each strand.
Goal Setting: Teachers of applied courses build their capacity to teach global competencies. Global competencies are skills and knowledge that help students apply what they learn to real-world situations.
Teacher Learning: Two goals are set: one for students in the applied course and one for students in academic. The school also sets a different area of focus for each course based on EQAO achievement results from the previous year.
Global Competencies: Together, staff look at report card data and consider the needs of students who are achieving below Level 3. Each teacher builds expertise in an evidence-based instructional strategy that will help students improve.
Culture of Collaborative Inquiry
Educators at Kenner have created a culture of high expectations and focus on closing achievement gaps for students. Math teachers develop a theory of action grounded in the use of an evidence-based instructional strategy to support student learning. They monitor its impact throughout the semester.
Teachers co-plan and co-teach lessons. The team's data are a powerful part of their collaborative work. The teachers use evidence from conversations, observations and student work to guide their professional learning cycles and to monitor students. They review their lessons and end-of-semester data to refine their practice. They also continue to monitor students' achievement in mathematics in Grades 10 and 11.
Administrators gather timely feedback on the impact of the school learning plan through daily and weekly learning walks. These visits to classrooms are part of the Achieving Excellence in Applied Courses initiative. Administrators talk to students about what they are learning, seeking insights into students' understanding of why they are learning concepts. The learning needs of both students and teachers inform the school learning plan.
Sudbury Secondary School, Rainbow District School Board
Maxwell Heights Secondary School, Durham District School Board
M.M. Robinson High School, Halton District School Board
Elmira District Secondary School, Waterloo Region District School Board
St. Francis Xavier High School, Ottawa Catholic District School Board
John McCrae Secondary School, Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institute, Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic High School, Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board
St. Benedict Catholic Secondary School, Sudbury Catholic District School Board
Pine Grove Public School, District School Board of Niagara
St. Gabriel Catholic Elementary School, Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
Sister Catherine Donnelly Catholic School, Simcoe County District School Board
St. Matthew Catholic School, Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Fleming Public School, Toronto District School Board
Springbrook Public School, Peel District School Board
Byron Southwood Public School, Thames Valley District School Board
Superior Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Lakehead District School Board
South Carleton High School, Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Holy Names Catholic High School, Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
Danforth Collegiate and Technical Institute, Toronto District School Board
McKellar Park Central School, Lakehead District School Board
St. Dominic Savio Catholic School, Waterloo Catholic District School Board
St. Bernadette Catholic School, Durham Catholic District School Board
Beverley Heights Middle School, Toronto District School Board
Pius XII Catholic Elementary, Sudbury Catholic District School Board
Sir William Gage Middle School, Peel District School Board
St. Martin School, Thunder Bay Catholic District School Board
D. Roy Kennedy Public School, Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Maple High School, York Region District School Board
Essex District High School, Greater Essex County District School Board
Mississauga Secondary School, Peel District School Board
Governor Simcoe Secondary School, District School Board of Niagara
Cardinal Carter Catholic Secondary School, Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board
Earl Haig Secondary School, Toronto District School Board
St. Edmund Separate School, Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Pleasantville Public School, York Region District School Board
Nelles Public School, District School Board of Niagara
St. Luke Catholic Elementary School, Nipissing-Parry Sound Catholic District School Board
St. Aloysius Catholic Elementary School, Waterloo Catholic District School Board
Centennial Road Junior Public School, Toronto District School Board
Dunlace Public School, Toronto District School Board
St. John XXIII Catholic School, Renfrew County Catholic District School Board
E. J. James Public School, Halton District School Board

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\subsubsection*{#1}}

\pagestyle{headings}
\markright{Reference sheet: \texttt{natbib}}

\usepackage{shortvrb}
\MakeShortVerb{\|}

\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{plain}

\newcommand{\textsc{Bib}\TeX}{\textsc{Bib}\TeX}
\newcommand{\texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}}{\texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}}
\begin{center}{\bfseries\Large
    Reference sheet for \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ usage}\\
    \large(Describing version \fileversion\ from \filedate)
\end{center}

\begin{quote}\slshape
For a more detailed description of the \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ package, \LaTeX\ the
source file \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\texttt{.dtx}.
\end{quote}
\head{Overview}
The \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ package is a reimplementation of the \LaTeX\ |\cite| command,
to work with both author--year and numerical citations. It is compatible with
the standard bibliographic style files, such as \texttt{plain.bst}, as well as
with those for \texttt{harvard}, \texttt{apalike}, \texttt{chicago},
\texttt{astron}, \texttt{authordate}, and of course \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}.

\head{Loading}
Load with |\usepackage[|\emph{options}|]{|\texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}|}|. See list of
\emph{options} at the end.

\head{Replacement bibliography styles}
I provide three new \texttt{.bst} files to replace the standard \LaTeX\
numerical ones:
\begin{quote}\ttfamily
 plainnat.bst \qquad abbrvnat.bst \qquad unsrtnat.bst
\end{quote}
\head{Basic commands}
The \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ package has two basic citation commands, |\citet| and
|\citep| for \emph{textual} and \emph{parenthetical} citations, respectively.
There also exist the starred versions |\citet*| and |\citep*| that print
the full author list, and not just the abbreviated one.
All of these may take one or two optional arguments to add some text before
and after the citation.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  |\citet{jon90}| & Jones et al. (1990)\\
  |\citet[chap.~2]{jon90}| & Jones et al. (1990, chap.~2)\\[0.5ex]
  |\citep{jon90}| & (Jones et al., 1990)\\
  |\citep[chap.~2]{jon90}| & (Jones et al., 1990, chap.~2)\\
  |\citep[see][]{jon90}| & (see Jones et al., 1990)\\
  |\citep[see][chap.~2]{jon90}| & (see Jones et al., 1990, chap.~2)\\[0.5ex]
  |\citet*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams (1990)\\
  |\citep*{jon90}| & (Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
\head{Multiple citations}
Multiple citations may be made by including more than one
citation key in the |\cite| command argument.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  |\citet{jon90,jam91}| & Jones et al. (1990); James et al. (1991)\\
  |\citep{jon90,jam91}| & (Jones et al., 1990; James et al. 1991)\\
  |\citep{jon90,jon91}| & (Jones et al., 1990, 1991)\\
  |\citep{jon90a,jon90b}| & (Jones et al., 1990a,b)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}

\head{Numerical mode}
These examples are for author--year citation mode. In numerical mode, the
results are different.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  |\citet{jon90}| & Jones et al. [21]\\
  |\citet[chap.~2]{jon90}| & Jones et al. [21, chap.~2]\\[0.5ex]
  |\citep{jon90}| & [21]\\
  |\citep[chap.~2]{jon90}| & [21, chap.~2]\\
  |\citep[see][]{jon90}| & [see 21]\\
  |\citep[see][chap.~2]{jon90}| & [see 21, chap.~2]\\[0.5ex]
  |\citep{jon90a,jon90b}| & [21, 32]
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
\head{Suppressed parentheses}
As an alternative form of citation, |\citealt| is the same as |\citet| but
\emph{without parentheses}. Similarly, |\citealp| is |\citep| without
parentheses. Multiple references, notes, and the starred variants
also exist.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  |\citealt{jon90}| & Jones et al.\ 1990\\
  |\citealt*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams 1990\\
  |\citealp{jon90}| & Jones et al., 1990\\
  |\citealp*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams, 1990\\
  |\citealp{jon90,jam91}| & Jones et al., 1990; James et al., 1991\\
  |\citealp[pg.~32]{jon90}| & Jones et al., 1990, pg.~32\\
  |\citetext{priv.\ comm.}| & (priv.\ comm.)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
The |\citetext| command
allows arbitrary text to be placed in the current citation parentheses.
This may be used in combination with |\citealp|.
\head{Partial citations}
In author--year schemes, it is sometimes desirable to be able to refer to
the authors without the year, or vice versa. This is provided with the
extra commands
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  |\citeauthor{jon90}| & Jones et al.\\
  |\citeauthor*{jon90}| & Jones, Baker, and Williams\\
  |\citeyear{jon90}|   & 1990\\
  |\citeyearpar{jon90}| & (1990)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
\head{Forcing upper cased names}
If the first author's name contains a \textsl{von} part, such as ``della
Robbia'', then |\citet{dRob98}| produces ``della Robbia (1998)'', even at the
beginning of a sentence. One can force the first letter to be in upper case
with the command |\Citet| instead. Other upper case commands also exist.
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{rl@{\quad$\Rightarrow$\quad}l}
  when & |\citet{dRob98}| & della Robbia (1998) \\
  then & |\Citet{dRob98}| & Della Robbia (1998) \\
     &   |\Citep{dRob98}| & (Della Robbia, 1998) \\
     &   |\Citealt{dRob98}| & Della Robbia 1998 \\
     &   |\Citealp{dRob98}| & Della Robbia, 1998 \\
     &   |\Citeauthor{dRob98}| & Della Robbia
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
These commands also exist in starred versions for full author names.

\head{Citation aliasing}
Sometimes one wants to refer to a reference with a special designation,
rather than by the authors, i.e. as Paper~I, Paper~II. Such aliases can be
defined and used, textual and/or parenthetical with:
\begin{quote}
\begin{tabular}{lcl}
  |\defcitealias{jon90}{Paper~I}|\\
  |\citetalias{jon90}| & $\Rightarrow$ & Paper~I\\
  |\citepalias{jon90}| & $\Rightarrow$ & (Paper~I)
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
These citation commands function much like |\citet| and |\citep|: they may
take multiple keys in the argument, may contain notes, and are marked as
hyperlinks.
\head{Selecting citation style and punctuation}
Use the command |\bibpunct| with one optional and 6 mandatory arguments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the opening bracket symbol, default = (
\item the closing bracket symbol, default = )
\item the punctuation between multiple citations, default = ;
\item the letter `n' for numerical style, or `s' for numerical superscript
      style, any other letter for
      author--year, default = author--year;
\item the punctuation that comes between the author names and the year
\item the punctuation that comes between years or numbers when common author
      lists are suppressed (default = ,);
\end{enumerate}

The optional argument is the character preceding a post-note, default is a
comma plus space. In redefining this character, one must include a space if
one is wanted.

Example~1, |\bibpunct{[}{]}{,}{a}{}{;}| changes the output of
\begin{quote}
  |\citep{jon90,jon91,jam92}|
\end{quote}
into [Jones et al. 1990; 1991, James et al. 1992].

Example~2, |\bibpunct[; ]{(}{)}{,}{a}{}{;}| changes the output of
\begin{quote}
  |\citep[and references therein]{jon90}|
\end{quote}
into (Jones et al. 1990; and references therein).

\head{Other formatting options}
Redefine |\bibsection| to the desired sectioning command for introducing
the list of references. This is normally |\section*| or |\chapter*|.

Define |\bibpreamble| to be any text that is to be printed after the heading but
before the actual list of references.

Define |\bibfont| to be a font declaration, e.g.\ |\small| to apply to
the list of references.

Define |\citenumfont| to be a font declaration or command like |\itshape|
or |\textit|.

Redefine |\bibnumfmt| as a command with an argument to format the numbers in
the list of references. The default definition is |[#1]|.

The indentation after the first line of each reference is given by
|\bibhang|; change this with the |\setlength| command.

The vertical spacing between references is set by |\bibsep|; change this with
the |\setlength| command.

\head{Automatic indexing of citations}
If one wishes to have the citations entered in the \texttt{.idx} indexing
file, it is only necessary to issue |\citeindextrue| at any point in the
document. All following |\cite| commands, of all variations, then insert
the corresponding entry to that file. With |\citeindexfalse|, these
entries will no longer be made.

\head{Use with \texttt{chapterbib} package}

The \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ package is compatible with the \texttt{chapterbib} package
which makes it possible to have several bibliographies in one document.

The package makes use of the |\include| command, and each |\include|d file
has its own bibliography.

The order in which the \texttt{chapterbib} and \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ packages are loaded
is unimportant.

The \texttt{chapterbib} package provides an option \texttt{sectionbib}
that puts the bibliography in a |\section*| instead of |\chapter*|,
something that makes sense if there is a bibliography in each chapter.
This option will not work when \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\ is also loaded; instead, add
the option to \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}.

Every |\include|d file must contain its own
|\bibliography| command where the bibliography is to appear. The database
files listed as arguments to this command can be different in each file,
of course. However, what is not so obvious, is that each file must also
contain a |\bibliographystyle| command, \emph{preferably with the same
style  argument}.
\head{Sorting and compressing citations}
Do not use the \texttt{cite} package with \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}; rather use one of the
options \texttt{sort} or \texttt{sort\&compress}.

These also work with author--year citations, making multiple citations appear
in their order in the reference list.

\head{Long author list on first citation}
Use option \texttt{longnamesfirst} to have first citation automatically give
the full list of authors.

Suppress this for certain citations with |\shortcites{|\emph{key-list}|}|,
given before the first citation.

\head{Local configuration}
Any local recoding or definitions can be put in \texttt{#1}\def\filedate{#2}\def\fileversion{#3}}\texttt{.cfg} which
is read in after the main package file.

\head{Options that can be added to \texttt{\char`\\ usepackage}}
\begin{description}
\item[\ttfamily round] (default) for round parentheses;
\item[\ttfamily square] for square brackets;
\item[\ttfamily curly] for curly braces;
\item[\ttfamily angle] for angle brackets;
\item[\ttfamily colon] (default) to separate multiple citations with
     colons;
\item[\ttfamily comma] to use commas as separaters;
\item[\ttfamily authoryear] (default) for author--year citations;
\item[\ttfamily numbers] for numerical citations;
\item[\ttfamily super] for superscripted numerical citations, as in
     \textsl{Nature};
\item[\ttfamily sort] orders multiple citations into the sequence in
     which they appear in the list of references;
\item[\ttfamily sort\&compress] as \texttt{sort} but in addition multiple
     numerical citations are compressed if possible (as 3--6, 15);
\item[\ttfamily longnamesfirst] makes the first citation of any reference
     the equivalent of the starred variant (full author list) and subsequent
     citations normal (abbreviated list);
\item[\ttfamily sectionbib] redefines |\thebibliography| to issue
     |\section*| instead of |\chapter*|; valid only for classes with a
     |\chapter| command; to be used with the \texttt{chapterbib} package;
\item[\ttfamily nonamebreak] keeps all the authors' names in a citation on
     one line; causes overfull hboxes but helps with some \texttt{hyperref}
     problems.
\end{description}
\end{document}

\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}

A variety of small scale energy releases on the Sun (flaring bright points, active region transient brightenings, coronal jets, etc.) have been studied using X-ray and radio observations. While X-rays are dominated by thermal emission from the coronal plasma, radio observations are sensitive to non-thermal emission also. The observations of low frequency type III radio bursts in association with X-ray bright point flares \citep{Kundu1980,Kundu1994} clearly indicated that the latter are capable of accelerating particles to non-thermal energies, as well as producing the heated material detected in soft X-rays.
The detection of type III bursts together with coronal X-ray jets strengthened the above argument \citep{Aurass1994,Kundu1995}.
These results imply that radio observations are an useful complimentary tool for observing signatures of weak, transient energy releases in the solar atmosphere since the related non-thermal emission can be easily detected \citep{Benz1995,Mugundhan2017}.
Note that counterparts to some of the X-ray transients have been reported at higher radio frequencies also.
For e.g., \cite{Gopalswamy1994,White1995,Gary1997} observed correlated active region transient brightenings in soft X-rays and microwaves. Moving further,
X-ray microflares are another independent observational evidence for the small scale energy releases in the solar atmosphere. They were first reported by \cite{Lin1984}.  The energy involved (${\sim}10^{26}$\,erg) is approximately six orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for some of the largest solar flares.
Sensitive observations with the soft X-ray telescope onboard YOHKOH revealed that the microflares are present in the `quiet' Sun also \citep{Krucker1997}.
The study of these microflares are of interest because of their possible bearing on the problems of coronal heating and solar flares \citep{Hudson1991,Hannah2011,Benz2017}. Analogous to microflares, \cite{Kundu1986} reported observations of weak non-thermal microbursts in the solar corona at low radio frequencies.
Though it was hinted that a common source of energetic particles could be responsible for both the microflares and microbursts, reports of direct association are rare. The microbursts were found to have some characteristics similar to that of the normal type III bursts, but the relationship was inconclusive. Further the  observations reported were at separate individual frequencies unlike typical spectral observations of type III bursts \citep{Kundu1986,White1986,Thejappa1990,Subramanian1993}.
Recent spectroscopic imaging observations indicate that the weak non-thermal radio emission at low frequencies are more like type I radio bursts \citep{Sharma2018,Mondal2020}.
However there were no details about the counterparts to the radio events in other frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Note that type I bursts represent the smallest discrete releases of energy observable \citep{Bastian1998}. They are considered to be evidence of successive electron accelerations. So, establishing its association with activities in other regions of the solar atmosphere would be useful to understand the acceleration processes of the non-thermal electrons at the sites of elementary/weakest energy releases.
In this situation, we report observations of weak type I radio burst emission during the same time as soft X-ray observations of a sub-A class level flare and EUV brightening from the  `quiet' solar corona in the complete absence of active regions and flare/coronal mass ejection (CME) activity.

\section{Observations} \label{sec:obs}

The radio observations were carried out using the different facilities operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) in the Gauribidanur Observatory\footnote{\url{https://www.iiap.res.in/?q=centers/radio}} \citep{Ramesh2011a,Ramesh2014}. The radio spectral images were obtained with the
Gauribidanur LOw-frequency Solar Spectrograph (GLOSS) in the frequency range 85\,-\,40 MHz \citep{Ebenezer2001,Ebenezer2007,Kishore2014,Hariharan2016b}. The GLOSS is an one-dimensional array of eight log-periodic dipole antennas (LPDA) along a North-South baseline. The half-power width of the response pattern of GLOSS around local noon is
${\approx}90{\arcdeg}{\times}6{\arcdeg}$ (right ascension, R.A.\,{$\times$}\,declination, decl.) at the highest frequency of operation, i.e. 85\,MHz. While the width of the response pattern along R.A. is nearly independent of frequency, its width along the declination varies inversly with the frequency due to  interferometric arrangement of the individual antennas. The observations were carried out with an integration time of ${\approx}$1\,sec and bandwidth of
${\approx}$1\,MHz. The minimum detectable flux density is ${\approx}$75\,Jy
(1\,Jy\,=\,$\rm 10^{-26}\,Wm^{-2}Hz^{-1}$) at a typical frequency like 80 MHz.
The antenna and the receiver systems were calibrated by carrying
out observations in the direction of the Galactic center as described in \cite{Kishore2015}. The two-dimensional radio images were obtained with the Gauribidanur RAdioheliograPH (GRAPH) at 80 MHz \citep{Ramesh1998,Ramesh1999a,Ramesh2006b}. The GRAPH is a T-shaped radio interferometer array of 384 LPDAs. Its angular resolution (`beam' size) for observations close to the zenith is
${\approx}5{\arcmin}{\times}7{\arcmin}$ (R.A.\,$\times$\,decl.) at the above frequency. The integration time is $\approx$250\,msec and the observing bandwidth is
$\approx$2\,MHz. The field-of-view (FOV) in the GRAPH images is
${\approx}2{\arcdeg}{\times}2{\arcdeg}$, and the pixel size is
${\approx}14{\arcsec}$. The minimum detectable flux density is
${\approx}$2\,Jy. The GRAPH data were calibrated using the standard Astronomical Image Processing System (AIPS). The combined use of the imaging and spectral data help to understand the radio signatures associated with the corresponding solar activity in a better manner (see for e.g. \cite{Sasikumar2014}).

Figure \ref{fig:figure1} shows the GLOSS observations on 2020 April 21 in the time interval 04:51\,-\,05:30\,UT. The patches of bright emission during the period
$\approx$05:09\,-\,05:11\,UT are typical of  type I or noise storm bursts from the solar corona (see for e.g. \cite{Iwai2013,Mugundhan2018b}). It is widely believed that the bursts are due to plasma radiation at the fundamental plasma frequency \citep{Melrose1980,Kai1985}.
Figure \ref{fig:figure2} shows the frequency averaged time profile of the dynamic spectrum in Figure \ref{fig:figure1}. The presence of enhanced activity during the interval $\approx$05:09\,-\,05:11\,UT could be clearly noticed. It is also similar to the time profiles of groups of type I bursts (see for e.g. \cite{Ramesh2013b,Mugundhan2016}).
No H$\alpha$ and/or GOES soft X-ray flares were reported during the burst interval mentioned above\footnote{\url{https://www.solarmonitor.org/data/2020/04/21/meta/noaa{\_}events{\_}raw{\_}20200421.txt}}. The Sun was totally free of any active regions\footnote{\url{https://www.solarmonitor.org/?date=20200421}} and/or CMEs\footnote{\url{https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME{\_}list/UNIVERSAL/2020{\_}04/univ2020{\_}04.html}}.
The overall location of the bursts can be inferred from the GRAPH difference image (obtained by subtracting a pre-event image to clearly identify the weak emission features) in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} at 80\,MHz.
The two spatially separated contours marked 1 \& 2 correspond to the two maxima (indicated by the same set of numbers) in the time profile of the bursts in Figure \ref{fig:figure2}.
The brightness temperature ($T_{b}$) of the contours 1 \& 2, estimated using the `beam' size of the GRAPH at 80\,MHz, are ${\approx}3{\times}10^{5}$\,K. The `dots' inside the contours in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} correspond to the centroids of some of the individual type I bursts (see Figure \ref{fig:figure4}). We located them following the methodology described in \cite{Ramesh2020a}.
Any ionospheric refraction effects on the radio source positions in the present case are expected to be very minimal since the observations were carried out close to the local noon during which time the zenith angle of the Sun is the least.
Note that the elevation of Sun on 2020 April 21 during the present radio observations was ${\approx}90^{\arcdeg}$.
Secondly, the total duration of the type I radio bursts in the present case is only
$\approx$2\,min (see Figures \ref{fig:figure2} \& \ref{fig:figure4}). This is less than the period
of $\approx$20\,min over which radio source positions at low frequencies usually change due to ionospheric effects \citep{Stewart1982,Mercier1996}.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[angle=0,height=7.5cm,width=12cm]{figure1new.pdf}}
\caption{GLOSS dynamic spectrum of the solar radio emission observed on 2020 April 21. The bright emission during the period $\approx$05:09\,-\,05:11\,UT correspond to the type I solar radio bursts mentioned in the text.}
\label{fig:figure1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[angle=0,height=7.5cm,width=12cm]{figure2new.pdf}}
\caption{The `green' colour plot corresponds to the frequency averaged time profile of the GLOSS dynamic spectrum in Figure \ref{fig:figure1}. Its amplitude values are indicated in the left hand side ordinate axis. The `red' colour line is the fit to the data points. The labels 1 \& 2 indicate the epochs of maximum radio emission from the regions 1 \& 2 in Figure \ref{fig:figure3}, respectively. The `blue' colour profile is the light curve of the soft X-ray emission from the Sun close to the same epoch as the radio observations. Its amplitude values are indicated in the right hand side ordinate axis. The data were obtained with the Chandrayaan-2/XSM \citep{Mithun2020} in the energy range
$\approx$1\,-\,5\,keV with a time binning of ${\approx}$120\,sec.}
\label{fig:figure2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[angle=0,height=6cm,width=12.5cm]{figure3new.pdf}}
\caption{A composite of the GRAPH difference image of the bursts in Figure \ref{fig:figure1} at 80 MHz and the EUV observations at 94{\AA} with the SDO/AIA \citep{Lemen2012} around the same time as the radio and X-ray observations in Figures \ref{fig:figure1} \& \ref{fig:figure2} on 2020 April 21. The contours labelled 1 \& 2 correspond to the GRAPH observations. The background is the EUV image. Solar north is straight up and east is to the left. The bigger and smaller `boxes' in the left panel image indicate the region around the EUV brightening and the location of maximum emission, respectively. The `zoomed' version of the same brightening is shown in the right side panel. The peak flux density in the GRAPH observations is $\rm {\approx}\,241\,Jy$. Its nearly the same for the contours 1 \& 2, which correspond to the two maxima 1 \& 2 in the radio time profile in Figure \ref{fig:figure2}, respectively. The contours shown are at 80\% level. The `dots' inside the contours 1 \& 2 indicate the centroid locations of the individual type I bursts a\,-\,e \& f\,-\,k in Figure \ref{fig:figure4}, respectively.}
\label{fig:figure3}
\end{figure}

\section{Analysis and Results} \label{sec:anares}

Recently \cite{Vadawale2021} had reported observations of `quiet' Sun X-ray microflares with the Chandrayaan-2/XSM during the solar minimum 2019-2020 (see for e.g. \cite{Ramesh2020b}). Upon inspection we found that some of these flares were observed during the same epoch as the low frequency radio observations of the Sun from Gauribidanur. We considered the X-ray flare observed on 2020 April 21 at
${\approx}$05:10 UT (see Figure \ref{fig:figure2}) for the present work since both radio spectral and imaging observations were available. There was also an EUV brightening observed with the
SDO/AIA at 94{\AA} (see Figure \ref{fig:figure3}) around the same time as the type I radio bursts (Figures \ref{fig:figure1} \& \ref{fig:figure2}) and the X-ray flare (Figure \ref{fig:figure2}). The location of the northern radio contour with label `1' in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} correspond reasonably well with the location of the EUV brightening. The observations of the type I radio bursts over a larger area compared to the EUV brightening could be due to the divergence of the associated field lines (see for e.g. \cite{Li2017}). We speculate that the presence of the two spatially separated radio contours 1 \& 2 (particularly with the latter located just below the equator in the southern hemisphere) suggests interaction at two different locations between inclined, large magnetic loops with foot points in the same hemisphere, north in the present case \citep{Wild1968,Simnett1998}. Note that the probability of trans-equatorial loops are expected to be minimal since there were no active regions on the solar disk. Information on the polarization characteristics of the regions 1 \& 2 would have helped to verify the above. But, observations with the GRAPH in its current configuration are limited to the total intensity mode.
We also checked the location of the 1st sidelobe in the GRAPH `beam', particularly in the north-south direction, to rule out the possibility of any spurious pick-up. It was $\gtrsim\,14^{\arcmin}$ away from the main lobe. The spacing between the contours 1 \& 2 in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} is shorter compared to this. Secondly, the amplitude of the sidelobe is lesser by a factor of
20 (${\approx}$\,13\,dB). But the strength of the two sources 1 \& 2 are nearly the
same.

The peak flux of the XSM flare is
$\rm {\approx}6{\times}10^{-9}\,Wm^{-2}$. It was a very weak event (see
Figure \ref{fig:figure2}).
The total duration of the event is ${\approx}$5\,min. There appears to be two  `peaks' in the flare light curve with a noticeable difference between the corresponding count rates.
The type I radio bursts are present only during the initial phase of the X-ray emission, i.e. close to the 1st of the two `peaks' mentioned above.
The total duration of the radio event is smaller $({\approx}$2\,min).
Assuming that both the X-ray and radio events are related to a common primary phenomenon, the comparitively shorter duration of the radio event indicates that  the electrons responsible for its occurrence are probably thermalized quickly. As a result they cannot travel to larger heights in the corona from where the low frequency radio emission primarily originate \citep{Mondal2020}. The shorter duration of the radio bursts could be also due to the emission being non-thermal in nature as compared to the soft X-ray emission \citep{Reid2017}. Nevertheless we independently calculated the associated energy from the radio observations.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centerline{\includegraphics[angle=0,height=7.5cm,width=12cm]{figure2anew.pdf}}
\caption{`Zoomed' version of the observations around the maxima in the radio time profile in Figure \ref{fig:figure2}. The labels a\,-\,k indicate some of the individual type I bursts.}
\label{fig:figure4}
\end{figure}

The energy associated with a type I burst can be estimated using the relation $\rm E\,{=}\,S{\delta}t{\delta}{\nu}R^{2}{\Omega}e^{\tau}$ \citep{Elgaroy1977}. Here $\rm S$ is the flux density of the burst, $\rm {\delta}$t is the duration of the burst, ${\nu}$ is the frequency of observation, $\rm {\delta}{\nu}$ is the bandwidth of the burst, $\rm R$ is the Sun-Earth distance, ${\Omega}$ is the solid angle into which the radio waves are emitted, and $\rm \tau$ is the optical depth. In the present case, $\rm S\,{\approx}\,241\,Jy$ (see Figure \ref{fig:figure3}),
$\rm {\delta}t\,{\approx}\,$1\,sec, and $\rm {\delta}{\nu}\,{\approx}\,5\,MHz$ near 80\,MHz (see Figure \ref{fig:figure1}). Assuming
${\Omega}\,{=}\,$0.15\,steradians \citep{Steinberg1974}, $\rm {\tau}\,{\approx}$\,3 at 80 MHz \citep{Ramesh2005b}, and an efficiency ($\eta$) of ${\approx}10^{-10}$ for the type I burst emission process \citep{Prasad2004}, we find $\rm E\,{\approx}\,8.1{\times}10^{22}$\,erg. This is consistent with the reports that ${\sim}10^{21}$\,{-}\,$10^{23}$\,ergs are needed for a single type I burst \citep{Tomin2018}.
We also calculated the energy using the relation $\rm E\,{=}\,n_{th}(n/n_{th})VE_{m}$ (see for e.g. \cite{Ramesh2010c}). Here $\rm n_{th}$ is the number density of the background thermal electrons, $\rm n$ is the number density of the non-thermal electrons, $\rm V$ is the volume of the burst source, and $\rm E_{m}$ is the mean energy of the individual electrons. In the present case $\rm n_{th}\,{=}\,7.9{\times}10^{7}\rm cm^{-3}$ and $\rm E_{m}\,{\approx}\,5$\,keV \citep{Vadawale2021}. Assuming $\rm n/n_{th}\,{=}\,1.23{\times}10^{-7}$ at 80 MHz \citep{Thejappa1991} and
V\,=\,$10^{30}\rm cm^{3}$ (corresponding to a density scale height of
$\rm {\approx}\,10^{10}\,cm$ in the solar corona), we find $\rm E\,{\approx}\,7.8{\times}10^{22}$\,erg. This is in good agreement with the estimated energy using the observed flux density, duration, bandwidth, etc. of the burst  in the present case.
We would like to mention here that the noise storm radiative efficiency $\eta$ mentioned above is typically in the range ${\sim}\,10^{-6}$\,-\,$10^{-10}$. In the present case both the type I bursts and the associated X-ray emission were short lived. Therefore it is likely that the electron acceleration responsible for the type I bursts were triggered by the same process responsible for the associated X-ray microflare \citep{Crosby1996}. The energy of the latter is typically ${\sim}\,10^{27}$\,erg.
Reports indicate that for such an energy input, $\eta$ is expected to be in the range ${\sim}\,10^{-9}$\,-\,$10^{-10}$ \citep{Prasad2004}. We assumed $\eta\,{\approx}\,10^{-10}$ since the observed type I bursts were also weak. The close agreement between the different energy estimates mentioned above is in support of our assumption on the value of $\eta$. However it should be kept in mind that the above calculations will give rise to a lower energy for the type I burst if we assume $\eta\,>\,10^{-10}$. Hence a more tighter constraint on the value of $\eta$ would be better.

Proceeding further, we find that the area enclosed by the contours in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} is nearly same as that of the GRAPH `beam' size at 80 MHz mentioned earlier, i.e.\,${\approx}5^{\arcmin}{\times}7^{\arcmin}$. But results obtained from (i) high angular resolution observations of the solar corona at low radio frequencies during solar eclipses (lunar occultation technique) and (ii) independent long baseline interferometer observations indicate that the `true' size of the individual type I bursts is ${\lesssim}15^{\arcsec}$ \citep{Ramesh2001b,Kathiravan2011,Ramesh2012b,Mugundhan2016,Mugundhan2018a}. There are also reports that the upper limit to the size of a type I burst source is
${\approx}14^{\arcsec}$ \citep{Melrose1980}. These values are much smaller than the GRAPH `beam' size. \cite{Kundu1990,Malik1996,Willson1997} had shown earlier that the centroids of type I burst sources are spatially distributed within the associated noise storm emitting region.
Type I burst models too predict scattered small-scale sites of energy release \citep{Klein1995}.
The dispersion in the centroids of some of the individual type I bursts in the present case (see Figures \ref{fig:figure3} \& \ref{fig:figure4}) is consistent with this.
Therefore it is possible that the contours in Figure \ref{fig:figure3} correspond to an ensemble of type I burst sources, each of size ${\approx}14^{\arcsec}{\times}14^{\arcsec}$. So, we calculated the maximum possible total energy of the type I bursts as
$\rm E_{t}\,{\approx}\,\frac{5{\times}7{\times}3600{\times}8.1{\times}10^{22}}{14{\times}14}\,{\approx}\,5.3{\times}10^{25}$\,erg.
This is in reasonable agreement with the range of energies
($3{\times}10^{26}$\,-\,$7{\times}10^{27}$\,erg) for the soft X-ray microflares reported by \cite{Vadawale2021} since the authors had mentioned that their estimates represent upper limits. Note that the minimum possible energy of the type I bursts in the present case is $\rm E\,{\approx}\,8.1{\times}10^{22}$\,erg. So, our estimates indicate a range of ${\approx}10^{22}$\,-\,$10^{25}$ erg.
\cite{Benz2002} had earlier reported EUV flares in the `quiet' solar corona with energy budget ${\approx}10^{24}$\,-\,$10^{26}$ erg.
\cite{Lin1985} showed that the total energy released into the interplanetary medium in  solar electrons above 2\,keV is ${\approx}10^{25}$\,-\,$10^{26}$ erg.
The above numbers and arguments confirm that the type I radio bursts are an independent ground based observational tool to probe weak activity in the `quiet' regions of the corona also in addition to its known association with sunspot activity (see for e.g. \cite{Ramesh2000b}).

\section{Summary} \label{sum}

We had presented co-temporal/co-spatial observations of weak type I radio bursts, X-ray microflare, and EUV brightening from the `quiet' Sun which was completely devoid of any active regions. There is close agreement between the energy budgets estimated independently from the radio and X-ray observations. As far as we know, this is the first time such simultaneous observations of transient activity in the `quiet' Sun have been reported. Considering that type I radio bursts like those described in this work hint activity in the outer layers of the solar corona which is currently inaccessible to observations in X-rays and extreme ultra-violet (EUV), combined investigations of weak energy releases observed at the same time in all the aforementioned domains would be helpful to understand the energies deposited at different levels in the solar corona in addition to the associated mechanisms themselves. For e.g. \cite{Li2017} had shown that magnetic reconnection driven by multiple moving magnetic features \citep{Harvey1973,Bentley2000} in/near an active region at the photosphere are correlated with EUV brightenings and type I bursts. But there were reports of
H$\alpha$ and X-ray flares during the observing period reported by the above authors. Several active regions too were present. Nevertheless, it would be interesting to explore such moving features in the `quiet' Sun also to explain weak energy releases as described in this work.

We express our gratitude to the Gauribidanur observatory staff members for their help in the observations and upkeep of the facilities. M.Rajesh and K.P.Santosh are acknowledged for their assistance to the present work. The SDO/AIA data are courtesy of the NASA/SDO and the AIA science teams. We thank the referee for his/her kind comments which helped us to describe the results more clearly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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I have news y'all! I decided that my time here in Rwanda is not finished. In the middle of my fellowship, I spent time reflecting if I should come back, and then decided that there is still so much more for me to do and learn in this country. So I decided after returning home for Christmas and presenting my convo at Belmont University, I will be returning to Kigali, Rwanda.
I was offered a fellowship as a Start Up Fellow in the department of New Ventures at Akilah Institute. Akilah is the first all-girls institute in the country, and the founder actually went to Vanderbilt University. Small world! I will be working directly underneath the Managing Director of New Ventures as her fellow. Our mission is to find new, creative ways to generate money for the university to sustain the growth and expansion of Akilah! I am in fact combining three of my greatest passions: research, entrepreneurship, and girl's education. Honestly, it is quite remarkable that I found this fellowship in such a short amount of time and that the week I decided to look for jobs, they had just recently posted the job information. Can I get a God is good all the time, all the time God is good.
I had been to campus previously when I visited for my research. And let me tell you, these women radiate confidence and it was so easy to make friends after only being here for a few hours. Returning back from my interview, I ran into so many wonderful new friends that greeted me and were so joyful to hear that I will be working with them. This working environment is going to be amazing! I can not wait!
So, that's my news! I get to work with bad as women who are changing gender dynamics in Rwanda, empowering their local communities and pursuing excellence in their lives. I can not wait to work to encourage these women further to pursue their dreams.
Let the adventure continue… Komeza imbere.
Yesterday was graduation day for RLS. Honestly I couldn't keep a smile off of my face, and my cheeks hurt from how much I smiling. I am so ridiculously proud of these students, and all they have accomplished.
At graduation, Robin, the founder, ended her opening remarks to these graduates by saying, "Now it's your time to go out into the world. Go shake it, shape it and beat it." I see the fire burning in these students minds and hearts, and I am so excited to see where they go with their talents and skills. Robin's thought particularly struck a chord with me, and she definitely fueled some fire in me. I'm learning how to shake against injustices here in Rwanda, and how to construct capacity building and encourage open mindsets. But there is, of course, still so much more to learn and do.
After graduation, I headed over to a local hotel where Mobile Arts for Peace (the workshop I participated in during my second week in country) was having a second workshop. All of my old friends warmly welcomed me, and I had to chance to see the final presentations of the students from the week. To explain again, MAP is seeking to encourage drama clubs in schools for trauma healing and reconciliation efforts. The first workshop, that I attended, was to train the facilitators. This second workshop was a small camp for students in the village, two of my students from RLS actually joined the workshop as well. This semester we had a trial Drama Club to see if this would be something students would be interested in, and they definitely can not wait to see this Drama Club be apart of their week. Especially after we had the poetry slam a few weeks back, thank you student Derrick (brilliant idea!), the students have been very interested in the arts.
Which I love!!! As music, art, acting, and drama can all be extremely effective tools to experience and process emotions as well as to seek therapeutic healing. I even ran into one of my first friends, Laure, who is a mental health therapist in Kigali (which is HUGE, because mental health is extremely taboo in Rwanda), and we are getting coffee tomorrow to catch up.
Yesterday was one of those days that will definitely stick out when I reflect back on my fellowship. I was able to see the small impact of my time spent at RLS, and how I was allowed to be apart of these students' journey towards knowledge. I am so stinking proud! (Phrase credits to Thandi Dinani). I also saw the result of my investment in Rwamagana, and how it was so marvelous to run into old friends. I am so grateful for these shared moments, and relationships that I will continue to develop and invest in. Wow, what a good day!
Parents standing behind the graduates during the blessing.
Katie, a past RLS volunteer.
This is one of those funny reflective moments where I think back to a past prayer, and realize God completely put my thoughts to action. I remember at the beginning of college praying to gain patience and practice patience. A few years later after God continued to work on my heart to seek humility, empathy, and love, he also placed me smack dab in the middle of a culture that requires the utmost patience.
Patience is a necessity when you live in Eastern Africa. Everything requires patience here – conversations, any form of transportation, and all transactions with anyone ever.
The whole Rwandan culture revolves around "African" time, even the language. For example when trying to explain a simple task, a Rwandan can speak at length in Kinyarwanda because it requires more words and creatively piecing words together. Additionally, there is SO MUCH repetition in Kinyarwanda. When explaining and understanding a game, there is no jumping in through trial and error, but instead each rule must be understood and discussed at length. While I respect the Kinyarwanda language and this way of learning and processing, it drives my Western-self crazy sometimes... Especially when teaching students.
In addition, I had to gain patience with my host family. I loved living with Laura and Peter dearly, but often they would arrive very late from work (mostly around 8:30 pm but sometimes as late as 10:00 pm). Their mornings are early and their nights are late, and I have complete empathy for how long their days are and how challenging the commute must be. But I will still say it was difficult for me to be at home for hours with the kids and practically play babysitter every night. Don't get me wrong I love these kiddos and I am so blessed for all the dance parties and games we played together. But it was hard to discipline children when I didn't feel it was my place or my responsibility, yet I was the only one around to do so.
It was also challenging to eat so late every night around 9 pm – 10 pm. In fact I've been meaning to write a blog about the difficulties my body and health have had while here in Rwanda. The main diet here is beans, rice, green bananas, and potatoes. Halfway through my fellowship, I questioned why my energy levels had plummeted so drastically. I didn't feel like my full optimistic, energetic, driven-self and that was directly correlated with my diet.
My diet has been starch, starch and more starch. Bread for breakfast (sometimes an egg), fruit for snacks (sometimes), rice/potatoes and beans for lunch (sometimes chips ie. french fries), and rice, beans, banana chips (sometimes), and green beans soaked in oil and cooked until wilting (for health reasons to cook out bacteria/parasites). Here's the thing, I kind of gave in to the diet because the house helper cooked and I wasn't allowed to help since I was the guest, and honestly there aren't a lot of food options in the village I lived in.
Throughout my whole fellowship, I have been aware of my body, but I realize now that my body has really begun to deteriorate while living in Rwanda and I need to restore my body to a healthy condition where I receive proper nutrients and portions.
Patience and health have been two notions on my mind these past few weeks. I have really gained an understanding for how my emotional and physical well-being resonate from what I eat and from my surroundings. Also, I understand more fully how being even slightly undernourished can impact my whole life.
You might say, why don't you educate locals about the importance of eating more fruits and vegetables, but that simply is just not the Rwandan culture. The Rwandan diet is so starchy in order to give that immediate, easy energy for hard long days of working in the field, since most Rwandans work in agriculture. Filling their plates with foods that make them full is a gift, as there are many living in poverty and starving. Also, they just produce a lot of rice, potatoes and bananas which makes them cheap and readily available! This doesn't mean their habits of eating can't include a bit more of nutritional factors, but there are so many socio-cultural determinants to also consider.
Of course everything I just talked about doesn't only apply to Rwanda, but health in the United States is also completely correlated with the wealth gap. Those who live in poverty in America have less nutritional foods that are available and affordable. I suppose if you want to try to correlate my experience to your own, I would think about how you are treating your own body and if there are things you can eat or do that would give you more energy, joy or a better life.
How can you also serve your community to give everyone the opportunity to have a better lifestyle?
There are so many ideas, ways and arguments on how to do this. I mean, of course, we all think a little differently and have our own talents and passions. But my question is how can you use your talent or passion to make your community a little better?
I had a local America baker make pumpkin pie for my host family to celebrate Thanksgiving!
My fellowship ends so soon and right now I am feeling so many things. Firstly I am still discovering new places in my community. For example, I just learned that the Imigongo Art Center in Kibungo has a cafe! And this is like a 15 minute drive away from me! Again, you can take the girl out of Nashville but you can't take Nashville out of the girl. AKA I sure do love my coffee... especially when it's Rwandan.
This upcoming month I will visit Muhoma Refugee Camp with Pastor Edward, take a craft demonstration class at Urugo Women's Center (and maybe an imigongo class at the Imigongo Center), visit Handspun Hope this weekend, and volunteer for Mobile Arts for Peace at the end of the month. Even with all of this, I feel like there is still so much more to learn and to research while I am here.
At the school, I finished tutoring my three students this week. Firstly, for Kevin Mucho, my P1 student, I have been a resource and a friend. I began tutoring him, because he is new to the school as of this year. While I have been helping him in English, I have also been checking to see how he has been doing with academics and his social life. Kevin has a good-natured disposition that seeks to learn, and I am very proud of his progress this semester.
In addition, I tutored Margaret who is a little bit of a trouble maker, the refusing to wear her socks and stick to her dress code kind of trouble maker. She would often try to have a conversation with me instead of focusing on practicing reading, but sometimes I rolled with it and challenged her with some new vocabulary and with critically applying what we have read through speaking. Despite being a bit of a trouble maker, I know that we were able to form a wonderful connection based off of trust, respect and intentionality, and that if I imparted anything to her, it was the importance of knowing English and practicing acquired skills.
Now, for Jeanette – my prized student.
With Jeanette, we practiced building confidence. This applied to confidence in speaking English, presenting in class, discussing our ideas in conversations, and believing ourselves and our abilities. Jeanette is on full scholarship, so often before tutoring I would ask her how her mother and siblings were doing. Her mother is sick and is expected to pass away sometime soon. I know that in a way I was able to provide her refuge and comfort if only for a few minutes by being someone she could talk to and being someone who actively heard her. She told me about how her grandfather recently passed away, and how he promised to take her to Uganda one day. The day she told me this, we ended early because her grieving caused her to become overcome with emotion.
The thing with Jeanette is that she has this incredible zeal to learn English and a desire to gain an education to help her family gain a better life one day. She wants to do this by starting her own business. When I asked her what kind of business she wants to start, she told me she wanted to sell clothes at the market. I can understand why she would say this given her socio-economic upbringing, but I encouraged her to pursue higher education and to enter into entrepreneurship after gaining the knowledge and skills necessary to be successful.
On our last tutoring session, I had her draw her hand and write some words around the hand on what she has learned during tutoring and how it has made her feel. She really didn't understand why we were doing this so she didn't want to participate, so I drew my hand and did my own reflection as an example. Eventually she wrote a bit on the hand, and I filled in the rest on how I have seen her improve and why I am proud of her. I thought it honestly didn't go too well, but I chalked it up to the fact that she has exams and is dealing with family illness.
But yesterday, a school volunteer gave me a note from Jeanette, and y'all, it was the absolute sweetest note. She apologized for being "so sad" on many of our tutoring days, and she explained it has been because she was stressed about her family. She also apologized for not wanting to do our warm up most days because she lied and told me she was sick. Our warm ups consisted of stretching, and then she would show me a new Rwandan dance step and we would put words to the movements. After doing this for a month, I really saw her confidence level exponentially improve as well as the volume of her voice when speaking in conversations. But eventually it faded out because she would tell me she had cramps almost every time. In the case that she did have cramps, I absolutely didn't want to push her to do the exercise. Especially, as I have been in her position many times.
Even more, this note shows me how much of a good heart Jeanette has, seeking forgiveness and setting her wrongs right.
She is determined to learn and gain an education.
She has dreams and goals.
In our sessions, I would often talk about how she can translate the confidence she has while dancing to speaking and presenting (which is why I combined the two in our warm-up). Jeanette really touched my heart this semester, and I absolutely will seek to encourage her in any way I can in the future.
This note reminded me that what I have become someone my students can trust and relate to. I have sought to encourage these students to be the best version of theirselves, to trust in themselves and to pursue greatness for their life. It's a daily journey with students (and all people, of course) and there are many ups and downs, and I am just grateful I had the opportunity to be apart of their journey.
Lastly, classes end tomorrow, and today we have a poetry slam. Tomorrow there is also a talent show, of which I have been helping students with mashing up songs and teaching them simply about breath, posture and vocal warmups. Then next week we have final presentations at school, and S3 and S6 begin to study for their graduating exams. There is lots to do before going home, and I am trying to take in all my last moments at the school before going home for Christmas.
Dedication: This week a dear friend of mine passed away on a trip in Vietnam unexpectedly and without just cause. This set the tone for my week. I have been confused and angry at the circumstances, and sorrowful for the dreams Ryan had to make great change in the world. Grieving in Rwanda has been an interesting setting and process, as death is common and funerals are frequent. My close friends, recent graduates of RLS, Mabel and Ornella have been so loving, empathetic and supportive during this week. In fact, I have felt a different level of empathy from my fellow teachers and host family. It's as if everyone carries the burden and weight of death on their shoulders in Rwanda, but they do so collectively, holding each other up with resilience and strength. A humbling and poignant realization. I and so many others will remember Ryan's heart and continue his mission and passions in our own lives. May you be at peace Ryan. This one's for you.
In the past week I have visited Nyamirambo Women's Center, Urugo Women's Center and Akila Institute. Nyamirambo Women's Center began in 2007, and today they have become a booming cooperative that sells handmade goods, and offers a basket weaving class, cooking class and walking tour around the Nyamirambo neighborhood. I took the weaving class and I actually ended up being the only person who signed up that day. I was so grateful it was just me though, because I had the opportunity to communicate one-on-one with my teacher, Alicia. I even had a translator who helped me communicate with Alicia. As we worked with our hands and got caught up in the therapeutic monotony of weaving, Alicia began to tell me her life story. She told me how she raised her three children as a single mother, and worked to give her children a good life. She told me, "I support my children with my hands. I got here by using my hands." He determination and ambition has led her to work hard at the women's center and give her children a healthy, educated lifestyle. After the workshop, she generously gave me two pairs of earrings as a gift and some thread to make more earrings. Once I finish my next pair, I'm going to go back and show her!
During my research, I have found that when I ask women questions about their life story they will begin to tell me their whole story and then stop in the middle and say, "I'm babbling, are you sure you want to hear this?" To this I always respond that it is an honor to hear their story and I am so grateful that they are willing to share it with me. I have found that when someone listens your story, you find validation and you feel understood. It's freeing, troubling and healing all at once. The best friendships I have formed in Rwanda are the result of deep, meaningful conversations, where I have learned about their heart, soul and desires.
When I visited Akilah Institute, the first all-girls institute in Rwanda (which was actually started by a woman who went to Vanderbilt funnily enough!), I was welcomed with open arms. I was actually running late because the bus wasn't on time from Rwamagana, and I only had 45 minutes to tour the campus, talk with Nadine, the External Relations Officer, and interview some students. Since Nadine had to run to a meeting, I told her I would just go get lunch and come back after her meeting. I did so, and while waiting for her I chatted with Ernestine, the librarian at Akilah, for at least an hour and a half. Ernestine is honest, real, upfront and courageous. Her family was displaced during the genocide, and she came to Kigali when she was 11 to work for a pastor as a house helper so that she could support her parents who could not find employment in Kibungo. She did this for a year without having the opportunity to gain an education. Eventually the pastor offered to allow her to attend school. All the way through 0 level education (elementary school) she studied at school during the day, and worked as the house helper when she returned home. When she entered P level education (middle and high school), she went to FAWE School for Girls which was a boarding school. Serendipitously, she studied in the same class as Laura's sister. (Yes! Laura is my host mother.) She in fact knows Laura as well, which was such a fun connection to make. She was in the first class at Akilah, and came to work as a librarian soon after. She put her two sisters through school at Akilah, and hopes to help her brother obtain high education one day. She raises her son alone and loves the people in her life fiercely. I learned all this as we chatted and ate bananas – of which she hounded me to eat more than 2. Let me tell you, don't mess with Rwandan mommas. They be fierce and they want you to EAT.
Afterwards, I had the opportunity to chat with Nadine more, and then attend Akilah's Gender Club. The girls were so welcoming and we talked about what barriers girls face when trying to obtain an education, and about how they see gender inequality in their own lives. Afterwards, I spent some time talking with Esther, the VP of Gender Club and Student Body President, and we are going to hang out soon. Woot woot! I also connected with their communications director, who is an expat as well. Let me tell you, if you are willing and open-minded while traveling you will make so many valuable connections, and even-more, lifelong friends. As I type, I am preparing to leave to eat some chili with my friend Kurtis, past peace-corps, and Sela, a Kenyan researcher in Kigali that I met at the workshop Kurtis put on. To add to the willingness factor, you also have to be intentional with new relationships or else they slip away. For me, as I came here alone, only having briefly talked to the founder of RLS, I already have a huge support network of Rwandans and expats in Kigali and Rwamagana, because I try to continually put myself out there and to courageously form connections.
I know that I still have a good amount of time here in Rwanda, but time is moving so quickly. I honestly don't know if I will be ready to leave when the time comes. I really do love this country, despite cultural barriers and challenges that come up. In Rwanda, my character has been building so dynamically and I feel more strength and courage by the day during my time here.
The students in the Gender Club asked me for advice, and I really didn't know what to say. What I told them was to BE BOLD. To use their voices to help other girls and women find theirs. And to create ripple effects by going into their communities and creating change. I encouraged them to keep working towards their dreams, and to know that they are at one of the best higher ed schools in the city and that they must use their education wisely and thoughtfully to empower others. That being at an all-girls school gives you the power to unite with fellow women and build each other up through healthy competition and collaboration, without tearing each other down. That they are world-changers and that if they ever come to America, I'm going to show them around and we will have a blast!
I feel so lucky that one of my jobs here is to listen to women's stories and connect with powerful bad as women who are leading their families and communities. It makes my heart oh, so, full. And my time here so much more special.
My favorite part of the day is the last few hours of daylight before the sun goes down to rest, when everything seems to glow and I can have some final moments with the sun before night. Dusk is the time I feel most contemplative and at peace during the day. Yet recently, I have begun to adore the very first moments of the day as well. I wake up at 6 a.m. most days when the birds first awake, when the sun brightens up the clouds, and when the day is still crisp and dewy before the hot African sun begins to make an appearance. I find comfort in the familiarity of dawn and dusk no matter where in the world I am. The end of the day means that the next day there can be new beginnings.
Living with purpose and curiosity, seeking to making meaningful connections and to continue learning every day, is in my opinion the purpose of life. While I want the students I tutor to learn and grow their minds, I more importantly want to make sure that they know the power of relying on another person through friendship and how to practice trust, empathy and vulnerability. Only after making valuable connections and relationships, can we begin to shape communities and seek to create solutions to cyclic problems in society.
I really look forward to tutoring Jeanette each week, as I get to work with her on building her own confidence in herself, her speaking skills and her English. So far I have had her practice speaking loudly by having her repeat loud and soft voices in order to differentiate volume levels and feel more comfortable speaking in a loud voice. In Rwanda, women are discouraged from having a loud voice and are instead expected to be reserved, quiet and un-vocal. With Jeanette, I am trying to break this social expectation and have her feel comfortable having and more importantly OWNING her individual voice. For example, I have her repeat sounds that I make along with the movements of traditional Rwandan dance moves; Jeanette is in fact a magnificent dancer, which is why I wanted her to connect something she loves with something new and unfamiliar. I have also had her read a storybook aloud like she was presenting to a classroom. I can already tell some major improvements in her attitude towards speaking English and her desire to build up her confidence.
My other role at the school is leading music class with Dan. I surprised myself by how naturally I fell into the role of teaching and commanding a classroom. In the class I led by myself, I opened by having them say their name, their favorite animal and performing their favorite dance move. Then we stretched and vocally warmed up. I taught them the song "Hosanna" by Hillsong United, and then we played singing tag (which is basically tag but the person that is "it" sings whatever song they like until they tag someone else.) To my surprise when I taught my youngest class the week after teaching them the song "Hosanna," they remembered the whole song! To explain, it's not like I gave them sheet music or anything, I just had them repeat a line of the song after I sang it. So the fact that they retained the melody, rhythm and lyrics was very impressive. I believe that this ability stems from their culture that puts such an emphasis on storytelling and oral tradition, hence allowing them to retain oral sounds and messages more adeptly and accurately. I wonder too if this ability is ingrained in genetics as well as culture. Just something to ponder.
On the side, I have been furthering my research! This past friday I went to the Women's Bakery in the Remera district in Kigali. I spoke with my friend Hilary, an expat, who works as the Project Manager at WB, and I interviewed Ruth, the Cafe Operations Manager. Our discussions were extremely fruitful and they have lead me to many more connections and new ideas to pursue. This upcoming week I will be attending a weekly meeting at Nyambinga, a project of Girl Effect that seeks to advocate for the health, creativity and agency of Rwandan girls in the Eastern district. I will also be visiting my friend Kurtis at Mashrika, the organization that organized the workshop I attended two weeks ago. Lastly, I will be taking a basket-weaving class at the Nyamiramba Women's Center in Kigali this weekend. My goal is to visit as many organizations that empower women as I can, so that I can begin to make connections with other people involved in similar work. Additionally, I want to accumulate as much research as possible as I can over the next month, so that I can begin writing and connecting my previous research with the observations and interviews that I make during my time here.
For the interviews, my goals are to ask women to share their stories and explain how their choices have lead them to where they are today. I want to understand what barriers they have encountered and how they have faced these challenges. I also want to understand individual understandings of feminism and opinions on gender equality in Rwanda.
-To study the differences between Western and African feminism.
-To understand more fully what African feminism means.
-To understand how there are still so many obstacles for the women in Rwanda, and yet they are ranked as the fifth-most gender equal nation out of 143 nations.
-To analyze the accuracy and relevance of rankings/data research.
-To see what roles Rwandan women play in society – public and private.
-To learn how the women I interview have led and impacted their communities.
It has been affirming and energizing to get back into my research, as my thesis-writing was such a big part of life this past year. Also, writing has given me an outlet to explore new ideas and share the incredible testimonies of resilience and leadership here in Rwanda. Amen for that. Sawa Sawa.


text:
Good Bye and Thank You for your support during the year
It's time to say good bye!
Dear IIF Family and Foundrymen !
It has been an honour and privilege to serve as your President during this past year. Journey which started as a kid and after that as an ordinary member on 16th Sept,1993 is coming to an end after 35 years at the highest position of the Institute. I have enjoyed every minute of my association with IIF from Chapter Council Member to the Presidentship and felt inspired every moment. I feel that I have gained more from IIF than what I have given in past 25 years of membership and 35 years of association. At the commencement of my Presidentship, I wished to visit all of our Chapters. However, I could visit only 14 Chapters out of 26. While visiting the Chapters and attending various programmes, I was amazed by the strength of our common bond, passion for this organisation and our shared goals. This affinity is the reason behind IIF's flag flying high since 1950. The depth of experience in some leading luminaries, who volunteer their time here, is unparalleled. They not only run successful foundries, but also pa ticipate wholeheartedly in IIF activities, taking great pains in making every IIF activity hugely successful. I am inspired to see an entirely new generation of members and foundrymen at almost all major locations taking our institute to the next level.
For me, the value of the organisation lies in bringing together our industries. In the last one year, we have embarked on the journey to be a strong organisation. We have firmly positioned ourselves ahead of the growth curve. It was accomplished through a combination of structural improvements, continuing emphasis on leveraging our strengths and added thrust on member focus.
In this journey of creating foundries of tomorrow, it was my passion to transform IIF into a "Responsive, Robust and Rising" platform that addresses all the pressing needs of our members, and through them of the foundry industry. I could not be more pleased with hard-working, passionate and innovative NC Members and Regional & Chapter Office bearers, IIF Directors and Staff by my side. Whatever we have accomplished during the year, the credit belongs to them.
In addition to wonderful partnerships and a highly successful 66th Indian Foundry Congress, below are some highlights from this past year:
Change of Mindset – Efforts were put to bring new thought process into the industry
Mission Zero Defect: 4 - Study Tours, 15 - Defect Clinics
Green Foundry Drive: Green Foundry Column in IFJ, Energy Audits, Photo & Drawing Competition
Safe Foundry Drive: Distribution of Safety Posters
Putting IIF on Digital platform – Indian Foundry Apps, Foundry Biz Mantraz, Daily Inspiration, YouTube Channel, Facebook and LinkedIn page.
AluCon & AluTalk – For the first time, a separate conference for Aluminium - AluCon was launched during 66th IFC. Ahmedabad, Kolhapur and Chennai Chapters organised AluTalk – evening lectures and seminar on Aluminium Castings.
Indian Foundry Journal – With the help of Editor and Editorial Board, total redesign of Indian Foundry Journal was carried out from July, 2017 issue. Theme based issues with new columns like Green Foundry Drive and Management Articles were launched. New Look and Feel is very much appreciated by the members.
Standardisation in Branding – IIF Logo has been improved upon. Logos for all the Chapters, CoEx, various activities were created. Standardisation of presentations, banner, backdrops, stationery at all the levels were carried out. National Theme logo was popularised and incorporated in all the stationeries. Chapters and regions supported the move and almost 85% Standardisation in branding was achieved.
International Presence – IIF hosted BRICS Foundry Forum and for current year, it was offered presidentship. IIF represented the Indian Foundry industry at Asia Foundry Forum and Metal China.
Infrastructure – New offices in Ahmedabad and Delhi (under construction) and renovation of Kolhapur and Western Region offices have taken place during the year.
Annual Sponsorship Concept – First time annual sponsorship was mobilised for national level activities of IIF.
Doodle Diary & Annual Activity Time Table – Doodle Diary containing important information regarding day-to-day working guidelines for Office Bearers was released for the first time. Similarly, whole year's national activities were planned in advance and published in the IFJ and Doodle Diary. Almost 90% activities have been carried out, as scheduled.
Communication – Daily Inspiration, IIF Calendar, WhatsApp Groups and messages were key to communicate and keep connected with the members.
I had dreamt big and impossible, planned a lot, tried hard and achieved half. That's the rule of nature. However, I believe, it is certainly better than thinking small and remaining in comfort zone.
The above was made possible due to the hard work and strong support of our entire IIF family. I want to personally extend a big thank you to the National Council Members, Past Presidents, Committee Chairs and Regional & Chapter Office Bearers for their contributions; all of our amazing speakers throughout the year at different events and our generous sponsors. Directors and secretariat staff at head office, Centres of Excellence, Regions and Chapters were key in implementing various projects and whatever my team could achieve during the year, was possible due to their untiring hard work and unstinted co-operation. I also would like to thank my friends and mentors for their encouragement and guidance.
Your support, empathy, and unwavering belief that Amish could and would do great things has been a beacon of hope and a challenge that I have constantly striven to meet and deliver. Thank you for the remarkable year of warmth, friendship, and support. I absolutely couldn't have done it without you.
I would like to conclude by saying that in the corporate world, leaders are characterised as being either builders or sustainers. I feel I have performed both, built up new energy in the membership and the Institute and sustained the 67 years old legacy.
During my taking over speech I quoted and promised, what Mr N Narayanmurthy said, "You become star not because of your title, you become a star because you are adding value to the organisation." And that's what
Me and my team promised to all of you - adding value to IIF, adding value to foundry industry in next 365 days. That's our commitment. I hope that as President I have fulfilled my commitment and promise to the members and Indian foundry industry and have been able to justify the confidence reposed in me by the National Council. Holding office as IIF President was wonderful and learning time and I wish the incoming team of National Office Bearers good luck in their endeavours to continue building The Institute of Indian Foundrymen.
Thank you once again for the opportunity to lead this great organisation !
Let's Cast It together – Mission Zero Defect !
Institute of Indian Foundrymen (IIF)
335 RAJDANGA MAIN ROAD, EAST KOLKATA TOWNSHIP
700 107 KOLKATA
Telephone: +91 33 24424489/ 6825/ 7384-87
Email:ed(at)indianfoundry.org
Web:www.indianfoundry.org


text:
St. Louis Youth Group Marks 400 Years Since The First Slaves Arrived In America
By Andrea Y. Henderson • Jul 5, 2019
In August 1619, 20 Africans were chained and unwillingly brought from West Africa to Point Comfort, Virginia, and sold into slavery. Historians point to this date as the beginning of slavery in America.
In 2018, President Donald Trump signed the 400 years of African-American History Commission Act into law. The bill allows for the commission to plan and support organizations with nationwide commemorative activities that acknowledge slavery.
The national youth-led organization Remember the 400 is an awareness campaign that also honors the first Virginia slaves and their descendants. For the past two years, the St. Louis chapter has connected with the region through community events, black history webinars and informational sessions.
"We only talk about black history when something negative happens or in February," said Anthony Ross, the St. Louis chapter director. "And Remember the 400 is a constant reminder of our history and that we are building it in a positive manner."
Point Comfort, the site of the initial slave landing and now part of Hampton, Virginia, is the focal point for the commission's 400th-year commemorative events on Aug. 23 and 24.
The St. Louis chapter of Remember the 400 is one of just three chapters taking part in a bus trip to Hampton for the August events.
A slave ship at the Alexandria, Virginia, waterfront. From a broadside published by the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1836, 200 years after the first slaves arrived in Virginia.
Credit Wikimedia Commons
Along with the city of Hampton's commemorative activities, the Remember the 400 national organization will host the musical "Journey," which portrays the lives of the first Africans who traveled from north Africa to the continent's west coast and on to their final destination, America. The musical also weaves in African contributions to society.
Ross said the youth are the driving force behind the national campaign.
The six-person St. Louis chapter has traveled around the region educating other youth and adults about the dark past of American history through school presentations and festival discussions. The campaign hopes to heal the community through conversations surrounding the effects of slavery and racial inequality.
The commission's work goes beyond focusing on the first slaves and the adversities they encountered while living in bondage. It also teaches about the nearly 250-year slave trade in order to lead to understanding and healing among all racial groups.
When it comes to racial healing, Doreen Simpson, the head of marketing for Remember the 400 national campaign, said, "First, people need to be aware of the history of America from the inception and then understand together to work for progression on social issues that African Americans face today."
"And not just constant talk but to really put action behind whatever we discuss, whether it's police brutality, signing petitions for reparations or getting reparations done, but just communities coming together, blending and integrating to work together for the overall good of America," she said.
Also, during the citywide commemorative events, the St. Louis chapter will participate with other campaign members in the production of the I AM More! Youth Festival, which will include speeches, and spoken word and theatrical performances to drive reconciliation and hope.
Simpson hopes the commemoration of the arrival of America's first enslaved group of Africans will be passed down to the next generation.
"We want to impact the globe and say, 'Hey, it's been 400 years — let's recognize the contributions of these people, and now, how do we really move forward?'" Simpson said.
Andrea Y. Henderson is part of the public-radio collaborative Sharing America, covering the intersection of race, identity and culture. This initiative, funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, includes reporters in Hartford, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Portland, Oregon. Follow Andrea at @drebjournalist.
Send questions and comments about this story to feedback@stlpublicradio.org.
Remember the 400
Point Comfort
A Louisville Family Learns About Their Ties To A St. Louis Slave Who Saved Lives
By Chad Davis • Mar 19, 2019
Chad Davis | St. Louis Public Radio
For the past 30 years, Keith Winstead has been tracing the many generations of his family history.
"When I first started genealogy, I thought I'd be lucky to go and find a third great-grandparent. I got pictures now of 10 generations," Winstead said.
On a cold and windy day he was at Bellefontaine Cemetery with about 15 other family members who hail from different parts of the U.S., such as Louisville, Atlanta, New York and Cincinnati.
Local woman, documentary filmmaker confront slavery from white perspective
By Kristen Hare • Sep 17, 2009
This article first appeared in the St. Louis Beacon, Sept. 17, 2009 - The moment that changed Carolyn Langston's life happened around a wide kitchen table, surrounded by her cousins, shuffling through old papers. First, they passed around the family tree. Then, they laughed over the old-fashioned names their ancestors had -- like Zorobable.
And then a photocopied page came into Langston's hands. It was the last will and testament of John Langston, a relative from North Carolina on her father's side. Like the other family documents she looked through that day a few years ago in the kitchen of her aunt's house in southwest Missouri, Langston read through it lightly.
'This was not justice': Author details grim legacy of Fugitive Slave Act ahead of St. Louis visit
By Xandra Ellin • Dec 5, 2018
Zachary Peckler
The legacy of fugitive slave provisions in the antebellum United States is often lost in contemporary retellings of the history of slavery.
Andrew Delbanco, the Alexander Hamilton Professor of American Studies at Columbia University, wants to ensure that the lasting impact of fugitive slaves – and the impact of those who sought, often successfully, to terminate their escapes – does not become forgotten. His book, "The War Before the War: Fugitive Slaves and the Struggle for America's Soul from the Revolution to the Civil War," details the complex and grim history of enslaved individuals' escapes from servitude and the legislation and politicians that prevented these attempts.


My client based in Hull are looking for skilled and experienced drainage engineers.
Will be carrying out cleaning and jetting.
Factory cleaning experience and ground working is also an advantage.
Candidate must hold a full UK Driving License.


Shares of the Internet investment company close slightly higher despite downgrades from Wall Street analysts over uncertainty about the company's future.
Shares of Internet investment company CMGI close slightly higher Tuesday despite downgrades from Wall Street analysts over uncertainty about the company's future.
CMGI closed up 31 cents at $14.81 after falling as low as $13.44 in regular trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The company has traded as high as $163.50 during the past 52 weeks.
Analysts from Merrill Lynch and Credit Suisse First Boston on Tuesday downgraded CMGI to the equivalent of "hold." The downgrades were in response to a conference call conducted by CMGI executives Monday night to give analysts guidance about future growth and to announce the folding of two of its operating companies.
"Given the current restructurings, weak advertising environment, and competitive infrastructure and enterprise software markets, we do not believe we will have better insight into the health of CMGI's current business until mid next year," wrote Merrill Lynch analyst Henry Blodget.
CMGI chief executive David Wetherell said Monday that the company will take a $90 million restructuring charge and will sell or shut down its online entertainment service, iCast, because of heavy capital costs and an unclear date for profitability.
Wetherell, speaking during the conference call, said the company would seek buyers for iCast as it "winds down its operations." If CMGI does not find a buyer, it will close the business by the end of January.
Wetherell said free Internet service provider 1stUp.com will also close its doors.
Workers at iCast's offices in Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco, about 75 employees in all, were laid off Monday, according to iCast spokesman Stuart Zakim. The estimated 150 staff members at iCast's Woburn, Mass., headquarters will stay on longer.
iCast.com will be maintained for the next 30 days with content updated regularly, said Zakim, who added that the company will honor all its partnership commitments. The "wind down" will probably take at least two months.
"In 60 days, iCast will cease to exist," Zakim said.
Sources close to CMGI told CNET News.com last week that News Corp. was approached by CMGI and iCast executives in hopes of selling the company. Those talks broke down, and the companies may instead pursue a marketing partnership.
Like iCast, Andover, Mass.-based CMGI will wind down 1stUp.com while it seeks a buyer. Wetherell added that CMGI will try to move its customers to another free ISP if it cannot find a buyer.
"Our intention is to divest 1stUp.com and exit the advertising-supported Internet access business," he said.
Wetherell attributed the move to the downward trend in online advertising rates, the "insurmountable" capital investment required to continue the service, and the extended time frame to profitability. 1stUp.com runs free Internet access for several high-profile partners including AltaVista, Lycos and Excite@Home.
CMGI's announcement Monday signifies the company's first attempt to slip away from online advertising. iCast and 1stUp.com rely primarily on online ad revenues, as do media operations AltaVista and Engage. AltaVista has tried to step away from its reliance on online advertising by focusing on its enterprise search business.
The situation is critical for CMGI. Once a Wall Street darling, the company has seen its stock plummet nearly 90 percent over the year, from a high of $163.50 a share to around $15.
The company's stock woes are largely attributed to the souring market for Internet companies. Because much of CMGI's business centers on developing companies and spinning them out for high-flying public offerings, it has become one of many sacrificial lambs for Internet stocks.
So far, the company has stuck to promises to try to whittle down costs and turn its divisions into profitable businesses. CMGI has slashed a bevy of jobs throughout its divisions. In September, its advertising network, Engage, laid off 13 percent of its work force; AltaVista cut a quarter of its staff; and iCast reduced its staff by 10 percent.
CMGI divisions have seen several CEO departures as well. Just last week, Engage chief executive Paul Schaut resigned. AltaVista CEO Rod Schrock stepped down after announcing the company's first-quarter sales were weaker than expected. And 1stUp.com CEO and co-founder Charles Katz also has resigned to pursue other opportunities.
Adding to the company's woes, several CMGI venture capital investments have foundered. Last week, health products retailer MotherNature.com closed its doors--a day after furniture retailer Furniture.com said it would fold. In early October, comparison buying guide Productopia shut down.
CMGI said it expects year-over-year growth to increase by 80 percent to 90 percent. It said it anticipates that four out of five of its operating segments will be profitable by the end of 2001.
In a statement, CMGI said it expects to incur restructuring charges of $8 million to $10 million for the quarter ended Oct. 31 and another $75 million to $80 million in the quarter ending Jan. 31. As of Monday, CMGI said it had $940 million in cash and $210 million securities that are available sale.


Good morning and welcome to our live feed on Thursday, February 8.
Here is the weather forecast for today.
A largely cloudy start to the day, perhaps with a touch of frost in the east. Cloud will thicken with a few spots of light rain possible through the day. Maximum temperature 7 °C.
Outbreaks of rain continuing through the evening, and turning more persistent overnight with some heavy bursts at times. Becoming largely dry and colder by the end of the night. Minimum temperature 1 °C.


For an introduction on Elbit Systems, a timeline of victories and tips on how to build your own campaign against Elbit Systems, click here.
AXA: Stop investing in Israel's arms trade and brutal occupation!
In 2017, 70 French organizations have started a campaign to pressure the insurance giant to divest from Elbit Systems and Israeli banks financing the illegal settlement project. Read the call here and sign the online petition here.
The European Coordination of Committees for Palestine campaigns since 2015 against the inclusino of Israeli military companies, including Elbit Systems, in the European Union research and development funding. Watch a campaign video exposing Elbit Systems' participation in EU funding; read here more about Elbit's participation in the FlySec project here; read more about EU funding to Israeli military companies here.
Stop the Wall Briefing "Securing Apartheid in Palestine and beyond"
Open Letter by Palestinian civil society organizations to the EU asking for an end to EU funding to Elbit Systems and other Israeli military and security companies.
Further documentation, including factsheets, letters, parliamentary questions and answers by the EU.
From Palestine to Mexico, stop Elbit Systems from providing the tools for repression and death. Codepink is building the tools to expose and end their crimes and campaigns to pressure US senators not to accept campaign funding from Elbit Systems. See the toolkit here. You can as well join action and sign the online petition here to tell bicyclists and bicycling organizations to boycott the Elbit's Everysight Raptor cycling glasses.
Elbit Systems exports since 2006 the technology and reputation it has developed building Israel's apartheid Wall on Palestinian occupied land to the US, reaping large contracts from the US administration to build the Wall on the Mexican border.
The Border Encounters at the US Wall at the Mexican border are since 2017 one of the spaces where Stop the Wall builds awareness, alliances and actions against Elbit Systems.
See a video from the 2017 intervention here. See a report from the 2018 workshop here.