I'm just gonna come out and say it: Musicians are notoriously hard to buy for. This is even truer when the person who is buying the gifts may not exactly be hip to equipment and instruments, or even what sort of music you like to listen to.
There are specialist sites to find gifts for the geeks in your life, and even sites that sell the weirdest stuff. And I'm talking weirder than fluffy pink ukuleles weird. Heck, there are even places where you can get niche gifts like philosophy. But there are no sites like this for musicians or music lovers. At least, not really, how rude is that?
Well, I'm here to help. As a musician myself, I am pretty picky about what I want. (I mean, orange amps or bust, am I right?) But there is a bunch of stuff out there that will be cool for everyone.
There are birthday cards that have guitars on them. Usually, those cards are for little boys, which is also rude, but they exist. Christmas cards on the other hand, not so much.
Wouldn't it be cool if there were some rockstar puns out there on cards like, "Jimi Bells" or "We Wish You a Merry KISSmas"?
You can't go wrong here. You see, a mixtape is a selection of songs that you pull together that remind you of the person you're gifting them to.
To a musician and a music-lover, mixtapes are super personal and even if the songs aren't to our own taste, it's the effort that goes into them that matters.
Literally, somebody put aside a few hours in their day to find songs that remind them of you. How can that not be an amazing thing?
This one is a hard one whether you know about gear or not, mostly due to the fact everybody is different. It's also crazy expensive, so not something you have to tread lightly around.
However, if you want to spoil the person you're buying for, try to slip a question into the conversation. Ask them what gear they are wanting at the moment. If they tell you, tell them you'll get it for them for Christmas.
You'll make their day and they won't feel weird about never using it or wanting to return it before the warranty is up.
Christmas is hard to make people happy on, which it shouldn't be. But it's even harder to make some musicians happy on, so follow these few little tips and you'll have a happy bassist yet.
← Have You Started Your Halloween Preparations Yet?


text:
Variance in Stallion Semen Quality among Equestrian Sporting Disciplines and Competition Levels
Effect of Supplementation with Trimethylglycine (Betaine) and/or Vitamins on Semen Quality, Fertility, Antioxidant Status, DNA Repair and Welfare of Roosters Exposed to Chronic Heat Stress
Transition from Conventional Broiler Meat to Meat from Production Concepts with Higher Animal Welfare: Experiences from The Netherlands
10.3390/ani9080484
Mancini, S.
Fratini, F.
Turchi, B.
Mattioli, S.
Dal Bosco, A.
Tuccinardi, T.
Nozic, S.
Paci, G.
Full Article Text
Former Foodstuff Products in Tenebrio Molitor Rearing: Effects on Growth, Chemical Composition, Microbiological Load, and Antioxidant Status
Simone Mancini
Filippo Fratini
Barbara Turchi
Simona Mattioli
Alessandro Dal Bosco
Tiziano Tuccinardi
Sanjin Nozic
1,4 and
Gisella Paci
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Animals 2019, 9(8), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080484
Received: 28 June 2019 / Revised: 19 July 2019 / Accepted: 23 July 2019 / Published: 25 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Collection Feeding Strategies to Improve Sustainability and Welfare in Animal Production)
Simple Summary
Insects represent a possible alternative nutrient source for food and feed purposes. Insects could be reared on a feed basis alternative to conventional ones of animal origin and could help to face the rising demand of proteins. Mealworm could be reared directly on former foodstuff products allowing to reduce waste materials and enhance profits in several sectors. This study demonstrates that Tenebrio molitor rearing can be done on leftovers and by-products with proficient outcomes and high-quality final products. However, rearing substrates must be carefully selected in order to maximize the outcomes in relation to the prefixed goals.
Tenebrio molitor (mealworm) larvae represent one of the most interesting edible insects and could be reared on alternative feeds, such as former foodstuff products (FFPs). In the present work, five different FFPs (brewery spent grains, bread and cookie leftovers, and mixes of brewer's spent grain or bread with cookies) were employed as feeding substrates. Larvae's growth performances, chemical composition, microbial loads, and antioxidant status were determined. Chemical compositions of the substrates affected all the tested parameters. Brewery spent grains-fed larvae showed a faster growth period and higher crude protein and carbohydrate contents. The use of cookies as a single substrate or their addition to spent grains or bread increased the lipids contents, while growth was delayed. Microbial loads were partially affected by the fed diet. The antioxidant status of larvae showed different concentrations of tocopherols isoforms (δ, γ, α) in relation to the diet; however, no differences were detected in relation to the global antioxidant capacity (2,2-azinobis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS reducing activity; 1,1-diphenyl-2-pircydrazyl, DPPH radical scavenging activity; ferric reducing ability, FRAP). Results point out a high plasticity of mealworm larvae and the potential to tailor the final outcomes in relation to the substrate employed. Mealworms could be practically reared on FFPs to produce food-feed with high nutrient values.
Keywords: mealworm; edible insects; animal protein; by-product; entomophagy mealworm; edible insects; animal protein; by-product; entomophagy
In the light of the increasing world population and the demand of proteins from the developing countries, insects could represent one of the more suitable answers [1]. Insects, compared to conventional production animals, have a lower environmental impact (mostly linked to greenhouse gas production, use of water, and use of arable land); moreover, due to their higher reproductive capacity, nutritional quality, and feed conversion efficiency, they could be taken into account for both food and feed purposes.
Despite researchers' interests in edible insects, western consumers seem to be cautious to practice entomophagy, mainly in relation to disgust related to western socio-cultural ideas of these animals [2,3]. During the last years, several research studies were carried out to determine which items could be positively accepted by consumers in order to introduce edible insects on the market and increase their use both as food and feed. The main drivers which induced an increase of familiarity and a decrease in the awareness in relation to entomophagy have been identified with the visual presence of insects (visible/invisible, powder/whole), the familiarity with the products containing insects, the correct information about nutritional values, and possible positive effects of edible insects from sustainability and environmental perspectives [4,5,6]. With respect to these last perspectives, the rearing conditions could play a major role, as insects can be reared on sustainable feeds, such as waste or by-products that do not meet the nutritional values needed for the rearing of other farmed animals [7]. Former foodstuff products (FFPs) are defined by the European Commission in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 68/2013 of the catalogue of feed materials as "foodstuffs other than catering reflux, which are manufactured in full compliance with EU food law but are no longer intended for human consumption for practical and logistical reasons or due to problems in manufacturing or packaging which are unlikely to cause any health risks when used as feed". Therefore, in this category, both leftovers from the food industry mainly composed of bakery products, such as bread, and leftovers composed of confectionery products, such as cookies, are listed. The use of FFPs as feed leads to a decrease in waste material and pollution and represents an interesting opportunity in terms of the circular economy [8]. Thus, FFPs represent a valid and cheap source of energy, and they could be used in insect feeding concerning their essential nutrients [9].
Based on the above-mentioned considerations, the use of FFPs in the rearing of edible insects seems a good compromise to reduce food waste materials, produce valuable new food/feed products, and have a positive impact on the consumers' perception. However, it has to be mentioned that, even in the insect production sector, there are some limitations for the employment of certain feeds as the diet composition could affect the insect's development rate and body nutrient composition [7,10].
The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L. 1758; Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) represents one of the most studied edible insects, both as food and feed. The mealworm is a holometabolic insect (complete metamorphosis) and probably originated in the Mediterranean region, but it is nowadays cosmopolitan in its distribution. Due to its low rearing request, the mealworm is one of the promising candidates for an industrial scale production. Indeed, in the last years, several farms and food-feed companies worldwide have started to employ this insect. Nutritional composition of mealworm larvae revealed a relatively high content of protein, 50% on a dry-matter basis [11,12], and lipids, about 30%–34% on a dry-matter basis [12,13,14], with a good composition in amino acids (good source of the essential amino acids), vitamins (i.e., vitamin E, vitamin B12, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin), and minerals (P, K, Mg, Zn, and Mn) [15].
Few research studies were carried out on the rearing conditions and on the effects of different substrates on the development and chemical-biological characteristics of mealworm larvae [7,10,13,14,16,17]. Most of the cited studies highlighted a plasticity of T. molitor in relation to the substrate, with variations of both development times and nutritional values of the larvae. However, researchers employed mixes of several ingredients as substrates in their studies, since the main focus was to determine the effects on combinations of high/low amounts of proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. In this scenario, it is very difficult to assess if mealworms could be reared on FFPs directly gathered from the producers (one single type of FFP or a mix of a few). Indeed, as insect rearing does not request specific features in geographical or natural environmental conditions (as carried out in indoor controlled conditions), it is possible to speculate that new farms could be located near the substrate suppliers, and feed manipulation will be kept at a minimum in order to maintain low costs.
Hence, the main aim of this research study was to evaluate the use of three FFPs in T. molitor rearing in order to produce larvae for food/feed purposes. In particular, larval development, chemical characteristics, and the microbiological and antioxidant status were determined in mealworm larvae fed with brewery spent grains, bread and cookie leftovers, and on mixes of brewer's spent grain or bread with cookies (mixed to increase brewer's spent grain or bread diets in lipid content).
2.1. Diet Preparation
The mealworms were fed with five different diets: brewery spent grains (SG), bread (B), cookies (C), 50% brewer's spent grain and 50% cookies (SG-C), and 50% bread and 50% cookies (B-C). Spent grains were directly collected from a local brewery and immediately frozen at −20 °C. Bread and cookies were collected from a market shop as daily remains (bread) or soon to expire products (cookies). Excessive humidity of spent grains, bread, and cookies was removed in an oven at 90 °C until the product was completely dry. Spent grains were previously thawed for 18 h at 4 °C. The proximate composition of SG, B, and C is reported in Table 1. The three substrates were then finely ground, and the five diets were formulated.
2.2. Insect Rearing and Growth Performances
The mealworms were reared in plastic containers (39 × 28 × 14 cm) at the Department of Veterinary Sciences (University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy) under a laboratory scale production. The temperature was maintained at 25 ± 1 °C with 50%–60% of relative humidity. In the first stage of the trial, 15 boxes were employed (three per diet), in which adult beetles (one to two weeks old) were placed for one week to deposit eggs. Then beetles were removed, and the larvae were left to grow in the substrate. Experimental diets were added weekly if needed (ad libitum, weighed before adding), and in order to provide moisture, potatoes slices were deposited once a week. Boxes were visually evaluated three times per week to check larvae health and to remove dead ones.
The mealworms were harvested when the first pupa was observed or after one year of rearing time (in order to maintain a profitable low cost). The development time was calculated between the first day of the experiment and the day of harvesting. Every week, representative samples of larvae (100 per box) were weighed to quantify the growth performance. After harvesting, the larvae were starved for 24 h (apart from samples for microbiological analyses performed with and without starving, see below) in sterile plastic containers with plastic web on the base in order to separate feces and to avoid fecal contact.
The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) were calculated assuming that all the provided feed was consumed as reported by Oonincx et al. [7]. Furthermore, the nitrogen conversion efficiency (N-ECI) was also calculated as reported by Oonincx et al. [7].
2.3. Proximate Composition of Feed and Larvae
Proximate composition analyses were performed in triplicate for each sample. Larvae were ground in a blender before being analyzed.
The dry matter content was determined by dehydration in a drying oven at 105 °C until constant weight. The lipids content was quantified by the Soxhlet method using petroleum ether as a solvent. The ash content was determined by incineration in a muffle furnace at 550 °C. The crude protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, two protein-to-nitrogen conversion factors were used: 6.25 as normally calculated for meat samples and 4.76 as suggested by Janssen et al. [20] for insects. Carbohydrates were calculated as: 100 − crude protein − lipid content – moisture − ash.
2.4. Microbiological Analyses
For microbiological analyses both un-starved and starved larvae were employed in order to quantify the effect of fasting. Substrates were also analyzed, and microbiological amounts lower than the detection limits were reported.
Ten grams of larvae were weighed in sterile stomacher bags, and then 90 mL of sterile saline solution was added. The mixture was homogenized for 60 s in a stomacher (Stomacher® 400 Circulator, VWR International Sr, Milan, Italy). Ten-fold serial dilution series were performed and plated on different media.
Plate count agar (PCA) was employed for the quantification of the total viable aerobic count (incubated at 30 °C for 72 h) and aerobic bacterial endospores after heating the 10:1 dilution at 80 °C for 10 min and performing ten-fold serial dilutions (incubated at 30 °C for 72 h); violet red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) was used to enumerate Enterobacteriaceae (incubation at 37 °C for 24 h); Tryptone Bile X-Glucuronide medium (TBX) was employed to quantify Escherichia coli (42 °C for 24 h); Baird Parker medium (BP) was employed for the enumeration of staphylococci both presumptive coagulase-positive and -negative (incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h); yeast extract, dextrose, chloramphenicol medium (YEDC) was used for yeast and mold counts (incubation at 25 °C for 120 h); de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe agar (MRS) was employed to count lactic acid bacteria (37 °C for 48 h in anaerobic conditions); Bacillus Cereus MYP agar was used for the evaluation of the presence of presumptive Bacillus cereus (37 °C for 24 h). Absence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in 25 g was assessed according to ISO 11290 and ISO 6579, respectively.
All culture media and supplements were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific, (Milan, Italy) except for Bacillus Cereus MYP agar, which was purchased from Biolife (Milan, Italy).
Microbial counts were expressed in log colony-forming unit (CFU)/g as mean of three replicates (when one or more samples showed values below the detection threshold, 1.0 log CFU/g, the detection threshold divided by two, 0.5 log CFU/g, was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation as reported by Stoops et al. [21]).
2.5. Antioxidant Status
Antioxidant activity of the larvae was quantified as reported by Mancini et al. [22] for meat samples with minor modifications. Three grams of larvae were homogenized in 10 mL ethanol, followed by a centrifugation and filtration (Whatman number 4 filter paper) steps. The filtrate was used to measure 2,2-azinobis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) reducing activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-pircydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing ability (FRAP). The results of antioxidant capacity were expressed as mmol of Trolox equivalent per kilogram of sample (calibration curves obtained with Trolox at 0–2000 μM, final concentrations).
The tocopherol (δ-, γ-, α-isoforms) contents of the samples were quantified by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, according to Zaspel and Csallany [23]. About 3 g of larvae were saponified in 60 g/100 mL KOH in ethanol in a thermostat bath at 70 °C for 30 min. Then the content was sonicated and extracted twice with 15 mL of n-hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v). After collecting the upper phase, the samples were nitrogen dried and then reconstituted in 200 µL of acetonitrile. Fifty 50 µL was injected into the HPLC system (Perkin Elmer series 200, equipped with an autosampler system, model AS 950–10, Tokyo, Japan) on a Synergy Hydro-RP column (4 µm, 4.6 × 100 mm; Phenomenex, Bologna, Italy). An Fluorometric detector (FD) (model, FP-1525; Jasco, Tokyo, Japan; excitation and emission wavelengths of 295 and 328 nm, respectively) were used to identify the different isoforms. External calibration curves were used to quantify isoforms by increasing amounts of pure tocopherols in ethanol.
The data obtained from proximate composition, microbial determinations, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant compounds were statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with regards to the different diets (SG, B, C, SG-C, and B-C). The effect of starvation (starved and un-starved) was tested against each different microbiological quantification by a Student's t-test. Statistical significance was set at 0.05 and differences were assessed using Tukey's test. Linear regression and second-order polynomial quadratic equation were performed to evaluate the effect of each diet on the growth performance. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on proximate composition (protein conversion factor of 4.76), microbial loads (fasted samples), growth performance (g weight gain per day), antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP), and antioxidant compounds (tocopherol δ-, γ-, α-isoforms); all the data were mean centered and scaled to a unit standard deviation before analysis. R free statistical software was used [24].
3.1. Growth Performances and Proximate Compositions
Proximate compositions of the larvae reared on the different substrates are reported in Table 2.
Dry matter, ether extract, and crude protein contents were affected by the diet. Dry matter of the SG-C larvae was the highest, followed by that of the C and B-C diets. From these data, it would seem that the presence of the cookies induced a decrease of humidity in the larval body, as the larvae fed with spent grains and bread alone (SG and B, respectively) showed the lowest values of dry matter. Cookies also played a major role in the lipid content of the larvae. Diets C and B-C showed the highest contents, followed by B. Spent grains contained low amounts of lipids (3.29%), and consequently larvae fed with SG and SG-C showed lower values compared to those fed other diets.
The highest crude protein contents were shown by diets which included spent grains (SG and SG-C) with minor differences. This value was lower in diets with bread (B and B-C). In this case, the low amount of crude proteins of the cookies (6.55%) negatively affected the chemical composition of the larvae with a consequent lowest body protein content.
As the dry matter analyses showed to be significantly affected by the diet, the proximate composition was also reported as % of dry matter (Table 2). Expressing the data as % of dry matter, the ether extract content showed that B, C, and B-C had the highest lipid contents, followed by SG-C and SG, respectively. Thus, the effect of the cookie fat content was confirmed but the bread diet (B) also played a key role.
Crude protein contents, as % of dry matter, showed only minor differences in the statistical analyses if compared to the expression as % of fresh sample. The conversion factors of 6.25 or 4.76, as well as the expression as % of fresh sample or % of dry matter, drastically affected the final numerical expression; nevertheless, as no standardization is currently used in the insect research field, we choose to report all the data expressions.
Carbohydrates were higher in larvae fed SG and SG-C diets than those fed the other diets. Interestingly, SG had the lowest amount of carbohydrates within the employed substrates. Particularly, moisture and lipids content seemed to affect the calculations of carbohydrates in larvae reared in SG and SG-C.
Chemical compositions of mealworm confirm the data already published [7,10,20] and in particular that body composition showed a considerable plasticity in relation to the diet [7,10]. Notably, in our trial, mealworms fed cookies (C) showed a high amount of lipids (50% on DM base) mostly related to the detriment of the protein content. This data could be interesting as edible insects are almost exclusively recommended as a protein source even though they could contain a high amount of fats.
The larvae weights are reported in Figure 1; larvae fed SG and SG-C reached the harvesting day approximately after 5 to 6.5 months. After one year of rearing, larvae fed diets with lower content of protein, C, B, and B-C did not reach the pupae stage; therefore, in order to not exceed in the rearing time, their growth was stopped. Larvae fed diets C, B, and B-C reached the final weights of 87, 95, and 112.5 mg, respectively. In linear regression and second-order polynomial quadratic equations (Figure 1), the coefficient of determination indicates that the models explain a high percentage of the variability (R2 between 0.94 and 0.99). Between linear regression and second-order polynomial quadratic equation, the second seems to better fit the larval growth rate.
The FCR (calculated on fresh basis), the ECI, and the N-ECI were severely affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary efficiency of mealworm larvae was strictly related to the chemical composition of the substrate; indeed, larvae fed SG and SG-C showed the lowest values of FCR, 2.22 and 2.76 respectively, confirming the extremely positive potential of this species to convert feed into body weight. On the other hand, larvae fed B, C, and the mix B-C showed FCR values about 8.86, 7.31, and 4.02, which are similar to those of conventional production animals (4.0 for pork and 8.8 for cereal beef; [9]). The variability in FCR values was related to the protein contents of the diets; indeed, SG and SG-C showed the highest amounts of protein. A large variability of the FCR value in relation to the protein content was also reported by Oonincx et al. [7] and van Broekhoven et al. [10] in mealworms fed different diets (from 4.1 to 19.1 and from 2.62 to 6.05, respectively).
The ECI values were higher for SG and SG-C diets (15.85 and 13.94, respectively) than for B, C, and B-C ones (3.79, 4.87, and 8.92, respectively). These data are comparable with those reported by Oonincx et al. [7] and van Broekhoven et al. [10]. As reported before for FCR, the ECI values were affected by the protein content of the diets, which confirms that mealworm efficiency could be modelled through the rearing substrate's chemical composition.
Nitrogen was more efficiently converted than the other diet components in almost all diets, as in the SG, SG-C, C, and B-C diets, the N-ECIs were higher than the ECI (59.11, 71.75, 13.83, and 14.05, respectively). The diet exclusively composed of bread (B) showed the lowest value of N-ECI (2.77), which is lower than the ECI value. This means that mealworm fed only bread did not convert N of the substrate efficiently into body mass [7]. Indeed, larvae fed only cookies (C) reached approximately the same amount of crude protein content (Table 2) even though the substrate showed to contain half the protein (6.55% in C vs. 11.15% in B, Table 1). The high N-ECI showed by SG and SG-C larvae represents a starting point to reach a relevant benefit of insects over conventional production animals [25].
Microbial determinations of starved and un-starved larvae are reported in Table 3.
In the un-starved larvae, staphylococci, yeast-molds, and bacterial endospores were significantly different in relation to the diet. Staphylococci and yeast-molds loads were higher in larvae fed B, C, and B-C, followed by SG-C and SG. Minor differences in the staphylococci amount was highlighted between SG and SG-C in relation to the presence of the cookies. Bacterial endospores were absent in SG, and their presence was related to B and C diets. Indeed, feeding the larvae with a mix of SG and C induced an increase of these bacteria. The highest number of bacterial endospores was detected in the B-C diet, followed by B and C substrates.
Microbial analyses highlighted the total absence of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, as well as the absence in 25 g of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Other research studies reported the absence of these bacteria in edible insects reared for human consumption [26,27,28,29].
In starved larvae, diets affected only yeast-molds and bacterial endospores, showing a similar trend of that reported for the un-starved larvae with minor differences. Starvation was not effective in larvae fed SG and SG-C diets, while in larvae fed B, C, and B-C it partially affected the microbial flora. Total viable aerobic counts and lactic acid bacteria were not affected by the starvation. Staphylococci and yeast-molds amounts were significantly decreased in B, C, and B-C fed larvae. Starvation in larvae fed C induced a significant decrease in the Enterobacteriaceae amount, as well as in bacterial endospores of larvae fed C and B-C.
Studying larvae fed wheat bran supplemented with carrots, Wynants et al. [30] reported that fasting for 24 or 48 h, both with and without fecal contact of the larvae, did not significantly affect total viable aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, aerobic bacterial endospores, psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, and yeast and mold amounts.
Contrarily, Mancini et al. [31] reported that a starvation treatment for 24 h affected the bacterial endospores amount in mealworm larvae reared on wheat bran supplemented with potato slices as a water source without influencing the other microorganisms.
Moreover, starvation also resulted effective in the reduction of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in mealworm larvae reared in artificially contaminated substrates [32,33]. Thus, the effect of the starvation process seems to vary in relation to the diet as well as the response of different tested bacteria.
Antioxidant capacity of mealworm larvae is reported in Table 4.
No significant differences were found among the experimental diets. However, the C diet seems to slightly improve the antioxidant capacity of the larvae with respect to the other groups (as highlighted by ABTS and FRAP values, even if no statistical significances were determined). Such a trend is justified also by the significantly higher concentration of tocopherols (mainly due to the α-isoform amount) found in the cookies-supplemented groups (C, SG-C, and B-C larvae). Nevertheless, vitamin E being a fat-soluble vitamin, it is not surprising that its concentration was higher in the mealworms with a higher fat content (ether extract values). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of T. molitor larvae.
The antioxidant capacity of mealworms could be very interesting in order to enhance dietary antioxidant ingestion; however, as no thermal process was applied to the samples (cooking or drying), enzymes present in the larvae body may have altered the final outcomes. Few published data reported the antioxidant concentration of insects: Finke [15] summarized that the vitamin E contents ranged from 3.3–24.0 mg/kg for mealworms, 5.3–9.1 mg/kg for superworms (Zophobas morio), and 8.6–69.2 mg/kg for waxworms (Galleria mellonella). In the present study, the total vitamin E concentration of mealworms ranged from 0.51 to 5.28 mg/kg, close to the lower values reported in the literature. However, a higher concentration (>10 mg/kg) of vitamin E is reported to be common in the wild-caught insects with respect to the reared ones [34].
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
A principal component analysis of proximate composition, microbial loads, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant compounds was performed in order to detect the principal components that better describe the modifications highlighted (Figure 2).
Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and cumulative % of the first three principal components are reported in Table 5. The first two principal components (PC1: 41.07% and PC2: 17.91%) well differentiate the samples in relation to the diet.
Positives PC1 eigenvectors collocate crude proteins on the right side of the biplot, near to SG and SG-C samples, as well as the growth performance. This relation highlights that diets rich in proteins (SG and SG-C) could promote growth and increase the protein content of the larvae. On the other hand, negative PC1 eigenvectors collocated ether extract content on the left side of the biplot, in contraposition with the protein content and the growth performances. The presence of the cookies in B-C and SG-C diets induced a shift on the left side of the plotted samples and then evidence a worsening of the growth performances and a higher deposition of fats.
Almost all the parameters that showed a statistical significance were plotted in the upper right or the lower left squares (both eigenvectors, positives or negatives) except for dry matter and tocopherol γ- and α-isoforms, which were plotted in the upper left square highlighting that another undetermined effect plays a role. As PC2 differentiates the antioxidant capacity and the tocopherol γ- and α-isoforms in the upper part of the plot and the microbial loads in the lower part, it could possible to hypothesize that a higher content of antioxidants played a role against microbial loads.
The observations reported above suggest that PC1 and PC2 were both a part of the diet effect related to the chemical composition of the substrates.
A residual percentage of variance (13.01%) was expressed also by PC3; this principal component was mostly related to (as absolute values) the antioxidant capacity and tocopherols δ- and α-isoforms.
In conclusion, FFPs could be employed as feed in T. molitor rearing with effects on the chemical composition of the larvae and growth performance. Results point out a high plasticity of mealworm larvae and the potential to tailor the final outcomes. Single FFPs or mixes of multiple FFPs could be employed in relation to the requests and benefit–cost criteria determined by the producers. In general, it seems that feeds with high protein contents determine a better performance in rearing time, at the expense of the lipid content of the larvae.
Conceptualization, S.M. (Simone Mancini) and F.F.; Data curation, S.M. (Simone Mancini); Formal analysis, S.M. (Simone Mancini), F.F., S.M. (Simona Mattioli) and S.N.; Investigation, S.M. (Simone Mancini), F.F., S.M. (Simona Mattioli) and S.N.; Methodology, S.M. (Simone Mancini), F.F. and S.M. (Simona Mattioli); Supervision, G.P.; Writing–original draft, S.M. (Simone Mancini), F.F. and S.M. (Simona Mattioli); Writing–review & editing, S.M. (Simone Mancini), F.F., B.T., S.M. (Simona Mattioli), A.D.B., T.T. and G.P.
This research received no external funding.
Van Huis, A.; Van Itterbeeck, J.; Klunder, H.; Mertens, E.; Halloran, A.; Muir, G.; Vantomme, P. Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome, Italy, 2013; Volume 171, ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1. [Google Scholar]
Anankware, J.P.; Fening, K.; Obeng-Ofori, D. Insects as food and feed: A review. Int. J. Agric. Res. Rev. 2015, 3, 143–151. [Google Scholar]
Verbeke, W. Profiling consumers who are ready to adopt insects as a meat substitute in a Western society. Food Qual. Prefer. 2015, 39, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tan, H.S.G.; van Berg, E.V.; Stieger, M. The influence of product preparation, familiarity and individual traits on the consumer acceptance of insects as food. Food Qual. Prefer. 2016, 52, 222–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hartmann, C.; Ruby, M.B.; Schmidt, P.; Siegrist, M. Brave, health-conscious, and environmentally friendly: Positive impressions of insect food product consumers. Food Qual. Prefer. 2018, 68, 64–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mancini, S.; Moruzzo, R.; Riccioli, F.; Paci, G. European consumers' readiness to adopt insects as food. A review. Food Res. Int. 2019, 122, 661–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Oonincx, D.G.A.B.; van Broekhoven, S.; van Huis, A.; van Loon, J.J.A. Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products. PLoS One 2015, 10, e0144601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pinotti, L.; Giromini, C.; Ottoboni, M.; Tretola, M.; Marchis, D. Review: Insects and former foodstuffs for upgrading food waste biomasses/streams to feed ingredients for farm animals. Animal 2019, 13, 1365–1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wilkinson, J.M. Re-defining efficiency of feed use by livestock. Animal 2011, 5, 1014–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Van Broekhoven, S.; Oonincx, D.G.A.B.; van Huis, A.; van Loon, J.J.A. Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. J. Insect Physiol. 2015, 73, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Azagoh, C.; Ducept, F.; Garcia, R.; Rakotozafy, L.; Cuvelier, M.-E.; Keller, S.; Lewandowski, R.; Mezdour, S. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Tenebrio molitor proteins. Food Res. Int. 2016, 88, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Osimani, A.; Garofalo, C.; Milanović, V.; Taccari, M.; Cardinali, F.; Aquilanti, L.; Pasquini, M.; Mozzon, M.; Raffaelli, N.; Ruschioni, S.; et al. Insight into the proximate composition and microbial diversity of edible insects marketed in the European Union. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2017, 243, 1157–1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dreassi, E.; Cito, A.; Zanfini, A.; Materozzi, L.; Botta, M.; Francardi, V. Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lipids 2017, 52, 285–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Fasel, N.J.; Mene-Saffrane, L.; Ruczynski, I.; Komar, E.; Christe, P. Diet induced modifications of fatty-acid composition in mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). J. Food Res. 2017, 6, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Finke, M.D. Complete nutrient content of four species of commercially available feeder insects fed enhanced diets during growth. Zoo Biol. 2015, 34, 554–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ramos-Elorduy, J.; González, E.A.; Hernández, A.R.; Pino, J.M. Use of Tenebrio molito (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Recycle Organic Wastes and as Feed for Broiler Chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 2002, 95, 214–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Oonincx, D.G.A.B.; de Boer, I.J.M. Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans A Life Cycle Assessment. PLoS One 2012, 7, e51145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Merrill, A.L.; Watt, B.K. Energy value of food: Basis and derivation. USDA. United States Dep. Agric. 1973. [Google Scholar]
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 19th ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC, USA, 2012; ISBN 9783642312410. [Google Scholar]
Janssen, R.H.; Vincken, J.-P.; van den Broek, L.A.M.; Fogliano, V.; Lakemond, C.M.M. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for three edible insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017, 65, 2275–2278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Stoops, J.; Vandeweyer, D.; Crauwels, S.; Verreth, C.; Boeckx, H.; Van Der Borght, M.; Claes, J.; Lievens, B.; Van Campenhout, L. Minced meat-like products from mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus): microbial dynamics during production and storage. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2017, 41, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mancini, S.; Preziuso, G.; Dal Bosco, A.; Roscini, V.; Szendro, Z.; Fratini, F.; Paci, G.; Szendrő, Z.; Fratini, F.; Paci, G. Effect of turmeric powder (Curcuma longa L.) and ascorbic acid on physical characteristics and oxidative status of fresh and stored rabbit burgers. Meat Sci. 2015, 110, 93–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zaspel, B.J.; Csallany, A.S. Determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 1983, 130, 146–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. Available online: https://www.r-project.org/ (accessed on 24 July 2019).
Herrero, M.; Thornton, P.K. Livestock and global change: Emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110, 20878–20881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Grabowski, N.T.; Klein, G. Microbiology of processed edible insect products – Results of a preliminary survey. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2017, 243, 103–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Grabowski, N.T.; Klein, G. Microbiological analysis of raw edible insects. J. Insects as Food Feed 2017, 3, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wynants, E.; Crauwels, S.; Verreth, C.; Gianotten, N.; Lievens, B.; Claes, J.; Van Campenhout, L. Microbial dynamics during production of lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) for human consumption at industrial scale. Food Microbiol. 2018, 70, 181–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Vandeweyer, D.; Crauwels, S.; Lievens, B.; Van Campenhout, L. Microbial counts of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domesticus and Gryllodes sigillatus) from different rearing companies and different production batches. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2017, 242, 13–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wynants, E.; Crauwels, S.; Lievens, B.; Luca, S.; Claes, J.; Borremans, A.; Bruyninckx, L.; Van Campenhout, L. Effect of post-harvest starvation and rinsing on the microbial numbers and the bacterial community composition of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2017, 42, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mancini, S.; Fratini, F.; Tuccinardi, T.; Turchi, B.; Nuvoloni, R.; Paci, G. Effects of different blanching treatments on microbiological profile and quality of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). J. Insects as Food Feed 2019, 5, 225–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wynants, E.; Frooninckx, L.; Van Miert, S.; Geeraerd, A.; Claes, J.; Van Campenhout, L. Risks related to the presence of Salmonella sp. during rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for food or feed: Survival in the substrate and transmission to the larvae. Food Control. 2019, 100, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mancini, S.; Paci, G.; Ciardelli, V.; Turchi, B.; Pedonese, F.; Fratini, F. Listeria monocytogenes contamination of Tenebrio molitor larvae rearing substrate: Preliminary evaluations. Food Microbiol. 2019, 83, 104–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Arnold, K.E.; Ramsay, S.L.; Henderson, L.; Larcombe, S.D. Seasonal variation in diet quality: antioxidants, invertebrates and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2010, 99, 708–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Tenebrio molitor larval growth in relation to the diet (SG: brewery spent grains; B: bread; C: cookies; SG-C: 50% spent grains, 50% cookies; B-C: 50% bread, 50% cookies).
Figure 2. Biplot of the principal component (PC) analysis of mealworm larvae fed different diets (SG: brewery spent grains; B: bread; C: cookies; SG-C: 50% spent grains, 50% cookies; B-C: 50% bread, 50% cookies).
Table 1. Proximate composition of brewery spent grains (SG), bread (B) and cookies (C).
Dry matter (DM) % 94.81 97.09 99.99
Ether extract % 3.29 0.31 10.44
Crude protein 1 % 17.98 11.15 6.55
Ash % 3.43 1.88 0.70
Carbohydrates % 70.10 83.75 82.29
Ether extract % on DM 3.47 0.32 10.45
Crude protein 1 % on DM 18.97 11.49 6.55
Ash % on DM 3.62 1.93 0.70
Carbohydrates % on DM 73.94 86.26 82.30
1 Conversion factors of 5.83 for SG [18], of 5.70 for B, and 6.25 for C [19] (protocol numbers 950.36 and 935.39, respectively).
Table 2. Proximate compositions of the larvae reared on the different substrates.
Rearing Substrates
SG-C
Dry matter (DM) % 33.33 c 32.62 c 35.55 b 37.53 a 35.33 b 0.733 <0.001
Ether extract % 6.46 d 14.82 b 17.77 a 11.77 c 17.48 a 1.189 <0.001
Crude protein 1 % 17.36 a 14.09 ab 13.33 b 17.65 a 14.07 ab 1.392 0.020
Ash % 1.10 0.98 0.95 1.07 1.01 0.097 0.371
Carbohydrates 1 % 8.40 a 2.73 b 3.50 b 7.05 a 2.76 b 1.620 <0.001
Carbohydrates 2 % 12.54 a 6.09 b 6.72 b 11.26 a 6.12 b 1.523 <0.001
Ether extract % on DM 19.38 c 45.43 a 50.00 a 31.35 b 49.48 a 3.389 <0.001
Crude protein 1 % on DM 51.34 a 42.28 ab 37.31 b 46.40 ab 40.96 ab 3.898 0.022
Ash % on DM 3.36 3.05 2.69 2.88 2.81 0.268 0.084
Carbohydrates 1 % on DM 25.15 a 8.28 b 9.83 b 18.76 a 7.81 b 4.523 <0.001
Carbohydrates 2 % on DM 37.58 a 18.58 c 18.77 c 29.97 b 17.31 c 4.123 <0.001
SG: brewery spent grains; B: bread; C: cookies; SG-C: 50% spent grains, 50% cookies; B-C: 50% bread, 50% cookies. 1 Conversion factors of 6.25 for crude protein. 2 Conversion factors of 4.76 for crude protein. Means in the same row with no common superscripts (a–d) differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Table 3. Microbiological analyses of the larvae (un-starved and starved) reared on the different substrates.
No starvation
Total viable aerobic counts 7.08 7.63 6.46 6.84 7.77 0.776 0.266
Enterobacteriaceae 6.31 6.44 6.33 5.87 6.30 0.502 0.688
Staphylococci 3.85 c 5.96 a 5.29 ab 4.38 b 5.19 ab 0.579 0.005
Yeast and molds 3.30 b 5.60 a 6.31 a 3.13 b 5.34 ab 0.944 0.001
Lactic acid bacteria 6.20 5.18 5.57 5.44 5.31 0.685 0.343
Bacterial endospores 0.00 d 4.44 ab 3.44 b 2.05 c 5.32 a 0.240 <0.001
Starvation, 24 h
Staphylococci 4.87 4.20 3.92 4.40 3.73 0.705 0.370
Yeast and molds 2.56 b 4.45 a 5.11 a 3.54 ab 4.44 a 0.561 0.002
Bacterial endospores 0.00 c 3.62 a 2.44 b 2.36 b 3.60 a 0.243 0.038
Effect of starvation, p-Value
Total viable aerobic counts 0.954 0.988 0.915 0.658 0.187
Enterobacteriaceae 0.913 0.364 0.006 0.639 0.285
Staphylococci 0.115 0.031 0.012 0.968 0.039
Yeast and molds 0.506 0.014 < 0.001 0.598 0.021
Lactic acid bacteria 0.835 0.271 0.250 0.653 0.629
Bacterial endospores - 0.120 0.003 0.312 0.009
SG: brewery spent grains; B: bread; C: cookies; SG-C: 50% spent grains, 50% cookies; B-C: 50% bread, 50% cookies. Data were reported as log CFU/g. Means in the same row with no common superscripts (a–d) differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Table 4. Antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) and antioxidant compounds (tocopherols) of Tenebrio molitor larvae reared on different substrates.
Antioxidant Capacity
ABTS 1.73 2.17 2.45 2.01 1.70 0.407 0.415
DPPH 0.35 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.042 0.504
FRAP 0.75 0.80 1.04 0.86 0.75 0.139 0.332
Antioxidant Compounds
δ-tocopherol 0.12 c 0.13 c 0.18 c 0.24 b 0.33 a 0.018 <0.001
γ-tocopherol 0.07 b 0.02 b 0.15 a 0.17 a 0.04 b 0.017 <0.001
α-tocopherol 0.48 c 0.35 c 4.95 a 2.86 b 4.59 a 0.055 <0.001
Total tocopherols 0.79 c 0.51 c 5.28 a 3.16 b 4.96 ab 0.601 <0.001
SG: brewery spent grains; B: bread; C: cookies; SG-C: 50% spent grains, 50% cookies; B-C: 50% bread, 50% cookies. ABTS, DPPH and FRAP expressed as mmol of Trolox equivalent per kilogram of sample. Tocopherols and carotenes expressed as mg per kilogram of samples. Means in the same row with no common superscripts (a–c) differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Table 5. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the first three principal components (PC) of principal components analysis performed on proximate composition, microbial loads, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant compounds of mealworm larvae fed experimental diets.
Eigenvalues 7.392 3.223 2.341
Eigenvectors
Dry matter −0.085 0.377 −0.269
Ether extract −0.356 −0.049 −0.052
Crude protein 0.304 0.170 −0.133
Ash 0.279 −0.016 −0.204
Carbohydrates 0.314 0.250 −0.020
Weight gain (g/D) 0.340 0.182 −0.093
Total viable aerobic counts 0.127 −0.279 0.198
Enterobacteriaceae 0.220 −0.260 0.117
Staphylococci 0.219 0.042 0.156
Yeast and molds −0.321 −0.053 0.117
Lactic acid bacteria 0.250 −0.154 0.221
Bacterial endospores −0.284 −0.205 −0.041
ABTS −0.176 0.220 0.451
DPPH 0.075 0.233 0.389
FRAP −0.165 0.294 0.312
δ-tocopherol −0.002 −0.180 −0.389
γ-tocopherol −0.010 0.499 −0.064
α-tocopherol −0.244 0.212 −0.329
Cumulative % 41.07 58.97 71.98
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Animals, EISSN 2076-2615, Published by MDPI Disclaimer
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal Animals are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Black and White Cart Watters
news players supporter information transfers
It's a big, welcoming Pollok wave to 24-year-old winger Ryan Watters. Son of former footballer Willie (ex Kilmarnock, Stirling Albion and Maryhill among others), he arrives at Newlandsfield after a meandering, twisting and turning cross-border transfer from Longridge Town of the North West Counties League. Ryan dipped his toe into the football world on the books of Motherwell, signing professionally with them in 2014 though drifted on to St. Mirren thereafter in February 2017. Ryan's first taste of first team action came after climbing aboard at Albion Rovers, making 21 league appearances for them – ironically his only senior goals to date were a brace against Stirling Albion where his father was a legend. He ventured forth to Stenhousemuir for the latter half of season 2018-19 and played 15 times for them across the two and a half years a Warrior, much of that Covid-hit, of course. In August 2021, he tried his luck south of the border on the banks of the Mersey with Widnes, then of the Northern Premier League West, though moved on to Longridge Town in November 2021.
Speaking to the website, manager Murdie MacKinnon said of him: "We welcome Ryan to the club after a spell playing down south. He adds competition on the left side of the pitch. Ryan has terrific quality and an outstanding work ethic."
Welcome aboard Ryan!
← Ryan McGregor signs up again
The Hatful o' Eight: Murdie's new arrival rundown →


text:
Q: Grizzly + Static Content + Servlet Filter I can get Grizzly to serve static content
I can create the servlet filter to filter a named servlet
But I can't get the servlet filter to filter the static content. How do I do that?
Here is the code I have so far:
WebappContext webappContext = new WebappContext("grizzly web context", "");
FilterRegistration authFilterReg = webappContext.addFilter("Authentication Filter", org.package.AuthenticationFilter.class);

// If I create a ServletContainer, I can add the filter to it like this:
// authFilterReg.addMappingForServletNames(EnumSet.allOf(DispatcherType.class), "servletName");

HttpServer httpServer = GrizzlyHttpServerFactory.createHttpServer(BASE_URI);
webappContext.deploy(httpServer);

// This works, but the content does not go through the authentication filter above
httpServer.getServerConfiguration().addHttpHandler(new StaticHttpHandler(absolutePath), "/static");

A: The ServletFilters registered as part of WebappContext (Web application) will be executed only for requests related to this WebappContext (Web application).
So, one of the solutions I see is to register DefaultServlet [1] on the WebappContext and use it instead of StaticHttpHandler. Something like:
ArraySet<File> set = new ArraySet<File>(File.class);
set.add(new File(absolutePath));
ServletRegistration defaultServletReg = webappContext.addServlet("DefaultServlet", new DefaultServlet(set) {});
defaultServletReg.addMapping("/static");

[1] https://github.com/GrizzlyNIO/grizzly-mirror/blob/2.3.x/modules/http-servlet/src/main/java/org/glassfish/grizzly/servlet/DefaultServlet.java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dolichoderus mesonotalis är en myrart som beskrevs av Auguste-Henri Forel 1907. Dolichoderus mesonotalis ingår i släktet Dolichoderus och familjen myror. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Myror
mesonotalis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Redtop Flycatcher is a unique and safe way to trap and deal with nuisance flies. Low-cost, non-toxic, simple-to-use and chemical-free, they were an ideal product to sell via the internet. Copy Concept produced designs for an e-commerce website and sales literature.


text:
OracleUsr
I remember having to go through Newton and Conover to get from one segment of I-40 to the next; my father's family lived in Knoxville, and we lived in Greensboro so we drove what is now US 70 through the area until 1977.
Anti-center-tabbing, anti-sequential-numbering, anti-Clearview BGS FAN
Supposedly North Carolina is to begin zero-tolerance speed limit enforcement. "Obey the sign or pay the fine."
I have my doubts as to whether that'll actually happen. But since I saw the article, I figured I'd pass it on.
broadhurst04
Location: Raleigh, NC
Last Login: May 21, 2017, 10:22:16 PM
Quote from: 1995hoo on March 24, 2016, 10:17:09 PM
I think this is only for the upcoming Easter weekend and a few days after that. I really doubt they're going to ticket people for going 1 MPH over; there aren't enough officers on the payroll to do that, and the tickets would be dismissed in court when the judges see lines circling the building 10 times over.
Quote from: broadhurst04 on March 24, 2016, 10:23:44 PM
Agreed. It's a holiday weekend and the Highway Patrol will already have more troopers for it. This will last the week or so and then back to normal.
So are they unveiling the number too, or just the sign?
The signs will simply say "Future Interstate Corridor." I don't think there will be a shield, blank or otherwise, but I'll be interested to see. No word on what number will be requested.
Any number between 42 and 62 would still do, though I'd expect it to be in the 40s, mainly because it would start at or near I-40.
I could repost by southeast roads post. It's not the case.
"Future Interstate" signs unveiled on the US 70 not-yet-open Goldsboro Bypass:
http://wnct.com/2016/03/30/sign-for-future-u-s-70-interstate-to-be-unveiled-in-goldsboro/
The signs say "Future Interstate" at the top and have a large blank green space where a shield can be placed after a number for the future interstate becomes known.
Location: East Weymouth, Massachusetts
Don't know, especially given the many years it will take until the project to upgrade US 70 is completed, why the hurry to unveil a sign with a blank space now. Why not wait until May when AASHTO, assuming it get's an application from NCDOT, will decide which number NCDOT can use.
I-73/I-74 in NC: http://www.malmeroads.net/i7374nc/index.html
Future NC Interstates:
http://www.malmeroads.net/ncfutints/index.html
Mass. Roads for the 21st Century: http://www.malmeroads.net/mass21c/index.html
The Nature Boy
Quote from: bob7374 on March 30, 2016, 08:31:31 PM
Photo op to distract from the recent H.B. 2 controversy?
Quote from: The Nature Boy on March 30, 2016, 10:56:00 PM
Nah this was planned before all of that broke loose.
Photo op in general. Gives the politicians the ability to "show" that they're actually doing "something" when they're really not...
At this point, we still don't know. I could see this become an eastern I-44, or barring that, I-42, I-46 or I-48. None of the last three numbers are currently in use anywhere, so I think they'd be a good fit there.
1) this sign is located on the under construction section of the 70 bypass. So - as long as it's not signed anywhere else - a blank sign just is publicity. This section of 70 will be opened after Aashto in May and when it opens they can place the shield - open sections of 70 can wait till the designation is assigned
2) silly as it is but this sign appears to have the same dimensions as the Future 495 signs on 64 between 540 and Rocky Mount. They want a 2di but .... When you are looking for clues that's about all you get
3) the sign unveiling was scheduled and pushed by the Super70 commission before anything with HB2. It is strictly for publicity and awareness of the route - check the box stuff. Heck gov. Easley came to a rather uneventful groundbreaking for an expansion of a shingle mfg plant. Just a check the box thing politicos do.
"The Corridor Commission has recommended I-50 for several reasons; i.e. no conflicts with numbering, must be even number between 46 and 70. ASHTO will make final decision hopefully at their annual meeting in May, 2016."
He may have meant no conflict with there being another I-50 somewhere else...?
North Carolina already has I-74/US 74 and I-73/NC 73 without a problem.
There is no rule about state route conflict anyway. South Carolina has several (20, 126, 185, 385) and only renumbered SC 77 and SC 85 because they crossed into North Carolina and NC renumbered all its original conflicts. SC 26 and SC 95 were renumbered before the interstate era.
Did you mail them - if go great job!
Yes. Thanks for getting that info.
Also, what does this do for the Norfolk-Raleigh interstate number?
If I-50 is accepted by AASHTO, then to fit the grid the US 64/17 route would have to have an even number between 52 and 62. I don't know whether NCDOT is asking for a number for that route on this AASHTO cycle as well.
I wonder if they will even build it in the first place. But, I wouldn't put anything past NCDOT when it comes to new interstates.


text:
Too Much Gaming: Philippine Gaming News & Reviews
The latest gaming news, reviews, opinions, podcast, and videos from Too Much Gaming.
Too Much Gaming RSS
Anthony Davis and Dwayne Wade are your NBA 2K20 Cover Stars
NBA 2K20 will have Anthony Davis and Dwayne Wade as cover stars and will have three editions available for purchase.
Hunt: Showdown will launch on August 20 for Xbox One and PC
Hunt: Showdown leaves Steam's Early Access and a PS4 version is set release this fall.
SEGA Genesis Mini will be out in Southeast Asia this September
The SEGA Genesis Mini will come with 42 built-in games, two controllers, and will be out on September 19, 2019.
TMG Podcast Episode 193 - Everything That Was Breathtaking From E3
From Keanu Reeve's transition to an internet meme sensation to going crazy over how Final Fantasy VII is a real game, Carlos and Migs discussing the big reveals and shockers that occurred during E3 2019's series of press conferences.
Here's Everything We Know About Final Fantasy VII Remake After E3 2019
Final Fantasy VII Remake is coming next year and with E3 2019 behind us, we gather all the key details you need to know about this reimagining of one of the most beloved JRPG from the Final Fantasy franchise.
E3 2019: Marvel's Avengers And All The Final Fantasy Announcements In One Place
Here are the big announcements that came out in Square Enix's press conferences in E3 2019. More details on Final Fantasy VII Remake, Outriders, Marvel's Avengers, and more!
TMG Podcast Episode 192 - Fallout 76 Canvas Bags As A Streaming Service
In this TMG Podcast episode, Carlos, Migs, and Matt discuss what was revealed at EA Play as well as the other reveals that happened before Microsoft's E3 2019 press conference.
E3 2019: Marvel's Avengers Is Square Enix's Long Awaited Avengers Project
Announced as far back as 2017, Marvel's Avengers is an action game envisioned as both an online coop adventure and a service game with years of planned updates in the form of heroes and story content.
Tom Clancy's The Division 2 Review - Shoot, Loot, Repeat
It's a pity Massive Entertainment can't seem to make a good story out of what I think is an interesting universe set in the modern world, but as it stands, despite its shortcomings, The Division 2 is one of the best looter shooters out today. If you're new to the genre, you can't go wrong here. And for those coming from other looter shooters, you might get a kick out of what they have waiting for you at the end.
Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice Review - Bushido blades and Postured knaves
Deep down, Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice is an amazing action-adventure game and a fresh departure from the titles that FromSoftware built its reputation on. Sekiro's still a difficult game, but it rewards players who are eager to learn how to play and use the tools and abilities given to them.
Days Gone Review - Man vs. Swarm
Days Gone has characters that make you smile, and a trusty bike ready to take you away. For while some irritations persisted during my playthrough – such as the technical irregularities that need to be patched – that its encounters provide a real sense of accomplishment makes it an open world worth exploring.
Far Cry New Dawn Review - Hope County. Hope County Never Changes
New Dawn delivers a shallow exploration of its premise and is more interested in the sheer anarchic fun of a fully refined playground of carnage. That's fine for a game that continues to indulge in the franchise's weirdest excesses while fine tuning its formula for maximum fun.
Left Alive Review - No Will To Survive
Left Alive is a third-person stealth/shooter hybrid with a strong emphasis on survival. It's a new direction once again for the mech combat series, but unfortunately, this experimental model stumbles at every turn it takes.
Kingdom Hearts III Review – Don't Think Twice
The ever twisting saga of Kingdom Hearts and its convoluted lore isn't what undercuts Kingdom Hearts III but its own feckless mechanics and the degenerate gameplay experience that comes out of it.
God Eater 3 Review – Monster Eater 3
God Eater 3 is a great arcade-y hack-and-slash game with an animé aesthetic and matching characters to boot. It might not be a perfect game, but you can bet it's a fun one to jump into if you're just looking to smash some monsters' faces in with a really big sword.
Ace Combat 7 Review - Aces High
Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown is as pure of an Ace Combat game as it gets. Playing through the campaign was a blast, and a challenging experience. This could've been a perfect return to form had they presented a chunkier multiplayer package.
Tales of Vesperia: Definitive Edition Review - Ten Years Later, The Complete Story
Whether you're a diehard fan of the series, recall enjoying the original game enough to play it the way it was intended, or are just in the mood for a good, solid JRPG, I highly recommend Tales of Vesperia: Definitive Edition. I know it scratched my JRPG itch.
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Review - Masahiro Sakurai's Magnum Opus
Ultimate's single-player and online efforts may have some issues, but the core game itself is refined to a T. Mr. Sakurai and his team, aided by the input of professional Japanese Smash players, really outdid themselves with the most polished and satisfying mechanics and roster we've seen in a Smash title yet.
Mutant Year Zero: Road to Eden Review - Duck and Cover
Mutant Year Zero's misfit freaks and mutants are filled with personality and carry it from an also-ran tactics game to one of the more memorable experiences of 2018.
Just Cause 4 Review - Explosions IV: Tropical Storm
Just Cause 4 feels like you're living in and advancing the plot of a B–movie, and that's amazing. Wherever Rico goes, there's bound to be action, excitement, and more importantly, explosions.
Tetris Effect Review - More Bang for Your Blocks
It's not for everyone, but if you've ever been bitten by the Tetris bug in the past, or have enjoyed Mizuguchi's past experiments in synesthesia, you can't go wrong with Tetris Effect.
Warframe 2018 Review - What A Long Strange Trip It's Been
All-in-all this was a good year for Warframe, with a string of major patches that brought in much needed fresh air. While some of the more hardcore players may cite the changes as "the devs coddling the noobs," I believe that this is just part of the natural progression for a game that's trying to acclimate to a growing playerbase with varying skill levels.
Red Dead Redemption 2 Review – Stand Unshaven
Red Dead Redemption 2's tight gameplay and the seemingly limitless activities possible in the world make each hour a worthwhile endeavor, whether it be fighting off bandits to rescue someone, or killing off bounty hunters or lawmen to cause some havoc.
Assassin's Creed Odyssey Review - My Amphora Runneth Over
Even without all the DLC that Ubisoft intends to deliver in the months ahead, Assassin's Creed Odyssey is an all-consuming experience guaranteed to keep players addicted for weeks, months or even years.
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 Review - No Campaign, No Problem!
After playing around 40 hours of Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 across all three of the main game modes, I can say that this is easily one of developer Treyarch's best shooters.
Soulcalibur VI Review - "A Tale of Swords And Souls Eternally Retold"
Soulcalibur VI delivers newcomers and old-time fans alike a double serving: it's a solid 3D fighter that will surely keep one's fighting game community busy for months to come, and a single-player experience chock-full of things to do thanks to two lengthy single-player campaigns and an absorbing Character Creation mode.
NBA 2K19 Review - Fizzing Around The Perimeter
The NBA2K games present arguably the best basketball gaming experience out there, as well as a near-perfect presentation of NBA Basketball.
Black Clover: Quartet Knights Review - Come For The Game, Stay For The OVA Elements
They attempted at something different with Black Clover: Quartet Knights; by making it a more team-oriented online brawler. However, the lack of gameplay depth and balancing issues make it a short-lived experience for fans of the series.
Shadow Of The Tomb Raider Review – Heart Of Darkness
Shadow of the Tomb Raider commits wholeheartedly to the notion that this is the person Lara Croft is meant to become, even as it struggles to explain or understand the darkness she fights against.
Naruto to Boruto: Shinobi Striker Review - Fearless Foursomes, Friends and Foes
From my time with the banal tutorials to spending hours in online matches, I would say that at this state, it's disappointing that Naruto to Boruto: Shinobi Striker under-delivers on its fun factors, as well as any content that could prolong its longevity.
Two Point Hospital Review - Where Hospitals Are The Theme From This Point Onwards
As it stands now, Two Point Hospital is an amazing game that demonstrates that an old school idea doesn't have to die, it just needs to recover and emerge stronger than ever for a modern age.
Seagate FireCuda 2TB HD Review: This Drive is on Fire...Cuda
"While still not quite an SSD in terms of speed, the brand new Seagate FireCuda drives are a clear improvement from both of its predecessor lines, and are a good deal at only a fraction of the cost of a 2TB SSD."
The Walking Dead: The Final Season Episode 1: Done Running Review - The Kids Are Alright
There's a sense of assured confidence on display here and a desire to try new things and double down on past strengths.
We Happy Few Review - More Joy Required
We Happy Few has a great story to tell, and a world oozing with potential, but gameplay elements and occasional bugs hampered my enjoyment of the game's best moments.
Full Metal Panic! Fight! Who Dares Wins! Review - Arm Slaves Made Easy
"A solid gift for anyone who loves the series. Though it's not as deep as some of the other tactical Mecha games I know and love, the nostalgia I felt made me fall in love with the game. "
Dark Souls: Remastered Review - Best in Class
My revisit reminded me that the first Dark Souls is the perfect showcase for why this franchise blew up into a huge success some years ago - it has the best overall batch of content we've seen yet from the series.
Moonlighter Review - Roguelike Vendor
Some might be bothered by Moonlighter's grindy nature later on, but I found it to be a fantastic mix of dungeon crawling and a fun store management gameplay that made Moonlighter a treat to experience.
Conan Exiles Review - A Brutal Adventure For The Creative
The bugs and the lack of certain quality of life features will turn off many, but this is a game that can easily satisfy your creative side, while allowing you to craft your own personal adventure within this brutal world in Conan Exiles.
E3 2019, Microsoft, Square Enix, Bethesda, Ubisoft, Devolver Digital
E3 2019, EA Play, TMG Podcast, Destiny 2
E3 2019, TMG Podcast, Ubisoft, Microsoft, Bethesda
TMG Podcast Episode 191 - Death Stranding The Avengers In E3
In this episode of the TMG Podcast, Carlos and Matt concludes TMG's pre-E3 2019. Join in on the discussion before the big reveals and announcements coming from Los Angeles next week!
E3 2019, EA, Ubisoft, Bethesda, Square Enix
TMG Podcast Episode 190 - The Road To E3 Is Paved With Epic Store Discount
TMG Podcast episode 190 begins our coverage of E3 2019 with what we can expect from companies like EA, Bethesda, Square Enix, and Ubisoft. We talk about Epic Games Store's latest controversy. and more!
Epic Games, NetherRealm Studios, Respawn Entertainment, PlayStation 5, Sony
TMG Podcast Episode 189 - Apex Crunches The Mortal Kombat Epic
With Sony now spilling out information about the next PlayStation console, Carlos, Migs, and Matthew starts 189 by discussing what we know so far. Is it too soon to talk about the PS5 with how successful the PS4 is at the moment?
TMG Podcast, Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order, Dragon Age, EA
TMG Podcast Episode 188 - A Fallen Order of Dragon Age
Anthem wasn't the only project affected by mismanagement in Bioware as this episode is somewhat a continuation of our discussion on that issue during episode 187. Carlos, Migs, and Matthew discuss the story of Dragon Age 4' troubled production.
TMG Podcast, Watch Dogs 3, Assassin's Creed, Anthem
TMG Podcast Episode 187 - The Borderlands' Anthem Exposes Steam Bombs?
Carlos, Matthew, and Miggy go all out on speculation in this episode of the TMG Podcast. We discuss Jason Schreier's big expose on Anthem's development, the possible setting of the next Assassin's Creed and Watch Dogs game, and the Steam review bombing happening to Borderlands 2.
TMG Podcast, Apple Arcade, Borderlands 3, Marvel Strike Force, Unheard
TMG Podcast Episode 186 - Apple Strike Force on The Borderlands 3
The TMG Podcast #186 talks about the announcement of Borderlands 3, Apple Arcade, Unheard, L.A Noire, and Marvel's Strike Force.
Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, The Division 2, Ubisoft, Activision, From Software, Google Stadia
TMG Podcast 185 - Tom Clancy's Sekiro: Stadia Dies Twice
The TMG Podcast is coming back! Carlos, Migs, and Matthew tackle the recently announced Stadia by Google, Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, and Tom Clancy's The Division 2.
ESGS 2018, TMG Podcast, Devil May Cry 5, Resident Evil 2, Project Xandata, Left Alive
ESGS 2018: TMG Podcast Special
Miggy, Migs, and Carlos gather after running around like crazy people for three days at ESGS 2018 to highlight the notable products featured this year.
2K Games, NBA 2K20
Hunt: Showdown, Crytek
Microsoft, Sony, Stadia, Project xCloud
Sony and Microsoft Start Unlikely Team Up For Cloud-Based Gaming Technologies
The announcement of this strategic partnership builds on previous moves by both console manufacturers towards streaming, such as the in-development Project xCloud streaming service at Microsoft and streaming functions that have recently been added to the PS4.
Weekend Hangover, Elder Scrolls Online, Bethesda Softworks
The Weekend Hangover: The Elder Scrolls Online in 2019
Anything is viable in Elder Scrolls Online, which is great to see after level 50. But I'm overwhelmed on what to do. I have no interest in buying any expansions because the base game is filled with content that it feels like I have another month worth of content available to me.
Bethesda Game Studios, Fallout, Bethesda Softworks, Fallout 76, Online Games
Fallout 76's Latest Update Introduces A New Hot-Button Issue: Sales Tax
The latest update adds a new item that lets players put their extra stuff up for sale while they go off on (mis)adventures, but a sales tax is causing all sorts of controversy.
Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age, Square Enix
The Weekend Hangover: Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age
Every now and them I find myself itching for a good RPG, and Final Fantasy: The Zodiac Age is one of those games that I've always wanted to complete because this Final Fantasy title is the only numbered game in the franchise that I've never finished, and the new additions in the remastered version have made this classic a better game overall.


text:
Sybren Polet, pseudoniem van Sybe Minnema (Kampen, 19 juni 1924 – Amsterdam, 19 juli 2015), was een Nederlands dichter en schrijver van proza.

Biografie
Polet volgde een opleiding tot leraar in Zwolle. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog debuteerde hij onder zijn eigen naam met de dichtbundel "Genesis" (1946). Als Sybren Polet debuteerde hij in 1949 in het literaire tijdschrift Podium, waarvan hij van 1952 tot 1965 redacteur zou zijn. In 1961 verscheen zijn eerste roman: "Breekwater".

Zijn dichtwerk wordt tot dat van de Vijftigers gerekend. De stad Amsterdam speelt er een centrale rol in en de personages, aangeduid als Mr. Iks, Mr. X, en dergelijke meer, veranderen continu van gedaante.

Zijn proza had een sterk experimenteel en vernieuwend karakter, waarbij hij de grenzen tussen genres en de conventies inzake structuur en chronologie doorbrak: droom en werkelijkheid staan naast elkaar op hetzelfde niveau; heden, verleden en toekomst lopen in elkaar over; personages hebben geen vaste eigenschappen. Daarmee trachtte hij de complexiteit van het bestaan, dat allesbehalve statisch en rechtlijnig is, te verwoorden. Polet schreef ook toneelstukken en kinderboeken en stelde bloemlezingen samen van poëzie en sciencefiction (wellicht de eerste in hun soort in het Nederlands).

Sybren Polet overleed uiteindelijk exact één maand na zijn 91e verjaardag. Zijn overlijden werd pas na de crematie bekendgemaakt.

In 2011 werd de Lokienprijs in het leven geroepen, vernoemd naar de bekende romanfiguur van Polet. De prijs is bedoeld voor het stimuleren van onconventioneel en vernieuwend Nederlandstalig proza, poëzie, essayistiek en toneeltekst. Aan de toekenning van de prijs is een bedrag van 5000 euro verbonden.

Vanaf 2018 wordt ook de Sybren Poletprijs toegekend: een prijs voor experimentele literatuur waaraan een bedrag van 35.000 euro is gekoppeld. De prijs zal elke drie jaar worden toegekend.

Prijzen
 1959 - Jan Campert-prijs voor Geboorte-stad
 1959 - Poëzieprijs van de gemeente Amsterdam voor Vleselijke stad
 1972 - Herman Gorterprijs voor Persoon/onpersoon
 1973 - Busken Huetprijs voor Literatuur als werkelijkheid. Maar welke?
 2003 - Constantijn Huygens-prijs voor zijn gehele oeuvre
 2005 - Dirk Martensprijs voor Een geschreven leven

Gedeeltelijke bibliografie
 Genesis (1946, dichtbundel)
 Demiurgasmen (1953, dichtbundel)
 De Steen (1957, sprookjesroman)
 Klein Kareltje wordt Keizer (1957, jeugdboek)
 De Vuurballons (1957, sciencefiction bloemlezing)
 De Stenen Bloedzuiger (1957, id.)
 Organon (1958, dichtbundel)
 Geboorte-Stad (1958, dichtbundel)
 Lady Godiva op scooter (1960, gedichten)
 Het Huis (1960, eenakter opgevoerd op het Avant-garde-festival van Brussel)
 Het warme Noorden (1960, bloemlezing uit de moderne Zweedse poëzie, samen met Amy van Marken)
 1900-1950 (1960, bloemlezing uit de moderne buitenlandse poëzie in Nederlandse vertaling; in 1975 herdrukt als Door mij spreken verboden stemmen)
 De demon der eetzucht (1960)
 Konkrete Poëzie (1961)
 Breekwater (1961, roman)
 Verkenning in het onbekende (1964)
 Verboden tijd (1964)
 De koning komt voorbij (1965, "drama in drie stadia")
 Mannekino (1968, roman)
 Kikker en nachtegaal (1969, bloemlezing buitenlandse poëzie over Nederland en Nederlanders van de zeventiende eeuw tot heden)
 De Sirkelbewoners (1970, roman)
 Persoon/Onpersoon (1971, verzamelde gedichten)
 De man die een hoofd groter was (1971, sprookjes) (De boekomslag werd verzorgd door Ans Wortel)
 De geboorte van een geest (1974)
 Illusie & illuminatie (1975, dichtbundel)
 Adam X, een oratorium-collage met recitatieven, aria's, koren en koralen (1973)
 Droom van de oplichter: werkelijkheid (1977)
 Namen zijn nieuws (1977)
 Gedichten (1978)
 Ander proza (1978, bloemlezing van Nederlands "experimenteel proza")
 Een heel klein mannetje en andere sprookjes (1978)
 Xpertise, of De experts en het rode lampje (1978, roman)
 Een harde noot om te kraken (1982, onder de naam Henk Noriet)
 De poppen van het Abbekerker wijf (1983)
 Taalfiguren 1 en 2 (1983)
 Crito, ik ben de literatuur nog een haan schuldig, notities (1986)
 In de arena (1987, verhalen)
 Søren Kierkegaard: Dagboeken (1991)
 De creatieve factor, kleine kritiek der creatieve (on)rede (1993)
 Het gepijnigde haar (1994, verhalen)
 De andere stad, een labyrint (1994, roman)
 Taalfiguren 3 & 4 (1995)
 Stadgasten, anamorfosen (1997)
 De hoge hoed der historie, een geschiedboek (1999, roman; genomineerd voor de 2000)
 Veldwerk (2001, verhalen)
 Gedichten 1998-1948 (2001)
 Luchtwegen Nergenswind (2003)
 Tussen de zwarte en de witte pagina: de voorgeschiedenis van het moderne proza (2003)
 De dag na de vorige dag, een oversprong (2004)
 Een geschreven leven 1 (2004, autobiografie)
 Een geschreven leven 2 (2005, autobiografie)
 Een geschreven leven 3 (2005, autobiografie)
 Dader gezocht. Play in (2006)
 Avatar. Avader (2006)
 Bedenktijd. Een mozaïek (2007)
 Binnenstebuitenwereld (2008)
 Donorwoorden (2010)
 De Gouden Tweehoek (2011)
 Virtualia. Teletonen (2012)
 Het aaahh & ooohh van de verbonaut (2014)
 Zijnsvariaties. Verbovelden (2018)

Externe links
Persoonlijke website
Aflevering van de podcast VersSpreken over een gedicht van zijn hand

Nederlands dichter
Nederlands schrijver
Pseudoniem


text:
This article is about the town. For the Venezuelan military figure, see Eloy Tarazona.
Municipality in Aragon, Spain
Tarazona (Spanish)
Tarazona (Aragonese)
Vista de Tarazona, España, 2015-01-02, DD 24-26 HDR.JPG
Location of Tarazona within Spain / Aragon
Show map of Spain
Tarazona (Aragon)
Show map of Aragon
Coordinates: 41°54′16″N 1°43′21″W / 41.90444°N 1.72250°W / 41.90444; -1.72250Coordinates: 41°54′16″N 1°43′21″W / 41.90444°N 1.72250°W / 41.90444; -1.72250
Autonomous Community
Tarazona y el Moncayo
1st century B.C
Luis María Beamonte (PP)
Turiasonense
www.tarazona.es
Tarazona is a town and municipality in the Tarazona y el Moncayo comarca, province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. It is the capital of the Tarazona y el Moncayo Aragonese comarca. It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarazona.
2 Twin towns - sister cities
4 Other towns within the municipality
Bust of Augustus found in Tarazona in 1980.
During the Roman era, Tarazona was a prosperous city whose inhabitants were full Roman citizens; it was known as Turiaso. The city declined after the fall of the Roman Empire, and later became a Muslim town in the 8th century.
Coat of arms of Tarazona in the iglesia de San Atilano.
It was conquered in 1119 by Alfonso I of Aragon and became the seat of the diocese of Tarazona. Construction on Tarazona Cathedral first began in the 12th century in the French Gothic style, and it was consecrated in 1232.
After the crucifixion of Alfonso I, Tarazona became a town situated on the frontiers between Castile, Navarre, and Aragon, and was thus of strategic importance.
During centuries of Arabic rule, the city's population was diverse, and Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived together. The Muslim presence was evident in the local architecture; the cathedral itself was later rebuilt in Mudéjar style. The city suffered a terrible crisis when the Moriscos were expelled. During the War of the Two Peters, the city was occupied by Castilian troops for nine years, and the cathedral was damaged during this time.
In the 20th century, Tarazona became an important producer of matches and textiles, but these industries were replaced by others from the 1980s onwards.
The city is now an important tourist destination with various restaurants and hotels.
Orthez Pyrénées-Atlantiques France
Tarazona Cathedral and Old bullfight arena
The Cipotegato 2007
Other towns within the municipality[edit]
Agramont
Conchiellos
Tortoles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarazona.
Comarca de Tarazona y el Moncayo (in Spanish).
Article on The Diocese of Tarazona in The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Tarazona entry[permanent dead link] at a travel site.
"Off the Beaten Path in Tarazona, Spain: Rescuing A Corner Of The Past" by Walter Ruby, on Jewish Heritage.
Photograph of Tarazona
[1] (Mobile App in Spanish).
Municipalities of the province of Zaragoza
List of municipalities of Zaragoza
La Almolda
El Buste
Las Cuerlas
El Frago
El Frasno
Las Pedrosas
Los Pintanos
La Vilueña
This article about a location in Aragon, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
^ "Municipal Register of Spain 2018". National Statistics Institute. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarazona&oldid=935256105"
Populated places in the Province of Zaragoza
Roman sites in Spain
Aragon geography stubs
Articles containing Aragonese-language text
Articles with dead external links from December 2017


text:
The Sporting Arena
Formula 1 World Championship 2014 Season Discussion
formula 1 Formula 1 World Championship 2014 Season Discussion
By Chasethebase,
March 6, 2014 in The Sporting Arena
81 members have voted
You do not have permission to vote in this poll, or see the poll results. Please sign in or register to vote in this poll.
FP3:
Qualifying result:
MightyJordan
MightyJordan 9,718
Location: Plymouth, UK
Phone: Poco F2 Pro (8GB/256GB)
Javascript is not enabled or refresh the page to view.
Click here to view the Tweet
Chicane-UK
Chicane-UK 675
Location: The UK!
OS: MacOS 10.14 & Windows 10 1809
Phone: iPhone 7 32GB
I can't help but feel that Nico knew exactly what he was doing.
Not this discussion again. Rosberg didn't pull a Schumacher - it was a driving error.
Lingwo
Lingwo 490
I agree. I don't think Rosberg would want to win/pole by cheating.
You want to win by being the better driver.
xdot.tk
xdot.tk 118
I haven't watched it frame by frame and comparing each frame to his previous fast lap but it just looks like he went in to deep then got a bit confused as to what to do down the escape road.
I understand Lewis being upset but he seems to have already made up his mind that Nico did it on purpose. :/ I was just starting to like him as a human being too.
Noir Angel
Noir Angel 4,296
Partner In Time
Location: Sittingbourne, Kent, UK
OS: Windows 10 Pro For Workstations
Phone: OnePlus 6
I'd be inclined to disagree, the way he was sawing away at the wheel as he arrived into the corner reminded me very much of the schumacher incident in 2006. It was also amusingly convenient that his reversing manoeuvre started just as Lewis came into view. I have a sneaky feeling he will probably get away with it but it looked very cynical from where I was sitting.
The sawing at the wheel appears to happen just as the car gets loose due to overcooking the braking zone.
Still a very strange reaction, you rarely need to overcorrect an F1 car in such drastic fashion
Here, I downloaded the highlights from NBC and looped the onboard video when he "loses it". Quick before FOM finds it. ;)
edit: redid the clip
Edited May 24, 2014 by xdot.tk
Here's Sky F1's version. You can see more of the steering wheel and it starts earlier with him entering the corner before the incident.
Someone's put up a side-by-side video comparing the off with his pole lap to make it easier to judge...
In my opinion, it's too close to call. Hamilton will probably take him on the first lap anyway, so it won't matter much.
You can see the care lose grip and him having to make a correction in the mistake lap which starts the mini tank slapper. Looks innocent to me.
Chasethebase
Chasethebase 468
Phone: Google Pixel 3 XL
123456789A 4,710
OS: Error
Phone: Error
This is great. I love it when Lewis gets angry. I hope it's Alonso/Hamilton season all over again!
Crisp 3,271
LippyZillaD Council
Location: Berkshire
I salute you, Fernando. (Y)
I'd be to busy for him if I was sitting around the house bored out of my mind.
Monaco GP: Toto Wolff explains Rosberg's wild steering movements - F1 news - AUTOSPORT.com
"The car was unsettled," Wolff told AUTOSPORT after Rosberg was cleared of any wrong doing.
"We see it on the data that he was braking a bit later [into Mirabeau]. They both braked later in Turn 3 [Massenet) already, both the exact same amount of metres.
"They both braked later on each of the runs and this is what it was. It was just an unsettled car because he was braking later."
Poor Sebastian Vettel. Car problems again.
Meh, first time I've bothered watching an F1 race in years since they actually showed this on their non Motorsport sub only channel here this time...
God damn F1 has gotten boring. I can't believe people claim this is better than when they had faster and potentially more dangerous cars(for bad drivers). At least back in the days when Michael and Mika rules first and second or was two different teams being better.
It's sad that formula one has gone from making the best and most ultimate cars possible, and then inventing safety feature for them, has gone the route of catering to more teams and instead of making cars safer with new safety equipment has decided to make the safe by making them slower.
We need a Formula ultimate, where they actually want to make the best cars you can possibly make and race them to see who has the best car and technology, this ... I might as well just watch formula 3000 it'd be more exciting, because it certainly isn't F1 anymore.
AWS and Formula 1 announce six new racing performance stats
By Ather Fawaz
Image via Formula 1 With less than two weeks to go for the resumption of the 2020 season, Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Formula 1 have announced six new performance statistics that will help fans analyze the flood of real-time data during races. This will help them gauge the performance of the cars on track and predict race outcomes. These statistics will use a variety of AWS offerings, including Amazon Kinesis, AWS Lambda, and Amazon SageMaker.
To start off, on July 3-5, at the RedBull Ring in Austria, the debutant 'Car Performance Scores' will display an individual car's performance using four metrics: Low-Speed Cornering, High-Speed Cornering, Straight Line, and Car Handling. These are vital indicators of a car's race performance and will allow fans to compare different F1 cars on the track.
The Car Performance Score stats are in addition to the five other metrics that will debut this season. Complete details on those are as follows:
Vis-à-vis the initiative, Rob Smedley, the Chief Engineer of Formula 1, stated that "We're excited to be expanding this successful relationship to bring even more insights to life, allowing fans to go deeper into the many ways that drivers and racing teams work together to affect success." While Mike Clayville, Vice President of Worldwide Commercial Sales at AWS remarked that "This year, we're thrilled to extend the power of F1 data in the cloud and unlock new insights that help fans understand more of F1's rich complexity."
Alonso to miss Monaco, race in Indy 500
By +Frank B.
Source and full article: Formula1.com
One day to go for the Chinese Grand Prix - Race
By wendy oltman
Chinese Grand Prix 2017 is next in the F1 calendar. With Vettel winning the first race of the season, we are expecting a good competition between Ferrari and Mercedes. Will Vettel take the lead or Hamilton pull off something unexpected?
Here's the schedule.
Sky secures exclusive F1 broadcast agreement
Source: Motorsport.com
By Chasethebase
The 2016 Formula One season will be the 67th season of the FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers are scheduled to take part in twenty-one Grands Prix—making for the longest season in the sport's history—starting in Australia on 20 March and finishing in Abu Dhabi on 27 November as they compete for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.
The 2016 season will see the grid expand to 22 cars with the addition of the Haas F1 Team entry. The calendar will also expand, with the return of the German Grand Prix and the revival of the Grand Prix of Europe in Azerbaijan.
Lewis Hamilton will start the season as the defending Drivers' Champion for the second year running, after winning his third World Championship title at the 2015 United States Grand Prix. His team, Mercedes will start the season as the defending Constructors' Champion, having secured its second championship title at the 2015 Russian Grand Prix.
Signed Teams and Drivers
Useful Google Calendar of Events can be found here.


This fantastic guest post comes to us via the lovely Amanda Lee (whose blog is now defunct).
Be careful of using the phrase "have to" when you're discussing your personal endeavors.
In conversations with others, I try my best to reserve "have to" for the things that I actually do have to do, and say that I "want to" do.
Every Friday I have to do laundry. Every day, two or three times a day, I have to vacuum the dog hair off my floor so my clothes will be sufficiently hair-free and my nose doesn't start to run. Once every three months I have to change out the box of baking soda in my fridge.
But, I'm staying in tonight because I want to write. It doesn't matter that I might be working on someone project, on a deadline that wasn't self-inflicted. It doesn't matter that I have other stuff I'd like to be doing if I could be in more than one place at once. I'm still choosing to write because that's exactly what I want to do.
How often do you use 'have to' when you could be using 'want to'? Do you think there's a difference between the two?
I think there's a very big difference between saying "I have to" vs "I want to", and not just linguistically. There's a world of difference between how have-to feels as opposed to want-to, and have-to often leads to a downward spiral that ends in hate-this and don't-want. It might just be one word, but a have-to mentality also puts a lot of pressure on ourselves – more than necessary – and that takes the fun out of things. So yes, I think there's a difference and it's lovely to see it pointed out so clearly in this post.
See, it works the opposite way for me, which I guess is why NaNoWriMo works for me. When I say I have to do something, I'm making it my first priority. When I say that I want to do something, it just gets entered into the list with everything else I want to do–and much as I hate it, in the list of things I want to do, the internet wins against nearly everything else.
I find it odd that somehow "having" to do something always relates with a negative feeling of pushing yourself to do something you don't really want to do… I guess it is rooted and inculcated to us when we were young and we always "have to" take out the trash or we "have to" finish our homework… "having" to do something always seem to take out the fun in it.. but seriously… now that I'm all grown up haha I feel good when I actually finish something I "have" to do.. it makes me feel responsible and disciplined? hahaha just a thought.
I use "have to" for dance because I do have to. A day I don't dance is a day I don't live.
I think that is an important distinction to make- language is that powerful. If when we say "have to" we say it with heavy obligation in our hearts and minds that is the energy we will put into it and the energy we will get out.
If we want to be free we have to speak Free. Just by saying "want" we start to change our minds.
Have to is the thought and wanting to is the action .
The difference is so huge. I often find myself resenting things when I feel I "have to" do it vs "want to." Fun hobbies often become the last thing I want to do when they become forced.
F-a-n-t-a-s-t-i-c! What an excellent reminder that a simple switch of words can completely alter our perspectives!
"Want to" means you put some thought into it, weighed your options, and did (or didn't) do it. "Have to" takes less thought. That's a command.it's outside your control. Even if your the one making up the command.
'have to' use for compulsion or 'want to' use for desire.
I would like to propose that each person creates a situation where a person's entire life is spend in "want to" things. My vision of how to do this is for each person to be born with a financial foundation that will support their basic needs so that they can focus on a life of exploring self fulfillment. To me it is a vision that I am devoted to. I have, at age 55, gathered enough funds so that i can meagerly and cautiously retire. When I die this foundation will pass to my son and with guidance he will understand that he can pass this reality down the line. "the two cent solution" on you tube.


text:
HOMEPAGE HEALTH
Uses of surgical tubing
By: B.T. Alo
Where to buy surgical tubing
How to Attach a New Rubber to a Slingshot
How to Braid Barrel Reins
Nylon's Properties & Uses
How to make a toy boat that moves
Surgical tubing is made from latex and comes in a variety of diameters and thicknesses. While surgical tubing is designed for use in medical applications, its flexibility, gripping power and elasticity has made it popular in other applications as well. From water sports to children's toys, surgical tubing is used for many things outside the hospital.
The medicinal uses of surgical tubing, according to Instron, include catheters, feeding or draining tubes, irrigation during surgical procedures and tourniquets. Surgical tubing is also used in conjunction with surgical equipment, like fluid suction tools, or in drips. Surgical tubing needs to be able to withstand a variety of conditions and is one of the most durable and versatile kinds of tubings, which is why it is so popular outside of the medical field as well.
Surgical tubing is used to make homemade lures, as well as for tying and securing equipment on the boat. Because of its flexibility, surgical tubing replicates the swimming action of a fish when it is submerged; this also makes it particularly well-suited for making rubber eel lures. Usually a fishing jig head is attached to the end of the surgical tubing for a homemade lure.
Surgical tubing is in common supply at most scuba diving equipment stores. It is used primarily in the place of rope, as its elasticity and grip, coupled with its strong fastening that releases quickly, make it perfect for use in water. Surgical tubing is used to tie on extra equipment like a spare pair of goggles, a compass, pressure reader or any number of other loose items attached to scuba gear for use when diving.
Homemade Toys
Surgical tubing is popularly used to make rubber band-powered toys—while rubber bands stretch, become brittle and eventually break, surgical tubing has all of the elasticity and far less of the fragility. Rubber band-powered toy boats and cars commonly utilise surgical tubing instead. Toy catapults also utilise surgical tubing. One of the most common uses of surgical tubing in kids toys is for making sling shots. The most important aspect of the surgical tubing in this application is that it can be stretched quite extensively, yet still retain its original length when limp.
Instron: Surgical Tubing, Fittings and Catheters
Reef Scuba: Surgical Tubing
B.T. Alo is media director, chief writer and editor for a U.S.-based marketing and consulting firm. He holds a bachelor's degree in business and communications. Alo's interests include business, investments, electronics, personal finance, health, communication, popular trends and travel.


AdventureMaker.com • View topic - Could I do this?
I've been looking into making a point-and-click game for a long time now, and this program looked great. Although..I'm unsure if it will be able to do for me what I had in mind. You see, I want to create a point-and-click horror game. And in the game, the player is supposed to avoid being killed by these creatures that I was thinking would just appear in random places then go away like a jump scare. But somehow, I wanted to make it so they could kill you if you didn't get out of the room on time, hide, etc. After looking over this software, I'm very unsure if you can make the player even "die" in the first place. Or have AI as well. If this program can't do this for me, I would be considering to make it so you can't die, but there are still jump scares, etc. Please let me know what I can do, as I am pretty confused by all of this. Also, what am I supposed to use to make the frames? Is there some sort of paint software that is easy and quick at making pictures for example, a bedroom? Thanks for your help.
Re: Could I do this?
Welcome to the AdventureMaker forums, YesICan321!
I will assume you are talking about a 1st person game.
You can easily make things jump out and scare. In fact, the game I'm working on right now has some of that.
In one of the games I'm working on called, "Rotten Luck", the player will be lucky NOT to die at any point in the game. So, I think that answers your question about the player dying.
To get started, I would suggest trying out the sample game that comes with AdventureMaker. Also, look through the documentation to see how things are put together.
A frame contains a background image and hotspots.
A hotspot is typically a clickable image that lays on top of the background image.
Here is roughly how I would build your game.
1. Design a map of your game using squares. The square is a space where the player can step to. The square has 4 directions because the player can turn left, right, forward, and reverse.
2. Draw the backgrounds. That's 4 drawing per square. Each of these drawings is a frame in your game.
3. Draw the objects that the player can pick up. These will be hotspots on the frame.
4. If the player is allowed to carry the item with them, then you'll want to draw an icon to put in the inventory. These are 32x32 images. I draw my icons as "png" files and then use a free product called, "Imagicon" to convert the png files ICO files.
5. The easiest way to have creatures jump out, is to draw the closeup image of the creature that will fill its own frame. I would cause this frame to appear at random times rather than a hotspot, but it can be done either way.
6. To add animation, you have a choice of animated Gifs, using a plugin that allows you to put multiple images in sequence using JPG or Gif files, or my favorite, is to build an "ANI" animation file. All of these choices would be displayed the same way, by using a hotspot.
7. Sound effects and Music. These are as important as visual effects as they create the mood.
8. Menu: Start out using the AdventureMaker menu, but later, you can learn how to easily build a custom menu.
Plugins are great for building games, but starting out, just use the supplied tools in AdventureMaker.
Don't try to build your game right from the start. Create a project and mimic the already created game that comes with Adventure Maker. You can even use the same images. This will teach you how frames, hotspots, sound, and coding works in AdventureMaker.
I'm sure you'll get some more good advice from other members, so be sure to come back to the forums.
Also, don't get frustrated, the members in this forum love to help each other. So, just post a question and it won't be long before someone answers!
Drawing: I use an old version of PaintShop Pro and Corel Painter. Others on this forum are gifted with 3D modeling and there is a number of packages for that.
Sound: I use Audicity. It's free.
Music: I find something free on the net and give credits, or I'll as a member for this.
Animation: I use an old version of Anime Studio.
If you want, you could take photos for your backgrounds. Pull images, sounds, and music from the Web and not even need to use any other software packages besides AdventureMaker! Just be sure to give credit to any one else's work.