not to increase how much money government can spend.
Ulterior Motives: Political beliefs are made more important than safety.
Ulterior Motives: Tricking people into violations, to provide more fine revenue.
Ulterior Motives: Saving money on roads, so other programs can have more money.
Traffic rule - any traffic regulation that applies to only a certain location (e.g. installing a stop sign).
Traffic law - a general traffic regulation that applies to all traffic everywhere, or which legally enables traffic rules.
Traffic law affecting safety anywhere - A law that affects safety anywhere it is broken. It has no location like a traffic rule does.
Traffic penalty - Any penalty for breaking traffic laws or rules that acts toward removing driving privileges.
A stranger to the area should be able to drive without unknowingly violating any traffic laws or rules.
The stranger should be able to use the traffic law he knows from living anywhere else in the country.
The stranger must not need any information that is not presented to him as he drives.
The stranger has all of the information he needs, no matter which roads he actually takes.
The stranger must not need to commit information to memory because signs are few and far between.
Nobody is trying to gain fine revenue by tricking the stranger into violations through lack of notice.
The vehicle the stranger legally drives at home shall be legal to drive anywhere in the country.
Special equipment that a stranger would not have must not be required by law.
All traffic rule implementations shall be placed by trained engineers.
Politicians on the state and national level shall make traffic laws.
Politicians, policemen, traffic commissions, and other untrained laymen shall not make traffic rules.
People who believe that most drivers will drive at unsafe speeds if permitted shall not make traffic laws or rules.
People who believe that speed bumps or humps are an acceptable solution for anything shall not make traffic laws or rules.
Traffic rules shall never be made for reasons other than traffic safety.
No traffic rules shall place the safety of government employees ahead of the safety of the motoring public.
Traffic laws shall put in place the framework for traffic rules, not the locations where they apply.
Statutes and ordinances shall not list locations for traffic rules. Courts shall not challenge or try to change this.
The trained engineer shall keep engineering records on where and why traffic rules are placed.
No traffic law shall be enacted for any reason other than traffic safety.
Traffic laws shall be statutes.
Traffic laws shall not expect drivers to do the impossible (e.g. measure distances in feet from inside a moving car).
Traffic laws shall not change at city limits or county lines.
Each traffic rule shall be determined using existing site conditions, not default conditions or conditions dictated by politicians.
Speed limits shall not be used unless shown to be necessary for the location. Advisory speeds shall be used elsewhere.
Speed limits, if used, shall be set so that the design speed of the road is a legal speed.
Speed limits, if used, shall be set so that the speed traffic is actually moving at is a legal speed.
Speed limits, if used, shall not be dictated by political boundaries (e.g. city limits).
Speed limits, if used, shall be the same for all types of vehicles using the road.
There shall be no state maximum speed limits or default speed limits.
Lower speed limits shall not be used in lieu of removing the hazards that necessitate them.
Traffic rules shall concentrate on moving traffic, not stopping it.
Traffic rules shall not be made for political, environmental, noise abatement, or business reasons.
Traffic rules shall not change at city limits, county lines, or state lines.
No traffic rule shall compromise safety for the convenience of others.
Schools shall not be built on major roads. Special school speed limits must be on quiet residential streets, not major thoroughfares.
Each traffic rule shall require prominent notice, in the form of signs, signals, pavement markings, and other traffic control devices.
The actual placement of the traffic control device by the engineer shall be the legal notice and enactment of the traffic rule.
Pavement markings shall never be used alone, due to the possibility of obscurement by the products of weather.
There shall be no laws dictating the placement or usage of traffic rules according to jurisdiction type.
No traffic law shall remove the necessity of posting notice at the sites of traffic rule applications.
Notice shall always be at the site, not in the form of a broadcast, a newspaper article, or signs at the entrances of a jurisdiction.
Drivers shall never be required to commit traffic rules for the road to memory. Notice shall be repeated at frequent intervals.
A traffic rule on a particular road shall not apply to a driver turning onto the road until the driver has visible notice of the rule.
Locations of city limits, county lines, or state lines.
The traffic control device itself shall provide all of the information needed.
Traffic laws shall be uniform across the entire nation.
No traffic law shall ever be written to apply to only a small locality.
Traffic control devices shall be applied according to standards. The opinions of politicians shall not override the standards.
A national Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices shall set the standards for the use of traffic control devices.
The standards shall be written in clear unambiguous language, and shall be checked for possible ways to misread them.
The states shall not set standards that differ from the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
The standards shall allow for minor adjustments of traffic control device locations, so they fit the actual site, and are visible and unambiguous.
Laws pertaining to non-traffic issues shall not be traffic laws, and shall not carry traffic penalties.
Traffic penalties may differ from state to state. Local governments shall not set traffic penalties.
Government shall not get any revenue from fines for breaking traffic rules.
Unless flagrant, traffic rule violations shall have no penalties other than traffic school, and fines for repeated violations.
Traffic penalties shall be applied only where lawbreaking is flagrant, repeated, or deliberately flouting authority.
The money from fines for breaking traffic laws affecting safety anywhere shall go to the government with arresting jurisdiction.
The money from fines for breaking traffic rules should go into a fund for reimbursing crime victims. It shall not be used to fund government or the police.
Failure to pay a fine shall never have a traffic penalty.
No government, business, or property owner shall charge for parking vehicles or set parking time limits.
License suspension shall be restricted to cases of bad driving, not collecting money.
Failure to pay fines shall be handled through courts, not through license suspensions.
Licenses shall never be suspended for non-traffic reasons (e.g. failure to pay child support). Such suspensions dilute traffic safety.
People with inability to pay traffic fines shall be given opportunities to work off those fines or pay over time.
Illegal drug use is a traffic safety hazard. Licenses shall be suspended for conviction of illegal drug use.
Licenses of prison inmates shall be suspended for the period of the sentence, to deter escape.
The conviction was for use of a vehicle to flee law enforcement.
Other non-traffic convictions shall never have license suspensions as penalties.
Enforcement methods must be scientifically verifiable and morally right.
Enforcement methods either must not rely on human reaction time, or must have leeway to account for the worst case of reaction time.
RADAR can be fooled by such things as secondary reflections, corner reflectors, moving parts on a car, and interference. It should not be relied on for measuring speed.
Speed should not be as important to enforcement as following distance and right-of-way.
There shall never be any ticket quotas imposed on policemen.
Drivers shall not be penalized for making wrong choices in confusing or ambiguous situations.
Only the person at fault shall be ticketed, not the person who caused greater damage as a result of the other person's action.
If ice or snow is not properly and promptly removed from roads, government shall be at fault for all accidents caused by it.
Automated enforcement shall not be used for ticketing. It can be used to warn drivers of bad behavior.
Electronic toll collection shall not be required to be used. Cash must always be accepted for toll payments at all locations. The method of payment must not change the amount of toll.
Traffic control devices shall never be designed in such a way that they damage vehicles, except for the purpose of stopping out-of-control vehicles.
Speed bumps and humps shall never be used. They damage vehicles by contact with the undercarriage or a trailer, or by excessive vibration.
Barriers to prevent cars from crossing into opposing traffic or construction workers may damage vehicles, but there should be clear spaces between traffic lanes and the barriers.
Signs mounted in the roadway to give notice of the presence of a crosswalk shall not block right turns.
Gates that close across the road shall be designed to do no damage if they close while vehicles are stopped in their paths.
Gates at tollgates shall be designed to not damage vehicles that hit them.
Police shall be liable for any damage they cause to a stolen vehicle while trying to stop it.
Traffic laws shall not put selfishness of legislators over proper engineering.
Legislation shall not be used to prevent proper design because of the legislator's personal desires.
Laws restricting use of the left lane for passing and requiring return to other lanes reduce the capacity of the road by the capacity of the left lane. The selfish legislators want to remove traffic from the road so there is room for them to pass other cars.
Legislators shall not force their unproved environmentalist beliefs onto others.
Legislators shall not pass traffic laws with the intent to increase fine revenue.
Legislators shall not design streets for speeds less than 25 mph.
Streets shall be designed so that fire engines, utility trucks, and moving vans can get to any location.
Speed limits set to raise more revenue from fines.
Speed limits are set low because someone thinks people always drive 10 mph faster than the speed limit.
Speed limits set because someone is afraid of what could happen in an improbable situation.
Speed limits set for political reasons.
Speed limits are set by untrained laymen.
Speed limit signs are placed too close to the intersection, where right turning drivers can not see them.
Speed limit signs are placed every few miles, so drivers turning on from side roads do not know what the speed limit is.
Different speed limits for different kinds of vehicles.
Government must not get the revenue from traffic fines.
Speed limits are not used unless really needed. Advisory speeds are used instead.
The speed traffic is actually moving at is always a legal speed.
There is always notice of any speed limit, placed where it can easily be seen by all drivers.
Where a speed limit changes, only the higher speed limit is enforced between the last sign of the old limit and the second sign of the new limit.
Speed limits are never used for political purposes.
Methods other than setting a low speed limit are used to deal with hazards.
The same speed limit is set for all users of the road.
Prohibition of mopeds and nonmotorized traffic from high speed roads, and provision of alternate routes for them.
Expecting the driver to know the correct local time or time zone.
Expecting a driver to know when children are present when the driver can't see any children.
Expecting the driver to know the school schedule for that particular day at that particular school.
Not enough signs, so drivers turning onto the road in the middle of the school zone do not know it is there.
Placing flashing lights so people turning on the road in the middle of the zone can't see them.
Putting school zones on major thorofares.
Making the school speed limit more than 10 mph lower than the normal speed.
Requiring drivers to know the school calendars.
Engineers will not allow schools on or near thoroughfares. Schools belong in the middle of neighborhoods.
The school zone must be adequately signed, so that anyone driving anywhere in the school zone can see at least one sign.
The end of the school zone must be posted too.
Notice must be adequately given when the school zone is in effect. It must be visible to anyone in the zone.
The notice must not depend on the driver knowing the correct time, the time zone, the current date, or the day of the week.
Active school zone equipment must not indicate a school zone speed is in effect unless school is actually in session. They must not activate if schools are closed for any reason.
Enforcement must not assume that a given driver has access to local news.
Nothing works as well as a crossing guard.
Crossing guards must not teach children to violate traffic laws through lazy methods.
Expecting drivers to know a school bus is present when it is not visible to them.
Not giving enough advance warning that a school bus is stopping.
Using simultaneous flashing yellow lights for the advance warning makes other drivers assume the bus is a service vehicle or a garbage truck.
Stopping school buses in places that are most convenient for the children, instead of the safest places for other traffic.
Stopping school buses for children around blind curves or beyond hill crests.
Stopping school buses for children at intersections, and expecting drivers from all directions to be able to see them.
Stopping school buses for children on busy multilane highways where large trucks can hide the flashing lights from other drivers.
Stopping school buses for children where it causes traffic to be trapped in an intersection or across railroad tracks.
Stopping school buses for children where speeds are too high for drivers to be able to stop in time.
Stopping school buses for children several times in the same block.
Not realizing that darkness, fog, or other bad weather can cause a driver to think that a school bus is something other than a school bus.
Setting special speed limits for school buses.
Stopping the bus for children in a place where it easily can be seen.
Stopping the bus for children away from intersections, industrial driveways, and railroad crossings.
Putting the bus stops on side streets, not on major thoroughfares.
Use alternating yellow warning lights, so the vehicle is identified as a school bus.
Avoid putting bus stops where following traffic can be trapped in intersections or across railroad tracks.
Avoid stopping school buses for children on multilane highways.
Plan bus routes for safety, not just efficiency.
No special speed limits for school buses. All traffic on a given road should be going the same speed.
Prohibit stopping school buses for children at multiple locations in the same block.
Prohibit by law the setting of special bus speed limits by insurance companies.
Prohibit by law the school bus driver from using the red lights to clear a path into traffic.
Requiring a driver to stop the instant a pedestrian enters a crosswalk. This violates the laws of physics.
Distances required for following, spacing, signaling, and other regulations are in impossible to measure feet, meters, or car lengths.
Even harder to measure distances between vehicles approaching each other are also given in impossible to measure feet.
The human vision system is a very poor tool to measure distances with. It will not work at all if perspective clues are absent.
Laws require windows to not have too much tint. Never mind that the manufacturer puts that much tint on all of their windows. Removing the factory tinting on car windows requires the expense of replacing all of the glass, and voids the vehicle warranty.
The law requires a replacement exhaust system to be made by the manufacturer of the car. This is nothing but a government enforced monopoly.
State governments pass new standards that keep people from driving vehicles they already own in that state.
Signs are hidden from view, or refer to an intersection beyond the next one, because of distances set by uniform traffic control standards.
Requiring a pedestrian to wait to enter a crosswalk until there are no vehicles close enough that they cannot stop in time.
Distances required for following, spacing, signaling, dimming, and other regulations are converted to easy to measure seconds of travel time, or to other easily determined facts. Other visual aids are needed to deal with vehicles approaching each other.
The human brain is able to roughly measure short periods of time. Most people can count off seconds, often using a mnemonic to do so.
Sizes that can be measured when the vehicle is parked, including vehicle length, width, and height, can be specified in feet.
The law does not require expensive vehicle modifications to increase the safety of the officer. Public employees shall not be given any special status or protection above any other member of the public.
The law shall not penalize the car owner for a replacement exhaust system that is not made by the manufacturer of the car. This is none of the law's business.
No state government shall pass any vehicle standards.
No existing vehicle shall be deemed illegal to drive as a result of new standards passed after the vehicle was manufactured.
No traffic control device standards shall be so rigid in placement that the device is hidden, or that the device refers to an intersection beyond the next one.
The sports or entertainment arena is built on a major highway, where any large event will disrupt traffic on that highway.
Roads and highways connected to the arena(s) are not adequate to handle the traffic generated by the arena.
Regular traffic is disrupted to accommodate the traffic going to and from the event. Often roads are closed.
People are often not allowed to patronize businesses located on the routes leading to the arena during the event traffic pattern.
People who are already at businesses when the traffic pattern for the event begins find that they are unable to go in any direction except into the arena parking lot. Often they are forced to pay the parking fee before they are allowed to turn around to leave.
Strangers to the area are forced to turn off of the marked highway routes they are using maps to follow, because they are closed to all traffic except event traffic. They are then left to find their way through streets that are not marked (or are poorly marked) with directions back to the highway.
Truck drivers are diverted off the highways they are supposed to be following, and onto city streets. They then have to drive extra miles to find their ways back to their assigned routes. Some fleet drivers are monitored for the mileage they drive, and are charged for extra miles driven beyond the expected length of the trip.
Often the assigned alternate route is not improved to properly handle large trucks, or adds many miles to the trip.
The police always restrict the traffic not connected with the event. They never restrict the traffic coming out of the arena.
Sports and entertainment arenas are not located on major highways.
Roads connected to arenas are adequate to handle the traffic generated by the arenas and carry the traffic to major highways.
Regular traffic is not disrupted to accommodate the traffic going to and from the event. No roads are closed.
People are never prevented from patronizing businesses located on the roads leading to arenas.
People are not forced to turn in certain directions because of the arena traffic pattern. Nobody is forced to enter the arena parking lot.
Strangers to the area are not forced to detour because of the event.
Those who must be diverted because of the event are given clear instructions on the alternate route. The alternate route is able to handle trucks.
Any alternate route does not add more than a mile to the trip.
The police release parking lot traffic one row at a time, in such a way that it does not overload existing roads.
The smartest communities don't build sports arenas. They don't give in to the sports addicts.
Bicycle riders think they are allowed to obey pedestrian laws, because their vehicles are not motorized. This causes many accidents.
Bicycle riders put their "momentum" above safe riding.
Bicycle riders cause accidents without getting into them, by causing other traffic to avoid them.
Police do not enforce bicycle laws.
Public officials favor bicycles as being "environmentally friendly," and ignore the problem.
Worse, public officials pass laws allowing these dangerous behaviors. Oregon and Idaho have very stupid legislatures in this area.
Riding on sidewalks and pedestrian trails becomes dangerous when cyclists suddenly appear at speed at intersections and fail to yield.
Failure to stop for stop signs is selfish. It is unexpected behavior, causing accidents.
Failure to stop and stay for traffic signals is unexpected behavior, and causes accidents.
Riding on the wrong side of the road, or in the wrong lane causes accidents, because the bicycles come from illegal directions.
Riding the wrong way on a one-way street causes crashes, because turning drivers don't look for traffic coming from illegal directions.
Disobeying other traffic control devices also causes unexpected hazards.
Riding between lanes, or on the right shoulder is dangerous. Cars turn in front of bikes without warning.
Riding at night without the proper lights causes crashes. Reflectors don't work without light shining on them, as when cars pass or turn.
Bicycle riders are shown that pedestrian laws are for traffic that moves at 4 mph or slower. Faster traffic isn't visible long enough.
Bicycle riders are taught that their keeping their "momentum" can get them killed.
Public officials favor bicycles as being "environmentally friendly," by providing facilities that are safe for all traffic.
Public officials don't bow to public pressure to pass wrongheaded laws that endanger people.
Too often, untrained politicians or citizen groups are allowed to set speed limits.
Some people believe that drivers will always go 10 miles per hour over any speed limit. They are wrong. Usually the speed limits are set 10 mph too low.
Some people believe that slower speeds are always safer. They are wrong.
Some politicians believe that overdesigning a road, and then setting a lower speed limit will make it safer. They are wrong.
Too often, insurance actuaries are allowed to affect the setting of speed limits, to limit government liability in case of a lawsuit.
The truth is that most drivers will go the perceived design speed of the road, no matter what silly number the politicians put up.
Police RADAR is not infallible, no matter what the police and public service announcements say.
The most common error is the RADAR gave a reading from one car, but the officer stopped a different car for the speeding offense.
Police RADAR does not select the closest vehicle, or the largest vehicle. It finds the fastest vehicle in range.
Police RADAR has been known to pick up aircraft, wind turbine blades, silvered used-car-lot flags, and vehicles beyond hills.
Those spinner hubcaps can cause RADAR and LIDAR to indicate a speed faster than the car was traveling.
Police RADAR can indicate the sum of the speeds of two vehicles going in opposite directions if one is a dump truck or an open box truck.
Two police RADAR sets hundreds of miles apart can pick up each other's signals, giving false readings.
Most of the silly gadgets intended to fool police RADAR do not work. Tinfoil just makes your car easier to track.
Those holographic bumper stickers do the same thing to LIDAR that dump trucks do to RADAR. So can superreflective license plates and road signs.
Reaction time errors in perception.
Reaction time errors in pushing a button.
Measurement periods under 10 seconds* amplify any reaction time errors.
Mirrors not showing a view perpendicular to the roadway.
A large distance between the policeman and the observation marks can introduce additional errors.
Binocular vision is a reliable indicator of distance only when the object is within 30 feet. Beyond that, it tries to use perspective.
If the observation marks are not on the road surface, the human vision system cannot reliably detect when both the car and the mark are at the same distance. It guesses they are at the same distance when they are not. No such guessing occurs when the car hides the marks.
Using different parts of the car for each of the two timing events causes errors.
Observing the same part of the car at differing angles to the road causes errors.
Starting a measurement on one car, and finishing it on a different car.
The police car was not going the same speed as the suspect car (speedometer clocking systems).
The radio car called by the observing policeman stopped the wrong car to give the ticket.
Too many policemen believe that most people will drive too fast, unless controlled by laws and the police. The real truth is that too many politicians set speed limits far too low, in a false belief that they are making the road safer. Most people drive the perceived design speed of the road.
Many policemen believe that lower speed limits are always safer. This is not true if the speed limit is set lower than the design speed of the road.
Too many policemen see too much loss of life as they respond to emergencies daily, and wrongly want all kinds of restrictive safety laws. News reporters have this same wrongful bias for more government controls.
Police put entirely too much emphasis on speed enforcement.
Following too close should be enforced more than speed. The reason it is not done is that police do not have equipment to enforce it.
If a car is speeding and a second car is following that car too closely, police should stop the second car. It is doing the more dangerous thing, and is probably the cause of the first car speeding.
If a car is traveling too slowly, a second car is following that car too closely, police should stop the second car. It is doing the more dangerous thing, and is probably the cause of the first car slowing down (to minimize the effects of any accident).
All drivers who learned using the Safety Space textbooks will slow down when a car is following too close. They must not be penalized.
Following distance should be measured in seconds, not feet. No driver is equipped to measure distance in feet or meters.
Not only do policemen not enforce following distance laws, too many of them violate those laws by following too close.
If there is really a red light running problem, it should be addressed with sound engineering and human enforcement.
Red light cameras increase rear end collisions more than they reduce right angle collisions.
Many red light problems are caused by dilemma zone troubles (the driver can neither stop nor clear the intersection before the red).
Often the yellow light is too short for conditions. It should be set to minimize red light running.
Unscrupulous officials greedy for revenue too often shorten the yellow light to get more revenue from red light cameras.
The red clearance must not be part of the enforcement period, because it is necessary for vehicles to finish clearing during that interval.
Automated enforcement should never have a traffic penalty. It should instead be used solely to warn the driver.
Using a red light camera to trick drivers into providing revenue should be a felony, and should have loss of office as a penalty.
The best defense for a red light camera ticket is to demand that the camera, as the only witness, to appear in court. Require testimony from the camera about the actual conditions at the intersection at the time. When the camera refuses to answer, ask for a directed verdict.
Processing fees tacked on to transactions just to get more money.
Attempts to charge the owner of the vehicle, rather than the driver, with a traffic violation: This should be strictly prohibited.
Tolls on bridges and roads: Tolls must not be continued beyond paying off the original construction bonds at the originally appointed time. They must not be kept as revenue sources.
Electronic toll collection devices are required to use a certain road or bridge. Cash is not accepted. People without the electronic devices are given traffic tickets.
Tolls or special passes are required to enter a city, or to enter the central area of a city.
Property taxes on vehicles - Property tax is the most unfair tax. All property taxes must be abolished.
Traffic fine revenue being used to increase government spending. This should be unconstitutional.
Traffic fine revenue being used to pay for traffic enforcement. This should be unconstitutional.
The law says to drive to move to the right side of the road. What if you are in a left turn lane at the stop line with a red light?
The law is stupidly designed for a two lane road. Do you cross 3 lanes of traffic to get to the right?
What if the rightmost lane is full of stopped cars? What if all of the lanes are full of stopped cars?
It's illegal to drive into the block where a fire engine is stopped with red lights flashing. What if a freeway exit ramp goes there?
Police often direct traffic off a major highway onto city streets to keep them from driving into an emergency. But nobody thinks about the strangers to the area the police have directed off the marked highway they were following onto a maze of city streets. They are left to find their own ways back to the highway.
The UNEVEN LANES warning sign - What does it mean? It is not obvious.
Traffic laws that give special privileges to low emission vehicles.
Traffic laws giving special privileges to vehicles with two or more occupants.
Traffic laws requiring electronic toll collection accounts to use certain roads or exits.
Traffic laws requiring people using cash to use certain roads or exits.
Traffic laws prohibiting the use of cash to pay tolls.
Traffic laws giving special privileges to people who pay a toll.
Traffic laws allowing only certain vehicles to enter a portion of the city.
Requiring drivers to stop the instant a pedestrian enters a crosswalk, but not regulating when pedestrians may enter the crosswalk.
Treating bicycles as pedestrians for any purpose.
Not merging a bike lane into the vehicle lane before an intersection.
Allowing bicycles to not have to stop for stop signs.
Dropping a lane in the middle of the highway, rather than on one side.
Laws banning train horns or engine compression brakes. Noise abatement must be done with passive devices, not laws that compromise safety.
Failure to enforce following distances.
Failure to prohibit cell phone and texting use.
Bicycle laws based on what cyclists want, rather than what is safe.
Failure to eliminate yellow trap at traffic signals.
Most people think the human body and mind operate in a completely continuous analog manner. For some parts of the body, this is true. But for measurements involving reaction time, this is not true. There are certain latency and synchronizing times associated with these measurements.
Most people think the human brain runs linearly, and can measure fine amounts of time. This is an illusion. The brain clock is hidden by a mental system that makes time seem to be continuous. We hear sounds ranging up to 20 KHz because the cochlea of the ear does a mechanical Fourier transform of the waveform to frequency. There, thousands of nerve endings, each responding to a different frequency band, collect the sound information. The cochlea then sends the frequency information to the brain at the brain's clock speed through thousands of frequency nerves.
The first period of time involved is the time it takes the sensory system to actually detect a stimulus. The system, and any reflex action that comes from it, are asynchronous. It takes a small amount of time for the sensory system to become aware of the stimulus and act. This time is usually too short to affect the measurements involved, unless a reflex interferes with the operation of a control. It also affects all measurements equally. So it can be ignored.
The next period of time is variable, and is the main cause of variability in reaction time. The human brain is a clocked system, with a clock cycle time that varies by individual from about 0.1 second to 0.5 second, with the average being about 0.25 second. This system is similar to what computer scientists used to call a "clatter clock." A clatter clock issues a clock pulse, and then waits for all of the signals in the various parts of the device (or brain) to quit changing states, before it issues another pulse (It waits for the clatter to end). The clatter clock thus runs faster if slower memory devices are not being used. Brain waves are the electrical signals caused by this clatter clock operating.
See diagram. L is the clocking latch. CL is calculating logic, OL is output logic, H is the Hippocampus (memory selector), and M is the memory.
The stimulus enters the brain, and then it must wait for the next clock pulse before it is processed. This induces a delay that depends on the time between clock pulses and the time since the last pulse occurred. Then the brain processes the stimulus. At this point, the person becomes aware the stimulus occurred.
What happens next depends on whether the person was intently watching for the stimulus, or was doing something else (This translates to whether the policeman is doing nothing but watching for cars crossing the first observation point, or has other duties to do as well). If he is doing nothing but watching for cars, the output to push the response button happens on either the clock immediately after the stimulus, or on the next clock after that. But if the user is doing something else (the policeman has other tasks to do - e.g. listen to police radio, look at license numbers, etc.), three or four clocks might be needed to decide the correct action, before the output to push the button occurs. This can make the button press late. So can a bit of daydreaming.
The signal then must get to the muscles needed to push the button. This is a relatively constant period of time. Since it affects all measurements equally, it can be ignored, unless the user moved his hand away from the button for some reason. Any such case where the hand was not in position should be thrown out as bad data.
The figures obtained here agree with the studies for reaction time for braking a car.
When a second stimulus follows shortly after the first (the car moves to the second observation point), the user is more ready for it. The sensory system has the same built-in delay, which can be ignored. Likewise, the time for the signal for pushing the button to reach and activate the muscles is a constant delay, and can be ignored.
There are two effects that can change the second measurement: The user is usually more "ready" for the second event. So the second event is more likely to take a smaller number of clocks before the signal to push the control button occurs. The second effect is more insidious. The command to push the second button must be an integer number of clocks after the command to push the first button. This favors some observed times between responses (time readings between observation points) over others.
Notice how the worst case figures are 33%. That's a lot of error.
Also notice the variations in plus and minus errors when the elapsed time does not equal a whole number of clock cycles.
We have to assume the worst case for the policeman's clock speed, because we don't have a ready measure for it.
The results show that at least ten seconds must elapse between button presses to get a usable figure. Any smaller value should be thrown out by courts as having too much observational error. The fact that it is not thrown out indicates that either the judge is ignorant of the errors caused by the human body, or that the decision is biased toward using fines to fund the judge's own salary.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What will you find at Amanita?
Thanks for a great 2018, see you in 2019!
Amanita Gallery is a seasonal business in Manzanita Oregon open from May to December each year. If you have any questions or off season needs, just call Debbie at (503)368-7364 or email dragontides@gmail.com.
Please call to arrange an appointment!


Hello Abhishek, I am homeschooling my son at Hyderabad and trying to move to NCR. Glad to know someone at NCR has guts to go off mainstream. I might contact you shortly for more details. My son is 5 Years old and has found it very hard to spend a day at school without a creative lesson plan even at an international school. Looking forward to more folks to support home schooling as a community. Thank you.
Hi did u decide on homeschooling your kid ?
hope u r doing fine.
I know dis is very long time wen someone is posting you but read one of ur comments so that to ask that In one of your posts u have mentioned about ur blog. In that u hav mentioned some links.
I am planning to homeschool my daughter, she is in grade 3, going to school but we are very unhappy with the way things are moving. Hence I am looking for other parents who are wanting to homeschool so that we can all get together. I know 4 families who are homeschooling and one parent who has a grown up daughter and he homeschooled her, she passed cambridge board.
Please write to me personaly in case you are interested. We stay in GK 1, new delhi.


What would our gardens be without garden furniture? Now, I can already pre-empt your response and it would still be a truly stunning place to admire. Winter pansies flourishing in window boxes, hardy shrubs such as Viburnum 'Winter Beauty' will be adding winter interest to your garden borders and not forgetting rummaging hedgehogs looking for a warm and dry place to rest. Delightful!
But, (there is always a but) garden furniture adds a real focal point in any garden, big or small. And whilst you are right in thinking of summer bbqs, water feature, gazebos and lawnmowers, there are many alternative pieces that you can use in your garden to enjoy over winter too.
Chimeneas – Garden chimeneas come in handy when entertaining friends and family in the cold and crisp evenings. Our online range are also easy on the eye, no one wants an eye-sore in their garden!
Patio heaters – It really would be a shame if you could only enjoy your gardens in the summer months. After months of planting, sowing and pruning you should be able to enjoy your garden all year round. For when the evenings are a little cooler and frosty, a patio heater will help take the chill off so you can enjoy those evenings in your garden a little longer.
Fire pits – Fire pits and braziers are not only modern and idyllic focal points, they will take the chill off winter evenings so you are able to enjoy your gardens at anytime!
Bird tables – Attract birds and wildlife to your garden with one of our beautiful bird baths and bird feeder. Make sure you position your bird bath in a safe location and in sight so it can easily be found.
Benches – Garden benches are a convenient and stylish way to add seating to your garden or patio. The Royal Garden Stacking Bench will be just what you need for whiling away the hours in outdoor comfort. Made from Steel, this bench will also resist the affects of winter weather.
Awnings – Garden awnings are a great way to extend your home into the garden, whatever the weather. Easy to assemble and fit, they are perfect for providing shade or cover for the odd summer shower.


text:
<?php
namespace Oro\Component\MessageQueue\Tests\Unit\DependencyInjection;

use Oro\Component\MessageQueue\DependencyInjection\DefaultTransportFactory;
use Oro\Component\MessageQueue\DependencyInjection\TransportFactoryInterface;
use Oro\Component\Testing\ClassExtensionTrait;
use Symfony\Component\Config\Definition\Builder\TreeBuilder;
use Symfony\Component\Config\Definition\Processor;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerBuilder;

class DefaultTransportFactoryTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    use ClassExtensionTrait;

    public function testShouldImplementTransportFactoryInterface()
    {
        $this->assertClassImplements(TransportFactoryInterface::class, DefaultTransportFactory::class);
    }

    public function testCouldBeConstructedWithDefaultName()
    {
        $transport = new DefaultTransportFactory();

        $this->assertEquals('default', $transport->getName());
    }

    public function testCouldBeConstructedWithCustomName()
    {
        $transport = new DefaultTransportFactory('theCustomName');

        $this->assertEquals('theCustomName', $transport->getName());
    }

    public function testShouldAllowAddConfiguration()
    {
        $transport = new DefaultTransportFactory();
        $tb = new TreeBuilder();
        $rootNode = $tb->root('foo');

        $transport->addConfiguration($rootNode);
        $processor = new Processor();
        $config = $processor->process($tb->buildTree(), ['the_alias']);

        $this->assertEquals(['alias' => 'the_alias'], $config);
    }

    public function testShouldCreateService()
    {
        $container = new ContainerBuilder();

        $transport = new DefaultTransportFactory();

        $serviceId = $transport->createService($container, ['alias' => 'the_alias']);

        $this->assertEquals('oro_message_queue.transport.default.connection', $serviceId);

        $this->assertTrue($container->hasAlias($serviceId));
        $connection = $container->getAlias($serviceId);
        $this->assertEquals('oro_message_queue.transport.the_alias.connection', (string) $connection);

        $this->assertTrue($container->hasAlias('oro_message_queue.transport.connection'));
        $connection = $container->getAlias('oro_message_queue.transport.connection');
        $this->assertEquals($serviceId, (string) $connection);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Kultaranta
Photo: Visit Naantali
Kultaranta is found on the island of Luonnonmaa, just a few kilometres from Naantali. Kultaranta is a district of Naantali, but it is more famously known as the President of the Republic of Finland's summer residence. Designed by Lars Sonck in the National Romantic style, the main granite building has an impressive set of rooms as well as an imposing tower that overlooks the city and the surrounding islands. Kultaranta also boasts 32 hectares of forest, 15 hectares of parkland, and an elegant formal garden, where thousands of roses bloom every year. It is not possible to enter the buildings, but you are welcome to enjoy this green space, fondly described as a 'mini-Versailles', on guided tours and some evenings in the summertime.
Get charmed by Naantali
A small trail - A big experience
visitnaantali.com/en
By bus: There are two different buses that travel to Kultaranta from Turku. Routes and timetables can be found on the Föli website. The journey takes about an hour.
By car: You can easily get to Kultaranta by car. It's about 25 minutes from the centre of Turku.
By bike: There are two different routes that will take you to Kultaranta from Turku; one will take you along the expressway and the other through Raisio. The journey through Raisio is about 20 kilometres long.
By sea: You can get to Naantali easily and quickly aboard the nostalgic S/S Ukkopekka. Click here to buy tickets. From Naantali, you can continue onto Kultaranta by bus. If you have your own boat, you can drop the anchor at the Kultaranta Marina.
Historical site
Kultaranta Resort


This pocket sized First Aid Guide (10cm x 15cm) meets the UK Resuscitation Council Guidelines and acts as a comprehensive aide-memoir to those who have received first aid training. It provides clear instructions in bulleted lists and complemented by diagrams or photographs. It starts with guidance on scene survey , casualty assessment and basic life support and then moves through a range of injuries that could possibly face a first aid responder. A Quick Emergency Index is located at the end of the guide to direct the user to the required section. Suitable for: All Emergency Services and Voluntary Search & Rescue Groups or staff in the workplace. Can also be used by stewards and security staff at public functions.


text:
The Limited Series – 1998 (Capitol)
Reviewed by Jeffrey B. Remz
CDs by Garth Brooks
Blame It All On My Roots - Five Decades of Influences (2013)
Double Live (1998)
Fresh Horses (1995)
Garth Brooks & the Magic of Christmas (1999)
Gunslinger (2016)
Man Against Machine (2014)
Scarecrow (2001)
Sevens (1997)
The Limited Series (1998)
The Limited Series 2005 box set (2005)
The Ultimate Hits (2007)
Six new, generally worthy songs adorn Garth Brooks six-CD box set. Some were recorded recently and others at the time the original albums were made. Brooks fortunately goes for a softer, more country approach than his recent rock-leaning meanderings on the new releases.
Brooks retains a western feel on the lead-off "Uptown Down Home Good Ol Boy," with an easy going vocal style. Staying away from an overblown direction which gets him into trouble on more recent discs, Brooks maintains just the right vocal intonation. He honky tonks it up on the bouncy "Something With a Ring To It," featuring lots of fiddle and clarinet. Brooks gets a bit too tender on "This Ain't Tennessee," more of a singer/songwriter song and not too interesting at that.
But he is stronger on Bob Dylan's "Which One of Them" and particularly the piano-laden closer "To Make You Feel My Love." It's a case of whether listeners want to spend their bucks for six songs on albums they may already have.


The death of Artemis crewmember Andrew "Bart" Simpson last Thursday after a catastrophic crash of his America's Cup team's AC72 catamaran on San Francisco Bay is reverberating around the world.
The German Youth America's Cup team finished on top of its qualifying group last February on San Francisco Bay. Talks with potential partners and sponsors about supporting the campaign on sailing's biggest stage were said to be in high gear, but now the young German sailors' dreams of competing at the America's Cup have been dashed.
"It's a giant tragedy that a sailor lost his life. We all are shocked," skipper Philipp Buhl said. "We believe the risks sailing the smaller AC45s are considerably smaller, but we accept this decision." Instead of competing in the Youth America's Cup, Buhl will defend his title at the European Laser Championship.
Dieter Loibner, who compiled and translated this report, is sailing editor for Trade Only's sister magazine Soundings.


text:
Tales from the Helicopter: A really crappy way to start the week
Medicine oracknows | March 10, 2017
[NOTE: As I mentioned yesterday, our power outage continues, and, thanks to having to decamp to a hotel last night, I didn't have time to produce new Insolence. So I thought I'd repost a "classic" from 11 years ago that I don't believe I've ever reposted before during vacation or otherwise. It represents a sort of blogging that I haven't done for years, just a personal story with nothing to do with my usual topics, such as pseudoscience, quackery, clinical trials, and basic science. This story is based on a real patient encounter from around 25 years ago, but details have been changed.] I don…
Mystery solved: Chiropractic manipulation of the neck did cause Katie May's death from stroke
oracknows | October 19, 2016
Eight months ago, I asked the question: Did chiropractic manipulation of her neck cause Katie May's stroke? Now, it appears, I know the answer, and the answer is yes: Katie May, a model who posed for Playboy and gained a massive following on Snapchat, suffered a "catastrophic" stroke in early February and later died after being taken off life-support. Now, TMZ reports reports that a visit to the chiropractor left her with an injury that precipitated the stroke. TMZ obtained May's death certificate, which says that she suffered a blunt force injury during a "neck manipulation by [a]…
How We Die: Drowning Edition
gregladen | August 4, 2016
It is the time of year that we talk about drowning. I'm focusing here on the US, and for the most part, recreational drowning, as opposed to being drowned in a flood. Also, I'm using mainly information from Minnesota as an exemplar. It turns out that analyzing drowning data, and social behavior related to drowning, at the state level (as a proxy for the media market level) is important, because, I contend, the likelihood of a child drowning in a given media market is roughly inversly proportinate to the number of children who have drown or nearly drown in that same media market over the…
Supernova Flashes and Silver Linings
milhayser | December 12, 2014
New research from the Weizmann Institute of Science reveals that "cells in our brain form little hexagonal grids that keep us oriented, map-like, in our surroundings." Weizmann's resident blogger describes this finding as "a pyrotechnic flash of insight that changes how we understand the brain to work." Game developers delight; this discovery shows "that you can really apply mathematical models to understand how our mammalian brains get their bearings." It may also have immediate implications for understanding human brain disorders such as vertigo. Meanwhile, on ERV, Abbie Smith explores a…
Another reason to admire the naked mole rat
Life Sciences dr. dolittle | August 28, 2014
Image of a naked mole rat from www.animals.sandiegozoo.org The naked mole rat is the longest lived rodent species (>31 years). Unlike most mammals, they seem resistant to many age-associated ailments until much later in life, making them an exciting model of healthy aging. They are also resistant to the development of cancer as mentioned in this prior post. According to the CDC, cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States, claiming the lives of roughly 600,000 people annually (or 1 out of every 4 deaths). In a new study published in the American…
FDA is looking for your help to determine source of illnesses and deaths related to dog jerky treats
dr. dolittle | October 22, 2013
Image from Vin News Service (http://news.vin.com/VINNews.aspx?articleId=22697) The FDA is calling for help to determine the source of roughly 580 deaths and over 3600 illnesses (gastrointestinal and kidney) related to jerky treats that were made in China. The mystery dates back to 2007 when illnesses were first being reported by pet owners. Most of the victims have been dogs, although 10 cats have become sick from eating these treats as well.The FDA has tested treats for contaminants including chemical, microbiological/bacterial, antibiotics, metals, and pesticides in addition to DNA and…
linkedy links V
catdynamics | August 28, 2012
catching up on random snippets: How the American University was Killed - a guide in 5 Easy Steps Sterrekundig Instituut Utrecht: The Last Years "The Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine! Who guards to-day my stream divine?" Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist How do Science Blogs Change the Face of Science? Graduate Orientation -changing the face of scientists "Graduate school, especially at the beginning, is an ego-destroying, even humiliating, experience." Science for Princesses... The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Scientific Talk Kinds of Wrong One Leaving Academe
Despicable: A parents' guide to blaming the death of their child on vaccines
oracknows | August 23, 2012
When I first started this blog, I had little idea of what I was in for. I thought I had some idea from having read a bunch of blogs and found role models whose blogging style I tried to emulate back in those early days, long before I developed the persona and writing style that most of my readers love and quacks and antivaccinationists really hate. Now that I've been at it for nearly eight years, there's very little that surprises me. Much of the quackery, pseudoscience, and nonsense that I see is stuff that I've seen before and possibly blogged about multiple times before. I'm starting to…
Where do Supermassive Black Holes Come From?
esiegel | July 30, 2012
"Black holes, which have no memory, are said to contain the earliest memories of the universe, and the most recent, too, while at the same time obliterating all memory by obliterating all its embodiments. Such paradoxes characterize these strange galactic monsters, for whom creation is destruction, death life, chaos order." -Robert Coover Our Milky Way, the swath of light and dark that dominates the darkest skies here on Earth, contains a huge variety of stars: large and small, red and blue, from young to old to ancient. Image credit: ESO / Serge Brunier, Frederic Tapissier, The World At…
Practically Everything Leaves Something Behind
esiegel | May 28, 2012
"Everyone must leave something behind when he dies, my grandfather said. A child or a book or a painting or a house or a wall built or a pair of shoes made. Or a garden planted. Something your hand touched some way so your soul has somewhere to go when you die, and when people look at that tree or that flower you planted, you're there." -Ray Bradbury Today is Memorial Day here in the United States, where we honor all the soldiers who have fought and fallen for our country. The peace and prosperity that I have enjoyed my entire life is because of a price paid, many times over, mostly by people…
Famine: impacts and adaption
stoat | October 19, 2011
Never blog when pissed [*] they said... So, Kloor and Romm are having a dust up over stuff, and if you care you can read the details or even take sides (I'm with Kloor, you won't be surprised to learn). But we can take a step back and consider a more generalised problem, in the context of Doctors Warn Climate Change is "Greatest Threat to Public Health": suppose we care about famine in the third world (in the sense of wanting to do something about it, rather than in the sense of finding it interesting material to blog about it): what might we do? * stop climate change (reduce impacts) *…
The Book of Exogenesis
cevans | August 28, 2011
The Book of Exogenesis: In the beginning was the word, and the word was a meteorite... Earlier this month, a report, based on NASA studies of meteorites found on Earth, suggested that some building blocks of DNA may have been formed in space. As it turns out, DNA components have been found on meteorites before, but it's never been entirely clear if the space rocks came to Earth bearing these molecules, or if they were contaminated upon arrival. Furthermore, this recent study of meteorites was the first to discover trace amounts of three molecules -- purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6,8-…
Deaths per unit of electricity generated
stoat | June 3, 2011
In the comments to Romm Echoes Groundless Cell Phone/Cancer Fears? we've degenerated into an argument about the safety of nuclear versus solar power ("which do you think has killed more people: radiation from Fukushima, or solar-voltaic installers falling from ladders?" was my question. It is a trick question, of course, because no-one has died from Fukushima as far as I know. But the correct question, of course, is deaths per unit of 'lectric generated). MV, beng something of a spoilsport (just joking, don't worry) pops the bubble by pointing to someone who has actually worked some numbers…
Amy Bishop indicted for 1986 shooting murder of brother
terrasig | June 16, 2010
Was just checking the old SiteMeter stats before foraging for dinner and saw a surge in search hits for "Amy Bishop." Yup. Lo and behold she has been charged with murder - for the 1986 death of her brother. From an article an hour ago by Donovan Slack and Shelley Murphy at the Boston Globe: The slaying of Seth Bishop was declared an accident by Norfolk County authorities at the time. But questions were raised about the investigation after Bishop, a college professor, was charged in February in a shooting rampage at the University of Alabama Huntsville. Three of Bishops' colleagues were…
Scientists Successfully Teach Gorilla It Will Die Someday
grrlscientist | April 5, 2010
tags: gorilla, death, mortality, science, humor, funny, satire, fucking hilarious, Onion News Network, ONN, streaming video Tulane University researchers have successfully taught a captive gorilla that he will die one day. The gorilla, named Quigley, is now able to experience the crippling fear of impending death previously only accessible to humans.
My Wisconsin Death Trip on Twitter
sciencepunk | March 24, 2010
Some time back, I was researching a feature for Wired when I stumbled across the US Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration. One of the responsibilities of this office is to monitor workplace fatalities. Each week, a roundup of deaths in the workplace are posted online. They make for compelling reading. As Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis states on the site: "With every one of these fatalities, the lives of a worker's family members were shattered and forever changed. We can't forget that fact". Yet the lists only hold the briefest of details. The company…
Another hydrogen sulfide (H2S) suicide, with altruism
terrasig | February 25, 2010
A year ago we wrote about a death of a San Jose teenager from poisoning by hydrogen sulfide gas, or H2S. At the time, I had hypothesized that the death might have been from an attempt at synthesizing methamphetamine gone awry. But while one can mistakenly generate hydrogen sulfide gas from improper meth synthesis, I soon learned that intentional suicides with H2S is an increasing US trend imported from Japan. One can easily mix commonly-available consumer products to generate the gas and high enough concentrations can cause death. The gas acts in a manner similar to cyanide by binding to the…
Death at UAH
stoat | February 14, 2010
As I was about to write up the latest smoggy stuff, I thought I'd better check out Eli in case he had written it up first. And lo, I thought, Condolences referred to the death of Christy's scientific reputation. But no, it is about real death. So I need to press on. [[John Christy]] has been a bit of a skeptic for ages. Quite where he gets it from is unclear - perhaps because he and Spencer did the first version of the [[satellite temperature record]] and, well, they got it wrong. In that it showed cooling, and so they became the poster boys for the real septics like Singer and Michaels and…
Andrew Lange RIP
catdynamics | January 23, 2010
Andrew Lange RIP. Andrew Lange - story at Cosmic Variance Lange's "How DId the Universe Begin" Segre Distinguished Lecture at Berkeley Nov 2009. Lange's 2004 KITP talk on "Future Directions in Cosmic Microwave Background Observations" Audio/Web Cam
Sell the drugs, they pay you. Criticize the drugs, they sue you.
ddobbs | December 22, 2009
via Wall Street Journal Health Blog: For a while now, the FDA and other regulators have been looking at safety risks associated with a few drugs patients sometimes take before getting MRI scans. While it's common for new risks to crop up with established drugs, the Times of London this weekend highlighted an interesting twist in this case: GE has filed a libel suit in Britain against a Danish radiologist who gave a talk about the risks associated with Omniscan, a GE drug that's one of the medicines regulators have been looking at. The doctor, Henrik Thomsen, gave a presentation to about 30…


For a long time I have felt the need to give a complete, in-depth explanation of how futures and pre-arrivals work when it comes to buying a wine in advance of its release. Given the recent developments of a large purveyor of futures and pre-arrivals going bankrupt I thought it might be time to de-mystify how they work, especially considering many people are generally cautious of things they don't fully understand. Seeing that I'll be headed to Bordeaux this weekend to taste through the 2015 Bordeaux vintage—a harvest that is already sparking rumors of a potentially-powerful en primeur campaign—the timing couldn't be more appropriate for a revisitation.
What are futures exactly? A future is a wine being sold before it has been bottled. The wine is not physically available at the retailer yet, but you are paying for it in advance. The most famous example of wine futures are from Bordeaux, which are sold as futures in a campaign called "En Primeur". Chateau Montelena & Ridge Monte Bello are two local examples of future sales. In all these cases money is taken way in advance of the actual receipt of product (wine). A future is an opportunity to secure a product that is probable to be in very high demand, thus the potential of the wine selling out is a real possibility. Buying in advance of its actual physical appearance guarantees you will not miss out.
What is a pre-arrival? A pre-arrival shares many things in common with a future; the wine is also not physically available yet, you pay in advance, and it is usually a highly-desirable item. However, the biggest difference is the wine has already been bottled and usually should be available within four to twelve months from the date of purchase, whereas a future is usually twelve to thirty months away. Most pre-arrivals are wines coming over from Europe.
Now that we know what a future and a pre-arrival are, as well as their differences, let's discuss why a retailer would offer wines in this way. The futures program works on a supply and demand system; generally wines sold as futures and their pricing are dependent on demand. A price is set, then depending on demand that price can go up or down from the original purchase price. Obviously the goal behind buying a future and tying up your money for a one to two years is to save on the price.
A pre-arrival is generally a wine that should arrive as soon as four or as long as twelve months from the date of purchase. There are numerous reasons to offer pre-arrivals but the most prevalent reason is to get around the three-tier-system. The three-tier-system consists of importer-distributor-retailer and can cause the pricing of an item to be 50-150% higher than the original cost you would pay if you bought it directly from the winery. Besides the high costs involved with the three tier system, often times the product being offered as a pre-arrival is either a different vintage from the one in high-demand, or the allocation is much less than what you can actually sell. By buying the wine overseas and importing it, a retailer can often offer a wine at a cheaper price, from a more desirable vintage, and in greater quantity than they would be able to do so working solely through the three-tier-system.
So now that we've discussed what a pre-arrival and a future are, their differences, and why a retailer may offer a pre-arrival, let's now discuss and answer some common questions.
Why does it takes so long for pre-arrivals to arrive? It would seem logical that if a wine is physically available in Europe and it is purchased by the retailer, then it should be able to be shipped to the retailer within a month or two, right? As consumers, we buy stuff all the time from around the world (thanks Amazon) and it arrives quickly, so how come my wine doesn't? There are several reasons why the process of a pre-arrival wine takes more than ninety days. Here's how the timeline works: an offer is sent out; as a retailer you respond generally within one to four days of receiving an offer. You then get a confirmation generally one to seven days after your response, confirming the order (price/quantity/vintage). Then you submit the invoice to accounting for payment (most bills get paid within fifteen to sixty days of receipt of invoice). Once the purveyor overseas receives payment they will release the wine to your importer and this part, depending on when the pick-up is scheduled, can take anywhere between one to three months. After the product is collected it has to then be prepared for shipment overseas, which means it needs to be loaded into a container for shipping overseas. Generally containers are not shipped until they are filled for financial reasons so it may take another month or two to get a full container for shipment. Once the wine leaves it generally takes roughly twenty-one days in transit from a port in Europe to the Port of Oakland. Then it takes about two weeks days to be unloaded, checked-in and then trucked to us where it should take another week or two for us to process the shipment and fulfill the pre-orders. By adding up the numbers, if everything goes as fast as possible, the earliest a pre-arrival should arrive is four months from date of offering, but with unforeseen conflicts like port strikes or other labor issues, shipping delays, and a multitude of other possible problems, all along this supply chain most pre-arrivals take six to ten months to arrive.
Why do I need to pay in advance? We pay for it in advance in order to secure the wine, so we charge you in advance. By doing business this way we are able to offer the widest range possible of selections at the lowest prices available. If we only charged you once the product arrived we would have to charge higher prices to make up for the cost of carrying goods for four to five months for which we have paid, but not yet sold.
I've heard the term "grey market" what is that? And are the wines different if they come from the grey market? The term "grey market" refers to the parallel market that exists in Europe for wines widely distributed in the US. Most of the famous and sought-after producers have at least one if not more American agents who buy the wine, import it, set up distribution, and handle the marketing of the wines. This is how the three-tier-system works. The grey market, which is a derogatory term created by jaded importers, is where K&L can purchase wines from purveyors overseas and then have the wines imported for us, allowing us to cut out several tiers of costs. The only difference per se on a bottle of Domaine du Pegau Chateauneuf-du-Pape purchased from an overseas purveyor versus the local supplier is a different importation label on the back of the bottle. It is the same wine, from the same winery, imported the exact same way.
I've seen the wine I bought from you on pre-arrival in-stock in other stores, so why don't I have mine yet? When we purchase a product directly from Europe the schedule of arrival of that product is dependent on the timeline I discussed earlier and is solely dependent on us. Another retailer carrying a product could have been purchased from a local supplier who got it here earlier than we did. This is where container consolidation time comes in. Also, frequently products are available earlier on the East Coast than the West Coast since it is a shorter voyage and many of the larger wholesale suppliers and their products on the East Coast since it has a longer history with wines and many have their headquarters located on the East Coast.
I've bought numerous wines from this specific vintage; why have some wines arrived, but not all? In many campaigns, like Bordeaux 2009 or Brunello di Montalcino 2010, we sold such large amounts of wines that we were forced to do business with dozens of overseas suppliers and their fulfillment schedules meant wines were arriving at different times and being consolidated for shipment dependent upon container size. Receiving a wine a week later than another wine could mean it misses a container, meaning it will then have to be loaded onto a later container.
How do I know you have actually secured the wine I've purchased? Buying a wine on a future or a pre-arrival carries the same risk as pre-paying for anything you do not have physically yet. We do not sell or offer wines on a futures or pre-arrival basis that we have not secured. To do business any other way is unethical and exposes the purveyor to numerous bad possibilities. We recommend dealing with retailers whom have long reputations in delivering on the goods they sell at fair prices.


text:
100 Carillon Avenue, Newtown NSW 2042
History of Alfred Cardiology
Dr Ian Bailey
Dr Bailey OAM was an outstanding cardiologist at RPA for over 30 years and has recently retired from clinical practice. Dr Bailey will be forever remembered for his commitment to improving access to rural patients, especially from Nowra and the central west of NSW, to high level cardiac care.
Dr Bailey was born and educated in Singleton and completed his schooling at Singleton High School. He attended Sydney University where he attained a Bachelor of Medicine with first class honours. He then trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA) as a cardiologist and, in 1975, was awarded a post-doctoral fellowship to John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, USA.
He was amongst the first researchers to use thallium, a nuclear tracer, to test for heart disease in the 1970s. Based on his research this technique became a standard clinical test assisting in evaluating countless patients with heart disease all round the world.
He returned to Australia and continued to work at the RPAHand became well-known as the late Kerry Packer's cardiologist. Today, he is semi-retired on his family's grazing property Greylands, Goorangoola.
Video: History of Ian Bailey's Career
RPA Medical Centre
doctors@alfredcardiology.com.au


Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao is the present Governor of Maharashtra state of India. He took oath as the Governor on 30 August 2014. He was Union Minister of State for internal affairs in the Vajpayee-led BJP Govt government from 1999. He was elected to 12th and 13th Lok Sabha from Karimnagar in Telangana as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate.
The Governor's Secretariat is headed by the Secretary to the Governor who is assisted by a team of officers and staff as per details available under the head organization. The Governor's Secretariat includes the Secretariat and Household establishments.


text:
NewsUpdates
What we are up to!
5th January 2017 by Frank West0
It is 2017 and there is a lot to look forward to, but for us we have a single goal in mind – Launch The City of Kings Kickstarter and get the game in your hands!
With that in mind, it seems like a good time to do a general update to where we are and what is going on.
We are really happy with how the game is playing and testing, the first story is completely finished and the 1, 2 and 4 player modes are playing great.
We've held off balancing the 3 player version until now as it's easier to balance than the 1 and 4 player modes. Don't worry though, it's on our to do list and will be just as good!
Stories 2 – 7 are in draft mode and we've been testing the various ideas we have for how they will work. Whilst none of these stories are in their final form we are confident in how they will perform and will be working on them around the Kickstarter making sure they are ready and tested for print.
The rule book is looking really good and we have had a lot of positive feedback, there are still a few improvements to make and lots of proof reading! But we have no doubts the rule book will be a great way to learn the game.
The latest version can be found here.
KICKSTARTER PLANNING
We are starting to plan out the Kickstarter page, videos and stretch goals. We want to get this done ahead of time so we don't have to rush and can test the page as much as possible.
It is really important to us that the Kickstarter page offers everything you need and represents the game as well as possible.
If you want to have access to an early preview of the page once it has been created, then sign up for our newsletter at the bottom of this page. We'll send you a link as soon as we can!
Last month we sent some prototypes of the game to a few popular reviewers in the hope they would like what they see and be interested in creating videos.
One reviewer will be looking over the game at the start of February and we hope to get some feedback shortly after.
The second reviewer has been looking over the game this week and whilst they have only played the game twice so far, the feedback has been very positive. We can't give quotes just yet but we couldn't ask for a better reaction and we hope to be able to share this with you soon.
We also intend to put together a full playthrough, how to play and general overview video in the next 6 weeks. These are a priority for us and we are working on making them as good as possible.
The priority this month is to get quotes finalised with manufacturers and to set up a distribution process. We've been having a lot of delays with quotes which haven't helped but as soon as these important services have been costed and finalised we will be ready to release prices and start the countdown to launching our Kickstarter!
We hope this update gives you a good idea of all the things going on with us right now and we will write another update soon!
Frank West
Frank West is a gamer and designer based in Bristol, UK. He published his first board game, The City of Kings, in 2018 and now works on other games and organising events in the local area. His goal? To design and publish games focusing on immersive themes, fun mechanics and beautiful components. If you have any questions or would just like a chat, feel free to get in touch at any time!
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Building excitement, my 3-week announcement process 18th January 2022
Where do Kickstarter backers come from? 13th January 2022
10 tips for the perfect Kickstarter update (funded) 11th January 2022
A breakdown of shipping locations for crowdfunding projects 6th January 2022
A day in the life of a self-publisher 4th January 2022
The City of Games January update 6th January 2022
Discover more with our website update 29th December 2021
Late pledges are now open! 30th July 2021
Best welcoming game of 2020! 9th July 2021
The mid-campaign turnaround! 8th June 2021


Lime Caviar - This VIP fruit adds a kick of energising zest - perfect for party Kings and Queens.
Chilled vodka - The night is young and fresh with a touch of chilled vodka and frozen mint.
King wood - This scent's earthy aroma adds a woody, masculine undertone.


text:
package avrora.sim;

import avrora.core.Instr;
import avrora.core.Register;

/**
 * The State class represents the state of the simulator, including the contents of registers and
 * memory.
 *
 * @author Ben L. Titzer
 */
public interface State {

    /**
     * The getInterruptTable() method gets a reference to the interrupt table,
     * which contains information about each interrupt, such as whether it is enabled, posted,
     * pending, etc.
     * @return a reference to the InterruptTable instance
     */
    public InterruptTable getInterruptTable();

    /**
     * Read a general purpose register's current value as a byte.
     *
     * @param reg the register to read
     * @return the current value of the register
     */
    public byte getRegisterByte(Register reg);

    /**
     * Read a general purpose register's current value as an integer, without any sign extension.
     *
     * @param reg the register to read
     * @return the current unsigned value of the register
     */
    public int getRegisterUnsigned(Register reg);

    /**
     * Read a general purpose register pair as an unsigned word. This method will read the value of the
     * specified register and the value of the next register in numerical order and return the two values
     * combined as an unsigned integer The specified register should be less than r31, because r32 (the next
     * register) does not exist.
     *
     * @param reg the low register of the pair to read
     * @return the current unsigned word value of the register pair
     */
    public int getRegisterWord(Register reg);

    /**
     * The getSREG() method reads the value of the status register. The status register contains
     * the I, T, H, S, V, N, Z, and C flags, in order from highest-order to lowest-order.
     *
     * @return the value of the status register as a byte.
     */
    public byte getSREG();

    /**
     * The getFlag_I() method returns the current value of the I bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_I();

    /**
     * The getFlag_T() method returns the current value of the T bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_T();

    /**
     * The getFlag_H() method returns the current value of the H bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_H();

    /**
     * The getFlag_S() method returns the current value of the S bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_S();

    /**
     * The getFlag_V() method returns the current value of the V bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_V();

    /**
     * The getFlag_N() method returns the current value of the N bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_N();

    /**
     * The getFlag_Z() method returns the current value of the Z bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_Z();

    /**
     * The getFlag_C() method returns the current value of the C bit in the status register as a
     * boolean.
     *
     * @return the value of the flag
     */
    public boolean getFlag_C();

    /**
     * The getStackByte() method reads a byte from the address specified by SP+1. This method
     * should not be called with an empty stack, as it will cause an exception consistent with trying to read
     * non-existent memory.
     *
     * @return the value on the top of the stack
     */
    public byte getStackByte();

    /**
     * The getSP() method reads the current value of the stack pointer. Since the stack pointer
     * is stored in two IO registers, this method will cause the invocation of the .read() method
     * on each of the IOReg objects that store these values.
     *
     * @return the value of the stack pointer as a byte address
     */
    public int getSP();

    /**
     * The getPC() retrieves the current program counter.
     *
     * @return the program counter as a byte address
     */
    public int getPC();

    /**
     * The getInstr() can be used to retrieve a reference to the Instr object
     * representing the instruction at the specified program address. Care should be taken that the address in
     * program memory specified does not contain data. This is because Avrora does have a functioning
     * disassembler and assumes that the Instr objects for each instruction in the program are
     * known a priori.
     *
     * @param address the byte address from which to read the instruction
     * @return a reference to the Instr object representing the instruction at that address in
     *         the program
     */
    public Instr getInstr(int address);

    /**
     * The getDataByte() method reads a byte value from the data memory (SRAM) at the specified
     * address.
     *
     * @param address the byte address to read
     * @return the value of the data memory at the specified address
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified address is not the valid memory range
     */
    public byte getDataByte(int address);

    /**
     * The getProgramByte() method reads a byte value from the program (Flash) memory. The flash
     * memory generally stores read-only values and the instructions of the program. Care should be taken that
     * the program memory at the specified address does not contain an instruction. This is because, in
     * general, programs should not read instructions as data, and secondly, because no assembler is present
     * in Avrora and therefore the actual byte value of an instruction may not be known.
     *
     * @param address the byte address at which to read
     * @return the byte value of the program memory at the specified address
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified address is not the valid program memory range
     */
    public byte getProgramByte(int address);

    /**
     * The getIORegisterByte() method reads the value of an IO register. Invocation of this
     * method causes an invocatiobn of the .read() method on the corresponding internal
     * IOReg object, and its value returned.
     *
     * @param ioreg the IO register number
     * @return the value of the IO register
     */
    public byte getIORegisterByte(int ioreg);

    /**
     * The getIOReg() method is used to retrieve a reference to the actual IOReg
     * instance stored internally in the state. This is generally only used in the simulator and device
     * implementations, and clients should probably not call this memory directly.
     *
     * @param ioreg the IO register number to retrieve
     * @return a reference to the ActiveRegister instance of the specified IO register
     */
    public ActiveRegister getIOReg(int ioreg);

    /**
     * The getCycles() method returns the clock cycle count recorded so far in the simulation.
     *
     * @return the number of clock cycles elapsed in the simulation
     */
    public long getCycles();

    /**
     * The getSleepMode() method returns an integer code describing which sleep mode the
     * microcontroller is currently in.
     *
     * @return an integer code representing the current sleep mode
     */
    public int getSleepMode();

    /**
     * The getSimulator() method returns the simulator associated with this state
     * instance.
     * @return a reference to the simulator associated with this state instance.
     */
    Simulator getSimulator();
}


The 4G smartphone trend has increased and the 4G smartphone shipments have surpassed that of 3G devices for the very first time. This happened in October 2015 as per IDC (International Data Corporation).
Kiran Kumar, the Client Devices' Research Manager at IDC India stated that with a month on month growth of 25.9 percent, 4G smartphones have accounted to over half of the overall smartphones that were shipped. He added that the gain is especially at the expense of the 3G devices as the vendors are replacing the existing ones with 3G with 4G devices. This makes the consumers prepared for the future.
To give a clear idea to those who are looking out for 4G smartphones, the best selling 4G models that are available on the retail shelves include Samsung On5, Samsung On7, Lenovo Vibe P1, Apple iPhone 6s, and Oneplus 2. These models have contributed to a very sharp spike in the market share of 4G smartphones in October. These models have incrementally contributed to the higher sales on the online market in the month of October 2015. The traction of 4G smartphones is likely to grow further as new devices from Reliance Jio are expected to be launched by the end of this year.
On the whole, 9.3 million smartphones have been shipped to India in October, and this is a great increase of more than 10 million units from that of September. The decline in the smartphone sales could be due to the incremental supplies that were witnessed during the last few weeks of September. This is because the channels were prepared for the festive demand as well as online mega sales in October.
The festival discounts and mega sales helped the online shipments grow by 12.1 percent. This increased the online share from 33.5 percent to 41.2 percent from September and October.
Indian cosmetics industry booming to reach Rs 20,000 crore!


We want to say a big "Thank You" to you and your company for keeping to your promise.
We greatly appreciate all your hard work for us. We will definitely refer Sigma Mortgage to our friends and family!
Warmest regards to all your team that made this happen for us.
Salomon and Irene. Edmonton, AB.
Thanks for working diligently to get the mortgage approved. Without your hard work, the closing would have been delayed further and further. I have got the keys and we love the new house. Thank you so much.
Thank you! I very much appreciate your team's professionalism, expediency, and kindness. I will let me friends and family know.
Thank you all for your help! I will definitely keep you all in mind the next time I need a mortgage. Thank you for patiently helping this cautious and learning first time home-buyer, you provided outstanding service and were immensely helpful throughout this process. Thank you all again!
Thanks you so much. Me and my family were waiting for this message. Me and our family are very happy. I definitely recommend my friends and my brother to you. They might call you. I already told one of my friends about you, he is looking for mortgage. Talk to you soon. Thanks.
I wanted to drop you a note in order to express my thanks for helping me secure a mortgage and for the great service you provided. From the beginning I felt like I was in good hands with the quality of support I received from you. Everything went great. Time was very short for the closing of my house and you people did a commendable job. That was the fastest and smoothest real estate loan I ever got. During this process I dealt with several potential lenders. However, there was always the "sales" angle whenever I spoke to them. I guess I can't fault them for it since this is why they are in business. With you people, I felt like I was getting honest answers without the pressure of being rushed into making a decision. I want to thank you for being patient with me. I will recommend you to all I know, and if in the future I need another loan or re-finance, you will be my first call. Thank you once again.
Just wanted to send a quick note to thank you for all your help on our first home purchase! It was a pleasure to work with you and we will recommend your services highly. Thanks again.
I wanted share my absolutely positive feedback. It was a great pleasure working with you. Although I could get same rates at other companies, the reason I stuck with you guys is the wonderful experience of working with you. I want to highlight the following points which I felt which stands you out from the crowd. I really think you have got a great team and hope more success comes your way as people realize and know more of you. Also, I wanted to thank you for accommodating me and personally reaching out to me at times. I wish you all the best and hope your customer service remains as high for a long time to come. Thanks.
Emily and Paul. Scarborough, ON.
This has been an amazing experience for me. Such a painless process. Thank you for your professional and efficient service. Please convey my gratitude to all your team. I am definitely going to let everyone know about your company.
Thanks for all your help and patience. I had a lot of questions and you were always available and answered everything so I could understand. Very pleased with the service you gave me. You were always very professional!


If you would like to receive every new cover of Health And Wellbeing Magazine by email as it is released in the UK, please insert email below. We will not send you any other emails and you can stop them at any time.
This magazine is aimed mainly at women; it can be described as your personal fitness coach. Bodyfit magazine contains ideas on how to improve your workout routine and how to gain better results. It will also provide healthy ways for readers to manage their weight without resorting to any strange or dangerous diets. It will often suggest new exercises that readers can perform without needing the gym.
Buy a single copy of HEALTH AND WELLBEING or a subscription of your desired length, delivered worldwide. Current issues sent same day up to 3pm! All magazines sent by 1st Class Mail UK & by Airmail worldwide (bar UK over 750g which may go 2nd Class).
This magazine is aimed at women who have busy lifestyles and want to maintain their fitness and figure in a healthy way. You definitely won't see any fad diets mentioned in this magazine! The magazine will often contain celebrity advice on how they maintain their perfect weight as well as extensive guides on new exercises that could improve any woman's fitness.
This magazine really is a breath of fresh air in the fitness industry. It is certainly a change from the size zero obsession of recent years. Bodyfit will focus on maintaining a healthy curvy body and not becoming a skeleton! It is more concerned with women getting fit and toned rather than ridiculously skinny.
Create your very own HEALTH AND WELLBEING subscription using the slider below to select how many issues you would like.
Use the arrows to view and buy single issues of Health And Wellbeing Magazine currently in stock, as well as pre-order future issues. WORLDWIDE DELIVERY!


text:
Q: ifconfig in QNX gives inet:0.0.0.0? I have been trying to setup Ethernet connection between Ubuntu Host and QNX target. I have booted up the board and able to run shell commands using Minicom. When I give ifconfig it displays inet as 0.0.0.0.
Required clarification:
I could manually setup my ip address using ifconfig en0 . Is this the way we have to set IP address in QNX?
(or)
QNX automatically detects host IP address, once ethernet connection is established.
FYI
Host: Ubuntu 12.04
Target: QNX Neutrino SDP 6.6
Board: iMx6sabre AI/ARD board

A: Try using "ifconfig fec0 " to configure the ip

A: Type: " vi /etc/net.cfg " :
Modify the IP address or IP mask
(Use arrow keys to move cursor, "xx" to delete, "i" to insert, "Esc" to change mode)
Press " Esc ".
Then type " :wq " to save the file (or " :q " to leave the file without saving).
Then restart the target:
Type: " shutdown -f "
https://www.opal-rt.com/KMP/index.php?/article/AA-00787/0/How-to-modify-the-IP-address-or-mask-on-a-QNX-or-Redhat-target-through-telnet.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gonzalez said his pregnant wife is scheduled to deliver within days and he experienced an emotional afternoon shortly before taking the mound at Marlins Park when he saw the mother of Jose Fernandez and the late pitcher's five-month-old baby.
Gonzalez even warmed up in the bullpen using a baseball that contained Fernandez's initials and No. 16, put there by the Nationals' bullpen catcher.
It was Gonzalez who overpowered the Marlins, keeping them off balance with a heavy dose of breaking balls. Gonzalez was at his best in the middle innings when he retired 14 straight.
Though Gonzalez walked three batters and hit another, none advanced as far as second. Even Gordon was erased on a double play in the ninth after Sean Doolittle took over and got Giancarlo Stanton to ground into a twin killing.
But at least Gordon prevented Gonzalez from becoming the fourth pitcher to no-hit the Marlins, joining the Dodgers' Ramon Martinez, Phillies' Roy Halladay and the Nationals' Jordan Zimmermann.
No visiting pitcher has ever thrown a no-hitter at Marlins Park.
Gordon said he contemplated bunting to get on in the sixth, but wasn't sure if that would have been frowned upon — a violation of baseball's unwritten rules — given the situation.
Gordon struck out in the sixth and never thought about trying to drop down a bunt in the ninth to spoil the no-hitter.
Once Gordon ended the drama, Nationals manager Dusty Baker lifted Gonzalez to a loud ovation.
Gonzalez was bidding to become the fourth pitcher to no-hit the Marlins, joining the Dodgers' Ramon Martinez, Phillies' Roy Halladay and the Nationals' Jordan Zimmermann.
Gonzalez's performance overshadowed Jose Urena's stellar outing. Urena held the Nationals to a run on three hits over eight innings.
The Nationals scored the game's only run on Bryce Harper's one-out single off Urena in the sixth.


Amazing New York style loft condos, located on a small, quiet cobblestone street in a very desirable part of Old City Philly. Elevator opens up directly into each unit! Oversized windows, some units with exposed brick, most units with parking! Groovy and Hip! Very few who look to buy Philadelphia real estate know of this building, as it's somewhat hidden location, and boutique styled set up make it a gem of a condo building! Located in the 19106 section of Philly, this piece of Philadelphia real estate is rarely available for sale, and often units here sell fairly quickly.
Unit Sizes: 1185-2184 sq. ft.
AKA- The Chocolate Factory Condos.... AKA 115-19 Cuthbert St. Condos, which are not to be confused with Chocolate Works which is 3 blocks north. I know the condos well because I have lived in Old City for 18 years...and within 50' of this building for 7 years. Sitting on the north east corner of Cuthbert and Mascher (even locals in Old City probably couldn't tell you where this junction of two small cobble stone streets meet), 53 N. Mascher was one of the first condo buildings to come to life in the Old City neighborhood. If memories serves me, it was a woman by the name of Flossie who developed the condos. A lot of original detailing with huge huge windows, exposed brick and beams really dominate the interiors. No two units are alike at 53 N. Mascher St. Condos as the floor plans are not homogeneous and a lot of folks in the condo building have done extensive remodeling. Most if not all units have parking and a few of the condos have private balconies/decks.
You don't get a quieter location in the boutique loft segment than you do at 53 N. Mascher. St./The Chocolate Factory Condos / 115-19 Cuthbert St.
For more information on 53 North Mascher Street Condos call Mark Wade at 215-521-1523 or email Mark.


Of all the communities that roam this planet and others, there is one that has been viciously ignored… until now. The residents of Green River, Wyoming, have made it their singular mission to provide support for extraterrestrial homeless aliens. With compassion and a landing strip for good measure, they wait patiently for their interstellar pen pals to land.
In 1994, a report from NASA disturbed the residents of Green River. Fragments from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet were heading toward Jupiter, putting aliens at risk of losing their home planet. Of course, academic minds doubt Jupiter's ability to harbor life in any form—it is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, and no bodies of water have yet been discovered on its surface. However, and we believe the residents of Green River would agree, we should not put such lowly terrestrial limitations on the possibility of alien existence.
With tenacity and courage, the residents of this small town prepared their humble surroundings for the first possible intergalactic assembly of space and human folk. Really, this preparation was no more than a renaming ceremony of an existing WWII landing strip. Still, the fact that the town opened itself up to the unknown is a testament of the American spirit. But, the journey to creating the Greater Green River Intergalactic Spaceport was not without difficulties.
In the initial stages, certain Green River residents raised concerns that any effort to provide shelter to aliens would conflict with the existent lack of residential housing. But the city council persevered in establishing a spaceport at the behest of its space-loving community.
So far, the most exotic incidences that have taken place on the spaceport involve telluric doughnut-spinning teenagers running away from life's problems. However, Green River is working with the Federal Aviation Administration to increase air traffic to the area, including commercial planes and private aircraft charters.
Efforts to draw space crafts into Green River have thus been in vain and extraterrestrials may very well be a myth. However, one thing is certain: we can count on the Earth's first spaceport to provide a sanctuary for Jupiter's destitute creatures.