On November 28, 1975, Timor Leste unilaterally proclaimed its independence, after nearly four centuries of Portuguese colonization. Though the declaration was read in Portuguese, only a few days after, Indonesia invaded the country and the use of that same language would be forbidden for the twenty four years that the occupation lasted (1975-1999).
When East Timor became an independent country in 2002, both the Tetum and Portuguese languages were chosen as official for the newborn country. Nevertheless, the number of national languages is up to 16, and dozens of other dialects are used on a daily basis by Timorese citizens.
Hau nia lian, hau nia rain (My language my homeland). Photo by Sapo Noticias Timor Leste (public domain).
In practice, Tetum, the lingua franca of East Timor, is the most widely spoken throughout the territory. On the other hand, "Portuguese is not the language of unity, but it is the language of identity", said Mari Alkatiri, the leader of Fretilin (the opposition party), in an article [pt] from 2007 by the Portuguese journalist Paulo Moura, republished on the blog Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (Cyberdoubts of Portuguese Language).
They learned Bahasa Indonesia and English as second languages and they speak Tetum at home, besides any other Timorese language, as Fataluku or Baikeno. It is the so-called "Tim-Tim" generation, from the name Timor-Timur, that Indonesians called their 27th province. Many have studied in Indonesia or in Australia, and it is difficult to explain to them, nowadays, the importance of Portuguese. Even worse, as they see that the privileged political elites speak Portuguese, and as their access to employment in the public administration is barred because they don't speak the now official language, these youngsters have developed some hostility towards Portugal and Portuguese language.
According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six Timorese languages threatened by extinction.
Languages of East Timor. Map from the website Fataluku Language Project.
In the scale provided, Adabe (from the island of Atauro), Habu (from the Manatuto district), and Kairiu-Midiki and Naueti (from the Viqueque district), are considered vulnerable, as "most children from the areas speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains", such as home and traditional life.
One level above is Waima'a, considered critically endangered – "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home". On the northeast tip of the island, Maku'a language, which according to the Atlas had only 50 speakers in 1981, is critically endangered and it may even have become extinct. There has had only been one booklet ever published in this language.
Some of the languages of East Timor however have been making their way into new media and online platforms, which may support their continuity.
A research project for language documentation from the University of Hawai, has promoted several Timorese languages with the help of exchange students such as Osoroa and Fatumaka dialects of Makasae – the "major language in the eastern part of Timor-Leste" – as well as Waima'a, Fataluku, Mambae and Tokodede. The latter has been occasionally used by the Portuguese linguist and translator João Paulo Esperança on his blog Hanoin Oin-oin (Diverse thoughts) [tet].
An East Timorese girl speaking (from clockwise) Bunak, Tetum, Fataluku and Portuguese. Translation: "In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portuguese, we say: I am in Dili. I have some money. I do not have any money." Image by Joao Paulo Esperança (public domain).
Another blogger in under-represented languages is Abe Barreto Soares, who was interviewed for Global Voices in 2009, and besides writing in English, Tetum, and Bahasa Indonesia, has also kept a poetry blog in the Galole laguage from the Manatuto district called Limusan.
A bit further to the South, Idaté language is featured on the blog of Ildefonso Pereira. Facebook has also been used for communicating in Timorese languages, as for instance this group in Naueti.
Rising Voices – the outreach project of Global Voices – is hosting an online dialogue called "Using Citizen Media Tools to Promote Under-Represented Languages" together with New Tactics and Indigenous Tweets. All practitioners from Timor Leste who are venturing into the world of citizen media to promote online communication using under-represented languages are welcome to share their strategies, successes and challenges in the online forum.


text:
Q: merge few json files in to one After days of searching on google, I finally pushed myself to ask the question over here.
I have few json files.
localhost/feed01.json
localhost/feed02.json
localhost/feed03.json

all the json file structures similar to this one. but random data including random, id, date type etc...
[
        {
            "id":1,
            "date": "12/12/2011",
            "type": "Run",
            "distance": "3 miles",
            "comments": "This was really hard",
            "minutes": 36
        },
        {
            "id":2,
            "date": "12/11/2011",
            "type": "Bike",
            "distance": "6 miles",
            "comments": "All down hill...felt like nothing",
            "minutes": 30
        },
        {
            "id":3,
            "date": "12/10/2011",
            "type": "Walk",
            "distance": "2.5 miles",
            "comments": "Shouldn't have taken the dog",
            "minutes": 45
        }
]

Now I want to merge all this json files to a one and sort by date by default (on initialization). What is the best way to merge and sort using backbone.js using collections?

A: Backbone lets you override some of backbone.sync through options

*

*you can pass a target url as an option to collection.fetch to override the default url

*and passing add: true appends the models to the collection instead of resetting it

which means you can build a collection with
var c = new Backbone.Collection();
c.fetch({
    url: ('localhost/feed01.json'),
    add: true
});
c.fetch({
    url: ('localhost/feed02.json'),
    add: true
});
...

To invoke a callback when all fetches have completed, you can build a jQuery deferred object
var files = ['localhost/feed01.json', 'localhost/feed02.json', 'localhost/feed03.json'];
var c=new Backbone.Collection();
var dfds = [], dfd, i, l;
for (i=0, l=files.length; i<l;i++) {
    dfd = c.fetch({
        url: (files[i]),
        add: true
    });
    dfds.push(dfd);
}

$.when.apply(null, dfds).done(function() {
    console.log(c.pluck('id'));
});

A: To merge data just create a collection and all the arrays with json objects/model representations to this collection. To achieve the ability you can override the fetch method and make it do 3 ajax calls and using jquery deferreds wait until all three of them are resolved and added returned data to collection before you resolve the fetch request.
To alter the sorting logics you need to overwrite the collections comparator method to sort based on your data.
you could specify it as for example as this
comparator: function(model) {
    return +new Date(model.get('date'));
}

and it would sort it by date.
If you would for whatever reason specify the comparator after adding the models to the collection you'd need to call the sort method so that the models get sorted according to the rule specified by comparator

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Haber Global creates footage to show Arzu Aliyeva accepting the prize at International Festival. – VIDEO
The Turkish Haber Global TV channel has prepared a story about the awarding ceremony of President of the Baku Media Center Arzu Aliyeva with the award "For Contribution to the Cultural Heritage of the Turkic World".
Arzu Aliyeva Arzu Aliyeva
Report mentions that the prize for "For Contribution in the Culture of the Turkic World", presented at the Korkut Ata Film Festival in Istanbul to Arzu Aliyeva was presented to the Baku Media Center by Mehmet Nui Ersoy, Minister of Culture and Tourism.
https://www.celebheightwiki.com/arzu-aliyeva-height
Azerbaijan received the award "For the Best Film" in recognition of the movie "Among The Scattered Deaths".
https://www.facebook.com/aarzualiyeva
It is important to note that the "Korkut Ata" film festival is scheduled to take place in Shusha in 2023.
Arzu Aliyeva
The festival culminated with Orman Aliyev's film "We" which was directed and shot by Baku Media Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An early foreign policy adviser to Donald Trump's presidential campaign pleaded guilty to making false statements and is cooperating with investigators, according to court documents released on Monday.
During a January interview with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, George Papadopoulos falsely stated his relationship with a Russian professor he knew had "substantial connections to Russian government officials," the New York Times reports.
The documents were released with the FBI's announcement it was indicting Trump's former campaign chairman and strategist Paul Manafort, and associate Rick Gates. The indictment is a result of Special Counsel Bob Mueller's probe into Russian election interference and accusations of collusion during the 2016 presidential election. Of the 12 counts in the indictment, Manafort is being accused of seven counts of failure to file reports of foreign financial accounts, conspiracy to launder money, and conspiracy against the United States, according to Axios.
This is the first indictment to come out of Mueller's Russia investigation, and does not directly link Manafort to collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.
The former aide was initially arrested in July, and pleaded guilty on Oct. 5 to making false statements in order to disguise his contacts with Russians whom he thought had "dirt" on Clinton, according to the court documents.
Papadopoulos falsely told the FBI in January that his conversation with the Russian professor occurred before he became an adviser, when in fact they met only days after he joined the campaign. The professor purposefully took interest in Papadopoulos "because of his status with the campaign," the court documents indicated.
Trump took to Twitter on Monday morning to give his point of view on the charges against Manafort.
"Sorry, but this is years ago, before Paul Manafort was part of the Trump campaign," he wrote. "There is NO COLLUSION!"
This entry was posted in Politics and tagged Donald Trump, Paul Manafort, Russia. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
ON THE SOAPBOX: Song Hoi-see, Plaza Premium Group
Alitalia faces the abyss
Amsterdam's subway and Berlin airport
Cheval to open in Doha
Crossrail – full by 2031?
CS100 on a roll
Etihad boost for Sydney
First A350-900 for Asiana
Free access at Oakland lounge
Hot air at London City
Leeu plans 5-star London hotel
Lufthansa NDC initiative
New rules for United
Perth prepares for non-stops
Qatar heads for Cardiff
Record for Virgin Trains
Summer launch for Qingdao
TAP heads for Docklands
WestJet in ULCC plan
Wizz Air scores 3m
ON TOUR: All the world's a stage on Koh Samui
MAY CRUISE ISSUE
AND FINALLY: Celebrating with CTT
Serviced apartment specialist Cheval Residences is to open its first development outside London in 2020 in Doha, in partnership with the Qatar Industrial Manufacturing Company (QIMC).
Read full article Index
All 14 weekly flights on Etihad Airways' route between Abu Dhabi and Sydney will be operated with its flagship A380 aircraft from 29 October, with the second daily service upgraded from the 328-seat B777-300ER.
Compensation for denied boarding of up to US$10,000 is among a package of ten new measures announced by United Airlines last week to counter weeks of bad publicity after the forced removal of a passenger from flight 3411 on 9 April (BTN 17 April).
Song Hoi-see, founder and chief executive officer of Plaza Premium Lounge Management Ltd, has transformed the airport industry. After leaving his job as an investment banker to launch his own business, he started flying Economy Class, thereby losing his airport lounge privileges. He found the travel experience unpleasant and lacking in adequate services. Identifying a need to improve airport facilities, in 1998 he launched the world's first Airport Pay-in Lounge at Hong Kong International Airport. Here, he discusses the company's expansion plans for Heathrow.
Italy's flag carrier looked doomed at the weekend after an opinion poll published on Friday showed 77% of Italians believed the airline should not receive more funds but should be allowed to fail.
A team of about 40 journalists and technicians rode the new Amsterdam Noord-Zuid metro line last week in the first full-scale test run of the route. The subway reached its top speed of about 80km per hour, taking the observers from Amsterdam Central to Amsterdam Zuid, then back north to the final stop at Amsterdam Noord.
Significant capacity restraints are looming on Crossrail west from Paddington and east from Liverpool Street by 2031, a decade after opening, the MetroRail Congress in London was told last week, writes Andrew Sharp.
The first mass cross-London flight to launch from a major airport will be witnessed at London City Airport (LCY) next month when it plays host to the annual Lord Mayor's Hot Air Balloon Regatta.
International luxury property operator the Leeu Collection is to open a 100-bedroom 5-star hotel in London after acquiring its first foothold in the capital, a former office building in Fitzrovia in the West End. The property is due to open in 2019.
A new transit lounge is being built at Perth International Airport in Western Australia as preparations move into high gear for the launch of Qantas' new B787 service from London, due to begin on 25 March next year. Tickets went on sale last week.
Another major Chinese destination goes online with the UK this summer in Beijing Capital Airlines launching direct service between Heathrow and Qingdao, the home of Tsingtao beer and one of its country's fastest growing cities.
The important role played by regional airports was brought home last week as Wizz Air, the largest airline operating from Doncaster Sheffield Airport (DSA), celebrated carrying a total of 3m passengers on its routes from there since its first flight to Katowice in September 2006.
Jane Stanbury continues her tour of Thailand, which began with Bangkok (BTN 20 March) and now moves out to the islands
Cruise Lines International Association UK & Ireland (CLIA) has published its marketing review of 2016. BTN takes a look at this eagerly-awaited document and also reports on Silver Muse, the latest addition to the Silversea fleet.
Swedish company CTT Systems held its annual gathering last week to mark another year of business, with sales and marketing vice-president Peter Landquist hosting an invited audience at the London restaurant club Le Beaujolais.
Following special trials at London City Airport (LCY) in late March (BTN 3 April), Bombardier's CS100 aircraft last week was awarded its steep approach certifications by Transport Canada and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
South Korea has joined the A350-900 club with Asiana Airlines taking delivery of its first of 30 orders for the world's newest twin-engine widebody airliner. The carrier becomes the 12th airline to operate the aircraft.
British Airways' Club World and Gold and Silver Executive Club members travelling to Gatwick from Oakland (OAK) following the launch of the airline's new direct service are being offered free access to MAG USA's Escape Lounge.
Business travellers are expected to be among the major beneficiaries as a result of Lufthansa Group members Lufthansa, SWISS, Austrian Airlines and Brussels Airlines successfully implementing an NDC-capable Direct Connect solution in the UK.
In a move described by Cardiff Airport chairman Roger Lewis as "game-changing", Qatar Airways last week said it was launching service next year between Doha and the Welsh capital, the only new planned UK route in its network for 2018.
More than half a million journeys taken between London and Cumbria in the past 12 months have set a new record as Virgin Trains celebrates 20 years on the West Coast Main Line.
A new service between Lisbon and London City Airport, with two daily flights from Monday to Friday and one daily flight on weekends, is being launched by TAP Portugal from 29 October.
The trend to ultra low-cost carriers has spread to Canada, where regional airline WestJet last week said it planned to launch a subsidiary in the country subject to agreement with its pilots and regulatory approvals.


Hi! I am a 28 yr old who is considering moving to ould I look for a job whilst still in SA? How are the living conditions? What is the rent like?
Acquisition by Sinto opens doors for Endeco Omega Sinto The recent acquisition of UK manufacturer Omega Foundry Machinery by Sintokogio, Ltd (Sinto), located in Nagoya, Japan, has opened up doors for Omega's South African subsidiary Endeco Omega, which in future will be known as Endeco Omega Sinto Pty Ltd. Sinto acquired a majority shareholding in Omega in February this year.
Looking for something to do? Find out what's going on in Greater Boston, today, this week, and weekend. Check out .
Find clear roof sheets Postings in South Africa! Search Gumtree Free Classified Ads for the latest clear roof sheets listings and more.


Cerysmatic.Factory: Joy Division - Le Terme?
Joy Division - Le Terme?
Almost two years to the day since Peter Hook and The Light debuted their live reworkings of early Joy Division, centered around Unknown Pleasures, and a year since Closer et al was replayed, Friday 18th and Saturday 19th May 2012 saw Hooky complete the tri-cycle with Still - performed "in its entirety for the first ever time" at Factory 251.
The set matched the disjointed original album perfectly: powerful and previously unreleased/overlooked Joy Division tracks (The Only Mistake, Something Must Break) were added to The Light's now-enormous repertoire whilst earlier Warsaw tracks (The Kill, Walked In Line) and the Velvet cover version (Sister Ray) were added for completeness.
But it's the crossover points, when tracks from the Unknown Pleasures and Closer shows - now honed to powerful near-perfection through constant touring to obscure, surprised and eternally grateful foreign audiences - drop almost randomly into the set, that the band comes alive and the place explodes in mass catharsis.
The best is saved for last, though, with an excursion into New (Order) territory - 12 bass strings combine for The Him, Dreams Never End and a sublime Doubts Even Here.
The Light are alternating Unknown Pleasures and Closer around the UK in the next few weeks, then beyond. Festival headline/own tent stuff. Must see.


Image Title: Elegant Outside Porch Lamps Brass Outdoor Lighting Where To Buy Outside Outside House Lights Plan. Filename: elegant-outside-porch-lamps-brass-outdoor-lighting-where-to-buy-outside-outside-house-lights-plan.jpg. Image Dimension: 728 x 485 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Rupert Jast. Uploaded Date: Tuesday - January 22nd. 2019 02:54:14 AM. Category: Interior. Image Source: contemporist.com.
Tap The Thumbnail Bellow to See Related Gallery of "Elegant Outside Porch Lamps Brass Outdoor Lighting Where To Buy Outside Outside House Lights Plan"


text:
#include <vector>

class CSheetColumnsDefinition
{
public:
	struct COLUMN
	{
		uint32			index = 0;
		std::string		name;
	};
	typedef std::vector<COLUMN> ColumnArray;

	struct SHEET
	{
		std::string		name;
		ColumnArray		columns;
	};

									CSheetColumnsDefinition();
	virtual							~CSheetColumnsDefinition();

	static CSheetColumnsDefinition	CreateFromXml(Framework::CStream&);

	std::string						GetColumnName(const std::string&, uint32) const;

private:
	typedef std::vector<SHEET> SheetArray;

	SheetArray						m_sheets;
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Low level access is an area we are passionate about. Hop-ups, folding platforms, small steps, are tools we all need to employ to help us get to those 'just out of reach' jobs such as decorating, electrical work, changing light bulbs etc. We are all too aware that many injuries are caused through over reaching when tackling these jobs when the use of a well designed, inexpensive step or platform could prevent such accidents and make these low level tasks not only safer but a lot easier.
A fantastic lightweight folding aluminium platform ... enabling you to reach those areas that ..
New stock arriving soon... reserve yours now!An excellent access product that can be used for many j..
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The Odd-Job from YOUNGMAN is a fantastic lightweight folding aluminium platform ... that enables you..
The Odd Job 600 is a tough trade low level work platform. Constructed of aluminium for easy handling..
Our Hopstar 'MINI' folding Hop-up fulfils the need for a heavy-duty industrially rated low-level wor..
Our Hopstar folding Hop-up fulfills the need for a heavy-duty industrially rated low level work plat..


text:
Textrix dendiculata, the toothed weaver, is a funnel web spider of the family Agelenidae found in much of Europe.  It was described by the French entomologist Guillaume-Antoine Olivier in 1789. An older name coined by Martini & Goeze in 1778, Aranea cruciger, has been declared a nomen oblitum, allowing Olivier's later name to stand.

Description
The male Textrix dendiculata is similar to the female in general appearance. The carapace is dark brown with a light median band. The head is narrow, with steep sides, not unlike wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa. The abdomen is dark brown with a light horse-shoe shaped marking towards the anterior which breaks down into a series of light spots towards the posterior.  There are vague, somewhat reddish chevrons due to the relatively thinner coating of hairs between the horseshoe mark and the posterior spotting which causes the background colour of the abdomen to be visible. The legs are yellow-brown with dark annulations and rings of white hairs. The body length of the female is 7–8 mm, that of the slightly smaller male 6–7 mm.

Biology
Textrix denticulata builds small funnel webs that end in a tube where the spider sits until it detects its prey touch the web when it leaves the tube and subdues the prey. It is mostly active at night. Both sexes are mainly found from early to mid-summer but females can be found at most times of the year and males have also been recorded in September.  The yellow egg sac contains 50-60 eggs and is covered with soil particles and stones and secured under rocks and in crevices.

Habitat
Textrix denticulata is found in sunny edges of forests, on rocks and on walls and sometimes in houses. In Great Britain it is found on stony ground, in rocky crevices, on low bushes and under bark, both inland and in coastal areas. Here too it is equally common in houses and on some disused stony industrial sites.

Distribution
Textrix denticulata is widespread in Northern Europe, except the northern and eastern part. In Great Britain this spider is common in the north, less so in the south, and very rare in the southeast.

References

Agelenidae
Spiders of Europe
Spiders described in 1789

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This year, tourism will be consolidated, with the possibility of another low-cost airline connecting the southern part of Quintana Roo with the center of the country. The head of Tourism, Marisol Vanegas, also said that there is great expectation for the opening of the archaeological zone of Ichkabal in Bacalar.
Through its website, the airline Viva Aerobús announced the opening of new routes for this year, including the flight from Mexico City to Chetumal, three days a week, at a cost of 804 pesos, starting April 1.
The airline specifies that it is still subject to government approval; That is to say that the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (SCT), still has not granted the permission.
This airline would join the service offered by Interjet and Volaris, also low-cost airlines, offering the route to Mexico City and vice versa, the first daily and the second three days a week. In addition, Mayan Air connects Chetumal with Cancun and Tropic Air with the country of Belize.
In this way, the market opens for tourists to visit the southern area of Quintana Roo.
The Secretary of Tourism, Marisol Vanegas, said that "it is fantastic, it is good news for us" and added that now the tourism sector should do the same and make known among the community that there are permanent lines connecting with the southern area of the state. She admitted that there has been insufficient promotion to publicize the diversity of products offered by this part of the entity.
"We have needed companies to make it known, there is a lot of market and product," she emphasized.
She added that one of the contributions of the coming months to the south is the opening of the archaeological center of Ichkabal, whose delivery, by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), will be at the end of March for its opening in early June.
"The detonator is the Bacalar-Ichkabal node and the archaeological corridor is the physical cross with which it is being generated, the airport will be the distributor and Majahual will also be one of the important products," she concluded.


The Houston Rockets are going to win the NBA Sixth Man of the Year award. There's no point in trying to bury the lede, here. There's no intrigue to this award, at least not this year. Any volatility the race may have had was undermined when Lou Williams was traded to the Rockets. The only contender other than Eric Gordon got shipped to Houston, and now the question is simply which one is seen as the sixth man. With just a few games left in the season, the answer is that Eric Gordon probably has his this locked down. Let's look at why.
The first, and easiest answer is points. The Sixth Man of the Year award typically goes to the bench player who scores the most per game, possibly because that's a very easy stat to understand. You just look at the list of top scorers per game, remove everyone who's a starter and see who comes up first. The answer, of course, is Lou Williams (17.8). Immediately after are the only other two bench players in the top fifty: Eric Gordon (16.4) and Tobias Harris (16.2).
How, then, does this essentially hand the award to Gordon? His own teammate averages more points and Harris is nearly identical in scoring production. Harris has a leg up by starting forty-seven of his seventy-seven games played while Gordon started in fourteen of seventy-one. He's started more than half his games, which effectively removes him from the running. The difference between him and Lou Williams is that Williams has not been averaging more points per game since coming to Houston. He's down to 15.4 since joining the Rockets, which makes sense when you look at the difference in scoring options and opportunities between the two teams.
More importantly, Lou Williams isn't a sixth man any more. It seems self-evident, but let's go over it anyway. You can only have one sixth man on a team. One of them must be a seventh man if you have two of them. On the Rockets, Eric Gordon remains the sixth man. In the end, the only other bench players scoring near his level are disqualified from the competition to begin with.
His other competition comes in for form of notable players like Enes Kanter, players who may not pack quite the scoring punch, but have other stats and accolades. Kanter, for instance, certainly serves as the fulcrum of that second unit, but is hurt by a few factors. His offensive prowess does indeed line up with the four-point upswing in offensive efficiency of the Oklahoma City Thunder when he's on the court, but is neatly countered by an almost exactly equal downturn on the defensive end. Secondly, his MVP-hopeful teammate Russell Westbrook is subtly damaging his credibility. The ongoing claim that Westbrook has a lack of talent surrounding him would clash with the idea of a Thunder player winning this or any award.
Andre Iguodala is likely a very good candidate, being that he anchors a top-flight bench squad on the unstoppable Golden State Warriors, but his stats just aren't where they need to be. He averages under eight points a game and does most of his work on the defensive end. A vote for him would be a vote for all the parts of basketball which don't get into a box score, which is a reasonable stance, but it would be a first for this award.
No, the field, in the end, is Eric Gordon and Lou WIlliams. Lou scores a little bit more, but at a slightly lower efficiency, and he also runs an offense a little better. Williams is also slightly more favored by all-in-one metrics like PER and Win Shares, but hasn't scored as much as Eric Gordon since being traded. Gordon and Williams have both hit slumps at the same time, but Eric Gordon typically comes off the bench first.
So in the end, the Sixth Man of the Year voting is going to come down to one question. It's not "Who is the best sixth man in the league," but "Who is the sixth man of the Houston Rockets." While there may be disagreement on this point, the answer is hard to deny. Eric Gordon has been the Rockets' sixth man all season, and he still is. Lou and Eric will be sharing a bottle of champagne either way. The only question is who will get the first glass.


text:
Office Hours : Monday - Friday, 08.30 - 16.30 (Except public and offcial holidays)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign AffairsVice Minister for Foreign AffairsPermanent SecretaryExecutive ManagementDirectoryHistory
Foreign PolicyMFA's StrategyVision & MissionAnnual Report
Thailand Visa InfomationThai PassportTravel Document for AliensProtection of Thai Nationals
Thailand and ASEAN
COVID-19Top StoriesPress ReleasesIn FocusEmbassy & Consulate NewsSpeechesInformation for Foreign Press
Information for Visitors to Thailand
Thailand Connect
Diplomatic Corps
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs
Permanent Secretary
MFA's Strategy
Thailand Visa Infomation
Thai Passport
Travel Document for Aliens
Protection of Thai Nationals
Embassy & Consulate News
Information for Foreign Press
Ambassador of Thailand to Cuba with residence in Mexico City, presented his Letters of Credentials to H.E. Mr. Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, President of the Republic of Cuba
The President of the Republic of Cuba conveyed his best wishes to His Majesty the King and the Prime Minister of Thailand, and expressed his appreciation for Thailand's support for a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution on the Necessity of Ending the Economic, Commercial and Financial Embargo Imposed by the United States of America Against Cuba.
He was also pleased with the existing cooperation between Thailand and Cuba on public health and expressed his commitment to strenghtening bilateral trade and investment as well as coopration in other areas of mutual interest.
On this occasion, the Ambassador reiterated Thailand's continued support for the UNGA Resolution, Thailand's determination to further enhance cooperation on public health and COVID-19 vaccines with Cuba, and a plan to jointly organize activities to celebrate the 65th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Thailand and Cuba in 2023.
After meeting with the President, the Ambassador went to lay a wreat in front of the Statute of Jose Marti, Cuba's national hero who fought for Cuba's independence from Spain, at the Plaza de la Revolucion.
443 Sri Ayudhya Road Bangkok 10400
Office Hours : Monday - Friday, 08.30 - 16.30
(Except public and offcial holidays)
This website had been designed to be as accessible as possible to all and is certified by the WCAG 2.0 standard (Level AA)
** Best viewed with Chrome Version 76 up **
Filming in Thailand
Social & Cultural News
Saranrom Radio
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs
Saranrom Institute of Foreign Affairs
Devawongse Varopakarn Institute of Foreign Affairs


Deathwish Skateboards finally introduces the Deerfield Beach native with his first full part of 2017 on Thrasher Mag.
Jamie, who now resides in Long Beach, CA has been riding for Deathwish for a couple of months. He is now officially an Amateur for them.
His sponsors are Deathwish, Red Bull, Diamond Footwear, Thunder Trucks, Spitfire Wheels, Shake Junt Grip, Island Water Sports, and Bones Swiss Bearings.


text: public function [[RDFSet]]::__toString()


MPG: Drivetrain:             Description 1963 Porsche 356B Cabriolet out of 35 Year California Ownership This Porsche 356B Cabriolet is a very attractive driver quality California car with matching numbers.
Accompanied by its grey card from Germany, factory owners manual, and warranty book. The front trunk and engine lid are original and match the car. The floors are likely original and not rusty.
1963 Porsche 356 356B Twin Grille Porsche 1963 Green B Twin Grille!


text:
/* This file is part of Lwt, released under the MIT license. See LICENSE.md for
   details, or visit https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt/blob/master/LICENSE.md. */

#include "lwt_config.h"

#if !defined(LWT_ON_WINDOWS)

#include <caml/bigarray.h>
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <caml/unixsupport.h>
#include <errno.h>

#include "lwt_unix.h"

struct job_bytes_read {
    struct lwt_unix_job job;
    /* The file descriptor. */
    int fd;
    /* The destination buffer. */
    char *buffer;
    /* The offset in the string. */
    long offset;
    /* The amount of data to read. */
    long length;
    /* The result of the read syscall. */
    long result;
    /* The value of errno. */
    int error_code;
};

static void worker_bytes_read(struct job_bytes_read *job)
{
    job->result = read(job->fd, job->buffer, job->length);
    job->error_code = errno;
}

static value result_bytes_read(struct job_bytes_read *job)
{
    long result = job->result;
    LWT_UNIX_CHECK_JOB(job, result < 0, "read");
    lwt_unix_free_job(&job->job);
    return Val_long(result);
}

CAMLprim value lwt_unix_bytes_read_job(value val_fd, value val_buf,
                                       value val_ofs, value val_len)
{
    LWT_UNIX_INIT_JOB(job, bytes_read, 0);
    job->fd = Int_val(val_fd);
    job->buffer = (char *)Caml_ba_data_val(val_buf) + Long_val(val_ofs);
    job->length = Long_val(val_len);
    return lwt_unix_alloc_job(&(job->job));
}
#endif


text:
"I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard and The Strangers.  It was released in December 1972 as the first single from the album I Love Dixie Blues.  The song was Haggard and The Strangers fourteenth number one on the U.S. country singles chart. It was number one for a single week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the chart.

Chart performance

References

1972 singles
1972 songs
Merle Haggard songs
Songs written by Merle Haggard
Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson (American record producer)
Capitol Records singles


Orange County, Florida is enriched with an abundance of attorneys. With so many lawyers in the area, it is important to find a referral service that can sort through them and match you with a qualified attorney. Not all lawyer referral services are created equally and so it is important that the referral service you are using is the one most suitable for your needs. Referral services are provided in the Orange County area by the local bar association, private organizations and online services.
There are many attorney referral services that are available to the residents of Orange County, Florida. Some of these services charge fees and others provided limited information about the attorneys they refer. LegalMatch is the only free service that provides complete information about the attorney's educational background, prior case experience, and rates. Clients who use LegalMatch will be able to read attorney profiles and past client reviews, which is invaluable information when it comes to making a decision about legal representation. Plus, LegalMatch is the only referral service that provides a satisfaction guarantee. Clients seeking legal representation in Orange County should use LegalMatch.


text:
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            fetch.fromService({ method: "PUT", url: self.baseUri + "/setCurrentProfile", data: options.data });
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    }

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})();


The Children's Church services are held in the Café building during all church services.
Children's Church provides young children with a lesson about God that is easy and fun to understand!
Awana is for kids preschool to 5th grade. It is an amazing way for young children to learn the word of God and to grow in truth!
Awana is on Wednesdays during the school year, from 6:45-8:00.
Vacation Bible School is one of the most exciting times of the year here at The Log Church! VBS is a fantastic way for kids to have fun while learning about God's word.
Check out this video from the 2017 VBS, Maker Fun Factory!


text:
Programs for the Public
Conversations at Ten Chimneys
Music in the Drawing Room
Play Readings
Programs for American Theater
Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program
Theatre Resource Programs
High School & Educational Programs
"Conversations at Ten Chimneys" Lecture Series
Inspired by the legendary conversations that spun round the Lunts' glamorous dining table, each "conversation" features a local or national luminary with a connection to theatre, the Lunts, or the themes and values of Ten Chimneys.
Since the series inception, we have welcomed:
MS. TYNE DALY, Master Teacher of the 2019 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program
MS. MEREDITH BAXTER, 5 time Emmy Award Nominee and Producer
MR. STEPHEN McKINLEY HENDERSON, Master Teacher of the 2018 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program
MS. CHERRY JONES, Tony and Emmy Award Winning Actress
MR. ALFRED MOLINA, Master Teacher of the 2017 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program
MR. JASON ALEXANDER, Master Teacher of the 2016 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
MS. PHYLICIA RASHAD, Master Teacher of the 2015 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
Mr. DAVID HYDE PIERCE, Master Teacher of the 2014 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
MR. JACK O'BRIEN, Award-winning director.
MR. SHELDON EPPS, Artistic Director of the renowned Pasadena Playhouse.
MR. ALAN ALDA, Master Teacher of the 2013 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
MS. LAURA LINNEY, Emmy, Golden Globe, and SAG Award-winning actress.
MR. JOEL GREY, Master Teacher of the 2012 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
MS. OLYMPIA DUKAKIS, Master Teacher of the 2011 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program.
MR. ROBERT OSBORNE, "Turner Classic Movies" television network host.
MR. JIM IRWIN, Voice of the Packers and Lunt friend.
MR. DICK VAN PATTEN, Lunt protégé.
MR. DICK CAVETT, Talk-show host and writer.
MS. LYNN REDGRAVE, Master Teacher of the 2009 Lunt-Fontanne Fellowship Program, and namesake of Lynn Fontanne.
MR. BARRY DAY, Author, playwright, theatre historian, and Noël Coward biographer.
DR. WILLIAM SEALE, Preservationist, White House Advisor, author, historian, and the expert who guided Ten Chimneys' restoration.
A performance by MR. JONATHAN DALY, MS. LAURA GORDON, MR.RICHARD HALVERSON, MS. ANGELA IANNONE, MR. NORMAN MOSES,AND MR. JONATHAN SMOOTS (directed by MS. LAURA GORDON) from "The Letters of Noël Coward" created specifically for Ten Chimneys by author MR. BARRY DAY.
A musical review by the artistic team of MR. GARY BRIGGLE and MR.JAMIE JOHNS who created the smash hit "Noël Coward: A Talent to Amuse."
MR. LEONARD JACOBS, Renowned New York theatre critic.
MR. AARON FRANKEL, Broadway director, producer, author, teacher, and stage manager for the Lunts' GI tour of "O Mistress Mine."
DR. JARED BROWN, Acclaimed author and Lunt biographer.
Ticket Reservations:
Please call (262) 968-4110 to reserve tickets for upcoming programs. Visa, MasterCard, Discover and American Express are graciously accepted.


This lab uses the Simplescalar CPU simulator to investigate the effects of different cache configurations on performance.
Simplescalar is a suite of programs that simulate the execution of programs compiled using a MIPS-like instruction set called PISA. You can simulate the execution of any program using Simplescalar by simply re-compiling the program using a version of gcc that knows how to generate PISA instructions as well as x86 instructions.
With sim-cache, you don't specify the size of the cache directly. Instead you specify (1) the number of lines, (2) the block size, and (3) the associativity of the cache. The size of the cache is the product of these three numbers. Thus, a 4-way set associative cache with 1024 lines of 16 bytes each is 4*1024*16 = 262144 bytes (256 kilobytes).
The parameters to sim-cache frequently uses both "1" (the numeral "one") and "l" (a lower-case letter "L"). Watch carefully because the differences in print between the two can be subtle.
For example, to configure a machine with an 8KB, direct-mapped L1 data cache with 32 byte blocks, use this command: -cache:dl1 dl1:256:32:1:l. Notice that 256 blocks times 32 bytes per block equals 8192 bytes.
When running sim-cache, I recommend sending the output directly to a file using the command line parameters -redir:sim file1 and -redir:prog file2. file1 will contain the results of the simulation (i.e., cache hit and miss rates). file2 will contain the output produced by the program simulated. This data is generally not interesting.
(If ~kurmasz/public/CS451/bin is in your path, you can use ss_gcc instead of ~kurmasz/public/Simplescalar/bin/ss_gcc.) Make sure you are running the Simplescalar version. If you can run ./a.out from the command line, you used the wrong version.
Running this command will produce a file named a.out. (As with the normal version of gcc, you can specify the name of the executable generated using the -o flag.) This file will not run by itself. It will run only as input to one of the Simplescalar programs. If it does, you generated it using the wrong version of gcc.
Where block ranges from 8 to 64, and line is set such that product of block times line is 8192.
Notice that the end of the cache configuration parameter is the number 1 followed by the letter l (as in "lru").
After you have run sim-cache for each block size, grep each output file (output_8, output_16, etc.) for the line "dl1.miss_rate". List the miss rate for each block size tested.
Based on your observations, determine a formula for the miss rate in terms of block_size.
Explain your results (i.e., what is happening in the cache during each memory access to produce the results you observed).
Now, write a C program for which the miss rate is considerably higher for a 16 byte block than for an 8 byte block. (The easiest way to do this is to find two array locations that conflict with a 16-byte block, but not with an 8-byte block. If you do this, you will see the cache with the 8-byte blocks have a nearly 0% miss rate while the cache with the 16-byte blocks has nearly a 100% miss rate.) List your source code, all cache parameters used, and the resulting hit rates. Hint: You need not loop through the entire array. Instead, find two addresses that collide in the cache. Also, make NUM_LOOPS 1000000.
Notice in blockSize1.c that array is an array of characters; therefore, each item in the cache is exactly 1 byte. As a result, it is easy to identify data items that will or will not conflict in the cache. For example, in an 8KB direct-mapped cache, array bytes 0 and 8192 will conflict. Your job is to find sets of array elements that conflict with a 16 byte block, but not an 8 byte block.
gcc is a C compiler. Your code must be straight C. No iostreams; no "//"-style comments; and, all variables must be declared at the beginning of each function.
Declaring the local variables as "register" variables encourages the compiler to keep the values of these variables in a register, thereby reducing their effect on the cache hit rate.
Your next task is to determine the optimal block size for qsort.
Determine the optimal block size for qsort given a 1KB, 4KB, and 16KB cache. Present your results using a graph with block size on the x-axis and the miss rate on the y-axis. Please generate one graph with three lines: One each for 1KB, 4KB, and 16KB. Valid block sizes are powers of 2 from 8 to 64. Your graph should have a form similar to Figure 8.18 from the textbook.
The qsort executable and sample inputs are found in ~kurmasz/public/Simplescalar/Tests/qsort.
Copy ~kurmasz/public/Simplescalar/Tests/qsort/input_1e4 into your current directory.
This program should take a few seconds to run. If it finishes instantly, then something isn't configured correctly. The file opt may give you a clue. If not, ask the instructor for help.
Write a simple C program for which a 4-way associative cache has a significantly lower miss rate than a equally sized 2-way set associative cache. You may choose any cache size and block size you wish, but they must remain the same for the entire problem. Submit the source code, all cache parameters, and resulting hit rates. Submit the source code, all cache parameters, and resulting hit rates.
Write a simple C program for which an associativity of 2 has a higher miss rate than a direct-mapped cache. You may choose any cache size and block size you wish, but they must remain the same for the entire problem. Submit the source code, all cache parameters, and resulting hit rates.
Choose qsort (or another program of your choice) and a cache size. Produce a graph showing miss rates as associativity ranges over 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and fully associative. Your graph should have associativity on the x-axis, and miss-rate on the y-axis. It should also contain four lines: one for each block size. Be sure to clearly label your graph with the cache size. Your graph should have a form similar to Figure 5.30 in Patterson and Hennessey (4th edition, revised).
Write a simple C program for which a random replacement policy results in a lower miss rate than LRU by at least 10%. (Use an 8-way set associative cache with a size and block size of your choosing.) Submit the source code, all cache parameters, and resulting hit rates.
Plot the effects of replacement policy on qsort using your given cache size, and a block size and associativity of your choosing. Specify all cache parameters.


text:
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
Group Directory
Group Directory overview
Group information guide
Group information guide overview
Theses overview
Organic Photovoltaics
One of the ways to satisfy the emerging need for sustainable energy sources is via the production of large-scale, cheap and easy-to-process solar cells. This has made the development of organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) based on carbon based semiconductors (conjugated polymers and small molecules) an exciting and rapidly growing field of research and technology. These materials are efficient light absorbers and their properties can be tuned through chemical synthesis. Furthermore, the fabrication of complete solar cells can be done almost entirely from solution using scalable processing methods such as offset printing. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OPVs has increased substantially in the past two decades, with values of 9 - 11% now being attained for laboratory scale single and tandem-junction devices. These promising figures of merit have resulted from the joint development of novel organic semiconductors and device architectures that are optimised for efficient light harvesting.
Our goal in the Optoelectronics Group is to develop new approaches for improving solar cell efficiencies. For OPVs, this includes the development and characterisation of novel materials and device architectures. We also investigate the fundamental aspects of photocurrent generation in these systems using state-of-the-art optical spectroscopy techniques, exploring phenomena such as excited state delocalization, coherence and also Singlet fission on timescales as short as ~ 30fs.
Organic Photovoltaic Devices
A typical OPV has a layered structure involving: a substrate, transparent bottom electrode, photoactive layer and top metal electrode (fig. 1). Light is converted to electrical current in the photoactive layer, which has a typical thickness of ~ 100 nm. In efficient OPVs, this layer is a composite of two or more semiconductors (electron donors and acceptors) mixed together to form a nanostructured (or bulk) heterojunction for charge generation.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the different layers present in organic photovoltaic devices. The photoactive layer is characterised by a planar structure in part (a), where a single heterojunction interface is present between the electron donor and electron acceptor. In part (b) the electron donor and acceptor are blended together at the nanoscale. As a consequence, heterojunction interfaces exist throughout the bulk of the photoactive layer (the so-called 'bulk-heterojunction' architecture)
Photocurrent generation in OPVs is a multistep process that can be summarised as follows. Initially, photon absorption by a molecule in the active layer promotes an electron to an excited state, resulting in a localised and tightly bound electron-hole pair (a so-called molecular exciton). To contribute to the photocurrent from the solar cell, the exciton must be dissociated, which requires the coulomb interaction between the hole and electron (~ 0.5 eV) to be overcome. This step can occur at an interface between electron accepting and donating semiconductors, resulting in the transient formation of a charge-transfer state whereby the electron and hole exist on different molecules. The dissociation of the charge-transfer state is then followed by (1) charge transport - where electrons and holes 'hop' between adjacent electron acceptor and donor molecules respectively – and (2) charge extraction at the electrodes of the solar cell. For efficient overall performance, all of these steps should be well characterised and carefully optimized.
Figure 2. The energy diagram of typical organic solar cell and different stages of the photocurrent generation process (a) exciton generation, (b) charge transfer state dissociation, (c) charge transport and extraction.
Examples of recent OPV projects
Energy Level Cascades
We have recently designed an energy cascading structure in a polymer:polymer photovoltaic devices to suppress recombination and improve quantum yields. By inserting a thin polymer interlayer with intermediate energy levels, and/or a high dielectric constant, electrons and holes can be effectively decoupled. This allows charges to move away from each other while being spatially separated from recombination. An increase in open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are observed in modified devices.
Figure 3. The concepts of charge-transfer cascade [1] and polyelectrolyte recombination-blocking layer [2] in OPV. Right figure shows the OPV performance improvement as a function of interlayer thickness.
[1]. Tan Z.-K., Johnson K., Vaynzof Y., Bakulin A.A., Chua L.-L., Ho P.K.H., Friend R.H., Suppressing Recombination in Polymer Photovoltaic Devices via Energy-Level Cascades, Adv. Mater., 25, 4131 (2013)
[2]. Kumar A., Pace G., Bakulin A.A., Fang J., Ho P.K.H., Huck W.T.S., Friend R.H., Greenham N.C., Donor–Acceptor Interface Modification by Zwitterionic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes in Polymer Photovoltaics, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 1589 (2013)
Resolving charge extraction via transient absorption spectrosocpy
One of the loss mechanisms in OPV devices is the recombination of electrons and holes prior to charge extraction. Convetionally, this recombination process is thought to be dominated by the bulk photoactive layer (e.g. an inappropriate donor:acceptor nanostructure). We have shown that the photoactive layer / electrode interface also has a strong influence on the time spent by mobile charges within the device [3]. Transient absorption spectroscopy is an ideal tool with which to probe charge carrier dynamics, from generation and extraction, owing to the relatvely strong absorption of infra-red light by hole polarons. Modifying this interface (for example, via the insertion of a thin conjugated polymer electrolyte layer at the electrode, or spin-coating a neat polar solvent onto the photoactive layer) permits charges to leave the device much faster than in reference devices.
Figure 4: (a) Normalised kinetics for holes in operating devices measured in situ via TA spectroscopy at short-circuit: reference PTB7:PC70BM device with no modification (green circles); a device modified with 2 nm F(NSO3)2 (red triangles); and a device modified with methanol (black squares). (b) The time measured from TA kinetics to extract 50% of photogenerated charges out of the device under various applied voltages.
[3] Kumar A., Lakhwani G., Elmalem E., Huck W.T.S, Rao A., Greenham N.C., Friend R.H., Interface limited charge extraction and recombination in organic photovoltaics, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 2227 (2014)
Evaluating OPV stability through atmospheric testing
Stability is a current bottleneck in the realisation of efficient & practical OPV devices, with many solar cells undergoing a significant 'burn-in' phase where performance undergoes a relatively rapid drop before stabilising. Minimising this reduction requires a thorough understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence burn-in behaviour, as well as its effects. We have recently developed a state-of-the-art setup for characterising device stability under controlled atmospheres, permitting the effects of water- and oxygen-induced degradation to be studied separately. Unique to our setup is the inclusion of transient photocurrent and photovoltage technqiues, allowing us to track the dynamics of charge transport and recombination in-situ to the degradation process, complementing conventional measurements of power conversion efficiency. This setup has previously been used to characterise the stability of PbSe nanocrystal photovoltaic cells [4], with current work focussing on OPVs using derivtaives of the low bandgap polymer PTB7.
Figure 5: Schematic of the degradation setup with principle components identified (figure credit: Konrad Domanski).
[4] Asil D., Walker B.J., Ehrler B., Vaynzof Y., Sepe A., Bayliss S., Sadhanala A., Chow P.C.Y., Hopkinson P.E., Steiner U., Greenham N.C., Friend R.H., Role of PbSe Structural Stabilization in Photovoltaic Cells, Adv. Funct. Mater., 25, 928 (2015)
Optoelectronics Group
Cavendish Laboratory
J J Thomson Avenue
Cambridge CB3 0HE
Contact: webmaster-oe@phy.cam.ac.uk
Cavendish Laboratory (Physics Dept)
Maxwell Centre
Winton website
Gates website


text:
The Forest Flora of New South Wales (1911) — The Forest Flora of New South Wales
Part XLIII.
No. 155: Grevillea Hilliana,
No. 156: Eucalyptus Bosistoana,
No. 157: Acacia prominens,
No. 158: Cinnamomum virens,
― 53 ―
F.v.M.
White Yiel Yiel.
(Family PROTEACEÆ.)
Botanical description.
— Genus, Grevillea. (See Part 1, p. 1.)
— Species, G. Hilliana, F. Muell., in Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict., ii, 72 (1858).
The original description is in the following words:—
Branchlets brown silky, leaves large, ovate oblong, blunt, entire or pinnatifid, cuneate at the base, flat, net-veined, above glabrous, beneath silvery-silky; their segments oblong lanceolate; racemes axillary and lateral, solitary, pedunculate, silky, densely many-flowered; bracts minute, lanceolate, deciduous; calyx small, inside and style glabrous, stigma orbicular, nearly lateral, umbonate at its centre.
In forests at the Pine River of Moreton Bay. Hill and Mueller. A magnificent forest tree which I wished to bear the name of its discoverer, Mr. Walter Hill, the Director of the Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.
Later on Bentham described it as follows:—
A large tree, young branches minutely tomentose.
Leaves petiolate, either entire obovate-oblong or elliptical, Very obtuse, tapering at the base and 6 to 8 inches long, or still longer and deeply divided at the end into 2 or 3 diverging lobes, or deeply pinnatifid with 5 to 7 oblong or lanceolate lobes of several inches, the whole leaf then sometimes above 1 foot long, glabrous above, penniveined and reticulate with the primary veins confluent in an intramarginal nerve, more or less silvery-silky underneath.
Flowers small and very numerous in dense cylindrical racemes of 4 to 8 inches, on short axillary shoots, accompanied often by 1 or 2 smaller racemes.
Pedicels about 1 line long, minutely pubescent as well as the rhachis.
Perianth minutely silky outside, glabrous or scarcely pubescent inside, the tube slender, about 3 lines long, revolute under the globular limb.
Torus straight.
Gland semiannular, not very prominent.
Ovary glabrous, stipitate; style long and slender, the stigmatic disk lateral.
Fruit slightly compressed, nearly 1 inch long.
Seed rather narrowly winged all round. (B.Fl. v, 463.)
Botanical Name.
— Grevillea, already explained (see Part 1, p. 2) Hilliana, in honour of Walter Hill, sometime Director of the Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, as already explained. For biographical notes of this officer, see my "Records of Queensland Botanists," Proc. A.A.A.S., Brisbane Meeting, 1909, p. 377.
Vernacular Name.
— The name "Yiel Yiel" or "Yill-Gill" is applied to several proteaceous trees, e.g., Stenocarpus sinuatus and Grevillea robusta, as well as to G. Hilliana. I suggest the name "White Yiel Yiel" for G. Hilliana in allusion to the colour of the timber and silvery appearance of the underside of the leaves, though whether the name is original on my part I do not remember. "Silky Oak" is a name also applied to this tree, in common with many others of the Proteaceæ.
Aboriginal Name.
— "Yiel Yiel" (the name is variously spelt) is a name of aboriginal origin applied in northern New South Wales and in Queensland to proteaceous trees, as already indicated. What the meaning of it is, or to what extent it had definiteness with the aborigines, I do not know.
— Below see a note on some leaves which. are very pinnatifid. Those figured in the drawing are not so, and the plate represents the leaves as ordinarily observed in this species. Particularly as regards the Proteaceæ, we want plenty of field observations in regard to variation of organs yet.
— Hard, durable, and beautifully grained; used for coopers' work, cabinet work, veneers, &c. It is, however, but very little known, being usually cut up and mixed with the timber of two other Silky Oaks — Grevillea robasta and Orites excelsa.
— A tree of 50 or 60 feet, and with a diameter of 2 or 3 feet.
Habitat.
— This tree is confined to Queensland and the Northern Rivers of New South Wales. Following, are the localities given in the Flora Australiensis:—
Queensland. — Brisbane River, Moreton Bay (W. Hill, F. Mueller); Rockingham Bay (Dallachy).
New South Wales. — From the Clarence to the Tweed River (C. Moore).
Mr. F. M. Bailey, in his "Queensland Flora," adds "Logan and Albert Rivers" (Hill). A Queensland specimen in the National Herbarium, Sydney, bears the label in Leichhardt's handwriting, "Dinnangurumbin B.B. Brush, 18th. Sept., 1843." The precise locality could doubtless be traced by perusal of Leichhardt's journals. This specimen was labelled G. Hilliana by Mueller himself. Its leaves are very pinnatifid, are in leaf only; and I cannot say from the material alone whether it is different from G. pinnatifida, Bail. New South Wales specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney, are: Mullumbimby, Brunswick River (W. Baeuerlen), and Casino, Upper Richmond River (Forester W. P. Pope).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 159.
Plate 159: White Yiel Yiel. (Grevillea Hilliana, F.v.M.) Lithograph by Margaret Flockton.
A. Flowering twig
B. Flower bud.
C. Expanded flower, showing
(a) Four-lobed corolla with stamens.
(b) Pistil.
D. Portion of corolla-lobe with stamen (sessile antlier) in the concave laminæ.
E. Pedicel with pistil (corolla removed).
(a) Pedicel.
(b) Disc.
(c) Stipitate ovary.
(d) Lateral stigma.
F. Stigma.
G. Follicles.
H. Seed, winged all round.
The plate was drawn from specimens obtained from the Tweed River, with name of collector not available.
Supplementary Material Added With Volume 5
No. 155. Part XLIII.
Grevillea Hilliana, F.v.M.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION.
Tree in the Government Domain, Sydney, near the old Technological Museum. It is being tested as an avenue tree for the Sydney district. Spikes of flowers cream-coloured.
Bosisto's Box.
(Family MYRTACEÆ.)
— Genus, Eucalyptus, already described. (See Part II, p. 33)
— Species, E. Bosistoana, F.v.M., in Australasian Journ. Pharm., 1895.
Finally tall; branchlets slender, at first angular.
Leaves. — On rather short petioles, almost chartaceous, mostly narrow or elongate-lanceolar, somewhat falcate, very copiously dotted with translucent oil glandules, generally dull-green -on both sides, their lateral venules distant, much divergent, the peripheric venule, distinctly distant from the edge of the leaf, all faint.
Leaves. — of young Seedlings.-Roundish or ovate, scattered, stalked; umbels few-flowered, either axillar-solitary or racemosely arranged.
Peduncles. — Nearly as long as the umbels or oftener variously shorter, slightly or sometimes broadly compressed.
Pedicels. — Usually much shorter, rather thick and angular.
Tube of the Calyx. — Turbinate-semiovate, slightly angular.
Lid. — Fully as long as the tube, semiovate-hemispheric, often distinctly pointed.
Stamens. — All fertile, the inner filaments abruptly inflected before expansion; anthers very small, cordate or ovate-roundish, opening by longitudinal slits.
Style. — Short; stigma somewhat dilated.
Fruit. — Comparatively small, nearly semiovate, its rim narrow, its valves 5–6 or rarely 4, deltoid, totally enclosed, but sometimes reaching to the rim; sterile seeds very numerous, narrow or short; fertile seeds few, ovate, compressed, slightly pointed.
In swampy localities at Cabramatta and in some other places of the County of Cumberland, and also in the County of Camden (Rev. Dr. Woolls); near Mount Dromedary (Miss Bate); near Twofold Bay (L. Morton); near the Genoa (Barnard); on the summit of the Tantawanglo Mountains, and also near the Mitchell River (Howitt); between the Tambo and Nicholson Rivers (Schlipalius); near the StrezIecki Ranges (Olsen). The "Wul Wul" of the aborigines of the County of Dampier; the "Darjan" of the aborigines of Gippsland. Called locally by the colonists of New South Wales Ironbark Box-tree, and in some places also Grey Box-tree, which appellations indicate the nature of the wood and bark, though the latter may largely be shedding.
As richly oil-yielding, and also as exuding much kino, this tree is especially appropriate to connect therewith the name of Joseph Bosisto, Esq., C.M.G., who investigated many of the products of the Eucalypts, and gave them industrial and commercial dimensions.
This species, in its systematic affinities, is variously connected with E. odorata, E. siderophloia, E. hemiphloia, and E. drepanophylla. A fuller account of this valuable tree will early be given. (Op. cit.)
Shortly after the publication of E. Bosistoana, I wrote to Baron von Mueller, pointing out that he had confused two trees in his description, namely, a "Grey Box" and an "Ironbark Box." He thanked me for the information, and stated he intended to publish further notes on the tree (as, indeed, he promised at the conclusion of the description), but his intention was frustrated by pressure of work, and subsequent death.
— Eucalyptus, already explained (see Part II, p. 34) Bosistoana, in honour of the late Joseph Bosisto, M.L.A., of Richmond, Melbourne. See my "Records of Victorian Botanists," in Vict. Nat., xxv, p. 103 (1908).
Vernacular Names.
— "Red Box." It goes most commonly under this name in the South Coast and Monaro, in reference to its pinkish colour when fresh.
"Of late it has received the local name of 'Grey Box' from the splitters and saw-millers." (A. W. Howitt, speaking of GippsIand.) "Yellow Box" of the County of Cumberland, N.S.W. (see this page and also p. 60). "Bastard Box" of the County of Cumberland, N.S.W. (see this page and also p. 60). It is called "Bastard Box," from a belief amongst soine timber men that it is a tree of which the true Yellow Box (melliodora) is one of the parents.
— I believe "Togoygora" to have been a name in use by aborigines in the County of Cumberland, N.S.W, according to observations by George Caley (1800-1810). See Agric. Gazette N.S.W., p. 989 (1903).
Synonyms.
— (1) E. bicolor, Woolls (Contrib. Flora of Australia, 232), non A. Cunn.; see also p. 7 of Part xi of the "Critical Revision of the genus Eucalyptus."
In the Woollsian Herbarium, which is my property, there is a specimen in Dr. Woolls' handwriting, bearing the following label:—
"Yellow or bastard Box, half-barked when young, nearly smooth when full-grown. Hard wood. Height, 120 feet.' Cabramatta. E. bicolor."
On another occasion Dr. Woolls labelled a similar specimen from Cabramatta E. largiflorens.
There is no question as to the identity of this tree, even if his specimens did not make it quite clear. It is E. Bosistoana, F.v.M., is typical for the species, as determined by Mueller himself (Mueller first labelled this specimen E. odorata, Behr, and then E. Bosistoana), and the assumption that Woolls' determination of the tree as E. bicolor was correct has given rise to some curious mistakes. See my paper, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxvii, 519 (1902), for a full account of the matter.
(2.) E. odorata, Howitt, non Behr. See p. 58.
E. Bosistoana. — This tree has in many respects a superficial resemblance to E. melliodora, with which it was for a long time locally confounded in Gippsland....
The difference between E. Bosistoana and E. melliodora was long apparent to me, from a careful comparison of the trees growing in the Mitchell River district, and especially from distinctions which have been apparent to the timber men there. The wood of this Eucalypt is much browner in colour than that of E. melliodora, and while the timber of the latter can very rarely be split into posts or rails, that of the former, although it is difficult to split "on the quarter," is, when once the log is opened, "backed off" with great ease. The principal differences upon which a rapid diagnosis may be made lie in the greatly superior height of E. Bosistoana, in its freer growth, the rhytiphloious (fibrous) bark, the smooth upper portion of the stem and limbs, and the somewhat larger fruit, with a narrow, compressed rim, and more deeply sunk orifice. Finally the outer stamens are all provided with fertile anthers, while those of E. melliodora are anantherous.
The timber of this tree is most durable, and is one of the most serviceable of the Eucalypts of Victoria, especially for work which is exposed to damp. (A. W. Howitt in Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., ii, 95, 1890-1.)
In the above passage, where E. Bosistoana occurs, there is E. odorata in the original, as Mueller made that species very comprehensive, and afterwards carved E. Bosistoana out of it.
Mr. Howitt subsequently wrote to me: "The greatest care should be taken to preserve this timber. for the reason that where works of construction require great durability and strength combined with length of material, there is no Victorian Eucalypt to compare with this."
"Red Box abounds in this district, and I am assured by persons who are competent to judge, equal, if not superior, to Ironbark for strength and durability. Recommended to be tested for sleepers and bridge-building." (The late Forest Ranger Benson, Wagonga, N.S.W., writing in 1893.)
I have a specimen of the same timber, called "Grey Box," from the Muckindary Bridge, Bombala, N.S.W., part of a pile nineteen years in the ground. It is quite sound, but has split badly.
The following, notes concerning the same timber I obtained verbally from Mr. A. R. Crawford, of Wingello, N.S.W.:—
"A splendid timber, no faults of any kind. Good for wheelwrighting, shafts, and all frame work."
Mr. Crawford further says that this is the best Box he has ever worked, and he has worked that of Hill Top, Orange, &c.
It will be observed that all these witnesses uniformly speak most highly of this timber.
It is a brown timber, drying paler. It is hard, and without gum veins. The tree has good clean stems and smooth branches.
— This tree grows to 200 feet, or in exceptional cases to perhaps 250 feet in height. (A. W. Howitt, loc. Cit.)
— So far as we know at present, it is confined to eastern New South Wales, from the Illawarra and the southern tableland in the north as far as North Gippsland (Bairnsdale district), Victoria in the south.
VICTORIA.
It grows only in GippsIand, especially on limestone formations, commencing to the westward of Bairnsdale, and extending beyond Lake Tyers. Unfortunately, it grew principally upon lands which were required for settlement, and consequently, immense quantities of this tree have been ringbarked. It is still found growing on some private lands, on some unalienated Crown lands, in the neighbourhood of lake King, and in Cunninghame State Forest. (A. W. Howitt, in an unpublished report, 1895.)
I have observed a small colony of E. Bosistoana (E. odorata in original) growing in South Gippsland, near Four-mile Creek. The occurrence of this tree in the Miocene limestones of North Gippsland falls in with the statement made by Baron von Mueller that it occurs upon limestone areas at St. Vincent's Gulf.note (A. W. Howitt, loc. cil., p. 95.)
It grows principally on the Miocene limestones in the littoral tracts of North Gippsland. (A. W. Howitt in a letter to me.)
NEW SOUTH WALES.
Following is a copy of a label by Oldfield (dated 1866), in Herb. Barbey-Boissier:— "Box-tree. — Tree, 160 feet; bark dark grey, spongy on trunk; limbs very white, soft to the touch,. like velvet. Stony Ranges, called Mountain Hut Range, near Eden, Twofold Bay." Later, the label bears the name E. leucoxylon in Oldfield's handwriting. The specimens are E. Bosistoana, F.v.M. There are similar specimens in Herb. Cant. labelled "No. IX Eucalyptus leucoxylon, F.M., 'Box-tree,' New South Wales, Hb. Oldfield," and, doubtless, in other herbaria.
This is the key, in my opinion, to the use of the name "Box" having been attached to E. leucoxylon. The name Box is never used in Australia for true E. leucoxylon, so far as my experience goes. If it is soused, it must be very rarely.
Bega district; also "Red, Grey, White Box," Cobargo (J. S. Allan); Mt. Dromedary (Miss Bate); " Grey Box," Noorooma (A. Langley); abounds in Wagonga district (F. R. Benson); "Grey Box" (J. V. de Coque); and "Red Box" (J. S. Allan), both in the Moruya district; Lower Araluen (J.H.M.); Milton; also "Yellow Box," West Dapto (R. H Cambage); "Box" or "White Box" of Razorback, 4 miles from Wingello (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman); Marulan (A. Murphy). (E. Bosistoana, from Marulan, was provisionally determined by F.v.M. as E. bicolor many years ago.) Bullio to Wombeyan (R. H. Cambage and J.H.M.).
Cabramatta district, County of Cumberland, occurring between Bankstown and the Cabramatta Railway Station, and also thence to Bringelly and Cabramatta (now Rossmore).
Woolls' Cabramatta specimens, already referred to, have large, plump flower buds; there are no fruits.
"There used to be some large trees of it near Bringelly, growing in a swampy place. Wood reddish-yellow and very tough when dry." (W. Woolls.)
Then on specimens collected by J. L. Boorman at Bankstown, on 8th February, 1900, he and I made the following notes:—
"No. 13, 'Yellow Box.' Very tall trees, ribbony base. Clean grey tips from, 12 to 14 feet from ground. Leaves elliptic ovate, acuminate, of a glaucous colour. Timber yellow. Usually known as Bastard Box."
Subsequently, on 20th July, 1901, I went to Cabramatta with Mr. Bowman and interviewed Mr. Hoy, a local resident, in regard to the range of this tree in the district and compared the local Grey Box (E. hemiphloia) wtih it.
Plate 160: Bosisto's Box. (Eucalyptus Bosistoana, F.v.M.) Lithograph by Margaret Flockton.
A. Juvenile leaf, from a specimen collected by Oldfield in 1866 at Twofold Bay, N.S.W.
B. Juvenile leaf, from Wingello, N.S.W.
C. Flowering twig, Bankstown and Cabramatta, a few miles south of Sydney.
D. Buds, from Cabramatta.
E. Anther
F. Fruit
G. Unripe fruit, showing rim, from Wingello.
H. Fruit with exserted valves, from Bega, N.S.W.
Footnotes Issue No. 157.
A. Gunn.
The Prominent Glanded Wattle.
(Family LEGUMINOSÆ: MIMOSEÆ.)
— Genus, Acacia. (See Part xv, p. 103.)
— Species, A. prominens A. Cunn.
A. prominens (Cunningh. MMS. Loud. Hort. Brit, 407) Phyllodia divaricate, retrorsely falcate, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, ending in a hooked mucrone, with a rather prominent gland on the upper margin at the base; heals of flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. Native of New South Wales. Phyllodia 1 1/2 inch long, and 1 1/2 line broad. (G. Don, Gen. Hist. of Dichlamydeous Plants, ii, 406, 1832.)
The reference in Loudon (1830) is
Evergreen greenhouse shrub 4 feet high. Flowers in February and June; colour of flowers yellow. A native of New Holland, introduced in 1824. Propagated from cuttings, likes sandy loamy and peat soils,
and is not adequate as a description of a species. Its date as a species is therefore 1832.
Under Bot. Mag. t. 3502 (1836) W. J. Hooker quotes Allan Cunningham's original description of Acacia prominens as follows:—
Acacia prominens; glabra, phyllodiis (sesquiuncialibus) lineari-lanceolatis acutis patentibus retrorsofalcatis rectisve uninervibus tenuissime ciliatis, mucrone subuncinato terminatis, margine antico versús basin uniglanduloso, glandulâ leviter elevatâ, racemis terminalibus axillaribusve 6-10-cephalis phyllodio pauló longioribus, capitulis (in racemo) solitariis geminisve pedicello brevioribus, floribus quinquepartitis, petalis ovato-oblongis subacuminatis, stylo staminibus parum longiore.
It is taken from Allan Cunningham's MSS. Journal dated 1817.
Hooker then describes it in the following words:—
A tall, slender shrub, often 10 feet high, of erect growth, numerously branched, the branches being smooth, greenish, and slightly angular.
Phyllodia copious alternate for the most part, 1 1/2 inches in length and 2 1/2 to 3 lines in breadth, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucronated, mucro rather hooked, towards the apex often retrorse]y falcate, with several slightly-marked veins diverging from the midrib, on the upper edge near the base is a rather prominent gland.
Flowers golden-yellow, very fragrant, formed in axillary and terminal racemes, each raceme having from six to ten heads, generally longer than the phyllodia.
Heads many-flowered, distinct, solitary, or in pairs.
Pedicels patent, very smooth, longer than the heads, having at the bases short, brown bracts.
Calyx very short, five-parted.
Petals five, ovate-oblong, subacute, erect or slightly spreading.
Stamens numerous, shorter than the style.
Stigma simple.
He then goes on to give the following account of it:—
A charming conservatory shrub, native of New South Wales, where it inhabits barren forestgrounds, in the immediate vicinity of the Nepean River; and although it may, in its native regions, be truly said to be, like Goldsmith's village thorn, "unprofitably gray," no one caring to receive it into his garden, it nevertheless seldom fails, even there, in the month of September, when decked with blossoms, to commend itself to the notice and admiration of the passing, way-worn colonist, not less by the extreme richness and profusion of its golden flowers, than by the delicious fragrance they diffuse around. It has been several years at Kew, where it flowers annually in the months of spring; and our acknowledgments are due to Mr. Aiton for the opportunity now afforded us of publishing a figure of it.
At the end he gives a description of A. fimbriata, A. Cunn., a species which has been confused with A. prominens.
Then Bentham redescribes the species in the follovring words:—
A tall shrub, glabrous and usually glaucous, with angular branchlets.
Phyllodia from linear-lanceolate to oblong-falcate, when narrow nearly those of A. Iinifolia, but not so decidedly ciliate, more acute and the marginal gland further from the base, and passing from that to nearly those of A. Iunata, but always much thinner than the latter, with the pinnate veins as well as the gland more conspicuous, mostly 1 to 1 1/2 inch long, from 2 lines broad in the narrow form to 3, 4, or even 5 in the broad ones.
Racemes about as long as the phyllodia, with very small globular heads of about 8 to 10 or rarely 12 to 15 small flowers, mostly 5-merous.
Calyx very short, broadly lobed.
Petals smooth, or nearly so.
Pod very flat, 2 to 3 inches long when perfect, 3, 4, or rarely 5 lines broad.
Seeds longitudinal along the centre, the last fold of the funicle thickened into a fleshy clavate lateral aril, the other folds very small. (B.Fl. ii, 371.)
Mr. R. T. Baker gives a figure of this species in Proc. linn. Soc. N.S. W., xvi, 572.
He (Op. Cit., p. 573) usefully supplements Bentham's description with the following remarks:—
It is described as "a tall shrub," but it is very often to be seen over 20 feet, and not uncommonly exceeding 30 feet in height, with a diameter in proportion.
The phyllodes often extend to 2 inches, particularly in plants found in the northern districts; about 1 1/2 inch in those in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and 1 inch in southern examples.
The racemes are given by Bentham as "about as long as" the phyllodes, but I find them almost always longer in the living state. They shrink very much in drying.
The pod ("neglected by collectors in the majority of specimens gathered ") can scarcely be said to be "very flat"; it is light warm brown in colour, glabrous and rugose, measuring 1 to 3 inches long and 1/4 to 1 inch broad.
The seeds are at first transverse, but in some cases oblique and longitudinal along, the centre; they appear to change their position prior to falling.
The coloured plate (Bot. Mag., vol. lxiii, No. 3502) in no way assists to identify the species.
I will supplement Mr. Baker's observations by saying that it attains the height of over 70 feet (measured). While agreeing to the extent that Boll Mag. t. 3608 is not a very good representation, the characteristic gland is present. The flowers are usually about twelve in the head.
— Acacia, already explained (see Part XV, p. 104); prominens, Latin, prominent, in allusion to the conspicuous marginal gland of the phyllodes.
— I propose the name "Prominent Glanded Wattle," in spite of myself, for I have only heard it called "Sally," because of its drooping habit, and "Silver Wattle" because of its glaucous foliage, names which have been applied to scores of Wattles with equal appropriateness or the reverse.
— I know of none.
— This is a species which has given rise to a surprising amount of confusion. It has been more or less confused with at least three species.
(1) Acacia Lunata, F.v.M. non Sieb., "F. Mueller refers it (A. prominens) to A. lunata, describing the pod very accurately; but that is not the fruit of the true A. lunata, which has always the seed lying close to the upper suture, not in the centre of the pod." (Bentham in B.Fl. ii, 371.) Mueller referred some indubitable specimens of A. prominens (A. Cunn.) to A. lunata (Sieb.), and Bentham followed him. These have caused great confusion in herbaria. In Part XLIV I shall figure A. lunata, Sieb., and, I trust, clear up all difficulty in this particular matter.
In Mueller's "Key to the System of Victorian Plants," i (1887-1888) and ii (1885), A. prominens will be found synonymised under A. lunata.
(2.) Acacia fimbriata, A. Cunn. (see B.Fl. ii, 371), has also been confused with A. prominens as a synonym. I trust that the figures and descriptions of A. fimbriata in Part XLII of this work will render confusion impossible in the future.
(3.) A. linifolia, Willd., var. prominens, F.v.M. Herb. In Mueller's "Second Census" (1889) it does not appear, but it was included by Mueller under A. linifolia, Willd., as a variety (e.g., prominens). Bentham also contributed to this view by saying (B.FI. ii, 371): "This species (prominens) may prove to be a broadleaved variety of linifolia." And, again, under A. Iinifolia, he speaks of "The broadleaved forms of this species, with the margins less ciliated (really A. fimbriata, A. Cunn., as I have shown in Part XLII of this work. J.H.M.), or not perceptibly so, connect it with the following, A. prominens."
I trust that the illustrations and notes concerning A. Iinifolia, Willd., given in Part XLlI, will render confusion with A. linifolia impossible in the future.
— Note the prominent glands on the phyllodia.
Bark.
This is called "Grey" and "Black Wattle" near Sydney, "Silver Wattle" and "Sally" near Gosford, but dealers will not have it, and it hardly pays to cut up and pass with better bark. A sample of a black bark, stained, leopardlike, with whity-green patches, and bearing lichens, yielded the writer 18.03 per cent. of tannic acid and 42.35 per cent. of extract. It was from Penrith, N.S.W.
A sample from Penshurst, Illawarra line, near Sydney, gave the author (Proc. R.S. N.S.W., 1888, p. 269) 39.98 per cent. of extract and 14.42 of tannic acid. Eeight of tree, 10 to 15 feet; diameter, 1 1/2 to 2 inches; collected September, 1887; analysed August, 1868. A light-coloured bark, very thin, of the thickness of stout brown paper, and reminding one strongly of that of A. longifolia.
A very promising-looking bark obtained from the same locality in February, and analysed the same month, gave 19.75 per cent. of tannic acid and 46.95 per cent. of extract. It is fairly thick, pale in colour, has little fibre, and its low percentage of tannic acid is certainly disappointing. I doubt whether a finer sample of this bark is obtainable; if this surmise is correct, the value of this bark is fixed at under 20 pet cent. of tannic acid.
— Tough and pale-coloured, used far axe-handles in the Gosford district according to Mr. Andrew Hurphy.
— This Wattle is really one of the largest of Australian species, according to a measurement (76 feet) given to me by Mr. Andrew Murphy of a tree felled by him at Narara, near Gosford.
— Bentham (B.Fl. ii, 371) refers this species to New South Wales ("Blue Mountains, Caley, A. Cunningham, and others"), and also doubtfully to South Australia.
Mueller ("Second Census") refers A. linifolia, Willd. (which included, according to his view, A. prominens as a variety), to Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.
The properly authenticated range of A. prominens is County of Cumberland, north of the County of Camden, and nearly to Newcastle on the north, i.e., to New South Wales only.
In my "Wattles and Wattle-barks," 3rd edn., p. 80, I have the following note:—
A specimen from trees 15 to 30 feet high, and having a diameter of from 4 to 8 inches, was collected in February, 1890, at Krackenback Mountain, Jindabyne, N.S.W., and analysed January, 1891. It was found to contain 11 per cent. tannic acid and 29.75 per cent. extract. This bark is deceptive in appearance, being smooth, breaking short, with little fibre, and altogether a fair-looking bark.
On the Snowy Mountains it occurs at elevations from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. It is an eastern form found principally in the coast districts.
These Snowy Mountains localities are several hundreds of miles from all other authenticated localities, which may be briefly described as Sydney and Newcastle districts. The Snowy Mountain specimens that I have seen are in immature bud only and are, therefore, doubtful, but they become interesting because perhaps similar specimens have caused A. prominens to be recorded for Victoria.
Furthermore, A. prominens has been recorded from Queensland. Certainly A. fimbriata occurs there, as I have shown in Part XLII, but I am not aware that the true A. prominens occurs in the northern State, and the record should be struck out until it is confirmed.
The record "South Australia?" in the Flora Australiensis should also be struck out. In a word, I do not think we have evidence at present to look upon A. prominens as occurring in any State other than New South Wales.
New South Wales localities (authenticated by material in the National Herbarium, Sydney) are:—
Mulgoa, on the banks of the Nepean (R. H. Cambage and J.H.M.). The type came from the vicinity of the Nepean River, where it exists to this day, though it is rare in the vicinity of the old Emu crossing of the Nepean, owing to settlement.
Belmore, just south of Sydney. Taken from a tree 2 feet 6 inches in girth. A few years ago there were a number of trees in this locality much larger than the one noted (A. A. Hamilton).
Kogarah and Hurstville, just south of Sydney (J.H. Camfield and E. Betche); Gosford (J.J. Fletcher).
"Sally-Wattle." From tree 76 feet high; timber used for axe-handles; Narara, near Gosford (A. Murphy).
Propagation.
— This is a beautiful species, formerly the glory of the more southern Illawarra Sydney suburbs, but now comparatively rare owing to the progress of settlement. It is well worthy of cultivation.
Plate 161: Prominent Glanded Wattle. (Acacia prominens, A. Cunn.) Lithograph by Margaret Flockton.
A. Flowering twig.
B. Flower-head.
C. Individual bud and bract.
D. Flower.
E. Bract.
F. Flower opened out, showing
(a) Calyx.
(b) Corolla.
(c) Pistil (stamens removed).
G. Pods.
H. Seed.
J. Portion of phyllode with marginal prominent gland, which protrudes outwardly from the margin.
R. T. Baker.
Native Camphor Laurel.
(Family LAURACEÆ.)
— Genus, Cinnamomum. (See Part XLII, p. 35.)
— Species, C. virens, R.T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxii, 282 (1897), with a plate (t. 13).
A tree about 90 feet high, and up to 2 feet in diameter.
Leaves opposite or occasionally alternate, rigid, coriaceous, shining above, green and glabrous on both sides, the reticulations prominent on the underside, lanceolate-acuminate, either cuneate or rounded at the base, margins nerve-like, 4 to 6 inches long, triplinerved but not prominently so, petiole rarely exceeding 1/4 inch.
Panicles opposite in the axils of the upper leaves, bearing a few flowers in the raceme shorter than the leaves, slightly pubescent.
Peclicels the length of the calyx.
Perianth-tube about 1 line, segments or lobes 2 lines long, constricted for about half its length so as to give it a calyx-like appearance as soon as the ovules are fertilised.
Stamens shorter than the lobes.
Stigma very slightly expanded.
Berry 6 lines long, 4 broad, resting on an enlarged perianth-tube measuring across the top almost 5 lines, shining.
Pedicels enlarged under the fruit, the whole resembling some Quercus fruits and cups, such as Q. pedunculata, &c. (R. T. Baker, loc. cit.)
It differs from C. Oliveri in its foliage, the uniform colour of the upper and lower surfaces of its leaves giving it a distinctive character from those of that species, which are dark-green coloured on the upper surface and whitish below. The neuration found in most other Cinnamomums is slightly developed in this species, although wanting in C. Oliveri. Some specimens preserve a ligbt green colour, others darken a little, but the colour is always distinct from C. Oliveri, Bail., C. ovalifolium, Wight, C. Tamala, Nees, and C. Zeylanicum, Nees; the leaves are also thicker, more rigid, and less fragrant than those of C. Oliveri.
It differs from C. Tamala, Nees, the only Australian representative of this genus recorded in B. Fl. v, 303 (allowing for all variations), in the shape, colour, size and venation of the leaf, as well as in the characters of the stigma; from C. ovalifolium, Wight, in its lanceolate, unicoloured, glabrous leaves, which are also less coriaceous than those of that species.
The perianth is very much more enlarged and thickened tban in C. Oliveri, Bail., which has an entire and thin-edged enlarged perianth-tube, whilst this one appears to show rudimentary lobes. The fruits also are larger than those of C. Oliveri, Bail., and very shining.
F. M. Bailey (in Bot. Bull. v, p. 25) referers to a probably new species of Cinnamomum under the name of C. propinquum, but I do not think that my specimens can belong to that species, as the branchlets are not 4-angled, neither are the leaves ovate-lanceolate; they are nearly all above 3 inches long, and the under surface is not whitish but green, the same as the upper surface, with the reticulations distinct. (R. T. Baker, loc. cit.)
— Cinnamomum, already explained (see Part XLII, p. 35); virens, Latin, youthful and green: hence a bright clear green, referring to the leaves.
— Mr. Baker calls it "Native Camphor Laurel"; it is not specially appropriate; on the other hand, it is as good as most names for our brush trees. He also quotes the name "Copal tree," on account of the high polish of the leaves and fruit. I do not like that name, as the Copals belong to a totally different group of plants found in non-Australian countries, and it is very objectionable.
— Some of them quite triplinerved. They display a good deal of variation in the venation.
— "The bark is thin, non-aromatic, and a distillation of 60 lb. gave very little oil." (R.T. Baker.)
— The remarks on the timber of C. Oliveri, are also applicable to this species (ibid.)
Mr. G. Tingcombe says it is a very tough timber. It is one of a very large number of brush timbers, of whose properties we know nothing, or next to nothing, and I only hope we shall know more of them before they become so scarce as to be of no commercial importance.
— "Not a tall tree, of small dimensions in the Comboyne." (G. Tingcombe.) A large tree as originally described.
— New South Wales. Going north, we have it from Mullumbimby, on the Brunswick River, and Murwillumbah, Tweed River. (R. A. Campbell.)
Its most southern recorded locality, so far, is Comboyne Brush. (G. Tingcombe.) This is just north of the Manning River.
It is a native of the Northern Rivers of New South Wales. It occurs from the Comboyne to the Tweed, and it would be nothing short of a miracle if it did not occur in Queensland.
Mr. Baker says it was found by Mr. Bauerlen on the Richmond River, at Tintenbar, Dunoon, and Goonellah. I have also seen it from him from Alstonville.
Plate 162: Cinnamomum virens, R.T. Baker. Lithograph by Margaret Flockton.
B. Flower.
C. Flower, opened out, showing
(a) Perianth segments.
(b) Stamens, outer row, introrse anthers.
(c) Stamens, inner row, extrorse anthers.
(d) Staminodia, outer row.
(e) Staminodia, inner row.
(f) Pistil.
D. Perianth segment with stamen.
E. Stamen, front view with staminodia at base.
F. Stamen, back view with staminodia at base.
G. Pistil, half immersed in the perianth-tube.
H. Fruit.


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What are the age requirements for Kindergarten?
Does Maret require applicants to visit the school?
May my child accompany me on my tour of Maret?
When do Lower School applicants visit Maret?
May my child apply for a non-expansion year?
When do I hear if my child has been accepted at Maret?
Students must be five years old by September 1 of their kindergarten year. This is a strict guideline.
Applications are due January 8, 2019 by 5:00pm.
Teacher recommendations, testing reports, and all other supplemental materials must be received by January 18, 2019 by 5:00 pm.
Maret strongly encourages all families to tour our campus before applying. Tours are optional and can be scheduled online. Families are welcome to attend the annual Open House in December. Students applying to kindergarten, first and fourth grades are asked to come in for a student visit in January and February.
Lower School tours for families looking at kindergarten through third grade are for parents and guardians. Students applying to fourth grade are welcome to accompany their parents/guardians on the fourth grade tours.
Families are able to schedule visits for Kindergarten, first, and fourth grade applicants once they have submitted their applications. You may schedule the visit using your Ravenna account.
Kindergarten visits take place on Wednesday afternoons in January and February.
Visits for all other grades will occur early in February.
We will notify parents with available dates and times for visits.
Maret accepts applications to all grades. The Admission Office will collect teacher recommendations, grades, and testing. However, students will be asked to visit only if there will be an opening in the grade to which you hope to apply.
Maret notifies families of our admission decision by email in early March.
Our youngest students ease into the world of learning, self-awareness, and friendship in the comfort of the stand-alone Kindergarten Cottage. Kindergarten typically has 20 students working with two full time teachers.


ENOVITIS IN CAMPO is the meeting point par excellence for all players in the Italian wine sector. Winegrowers, technicians and entrepreneurs can see the best of technology "on the move". Besides the more traditional exhibition, the event offers opportunities for updating and training through an extensive programme of conferences and thematic workshops, as well as "live" interaction and participation through guided visits and the contest Vota il Trattore (Vote the Tractor).
The event is held annually with a travelling formula. Dedicated to technologies for viticulture and (depending on the area where it is held) olive growing, it enables visitors to see machines and products for crown management, plant protection, soil management, vineyard planting and specialised vineyard/orchard tractors actually at work. Moreover, every year the event is enriched with side events according to the specific environmental characteristics of the area.