text:
\section*{Background \& Summary}

Numerical simulations in weather forecasting, wind and hydroelectric energy, aerospace vehicle design, automotive design, turbomachinery, nuclear plant design, and many other applications all rely on closure models to accelerate simulations while modelling the complex physical phenomenon of turbulence. While higher resolution techniques such as large-eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) are becoming more widespread, the computational demands compared to current capabilities make these techniques unaffordable for many industrial simulations. For this reason, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are expected to remain the dominant tool for predicting flows of practical relevance to engineering and industrial problems over the next few decades \cite{CFD2030}. However, flows with strong adverse pressure gradients \cite{Wilcox1994}, separation \cite{Catalano2003}, streamline curvature \cite{Pope1975}, and reacting chemistry are often poorly predicted by RANS approaches. Developing methods to improve the accuracy of RANS simulations will help bridge this critical capability gap between RANS and LES\cite{Witherden2017}.

Several recent investigations have demonstrated the potential of applying machine learning to the development of turbulence closure models for RANS. Ling et al. \cite{Ling2016} constructed a tensor basis neural network (TBNN), which predicts the anisotropy tensor using five invariant scalars derived from the mean strain and rotation rate tensors. The TBNN turbulence closure model developed by Ling et al. \cite{Ling2016} is effectively a fifth-order eddy viscosity model, with locally varying coefficients predicted via deep learning. The ability to express such a locally-tuned, high-order relationship between the strain rate and anisotropy tensors is a powerful method to improve the accuracy of RANS simulations. Wu et al. \cite{Wu2018} developed a random-forests-based model, which directly predicts the Reynolds stress anisotropy. Kaandorp \cite{Kaandorp2018} and Kaandorp and Dwight \cite{Kaandorp2020}  proposed a tensor basis random forest (TBRF) model, which is the random forests analogue to the TBNN proposed by Ling et al.~\cite{Ling2016}. While the different models by Ling et al.~\cite{Ling2016}, Wu et al.~\cite{Wu2018}, Kaandorp and Dwight~\cite{Kaandorp2020}, Zhu and Dinh~\cite{Zhu2020}, Zhang et al.~\cite{Zhang2019a}, Fang et al.~\cite{Fang2019}, and Song et al.~\cite{Song2019} all show promise, the results cannot be directly compared --- each investigation used a different set of input features and labels, with different numerical settings chosen for feature generation. For this reason, Duraisamy \cite{Duraisamy2020} recently highlighted the need for a benchmark dataset for machine-learnt closure models.

To generate a set of input features, the current requirement is for every investigator to generate a set of RANS simulations that match the DNS/LES reference cases. This requirement has several drawbacks. As the number of included datasets grows, the effort required grows. The development of the ImageNet dataset spurred rapid growth of the computer vision field, which would not have been possible otherwise. From an effort point of view, the availability of a curated dataset dramatically increases the time spent developing the models themselves, rather than setting up many RANS simulations to gather input features.

Another major drawback of the current approach arises from the issue of reproducibility in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Often, CFD studies are difficult to reproduce, due to a large number of input conditions \cite{Mesnard2017}. Each investigation will use different meshes, numerical schemes, turbulence models, and other selections which affect the solution. The field of machine learning has also been plagued with reproducibility challenges, even with the widespread use of benchmark datasets \cite{Pineau2020}. While machine-learnt turbulence models are a promising approach, the development of these models could be significantly impeded by mixing two fields where reproducibility is a challenge. A well-documented, widely available dataset solves at least one aspect of the reproducibility issue, in that all models can at least be trained in the same environment, using the same input features and labels.

Motivated by the lack of a sufficient dataset, the present work aims to develop a set of RANS simulations of highly resolved reference cases in order to generate a curated dataset\cite{McConkey2021}. In this work, the numerical methods for the RANS simulations are presented, along with the selection and calculation of the input features for machine learning models. In doing so, the present work aims to present a large computational dataset, curated and logically structured for immediate use in developing next-generation turbulence closure models for RANS using data-driven machine learning. Table \ref{tbl:inputsoutputs} summarizes the inputs and outputs of the present work.

\section*{Methods}

\subsection*{Description of reference cases} \label{sec:description}
An important aspect of dataset selection for data-driven turbulence modelling is sweeping of a parameter space. A deep insight followed by a deeper understanding of the fluid phenomena can be obtained by providing information on how the geometry and/or the Reynolds number changes the flow behaviour. In contrast, single-point measurements are only valuable in approximating a universal mapping between inputs and outputs. The majority of the datasets used here involve sweeping through some parameter space. Table \ref{tbl:cases} summarizes the cases used in the dataset.

\subsubsection*{Periodic hills}
Flow over periodic hills with cyclic boundary conditions is a common benchmark problem for turbulence modelling. The periodic hills case features separation, an important phenomenon for RANS models to accurately capture due to the prominence of strongly separated flows in many industrial settings. To provide a parameterized dataset for data-driven turbulence modelling, Xiao et al.~\cite{Xiao2020} performed DNS of flow over a series of periodic hills. This dataset consists of five cases, characterized by the steepness ratio $\alpha$. The values of $\alpha$ selected are $\alpha=0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, $ and 1.5, which results in a range of separated flows. The geometry for the five periodic hills cases is shown in Figure \ref{fig:periodichills}. The Reynolds number based on bulk velocity and crest height for all cases is fixed at $Re=5,600$.

\subsubsection*{Square duct}
The DNS dataset for flow in a square duct by Pinelli et al.~\cite{Pinelli2010} has been widely used in data-driven turbulence modelling. This dataset consists of 16 cases, all with the same fixed geometry shown in Figure \ref{fig:duct}. The Reynolds number based on the duct half-width varies between 1,100 and 3,500. The flow in a square duct is a challenging test case for eddy viscosity models. Linear eddy viscosity models are unable to predict the secondary corner vortices which form in the duct. These structures are Prandtl's secondary motion of the second kind \cite{Pinelli2010}. The dataset contains the mean velocities and Reynolds stresses in a cross-section of the duct. The inclusion of this dataset allows the machine-learnt model to incorporate the Reynolds number dependence of these challenging secondary motions, from the transitional to the fully turbulent regimes. Additionally, it is the only three-dimensional (3D) flow in the dataset, for which the Reynolds shear stresses $\overline{u'w'}$ and $\overline{v'w'}$ are nonzero.

\subsubsection*{Parametric bumps}
The LES dataset for flow over a family of bumps by Matai and Durbin~\cite{Matai2019a} has been recently made available for data-driven closures. The bump is a circular arc, with convex fillets on either end. The dataset is characterized by the bump height $h$, which is the highest point of the circular arc as shown in Figure \ref{fig:bump}. The Reynolds number based on momentum thickness and inlet free stream velocity $U_\infty$ is fixed at $Re_\theta=2,500$, while the Reynolds number based on bump height and $U_\infty$ varies from $Re_h\approx13,250$ to $27,850$. At $h=20$ mm, the flow remains attached along the bump, while increasing the height further results in slight separation at $h=26$ mm. For the highest bump corresponding to $h=42$ mm, a small separated region forms behind the bump. While the periodic hills dataset features massively separated flows, the bump cases incorporate a smaller degree of separation. Matai and Durbin found that the mild separation causes a high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) zone to depart from the bump ahead of the separated region, which is not the case for massively separated flows. Matai and Durbin attributed this region to the adverse pressure gradient generating a mean shear profile. Another important effect captured in the parametric bump case is strong disequilibrium. The parametric bump dataset is highly valuable for training machine-learnt closure models due to the high Reynolds number, parametrically sweeping geometry, physics unique to mildly separated flows, and strong disequilibrium.

\subsubsection*{Converging-diverging channel}
Two datasets are available for flow over an identical converging-diverging geometry at $Re_H=12,600$ and $Re_H=20,580$, shown in Figure \ref{fig:cndv}. The Reynolds number for this case is based on the maximum inlet velocity and the channel half-height $H$. The lower Reynolds number dataset comes from the DNS by Laval and Marquielle~\cite{Laval2011}, and Marquillie et al.~\cite{Marquillie2008}. The higher Reynolds number dataset was generated by Schiavo et al.~\cite{Schiavo2015} using LES. The bump height is approximately $2H/3$. A fully developed internal channel flow enters the domain and impinges on the abrupt upstream side of the bump. The flow accelerates as the channel converges, then decelerates over the gradual downstream side of the bump. At $Re_H=12,600$, a thin separation bubble forms along the downstream slope. Along the flat upper wall, the flow remains attached but on the cusp of separation. At $Re_H=20,580$, the separation bubble grows. The cases contain valuable information about the Reynolds number effect on separation, reattachment, and development of a turbulent boundary layer under an adverse pressure gradient. The long domain downstream of the bump for $Re_H=20,580$ effectively provides an additional set of LES information for developing plane channel flow.

\subsubsection*{Curved backward-facing step}
The curved backward-facing step case simulated by Bentaleb et al.~\cite{Bentaleb2012} using LES was also included in the dataset. The geometry for this case is shown in Figure \ref{fig:cbfs}. While this is the only case that does not feature parametric variation, it contains an additional set of data on separation and reattachment. While other cases in the dataset feature separation after an acceleration of the flow, the curved backward-facing step case features separation of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. This phenomenon is difficult for RANS models to predict, and therefore the LES results were included in the dataset. While the original work by Bentaleb et al.~\cite{Bentaleb2012} defined a Reynolds number based on the maximum inlet velocity, we found that the large channel height meant that the mean velocity for all turbulence models was within 10\% of the maximum velocity, so to approximate the reference case, defining the Reynolds number for the dataset based on the mean inlet velocity was sufficient.

\subsection*{Computational method}\label{sec:computational}
The flow is assumed to be incompressible, viscous, steady, and turbulent for all cases. Under these conditions, the fluid properties are specified by the kinematic molecular viscosity $\nu$. Table \ref{tbl:viscosity} summarizes the viscosity used for each case.

The open-source library OpenFOAM v2006 \cite{Openfoam} was used to generate the dataset. The ability to replicate CFD is greatly improved by supplying the mesh and settings files \cite{Mesnard2017}. The dataset includes the OpenFOAM case files, including the meshes used for all the cases, and the full details of the settings used. Supplying the OpenFOAM files also reduces the effort required for \textit{a posteriori} testing. This practice is following Xiao et al.~\cite{Xiao2020}, who included the OpenFOAM files with their dataset. While this section highlights the basic numerical settings used, the reader is referred to the dataset for the complete OpenFOAM settings.

\subsubsection*{Numerical schemes}
A standardized set of numerical schemes was used for all cases. The numerical schemes represent commonly used RANS schemes, which represent a good trade-off between stability and accuracy. For discretizing the convective terms in the momentum equations, a second-order upwind scheme was used. For discretizing convective terms in the turbulence transport equations, a first-order upwind scheme was used. For the diffusive terms, a second-order central difference scheme was used. Since all the flow cases are steady, the transient terms were set to zero.

The simpleFoam solver was used to solve the equations iteratively. The semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations-consistent (SIMPLEC) algorithm was used to accelerate convergence. For some cases, additional non-orthogonality correcting loops were applied to the pressure equation. The generalized geometric algebraic multigrid (GAMG) solver was used for the pressure equation, and the preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient (PBiCGStab) solver was used for all other equations. In all cases, the residuals for all flow variables converged below $10^{-6}$. Residual plots for all simulations are provided in the dataset.

\subsubsection*{Turbulence modelling}
The two most common families of turbulence closure models, $k$-$\varepsilon$ and $k$-$\omega$, include many sub-models. Previous investigations on machine-learnt models for predicting the anisotropy tensor have augmented the standard $k$-$\varepsilon$ model\cite{Ling2016}, the Launder-Sharma low Reynolds number $k$-$\varepsilon$ model \cite{Kaandorp2018}, and the $k$-$\omega$ model \cite{Wu2018, Kaandorp2020}. Four representative turbulence models were selected for the dataset: namely, the standard $k$-$\varepsilon$ \cite{Launder1974}, $k$-$\varepsilon$-$\phi_t$-$f$ \cite{Laurence2005}, $k$-$\omega$, and the $k$-$\omega$ shear stress transport (SST) \cite{Menter2003} turbulence closure models. In this work, $\phi_t$ is used to denote the anisotropy measure $\overline{v'^2}/k$ to align with the variable naming in OpenFOAM. Here, $\overline{v'^2}$ denotes the wall-normal Reynolds stress. The default coefficients were used for all turbulence models \cite{Openfoam}.

The $k$-$\varepsilon$-$\phi_t$-$f$ model is a more sophisticated model than the $k$-$\varepsilon$ and $k$-$\omega$ models, through the inclusion of an additional transport equation for the anisotropy measure $\phi_t\equiv\overline{v'^2}/k$, and an elliptic equation for $f$. $f$ is a scalar which predicts TKE redistribution from the streamwise to the wall-normal Reynolds stress. This model is an improved version of the original $\overline{v'^2}$-$f$ model proposed by Durbin \cite{Durbin1991}, and the improved "code-friendly" version developed by Lien and Kalitzin~\cite{Lien2001}. The additional quantities enable the creation of new input features not available in the previous two-equation investigations. Both additional scalars satisfy all desired invariance properties, including Galilean invariance.

For all turbulence models, the mesh was sufficient for a low Reynolds number wall treatment. Low Reynolds number wall boundary conditions are provided for $k,\varepsilon,\omega,$ and the eddy viscosity $\nu_t$ in OpenFOAM \cite{Liu2016}. A fixed-value $k=0$ boundary condition was applied at no-slip walls. At no-slip walls, the following low Reynolds number fixed value boundary condition was applied for $\varepsilon$:
\begin{equation}
    \varepsilon=\varepsilon_{vis} = 2wk \frac{\nu}{y^2}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $w$ are the cell corner weights\cite{Openfoam}.
For $\omega$ the following fixed value boundary condition was applied at no-slip walls:

\begin{equation}
    \omega = \frac{6 \nu}{\beta_1 y^2}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\beta_1 =0.075$.

\subsubsection*{Domain and boundary conditions}
The domain and boundary conditions for all cases were selected to match the DNS or LES reference simulations. There are two main types of boundary conditions used in the dataset: fixed-free, and streamwise cyclic. While the periodic hills and duct cases utilize a streamwise cyclic boundary condition, the bump, converging-diverging channel, and curved-backward facing step cases employ a fully-developed inlet velocity profile, and a zero-gradient outlet. The simulations here involve four different turbulence models, each with different fields. The units used for each variable are given in Table \ref{tbl:units}.

The geometry for the square duct is shown in Figure \ref{fig:duct}. The dimensions for this 3D case are given in terms of the duct half-width $H$. The duct is a $2H\times 2H\times 5H$ box. Wall boundary conditions were applied for the top, bottom and sides of the duct. The boundary conditions for the square duct case are summarized in Table \ref{tbl:duct}.

The periodic hills case is a two-dimensional (2D) flow, with the domain geometry characterized in terms of the hill height $H$, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:periodichills}. The domain height is fixed at $3.04 H$, and the domain width changes from $7.07H$ to $10.9H$, as the parameter $\alpha$ changes. The boundary conditions for the periodic hills case are identical to the duct case (see Table \ref{tbl:duct}), with streamwise cyclic boundary conditions applied for all flow variables. Both the top and bottom boundaries are treated as no-slip walls. To maintain a constant bulk velocity in the flow, a mean pressure gradient source term is added to the momentum equation. Therefore, the pressure field for cases with cyclic boundary conditions should be interpreted as the deviation from the mean pressure field.

For the parametric bump, converging-diverging channel, and curved backward-facing step cases, the DNS and LES simulations utilized a fully-developed inlet flow generated by a "feeder" simulation. To generate the RANS inlet condition, a similar approach to the DNS and LES was taken: a flat version of the domain was simulated with fixed-free boundary conditions to allow the flow to fully develop before entering the domain of interest. Equations for isotropic turbulence are commonly used to estimate the RANS boundary conditions for fixed turbulence inlets. For the feeder simulations, the following equations were used to estimate turbulence quantities at the inlet:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:k}
k = \frac{3}{2}(UI)^2\ ,
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{eq:epsilon}
    \varepsilon = C_\mu^{3/4} \frac{k^{3/2}}{L_t}\ ,
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{eq:omega}
    \omega = \frac{\varepsilon}{0.09 k}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $I$ is the turbulent intensity, $L_t$ is the turbulence length scale and $C_\mu$ is a turbulence closure coefficient.

The parametric bumps case is unique in this dataset in that the top boundary is zero-gradient, compared to the walls used in the other cases. The inlet free-stream velocity $U_\infty$ for the LES reference simulation was 16.77 m/s. To recreate these conditions, the inlet boundary conditions for the flat cases were adjusted to produce $U_\infty=16.77$ m/s. It should be noted that this is an approximation of the LES inlet condition, because the four different turbulence models all produce different $U_\infty$. For the dataset, the mean velocity used for all turbulence models was the same (Table \ref{tbl:bump_develop}), so that the boundary conditions are comparable between turbulence models. The boundary conditions for generating a fully-developed inlet profile for the bump case are summarized in Table \ref{tbl:bump_develop}. After generating a fully-developed profile, the $U,k,\varepsilon,$ and $\omega$ fields were used as fixed-value inlet conditions for the bump cases. The boundary conditions for the bump cases are summarized in Table \ref{tbl:bump}. The domain size for the parametric bump set is fixed at $1.33 H \times 0.5 H$.

A similar procedure for the bump case was completed to generate inlet conditions for the converging-diverging channel and curved-backward facing step cases. However, for the latter two cases, the top boundary is a wall. The boundary conditions for the converging-diverging channel case were adjusted to produce a maximum velocity of $U_\text{max}=1.0$ m/s, to match the reference simulations. Similarly, for the curved backward-facing step case, the mean velocity was set to $1.0$ m/s to match the reference simulation. The boundary conditions for the flat, developing flow cases are shown in Tables \ref{tbl:cndv_develop} and \ref{tbl:cbfs_develop}, and the boundary conditions for the cases in the data set are shown in Tables \ref{tbl:cndv} and \ref{tbl:cbfs}. The domain size for the $Re_H=12,600$ converging-diverging channel is $12.6H \times 2H$, while for $Re_H=20,580$ the domain is enlarged to $25.3H \times 2H$ by extending the outlet length. The curved backward-facing step domain is $22.7H\times 9.48 H$.

\subsubsection*{Mesh}
OpenFOAM's utilities were used to generate the meshes. The mesh generation method varied from case to case, as some cases have changing geometries. Table \ref{tbl:mesh} summarizes the meshes used. All meshes met the low Reynolds number wall treatment criterion of $y^+\approx1$ or below. Here, $y^+ \equiv u_\tau y_w/\nu$ is the normalized wall-normal distance, where $y_w$ is the wall-normal distance, and $u_\tau$ is the wall friction velocity.
In all cases, the mesh was either hexahedral or hexahedral-dominant. A high-quality mesh is important for generating input features for machine learning, in that some terms involve terms that are sensitive to the mesh quality. For example, the basis tensor $\hat{\mathcal{T}}_{10}$ in a general representation of the Reynolds stress tensor proposed by Pope \cite{Pope1975} is fifth order in terms of the velocity gradient tensor. In developing the feature set here, we found that to keep these terms stable, the number of tetrahedral cells in the domain must be minimized. However, many industrial meshes contain tetrahedral cells, and are of poorer quality than the structured meshes generated here. While CFD results are normally sensitive to the mesh used, machine learning models are especially sensitive to the mesh quality. Poorer meshes result in increased noise and more outliers in the input feature set.

The mesh for the steepest periodic hills case ($\alpha = 0.5$) is shown in Figure \ref{fig:phll_mesh}. The RANS meshes for all periodic hills cases were provided by Xiao et al.~\cite{Xiao2020}. The periodic hills mesh is a structured mesh, with cells concentrated near the boundary layer. While the geometry changes by varying the hill steepness and domain length, the number of cells for all cases is the same.

The mesh for the square duct case is shown in Figure \ref{fig:duct_mesh}. This mesh is also structured. Cells are concentrated near the boundary layer. The mesh for all square duct cases is identical. The $y^+\leq1$ criterion was verified for the highest Reynolds number flow case. The mesh is 3D, with the dataset for machine learning being generated using a cross-section of the mesh.

The parametric bump mesh is shown in Figure \ref{fig:bump_mesh}, and the converging-diverging channel mesh is shown in Figures \ref{fig:cndv_mesh_zoomout} and \ref{fig:cndv_mesh}. Both cases use a structured mesh over an obstruction in the flow. Cells are concentrated in the wake region, and the boundary layer. For the parametric bump, the changing geometry was created by adjusting the bump profile in the structured mesh generator, which resulted in the same number of cells for all cases. The mesh shown in Figure \ref{fig:bump_mesh} is for the highest bump. For the converging-diverging channel, the mesh density for both Reynolds numbers is identical, with the $Re=20,580$ having an extended domain, and therefore more cells.

The only unstructured mesh in the dataset is the curved backward-facing step, shown in Figure \ref{fig:cbfs_mesh}. While it was feasible to generate a structured mesh for this case, an unstructured mesh was generated to include some more typical industrial cells into the dataset. Specifically, near the backward-facing step, the mesh transitions out of the inflation layer using some tetrahedral cells.

\section*{Data Records}

A total of 29 simulations (Table \ref{tbl:cases}) per turbulence model were completed to match the reference data. The DNS or LES reference data were interpolated onto the RANS grid, using linear interpolation. Any points which required extrapolation of the reference data were dropped, and the interpolated reference data were checked for realizability using the criteria from Banerjee et al.~\cite{Banerjee2007}. After interpolation and data quality checks, 895,640 points of RANS data paired with corresponding DNS or LES data are available for each turbulence model. The dataset \cite{McConkey2021} is hosted on Kaggle, a common platform for machine learning.

To maximize the usefulness of the dataset, a comprehensive set of input features and labels was generated. The dataset is organized into two types of data: base variables, and derived quantities provided for convenience. The base variables contain the bare minimum fields that need to be provided to construct the rest of the fields, which are the RANS fields and grid points. The available base fields in the dataset are summarized in Table \ref{tbl:fields_base}, and the derived fields are summarized in Tables \ref{tbl:fields_derived} and \ref{tbl:labels_derived}.

The more useful portion of this dataset is the set of pre-constructed machine learning input features. The selection of input features is a critical area of ongoing research in machine-learnt turbulence models. The typical practice in machine learning Reynolds stress modelling is to derive a set of invariants from a tensor basis, combined with other invariant scalars. This was the approach used in \cite{Ling2016, Wu2018, Kaandorp2018, Xiao2020, Kaandorp2020} and others. While the input feature set varies, an effort has been made to provide sufficient fields in the dataset to conveniently reproduce past feature sets, and develop new ones. For example, all of the input features and labels used by Ling et al.~\cite{Ling2016} are directly provided: the five invariants of the mean strain and rotation rate tensor, the ten basis tensors described in Pope~\cite{Pope1975}, and the anisotropy tensor labels.

\subsection*{Labels}
This dataset is suited for models that predict the Reynolds stress tensor, an equivalent problem to predicting the anisotropy tensor. The provided label set includes the individual Reynolds stress components (the base labels), and other fields that are sometimes more convenient to use. The Reynolds stress tensor, TKE, and anisotropy tenor are provided as ready-to-use labels.

\subsection*{Invariants of tensor bases}
The invariants are derived from a set of basis tensors, which form a basis for the space spanned by a set of feature tensors. First, the feature tensors need to be selected. The selection of the feature tensors determines what flow variable gradients are incorporated into the model. Previous investigations have selected the set of feature tensors as $\{\hat{S},\hat{R}\}$ \cite{Ling2016}, $\{\hat{S},\hat{R},\nabla k\}$ \cite{Kaandorp2018, Kaandorp2020}, and $\{\hat{S},\hat{R},\nabla k,\nabla p\}$ \cite{Wu2018}. If the feature tensors were directly employed as input features, the model would not be invariant because these inputs change with the coordinate system. Therefore, the procedure presented by Spencer and Rivlin~\cite{Spencer1962} is commonly employed to generate a tensor basis for the feature set. After constructing the tensor basis, the invariants of the tensor basis are taken --- in other words, the traces of the basis tensors are used as input features. This procedure guarantees that the model has the same invariance properties as the trace of the basis tensors.

The dataset includes several quantities which are convenient in generating tensor bases. Along with the velocity gradient tensor $\nabla U$, the strain rate and rotation rate tensors $S,R$ are provided. While the strain and rotation rate tensors are provided without normalization, a set of pre-normalized strain and rotation rate tensors $\hat{S},\hat{R}$ are provided, with the normalizations shown in Table \ref{tbl:fields_derived}. A similar set of features for the kinematic pressure and TKE gradients are provided. The gradients themselves, a vector quantity, and the associated antisymmetric tensors for both the un-normalized and normalized forms are provided.

The provided dataset is sufficient to form the most comprehensive tensor bases used to date, which is the 47 tensor basis used by Wu et al.~\cite{Wu2018}. However, it is the traces of these 47 tensors which are of interest. These 47 invariant traces are included in the dataset to be directly used as input features to a machine learning model. Also included is the set of 5 invariants ($\lambda_i$), which arise from using the strain and rotation rate as the feature tensors, as in Ling et al.~\cite{Ling2016}.

\subsection*{Other input scalars}

After gathering the set of tensor basis invariants, an additional set of scalars is added. Care must be taken that these scalars are invariant to not corrupt the invariance of the constructed tensor basis invariants. While many scalars have been proposed, many of them are not Galilean invariant, which is a property desired in machine-learnt turbulence models. Therefore, four Galilean invariant scalars used by Kaandorp and Dwight \cite{Kaandorp2020} are included as ready-to-use features in the dataset. While this set of input scalars is not comprehensive, the dataset includes sufficient fields to conveniently generate other scalar quantities.

\section*{Technical Validation}

Iterative residual convergence below $10^{-6}$ was generally achieved, with most simulations converging below $10^{-8}$. The residual plots for each simulation are provided along with the dataset. The exceptions to this tight residual convergence criteria are the $U_y$ $U_z$, and $p$ fields for the square duct cases. The linear eddy viscosity model is unable to accurately predict the secondary vortices resulting from non-zero $U_y$ and $U_z$ components in the square duct case, and therefore minimal convergence is seen in these residuals as the in-plane velocity fields remain close to the initial condition of zero. The pressure field for the square duct case does not converge below $10^{-6}$ due to the presence of a forcing term which maintains the bulk velocity, resulting in uniform streamwise zero pressure equal to the initial condition of zero.

The RANS results are sensitive to the mesh used. While the mesh must be compatible with the selected wall treatment, it must also be sufficiently fine to reduce discretization errors. To demonstrate that the selected meshes do not affect the result, a mesh independence study was completed for each of the five flow cases. The most demanding case was selected for each flow type: the steepest periodic hills case, the highest Reynolds number square duct, the highest bump, the highest Reynolds number converging-diverging channel, and the curved backward-facing step. Mesh independence was demonstrated using the $k$-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model. The mesh study was conducted by examining the change in the velocity fields between varying mesh sizes.

Figures \ref{fig:phll_mesh_conv_U} and \ref{fig:phll_mesh_conv_V} show the results of the mesh convergence study for the periodic hills case. The meshes provided by Xiao et al.~\cite{Xiao2020} were refined two times, each by a factor of 2 in the $x$ and $y$ directions. A small group of cells could not be refined while maintaining reasonable quality, which is why the meshes shown in Figures \ref{fig:phll_mesh_conv_U} and \ref{fig:phll_mesh_conv_V} do not exactly contain $N,4N,$ and $16N$ cells. The results for the periodic hills case demonstrate good mesh convergence for the grid with the smallest number of cells used in the study. There is almost no change for the $U$ velocity for grids whose number of cells is greater than $N=14,751$. The $V$ profiles near the inlet boundary shown changes between the mesh sizes. For this case, the mesh convergence is non-monotonic, but the differences of the $V$ profiles between the various meshes used are small. Therefore, the $N=14,751$ mesh is sufficiently converged.

One of the main considerations for the square duct mesh is sufficient resolution in the $y-z$ plane to extract machine learning features. The reference data by Pinelli et al.~\cite{Pinelli2010} are provided as a set of statistics in the $y-z$ plane. Even though Figure \ref{fig:duct_mesh_conv_U} shows that the solution is mesh-converged at $N=87,552$, the resolution in the $y-z$ plane is too coarse. The $N=87,552$ mesh results in 2,304 dataset points per case, while the $N=691,200$ mesh results in 9,216 points per case. Therefore, the $N=691,200$ mesh is selected for generating the dataset, because the solution is mesh independent, and there are sufficient cells in the $y-z$ plane to generate features for machine learning.

The parametric bump is the highest Reynolds number flow in the dataset ($Re_H\approx27,850$) and, as a consequence, it requires a dense mesh. Solution convergence at the coarsest mesh with $N = 72,100$ cells was demonstrated by increasing the number of cells in the structured mesh generator by a factor of two, and then four, and comparing the velocity profiles for the corresponding $N,4N,$ and $16N$ cases. Figures \ref{fig:bump_mesh_conv_U} and \ref{fig:bump_mesh_conv_V} show the comparisons made. For the $U$ velocity profile, there are small differences in the wake of the bump, and in the far-field above the bump. The $V$ velocity field reflects these small far-field differences above the bump. However, the differences are comparatively small, and the mesh demonstrates good convergence to generate the dataset.

Mesh convergence for the converging-diverging channel case was demonstrated similarly to the bump case. The number of cells in the structured mesh generator was increased by a factor of two, and then four. Figures \ref{fig:cndv_mesh_conv_U} and \ref{fig:cndv_mesh_conv_V} show that there are almost no differences between the solutions as the mesh is refined, even by a factor of 16. Therefore, the mesh for the converging-diverging channel case is sufficiently converged at $N=183,750$.

The curved backward-facing step case utilizes an unstructured mesh, with a small number of tetrahedral cells. Demonstrating mesh convergence was completed similarly to the periodic hills case, by refining the mesh twice in each direction. Some cells could not be refined while maintaining reasonable mesh quality, which is the reason that the meshes in Figures \ref{fig:cbfs_mesh_conv_U} and \ref{fig:cbfs_mesh_conv_V} do not exactly have $N,\ 4N,$ and $16N$ cells. The solution has excellent mesh convergence at $N=37,082$, in both the $U$ and $V$ velocity fields.

\section*{Usage Notes}

The dataset structure consists of a folder for each turbulence model, with an additional folder for the DNS/LES labels \cite{McConkey2021}. The RANS features for each case are provided using a consistent naming scheme. This structure allows the data to be accessed and processed in a coherent manner for immediate use in open-source machine learning frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. An example of how to use the data to develop a simple machine learning model for the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor are provided on the dataset page. The dataset will be updated as more DNS/LES reference datasets become available, or if there is demand to include additional RANS turbulence models.

There are approximately 1,000 fields per turbulence model, provided as \texttt{numpy} arrays. The first index for all fields in the dataset is the data point index, equivalent to the cell index. The remaining indices in the array depends on the nature of the field. For example, all tensors are given with shape $(N,3,3)$, where $N$ is the data point index. The ten basis tensors used in a general representation of the anisotropy tensor proposed by Pope \cite{Pope1975} are given as an array with shape $(N,10,3,3)$. Relatively few pre-processing steps have been performed on the dataset --- no normalization or outlier elimination has been performed. The only deletions arise from a small subset (less than 50 points) of non-realizable LES label values, and any points requiring extrapolation of the reference data. Therefore, it is recommended that after a specific input feature set is formed using the provided fields, the input features should be standardized as is typical in machine learning. The RANS results also contain some outliers that may need to be dropped. For example, Kaandorp \cite{Kaandorp2018} dropped datapoints outside of $\mu \pm 5\sigma$, where $\mu$ is the mean, and $\sigma$ is the standard deviation.

\section*{Code availability}

Both the code used for generating this dataset and input files for the OpenFOAM simulations are available on the Kaggle page for this dataset \cite{McConkey2021}. The software used was OpenFOAM v2006, with all scripts written in Python 3.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Arts+CultureRise
23December 2011
TextRebecca Fulleylove
Paul Winstanley
The British artist makes the ordinary look extraordinary by painting mundane scenarios in his photo realistic style
Paul Winstanley14
Paul Winstanley creates photorealistic paintings of the mundane and ordinary, giving us snapshots into everyday life. Delivering simple images of empty spaces like interview/waiting rooms, TV lounges and corridors etc. he still manages to convey something powerful. It's the absence of chaos and the presence of this silence that becomes intriguing and allows the viewer to fill the painting with their own interpretations. The viewer is aware Winstanley is depicting reality as we've seen these sights before, but rarely in the way the artist manages to communicate, the colours are muted and have a blurred haze suggesting an almost dream-like feeling, as though we're not quite remembering all the details.
Often the spaces he paints are like time capsules, escaping redecoration and echoing structures of the 60s and 70s, but it's not just the way these places look that conjure a sense of familiarity, rather it's our feelings towards them as well. Feelings of being static, waiting for something to happen or passing the time are present in a lot of the artist's work. Despite the often bleak surroundings, Winstanley sees his work as hopeful though, whether it's in terms of seeing the creation of the image itself as a positive act or the fact that these empty spaces can lead on to more promising places, that they're a bit like limbo. Here Winstanley talks about why he feels painting allows him to express himself better than just taking photographs and why he rarely used to include people within his work.
Dazed Digital: Do you paint from photographs or memory?
Paul Winstanley: I work from photographs. It's one way of having information in the studio about what something looks like particularly when the subject matter is out there in the world and not something you can bring into the studio. I use the photographs in a number of different ways. It's not just a matter of straight transcription.
DD: Do you feel a painting gives you the freedom to be more expressive than a photograph perhaps would?
Paul Winstanley: I usually have a clear idea of what I want to paint right at the beginning and how I want it to be. Initially I find what I'm looking for and take photographs. But the photographs rarely live up to what I have in mind. So there might be a process of subsequent drawing or, nowadays, changes made in Photoshop. I might use two or three photographs to make the image I want.
Then in painting it there is another raft of decisions to consider. I like the paintings to suggest the detail, the reality of the subject, so paint in such a way as to imply that it's all there. I like the viewer to 'see' it, to fill it in for themselves. So the paintings become something very specific, something that the photographs are not, and come to embody all my intentions. They are entirely expressive which the photographs are not.
DD: Did you always want to become an artist?
Paul Winstanley: I always painted and regarded it as a language I seemed to understand. Even as a kid I felt I could 'read' paintings and intuitively understand the thinking in them. Painting was always important and allowed me to express myself in a subtle, non verbal, way. However the idea that someone could become an artist didn't really develop until my late teens. But still I didn't see how you could make a living from it. Yet I never took other kinds of work very seriously and kept choosing to make art and so, in the end, I became an artist!
DD: Your subject matter is fairly ordinary, such as empty interview rooms, lobbies or window landscapes etc. What interests you in the 'everyday'?
Paul Winstanley: There are common denominators to all experience, how we live our lives, where we live, what we remember. There are cultural connections between us all. I try and find subject matter at this fundamental level; at a level that sparks recognition. It is the extremely ordinary things in life where these connections can be found. In developing images of these situations the ordinary becomes extraordinary and we see them anew. Everywhere there are beautiful things. Life is amazing.
DD: While there's an absence of people in much of your work, you do include figures sometimes. Do you feel there's a different feeling evoked when you include a person in the static landscape?
Paul Winstanley: For many years I did not include people in my paintings. I felt the viewer standing in front of the painting would be that protagonist if one were needed. However I have become more interested in the relationship between the viewer and the figure and I now use images of people much more freely. They're never portraits however but people in the landscape or in a situation doing something simple like watching or talking on a phone or smoking a cigarette; usually something self absorbing to which we have a tangential access. We do not see them fully.
DD: What are you working on now?
Paul Winstanley: I have just had a large solo exhibition of new work in New York so right now I am in the post exhibition down period of thinking about new things, making some studies and small scale things on paper. I have work in some group shows touring museums in Europe and America in the near future. My next solo show may be in the UK but this is still under discussion. Watch this space.
This artist's book details the brutality of toxic love
Unravelling the disturbing theory behind Ghibli's 'Totoro'
Your guide to a safe acid trip
What life is like when you don't feel real

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Children will learn about the passage of time using traditional adult activities presented in a child-friendly manner. As part of the traditional celebration, the Museum will host a countdown with Father Time, complete with a balloon drop at the strike of noon. From 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., Father Time will lead guests in a dance party full of fun and swinging music. Activities include time to: •	Make New Year's hats out of recycled materials to wear as you celebrate the new year •	Pose in the Museum's New Year's photo booth while you show off your party hat •	Play a New Year's trivia game testing your knowledge of New Year's traditions and history •	Participate in family challenges like Minute to Win It as you race against the clock •	Enjoy a special New Year's Eve story time •	Create a time capsule to remember 2016 •	Write your resolutions for 2017 on Resolution Wall •	Decorate a cookie like a clock face with Rivertownes PA, USA and enjoy it as a snack afterward •	Accessorize with glitter tattoos and face painting by Mimzy's Face Painting <> Page 2 Joining in the celebration will also be a mob of mascots including Turkey Hill's "Hilda", Herr's "Chipper", and Columbia Fire Co.'s "Sparky" with his fire truck! Media sponsor for New Year's Eve at Noon is WJTL FM 90.3.
Adults $9, seniors $8, children age 5 -16 $5, younger than 5, free and family rate $23.


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As an Shopify store owner, you have found the need to stream line your customer service as your business grows. But there are plenty of options available for a small business like yours and each come with complications.
Composure can be a tricky thing to master on the phone while continuity is the trick when corresponding with visitors via email. The beauty of live chat is it is the best of both live interaction and methodical controlled communication. So you can represent your company both instantly and with your best foot forward.
As you begin your customer service in live chat, you must realize no two chats will be exactly the same and as a result difficult situations can arise from questions you may not immediately have answers for,sa to abusive visitors. But if you familiarize with the 7 basic types of chats you can be assured that you are prepared for almost anything a visitor might throw your way.
I've heard many great people say that content marketing is the only way to bring a constant flow of sales in to your startup but I have never given it 100% to see what the results might be. Why? Well I'm not a native English speaker and writing is not something I find time to do every day.
I love conversations and I'd much rather spend time chatting with someone on Instant Messenger than emailing them. Sadly neither Instant Messenger nor email will send traffic to our website and I've finally come to the conclusion that content marketing is the answer.
Shamefully, my last blog post was 5 months ago. I've been so caught up with our internal operations that I haven't found the time to write about what's going on in the company. Now that our Operations area is once again running smoothly, I'm back to looking at our marketing and have spent the whole of March thinking about what we can effectively do. I know content marketing is the way, but I've just been avoiding it.
Live Chat Ninjas is one of the fastest growing Startup based in of Vizag with a marketing team in Missouri, USA. Our mission here is to bring the same high quality customer support that fortune 500 companies enjoy, to Entrepreneurs, Small and medium online businesses.
Launched on 5th May 2015, we're growing at a great phase at which the business became stable within 3 months and with 30+ happy customers. We have an energetic team working 24 hours a day, 6 days a week constantly being online and serving each & every chat we get.
Do you believe in the phrase Do or die? Many people are afraid of putting all their eggs in one basket; they fear the situations they'll have to face if they fail. I used to be the same way. Over the past 4 years I've spent as an entrepreneur, I feared failure. In May 2015, however, I decided that enough was enough. Even though Stunnly.com is operating smoothly, my subconscious has yet to realize that I can't reach my goals with an agency model business. Exhausted by fighting for new customers, I—along with my friend/cofounder Narasimha—decided to start a new business one last time. We decided that if we didn't get 10 customers by the end of May, we were going to leave the company behind.
I'm super excited to show you our New Dashboard that we're developing from the past few weeks, helping our customers in tracking the number of chats, discussing recent changes and standardizing processes.
Harold did a very neat walk-through video (at the end of the post) showing you what all our dashboard can do for you. Have a read!
It's been almost 5 months since we launched Live Chat Ninjas. Our journey required a whole lot of struggle, 2 determined Entrepreneurs and an inspiring story — and in the end we managed to build a $3500 monthly recurring, stable business. We've been able to secure $3473 MRR in just 4 months by offering 24 hours a day, 6 days a week Live Chat Support to our customers.
This interview series is not like any other one, this is something different. Yes, we do take real interviews from real, successful Entrepreneurs but still, different. No, it's not like we're using a new technology, like holographic interview or something. What we're doing is to know how these most successful Entrepreneurs, once FAILED.
Me (Praveen) at Live Chat Ninjas, want to bring those dark days on the screen. Why? because, I failed once, badly! with my first startup and at that time, there is nothing like this to tell me, to educate me not make the mistakes I've done with my startup. I wish I could find something like this back then. I want the young, aspiring entrepreneurs and wannapreneurs to understand this, "Failure is inevitable. Embarrass it".


A video on social media captured the moment an escalator broke down in a metro station in Rome, injuring 20 people.
Twenty-four people have been injured after an escalator malfunctioned and rapidly sped downward at a Rome metro station, leaving passengers in a jumble at the bottom, Italian officials say.
One hospital, Policlinico Umberto I, located in Rome's San Lorenzo district, said a 33-year-old patient had a "complex trauma with a disassembled and exposed fracture of the lower right limb and fracture of the nose."
"The patient is now in post-operative intensive care," it said.
On Tuesday night, Rome's fire and rescue service posted a picture of the escalator steps which have been mangled due to the apparent malfunction.
A representative from ATAC, Rome's public transport company, said that "all maintenance checks of the escalator were carried out regularly and the results were in accordance to the norms."
Rome's Public Prosecutor's Office has opened an investigation into the cause of the accident, while ATAC also launched an internal probe.
Rome Mayor Virginia Raggi posted a Facebook live video from the scene on Tuesday night and said that she expressed her "solidarity to the injured" and that authorities need to understand what's happened.


text:
Doctors Complete First-Ever Kidney Transplant Between HIV-Positive Donor And Recipient
For the first time, a person living with HIV has donated a kidney to a transplant recipient also living with HIV, offering new hope for patients with the virus, doctors from Johns Hopkins Medicine said Thursday.
The kidney transplant was completed by a multidisciplinary team of doctors on Monday. Both the donor and the recipient are doing well, said the doctors in a news release.
"This is the first time someone living with HIV has been allowed to donate a kidney, ever, in the world, and that's huge," said Dorry Segev, M.D., Ph.D., professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
"A disease that was a death sentence in the 1980s has become one so well-controlled that those living with HIV can now save lives with kidney donation – that's incredible," Segev said.
Nina Martinez, the 35-year-old kidney donor from Atlanta, was inspired by the medical drama Grey's Anatomy and a friend who donated a living kidney.
"Some people believe that people living with HIV are 'sick,' or look unwell," Martinez said in the release. "As a policy advocate, I want people to change what they believe they know about HIV.
"I don't want to be anyone's hero. I want to be someone's example, someone's reason to consider donating," she added.
In the past, HIV was considered too much of a risk factor for kidney disease in the donor. But new anti-HIV medications have changed that.
Moreover, those with well-controlled HIV have basically the same risks as those without HIV and are healthy enough to donate kidneys, according to a recent research led by Segev on over 40,000 people with HIV.
"What's meaningful about the first living kidney donor – who is also living with HIV – is that this advances medicine while defeating stigma, too. It challenges providers and the public to see HIV differently," said Christine Durand, M.D., associate professor of medicine and oncology and member of the Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.
About 113,000 people are currently on the transplant waiting list in the United States, according to the non-profit organization United Network for Organ Sharing. Many have died while waiting for transplants.
"As patients waiting for a transplant see that we're working with as many donors as possible to save as many lives as possible, we're giving them hope. Every successful transplant shortens the waitlist for all patients, no matter their HIV status," Durand said.
Tagsassociate professor of medicine and oncology Christine Durand Johns Hopkins Medicine Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center M.D.
US Surgeons Successfully Transplant Penis, Scrotum
Health	1 year ago


text:
Beinn Tharsuinn, Easter Ross
Thomas Callender Campbell Mackie	(1886–1952)
© the copyright holder. Photo credit: The Glasgow School of Art
This artist was an evening-class student of the Glasgow School of Art (GSA) from 1904–1910. He trained as an architect and, in the years before the First World War, he designed ship interiors. In 1920, he joined the GSA as an Assistant Professor in Design and Decorative Art and remained on the staff until 1949.
This painting was lost in the fire in The Mackintosh Building at The Glasgow School of Art on 23rd May 2014.
H 48.5 x W 79 cm
NMC/986
bequeathed by Mary Mackie, 2009
Field (3,094)
Hill (6,014)
Landscape (10,461)
Mountain (3,785)
Beinn Tharsuinn (1)
Easter Ross (1)
167 Renfrew Street, Glasgow G3 6RQ Scotland
Thomas Callender Campbell Mackie
Ben Ledi Glasgow Museums Resource Centre (GMRC)
Loch Awe Lillie Art Gallery
Mountains of Arran Lillie Art Gallery
Bein Gabloch Lillie Art Gallery
Suilven, Sutherland Perth & Kinross Council
Goat Fell, Arran The Glasgow School of Art
Beinn Tharsuinn, Easter Ross The Glasgow School of Art


Here is a cover of Chris Stapleton Whiskey and you I did in my home studio.
I do this live at my acoustic shows. I just love everything about this song. I'll post the lyrics below as well.
Links to my music are below.
You can see another recent cover I did of Cody Johnson's song "On My Way to You" Here.


Allegro is an incredible Mediterranean villa situated in the Dural region of the Hills District, 35 minutes from the Sydney CBD.
Nestled in the extensive gardens of Allegro is a magnificent gazebo for ceremonies It also boasts a huge tiered seating area, a double bridal swing and bridge, an arbour and numerous areas to take those perfect wedding shots.
Complete your details below and your enquiry will be emailed directly to Allegro Function Centre. Please check your contact details are correct to ensure the quickest possible reply.


text:
import requests, json

# The setup for acceessing Carriots, enter your own API key
app_url = "http://api.carriots.com/"
app_element = "streams/"
app_key = "ENTER_YOUR_API_KEY_HERE"

headers = {"carriots.apikey":app_key}

# Enter any filter parameters in the params section below to limit which streams are retreived
# Example:  {'device': 'example@carriots'}
params = {}

print ""
print "Getting streams from Carriots..."

# Request, via the API, the streams and store the json locally
carriotsResponse = requests.get(app_url + app_element, params=params, headers=headers)
binary = carriotsResponse.content
output = json.loads(binary)

# Uncomment the following if you wish to see the specific streams retreived
#Print "The following are the streams retreived"
#print output

print "There are " + str(len(output['result'])) + " streams retrieved from Carriots."
print "Deleting each stream..."

success = 0
fail = 0

for stream in range(len(output['result'])):
    carriotsResponse = requests.delete(app_url + app_element + output['result'][stream]['id_developer'] + "/", headers=headers)

    if carriotsResponse.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
        success += 1
    else:
        fail += 1

print ""
print "Total streams deleted: " + str(success)
print "Total streams unable to delete: " + str(fail)
print ""

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Would you walk up to this house on Halloween night (house on lower left)? I've always thought this house looked a little spooky from the day I took the photo and I think it works well in this painting. Once I finished painting the shrubs and sidewalk, I realized that all the lights are off in this house. I may have to change that. I like my Halloween paintings to be child friendly especially with little goblins going door to door. What do you think, lights on or off?
I started the lower right house this afternoon and hopefully this painting will be finished by the end of next week.
Oh yes; lights on for sure and a pumpkin or two on the front porch! You can never have enough pumpkins in my opinion!
Lights are good...OR all lights with one dark window and a face in the window. LOL. Nah. That's not at all kid friendly.
This is going to be a wonderful painting!
love Vee's comment, but I agree lights on.


text:
Paludan Müllers Vej er et dansk vejnavn og refererer bl.a. til følgende:

 Paludan Müllers Vej (Aalborg)
 Paludan-Müllers Vej (Aarhus)
 Paludan Müllers Vej (Frederiksberg)
 Paludan-Müllers Vej (Haderslev)
 Paludan Müllers Vej (Odense)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Celebrate St. James
Past-Present-Future
176 Second Street, St. James, New York
SENIOR FITNESS CLASSES
MUSICAL THEATER CLASSES
CELEBRATING WINTER
PAST ART EXHIBITS
KIDS COMMUNITY
MUSICAL THEATER WORKSHOP
PIZZA AND PUPPETS
LIVING HISTORY SERIES
CLASSIC MOVIES SERIES
Celebrate St James - Our Mission
Celebrate St. James Past-Present-Future, the Cultural Arts Organization committed to revitalizing the St. James community and is pleased to present the St James Community Cultural Arts Center.
Once known as the historic St. James Calderone Theatre, built in the early 1900's, the St James Cultural Arts Center is believed to have been the vehicle for many stage performances before it was a movie theater. Through an annual calendar packed with performances, classes, seminars, and other exciting events, Celebrate St. James has initiated a capital campaign to purchase and restore this iconic structure adjacent to the Lake Avenue business district.
Celebrate Park Dedication, October 18, 2022
Park designed by:
Bob Retnauer, RLA, ASLA, Principal, RDA Landscape Architecture, PC,
Michael Morbillo, AIA, LEED AP, ENSPIRE Design Group,
Natalie Weinstein, Allied ASID, IDS, Natalie Weinstein Design Associates
Thank you for being a part of the St. James Renaissance! Our unique and special town has an auspicious history, but it has so much more. It has spirit and pride and a desire to look back while looking forward. It has young and growing families, valued seniors, those who have been here for generations, and those who have just chosen to live and work in our wonderful hamlet because of who we are and what we stand for.
Our treasures are many as "St. Jamsers". We are a living history community. Buildings still stand and are a reminder today of the blessings of small town life and the importance of preserving our heritage. We were the "most happening" town in the early 20th century. Vaudeville lived along-side serious theater and the New York political scene came to St. James as well.
Happily, in the year 2017, the town became energized. It was also the year Celebrate St. James Past-Present-Future was founded as a nonprofit entity. It's mission is to preserve and celebrate St. James' rich history and inspire an appreciation and knowledge of the arts in our community. In the spring of 2019, the Town of Smithtown created the historic St. James Cultural and Arts District along Lake Avenue.
2020 will always be remembered as the year when a pandemic changed our lives. In St. James, our hometown heroes saved our lives. They worked tirelessly and selflessly. During this unprecedented time, we were apart physically, but never closer together in our resolve. Simultaneously, the long-awaited work of reconstructing the sidewalks and roads on Lake Avenue was begun and is now almost completed. This project was necessary in the name of progress for our Historic St. James and Cultural and Arts District and our economic growth.
In November 2020, Town Supervisor Ed Wehrheim and the Town Board joined CSJ in a groundbreaking ceremony commemorating the construction of Celebrate St. James Park at the site of the former Irish Viking Bar. This park will highlight our past, present and future. The money raised by CSJ through engraved brick and the 2021 Keepsake Calendar sales, along with generous donations from the community will build the park which will forever stand as a testament to what local government, community minded organizations and hometown residents can accomplish together.
9/11 Art Show
CELEBRATE ST JAMES PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE
Patricia Clark, President
Arline Goldstein, First Vice President
Jack Ader, Second Vice President
Veronica Manno, Third Vice President
Anthony Chiofalo, Vice President Public Relations
Randi Kuveke, Treasurer
Elaine Demy, Recording Secretary
Doris Meyer, Corresponding Secretary
Natalie Weinstein, Past President
Movie Museum
176 Second Street,
St. James NY 11780
Email: celebratestjames@gmail.com


The Ripley's, the VIAB, and the WRG meet to discuss the goals of the upcomming field season.
The Werowocomoco Research Group (WRG) and the landowners of the site made a significant step toward establishing a new paradigm for cooperative archaeology when they decided that they wanted the descendent Indian communities involved in the research planning, activities and interpretation from the outset. They approached the Virginia Council on Indians, the state entity responsible for Indian issues, and informed them in executive session in November, 2002, about the proposed research. The WRG then invited the chiefs and tribal leaders to a meeting at the site during which they gave an overview of the research plans and goals and the desire for a partnership with the Virginia Indians. This meeting took place in February, 2003. At that time, the WRG asked the tribal leaders for a Virginia Indian Advisory Board made up of representatives of the descendent community tribes.
The Virginia Indian Advisory Board was formed of tribal appointees before the first field research was begun at Werowocomoco. Members include Jeff Brown, Pamunkey; Kerry Canaday, Chickahominy; Mark Custalow, Mattaponi; Lee Lockamy, Nansemond; Chief Anne Richardson, Rappahannock; Reggie Tupponce, Upper Mattaponi, and ex-officio advisors Chief Steve Adkins, Chickahominy and Chief Emeritus Oliver Perry, Nansemond.
The Werowocomoco Virginia Indian Advisory Board members also help keep their tribal communities informed on the activities and plans at Werowocomoco, and they solicit opinions and information to share with the WRG and the landowners to help in making future plans.
Scheduled visits by members of the descendent Indian communities are welcomed by the landowners, both during the research periods and at other times throughout the year. During the first research phase of 2003, many tribal members came to visit and some even worked along with the archaeology team.
In the fall and winter months of 2003/04, the Werowocomoco Research Group will be making formal presentations on the results of the first year's research to the Virginia Council on Indians and to Virginia's tribal communities. These presentations will provide additional opportunity for open interaction and dialogue between the WRG and the Virginia Indian community, so that the research at Werowocomoco progresses with the researchers, landowners and the descendent Indian communities in full partnership.


This series of articles will contain the musical interests of teachers at KHS: Lisa Hellmich, history teacher, Jason Evans, history teacher, Cindy Kohler, French teacher and Adam Rowland, English teacher. TKC asked about each teacher's five favorite songs right now as well as their general taste in music.
Overall, Koehler's music taste ranges from pop punk bands such as The Police to alternative country artists like Rayland Baxter. She enjoys Billy Joel, the B-52s and Devo as well.
TKC: Is music important to you? When do you listen to music the most?
TKC: Is there anyone you think of when you listen to music?
TKC: Favorite three artists of all time?
TKC: Have you had a consistent taste in music or has it evolved?
TKC: What do you think of music your students listen to?
TKC: Has teaching French affected your music taste?


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Q: google sheets gives the option of using apikey for javascript but does not work i am trying to send four points of data to a spread sheet from a website i am developing. name, email, subject, message.
function loadClient() {
      gapi.client.setApiKey(myapikey);
      return gapi.client.load("https://content.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/sheets/v4/rest")
          .then(function() {
            console.log("GAPI client loaded for API");
          }, function(error) {
            console.error("Error loading GAPI client for API");
          });
    }
    // Make sure the client is loaded before calling this method.
    function execute() {
      return gapi.client.sheets.spreadsheets.values.append({
        "spreadsheetId": mysheetid,
        "range": "a1",
        "includeValuesInResponse": "false",
        "insertDataOption": "INSERT_ROWS",
        "responseDateTimeRenderOption": "SERIAL_NUMBER",
        "responseValueRenderOption": "FORMATTED_VALUE",
        "valueInputOption": "RAW",
        "resource": {
          "values": [
            [
              "test@text.com",
              "jimmy clarke",
              "subject",
              "this is a test email"
            ]
          ]
        }
      })
          .then(function(response) {
            // Handle the results here (response.result has the parsed body).
            console.log("Response", response);
          }, function(error) {
            console.error("Execute error", error);
          });
    }
    gapi.load("client");
  </script>

i expected it to send the data to the google sheet without error.
it tells me that this can only be sent using oauth.
i would prefer not to use oauth. my main pain point is that when i look at the (google made) templates it allows for the use of the api key, though when i run the code i recieve and i receive this error

Object {
          result: {…},
          body: "{\n  \"error\":
              {\n    \"code\": 401,\n    \"message\": \"Request is missing required authentication credential. Expected OAuth 2 access token, login cookie or other valid authentication credential. See https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/devconsole-project.\",\n    \"status\": "UNAUTHENTICATED\"\n  }\n}\n", headers: {…}, status: 401, statusText: "Unauthorized" }

Could i have made a mistake in setting it up?

A: May have found the answer i believe it is due to the fact that i left the
spread sheet as private, which would require the use of the oauth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder of unknown aetiology that involves the loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Significant progress in understanding the cellular mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in ALS has not been matched with the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression, and riluzole remains the only available therapy, with only marginal effects on disease survival. More recently alterations of mRNA processing in genetically defined forms of ALS, as those related to TDP-43 and FUS-TLS gene mutations have provided important insights into the molecular networks implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Here we review some of the recent progress in promoting therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration.


19 years of saving our clients money.
Development and custom programming has frequently given our clientele a strong rate of return. Infobytes is here to help you increase your bottom line.
Within 4 months of deploying our Parking Ticket application, one city in Northern Utah gained $83,000 in found money. The app we built was so efficient and streamlined.
The men and women behind the computers at Infobytes are extremely talented and make great commercial art, graphics, web design and development exclusively for you. These custom programming projects can be deployed on the web, smartphones, tablets or other mobile devices used by your employees and customers.
Solving problems with unique solutions and custom programming is our forte. We built the Ticket Sales with Reserve Seating application for the Larry H. Miller Theatre Group as well as a myriad of other custom programs for entities across the western United States. Our programs save time, money, and have been know to help decrease crime rates (ex. the Good Landlord program for Ogden City).


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Home Food Poisoning News Salmonella Outbreak Near Russellville, AL, Sickens a Dozen
Salmonella Outbreak Near Russellville, AL, Sickens a Dozen
"All the water testing we've done in Hildale has been clean, so we're focusing all our efforts on contaminated food or exposure to animals."
The Alabama Department of Health (ADH) is now on alert after a dozen individuals have been identified as possible victims of a salmonella outbreak. So far, three have been confirmed as salmonella victims, one child and two adults, while another nine are under investigation. At least two of the victims were hospitalized, but all three are reported to be recovering from their illness.
Dr. Karen Landers, an Assistant State Health Officer, believes the ADH is close to identifying the entity at the heart of this outbreak (believed to be a single restaurant), and further believes the outbreak to have been contained. The ADH reported that the victims had been made ill last week, likely having ingested the salmonella laced food on June 4th or 5th in the Russellville area (about 100 miles North West of Birmingham, Alabama, close to Florence and Decatur, Alabama).
The ADH has not revealed the target of their investigation.
The salmonella lawyers at Ron Simon & Associates, who have represented thousands of salmonella victims, are also investigating, and interviewing potential victims in this and a number of other national salmonella outbreaks. Salmonella lawyer Ron Simon encourages anyone who has displayed the symptoms of food poisoning in the Russellville area in the last week to seek medical attention and get tested for salmonella poisoning. By being properly identified, each case enables the ADH to further their investigation and to make it easier for health officials to protect the community from further illness.
The salmonella lawyers at Ron Simon & Associates are also available to discuss the legal rights that salmonella victims may have.
Previous articleSalmonella Outbreak Linked to Proper Restaurant in Boone, NC, Nears 40 Victims
Next articleEl Patron Issued an Emergency Order to Cease Operations after Patrons are Sickened by Salmonella
Brote de Salmonella Javiana vinculado a Tailor Cut Fruit: 96 Casos confirmados.
FDA Announces Amendment of Mavidon's Voluntary Worldwide Recall On Various Manufactured Medical Devices over Burkholderia cepacia
Foodborne Botulism is Declared the Cause of El Paso County, CO Woman's Death
Brote de norovirus vinculado a la muerte de un residente de New Hampshire.
Brotes de trébol retirados debido a preocupaciones de E. coli O103.
Actualizaciones de la FDA sobre la investigación de Scombrotoxin Intoxicación con pescado.


What a song. Gold Panda, a British man born in 1980, seems to have moved from songs that, whilst being very listenable, are filled with squiffy beats that defy the natural logic of how a beat should go - its pattern, if you will. With 'Brazil' there is an extremely noticeable groove, one that captivates and mesmerises to a degree that I can't even name, count or begin to recognise. Ok, I can recognise it, but it's really and uniquely nice.
Why don't you have a listen for yourself, even if you've heard it before - and especially if you've heard it before, you'll want to hear it again, no doubt no doubt.
There's something very 'Brazil' indeed about the beat - at once disjointed and glitchy, almost like a fly trying to burst through a window - in that it seems to be a Samba-esque rhythm (tell me I'm wrong) though watered down and rolled around and put with a videogame through a euphoric blender. If there is such a sound, this song is it.
A warm quality wraps the whole thing up in ambient, all-encompassing synths that chug along in the background behind everything, blanketing the entire sound from the bottom up with hot vibes that are hard not to digest.
As for that sample, that lyric as it were, of 'Brazil' being repeated... well, there is joy in repetition. Hot Chip coined it very well in 'Over And Over' - "The joy of repetition...". Although I don't think they were referencing music, but perhaps they were, in fact - let's say they were. Yes, they were. And 'Brazil' is a perfect example of that joy.


Jay Cutler was the number eleven 11 pick of the 2006 NFL Draft. Jay Cutler went to the Denver Broncos as a quarterback. Round 1 pick 11. Eleventh.
Jay Cutler went to Vanderbilt.
Jay Cutler Pros: Great play maker and motivator.
Jay Cutler Cons: Mechanics are poor.


First of all, thank you from Up Cancer and on behalf of all cancer survivors. As a caregiver during cancer treatment and remission, you are not thanked enough! Thank caregivers for your help.
During cancer treatment, most caregivers tend to put their emotions aside, and this can lead to a higher rate of depression. Holding in your emotions can cause you additional undue stress to the relationship with the persons who are dealing with cancer. It is not uncommon for a cancer survivor and partner to split up after one has completed cancer treatment and is now in remission. Our goal is to help you become aware of these emotions to help you through this journey that builds a better bond with each other.
It is important to deal with these emotions to keep a healthy relationship or grow into a healthier emotional relationship with the cancer survivor.
If you find yourself feeling these emotions for more than 2 weeks or depressed, it is important to go to a caregiver support group or find someone who can help you to describe your emotions like a counselor. Holding in your emotions and not dealing with them will cause you to become irritable and effects your relationships with others.
Guilt is a common emotion for caregivers. Caregivers can feel guilty for being healthy, feeling frustrated, happy, or even feeling responsible for the persons cancer, you may feel guilty you are not helping enough.
Sadness is a common issue for caregivers. They can be sad to see what the cancer survivor is going though. They can be sad on how the relationship is now compared to before. They can be sad for not having the finance to do more. There are many reason for sadness. You not alone in these feelings.
Anger is a very common emotion many cancer survivors struggle. One can be angry for not being recognized enough for the work they do. One can be angry at the insurance system or even how long it might take to get results. One can be angry for not being able to do more or be angry at God. Your anger is a normal feeling. It is important to learn how to describe theses emotions, so you can start to work on them.
Greif is a deep sorrow. You can easily grieve what the cancer survivor is going though. You can grieve in anticipation of death. You can even delay grief, or a cancer diagnoses can cause you to stir up emotions from the past loss.
Loneliness is a common when you are a caregiver. You can feel like you are the only person going through this struggle. It can cause you to not talk to the cancer survivor for you are trying to hide your emotions. Hiding your emotions can cause you to feel isolated. Some days you are going from work to helping at the house to visiting your partner at the hospital. As a friend you can now feel isolated to the one going to cancer treatment for you do not know what to say. It is important to talk about these emotions and find a caregiver support group. The more emotionally healthy you are the better you can be present for your friend/partner during this time.
Stress: a cancer diagnoses is stressful for all parties that are involved. As a caregiver, there are new financial stress to stresses in communication. It is important that you learn how to take care of your stress level.
"Your not alone in your feelings. It is important to kind and forgive yourself during the journey." Rico Dence Founder Up Cancer.


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Guatemala + 2 more
Guatemala: Population Movement (MDRGT014) - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA)
A. Situation analysis
Description of the disaster On 13 October 2018, the migrant caravan began its journey in San Pedro Sula, Honduras with approximately 1,500 people (increasing to an average of 8,500 people within a few days of its initial departure). The caravan, which includes men, women, elderly persons, children and babies, entered through the Agua Caliente customs office in the department of Chiquimula, Guatemala and other access points such as El Amatillo and El Florido.
The caravan's migratory route through Guatemala began in the municipality of Esquipulas in the department of Chiquimula before heading to Guatemala City and then to the city of Tecún Umán (via the CA9 Road) in the municipality of Ayutla, department of San Marcos, which borders Tapachula, Mexico in the state of Chiapas.
According to surveys carried out by various humanitarian organizations from Monday, 15 October to 17 October 2018 and data from the official collective centres, about 8,500 people passed through the department of Chiquimula.
Once the migrants reached the municipality of Esquipulas, Guatemala, they were transported by bus or private vehicle. Since the onset of the emergency, civil society actors, religious organizations, the GRC, volunteer firefighters, the Guatemalan government and United Nations agencies have been providing temporary shelters, basic first aid, potable water, transfers to hospitals and restoring family links (RFL) services.
This massive mobilization of people, both those who are on the southern border of Mexico and those who are still trying to enter Guatemala through various borders, reveals a crisis that could extend for several days; a protracted crisis situation would increase the migrants' needs and likely exceed the Guatemalan Red Cross's material and economic resources and thus its ability to provide dignified care and alleviate the suffering of the migrants
Honduras + 4 more
Central America: Hurricane Eta & Iota - Revised Emergency Appeal n° MDR43007, Revision no. 1
Honduras: COVID-19 Informe de Situación No. 11 (Al 30 de junio de 2020)
Guatemala: Population Movement (MDRGT014) - DREF Operations Update n° 1
Ethiopia + 1 more
Ethiopia - Tigray Region Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 15 January 2021


RSS Autoblog Podcast #396 goes LIVE at 10PM Eastern!
We're almost ready to record Episode #396 of the Autoblog Podcast! You can check out the topics below, add your own to the Q&A and join us live via UStream, as well. Keep reading for our embedded UStream player, and thanks for listening!
Continue reading Autoblog Podcast #396 goes LIVE at 10PM Eastern!
Autoblog Podcast #396 goes LIVE at 10PM Eastern! originally appeared on Autoblog on Mon, 08 Sep 2014 21:30:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.


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Home > North America > Canada > Government Wage Restraint Legislation Upheld
Government Wage Restraint Legislation Upheld
By Michael Torrance on September 24, 2014 Posted in Canada
The Ontario Superior Court of Justice has affirmed that the federal government did not violate unionized employee's freedom of association by legislating wage increase limits in The Professional Institute of Public Service of Canada v Canada (Attorney General). This is an interesting development for governmental policy makers and public employers, particularly in light of previous jurisprudence from the Supreme Court of Canada that had addressed the scope of the constitutional protection of freedom of association.
As a result of the financial downturn of 2008, the federal government imposed wage increase restrictions for its employees by passing the Expenditure Restraint Act (the "Act"). Two unions representing Federal employees, were engaged in collective bargaining at the time the legislation was enacted. These unions applied to the Court arguing the Act was unconstitutional because it violated the employee's right to freedom of association under s. 2(d) of the Charter. In essence, they argued that the restriction on wages prevented good faith bargaining. The federal government argued that good faith bargaining was still possible and that the union simply made their claim because they were unhappy with the outcome of negotiations.
After the Act was passed, the collective bargaining negotiations broke down with the two unions. Some bargaining units represented by the unions did reach agreements imposing the wage increase limits set out in the Act. Others did not reach agreements due, in part, to disagreement over the wage increase limits. Where agreements had already been reached, they were rolled back to reflect the Act by effect of the new legislation.
The Courtnoted that freedom of association includes the freedom of the collective to act to achieve its goals. While it does not include the right to any particular outcome, it does require that the parties engage in "meaningful discussion." However, the unions were wrong, in the Court's view, to conflate the right to collectively bargain with the right to freely associate. As the Act was directed at all employees and not the unions specifically, it did not infringe on the freedom of association. In addition, s. 2(d) of the Charter only protects against substantial interference in freedom of association. The Court held that wage increase limits were in the context of an economic crisis and not so substantial as to render the freedom of association "substantially or effectively impossible." The Court found that there is no absolute right to collective bargaining. Negotiation about wage increases was only a small part of the greater negotiation process. When the process is looked at as a whole, the union and federal government engaged in a meaningful bargaining process.
While the Court found that the Act did not breach s. 2(d) of the Charter, the decision went on to conclude that the legislation would nevertheless have been saved by s. 1 of the Charter and therefore upheld as constitutional. This was because, in the context of an economic crisis, the federal government sought to respond by controlling its own spending. This was determined to have been a sufficiently important objective and justified the legislation in the circumstances.
It remains to be seen if the decision will be successfully challenged on Appeal.
As it stands, this case supports the conclusion that the right to freedom of association does not exist in a vacuum, but rather must be viewed in the specific context of time, space, and economic realities. These factors can justify government action that affects wage negotiations through legislated restrictions. Whether the parties have engaged in a meaningful bargaining process will depend not on the approach taken to any one issue, but on the negotiation process as a whole. The impetus behind the wage restrictions affecting bargaining outcomes may also be a relevant factor. This decision will be of particular relevance in the Province of Ontario where wage restraint legislation has been implemented in relation to non-union public sector employees. Caution must, however, be exercised in interpreting the results, particularly with reference to the earlier judgments of the Supreme Court we have noted.
Tags: legislation, wage restraint


Because a six-movie franchise wasn't enough.
We're about to get a lot more Tolkien in our lives. Like, a lot more. As in a multi-season binge-worthy TV series with spin-offs and more. On Monday, Amazon announced that it bought the global television rights to The Lord of the Rings, and that it's already greenlit a TV adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's popular fantasy series. According to EW, the show will take place before the first LOTR novel and movie, so we might soon be catching glimpses of baby Frodo and teenage Gollum.
The Internet, however, doesn't seem too thrilled. As soon as the news broke, Twitter users everywhere have been tweeting their reactions, and the reviews...aren't great. One of the main complaints was that we kind of already have enough Tolkien to last us several lifetimes. Peter Jackson's LOTR movie trilogy is 558 minutes (!) altogether, and that's not counting the extended version. Then there's the Hobbit movies, which don't seem nearly as bad at 462 minutes. That is, until you remember they're all based on one book.
The Internet also made the point that with literally so many other fantasy series out there waiting to be adapted, it doesn't really make sense to devote more screentime to a franchise that's already six movies long.
Still, if Amazon switches it up enough, some people are still willing to give it a chance. As Twitter user @katmsinclair writes, "I only want a Lord of the Rings TV adaptation if it is written, directed, produced, and promoted by the masterminds behind Riverdale. Thank you." Honestly? We're here for it.


As a Certified Public Accountant, Harriett Fox provides forensic accounting services to clients and their attorneys in a wide variety of cases. In Family Law, Harriett is devoted to expanding the use of the Collaborative Divorce Process. This alternative to litigation helps families to move forward with their lives, decide what is an equitable division of assets for THEM, and to establish effective co-parenting relationships. Parents who use the Collaborative Divorce Process are likely to fare better emotionally and financially than if they had chosen another path. Harriett has been a Fortune 500 senior financial executive, a Chief Financial Officer for several closely held and family-owned businesses, and currently runs her own professional practice in Miami. Her background includes working for a "Big Eight" (now big four) consulting firm, thereby adding to her unique perspective on a range of corporate litigation matters. Based in Miami, Harriett Fox offers financial and litigation support services to clients and attorneys throughout South Florida.
We handle every case with the highest level of INTEGRITY. We help ensure that assets such as family businesses, pension plans, stock options, and company shares are properly valued and divided.
We have the EXPERIENCE to assist with divorces in litigation, mediation or collaboration.
We have the KNOWLEDGE to work with couples who are professionals, executives, business owners and high-net-worth individuals and their spouses.
We have the COMMUNICATION SKILLS that assure our clients that we will keep them and their attorneys informed as we complete our work.
We can work as NEUTRAL FINANCIAL PROFESSIONALS to save clients the cost of duplicating work and compounding fees.


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+44 (0)345 241 2889 info@shields.energy
Home / Media / Coda Ensures Your Business Is COVID-Secure
Coda Ensures Your Business Is COVID-Secure
Getting people back into the office post-COVID and months of lockdown-life needs careful consideration and management for a number of reasons. Businesses have a duty of care when requesting colleagues to return to the workplace, a colleague who can do their job from their own home should be allowed to remain working from home, but for those who cannot, they need to know that the office to which they are returning is safe to enter.
According to CIBSEs 'emerging from lockdown' guidance there are a number of measures businesses need to put in place to ensure it is safe to re-occupy buildings. The operation and maintenance of HVAC systems is high on the agenda when making buildings COVID-secure.
Previously and pre-COVID, the main considerations for an efficient HVAC system was to be well managed for wellness and comfort as well as energy efficient for carbon and cost reduction. Post-COVID, the considerations for wellness and energy efficiency still stand, however the guidelines for the new way in which we need to operate HVAC systems will have an immediate impact on energy efficiency and associated costs.
The role of IoT and digital platforms like our CODA device will be critical to managing internal air quality (IAQ) and wellness as well as managing energy efficiency to ensure that pre-COVID energy efficiency targets aren't blown out of the water.
Wellness in the workplace is a critical prerequisite and even more so post-COVID with a greater necessity on managing and monitoring IAQ to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
But How Do We Create Wellness in the Workplace?
IoT solutions like CODA deliver insights on internal conditions within the building by:
Considering temperature controls according to outside conditions – no one wants to be too hot or too cold building when they are dressed for the time of year.
Creating safety around light levels during and post occupancy.
Monitoring occupancy levels for comfort and people flow.
And to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and its impact on building occupiers, IoT devices like CODA can
Managing humidity and temperature levels to reduce the transmission of COVID-19
Delivering natural ventilation where possible – no more recirculation of air.
Ensure for a constant trickle of air flow even when the building is unoccupied.
Sensor technology delivering alerts that measure presence of coronaviruses.
Temperature monitoring and alerts on entrance points to a building.
What Does All This Mean for Energy Efficiency?
To do all of the above whilst managing energy efficiency is no mean feat.
Pre-COVID, IoT devices would ensure systems are off when the building is unoccupied, maintenance regimes were up to date to ensure efficient operation and certain control strategies around the operation of HVAC and air flow were set up to reduce energy consumption and cost.
Pre-COVID, the most efficient IoT and building control devices delivered up to 30% energy cost reduction for businesses.
With COVID-Secure guidelines on the operation of HVAC equipment, there are direct implications on energy efficiency and associated costs.
For example, the requirement for a continuous external air flow through the AC units, means the AC can no longer run on a recirculation mode resulting in the AC working harder to cool or heat the external air according to summer/winter months.
In addition, the HVAC needs to constantly trickle through the building even when it's unoccupied; gone are the days when we achieved maximum energy cost reduction by switching all systems and equipment off out of hours.
CODA can manage the building systems according to CIBSE guidelines to ensure the buildings are COVID-Secure and through innovative software and dashboards, deliver insights into the impact on energy efficiency and identify other opportunities to reduce consumption and cost in post-COVID times. The software also validates on the IAQ of the building giving owners and occupiers peace of mind that the building is COVID-secure.
For more information or to find out how the team at Shields Energy can help you, please call us on +44 (0)345 241 2889 or email info@shields.energy.
If you are looking to save energy, reduce reactive maintenance and better manage your entire estate please contact us.
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