The need for intubation after a noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure is frequent in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One reason is patient-ventilator asynchrony during NIV. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of ventilation controlled by the patient's neural respiratory drive. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and tolerance of NIV-NAVA in children and to evaluate its impact on synchrony and respiratory effort.
This prospective, physiologic, crossover study included 13 patients requiring NIV in the PICU of Sainte-Justine's Hospital from October 2011 to May 2013. Patients were successively ventilated in conventional NIV as prescribed by the physician in charge (30 minutes), in NIV-NAVA (60 minutes), and again in conventional NIV (30 minutes). Electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) and airway pressure were simultaneously recorded to assess patient-ventilator synchrony.
NIV-NAVA was feasible and well tolerated in all patients. One patient asked to stop the study because of anxiety related to the leak-free facial mask. Inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony and cycling-off dys-synchrony were significantly shorter in NIV-NAVA versus initial and final conventional NIV periods (both P <0.05). Wasted efforts were also decreased in NIV-NAVA (all values expressed as median and interquartile values) (0 (0 to 0) versus 12% (4 to 20) and 6% (2 to 22), respectively; P <0.01). As a whole, total time spent in asynchrony was reduced to 8% (6 to 10) in NIV-NAVA, versus 27% (19 to 56) and 32% (21 to 38) in conventional NIV before and after NIV-NAVA, respectively (P =0.05).
NIV-NAVA is feasible and well tolerated in PICU patients and allows improved patient-ventilator synchronization. Larger controlled studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical impact of these findings.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02163382. Registered 9 June 2014.
Respiratory failure is one main reason for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) . Mechanical ventilation-related complications occur in 40% of patients [2,3]. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) aims to minimize those complications while supporting the patient's breathing [4,5]. However, NIV failure requiring intubation occurs in 19% to 45% of children [6-9] and is associated with a prolonged PICU stay [8-10]. The inability of the ventilator to detect the patient's breathing efforts crucially limits the efficiency of NIV [11,12]. Patient-ventilator synchronization is critical to reduce the work of breathing  and to achieve successful NIV. Obtaining an optimal synchrony during pediatric NIV is a challenge . The presence of leaks at the patient-mask interface, the small tidal volume, and the agitation of the patient impair the detection of the patient breathing effort. Therefore, CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is the NIV modality most often used for infants, because asynchronous bilevel pressure ventilation does not seem to offer any advantage .
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mechanical ventilation modality in which the ventilator assists the patient breath in proportion to and in synchrony with the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) . EAdi is a fast and accurate reflection of phrenic nerve activity arising from central respiratory centers . Six pediatric studies showed improved patient-ventilator interaction with NAVA delivered via endotracheal tube [12,16-20]. As synchronization in NAVA is independent of pressure or flow trigger and independent of leaks [21,22], NAVA has a strong potential to increase NIV efficiency. Few studies have evaluated NAVA in pediatric noninvasive conditions. A preliminary study conducted in six postsurgery children tends to confirm this potential .
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and tolerance of NIV-NAVA in children treated for respiratory failure of different etiologies in PICU. The secondary objectives are to compare the synchrony and the mean EAdi, as a reflection of patient work of breathing, during conventional NIV and NIV-NAVA. We hypothesized that NIV-NAVA is feasible, improves patient-ventilator synchrony in children compared with conventional NIV, and therefore reduces the patient's effort.
This is a prospective, physiological, crossover study comparing NIV-NAVA versus conventional NIV in children admitted to the PICU for respiratory failure. This study was conducted from October 2011 to May 2013 in the PICU of Sainte-Justine's Hospital. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sainte-Justine Research center (reference 3388). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal tutors. This study follows CONSORT recommendations.
Children older than 3 days and younger than 18 years with respiratory failure, expected to require NIV for more than 6 hours, were eligible. Patient screening was done on a daily basis on weekdays by research staff. The exclusion criteria were (a) contraindication to the placement of a new nasogastric tube; (b) hemodynamic instability requiring dopamine ≥5 μg/kg/min, epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dobutamine; (c) severe respiratory instability requiring imminent intubation, according to the attending physician, or FiO2 > 60%, or PaCO2 > 80 mm Hg on blood gas in the last hour; (d) cardiac patient in the postoperative course; e) all patients without nasogastric tube, as adding a tube for EAdi recording would represent adding an intervention in their care; and (f) absence of parent or tutor for consent. Patients for whom limitation of life-support treatment was discussed were also excluded.
As per these exclusions, we selected a pediatric intensive care population critically ill from a respiratory standpoint, with NIV and nasogastric tube needs for more than 6 hours.
After enrollment, a specific nasogastric tube equipped with miniaturized electrodes (NAVA catheter, 6, 8, or 12 Fr; Maquet, Solna, Sweden) was installed, by using the "catheter positioning" screen on the Servo I ventilator (v 6.0; Maquet). Patients were initially studied on conventional NIV as per their prestudy settings for 30 minutes, then converted to NIV-NAVA for 60 minutes, and finally returned to conventional NIV for 30 minutes.
During both conventional NIV periods (before and after NIV-NAVA), the parameters were set as prescribed before the study. The management of NIV, the choice of the ventilator, and that of the airway interface were not guided by written protocol. NIV was always delivered with a ventilator equipped with specific NIV algorithm. With the Servo-I, we usually use the infant mode in children smaller than 10 kg.
For the NAVA period, the patient was switched to a Servo I ventilator. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and FiO2 were not modified. For patient previously ventilated with two levels of pressure, the NAVA level was initially determined to achieve the same peak inspiratory pressure as in the conventional mode. For a patient previously on CPAP, the NAVA level was set to achieve a minimal level of respiratory support (5 cm H2O). During the first 30 minutes, the NAVA level could be adjusted based on the respiratory status, to aim for respiratory rate ≤40/minute and ≥12/minute, minimizing respiratory efforts, and to compensate for air leaks when resulting delivered pressure was low (>3 cm H2O). The NAVA level was kept constant during the last 30 minutes of the NAVA period. During the entire study, settings modifications by caregivers were permitted and documented.
Baseline patient characteristics, cause and modality of NIV, PIM 2 , and PELOD l  scores were collected prospectively. SpO2, FiO2, ventilatory settings, and heart rate were recorded throughout the study period. EAdi and airway pressure (Pvent) were simultaneously recorded, as previously described [17,26].
Feasibility was assessed by the ability to obtain a correct EAdi signal (compatible with NAVA ventilation), the percentage of time spent in NIV-NAVA mode, and NIV-NAVA interruption. Tolerance was evaluated on the respiratory rate, saturation, FiO2, and EAdi.
To provide safety guidelines, the study protocol had termination criteria including (a) decrease of SpO2 < 92% with FiO2 > 60% for more than 5 minutes; (b) cardiac rate >180/minute for >10 minutes; (c) respiratory rate >60/minute for more than 10 minutes; (d) uncontrolled agitation; or (e) intolerance suspected by the attending physician.
The last 10 minutes of each period were analyzed. The following asynchrony parameters were analyzed: inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony, cycling-off dys-synchrony, and incidence of ineffective efforts and of autotriggered breaths. The total time spent in asynchrony was calculated as the cumulative time spent in each asynchrony form throughout the whole recording time.
The following definitions were used for patient-ventilator interaction [27,28]: (a) inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony: time between the beginning of neural inspiration and the ventilator pressurization; (b) cycling-off dys-synchrony: time lag between the end of neural inspiration activity (70% of peak EAdi) and the end of the inspiratory pressure assistance by the ventilator. The cycling-off dys-synchronies are reported as absolute values as cycling-off dys-synchronies usually have a wide distribution of values with positive or negative values [17,29]; (c) ineffective effort: neural breath not assisted by the ventilator; (d) autotriggered breath: initiation of mechanical assist by the ventilator without an inflection of EAdi. The four types of events were detected breath-by-breath with semiautomatic analysis (one automatic step followed by a manual verification) of EAdi and airway pressure waveforms, comparing the neural timing and the ventilator timing . The inspiratory and cycling-off dys-synchrony can be positive (that is, the ventilator action is delayed compared with EAdi) or negative (that is, the ventilator action is premature in relation to EAdi). The ineffective efforts are expressed in percentage of neural cycles and the autotriggered breaths are expressed in percentage of ventilator breaths. These parameters were measured for all patients during NIV-NAVA period and during conventional NIV periods for patients on the bilevel type of conventional NIV. The total time spent in asynchrony was calculated as the cumulative time spent in each asynchrony form throughout the whole recording time. This global percentage was chosen rather than the Asynchrony Index described by Thille et al.  because inspiratory and cycling-off dys-synchronies are particularly important in the pediatric population. CPAP periods were not included in synchrony analysis.
To evaluate objectively the ventilatory effort, mean EAdi was calculated as the area under the curve for the entire period of NIV. Two periods (one in initial NIV and one in NIV-NAVA) were excluded from EAdi analysis because of technical problems.
Data are reported as median (interquartile range), unless otherwise specified. Continuous variables were compared between the three periods by using the nonparametric Friedman test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for post hoc intergroup analysis. Patients in whom CPAP was used during conventional NIV were excluded from the statistical analysis of asynchrony parameters. Level of significance was set to P <0.05.
In this convenience sample, inclusion of 15 patients was planned to attempt to represent the PICU population in this feasibility study.
During the study period, 118 NIV episodes were screened for possible inclusion. Ten patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, 75 patients had exclusion criteria, and for 18 patients, material or personnel for the study was not available (Figure 1). In total, 15 patients were enrolled in the study. Two included patients could not be recorded because of personnel or material unavailability. Thirteen patients were included in the analysis. The patient's characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The median age was 42 (2 to 109) months. Eight patients were admitted for pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Six patients were taking NIV to facilitate extubation. The ventilator settings are described in Table 2. At baseline, three patients were on CPAP, five on PSV, and five on PCV. Three types of interface were used: four nasopharyngeal tubes, three nasal masks, and six nasobuccal masks. The conventional NIV was delivered with Servo I (n = 5), BiPAP version (n = 1), VPAP III (n = 1), Trilogy (n = 3), or babylog 8000 (n = 3).
PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; EAdi, electrical activity of the diaphragm; M, male; F, female; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; PSV, pressure support ventilation; PCV, pressure control ventilation.
All values expressed as median and interquartile values. NIV, noninvasive ventilation; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; PSV, pressure support ventilation, PCV, pressure control ventilation.
It was possible to obtain an EAdi signal and to provide NIV-NAVA in all patients. No apnea, reversion to backup ventilation, or interruption of NIV-NAVA was observed, despite patient manipulation or sedation. The study was interrupted prematurely for one patient (patient 4). This adolescent was used to chronic NIV with a nasal mask at home during the night, and a change of mask was required for the purpose of the study. During the initial conventional NIV period, he was ventilated by using pressure-control mode, with a PEEP of 6 cm H2O, inspiratory pressure of 16 cm H2O, respiratory rate of 18 per minute, and FiO2 of 21%, resulting in mean EAdi of 3.3 μV, which increased to 7.5 μV during the NAVA period. The patient argued that the new nasobuccal leak-free mask caused him anxiety in both modes, which ultimately led to refusal of any kind of NIV and interruption of the study at the end of the NAVA period. No side effects were reported.
A median of 380 (295 to 617) pneumatic-triggered breaths per period per patient were analyzed. As illustrated in representative patients (Figure 2) and for the entire group (Figure 3), a good synchrony was achieved for all patients in NIV-NAVA, as opposed to conventional NIV. As detailed in Table 3, the total time spent in asynchrony was 8% (6% to 10%) in NAVA, versus 27% (19% to 56%), and 32% (21% to 38%), in conventional NIV before and after periods, respectively (P =0.05). Inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony, cycling-off dys-synchrony, and wasted efforts were significantly reduced in NIV-NAVA (P <0.05; P <0.05, and P <0.01, Table 3 and Figure 3). The difference for autotriggering did not reach significance.
Example of synchronization between ventilator pressure (P VENT ) and electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) in two children under NIV. (A) a 1-month-old infant admitted for bronchiolitis on noninvasive Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) and in NIV-NAVA. (B) A 12-year-old postoperative patient with scoliosis on noninvasive Pressure Control (PC) and in NIV-NAVA. We can observe inspiratory and cycling-off asynchrony and autotriggered breaths during conventional NIV.
Inspiratory dys-synchrony (ms), cycling-off dys-synchrony (ms), ineffective efforts (%) and autotriggered breaths (%) in initial conventional NIV, NIV-NAVA, and final conventional NIV. CPAP periods (n = 3) were not included in synchrony evaluation of conventional NIV periods (they could be considered as 100% wasted efforts). *P ≤ 0.05 and ┼P < 0.01.
All values expressed as median and interquartile values.
aFriedman test. The statistical analyses were restricted to the 10 patients in whom conventional NIV was not CPAP.
bSignificant difference between Initial conventional and NIV-NAVA and between NIV-NAVA and Final Conventional.
The peak and minimal EAdi values were similar in all three periods (P =0.3 and P =0.9, Table 3). The mean EAdi, a reflection of the patient effort, was similar in all periods. However, the evolution of mean EAdi differed, depending on baseline EAdi, as illustrated in Figure 4. Patients with low baseline mean EAdi (area under the curve below 10 μV, Patients 4, 5, 7, and 13) showed an increase of mean EAdi during NIV-NAVA, whereas patients with higher mean baseline EAdi showed a decrease of EAdi in NAVA.
Comparison of mean EAdi during conventional and NAVA NIV. (A) Individual mean EAdi during conventional NIV and NIV-NAVA periods. (B) The change in mean EAdi observed from conventional NIV to NIV-NAVA period, according to initial EAdi.
The current study provides evidence for the feasibility and tolerance of NIV-NAVA in children. Furthermore, NIV-NAVA delivered a well-synchronized support, whereas conventional NIV was associated with important patient-ventilator asynchrony. No difference in patient effort was found among NIV conditions as a whole, even if it tended to decrease in patients with high baseline EAdi.
As dys-synchrony may be associated with negative impact on outcome , optimization of patient-ventilator synchrony is probably necessary for NIV success. NIV is increasingly used in PICU [5,31,32]. However, NIV failure is relatively frequent (19% to 45%) [6-9,28,32] and is associated with a longer length of stay than that in patients with invasive ventilation only . To decrease NIV failure, progress of NIV technology is therefore crucial. CPAP currently represents the NIV modality of choice for infants in most PICUs, as bilevel support did not prove any advantage over CPAP [11,33], probably because of the lack of synchronization. Essouri et al.  described the poor synchrony during conventional NIV in children with upper airway obstruction. Two thirds of breaths were not detected, trigger delays were long (300 ms), and cycling-off was not synchronized .
During invasive pediatric ventilation, our team  and others [12,19,22] demonstrated the efficacy of NAVA to improve patient-ventilator synchrony. The present study confirms that NAVA also improves patient-ventilator interaction in pediatric NIV conditions. NIV-NAVA did significantly reduce ineffective efforts and dys-synchrony in trigger and cycling-off. The results agree with those of previous adult studies on NIV-NAVA, demonstrating a decrease in premature and delayed cycling, abolishment of ineffective effort, reduction of asynchrony events, and a preserved CO2 clearance [34-36]. Our results are also concordant with the only pediatric study of NIV-NAVA, reported by Vignaux et al. , which documented a significant decrease in ineffective efforts and overall asynchrony index in six postsurgery patients with respiratory distress after extubation. A previous preliminary study by Beck et al.  showed an adequate synchrony in NIV-NAVA in five premature babies with low birth-weight, despite important leaks.
The present study confirms the benefit of NIV-NAVA on synchrony in a group of critically ill children with different underlying diseases, different ages and weights and different baseline NIV settings, reflecting the actual practice in PICUs.
Inspiratory trigger and cycling-off dys-synchrony are important components of asynchrony in the pediatric population. Children present short inspiratory and expiratory times and delays to activate or inactivate the assistance have a higher proportional significance [17,26]. In our study, these delays contributed markedly to asynchrony during conventional NIV. This asynchrony time was increased by the occurrence of wasted efforts and autocycled breaths. Of note, the total time spent in asynchrony in conventional NIV was similar in younger (≤2 years old) and older children in the present study. In NIV-NAVA, most of these asynchrony events improved, and the total time spent in asynchrony decreased to 8%. Of note, some asynchrony remained in NIV-NAVA, mainly inspiratory trigger delay and cycling-off asynchrony, both of brief duration (71 and 24 ms, respectively). We were not able to record the type of trigger that was activated during NAVA ventilation, so the asynchrony parameters during NAVA include both breaths triggered by the EAdi and the pneumatic triggers. Autotriggered breaths in NAVA may be explained by the pneumatic triggering, which can be activated, besides neural triggering, on a first-come, first-served principle.
Another potential interest of synchrony is the improved airway control. Studies in lambs have shown that conventional NIV is associated with glottal constriction during the inspiratory assist . The authors speculated that the rapid insufflating flow could trigger a reflex constriction of the glottal constrictor muscle. Laryngeal constriction was not observed during NIV-NAVA . In healthy adults, hyperventilation can also result in glottis narrowing and decrease in diaphragmatic activity, whereas normal spontaneous breathing is associated with glottis widening . During NAVA, the inspiratory assistance is in proportion to the patient respiratory drive, and the normal respiratory pattern of the airway and respiratory muscles may be better respected.
Our study reinforces the feasibility of NIV-NAVA in the PICU. In clinical conditions, including the use of sedation, nursing care, physical examination and agitation, there was no interruption related to NAVA technology, and no reversal to backup ventilation. NIV-NAVA is not associated with an increase of invasiveness, as a nasogastric tube is used in most children during NIV. The only premature interruption seemed to be related to anxiety from a leak-free mask, although this was a subjective perception, and we cannot rule out an effect of the NIV algorithm or flow. Any NIV mode has a risk of discomfort , and mask failure is close to 15% .
The improvement in synchrony may have clinical benefits. Asynchrony has been associated with discomfort, inadequate unloading of work of breathing, and longer ventilatory support . We did not evaluate the impact on discomfort, and the study was not designed to evaluate the NIV success rate. We did not confirm that NIV-NAVA could decrease the mean EAdi, a reflection of the work of breathing. This can be partially explained by the fact that four patients on bilevel pressure ventilation had very low EAdi at baseline, suggesting they may be overassisted during conventional NIV, a condition that has previously been reported in healthy adults, although with different asynchrony patterns . Two of them were in a postoperative state with NIV conducted as a prophylactic measure after extubation. The two other patients (one with heart failure and one with bronchiolitis) were recovering at the time of recording and exhibited very little respiratory efforts. In these conditions, an increase in EAdi during NAVA is expected, because of feedback and absence of overassistance in this mode [42,43]. Contrastingly, all patients with high mean EAdi (>10 μV) exhibited a decrease in EAdi with NAVA. Interestingly, these patients had acute respiratory failure from bronchiolitis (three infants) and pneumonia (one child).
From these observations, we could hypothesize that the mode of ventilation NAVA may allow the patient to regulate his or her work of breathing. This also suggests that future trials that will evaluate the clinical benefits of NAVA should focus mostly on patients in whom a clear benefit is expected; this may include particularly patients with significant respiratory failure (or high EAdi). It is important to note that the cutoff value of 10 μV is referring not to peak EAdi but to the mean EAdi. The mean EAdi (the area under the curve for the entire recording) was chosen to represent all components of diaphragm activity (inspiration, expiration, frequency) for the entire period (and not limited to a selected period). Inspiratory peak EAdi values in critically ill children have recently been described by our team [17,18,44], and in the recovery phase, median (interquartile) observed peak EAdi values were 13 (8 to 21) μV , whereas the area under the curve for EAdi was 6 (2 to 9) μV (unpublished data).
Besides patient's condition, the setting of NAVA level also influences EAdi. The NAVA level was adjusted based on the respiratory status, as in our clinical practice, and a different NAVA level could have resulted in other EAdi profiles. In a feasibility study in rabbits, the NAVA level had to be increased to achieve a similar unloading, as compared with the pre-extubation condition, mainly because of major air leaks .
Several limitations of the study must be outlined. This feasibility study included a limited number of patients in a single PICU, and a majority of NIV-exposed patients during the period were excluded, thereby limiting ability to generalize our findings. The population was intentionally heterogeneous, and representative of various ages and pathologies. The sample size does not permit to assess differences among these groups, but the study results provide further evidence regarding NAVA feasibility, which will permit us to prepare and justify for future studies in these groups. The study included some patients with significant distress, but also patients with prophylactic NIV, in whom few signs of respiratory failure were present. This may have diminished the power to detect a decrease in the work of breathing. We included patients on CPAP, even though no synchrony can be analyzed, because CPAP is the primary NIV option for infants in our PICU. We therefore did not want to exclude those patients from this evaluative study. The study duration was limited to a 2-hour period, to limit period effect. Future longer-term evaluation is therefore necessary. We did not evaluate the impact of the NIV mode on the delivered pharyngeal pressure or tidal volumes, but the EAdi evolution provided some indications on the work of breathing changes.
NIV-NAVA is feasible and well tolerated in critically ill children. It improves patient-ventilator synchrony when compared with conventional NIV. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical impacts of NIV-NAVA, especially on NIV success, ventilator-support duration, and comfort.
Asynchrony occurs during almost a third of the time during pediatric conventional noninvasive ventilation.
Noninvasive NAVA allows us to support the ventilation in synchrony with patient efforts.
The potential of NAVA to improve noninvasive ventilation success must be studied in children.
The authors thank Mariana Dumitrascu, Laurence Bertout, and Noémie Loron for their help in the screening and enrollment process, Nicole Poitras for the study management support, the respiratory therapists for their logistic help, the PICU fellows and attendings for their collaboration, and Norman Comtois for his support regarding signal recording and analysis.
Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal tutors for publication of this manuscript and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
GE holds a salary research award from Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRQS) and a young investigator grant of the Réseau en santé respiratoire of FRQS.
LDC holds a scholarship awards from the CHU Sainte-Justine Foundation (Master's level).
LDC, PJ, SE, and GE declare that they have no competing interests.
GE contributed to the conception and design of the study, data analysis, interpretation of results, and development of the manuscript. LDC contributed to the recordings, data analysis, writing, and revision of the manuscript. JB contributed to the conception and design of the study, interpretation of results, and revisions of the manuscript, and approved final version of the manuscript. SE contributed to the interpretation of results, revision of the manuscript, and approved final version of the manuscript. PJ contributed to the conception and design of the study, interpretation of results, and revisions of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.


text:
package org.onosproject.odtn.behaviour;

import com.google.common.io.CharSource;
import org.onlab.util.XmlString;
import org.onosproject.net.DeviceId;
import org.onosproject.netconf.NetconfController;
import org.onosproject.netconf.NetconfDevice;
import org.onosproject.netconf.NetconfException;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

import static org.onlab.osgi.DefaultServiceDirectory.getService;
import static org.onosproject.odtn.utils.YangToolUtil.toCharSequence;
import static org.onosproject.odtn.utils.YangToolUtil.toDocument;

/**
 * Utility class for NETCONF driver.
 */
public abstract class AbstractOdtnTerminalDeviceDriver {

    protected final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());

    private static final String ENAME_ENVELOPE_RPC        = "rpc";
    private static final String ENAME_ENVELOPE_EDITCONFIG = "edit-config";
    private static final String ENAME_ENVELOPE_TARGET     = "target";
    private static final String ENAME_ENVELOPE_RUNNING    = "running";
    private static final String ENAME_ENVELOPE_CONFIG     = "config";

    private static final String NAMESPACE                 = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0";
    private static final String CONFIG_NAMESPACE_NS       = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";
    private static final String CONFIG_NS_PRIFIX          = "xmlns:xc";

    protected Document buildEditConfigBody(List<CharSequence> nodes) {

        Document doc;
        try {
            doc = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance()
                    .newDocumentBuilder().newDocument();
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
            log.error("Unexpected error", e);
            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
        }

        Element appendRoot = addEditConfigEnvelope(doc);

        for (CharSequence node : nodes) {
            Document ldoc = toDocument(CharSource.wrap(node));
            Element cfgRoot = ldoc.getDocumentElement();

            // move (or copy) node to another Document
            appendRoot.appendChild(Optional.ofNullable(doc.adoptNode(cfgRoot))
                                       .orElseGet(() -> doc.importNode(cfgRoot, true)));
        }

        log.info("XML:\n{}", XmlString.prettifyXml(toCharSequence(doc)));
        return doc;
    }

    protected void configureDevice(DeviceId did, Document doc) {

        NetconfController ctr = getService(NetconfController.class);
        Optional.ofNullable(ctr.getNetconfDevice(did))
                .map(NetconfDevice::getSession)
                .ifPresent(session -> {
                    try {
                        session.rpc(toCharSequence(doc).toString()).join();
                    } catch (NetconfException e) {
                        log.error("Exception thrown", e);
                    }
                });
    }

    public Element addEditConfigEnvelope(Document doc) {

        // netconf rpc boilerplate part without message-id
        // rpc
        //  +- edit-config
        //      +- target
        //      |   +- running
        //      +- config
        Element rpc = doc.createElementNS(NAMESPACE, ENAME_ENVELOPE_RPC);
        doc.appendChild(rpc);
        Element editConfig = doc.createElement(ENAME_ENVELOPE_EDITCONFIG);
        rpc.appendChild(editConfig);
        Element target = doc.createElement(ENAME_ENVELOPE_TARGET);
        editConfig.appendChild(target);
        target.appendChild(doc.createElement(ENAME_ENVELOPE_RUNNING));

        Element config = doc.createElement(ENAME_ENVELOPE_CONFIG);
        config.setAttributeNS(CONFIG_NAMESPACE_NS, CONFIG_NS_PRIFIX, NAMESPACE);
        editConfig.appendChild(config);

        return config;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A young man gets wrongly framed for drug trafficking and killed in a fake encounter by corrupt police force, the victims brother vows to bring the killers to justice and to end the tyranny of their corrupt system.
© 2018 Scratchu.com Bardaasht | Bobby Deol, Lara Dutta, Rahul Dev, Riteish Deshmukh, Nagesh Bhonsle, Harsh Chhaya, Raju Kher, Ashwani Kumar, Surendra Pal, Vishwajeet Pradhan, Shivaji Satam, Virendra Saxena, Tara Sharma, Gopal K. Singh, Anjan Srivastav - Bardaasht (2004) | Hindi Movie | 6.1/10 | Synopsis : A young man gets wrongly framed for drug trafficking and killed in a fake encounter by corrupt police force, the victims brother vows to bring the killers to justice and to end the tyranny of their corrupt system.... Watch Online!!!


text:
Paternity testing, quite literally, hits the road
On Behalf of Pacheco Perez P.A. | Aug 30, 2012 | Child Support
"It's just such a serious, fundamental question," says New York City resident Jared Rosenthal. "Who are your children? Who are your parents?"
Being an entrepreneur, Rosenthal has done more than just dwell on the question. He has turned a Winnebago motor home into a mobile DNA testing facility, painted it conspicuously in brown and blue colors, stamped the words "DNA TESTING" in red letters across the sides and topped off his concoction with this prominently splayed interrogatory:
Lots of people — and government agencies — from Florida to Alaska want definitive answers to that paternity-laced inquiry. Many individuals are driven by child support concerns. Others are seeking child custody or visitation rights. A fundamental motivation spurring many people to test is that they simply feel a compelling need to know.
The head of one blood lab readily supplies a number to confirm the steady uptick in paternity-related DNA testing. He says that the demand has been steadily rising and now amounts to about 500,000 tests per year across the country.
Rosenthal's business model works like this. Hail the Winnebago, and Rosenthal will obligingly bring it to a halt. An onboard technician will then take DNA samples and pass them along to a testing lab in Ohio. The results are typically back in the customer's hand within a week.
The cost? In most cases, about $300.
Not everyone is enthralled by the inherent ease and speed of the process. Some critics cite obvious concerns regarding its reliability.
"The underlying issues are obviously with the quality of testing," says one reproductive technology specialist.
Others feel uneasy about new doors that it may open. To test for paternity has historically been a well-considered decision for most people. Near-instant testing obviously undercuts that and may leave some persons psychologically unprepared for the results.
Still, a trend seems clear: Rosenthal's is not the only business to offer consumers a mobile collection service.
Is it too early to think about a franchise?
Source: Reuters, "Who's your daddy? DNA clinic gives answers, sparks concerns," Lily Kuo, Aug. 23, 2012
A paternity action can facilitate the resolution of issues surrounding visitation, custody and child support. Our firm regularly provides paternity-related assistance and representation to fathers and mothers throughout Florida. For further information on our firm and practice, we invite readers to visit our Miami, Florida, Paternity page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Amiodarone HCl 50mg/mL; soln for IV infusion after dilution; contains polysorbate 80.
Documented, life-threatening recurrent refractory ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia when oral therapy is not feasible.
Individualize. Loading infusions: 150mg over the first 10 mins (15mg/min) by rapid IV infusion, then 360mg over the next 6hrs (1mg/min) by slow IV infusion. Maintenance infusion: 540mg over the remaining 18hrs (0.5mg/min) by slow IV infusion. Switching to oral amiodarone: see full labeling.
Severe sinus node dysfunction. 2nd- or 3rd-degree AV block. Bradycardia with syncope unless paced. Cardiogenic shock.
Be experienced with the treatment and monitoring of life-threatening arrhythmias before prescribing this medication. Before use, correct potassium and magnesium deficiencies. Increased risk of pulmonary toxicity or liver injury; monitor, reduce dose or discontinue if either occurs. Perform baseline pulmonary function tests at initiation, then every 3–6 months. Surgery. Monitor thyroid function. Assess implantable cardiac devices. Do regular ophthalmic exams. Withdraw cautiously. Elderly. Pregnancy (Cat.D). Nursing mothers: not recommended.
Interactions may persist months after discontinuing. Symptomatic bradycardia when concomitant with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir or with sofosbuvir plus simeprevir; monitor heart rate when starting antiviral treatment. QTc prolongation with Class I and III antiarrhythmics, lithium, phenothiazines, tricyclics, quinolones, macrolides, azole antifungals, halogenated inhalation anesthetics. Potentiates antiarrhythmics (eg, quinidine, procainamide, flecainide; reduce their doses by ⅓ to ½), cyclosporine, digoxin (reduce digoxin dose by ½ or discontinue), oral anticoagulants (reduce anticoagulant dose by ⅓ to ½ and monitor PT), loratadine, dabigatran, fentanyl, phenytoin, lidocaine, dextromethorphan, statins (limit simvastatin dose to 20mg daily or lovastatin dose to 40mg daily). Potentiated by certain quinolones or macrolides, azole antifungals, protease inhibitors, cimetidine, grapefruit juice. Exacerbation of arrhythmias with antiarrhythmics. Additive bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV block with β-blockers, digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, ivabradine, clonidine; monitor heart rate. Antagonized by rifampin, St. John's wort, cholestyramine. May alter results of thyroid function tests. See full labeling.
Hypotension, alveolitis, pulmonary inflammation or fibrosis, post-op adult respiratory distress syndrome, exacerbation of arrhythmias, heart block or failure, sinus bradycardia, hepatotoxicity, corneal deposits, optic neuropathy/neuritis (reevaluate if occurs), photosensitivity, skin pigmentation, thyroid disorders, malaise, peripheral neuropathy, constipation, anorexia, blood dyscrasias, pancreatitis; peripheral vein phlebitis (w. concentrated solutions; see full labeling).
Formerly known under the brand name Cordarone.


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Movies Aren't Bad
HomeAll PostsMoviesMovies Aren't Bad
Movies on September 11, 2021 107Views 0Likes 0Comments
Have you heard? Movies are all awful now. If you've enjoyed yourself at the theater in the past decade, you were wrong. There's nothing but sequels, franchises, and shallow blockbusters. Except for all the amazing movies out there, but who cares, right?
Conflicting Opinions
Image Source: Erik Witsoe
The refrain that movies are "just terrible" now is a popular one among critics. This is partly because it's very fun to pick apart movies and find their flaws. Series like CinemaSins, How It Should Have Ended, and Honest Trailers point out the things that you didn't think about during a movie and everyone has a little chuckle. Since movies are huge, complicated projects with hundreds of people making decisions, it's impossible to get them perfect. This series never lack material.
Then there are more serious movie reviewers. The kinds who contribute to movie review sites like Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic (which are largely bullshit, by the way). For these people, going out to see the latest superhero blockbuster isn't a casual treat after a hard day's work. It is a hard day's work. When you have to watch and keep up with huge franchises because it's your job, it can feel a lot more like it's unbearably exhausting, rather than a fun experience.
Like it or not, these people are the tastemakers. They're the ones who either get to see a movie first, or they're the ones whose opinions are the most widely viewed. And, with few exceptions, they're all predisposed to view films negatively. You can only hear the people who watch movies for a living talk about how crap they all are so much before you start to believe it.
Except They're All Wrong
I don't want to speculate about whether movies used to be better "back in the day" because that's arbitrary, colored with nostalgia, and useless. Plus, those movies still exist. If you miss the days when the original Star Wars or Ghostbusters movies were selling out box offices, you can still go watch them. There are like a hundred ways to buy, download, or stream them in fifteen different remastered edits. Go find one.
However, if you want to go watch a really awesome new movie that blows you away with its creativity, original story, stellar dialogue, and gorgeous visuals, guess what? You can do that, too. There are tons of awesome movies out there for you. There are so many I can hardly keep up.
2016 has been described as a disappointing year for movies because things like Batman v. Superman, Suicide Squad, Ghostbusters, and Warcraft exist. We'll set aside for the moment that each of those movies has some merit and are a far cry from The Room-level train wrecks like some would lead you to believe. They're widely panned. Fair enough.
A Few Good Movies
Let's take a look at some movies that also came out in… 2016 for example. Just for the fun of comparing, I'll throw in their Metacritic rating as well as global box office.
Image Source: Google Images
Metacritic: 76
Global Box Office: $106M ($15M budget)
The second installment in the Cloverfield franchise (if you can even call it that), this movie largely focuses on a claustrophobic horror setting where John Goodman is terrifying. Despite a polarizing ending sequence, the bulk of the film features some of the most riveting suspense in a modern film. Its horror focuses on scary characters, rather than cheap jump scares, grody zombies or demons, and gore. There's a little of each, but even for those who didn't care for the first Cloverfield (myself included), this was a standout entry.
As a side note, the production of the Cloverfield franchise is almost more interesting than the film itself. Each new movie (and there's a third on the way) is a standalone movie in a Twilight Zone-esque not-quite shared universe. Producer JJ Abrams has described them as "what if" stories, giving them room to experiment without being beholden to a single continuity. This is stupidly exciting. Whether it succeeds is left to be seen, but if Cloverfield can be a vessel for low-budget, experimental movies and a return to conceptual sci-fi, I'm all about that shit.
Globabl Box Office: $197M ($47M budget)
Speaking of conceptual sci-fi, Arrival is simply brilliant. This is a completely standalone film—that should please the franchise-haters in the audience—that asks hard questions about how we communicate, and even how we perceive time itself. Despite the world-changing consequences of the story, it remains steadfastly focused on just a couple of very relatable characters. It also deftly walks you through its central premise, rather than simply describing it to you. Plenty of movies are good at saying something profound (looking at you, Dark Knight trilogy), but few excel at helping you understand that idea by making you experience it. Arrival received several Oscar nominations and won one award, and it was all well-deserved.
Global Box Office: $69M ($60M budget)
If I had to praise Kubo and the Two Strings for its animation alone, I could go on all day. Stop-motion animation has been largely passed over in favor of CGI films ever since the first Toy Story (unless you're Tim Burton or Henry Selick), so seeing the medium used at all is a treat. However, you would be forgiven for thinking this isn't stop-motion at all. After I watched this movie for the first time, we sat and watched a fifteen-minute documentary showing off the animatronics, models, and sets that were built to bring this world to life. I hadn't been this astounded by the craftsmanship on production since the original Lord of the Rings trilogy.
If that weren't enough, though, Kubo is a delightfully told piece of folklore. It's a fantastic adventure story that ultimately centers around a single-family and their internal struggle. Rather than simply employing the tired trope of "family and love conquers all," Kubo dares to show that family can be not only your greatest ally but your worst foe. The resulting story is as heartbreaking as it is endearing.
Global Box Office: $1.023B ($150M budget)
Kids deserve better movies. You've said it to yourself every time you've had to sit through some garbage, piece of shit animated special with your nephew, and you bemoan the fact that kids don't have the kind of classic you had when you were younger. Well, they do. Here's one of them. Zootopia won critical acclaim (and took home Best Animated Feature Film at the Oscars).
The movie has been described as a commentary on various types of prejudice, and it is, but that's also a huge oversimplification. The movie also tackles the concepts of bullying—and how to build bridges with your bullies—pursuing your dreams even when society doesn't want you to, and even briefly touches on the topic of controlling the minds and bodies of other people. In the future, we'll probably look back on Zootopia and gasp at the deeply serious topics it tackled with as much awe as we examined the idea of entrenched sexism in Mulan or political assassination in The Lion King. Seriously. That's in a kid's movie?
These are just the 2016 movies I've personally watched. My list of films that seem well-received that I still need to see includes The Jungle Book, Green Room, Hail Caesar!, Moana, Finding Dory, and The Nice Guys. And those are just the ones I came across on my own throughout the year. I also want to get through half the Best Picture nominees, including Moonlight, La La Land, and Manchester by the Sea. And oh right! It's March already! So, I need to add A Cure for Wellness, Get Out, and John Wick: Chapter 2 to my list for 2017.
And, by the way, this doesn't even touch all the huge blockbuster and/or superhero movies I have seen that are also good. I'm a Marvel fanboy, so of course, I liked Captain America: Civil War and Doctor Strange, but even I can admit 2016 was a pretty weak year for superhero movies in general. But can we talk about how incredible Deadpool was? Not only on its own merits but the fact that it was made at all? Oh, and let's not forget Rogue One, which shot straight to the upper echelon of most Star Wars' fans list of favorite Star Wars films.
And if we can step on 2017's toes one more time, Logan was incredible. If ever there was a justification for decades-long superhero franchises, that gut-wrenching film of two characters we've watched for 17 goddamn years is it. Oh, and Lego Batman is quite possibly one of the best, most fan-faithful Batman movies ever made.
So far in this article, I have named twenty movies released since January 1st, 2016 that are pretty awesome. If you can't find something that you like in there, maybe that's your own fault.
Maybe the problem isn't that good movies don't exist. Maybe what critics and reviewers and armchair commentators are really upset about is that the movies they think are good don't make the big money. Kubo barely made over its production budget which, when you include marketing, means it probably lost money. Arrival made less worldwide than Doctor Strange made in just the US. Where is justice?
Here's a terrible lesson for you: movies don't make money from justice. They make money from getting people in seats. And contrary to how you may want to view the world, most seats are filled by someone who just wants to go watch something enjoyable.
And why shouldn't they? The average moviegoer has a job. They've got kids to feed. And entertain. Some (most?!) people just want to sit and watch something they enjoy after a hard week's work. They don't want to watch something "mindless" because they're stupid or uneducated. They want to watch something simple and enjoyable because they're tired. Because they spent all their brainpower during the week designing rockets or healing someone's broken bones, or maybe they're just writing TPS reports but those are important to someone. When they're done, maybe they want to watch something they enjoy, not something that upends the entire craft of cinema for the fiftieth damn time this decade.
Fortunately, there are movies for everyone. Good movies almost always exist alongside the bad ones. The year we got Son of the Mask, Deuce Bigalow European Gigolo, and the first Fantastic Four movie was the same year we got Serenity, Sin City, and Batman Begins. Fortunately, we tend to remember the latter much more than the former, but they all happened at the same time.
We're even getting to a point where the average movies are still lightyears better than they used to be. It may be fair to criticize Civil War or Doctor Strange as boilerplate superhero fare (personally, I disagree, but I can respect the perspective). But surely even that's better than Catwoman or Daredevil.
Hell, I'd even rather watch Suicide Squad again than sit through Punisher: War Zone or Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance. Even if the bad movies of 2016 failed in telling their story, they at least don't fail as spectacularly as their older narratively- and technically-inept counterparts. Maybe I wish Batman v. Superman had a more coherent plot, but at least it didn't have a CGI Satan puppet.
I understand being overly negative about movies. I really do. I've been the guy who ranted for hours in the parking lot about some nitpicky bullshit that just totally ruined a movie for me. Hell, maybe that culture of criticism is what drives filmmakers to be even better and avoid the simple flaws that we'd probably let them get away with.
However, at a certain point, we have to acknowledge the truth: Movies are good. Really good. There are so many good movies available that we can't keep up with them. You've probably forgotten more good movies you meant to see over the last year than there are genuinely bad movies in that same time frame.
Don't stop critiquing. That's okay. I'll do it, too. But some time between your rants about how superhero movies keep setting up the next movie, or how CGI is overused, take a second to recognize the glorious luxury of having too much good art to keep up with.
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Høje Taastrup Station är en järnvägsstation i Høje-Taastrup, Danmark. Belägen c:a 18 km väster om Köpenhamns centrum på banan mellan Köpenhamn och Roskilde. (Avståndet till Roskilde station är kortare än till Köpenhamn) Stationen är slutstation för S-tågen medan övriga tåg avgår åt båda håll. Det finns tre perronger varav en för S-tåg.

Stationen blev invigd i maj 1986 samtidigt med S-tågens förlängning från Taastrup Station. De första åren stannade endast S-tåg och Re-tåg vid stationen, men efter att bandelen Høje-Taastrup till Roskilde år 1988 fick fyra spår, och därmed sex spår på sträckan Høje-Taastrup till Köpenhamn (varav 2 enbart används för S-tåg) har alla InterCity och Expresståg också börjat stanna här.

Förutom att fungera som en regional trafikknutpunkt var stationen också tänkt som en "framskjuten centralstation" där långväga passagerare som inte skall ända in till centrala Köpenhamn kan byta till de lokala S-tågen.

Stationsbyggnaden ligger på en bred bro, som leder över den förhållandevis breda banvallen. På bron finns en cykel och bussgata med lokaltrafik inom Taastrup. Den postmodernistiska byggnaden domineras av tre stora takvalv, som blivit ett slags varumärke för hela denna köpenhamnska förstad.

Stationen anlades på öppen mark. Man önskade inte bara att anlägga en station, utan att skapa ett lokalt center. Med bakgrund av en strukturplan från 1977 utlystes en arkitekttävling för såväl stationen som det då obebyggda område mellan en av Köpenhamnsområdets få stora köpcentrum, det s.k. City 2, som hade invigts redan 1972, och ett bostadsområde på andra sidan järnvägen (bron var här en viktig detalj). Tävlingen vanns av arkitektbyrån Jacob Blegvad A/S, som i samarbete med DSB's egna arkitekter, fastställde de slutliga planerna för den nya stationen.

I anslutning till den mycket rymliga vänthallen, som är en av ytterst få som är uppvärmda vintertid i Danmark, finns manuellt biljettkontor, snabbmatställe, en stor pub samt kiosker och toaletter.

Källor
 Høje Taastrup Station i Arkitekturbilleder.dk

Järnvägsstationer invigda 1986
Järnvägsstationer i Danmark
Høje-Tåstrups kommun
1986 i Danmark

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Electro Wow – Music Blog
Kelis – Flesh Tone [REVIEW]
Exclusive Interview: Jenna x On Debut Single "When The Party's Over.."
Dar.Ra Talks Latest Single And Confirms New Album In 2021 — Interview
Quickfire Interview With: SOUNDQ
Singer-Songwriter Media Mogul Martone Ready To Launch IRMIX Radio
Interview | Questions & Answers With Project X
Tips On Taking Care Of Your Gold
The Fashion Advice You Need Before Attending Your Next Gig
6 Clothing Tips For Seniors Who Want To Stay Comfortable
Top 5 Anticipated Glasses Trends For Men In 2021
3 DIY Ways To Personalize Your Wardrobe
Electro Wow's Definitive List Of The Best Songs Of 2020
Here's How To Transform Your Shed Into A Vibrant Sound Studio
How Jazz Music During Study Can Affect Your Mental Health
Music, Gaming, Streaming, And The Threat Of DMCA
How Music Can Give You A Competitive Edge
BlareMob Put Out A Surprising House Track, "Heartbeat"
FKR, Dirk Mack And Philip Larsen Promote Suicide Awareness Song
LISTEN NOW: BlareMob Duo Unveil A Surreal New Single "Let Me Go"
Dirk Mack's "The New Funk" Gets The Remix Treatment — LISTEN
Klipr Drops Appropriately Titled House Track For 2020 Called "Warrior"
DeMute Unveils Beautiful Chill Melodies To Listen To After A Breakup
Meet Nathan Fink, An Emerging Indie Musician From East Tennessee
Discover The Best Alternative Indie Music From Opposites Attract
Find Out Why Dani Kristina's New 'Aura' EP Is So Relatable
Kasi Opi Makes A Grand Debut With "Rain," Stream It Now!
Pop This On Your Headphones, "Sorry Wrong Person" By Matilde Girasole
Too Much Botox? Watch The Weeknd's Shocking Video "Save Your Tears"
THE GRIND THEORY, A Humanoid From 2058 Releases "Heartbeat"
Pre-Save "Longing For Some Time With Me" If You're Addicted To Synths
5 Things That Inspire Synthwave Artists You Probably Didn't Know
Lana Del Rey Never Sounded Like This! Meet Remix Genius Kuckoo
"Crying At The Discotheque," Sophie Ellis-Bextor's Newest Hit
Sick And Tired Of Your Boring Cycling Playlist? Get Funky With This One
Do You Believe In "Magic"? Watch Here Kylie's Fantastic Music Video
A Brand New Lyric Video (Kinetic Typography) From Horse Meat Disco
Spice Girl Melanie C Impresses With Feminist Dance Anthem "Into You"
Dr. Jekyll Premieres Motivational Anthem "Truth" With Christine Corless
WARNING! Anna Azerli's New Song "Finally" Is Highly Contagious
Here's A Feel-Good Jam From Jacques, Wilkens To Escape From Stress
This Banger Will Instantly Make You Rave At Home, It's Entitled "Fck You"
See Dennis Sheperd And Katty Heath In New Music Video, "Losing My Mind"
Subscribe Today! Tempo Waves YouTube Channel Offers Top Trending Songs
The Best Remake Of Ian Van Dahl's "Castles In The Sky" Sung By HALIENE
Here's A Really Nice Song About "Fear", Sung By Trance Vocalist Alexandra Badoi
Chris Fennec Delivers An Effective Trance Earworm, "Burst On Fire"
Italian Techno DJ Recovering After Being Stabbed By His Own Father
New Music Producer From London, AINT Captivates With Downtempo Techno
This Is Damn Hypnotic! "Nu Acid" By HURTR Will Make Your Head Bang
Oh, Yes! Paolo Virdis Offers Intense Techno For Your Ears On "Survive"
Fiin Teams Up With Brigado Crew & Jinadu For Driving Dark Progressive Single
Reggaeton Female Singer Bea Pelea Drops Music Video For "El Deseo"
Video Premiere: Black Eyed Peas ft. Shakira – GIRL LIKE ME
Tomasa Del Real And Lizz Join Forces On Bilingual Reggaeton Hit "Down"
Black Eyed Peas First Song With Nicky Jam And Tyga, "VIDA LOCA"
Cat Lovers Can't Wait To See Lapili's "Kitty Fat" Music Video
Erick Ycaza
There's no doubt Kelis' 'Flesh Tone' was the best album of 2010, even though she didn´t get a Grammy for this excellent work. Last year we were all impressed with her new musical direction on this record because she has always been a Hip Hop artist for years. "Flesh Tone" is a mixture of electronic sounds, believe it or not, Kelis transformed her garage into a music studio, which later she named it Casa de Kelis.
Another great thing to mention about this album is that Kelis collaborated with top DJs and producers of the world (will.i.am, David Guetta, Benny Benassi, Tocadisco, Burns, Free School, DJ Ammo, Boys Noize, etc.) and she recorded all her songs while she was pregnant of her first child. Kelis created this album with love and she was motivated by her motherhood state, that´s why this album is so special. The only thing I didn´t like about the album was the number of tracks. "Flesh Tone" is really amazing and I encourage you to buy it, but 9 tracks aren´t enough to have fun.
Intro The first track is a short introduction to an Italo Disco sound, a song without an original name.
22nd Century A fantastic track produced by Boys Noize, its futuristic lyrics welcome you to the 22nd century, a brave new world where everybody´s dancin´. I don´t understand why this wasn´t a promotional single, it´s definitely one of the best songs on the album.
4th of July (Fireworks) Kelis´ high energy vocals + the piano melody will make you go high!
Home Simply amazing! this song reminds me of the lesbian duo t.A.T.u.
Acapella A produced track by David Guetta, it became an instant worldwide hit, on this song Kelis sings very well like never before.
Scream Another track produced by Guetta, but this was my least favorite track on the album because it sounds like a total mess. However, it´s pretty danceable in some parts of the song.
Emancipate My favorite track of "Flesh Tone", it´s totally addictive and this will make you dance all night long. I also feel identified with the lyrics, because my goal in life is to achieve my own emancipation. This tune was produced by Benny Benassi.
Brave You will love the ElectroTech sound of this song, the second track produced by Benassi, and the fourth promotional single of "Flesh Tone".
Song For The Baby A song influenced by House music of the early 2000s, a lovely tune that talks about motherhood.
CONNECT WITH KELIS NOW!
Related Topics:Flesh ToneInformationKelisReviews
Hi, my name is Erick Ycaza. I have a BA in Advertising & Graphic Design. This blog is to provide you with daily music news and share my personal style.
Spice Girls marked an entire generation with their Pop music in the 90s. Today Melanie C, one of the five members of the group is back with a feminist dance anthem called "Into You." No doubt, this feels like an empowerment song that invites you to shake the booty and hips. Most importantly, lyrics tell us about a free soul willing to fall in love again, nevertheless, the singer prioritizes her self-love before anything else. Moreover, I think everyone will enjoy this massive hit no matter their gender. As a matter of fact, it has amassed on YouTube more than 400K views since its premiere. Obviously, I'm talking about her amazing visuals, watch it here, and expect more from Melanie C for the entire year.
CONNECT WITH MELANIE C NOW!
If you're looking forward to a year with stunning music, then "Truth" by Dr. Jekyll is the first motivational anthem you will love. He teams up with Christine Corless whose gorgeous singing voice fits flawlessly over his electronic beats. The American producer proves that his versatile style is on another level by collaborating with a fast-rising singer from the Nashville Country scene. By the same token, his original sound has been elevated to new heights due to the splendid blend of guitar licks, drums, and contemporary synths.
"Truth" is the most compelling evidence that Dr. Jekyll is bridging the gap between music genres like never before. Naturally, there's an organic feel to it, and lyrics will resonate with those of you who are thinking about giving up. Overall, a brilliant motivational anthem that cheers you up to find happiness. In other words, a song that keeps alive the hopes for a better life.
CONNECT WITH DR. JEKYLL NOW!
Anna Azerli releases a song full of contagious energy called "Finally." Actually, this is one of those tracks that make you want to sing and dance simultaneously with ease. After years of performing Opera, the artist made a U-turn with regards to her music style. Nowadays, she explores contemporary Dance-Pop rhythms with an emphasis on high notes. Not to mention, you can appreciate her powerful Soprano-like timbre in the chorus of "Finally." Press play below.
Of course, this tells us a lot about her creative skills, which as a result of experimenting with electronic beats, Anna succeeded in obtaining a unique flavor for her tunes. In the light of the latest restrictions due to the pandemic, the California-based singer and actress had to cancel important shows in Las Vegas. When things return to normal, she promises to resume her activities on the stage again.
Surprisingly, she will be part of a reality show that will happen anytime soon, however, there's not enough information to be disclosed at the moment. Follow Anna on her socials for more information.
CONNECT WITH ANNA AZERLI NOW!
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class Site < ActiveRecord::Base
  attr_accessible :title, :url
  further :data
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Understanding the various aspects of Property Law is a difficult task and one that has to be taken extremely seriously. We have put together a series of guides relating to various aspects of property law to help you find some key information. As said previously Property Law is a complicated matter but with these guides and some of the advertisers on the left of the page we hope that we can provide the information you are looking for.
Property Law covers such an array of subjects so please keep popping back to see what information we have added to the site. All information on the site is free to access.
We also have a section of the site dedicated to Land Registry queries which is of course a massive part of property law here in the UK.


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Movember in full flow!
London Irish talisman Franco van Der Merwe is delighted to be spearheading the club's Movember campaign as the South African and his teammates look to raise awareness of men's health.
The 35-year-old has been made the Exiles' Movember captain, with the second-row honoured to be leading the campaign.
"I'm proud to be leading the way for Movember on behalf of London Irish this year," said van der Merwe.
"A couple of the lads are already doing their best, with the likes of Harry Elrington, Danny Hobbs-Awoyemi and Sebastian De Chaves all growing beards for the cause.
"I think there'll be a few interesting moustaches and beards at the end of the month. We just hope to raise as much money as we can for this special cause."
Since its inception in 2003, the Movember Foundation has become a global phenomenon with more than five million people worldwide supporting the cause over the last 15 years.
Van der Merwe, his teammates and members of the coaching team will be sporting moustaches and beards throughout the month of November in support of the foundation, which has helped fund 1,200 innovative men's health projects across more than 20 countries.
The Movember Foundation focusses on prostate cancer, testicular cancer, mental health and suicide prevention, with all money raised going towards game-changing projects that encourages men to become more aware of their health, talk more with friends and be more active in improving their health and wellbeing.
London Irish will donate £4 to the Movember Foundation for every replica shirt sold during the month of November. Replica shirts can be purchased here www.londonirishshop.com/product-category/official-kit .
"It's vitally important that we raise awareness of issues such as testicular cancer, prostate cancer and mental health in order to encourage more men to talk about these issues," said van der Merwe.
"My wife said she quite likes my moustaches so far and she knows it's for a good cause - it's only for four weeks and she's happy to support a good cause too."
Throughout November we will document the progress of those lovely moustaches and beards on our social media channels, while the players will also showcase their new look on their own platforms.
The Championship Cup fixture against Bedford Blues at the Madejski Stadium on Sunday 25 November will be dedicated to raising money for the Movember Foundation, with a number of activities taking place in and around the ground during the day (kick-off 3pm).
London Irish raised £8,468 last year, the club itching to beat that total this year round.
Supporters can join up to the London Irish Movember team or donate here https://uk.movember.com/team/2285265
Tickets for the game are available by calling 0118 968 1016 or visit ticketing.londonirish.net to book online.


How does your sandwich stack up?
Start by slicing your bread on the cutting board. Listen to the SCRRTCH as you really slice it apart! Lettuce, tomato, cheese, cucumber, salami--what do you like on your sandwich?
Pile on whatever you like, and watch it stack higher and higher! When it's done, serve it up on the plate and enjoy! You can even make a second sandwich for a friend--or if you're hungry, have both yourself!
Includes four slices of bread, tomato, cucumbers, cheese, lettuce, salami, and a bottle of ketchup, as well as a knife, a cutting board, and a serving plate.
Why You'll Love It: Independent, pretend play is crucial for young learners, and what better instruction tool than sandwiches? Stacking up new combinations of ingredients and slicing them apart refines fine motor skills, even portion sizes and healthy food choices. Bet you didn't know sandwiches were delicious and educational.


Brilliant Vision - Jordan Patterson Created with input from Dennis Miller, Kenneth Carter, Justin Scott, Michael Thompson, Jacob Harris, Christopher Allen, David Martin, Charles Miller, John Adams, Gary Hill, Richard Clark, John Moore, Raymond Scott, John Jones, Matthew Collins, Anthony Scott, Donald Anderson, Larry Baker, Jeffrey Taylor, Jeffrey Green.
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Antimalarial medications are amongst the most commonly used oral medications for rheumatologic skin diseases. They include hydroxychloroquine (commonly still referred to by its original brand name, Plaquenil), chloroquine, and quinacrine.
Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is the drug of choice for many physicians who treat rheumatologic skin diseases. It is the most readily available and frequently prescribed antimalarial in the US.
Antimalarial medications are extremely safe and do not overtly suppress the immune system.
Patients taking hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine should be monitored by an ophthalmologist to screen for a very rare eye side effect called antimalarial retinopathy.
Quinacrine, which does not cause retinopathy, is used commonly in combination with, or in patients who cannot take, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. It is not widely available and must be obtained from a compounding pharmacy.
Initially used to treat and prevent malaria, these medications are now used to control inflammation in rheumatologic diseases, especially lupus. Antimalarials control both skin and systemic inflammation in lupus. They have also been used to treat the skin changes of dermatomyositis and morphea.
The precise manner in which antimalarial agents exert their therapeutic effect in controlling lupus and other rheumatologic skin diseases is unclear. It is believed that hydroxychloroquine interferes with communication of cells in the immune system.
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are dosed based on a patient's ideal body weight to minimize side effects, especially retinopathy. If the weight-based dose is not exceeded, eye side effects are rare. The typical dose of hydroxychloroquine for adults is 200 mg to 400 mg per day, while the average dose of quinacrine is 100 mg daily. Patients take between125 mg and 250 mg of chloroquine daily, based on their ideal body weight.
It is important to note that there is a delayed response with antimalarial medications. Symptoms can start to improve in 1-2 months, but it may take as long as 6 months before the full benefit of these medications are seen. Since they are such extremely safe and effective medications, a patient should not stop them before they have a chance to start working.
The antimalarial medications typically are very well tolerated, and serious side effects are extremely rare. The most common side effects are nausea and diarrhea. These side effects often improve with time or by taking the medication with food. Less common side effects include allergic skin rashes, bruise-like changes in the skin, hair changes (bleaching or thinning of hair), and muscle weakness. Lowering of the white blood cell count or liver function test elevation have rarely been reported with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine usage. Additionally, the drugs can cause anemia (low red blood cell counts) in some individuals. A blood test screening may be recommended by your doctor.
In very rare cases, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine can cause visual changes (retinopathy), but such vision problems are more likely to occur in patients taking high doses for many years, in persons 60 years or older, or in those with significant kidney disease. The daily dose used today is considerably lower than the doses originally used to treat lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. At the current recommended dose, development of visual problems while taking this medication is extremely rare.
Quinacrine is a yellow-colored medication and may cause the skin or conjunctivae, and even tears and saliva to appear slightly yellow. This can be confused with jaundice which results from poor liver function. The yellow discoloration caused by quinacrine is harmless and will go away relatively quickly by decreasing the dose or stopping the drug altogether. Quinacrine extremely rarely causes decreases in all of the cells made by the bone marrow (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets). Patients who are going to develop this side effect often have a rash prior to the drop in blood cells.
Although vision problems while taking hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine are very rare, you should notify your doctor if you notice any changes in your vision. Patients should have baseline screening and regular eye exams, every 6 to 12 months while taking this medication. Visual changes experienced early on or seen early during regular eye exams typically improve after stopping the medication.
Periodic blood tests may be recommended to evaluate for rare side effects of anemia, lowering of the white blood count, and liver function elevation.
Patients who are pregnant or are considering having a child, should talk to their doctor before taking these medications. There is now general agreement among doctors that hydroxychloroquine is safe during pregnancy, and is used to prevent flares in pregnant patients with systemic lupus. However, any medication taken during pregnancy should be discussed with a physician.
Although there are few drug interactions with hydroxychloroquine, to be safe, patients should notify their physicians about all of the medications they are taking, including over-the-counter drugs and natural remedies. Hydroxychloroquine can interact with digoxin, and old medication that is used to treat heart problems. Chloroquine decreases the effectiveness of ampicillin. The antimalarial medications do not work well in patients who smoke for uncertain reasons.
It is important to notify your other physicians that you are taking than antimalarial medication. Antimalarials do not have a strong effect on the immune system, so vaccines recommended by other physicians are generally acceptable, and it is not necessary to stop these medications before surgery. Be sure to notify your ophthalmologist if you are taking either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine so you can have the correct screening tests.
The Rheumatologic Dermatology Society (RDS) has compiled this list to give you a starting point for your own additional research. The RDS does not endorse or maintain these Web sites, and is not responsible for any information or claims provided on them. It is always best to talk with your dermatologist for more information and before making any decisions about your care.
RDS is providing information and services on this website as a benefit and service to members and guests in furtherance of its nonprofit and tax-exempt status. The information posted by RDS or any third party should not be considered medical advice, and it is not intended to replace consultation with a qualified dermatology professional. Nothing in this website constitutes the establishment of a physician-patient relationship with RDS or any of the physicians on its leadership team, committees or any of its members. Please consult an appropriate health care provider with any medical issues you may have. RDS does not answer specific medical questions or refer people to a particular dermatology professional.
RDS provides various resources on the website, including links to potentially useful external resources and a list of members with an interest in rheumatic skin disease. This information serves only as a reference tool for patients and healthcare providers. RDS gives no warranties regarding the medical information supplied on the website. RDS is not compensated for the mention of any medical information or product on this website and does not endorse, warrant, or guarantee the effectiveness of the information or any such product. You should not initiate the use of any treatment or product mentioned on this website or on any links to external resources without first consulting a physician or healthcare provider. RDS is not responsible for any treatment decisions made by any health care provider, even those listed on the RDS website or links to external resources. All users of this website retain full responsibility for the use of the resources on this website, and RDS is not responsible for the use or misuse of any materials on this website.


Does this bucket meet MEPD Officer standards?
Tube strips, ears, frown, and traps have all been repainted by hand.
Looking good, i would remove the mesh behind the frown as its not movie accurate I too used to have the mesh problem lol.
Aside from the missing pack the kit looks great! Are the tube stripes painted or decals?
Looks great man. The weathering looks fantastic !!
Thanks for the input everybody. Appreciate it. Took the mesh out. Baron- the strips are painted.
Been working on my pack, just waiting for the canteen kit to come. Plus add the two side inputs, and antenna on the radio, finish the weather, shoulder straps.. a few things.. haha. Here's some pics of it so far.
It's a Trooperbay kit with scratch built cistern, frame, and filter.
Again any and input would be great. Thanks!
I've done some more work on the fieldpack. Shaped the canteen from foam, but do have a crashmans canteen kit on its way. As it stands though, is it Officer standards?


Can I use Weebly for websites or should I use WordPress?
Wordpress has its place with over 75 million active websites in existence. Wow! Unfortunately, when something is the industry standard, its popularity can become the very reason for its downfall.
When we Googled "how many Wordpress websites are there" the next most popular search phrase was "how many Wordpress websites are hacked." Oops! When a platform becomes popular, there is an incentive, or a market, for either helping it or benefiting from it.
Huh? Let's consider the iPhone for a moment. When the iPhone gained traction, everyone else had to jump on board, too. Apps were created, bedazzled cases and screen protectors were manufactured, repair shops opened, docking stations were engineered, and a whole economy with the iPhone as its sun came into existence.
Wordpress has had a similar effect, but not in the way you would imagine. While it has created an economy of plug-ins, themes and Wordpress service providers, it has also created a market for Spam, Scams and Viruses.
Over 35% of our new clients come from bad Wordpress experiences.
That's why we have a different approach to web design, and it's turning heads.
Our competitors, colleagues, and clients are shocked to learn we design websites in Weebly, a drag-and-drop builder.
But we use Weebly for one simple reason – our clients are tired of the overwhelm that comes along with a WordPress website. They want the ability to make edits to the website on their own, and WordPress is difficult for them to manage.
So why do we use Weebly over its competitors like Squarespace and Wix? We found Weebly gives the best of both worlds. For our team, we are able to completely customize the CSS/HTML of the website design so each website is customized to YOUR brand. However, our clients get the ease of use of editing their website with the drag and drop features.
This tends to be the biggest concern about switching over to Weebly. Rest assured, we've outranked our clients' former websites on many platforms, including WordPress websites. That's because SEO favors factors like content and design over platform. Let's face it, if you visit a website that doesn't immediately look safe, credible, or welcoming, you leave. If the website doesn't have the content that you're seeking, you leave. We've found many of our WordPress website designers approach SEO too technically and forget about basic marketing.
Are you ready to explore how a Weebly website can help your business? Let's chat!


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zGeneralBottom
Penn State opens camp citing 'question marks'
By Jarrod Prugar
JAMES FRANKLIN -- BARRY REEGER / FOR DKPS
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- Football season is basically underway, as players buzzed from drill to drill Saturday on Penn State's second day of training camp, the first open to the media.
And yet, there's a long way for the Nittany Lions to go.
"We got a lot of question marks this year," James Franklin told reporters on the program's designated media day at Beaver Stadium. "Probably more than we've had the last two years. And I think we have a very, very challenging schedule. But I'm excited."
How Penn State will (but can't) replace Gesicki
Penn State gets commit from JuCo OT


The 2006 Formula V6 Asia Series was the first season of the series. The season started on May 13–14 in Sepang and ended on October 21–22 in Zuhai.
Points are awarded in both races as following: 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 for 9th and 1 bonus points for pole position in the first of the two venue races but only awarded to drivers, not for teams. Only the drivers that achieve races are awarded by points.
† = 4 penalty points.
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 15:20 (UTC).


Rafael Nadal on Sunday won the Monte Carlo Masters for a record 10th time with a dominant 6-1 6-3 victory over fellow Spaniard Albert Ramos-Vinolas.
It was Nadal's first title in almost a year and he became the first man in the Open era to win the same event 10 times.
The 30-year-old is aiming for a 10th French Open title as well next month.
He won eight Monte Carlo titles in a row from 2005 to 2012 but then lost to Novak Djokovic in the 2013 final.
The Spaniard won the title again last year and then added the Barcelona crown a week later, yet had not lifted a trophy since.
He had lost three finals so far this year, including January's Australian Open against Roger Federer.
Do we have a tomorrow?


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You are here: Home / Hero Dogs Blog / Welcome to Hero Dogs LT Michael P. Murphy – "Murphy"
Welcome to Hero Dogs LT Michael P. Murphy – "Murphy"
February 13, 2014 By HDadmin
Murphy's namesake, Michael Patrick Murphy (May 7, 1976 – June 28, 2005) was a United States Navy SEAL lieutenant and the first person to be awarded the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the War in Afghanistan. He was also the first member of the U.S. Navy to receive the award since the Vietnam War. His other posthumous awards included the Silver Star and Purple Heart. Michael Murphy was born and raised in Suffolk County, New York. He graduated from Pennsylvania State University with honors and dual degrees in political science and psychology. After college he accepted a commission in the United States Navy and became a United States Navy SEAL in July 2002. After participating in several War on Terror missions, he was killed on June 28, 2005, after his team was compromised and surrounded by Taliban forces near Asadabad, Afghanistan.
We are honored that the Murphy family has allowed us to name this service dog in training after their son. Murphy was generously donated by Boynton's Labradors. He is being raised by Jamie and Brent C. (who also raised Hero Dogs "Grant") and is sponsored by three-time sponsors Carlyn and Jeff Weaver.
Filed Under: Hero Dogs Blog, Murphy


its just another 4 seasons day in Kuwait ….
These pictures where taken within 30 mins ….
i will keep on updating the images Stay Tuned ..
dude enta sheft el 3afeesa ely sarat at 3?!! thunder lightning and rain!! what the hell!
ana otaaleb eb jaw nafs el 3alam please kelshay wala sha3ry!
Sha3ar what sha3ar … u mean that was not a wig ?!?


DEC Acting Commissioner Basil Seggos today released DEC's initial E-Waste Recycling Report, detailing the implementation success of the New York State Electronic Equipment Recycling and Reuse Act, with more than 318 million pounds of e-waste collected from 2011 through 2014. The report provides an evaluation of the initial progress during 2011-2012 on implementing the Act, outlining the program's strengths and challenges, and providing recommendations for future improvements.
"Over the first several years of implementation, New York State has successfully captured hundreds of millions of pounds of e-waste and making electronic equipment manufactures responsible for end of life costs for products covered under the Act, thereby removing this cost from municipal recycling programs," Acting Commissioner Seggos said. "The findings in this report will help enhance and improve New York's already strong E-Waste programs, and the progress made in this program is yet another example of Governor Cuomo's commitment to protecting our environment."
The inaugural report for 2011-2012 establishes the baseline data collection methods DEC has developed to establish the recycling and reuse rates in the state for covered electronic equipment (CEE). It highlights initial compliance with the program and provides recommendations for changes to enhance implementation. The report also notes the opportunities for business development that have been launched through the recycling or reuse of electronic equipment.
DEC is addressing one of the more recent implementation challenges which is the collection and recycling of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) televisions and monitors. The Department has focused initial efforts on education of manufacturers, and this year DEC will be stepping up enforcement to ensure full compliance with the goals of the Act. DEC will continue discussions with stakeholders, municipalities, industry and recyclers to develop solutions and improvements to the program to address and improve CRT recycling. In addition, DEC continues to evaluate manufactures compliance with the Act and are drafting regulations to clarify and strengthen the provisions of the Act, and will also be providing funds to assist municipalities who have been collecting materials outside of the e-waste collection system created by the law.
The NYS Electronic Recycling and Reuse Act has proven to deliver both positive environmental and economic results in 2011 and 2012. The total amount of CEE collected by manufacturers for recycling or reuse during the 2011 reporting period (April 1, 2011 - December 31, 2011) was 44.8 million pounds, which equates to an approximate 2.3 pounds per capita statewide collection rate. During calendar year 2012, the total amount of CEE collected by manufacturers for recycling or reuse increased to 77.5 million pounds which equates to an approximate 4 pounds per capita statewide collection rate.
The significant increase in e-waste collected for recycling or reuse from NYS consumers in 2011 and in 2012 was more than in any previous year for which records are available, and that trend has continued in recent years. Data for 2013-2014 will soon be published, and will also show the collection rate of NYS consumers' e-waste has increased steadily since the Act became effective in 2011. Initial data shows the state collected 99.5 million pounds in 2013 and 96.7 million in 2014.
As of January 1, 2015 all NYS consumers are now required to recycle electronic waste, such as computers, computer peripherals, televisions, small scale servers, and small electronic equipment and are prohibited from disposing of this waste. Under the Act, free and convenient recycling programs for all consumers of the state are required to be provided by electronic equipment manufactures. Additionally, recycling diverts e-waste from landfills and combustion facilities and conserves valuable natural resources.
A copy of the NYS E-Waste Recycling & Reuse Act Implementation & Results for 2011 and 2012 report can be found on DEC's website.


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Poole Harbour Masterplan
Planning to meet the long term strategic aspirations of Port operators
Adams Hendry assisted Poole Harbour Commissioners in the preparation of the Poole Harbour Port Master Plan. This sets out the Commissioners' vision for the sustainable management, conservation and development of Poole Harbour and the Trust Port of Poole for the next 25 to 30 years. The Master Plan includes a number of proposals to enable the Commissioners to meet their statutory duties and responsibilities to maintain the Port of Poole and conserve and manage it's internationally significant coastal environment and a landscape of national importance.
Two rounds of extensive public and stakeholder consultation were undertaking during the Master Plan's preparation. Adams Hendry attended meetings with statutory consultees, provided advice to Poole Harbour Commissioners on consultation facilitation and on responding to objectors and was responsible for producing a Summary of Response document that sat alongside the final Master Plan.
Adams Hendry also produced a Consents Strategy that reviewed the processes, procedures and other considerations that are material to the implementation of proposals for Port development in and around Poole Harbour. The Strategy identifies the context within which decisions are made and the procedures and processes that are relevant to the promotion, consenting and implementation of the proposals set out in the Master Plan. It also contains material relating to private acts and parliamentary orders, the planning status of the Port, the definition of operational land, and relevant planning policies.
Debra Ivory, Technical Director: 01962 877414 |
Services: Planning Policy, Stakeholder Consultation
Featured Harbours Marine Ports


text:
We Have Ways To Make You Talk
http://www.cliffordmay.org/2005/we-have-ways-to-make-you-talk
Abu Ghraib was a travesty and a tragedy. It tarnished America's reputation and credibility. It gave ammunition to America's enemies and critics. It set back progress in Iraq.
What took place at Abu Ghraib was illegal – and those responsible have been rightly prosecuted and punished.
So what is the point of Sen. John McCain's amendment to ban "cruel, inhuman, or degrading" treatment of any prisoner by any agent of the United States?
His proposal might be seen as simply sending a message, a way to clean up the mess left by Abu Ghraib -- legislation in the service of public relations.
The problem is the amendment fails to distinguish between two very distinct situations: (1) ordinary prisoners being detained as punishment for crimes or simply to keep them from returning to the battlefield, and (2) captured terrorists in possession of information that could save lives.
In regard to the first situation, McCain is correct. Such prisoners should never be abused – certainly not for amusement or to indulge sadistic impulses (as, nevertheless, happens in prisons around the world).
The second situation is not so simple. The most notorious scenario is, of course, the "ticking time bomb." What should be permissible when a threat is imminent and making a suspect talk can mean the difference between life and death? Such circumstances are not as rare as some contend.
For example, two years ago, there was controversy over the actions taken by Army Lt. Col. Allen B. West. He was serving near Tikrit, fighting insurgents loyal to deposed dictator Saddam Hussein. While interrogating a hostile suspect, he drew his pistol – and fired it, twice.
His intention was not to kill or wound – only to frighten. He succeeded. The suspect revealed details of a planned ambush. Lt. Col. West saved the lives of men he commanded, men for whom he felt responsible. For that, he was accused of "torture," charged with assault and drummed out of the military.
The McCain amendment would confirm that outcome. It would mandate that other officers in similar situations walk away – and if that means innocent men, women and children are slaughtered, so be it.
Should that really be our policy? Can a war can be fought and won with such limitations? Is that really the moral approach?
Put those questions aside for a moment and consider the more common scenario: the "high-value suspect," someone in possession of information not about an imminent threat but about how, for example, terrorist leaders communicate their orders, how they raise funds and distribute weapons, how they recruit, train and deploy suicide bombers and those who plant explosives along roads.
Instilling a moment of fear, as Lt. Col. West did, would be unlikely to get such suspects to reveal all they know. And more severe forms of "torture" – already illegal under U.S. law – would probably not be the best way to induce them to cooperate. What can succeed are interrogation techniques short of torture: physical "stress" coupled with psychological "duress." But such techniques may be seen as "degrading" and so might be outlawed by the McCain amendment.
Clearly, lines need to be drawn and someone must have both the expertise and authority to draw them. More than a year ago, former federal prosecutor and legal expert Andrew C. McCarthy proposed the establishment of a "national-security court," a tribunal that would "monitor the detention of terrorist captives."
It also could be empowered to decide, in consultation with physicians, psychologists and intelligence experts, which techniques are always to be prohibited (for example, those likely to cause death or permanent disability), and which are permissible -- and effective.
Trained government interrogators should be required to apply to the court for authorization to use specific techniques in specific instances. What the court would license for use against a "ticking time bomb" would differ from what it would allow against a bin Laden lieutenant -- and both would differ from what would be permitted to elicit information from a low-value combatant.
The key decisions would not fall on the shoulders of an isolated army officer in the field – no soldier should be made to go through what Lt. Col. West has experienced. But neither would decisions about sacrificing innocent lives be made by international bureaucrats or lawyers representing self-proclaimed "human rights" organizations.
Wouldn't this be better than a no-holds-barred approach? Wouldn't it be better than treating terrorists with kid gloves? Wouldn't it be preferable to the McCain amendment?