text:
Reaction of sulfur dioxide with calcined limestones and dolomites
Apr 8, 1970 - Carman, P. C., Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 16,168 (1938). Cooper, F. C., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona,. Tucson, Ariz., 1967. Co...
Rates of NOx absorption in calcined limestones and dolomites
Kinetics of the reaction of sulfur dioxide with calcined limestone
Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Limestones and Dolomites
Effects of Surface Features on Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption on Calcined
Chemisorption and Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide with Oxidized and
2598 reaction of amines with sulfur dioxide. i. aniline and sulfur dioxide
Bier, M., Bruckner, G. C., Cooper, F. C., Roy, H . E., "Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route," G. Berg, Ed., Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1967, p 57. Bier, M., Cooper, F. C., "Principles and Application of Water Chemistry," S. D. Faust and J. V. Hunter, Eds., Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1967, p 217. Bier, M., Moulik, S. P., Proceedings of the Third American Water Resources Conference, Ser. no. 3, 524, 1967. Black, A. P., Chen, C. L., J. Amer. Water Works Ass. 57, 354 (1965). Black, A. P., Singley, J. E., Whittle, G . P., Maulding, J. S., ibid. 55, 1347 (1963). Black, A. P., Walters, J. W., ibid. 56, 99 (1964). Carman, P. C., Trans. Znst. Chem. Eng. 16, 168 (1938). Cooper, F. C., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Ariz., 1967. Cooper, F. C., Mees, Q. M., Bier, M., J . Sanir Eng. Diu. Amer. SOC.Cicil Eng.91, 13 (1965). Dicket, G. D., "Filtration," Reinhold, New York, N.Y., 1961. D 24. Moulik, S. P., Cooper, F. C., Bier, M., J . Colloid Interface Sci. 24, 427 (1967). Purchas, D. B., Chem. Prod. 20,149 (1957). Riddick, T. M., Chem. Eng. 68 (14), 141 (1961). Smoluchowski, M. von, Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, p 182 (1903). Sperry, D. R., Chem. Metul. Eng. 15, 198 (1916). Sperry, D. R., ibid. 17,161 (1917). 7 r
Receiced for reciew April 8,1970. Accepted April 29,1971.
Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide with Calcined Limestones and Dolomites Kotturi S. Murthi' Chemical Research Dept., Ontario Hydro Research Division, Toronto 18, Ontario, Canada
Douglas Harrison Chemical Research Dept., Ontario Hydro Research Division, Toronto 18, Ontario, Canada
Raymond K. Chan2 Dept. of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London 72, Ontario, Canada
A small rotary-kiln was used to determine calcination parameters of limestones and dolomites, and a fixed-bed reactor to evaluate sulfur dioxide sorption capacity. The results indicated that the capacity of individual samples varied with calcination time and temperature. Sulfur dioxide sorption rates were dependent on reaction temperature and particle size. The role of physical properties such as surface area, porosity, and chemical composition on the sorbent capacity was discussed. The sulfur dioxide sorption capacity of calcined limestones was substantially reduced in the presence of 10% moisture whereas that of calcined dolomites was affected to a smaller extent. The presence of iron oxide in the samples was proved to be beneficial. The efficacy of these samples was demonstrated by dry powder injection in a 100 MW power plant.
here is a growing awareness of atmospheric pollution by sulfur oxides in power plant stack gas, and massive efforts are being made in many parts of the world to develop suitable processes for controlling them. The removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas by injecting pulverized dry limestone into the boiler was first tried by Wickert (1963) in Germany in a plant-scale test. Since then the process has been tried by numerous investigators. The results obtained in these studies ranged from 10 to 50% sulfur dioxide removal with 1 to 4 times the stoichiometric amount of limestone. Present address, Air Quality Management; Air Pollution Control Div., Ottawa 3, Ontario, Canada. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 776 Environmental Science & Technology
As a first step in determining the applicability of this method, it was decided to assess the sulfur oxide sorption characteristics of several local limestones. There are many possible applications for this work. The limestone injection process can be applied intermittently with a minimum of capital investment for partial desulfurization of the flue gas. Dolomite can be used to prevent high-temperature vanadium oxide corrosion in oil-fired boilers. Magnesium ,oxide reacts with vanadium oxide and raises the fusion temperature of slag from about 970" to approximately 2700°F. Oxides of calcium and magnesium neutralize sulfuric acid vapors in flue gas and thereby reduce cold-end corrosion. A highly reactive lime is preferred, both for the dry injection and for the wet scrubbing methods of controlling sulfur oxide emissions. With these applications in mind, four limestones and five dolomites were chosen for this study. The differences in their sulfur dioxide sorption capacities and the physical and chemical properties responsible for these differences were investigated. From these studies we conclude that some carbonate rocks in Ontario are suitable for desulfurizing flue gas by dry injection. On heating the carbonate samples, calcination proceeds from the outside of the particle inward and carbon dioxide diffuses out (Ingraham and Marier, 1963). As carbon dioxide escapes from the particle interior, porosity is developed because of the differences in the molar volumes. The experimental porosities of calcined limestone and dolomite are 54.4 i 1 . 2 z and 57.2 i 1.6%. respectively (Chan et al., 1970). This porosity has a significant effect on the calcium and magnesium oxide reactivities (Falkenberry and Slack, 1969). The rate of decomposition of either calcium or magnesium carbonate is proportional to the equilibrium carbon dioxide pressure at a given temperature (Boynton, 1966). If we assume flue gas has about 12% carbon dioxide below
1400°F for calcium oxide and 600°F for magnesium oxide, the oxides will recombine with carbon dioxide forming calcium and magnesium carbonates. By elevation of the calcination temperature to 2250-2600°F, the lime sinters. This makes the particles shrink, increasing the bulk density and reducing porosity, surface area, and SO2 sorption capacity. To prevent this, dead burning must be avoided in calcination. Therefore, calcination plays a n important role in developing a reactive lime and magnesia t o capture sulfur dioxide from flue gas by dry injection. The sorption of sulfur dioxide by calcium oxide in the presence of oxygen, and similarly for magnesium oxide, proceeds as follows CaO(s)
+ S02(g) + O.5O2(g)
CaS04(s)
for which the equilibrium constant at 1 atm is
where X i is the mole fraction of ith component in the flue gas. Calculations for calcium and magnesium oxide in 2 . 7 z oxygen, performed by Reid (1970), are reproduced in Figure 1. At low temperatures the equilibrium concentration of sulfur dioxide is favorably small. However, the time required for equilibrium would be impracticably long because of kinetic considerations. Since the flue gas contains 2700 ppm of sulfur dioxide there exists a n upper temperature limit of desulfurization. The lower temperature limit is chosen arbitrarily as 1 ppm. Thus, the lower and upper temperature limits correspond approximately to 1800-2200°F for calcium oxide and 12001500°F for magnesium oxide. The most striking feature is that above 1500°F calcium oxide is the effective desulfurizing agent. If the kinetics is controlled by heat and mass transfer, the desulfurization has been estimated t o be 3 0 z for 3000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in the flue gas using a 5 : l stoichiometric ratio of dolomite (200 mesh) and sulfur dioxide with a residence time of 2 sec each at mean temperatures of 1600" and 900°F (Walling et al., 1966).
nitrogen through water maintained at 120°F. The composition of the metered flue gas is shown in Table 11. The Beckman Model 315A nondispersive infrared analyzer was used to monitor sulfur dioxide. The full-scale sensitivity of the analyzer was 3000 ppm of sulfur dioxide. Because the absorption frequencies of sulfur dioxide overlap with those of carbon dioxide in the flue gas, compensation was made for this interference. Results and Discussion
Three runs were made with limestone 1211 to study the effect of calcination temperature on SOn sorption capacity. For each run, 40 grams of limestone (-16/+30 mesh) was calcined for 1 hr. Three calcination temperaiures, 1400", 1550", and 1800°F, were chosen for this study. Twenty grams of calcined sample was taken from each batch and exposed in a fixed-bed reactor at 1300°F to a simulated flue gas having 2700 ppm of sulfur dioxide and flowing at a rate of 10 scfh. The exit gas was monitored continuously for SOz with the infrared analyzer. The bed temperature was kept below the calcining temperature in order to study the
27%02 In FLUE GAS (Unlt octivi:y 01 Solids)
Experimen fa1 The selection of local limestone and dolomite samples was made on the basis of two detailed reports by Hewitt (1960, 1964). The term limestone refers to a rock consisting mostly of calcium carbonate, CaC03. Dolomite is the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, CaMg(CO&. The main undesirable impurities in the carbonate rocks are silica and alumina. These impurities combine with calcium oxide at elevated temperatures (2000°F) to form slags which reduce the amount of available active lime and occlude pores in the quicklime thereby reducing its reactivity (Nicholls and Reid, 1932). Such impurities either occur in the matrix or come from the material in the crevices and other strata excavated along with the limestone. Samples were chosen from quarries in which these impurities are low (Table I). A conventional rotary-kiln calciner was used. A suction pump was attached to one end of the kiln to force air through the lime bed and to sweep out the carbon dioxide. The calcining temperature was maintained within 1 2 0 ° F . The sorption capacities of the carbonate rocks were evaluated with a fixed-bed reactor similar to that used by Harrington et al. (1968). It consisted essentially of gas metering equipment to give a simulated flue gas, a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor, and a heavy-duty furnace with temperature control of =t4"F. The synthetic flue gas was made by mixing gases from cylinders and the moisture was added by bubbling the
1800 TEMPERATURE ( O F )
Figure 1. Sulfur dioxide equilibrium concentration vs. temperature
Table I. Chemical Compositions of Limestones and Dolomites in Weight Percent Standard limestone analysis MgO RzOJ SiOl
Sample Limestones 1211 1213 1214 1217
Dolomites 1212 1215 1216 1218 1219
COz
435 420 412 44 3 466 436 47 4 441 467
Volume 5, Number 9, September 1971 777
effect of calcination temperature. In the limestone evaluation study, the stone capacity is defined as the quantity of SO2 sorbed at the time when 2 0 z of the inlet SO2passes through the bed (Harrington et al., 1968). [Note: The term capacity is used i n all cases where it refers to amount of sulfur dioxide sorbed under a given condition. The term reactivity refers to a more general situation when it is used for comparing samples regarding their reaction rate and sorption capacity.] If the gas composition and flow rate are kept constant, capacity may be taken as the time that lapses while at least 80% of the inlet concentration of sulfur dioxide is still being sorbed. The relative capacity is greatest for the stone calcined at 1550°F (Figure 2). Based on these findings a calcination temperature of 155O0F and a calcination time of 1 hr were chosen. For the effect of temperature on SO2 sorption, a vitrosil mat impregnated with 200 mg of calcined limestone 1211 (- 100/+140 mesh) was placed in the reactor. Four runs were made at 1200°, 1400°, 1600°, and 1800°F. The samples were analyzed for SO2content after 10 min. The average rate constant, k , is evaluated assuming first-order kinetics
where x o is the initial amount of sample and x is the amount of sample remaining after a time interval t. Figure 3 is the Arrhenius plot which is linear from 1400-1800°F. At 1200'F it deviates considerably from linearity, which suggests that above 1400°F the sulfation of lime appears to be a firstorder reaction. Indeed, Borgwardt (1970) demonstrated that the reaction rate was proportional to SOr concentrations. Since the activation energy changes with temperature, the calculated apparent overall activation energy from the Arrhenius plot will not be significant. Based on these results a reaction temperature of 1700°F was chosen to evaluate relative capacity of the carbonate rocks. Fifteen grams of sample (-16/+30 mesh) was placed in the reactor. The velocity of flue gas was about 1.1 ft/sec with a bed 7/8 in. deep and 1 in. i n diam, giving an average residence time of about 0.067 sec at 1700'F. The outlet gas was continuously monitored for SOz with the infrared analyzer. The time taken for 2 0 z breakthrough was taken as a measure of the capacity of the test stone. The total amount of SO2in sample was determined by wet analysis (Table 111). Figure 4 shows the amount of SO2 sorbed by a 200 mg sample (- 100/+140 mesh) at various time intervals for the limestone 1211 and dolomite 1216 at 1700OF and 2700 ppm of SOz. The initial rate was higher for dolomite but became practically the same for both as sorption continued. The average rate of sorption was estimated to be 2 X lop4 gram of SOn per gram calcined sample per second up to 15 conversion of CaO. Under comparable circumstances, Borgwardt (1910) estimated the rate to be roughly ten times higher. However, one has to bear in mind that the rates vary widely depending on sample origin, physical and chemical properties, and, above all, reaction conditions. There is some correlation between the sorption capacity and the surface area (Table 111). The porosity of the samples was measured by an Aminco 60,000 psi mercury porosimeter. The results of typical pore size analysis performed with this instrument are given in Figure 5 . For calcined dolomite 1212 the pore volume is 0.42 cm3/gram and that of calcined limestone 1211 is 0.32 cm3/gram. The results for nine samples calcined at 1550OF for 1 hr are summarized in Table 111.
I I I I
I I II I
/ 4c
TEMPERATURE of CALCINATION ("F)
Figure 2. Effect of calcination temperature on sorption capacity of limestone 1211
2 1o%?K-1)
Figure 3. Effect of temperature on rate constant of SO2 sorption by limestone 1211
778 Environmental Science & Technology
Table 11. Compositions of Simulated Flue Gas Component
coz 0 2
Nz H20
Volume, With moisture
12.00 3.00 17.13-14.73 7.00-10.00 0.27
12.00 3.00 84.73 ...
POXE DIAMETER(m1crons)
z V
Dolomite 1216
TIME ( M I N 1
From Figure 5 one can see that pores with diameters from 0.1-0.3 p contributed most of the pore volume. According to the method of Rootare and Prenzlow (1967) which related surface areas to porosity data, pores with diameters from 0.1-0.3 p contributed most of the surface area. Since sorption capacity was proportional to surface area, 0.1-0.3 p pores should play an important role in SO2sorption. The effect of moisture was shown in Figures 6 and 7. The addition of 10% moisture was achieved by bubbling the nitrogen content of the synthetic flue gas through water at 120°F. Moisture showed no apparent effect on SO2sorption by dolomites. In the case of limestones, moisture caused little change in the initial sorption rate but, after a lapse of 10 to 20 min, moisture decreased the sorption rate considerably. A possible explanation for this behavior is that, in the case of dolomite, the magnesium oxide does not react at 1700OF but acts as a catalyst transferring sulfur dioxide to active calcium oxide sites, thereby keeping the pore diffusion path free. In the case of lime, the formation of calcium sulfate which has a molar volume of 45.9 cm3/mol vs. calcium oxide 16.8 cm3/mol, and other undetermined phenomena such as the pseudolattice formation in the presence of moisture
TIME(MIN 1 0
dry flue gas with 13% moisture
TIME ( M I N )
Figure 6. Effect of moisture on SO?sorption by dolomites 1216 and 1212
Table 111. Physical Properties of Samples Calcined at 1550°F for 1 Hr SO?
Figure 5. Pore-size distribution by mercury porosimeter
Figure 4. Rate of sulfur dioxide sorption
ABSOLUTE PRESSL'RE(PS I )
Surface area, mZ/grama
sorption capacity,
gramb
cm3/gram
3,50 3.25 2.80 2.70 2.35
0 40 0.39 0.42 0.41 0.33
vol,
Most-probable pore diameter,
density, grams/cm3
0.090 0.17 0.18 0.18
0,099 0.096 0.14 0.087 0.085
'[ Approximately 100 mg of sample was calcined at 1370°F in a C a h n electrobalance for 0.75 hr until calcination \vas complete. Then, the surface area was determined by the standard BET technique with nitrogen at 77°K. The sorption capacity is defined as weight of SO2 sorbed per 15 grams of calcined sample when 20% of Son in the flue gas breaks through the fixedbed reactor.
T i r e In Mln.
'. Limestone 1214
W '\\,
'\
'.
-i (
"\.\
Limestone 1211
-dry flue gas - - - - - w i t h 10%moisture
1x)
80 Time in Min.
Figure 7. Effect of moisture on SO2 sorption by limestones 1214 and 1211
E 60n
DO,omite 1216
with 015% iron oxidewithout iron oxide
(Glasson, 1958), plug the pores and inhibit the diffusion of sulfur dioxide into the matrix. This hypothesis accounts for the lower sorption capacity of limestones with sulfur dioxide in the presence of moisture. A special hand-picked sample of dolomite 1216 having an iron oxide content of 0.15% by weight was selected. Although the iron oxide content is low, the iron in the ferric state has diffused uniformly into the sample matrix. Sulfur dioxide sorption test at 1700OF was made on this sample after calcination. A similar experiment was carried out with a sample from the same quarry without iron oxide. Comparison of the sorption curves given in Figure 8 shows that the sample with traces of iron oxide sorbed more sulfur dioxide at all times throughout the experiment. The explanation for increased sorption is that calcium oxide reacts with sulfur dioxide initially to form calcium sulfite. The concentration for sulfur dioxide in equilibrium with calcium sulfite at 1700OF is 1.3 X IO5 ppm whereas for calcium sulfate the equilibrium concentration of sulfur dioxide is only 0.24 ppm in 2 . 7 z of oxygen (Walling et al., 1966). On this basis, any impurity that promotes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to trioxide will enhance the sorption capacity. The traces of ferric oxide in the sample probably catalyzed the formation of calcium sulfate. The relative capacity of nine samples in a fixed-bed reactor will serve as a guide but does not necessarily predict accurately the behavior under the dynamic conditions of a boiler. In a boiler the temperature of the gas stream decreases in a complex fashion and the thermochemical reaction time is short (about 2 sec). Above all, the concentration of sorbent and the relative velocity between sorbent and SO? are small. Therefore, it is difficult to make use of the available lime effectively. For dry injections in a 100 MW power plant the desulfurization was 40-55% for 200-mesh limestone 1211 injected at 1930°F with 3.3 times the stoichiometric amount of lime. Similarly, when dolomite 1216 was injected at 2050OF with 1.9 times the stoichiometric amount of equivalent lime, the desulfurization was 20-40 %. These results are comparable to those of Goldschniidt (1968) which are given in Figure 9. However, there are many uncontrollable variables such as load fluctuations, gas velocity, etc. which can affect the results. Comparison with results in the literature has to be viewed with caution. Conclusions
_1 3
v1 W 0
W z K u W I
Thus, the observations made in this study lead us to the following conclusions : Southern Ontario dolomites and limestones are suitable for the sorption of sulfur dioxide by dry injection into a boiler. The presence of 10% moisture reduces the reactivity of limestone considerably. However, this may not be applicable when the reaction time is of the order of seconds instead of hours. The decomposition of limestone or dolomite leads to a porous oxide structure because of the differences in the molar volumes of carbonates and the oxides. This porous structure varies with type of limestone or dolomite and calcining conditions, but the porosity in the matrix allows sulfur dioxide to penetrate into the interior of the particle by pore diffusion. Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank C. H. Clark, Chemical Research Department, and J. H. Waghorne, Ontario Hydro, for encouragement received to carry out this project. 780 Environmental Science & Technology
Literature Cited Borgwardt, R . H., ENVIRON. SCI.TECHNOL. 4,59 (1970). Boynton, R. S . , "Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestones," Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1966, p 134. Chan, R. K., Murthi, K. S . , Harrison, D., Can. J. Chem. 48, 2972 (1970). Falkenberry, H . L., Slack, A. V., Chem. Eng. Progr. 65, 61 (1969). Glasson, D. R., . I Appl. . Chem. 8,793 (1958). Goldschmidt, K., Chem. Ing. Tech. 40, 1085 (1968). Harrington, R. E., Borgwardt, R. H., Potter, A. E., Amer. Ind. Hyg. Ass. J . 29, 152 (1968). Hewitt, D. F., "The Limestone Industries of Ontario," Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Circular no. 5 (1960) and no. 13 (1964).
Ingraham, T. R., Marier, P., Can. J. Chem. Eng. 41, 170 (1963). Nicholls, P., Reid, W. T., Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. 54, 167 (1932). Reid, W. T., J. Eng. Power Trans. ASME Ser. A 92, 11 (1970). Rootare, H. M., Prenzlow, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. 71, 2733 (1967). Walling, J. F., Cherry, R. H., Jr., Levy, A,, "Fundamental Study of Sulfur Fixation by Lime and Magnesia," Final Rept., Battelle Memorial Institute, Contract no. PH 86. 66-108 (June 30, 19661, p 21 and Appendix. Wickert, K., M i f f . Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer 83, 74 (1963). Received for review June 29, 1970. Accepted March 30, 1971.
Relation of Airborne Nitrate to Telephone Equipment Damage Harold W. Hermance,' Charles A.
Elmer J. Bauer, Thomas F. Egan, and Harold V. Wadlow3
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, N.J. 07733
AirL..cuyac rr.ess corrosion cracking of nickelbrass telephone parts-particularly relay wire springs in the Los Angeles area. A survey of nitrate accumulation on equipment was made in Calif6rnia and other locations. Nitrate deposits were transferred to paper disks and determined spectrophotometrically with chromotropic acid. Nitrate deposition correlated with relay failure and a rating was established t o estimate the degree of danger to equipment. A correspondence to the general patterns of smog and air pollution existing in California was indicated. Several eastern locations are marginal and some nitrate-caused component problems have occurred, but no relay failures. Air filtration and humidity control provide protection against the nitrate-caused failures. ...llyLcy
n 1959 nickel-brass wire springs supporting the contacts on relays in telephone equipment in the Los Angeles
area began to break. This breakage occurred where the wires under a moderate spring stress emerged from the molded plastic base of the relay (Figure 1). A study of the breakage showed that it resulted from cracks developing in those springs which normally had a positive notential. Figure 2 shows a typical spring failure on a relay in use only two years. The exposed areas of the flat nickel-brass surfaces of the clamp plates of the failed relays (Figure 1) had a fogged appearance. The springs, their plastlc bases, and other parts of the relays were layered with fine dust. These deposits were noticeably hygroscopic when relative humidity exceeded 50Z. Analyses of the soluble salts in dust samples collected from Los Angeles and New York air samples are listed in Table I, along with available corresponding data from the National Air Sampling Network ( U S . Dept. HEW, 1962, 1966). Los Angeles area dusts are characterized by their high nitrate ion content. As evidence accumulated, it appeared that the failure of the relay
springs was due t o a stress corrosion cracking of the nickelbrass wire under the influence of an applied potential in the presence of the ionic contaminants present in dust layers between springs carrying opposite potentials. Previous laboratory studies (Hermance, 1966; McKinney and Hermance, 1967) confirmed that hygroscopic nitrates, such as zinc or ammonium in particular, cause stress corrosion cracking of anodic nickel-brass wires under stress. Aqueous extracts of Los Angeles dust samples produced this nitrate type of stress cracking which is different from that caused by nitric acid vapors (Uhlig and Sansome, 1964) or ammonia (Evans, 1960). Salts of other anions under the same conditions did not cause cracking. At the nitrate concentration levels found in Los Angeles (up to about 15 &cm2 of surface area) an applied positive potential was necessary. Cracking without an applied potential could occur if the surface nitrate concentrations were significantly larger than 15 pg/cm-. On the basis of these findings, a cupro-nickel alloy, which did not stress crack in this manner, was substituted for the nickel-brass in new relays. Laboratory studies (McKinney and
Present address: R.D. no. 1, Box 483, ForkedRiver, N.J. 08731. a To whom correspondence should be addressed. Present address: LePassC, Gravieres-Les Vans, Ardeche, France.
Figure 1. Wire spring relay Volume 5 , Number 9, September 1911 781


text:
Project Fe-Silikat-Kolloide – Die Rolle von Fe(II)-Silikat und Fe(III)-Silikat Komplexen und Nanopartikeln für das…
Fe-Silikat-Kolloide
Die Rolle von Fe(II)-Silikat und Fe(III)-Silikat Komplexen und Nanopartikeln für das Überleben von Cyanobakterien und phototrophen Eisenoxidierern auf der frühen Erde
Life evolved on Earth nearly four billion years ago, but the environmental conditions surrounding its evolution remains poorly understood. Ancient microbial fossil and isotopic records indicate the existence of thriving photosynthetic microbial ecosystems by 3.5 Ga, and perhaps as early as 3.8 Ga. However, these environments presented high levels of UV radiation and toxic iron concentrations that should have made early marine environments inhospitable to life. The answer to how ancient photosynthetic bacteria (photoferrotrophs and cyanobacteria) overcame these environmental stresses possibly lies in the composition of Archean seawater itself. High silica abundances in pre-2.5 Ga seawater may have been instrumental in the initial survival of ancient photosynthetic bacteria, as well as to the early colonization of littoral marine environments, by forming Fe(II)-silicate and Fe(III)-silicate complexes and nanoparticles in the ancient water column. These complexes and nanoparticles would have not only acted as a 'sunscreen' against the high levels in incident UV radiation. By complexing with iron(II), silica would have lowered the level of dissolved, bioavailable and toxic iron(II) to more manageable levels, thus enabling the survival and evolution of early bacteria under high iron conditions. In this regard, the purpose of this proposal is twofold: i) to identify the geochemical composition and physical nature of the Fe(II)-silicate and Fe(III)-silicate complexes and nanoparticles, and ii) to determine their ability at protecting free-floating (planktonic) cyanobacteria and photoferrotrophs from long-term exposure to Archean-level UV radiation. By applying information derived from the Archean rock record, to geochemical and biological models, this multidisciplinary approach will allow the elucidation of a number of important interactions between the early hydro-litho- and atmosphere, and early life.
Kappler, Andreas

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Valerie Rockefeller
10 questions for Valerie Rockefeller
Never before have so many assets been passed on to the next generation, which is why people are also talking about "Generation H" (H stands for heirs). One of them is Valerie Rockefeller, the great-great-granddaughter of the world's first billionaire, John D. Rockefeller. The modern-day philanthropist presides over the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a 1.3 billion dollar foundation that has attracted attention for breaking away from what established the dynasty 150 years ago: oil.
1. …about her childhood as a famous heiress
I grew up in the southern part of West Virginia, in a poor coal-mining region. Being a Rockefeller wasn't particularly popular there. My siblings and I went to the public school, where we sometimes got teased so we were afraid of seeming like spoiled rich kids. It wasn't until my twenties that I realised that my name also entailed positive associations. I began my teaching career in East Harlem, where an African-American co-worker told me that her education had been funded by a Rockefeller grant. That's when I learned about the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
2. …about the possibility of leading a self-determined life
As my father was a local West Virginian politician and then a Democratic senator, our family was always in the public eye, and we children had to be on our best behaviour. Of course it's an enormous privilege to be born with a lot of money, but it also brings with it a great moral obligation to show gratitude and give something back to society. "To whom much is given, much will be required," is like our family credo; the saying comes from the Bible and was a favourite of my great-grandfather John D. Rockefeller Jr.. Nevertheless, I have never felt controlled by my relatives, no one has ever told me how to give something back. I was always encouraged by my family to do my own thing.
I grew up in the southern part of West Virginia, in a very poor coal-mining region. Being a Rockefeller wasn't particularly popular there.
Valerie Rockefeller philanthropist
3. …on the question of how to do good
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund was founded in 1940 by the third generation of our family. The foundation's assets amount to 1.3 billion US dollars, and over 5 percent of this is given as grants every year. Like so many Rockefeller heirs, we support a modern approach to philanthropy. Instead of just writing a cheque, we aim to achieve as much impact as possible and results that are actually measurable. We are also able to react very quickly to emergencies – such as the current coronavirus crisis – and we are careful to invest our capital in alignment with the goals of our programs in sustainable development, peacebuilding, and democratic practice. It's counterproductive to invest in fossil fuels, on the one hand, and, on the other, to use donations to support an NGO in its fight against the construction of coal-fired power plants in Kosovo.
4. …on the phasing out of fossil fuels
The Rockefeller fortune is rooted in the oil business, and that is exactly why it was a moral obligation as well as a financially responsible move for us to divest from fossil fuels. In 2010, the board of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, which is comprised of half family and half outside expert trustees, decided to invest sustainably. In 2014 we announced we would join the global Divest-Invest movement, which now represents 17 trillion US dollars in assets under management. Now we invest in companies that stand for an ecological and sustainable future so the Fund's investment portfolio is 99 percent free of fossil fuels. In this way, we have been able to contribute to the debate on investor responsibility.
5. …on the economic potential of sustainable investments
By opting out of non-renewable energies, we wanted to show that sustainability is also economically worthwhile. We are convinced that fossil fuels have no future as an energy source and indeed over the last decade these companies are increasingly losing value. Instead, we have invested primarily in clean energy and sustainable housing for example. Over the past six years, we achieved an average annual performance of 7.8% versus our 6.7% benchmark. I hope this will encourage other institutional and individual investors to make the same transition.
Heirs have a great moral obligation to give something back to society. Nevertheless, I never felt controlled by my relatives.
6. …on the promotion of self-determination through philanthropy
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text:
Straussophobia
Posted in Political Philosophy by Ken Thomas
A good counter to what has been said in recent Comments about Leo Strauss and his view of America can be found in Peter Minowitz's Straussophobia. Minowitz responds to questions in this recent Harper's on-line interview. Neocons, fascism, rule of law, etc. all come in for clarification. As I have in various posts on NLT, I would argue some of these points rather differently, but Peter does restore some reason against wild accusation.
Categories > Political Philosophy
8:33 PM / October 3, 2009
there's sojme good commentary on STRAUSSOPHOBIA, the interview and such if you want to check it out on the postmodern conservative site.
Posted 10:26 AM / October 4, 2009 | Reply
I haven't read Minowitz's book yet, but since he seems like a reasonable fellow who has actually read Strauss's work, I plan to. However, I would also recommend looking at Alan Gilbert, "Do Philosophers Counsel Tyrants" and William H.F. Altman, "Leo Strauss on German Nihilism: Learning the Art of Writing". Gilbert and Altman have some good points, and also make some mistakes, which seems to me similar to the Minowitz review. Regardless, a good counter to what Ken Thomas says about Strauss and America can be found from simply reading Leo Strauss. Thomas's view of Strauss is imaginary, based on his ignorance of what Strauss actually wrote. Here is part of my reply to him from a previous thread:
"Nothing else he [Diogenes] says makes his case either--e.g., consider whom he writes to in the letters that have been published; how many are Americans or students of America?"
- They're not American students, but, as I pointed out, one of the points which Strauss makes explicit in his letters is that he deliberately 'dumbed-down' his ideas for his students, and he found teaching frustrating for that reason (e.g., letter to Jacob Klein of July 12, 1949). Moreover, Strauss does talk A LOT about the revival of classical philosophy. If he thought that America was relevant to that, he could have easily said so. But he never does. He does often defend Nietzsche and Heidegger against the criticisms of Karl Lowith, but he never says, "Karl, you should really read Lincoln". As for American students: there's a reason why Strauss didn't have comparable correspondences with them: as his published letters indicate, he didn't care as much about them. This is demonstrated also by his lengthy (but not yet published) correspondence with an American student: Seth Benardete. They talk constantly about classical philosophy. Not about America. Even though Benardete was actually an American.
"Strauss wrote many books besides his last two."
- His last two Xenophon books are not his last books, but he explicitly says that his Xenophon books are his best (letter to Gershom Scholem, November 17 1972). And although those books are all about America, they say not a single word about America.
"Frankly, nothing he writes can be trusted as having any truth content whatsoever."
- You don't have to trust me. Read the letters by Strauss.
"See Peter Minowitz's Struassaphobia for a diagnosis of the malady "Diogenes" suffers from"
- Straussophobia? I respect Strauss much more than you do. That's why I've actually read him, and take his words seriously (e.g., if he says his Xenophon books were his best, I think that's probably important, instead of ignoring it or being ignorant of it, like you).
Posted 3:16 PM / October 4, 2009 | Reply
Incidentally, in order to appreciate just what a superficial view of Strauss Ken Thomas has, you just have to look at the Minowitz interview, where he admits:
"It's certainly fair to say that Strauss was flirting with fascism [in the 1920s and 1930s]"
Well, what's the difference between "flirting" and being in bed with fascists, or just outright supporting them? Minowitz doesn't say, but many of Strauss's German contemporaries believed that he was doing the latter, and there's some support for that in Strauss's own writings. Minowitz then claims:
"but there's also evidence that he changed his assessment."
- Minowitz's "evidence" here is pretty shallow. Strauss's remark that "wisdom requires unhesitating loyalty to a decent constitution and even to the cause of constitutionalism" reads like an exoteric remark if you pay attention to the slippery way in which Strauss uses the word "we" in that essays (i.e., Strauss sometimes speaks as "we", only to later criticize what he says "we" say); moreover, some of Strauss's other writings explicitly attack the idea of constitutionalism - for instance, in On Tyranny, in a comparison of tyranny and constitutional rule, he repeatedly puts the latter term in scare quotes, while defending the former (in the name of classical philosophy). In that context, Strauss also says that the worst sort of constitutional rule is that which derives from elections! (On Tyranny, pp. 74-5 of my edition: but the pagination of this book will vary slightly from one edition to the next, so you may have to flip a few pages.) The rest of Minowitz's alleged "evidence" for the claim that Strauss moved away from fascism is even more questionable, and certainly no stronger than Altman or Gilbert's finding of esoteric (or not-so-esoteric) fascist sympathies in Strauss's mature works. But Minowitz does make one very valid point: Strauss DID disparage military virtue, and not just in the source that Minowitz cites. In several places, Strauss makes clear that soldiers belong to a lower class of human beings.
I explicitly distanced myself from some of Minowitz's argument. Since you boast about having read Strauss (do you claim that those who differ in their understanding of Strauss have never read Strauss?) what about Strauss's quotation of Jefferson in his essay "On Classical Political Philosophy," footnote 9? You seem to think that because Strauss didn't talk like Harry Jaffa to Benardete or Loewith he had a low regard of America. If he didn't talk about Jerusalem with various scholars, does that mean he had a low regard for Judaism? Neither conclusion follows.
Indeed, on your last point, Strauss says in Natural Right that a philosopher looks at a good citizen and sees a mutilated human being. In the same vein, the letters comments are interesting, but they tell only part of a story. For example, one can take Strauss's American education to moderate his earlier political views. Thus the Strauss "Diogenes" presents is a mutilated Strauss.
The Jefferson quote in Natural Right and History is not important. Strauss could have quoted any number of people to make the same point, and the quote says nothing favorable about the United States. He quotes Jefferson simply because its an 'exoteric' essay. By Strauss's own testimony his most best books are his last two books on Xenophon. Regardless, the Jefferson quote certainly does nothing to prove what you claim: namely, that Strauss thought that America had anything to do with the restoration of classical philosophy.
What Strauss's letters to Benardete and Lowith show is simply that he didn't care that much about America. If Strauss thought like Harry Jaffa, then in his numerous discussions of the possibility of restoring classical philosophy with Benardete or Lowith, he would have mentioned America at some point. He doesn't. He does defend Nietzsche and Heidegger, however. He also says (in a letter to Jacob Klein, who seems to have been the contemporary scholar whom he most admired) that in his teaching he can't pursue his real interests - which, in that letter, he names as Lucretius and Rousseau. Maybe he told Jaffa to study Lincoln. But if Strauss's real interest was Lincoln, he could have said so when telling Klein what his real interests are. I gave references for all of these letters in previous posts (some of the letters are in German though). You can say that "one can take Strauss's American education to moderate his earlier political views", but where does Strauss suggest anything like that? To the contrary, he never wrote much about America, and the further into his career he went, the less he did - until, in what he calls his best books, although they're all about classical philosophy, he says nothing about America whatsoever, let alone about how America supposedly has something to do with restoring classical philosophy (as Jaffa claims).
By the way, Strauss certainly does talk about "Jerusalem" (and religion in general) in his letters - just as he talks about it a lot in his books. Of course, he also talks about being an atheist. But he talks about religion a lot, in his books and his letters, because it was important to him. He does not talk about America very much if at all, either in his letters or his books.
plawler
All this is interesting. Altman's work is very careful and subtle and is worth reading, even he can't see the differences between the early and the more mature Strauss. Read in context, Strauss's quote of Jefferson is somewhat ironic and may suggest a certain naivete, from a classical view, in the view that any real political solution is the rule of the natural aristoi.
Incidentally, I would criticize Altman less for having ignored a difference between a younger and older Strauss (since I'm not clear on what the difference is), as for simply exaggerating the importance of certain point, or reading too much into certain statements. But I think its clear enough Altman's smoke is the product of some genuine fire. From what I have seen, Minowitz is similar, but on the opposite side: i.e., his defense of Strauss has some merit, but he also over-emphasizes some points, and ignores others. Perhaps that's because his target is critiques of Strauss that are far less sophisticated than Altman or Gilbert.
Minowtiz has joined the thread at postmodern conservativism. Altman is very prone to exaggeration and almost unhinged moralism, but he's still a very smart guy and a careful reader. Two differences between the young and mature Strauss: The latter has much greater confidence in the sustainability of American and American-style liberal democracy. And there's the movement from Nietzschean style atheistic probity toward the thought that human eros culminates in philosophic insight and "zetetic" skepticism about God, cosmology and all that. The result is, I think, a greater irony about the modern world and its failings and possibililties.
Posted 9:32 AM / October 5, 2009 | Reply
I know next to nothing about Strauss, but to demonize the fellow for, during the early 1930s, having said nice things about Mussolini, and for questioning the sustainability of American democracy, strikes me as ahistorical. Read the major journals of the period--many, many public figures, on both the left and the right, were suggesting that liberal democracy was doomed, that the Constitution needed to be replaced, and that ultimately America was destined to adopt some species of socialism or fascism.
John is right.
Carl Scott
Yup. John is right. The president of the American Pol Sci Assoc. was among them. See Patrick Deneen's Democratic Faith book for chapter and verse.
I find this reliance on letters troubling for the purpose at hand--Strauss's Socratic manner is necessarily ad hominem, so the letters cited prove nothing about the issue of America, what he ultimately thought about fascism, or the status of politics vis-a-vis philosophy. Yet of course those of us who do not share, e.g., Strauss's religious views can learn a great deal about a life of faith, as he discusses these issues with others. And so on.
Good grief, who ever said that Strauss's "real interest was Lincoln"?
Posted 10:59 PM / October 5, 2009 | Reply
Ken Thomas:
There is nothing"ad hominem" about Strauss saying that his two best books are his last two on Xenophon. Its a declarative statement, which he asserted without being asked. Anyway, no one has to rely on Strauss's letters: they just make certain things more implicit which he says implicitly in his books. For instance, if you've studied Strauss and Heidegger very closely, you can see just from his books that he actually has considerable sympathy for Heidegger (and also has some differences with them(. His letters just make that more explicit. Similarly, its no accident that Strauss barely says anything about America in his books, and the less 'exoteric' the books are, the less he says about it. America just wasn't very important to his thought. Again, his letters just make that point more explicit. Regardless, if you think that "Strauss's Socratic manner is necessarily ad hominem", then how would you ever know what he thought about anything? Why would your interpretation be any closer to the truth than Will Altman's, or Shadia Drury's, or Stephen Holmes, or mine, or the Zuckerts, or Jaffa, or Kojeve, or Jonas, or Arendt, or anyone? The whole point of Jaffa's appropriation of Strauss, which you defend, is to claim that Strauss's thought has certain political implications: for instance, you and Jaffa claim that Strauss thought that America, and American "statesmanship", had something to do with the possibility of reviving classical political philosophy. Well, what do you base that on? Its not in his books, which you admit by saying that Strauss didn't need to say it because he could let his students (Jaffa) say it. So you're relying on what Strauss personally communicated to Jaffa - or, more likely, what Jaffa claims that Strauss communicated to him, and which cannot be learned from his books. But if the issue is personal communication, then look at what he actually wrote to people he respected a great deal (e.g., Jacob Klein), and then see how it confirms or contradicts what is in his books.
Owl of Minerva
Diogenes: Are you a fan of Strauss or critical of him?
Owl of Minerva: I'm both a fan and a critic. The fact that you even have to ask the question helps to show part of what's so deeply troubling about Straussianism, however. Appreciation and criticism are not exclusive. Strauss was not some sort of God. Starting from the premise that one must either be simply a "fan" or a "critic" or Strauss is part of what it makes it impossible for many so-called "fans" to understand him properly, and prevents many so-called "critics" from taking him seriously. One can admire Strauss and the same time as one is skeptical of, or even deeply critical of, him. My guess is that no a single person who thinks that one must be either "for" or "against" Strauss has ever understood, or even read very seriously, more than a few pages of his work.
Craig Scanlon
Good point(s), Diogenes. As I understand it, Strauss was very concerned with delineating who is friend and who is foe. The Straussians seemed to pick up on that, and they've run with it, to put it mildly. They're all but obsessed with it, and it tends to work well for those who look with disdain upon such things as "nuance" (see the right's attacks on Kerry in '04) and prefer to think of things in absolute, black-and-white terms in virtually all areas of life, both personal and political.
The idea of seeing both merit and flaw in the same person is confounding to them. Strauss - you've GOT to love him or else you MUST hate him and be his enemy. Whose side are you on, anyway? You're either with us or you're against us, etc., etc.
Scanlon: Strauss was concerned with delineating friend and foe according to certain folks. After all, this board has been quibbling about how few people truly understand Strauss - especially Americans.
Diogenes: The only reason I asked was because I picked up hints of both criticism and merit for Strauss from you, and I sensed that this was the case. I only wanted to see what you had to further say about it. But yes, I read Strauss as seriously as I can, thanks.
David Frisby
Diogenes: how were you able to read the correspondence between Leo Strauss and Seth Benardete? Any way I could?
Posted 2:20 PM / March 17, 2010 | Reply
Eye of Reason
Diogenes-
Having read Strauss like yourself, can you show me anywhere where he states that he wrote esoterically?
I have been looking and can't find it and would greatly appreciate it if you can point that out in his text. Thanks.
Posted 7:49 PM / August 29, 2010 | Reply
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Apart from the above mentioned standard exclusions, respective policies will have other exclusions applicable to the sections selected.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using sys2 = System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using MimeKit;
using MimeKit.Cryptography;
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Security;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Prng;
using Magix.Core;

namespace Magix.cryptography
{
    internal class CryptographyCore : ActiveController
    {
        /*
         * creates a certificate and a private key
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography.create-certificate-key")]
        private static void magix_cryptography_create_certificate_key(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.create-certificate-key-dox].value");
                AppendCodeFromResource(
                    ip,
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.create-certificate-key-sample]");
                return;
            }

            Node dp = Dp(e.Params);

            string subjectName = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"].Get<string>(), Dp(e.Params), ip, false);
            string subjectCommonName = ip["subject-name"].ContainsValue("common-name") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"]["common-name"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string subjectCountryCode = ip["subject-name"].ContainsValue("country-code") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"]["country-code"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string subjectOrganization = ip["subject-name"].ContainsValue("organization") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"]["organization"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string subjectTitle = ip["subject-name"].ContainsValue("title") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"]["title"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;

            string issuerName = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["issuer-name"].Get<string>(), Dp(e.Params), ip, false);
            string issuerCommonName = ip["issuer-name"].ContainsValue("common-name") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["issuer-name"]["common-name"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string issuerCountryCode = ip["issuer-name"].ContainsValue("country-code") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["issuer-name"]["country-code"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string issuerOrganization = ip["issuer-name"].ContainsValue("organization") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["issuer-name"]["organization"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;
            string issuerTitle = ip["issuer-name"].ContainsValue("title") ?
                Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["issuer-name"]["title"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false, null) : null;

            string signatureAlgorithm = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip.GetValue<string>("signature-algorithm", null), dp, ip, false, "SHA512WithRSA");
            int strength = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<int>(ip.GetValue<string>("strength", null), dp, ip, false, 2048);
            DateTime begin = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<DateTime>(ip.GetValue<string>("begin", null), dp, ip, false, DateTime.Now.Date);
            DateTime end = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<DateTime>(ip.GetValue<string>("end", null), dp, ip, false, DateTime.Now.Date.AddYears(3));

            CryptographyHelper.CreateCertificateKey(
                subjectName,
                issuerName,
                signatureAlgorithm,
                strength,
                begin,
                end,
                subjectCountryCode,
                subjectOrganization,
                subjectTitle,
                issuerCountryCode,
                issuerOrganization,
                issuerTitle,
                subjectCommonName,
                issuerCommonName);
        }

        /*
         * checks to see if email can be signed
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography.can-sign")]
        private static void magix_cryptography_can_sign(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.can-sign-dox].value");
                AppendCodeFromResource(
                    ip,
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.can-sign-sample]");
                return;
            }

            string emailAdr = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["email"].Get<string>(), Dp(e.Params), ip, false);

            ip["value"].Value = CryptographyHelper.CanSign(emailAdr);
        }

        /*
         * checks to see if email can be encrypted
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography.can-encrypt")]
        private static void magix_cryptography_can_encrypt(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.can-encrypt-dox].value");
                AppendCodeFromResource(
                    ip,
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.can-encrypt-sample]");
                return;
            }

            Node emails = null;
            if (ip.ContainsValue("emails"))
                emails = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<Node>(ip["emails"].Get<string>(), Dp(e.Params), ip, false);
            else
                emails = ip["emails"];

            string canEncrypt = CryptographyHelper.CanEncrypt(emails);

            if (canEncrypt == null)
                ip["value"].Value = true;
            else
            {
                ip["value"].Value = false;
                ip["value"]["message"].Value = canEncrypt;
            }
        }

        /*
         * imports a certificate into database
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography.import-certificate")]
        private static void magix_cryptography_import_certificate(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.import-certificate-dox].value");
                AppendCodeFromResource(
                    ip,
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.import-certificate-sample]");
                return;
            }

            Node dp = Dp(e.Params);

            string certificateFile = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["certificate"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false);
            string password = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["password"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false);

            CryptographyHelper.ImportCertificate(certificateFile, password);
        }

        /*
         * removes a certificate from database by subject name
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography.remove-certificates")]
        private static void magix_cryptography_remove_certificates(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.remove-certificates-dox].value");
                AppendCodeFromResource(
                    ip,
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography.remove-certificates-sample]");
                return;
            }

            Node dp = Dp(e.Params);

            string subjectName = Expressions.GetExpressionValue<string>(ip["subject-name"].Get<string>(), dp, ip, false);

            CryptographyHelper.RemoveCertificates(subjectName);
        }

        /*
         * signs a mime entity
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography._sign-mime-entity")]
        private static void magix_cryptography__sign_mime_entity(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography._sign-mime-entity-dox].value");
                return;
            }

            MimeEntity entity = ip["mime-entity"].Get<MimeEntity>();
            string emailAdr = ip["email-lookup"].Get<string>();
            MailboxAddress signer = new MailboxAddress("", emailAdr);

            ip["mime-entity"].Value = CryptographyHelper.SignEntity(entity, signer);
        }

        /*
         * signs a mime entity
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography._encrypt-mime-entity")]
        private static void magix_cryptography__encrypt_mime_entity(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography._encrypt-mime-entity-dox].value");
                return;
            }

            MimeEntity entity = ip["mime-entity"].Get<MimeEntity>();
            List<MailboxAddress> list = new List<MailboxAddress>();
            foreach (Node idx in ip["email-lookups"])
                list.Add(new MailboxAddress("", idx.Get<string>()));

            ip["mime-entity"].Value = CryptographyHelper.EncryptEntity(entity, list);
        }

        /*
         * signs and encrypts a mime entity
         */
        [ActiveEvent(Name = "magix.cryptography._sign_and_encrypt-mime-entity")]
        private static void magix_cryptography__sign_and_encrypt_mime_entity(object sender, ActiveEventArgs e)
        {
            Node ip = Ip(e.Params);
            if (ip.Contains("inspect"))
            {
                AppendInspectFromResource(
                    ip["inspect"],
                    "Magix.cryptography",
                    "Magix.cryptography.hyperlisp.inspect.hl",
                    "[magix.cryptography._sign_and_encrypt-mime-entity-dox].value");
                return;
            }

            MimeEntity entity = ip["mime-entity"].Get<MimeEntity>();
            List<MailboxAddress> list = new List<MailboxAddress>();
            foreach (Node idx in ip["email-lookups"])
                list.Add(new MailboxAddress("", idx.Get<string>()));

            string emailAdr = ip["email-lookup"].Get<string>();
            MailboxAddress signer = new MailboxAddress("", emailAdr);

            ip["mime-entity"].Value = CryptographyHelper.SignAndEncryptEntity(entity, signer, list);
        }
    }
}


42 games over eight days. Many of those contests will be soon forgotten by many, except of course by those who participated in those battles. State championship games will be played next weekend but for all intents and purposes many of us find ourselves facing a crashing jolt back to reality. For those of us who attended every game at the Cross Insurance Center, nothing else in the world mattered.
Of course the major story this year is the tournament's new home, the Cross Insurance Center. What would the atmosphere be like, would it still have the intimate feel of the venerable barn on Dutton Street? Admittedly, I was optimistic but had a few reservations myself. Yes it was different but by all accounts it was grand. As for the atmosphere, all one had to do was take in the afternoon session on Saturday for the Class B regional championships. The building was electric with excitement, from the bands, who I'll get to in a moment, to the fans of the teams involved, it was as good a championship game experience as I've seen.
As far as the building itself, the concourse area provided ample room to move around and there were plenty of available restrooms. The seating is nearly as close to the floor as in the Bangor Auditorium, in fact there are probably more good seats in the CIC than in the building referred to as the Mecca. One aspect I do miss about the old place are the large banners that each school would hang along the railings separating the bleachers from the upper levels. There isn't the large expanse of space to do this in the CIC.
Now onto the games themselves. The basketball was as competitive as any tournament I've witnessed. Six contests throughout the week went into overtime, there were 14 others decided by single digits. Only seven games were decided by twenty points or more, with three of those involving the Washburn girls, who might be top to bottom the most athletic class D girls team ever.
Many tournament records fell throughout the week. Individually, Parise Rossignol connected on 34 field goal attempts throughout the week, eclipsing the mark of 32 set in 1996 by Jan Beal of Jonesport-Beals. In Van Buren's quarterfinal victory over Limestone\MSSM she tied Tricia Carver's 43 points scored in 1996 for Jonesport-Beals. She also set a new class D record for most points scored in a regional tournament with 89, surpassing the mark of 82 set in 1996 by Jan Beal and then tied in 2000 by Tricia Carver.
As for team totals, the Presque Isle girls scored 11 three-point field goals in their Eastern Maine final loss to MDI, which snapped the Wildcats' 64 game win streak. Ironically, this year's contingent broke their 2013 record when they connected for 10 three point goals in their quarterfinal victory over Ellsworth. The Mattanawcook Academy girls set a tourney record connecting for 28-33 free throw attempts in their quarterfinal victory over Narraguagus, breaking the 1980 record of 25 by Searsport.
Speaking of tournament records, how about what the three-time defending state champion Washburn girls have done for an encore thus far? All the Lady Beavers did in this year's extravaganza was set a new mark for total field goals scored in a tournament with 88. They also tied their record from last year's squad and also 1998 Shead for most 3-point goals in a tournament with 14. In addition, Washburn now holds the mark for most points scored in a regional D tournament with 232, clipping the 2002 Woodland mark of 231.
The Bangor Christian-Easton boys quarterfinal might have set a record for the youngest combined ages of two coaches in a tournament. Dillon Kingsbury at 21 actually has more varsity coaching experience than his counterpart, the Patriots' John McAllian, three years his senior at 24, in his inaugural season. Both had their clubs as prepared as any veteran coach and have bright futures ahead in the profession.
How about the performances turned in by Hermon's Tyler Thayer and Penquis' Trevor Lyford in their teams quarterfinal wins over Oceanside and Washington Academy, respectively? Thayer rallied his team from down seven with 1:30 left in regulation and hit clutch shot after clutch shot to send the game into overtime, leaving everything he had on the floor. Thayer ended the contest with a 40 point output. Against Washington Academy, Trevor Lyford practically willed his team to victory with his 39 point effort in their double overtime victory. He scored seventeen of those in the two overtime periods, including an epic three-pointer to close out the first OT. On top of that, and most importantly, you couldn't ask for two better people to represent their programs. They play the game the way it's supposed to be played, they play all-out all the time on both ends of the floor and do so with such class.
How strange was it to see the Stearns and Schenck girls face each other in the quarterfinals of the Class D tournament? Not to age myself but when I was in high school Stearns competed in class A which Schenck had just moved from class B to C. This was their first ever meeting in a tournament game.
Youth was served throughout this year's tournament. No freshman shined more than Ellsworth's point guard Bryce Harmon. In their upset win over Camden Hills, Harmon scored 20 points including a 14-15 effort from the foul line, many of which came in the closing minutes of the fourth quarter.
There are always the unsung players in the tournament, those who leave their mark yet may not make an all-tourney ballot but whose impact is felt. One such player is Hermon's Joe Plummer. The 6'1″ junior did yeoman's work on the boards, while also contributing nine points in the Hawks' quarterfinal victory over Oceanside.
Vying for top game of the tournament was the quarterfinal match-up between Caribou and Winslow. In the back and forth battle of whatever you can do I can do better, Donovan Savage calmly sank two free throws with seconds remaining to lift the Vikings to the 63-61 victory. This was following a missed front end of a one-and-one about a minute earlier. Great shooters have to have a short memory and he did.
Staying with Class 'B', the Old Town Coyotes captured their first regional crown since 1991, when they were playing in Class 'A'. The Big East Conference was assured of taking the regional crown after a thirteen stranglehold by KVAC teams following the first weekend of play when four Big East teams advanced to the semifinals. On the girls side, the Big East scored both finalist and three of four semifinalists.
How appropriate was it for veteran official John Shoppe to officiate the first and last tournament games this year? You may remember Shoppe's tournament was cut short last year on opening night when he experienced symptoms of a heart attack during his game. Fortunately, he received quick medical treatment and has made a full recovery. It was great to see him back on the floor doing what he loves.
Many media outlets do a great job covering the tournament every year. Veteran announcer Ken Holck of WHOU out of Houlton hit a milestone on championship Saturday by calling his 1000th game. The Houlton station broadcasted every quarterfinal game and did the remaining games which involved Aroostook County teams.
While the media does a great job covering the games either by radio, TV, or online video streaming, to truly experience tournament week you have to be there. The games are only part of the story. It's the other sights, sounds, and people you come in contact with that really makes the week come alive.
Speaking of people, I had the good fortune to visit with Winslow assistant boys coach Jim Poulin prior to their quarterfinal game against Caribou. Very few people I have encountered in this world have had as much impact in the lives of kids as Jim Poulin. Many of you probably know of his nearly twenty battle with MS and the way he so triumphantly overcomes. You cannot spend even just a few minutes with this man and not leave feeling warm and just positive about life.
Between sessions, I also had the chance to catch up with veteran coaches Roger Reed and Bill Casavant. Casavant's Caribou team bested Reed's Hermon club, where both men assist their sons on the bench. Just to stand there and listen to these two giants of the game talk basketball would have made the week complete in and of itself.
Then there are the sights and sounds of the tournament. How about the Houlton cheerleaders and others line dancing to a number done by the band? What about the amazing rendition of Kansas' Carry on my Wayward Son by the combined Presque Isle and MDI bands before their Eastern Maine final game?
As for my favorite tournament tradition that was continued this week: you'll just have to wait until next time!