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PROFESSIONS, OCCUPATIONS, AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS
(225 ILCS 305/) Illinois Architecture Practice Act of 1989.
(225 ILCS 305/1) (from Ch. 111, par. 1301)
(Section scheduled to be repealed on January 1, 2030)
Sec. 1. Short title. This Act shall be known and may be cited as the Illinois Architecture Practice Act of 1989.
(Source: P.A. 86-702.)
Sec. 2. Declaration of public policy. The practice of architecture in the State of Illinois is hereby declared to affect the public health, safety and welfare and to be subject to regulation and control in the public interest. It is further declared to be a matter of public interest and concern that the practice of architecture, as defined in this Act, merit and receive the confidence of the public, and that only qualified persons be authorized to practice architecture in the State of Illinois. This Act shall be liberally construed to best carry out these subjects and purposes.
Sec. 3. Application of Act. Nothing in this Act shall be deemed or construed to prevent the practice of structural engineering as defined in the Structural Engineering Practice Act of 1989, the practice of professional engineering as defined in the Professional Engineering Practice Act of 1989, or the preparation of documents used to prescribe work to be done inside buildings for non-loadbearing interior construction, furnishings, fixtures and equipment, or the offering or preparation of environmental analysis, feasibility studies, programming or construction management services by persons other than those licensed in accordance with this Act, the Structural Engineering Practice Act of 1989 or the Professional Engineering Practice Act of 1989.
Nothing contained in this Act shall prevent the draftsmen, students, project representatives and other employees of those lawfully practicing as architects under the provisions of this Act, from acting under the responsible control of their employers, or to prevent the employment of project representatives for enlargement or alteration of buildings or any parts thereof, or prevent such project representatives from acting under the responsible control of the architect by whom the construction documents including drawings and specifications of any such building, enlargement or alteration were prepared.
Nothing in this Act or any other Act shall prevent an architect from practicing interior design services. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring the services of an interior designer for the interior designing of a single family residence.
The involvement of an architect is not required for the following:
(A) The building, remodeling or repairing of any
building or other structure outside of the corporate limits of any city or village, where such building or structure is to be, or is used for farm purposes, or for the purposes of outbuildings or auxiliary buildings in connection with such farm premises.
(B) The construction, remodeling or repairing of a
detached single family residence on a single lot.
(C) The construction, remodeling or repairing of a
two-family residence of wood frame construction on a single lot, not more than two stories and basement in height.
(D) Interior design services for buildings which do
not involve life safety or structural changes.
However, when an ordinance of a unit of local government requires the involvement of an architect for any buildings included in the preceding paragraphs (A) through (D), the requirements of this Act shall apply. All buildings not included in the preceding paragraphs (A) through (D), including multi-family buildings and buildings previously exempt from the involvement of an architect under those paragraphs but subsequently non-exempt due to a change in occupancy or use, are subject to the requirements of this Act. Interior alterations which result in life safety or structural changes of the building are subject to the requirements of this Act.
(Source: P.A. 98-976, eff. 8-15-14.)
Sec. 4. Definitions. In this Act:
"Address of record" means the designated address recorded by the Department in the applicant's or licensee's application file or license file maintained by the Department's licensure maintenance unit.
"Architect, Retired" means a person who has been duly licensed as an architect by the Department and who chooses to place on inactive status or not renew his or her license pursuant to Section 17.5.
"Architectural associate" means an unlicensed person who has completed the education requirements, is actively participating in the diversified professional training, and maintains in good standing a training record as required for licensure by this Act and may use the title "architectural associate", but may not independently engage in the practice of architecture.
"Board" means the Illinois Architecture Licensing Board appointed by the Secretary.
"Department" means the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation.
"Design build" or "design build entity" means the project delivery process defined in 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1150.85, and any amendments or changes thereto.
"Email address of record" means the designated email address recorded by the Department in the applicant's application file or the licensee's license file as maintained by the Department's licensure maintenance unit.
"Public health" as related to the practice of architecture means the state of the well-being of the body or mind of the building user.
"Public safety" as related to the practice of architecture means the state of being reasonably free from risk of danger, damage, or injury.
"Public welfare" as related to the practice of architecture means the well-being of the building user resulting from the state of a physical environment that accommodates human activity.
"Secretary" means the Secretary of Financial and Professional Regulation.
(Source: P.A. 101-346, eff. 8-9-19.)
225 ILCS 305/4.1
(225 ILCS 305/4.1)
Sec. 4.1. Address of record; email address of record. All applicants and licensees shall:
(1) provide a valid address and email address to the
Department, which shall serve as the address of record and email address of record, respectively, at the time of application for licensure or renewal of a license; and
(2) inform the Department of any change of address
of record or email address of record within 14 days after such change either through the Department's website or by contacting the Department's licensure maintenance unit.
Sec. 4.5. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 96-610, eff. 8-24-09. Repealed by P.A. 101-346, eff. 8-9-19.)
Sec. 5. Architect defined; Acts constituting practice.
(a) An architect is a person who is qualified by education, training, experience, and examination, and who is licensed under the laws of this State, to practice architecture.
(b) The practice of architecture within the meaning and intent of this Act includes the offering or furnishing of professional services, such as consultation, environmental analysis, feasibility studies, programming, planning, aesthetic and structural design, technical submissions consisting of drawings and specifications and other documents required in the construction process, administration of construction contracts, project representation, and construction management, in connection with the construction of any private or public building, building structure, building project, or addition to or alteration or restoration thereof.
(c) In the offering or furnishing of professional services set forth in subsection (b) of this Section, a licensee shall adhere to the standards of professional conduct enumerated in 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1150.90, and any amendments or changes thereto.
(d) Nothing contained in this Section imposes upon a person licensed under this Act the responsibility for the performance of any of the services set forth in subsection (b) of this Section unless such person specifically contracts to provide such services.
Sec. 6. Technical submissions.
(a) Technical submissions are the designs, drawings, and specifications that establish the scope of the architecture to be constructed, the standard of quality for materials, workmanship, equipment, and construction systems, and the studies and other technical reports and calculations prepared in the course of the practice of architecture.
(b) All technical submissions intended for use in the State of Illinois shall be prepared and administered in accordance with standards of reasonable professional skill and diligence. Care shall be taken to reflect the requirements of State statutes and, where applicable, county and municipal ordinances in such submissions. In recognition that architects are licensed for the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare, submissions shall be of such quality and scope, and be so administered, as to conform to professional standards.
(c) No officer, board, commission, or other public entity who receives technical submissions shall accept for filing or approval any technical submissions relating to services requiring the involvement of an architect that do not bear the seal and signature of an architect licensed under this Act.
(d) It is unlawful to affix one's seal to technical submissions if it masks the true identity of the person who actually exercised responsible control of the preparation of such work. An architect who seals and signs technical submissions is not responsible for damage caused by subsequent changes to or uses of those technical submissions where the subsequent changes or uses, including changes or uses made by State or local governmental agencies, are not authorized or approved in writing by the architect who originally sealed and signed the technical submissions.
Sec. 7. Exempt from Structural Engineers' Act. Any person licensed to practice architecture in this State under this Act is exempt from the provisions of any and all Acts in force in this State regulating the practice of structural engineering.
Sec. 8. Powers and duties of the Department.
(a) The Department shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, exercise the following functions, powers, and duties:
(1) Authorize examinations to ascertain the
qualifications and fitness of applicants for licensure and pass upon the qualifications and fitness of applicants for licensure by endorsement.
(2) Adopt rules for a method of examination of
candidates.
(3) Adopt rules defining what constitutes an approved
architectural program. The Department may adopt, as its own rules relating to education requirements, those guidelines published from time to time by the National Architectural Accrediting Board.
(4) Adopt rules for diversified professional training.
(5) Conduct hearings on proceedings to refuse to
issue, renew, or restore licenses or registrations, revoke licenses or registrations, suspend licenses or registrations, or place on probation or reprimand persons or entities licensed or registered under the provisions of this Act.
(6) Issue licenses and registrations to those who
meet the requirements of this Act.
(7) Adopt rules necessary or appropriate to carrying
out the provisions of this Act;
(8) Maintain membership in the National Council of
Architectural Registration Boards and participate in activities of the Council by designation of individuals for the various classifications of membership and the appointment of delegates for attendance at regional and national meetings of the Council. All costs associated with membership and attendance of such delegates to any national meetings may be funded from the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund.
(9) Review such applicant qualifications to sit for
the examination or for licensure that the Board designates pursuant to Section 10.
(10) Conduct investigations related to possible
violations of this Act.
(11) Post on the Department's website a newsletter
describing the most recent changes in this Act and the rules adopted under this Act and containing information of any final disciplinary action that has been ordered under this Act since the date of the last newsletter.
(b) Upon the issuance of any final decision or order that deviates from any report or recommendation of the Board relating to the qualification of applicants, discipline of licensees or registrants, or adoption of rules, the Secretary shall notify the Board on any such deviation and shall specify with particularity the reasons for the action in the final decision or order. The Department may at any time seek the expert advice and knowledge of the Board on any matter relating to the enforcement of this Act.
(c) The Department may in its discretion, but shall not be required to, employ or utilize the legal services of outside counsel and the investigative services of outside personnel to assist the Department. However, no attorney employed or used by the Department shall prosecute a matter or provide legal services to the Department or Board with respect to the same matter.
Sec. 9. Board. The Secretary shall appoint an Architecture Licensing Board consisting of 7 members who shall serve in an advisory capacity to the Secretary. All members of the Board shall be residents of Illinois. Six members shall (i) hold a valid architecture license in Illinois and have held the license under this Act for the preceding 10 years, and (ii) not have been disciplined within the preceding 10 years under this Act. One architect shall be a tenured member of the architectural faculty of an Illinois university accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. In addition to the 6 architects, there shall be one public member. The public member shall be a voting member and shall not be licensed under this Act or any other design profession licensing Act that the Department administers.
Board members shall serve 5-year terms and until their successors are appointed and qualified. In appointing members to the Board, the Secretary shall give due consideration to recommendations by members and organizations of the architecture profession.
The membership of the Board should reasonably reflect representation from the geographic areas in this State.
No member shall be reappointed to the Board for a term which would cause his or her continuous service on the Board to be longer than 2 consecutive 5-year terms.
Appointments to fill vacancies shall be made in the same manner as original appointments, for the unexpired portion of the vacated term.
Four members of the Board shall constitute a quorum. A quorum is required for Board decisions.
The Secretary may remove any member of the Board for misconduct, incompetence, or neglect of duty or for reasons prescribed by law for removal of State officials.
The Secretary may remove a member of the Board who does not attend 2 consecutive meetings.
Notice of proposed rulemaking shall be transmitted to the Board and the Department shall review the response of the Board and any recommendations made therein. The Department may, at any time, seek the expert advice and knowledge of the Board on any matter relating to the administration or enforcement of this Act.
Members of the Board are not liable for damages in any action or proceeding as a result of activities performed as members of the Board, except upon proof of actual malice.
Members of the Board shall be reimbursed for all legitimate, necessary, and authorized expenses.
(225 ILCS 305/10) (from Ch. 111, par. 1310)
Sec. 10. Powers and duties of the Board. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Board shall exercise the following functions, powers, and duties:
(a) The Board shall hold at least 3 regular meetings
each year, conducted in accordance with the Open Meetings Act.
(b) The Board shall annually elect a Chairperson and
a Vice Chairperson who shall be Illinois licensed architects.
(c) The Board, upon request by the Department, may
make a curriculum evaluation or use a nationally certified evaluation service to determine if courses conform to the requirements of approved architectural programs.
(d) The Department may, at any time, seek the expert
advice and knowledge of the Board on any matter relating to the enforcement of this Act.
(e) The Board may appoint a subcommittee to serve as
a Complaint Committee to recommend the disposition of case files according to procedures established by rule in 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1150.95, and any amendments or changes thereto.
(f) The Board shall assist the Department in
conducting oral interviews, disciplinary conferences, informal conferences, and formal evidentiary hearings.
(g) The Board shall review applicant qualifications
to sit for the examination or for licensure and shall make recommendations to the Department except for those applicant qualifications that the Board designates as routinely acceptable.
(h) The Board may recommend that the Department
contract with an individual or a corporation or other business entity to assist in the providing of investigative, legal, prosecutorial, and other services necessary to perform its duties pursuant to subsection (c) of Section 8 of this Act.
Sec. 11. Application for licensure.
(a) Applications for original licenses shall be made to the Department in writing on forms or electronically as prescribed by the Department and shall be accompanied by the required fee, which is not refundable. All applications shall contain information that, in the judgment of the Department, will enable the Department to pass on the qualifications of the applicant for a license as an architect. The Department may require an applicant, at the applicant's expense, to have an evaluation of the applicant's education in a foreign country by an evaluation service approved by the Department in accordance with rules prescribed by the Department.
(b) Applicants have 3 years from the date of application to complete the application process. If the process has not been completed in 3 years, the application shall be denied, the fee shall be forfeited, and the applicant must reapply and meet the requirements in effect at the time of reapplication.
225 ILCS 305/11.5
(225 ILCS 305/11.5)
Sec. 11.5. Social Security Number on license application. In addition to any other information required to be contained in the application, every application for an original license under this Act shall include the applicant's Social Security Number, which shall be retained in the agency's records pertaining to the license. As soon as practical, the Department shall assign a customer's identification number to each applicant for a license.
Every application for a renewal or restored license shall require the applicant's customer identification number.
(Source: P.A. 97-400, eff. 1-1-12.)
Sec. 12. Examinations.
(a) The Department shall authorize examinations of applicants for a license under this Act at such times and places as it may determine. The examination shall be of a character to give a fair test of the qualifications of the applicant to practice as an architect.
(b) An applicant for examination is required to pay, either to the Department or the designated testing service, a fee covering the cost of providing the examination. Failure to appear for the examination on the scheduled date, at the time and place specified, after the applicant's application for examination has been received and acknowledged by the Department or the designated testing service, shall result in the forfeiture of the examination fee.
(c) If an applicant fails to pass an examination for licensure under this Act within 3 years after filing the application, the application shall be denied. However, such applicant may thereafter make a new application for examination accompanied by the required fee and must furnish proof of meeting the qualifications for examination in effect at the time of the new application.
Examination subject matter headings and bases on which examinations are graded shall be indicated in rules pertaining to this Act. The Department may adopt the examinations and grading procedures of the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards.
(d) An applicant shall have 5 years from the passage of the first examination to successfully complete all examinations required by rule of the Department.
(e) An applicant has one year from the date of notification of successful completion of all the examination and experience requirements to apply to the Department for a license. If an applicant fails to apply within one year, the applicant shall be required to again take and pass the examination, unless the Department, upon recommendation of the Board, determines that there is sufficient cause for the delay that is not due to the fault of the applicant.
Sec. 13. Qualifications of applicants. Any person who is of good moral character may apply for licensure if he or she is a graduate with a first professional degree in architecture from a program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board, has completed the examination requirements set forth under Section 12, and has completed such diversified professional training, including academic training, as is required by rules of the Department. The Department may adopt, as its own rules relating to diversified professional training, those guidelines published from time to time by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards.
Good moral character means such character as will enable a person to discharge the duties of an architect to that person's client and to the public in a manner that protects health, safety, and welfare. Evidence of inability to discharge such duties may include the commission of an offense justifying discipline under Section 22. In addition, the Department may take into consideration whether the applicant has engaged in conduct or actions that would constitute grounds for discipline under this Act.
Sec. 14. Seal. Every architect shall have a reproducible seal, or facsimile, the impression of which shall contain the name of the architect, the license number, and the words "Licensed Architect, State of Illinois". The architect shall affix the signature, current date, date of license expiration, and seal to the first sheet of any bound set or loose sheets of technical submissions used as contract documents between the parties to the contract or prepared for the review and approval of any governmental or public authority having jurisdiction by that architect or under that architect's responsible control. The sheet of technical submissions in which the seal is affixed shall indicate those documents or parts thereof for which the seal shall apply. The seal and dates may be electronically affixed. The licensee may provide, at his or her sole discretion, an original signature in the licensee's handwriting, a scanned copy of the document bearing an original signature, or a signature generated by a computer. All technical submissions issued by any corporation, partnership, professional service corporation, or professional design firm as registered under this Act shall contain the corporate or assumed business name and design firm registration number, in addition to any other seal requirements as set forth in this Section.
"Responsible control" means that amount of control over and detailed professional knowledge of the content of technical submissions during their preparation as is ordinarily exercised by architects applying the required professional standard of care. Merely reviewing or reviewing and correcting the technical submissions or any portion thereof prepared by those not in the regular employment of the office where the architect is resident without control over the content of such work throughout its preparation does not constitute responsible control.
An architect licensed under this Act shall not sign and seal technical submissions that were not prepared by or under the responsible control of the architect except that:
(1) the architect may sign and seal those portions of
the technical submissions that were prepared by or under the responsible control of persons who hold a license under this Act, and who have signed and sealed the documents, if the architect has reviewed in whole or in part such portions and has either coordinated their preparation or integrated them into his or her work;
(2) the architect may sign and seal portions of the
professional work that are not required by this Act to be prepared by or under the responsible control of an architect if the architect has reviewed and adopted in whole or in part such portions and has integrated them into his or her work; and
(3) a partner or corporate officer of a professional
design firm registered in Illinois who is licensed under the architecture licensing laws of this State, and who has professional knowledge of the content of the technical submissions and intends to be responsible for the adequacy of the technical submissions, may sign and seal technical submissions that are prepared by or under the responsible control of architects who are licensed in this State and who are in the regular employment of the professional design firm.
The architect exercising responsible control under which the technical submissions or portions of the technical submissions were prepared shall be identified on the technical submissions or portions of the technical submissions by name and Illinois license number.
Any architect who signs and seals technical submissions not prepared by that architect but prepared under the architect's responsible control by persons not regularly employed in the office where the architect is resident shall maintain and make available to the board upon request for at least 5 years following such signing and sealing, adequate and complete records demonstrating the nature and extent of the architect's control over and detailed professional knowledge of such technical submissions throughout their preparation.
(225 ILCS 305/15)
Sec. 15. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 86-702. Repealed by P.A. 96-610, eff. 8-24-09.)
Sec. 16. Renewal, reinstatement, or restoration of license; persons in military service.
(a) The expiration date and renewal period for each license issued under this Act shall be set by rule. The holder of a license may renew such license during the month preceding the expiration date thereof by paying the required fee.
(b) An architect who has permitted his or her license to expire or who has had his or her license placed on inactive status may have his or her license restored by making application to the Department and filing proof acceptable to the Department of his or her fitness to have his or her license restored, including, but not limited to, sworn evidence certifying to active practice in another jurisdiction satisfactory to the Department, and by paying the required fee as determined by rule.
(c) An architect whose license has expired while engaged (1) in federal service on active duty with the Armed Forces of the United States or the State Militia called into service or training, or (2) in training or education under the supervision of the United States preliminary to induction into the military service, may have a license restored or reinstated without paying any lapsed reinstatement, renewal, or restoration fees if within 2 years after termination other than by dishonorable discharge of such service, training, or education and the Department is furnished with satisfactory evidence that the licensee has been so engaged in the practice of architecture and that such service, training, or education has been so terminated.
Sec. 16.5. Continuing education. The Department may promulgate rules of continuing education for persons licensed under this Act. The Department shall consider the recommendations of the Board in establishing the guidelines for the continuing education requirements. The requirements of this Section apply to any person seeking renewal or restoration under Section 16 or 17 of this Act.
Sec. 17. Inactive status. A person licensed under this Act who notifies the Department in writing on forms prescribed by the Department, may elect to place his or her license on an inactive status and shall, subject to rules of the Department, be excused from payment of renewal fees until he or she notifies the Department in writing of his or her desire to resume active status.
Any architect whose license is in an inactive status shall not practice architecture in the State of Illinois.
Sec. 17.5. Architect, Retired.
(a) Pursuant to Section 2105-15 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law of the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois, the title "Architect, Retired" may be used by any person who has been duly licensed as an architect under this Act and who has chosen to place on inactive status or not renew his or her license. Those persons using the title "Architect, Retired" may request restoration to active status under the applicable provisions of this Act.
(b) The use of the title "Architect, Retired" shall not constitute representation of current licensure. Any person without an active license shall not be permitted to practice architecture as defined in this Act.
(c) Nothing in this Section shall be construed to require the Department to issue any certificate, credential, or other official document indicating that a person may use the title "Architect, Retired".
Sec. 18. Endorsement.
(a) The Department may, upon application in writing on forms or electronically accompanied by the required fee, issue a license as an architect to an applicant licensed under the laws of another state, the District of Columbia, or a territory of the United States if the requirements for licensure in that jurisdiction were, on the date of original licensure, substantially equivalent to the requirements then in force in this State.
(b) If the accuracy of any submitted documentation or relevance or sufficiency of the coursework or experience is questioned by the Department or the Board because of a lack of information, discrepancies or conflicts in information given, or a need for clarification, the applicant seeking licensure may be required to provide additional information.
(c) Applicants have 3 years from the date of application to complete the application process. If the process has not been completed within the 3 years, the application shall be denied, the fee shall be forfeited, and the applicant must reapply and meet the requirements in effect at the time of reapplication.
Sec. 19. Fees.
(a) The Department shall provide by rule for a schedule of fees to be paid for licenses or registrations by all applicants. All fees are not refundable.
(b) The fees for the administration and enforcement of this Act, including, but not limited to, original licensure, firm registration, renewal, and restoration, shall be set by rule by the Department.
(c) All of the fees and fines collected as authorized under this Act shall be deposited in the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund. Of the moneys deposited into the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund, the Department may use such funds as necessary and available to produce and distribute newsletters to persons licensed under this Act.
Sec. 20. Roster of licensees and registrants. The Department shall maintain a roster showing the address of record of individuals and entities who hold licenses or registrations under this Act. This roster shall be available upon written request and payment of the required fee.
Sec. 21. Professional design firm registration; conditions.
(a) Nothing in this Act shall prohibit the formation, under the Professional Service Corporation Act, of a corporation to offer the practice of architecture.
Any business, including, but not limited to, a Professional Service Corporation, that includes the practice of architecture within its stated purposes, practices architecture, or holds itself out as available to practice architecture shall register with the Department under this Section. Any professional service corporation, sole proprietorship, or professional design firm offering architectural services must have a resident architect in responsible charge of the architectural practices in each location in which architectural services are provided who shall be designated as a managing agent.
Any sole proprietorship not owned and operated by an Illinois licensed design professional licensed under this Act is prohibited from offering architectural services to the public. "Illinois licensed design professional" means a person who holds an active license as an architect under this Act, as a structural engineer under the Structural Engineering Practice Act of 1989, as a professional engineer under the Professional Engineering Practice Act of 1989, or as a professional land surveyor under the Professional Land Surveyor Act of 1989. Any sole proprietorship owned and operated by an architect with an active license issued under this Act and conducting or transacting such business under an assumed name in accordance with the Assumed Business Name Act shall comply with the registration requirements of a professional design firm. Any sole proprietorship owned and operated by an architect with an active license issued under this Act and conducting or transacting such business under the real name of the sole proprietor is exempt from the registration requirements of a professional design firm.
(b) Any business, including, but not limited to, a Professional Service Corporation, partnership, limited liability company, or professional design firm seeking to be registered under this Section shall not be registered as a professional design firm unless:
(1) two-thirds of the board of directors, in the case
of a corporation, or two-thirds of the general partners, in the case of a partnership, or two-thirds of the members, in the case of a limited liability company, are licensed under the laws of any State to practice architecture, professional engineering, land surveying, or structural engineering; and
(2) a managing agent is (A) a sole proprietor or
director in the case of a corporation, a general partner in the case of a partnership, or a member in the case of a limited liability company, and (B) holds a license under this Act.
Any corporation, limited liability company, professional service corporation, or partnership qualifying under this Section and practicing in this State shall file with the Department any information concerning its officers, directors, members, managers, partners or beneficial owners as the Department may, by rule, require.
(c) No business shall offer the practice or hold itself out as available to offer the practice of architecture until it is registered with the Department as a professional design firm. Every entity registered as a professional design firm shall display its certificate of registration or a facsimile thereof in a conspicuous place in each office offering architectural services.
(d) Any business seeking to be registered under this Section shall make application on a form provided by the Department and shall provide any information requested by the Department, which shall include but shall not be limited to all of the following:
(1) The name and architect's license number of at
least one person designated as a managing agent. In the case of a corporation, the corporation shall also submit a certified copy of the resolution by the board of directors designating at least one managing agent. If a limited liability company, the company shall submit a certified copy of either its articles of organization or operating agreement designating at least one managing agent.
(2) The names and architect's, professional
engineer's, structural engineer's, or land surveyor's license numbers of the directors, in the case of a corporation, the members, in the case of a limited liability company, or general partners, in the case of a partnership.
(3) A list of all locations at which the professional
design firm provides architectural services.
(4) A list of all assumed names of the business.
Nothing in this Section shall be construed to exempt a business from compliance with the requirements of the Assumed Business Name Act.
It is the responsibility of the professional design firm to provide the Department notice, in writing, of any changes in the information requested on the application.
(e) If a managing agent is terminated or terminates his or her status as managing agent of the professional design firm, the managing agent and the professional design firm shall notify the Department of this fact in writing, by regular mail or email, within 10 business days of termination.
Thereafter, the professional design firm, if it has so informed the Department, has 30 days in which to notify the Department of the name and architect's license number of the architect who is the newly designated managing agent. If a corporation, the corporation shall also submit a certified copy of a resolution by the board of directors designating the new managing agent. If a limited liability company, the company shall also submit a certified copy of either its articles of organization or operating agreement designating the new managing agent. The Department may, upon good cause shown, extend the original 30-day period.
If the professional design firm has not notified the Department in writing, by regular mail or email, within the specified time, the registration shall be terminated without prior hearing. Notification of termination shall be sent by regular mail to the address of record. If the professional design firm continues to operate and offer architectural services after the termination, the Department may seek prosecution under Sections 22 and 23.5 for the unlicensed practice of architecture.
(f) No professional design firm shall be relieved of responsibility for the conduct or acts of its agents, employees, or officers by reason of its compliance with this Section, nor shall any individual practicing architecture be relieved of the responsibility for professional services performed by reason of the individual's employment or relationship with a professional design firm registered under this Section.
(g) Disciplinary action against a professional design firm registered under this Section shall be administered in the same manner and on the same grounds as disciplinary action against a licensed architect. All disciplinary action taken or pending against a corporation or partnership before the effective date of this amendatory Act of 1993 shall be continued or remain in effect without the Department filing separate actions.
Sec. 22. Grounds for disciplinary action.
(a) The Department may refuse to issue or renew a license or may revoke, suspend, place on probation, reprimand, or take other disciplinary or non-disciplinary action the Department may deem proper, including fines not to exceed $10,000 for each violation, with regard to any license issued under this Act, for any one or a combination of the following reasons:
(1) Material misstatement in furnishing information
to the Department.
(2) Negligence, incompetence, or misconduct in the
practice of architecture.
(3) Failure to comply with any of the provisions of
this Act or any of the rules.
(4) Fraud or any misrepresentation in applying for or
procuring a license or registration under this Act or in connection with applying for renewal or restoration of a license or registration under this Act.
(5) Purposefully making false statements or signing
false statements, certificates or affidavits to induce payment.
(6) Conviction of or entry of a plea of guilty or
nolo contendere, finding of guilt, jury verdict, or entry of judgment or sentencing, including, but not limited to, convictions, preceding sentences of supervision, conditional discharge, or first offender probation under the laws of any jurisdiction of the United States that is (i) a misdemeanor, an essential element of which is dishonesty, that is directly related to the practice of the profession of architecture or (ii) a felony.
(7) Aiding or assisting another in violating any
provision of this Act or the rules adopted under this Act.
(8) Failing to provide information in response to a
written request made by the Department within 60 days after receipt of the written request.
(9) Engaging in dishonorable, unethical or
unprofessional conduct of a character likely to deceive, defraud or harm the public.
(10) Habitual or excessive use or abuse of drugs
defined in law as controlled substances, alcohol, narcotics, stimulants, or any other substances that results in the inability to practice with reasonable judgment, skill, or safety.
(11) Making a statement of compliance pursuant to the
Environmental Barriers Act that technical submissions prepared by the architect or prepared under the architect's responsible control for construction or alteration of an occupancy required to be in compliance with the Environmental Barriers Act are in compliance with the Environmental Barriers Act when such technical submissions are not in compliance.
(12) A finding by the Department that an applicant or
licensee has failed to pay a fine imposed by the Department.
(13) A finding by the Department that the licensee,
after having his or her license placed on probationary status, has violated or failed to comply with the terms of probation.
(14) Inability to practice the profession with
reasonable judgment, skill, or safety as a result of physical illness, including, but not limited to, deterioration through the aging process, loss of motor skill, mental illness, or disability.
(15) Discipline by another state, territory, foreign
country, the District of Columbia, the United States government, or any other governmental agency if at least one of the grounds for discipline is the same or substantially equivalent to those set forth in this Act.
(16) The making of any willfully false oath or
affirmation in any matter or proceeding where an oath or affirmation is required by this Act.
(17) Using or attempting to use an expired,
inactive, suspended, or revoked license or the certificate or seal of another or impersonating another licensee.
(19) Signing, affixing, or allowing the architect's
seal to be affixed to any technical submission not prepared by the architect or under the architect's responsible control.
(a-5) In enforcing this Section, the Department or Board, upon a showing of a possible violation, may order a licensee or applicant to submit to a mental or physical examination, or both, at the expense of the Department. The Department or Board may order the examining physician to present testimony concerning his or her examination of the licensee or applicant. No information shall be excluded by reason of any common law or statutory privilege relating to communications between the licensee or applicant and the examining physician. The examining physicians shall be specifically designated by the Board or Department. The licensee or applicant may have, at his or her own expense, another physician of his or her choice present during all aspects of the examination. Failure of a licensee or applicant to submit to any such examination when directed, without reasonable cause as defined by rule, shall be grounds for either the immediate suspension of his or her license or immediate denial of his or her application.
If the Secretary immediately suspends the license of a licensee for his or her failure to submit to a mental or physical examination when directed, a hearing must be convened by the Department within 15 days after the suspension and completed without appreciable delay.
If the Secretary otherwise suspends a license pursuant to the results of the licensee's mental or physical examination, a hearing must be convened by the Department within 15 days after the suspension and completed without appreciable delay. The Department and Board shall have the authority to review the licensee's record of treatment and counseling regarding the relevant impairment or impairments to the extent permitted by applicable federal statutes and regulations safeguarding the confidentiality of medical records.
Any licensee suspended under this subsection (a-5) shall be afforded an opportunity to demonstrate to the Department or Board that he or she can resume practice in compliance with the acceptable and prevailing standards under the provisions of his or her license.
(b) The determination by a circuit court that a licensee is subject to involuntary admission or judicial admission, as provided in the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code, operates as an automatic suspension. Such suspension will end only upon a finding by a court that the patient is no longer subject to involuntary admission or judicial admission, the issuance of an order so finding and discharging the patient, and the recommendation of the Board to the Secretary that the licensee be allowed to resume practice.
(c) (Blank).
(d) If the Department of Healthcare and Family Services (formerly the Department of Public Aid) has previously determined that a licensee or a potential licensee is more than 30 days delinquent in the payment of child support and has subsequently certified the delinquency to the Department, the Department shall refuse to issue or renew or shall revoke or suspend that person's license or shall take other disciplinary action against that person based solely upon the certification of delinquency made by the Department of Healthcare and Family Services in accordance with subdivision (a)(5) of Section 2105-15 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law of the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois.
(e) The Department shall refuse to issue or renew or shall revoke or suspend a person's license or entity's registration or shall take other disciplinary action against that person or entity for his or her failure to file a return, to pay the tax, penalty, or interest shown in a filed return, or to pay any final assessment of tax, penalty, or interest as required by any tax Act administered by the Department of Revenue, until the requirements of the tax Act are satisfied in accordance with subsection (g) of Section 2105-15 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law of the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois.
(f) Persons who assist the Department as consultants or expert witnesses in the investigation or prosecution of alleged violations of the Act, licensure matters, restoration proceedings, or criminal prosecutions, shall not be liable for damages in any civil action or proceeding as a result of such assistance, except upon proof of actual malice. The attorney general shall defend such persons in any such action or proceeding.
(Source: P.A. 100-872, eff. 8-14-18; 101-346, eff. 8-9-19.)
Sec. 23. Injunction; cease and desist order.
(a) If any person or entity violates a provision of this Act, the Secretary may, in the name of the People of the State of Illinois, through the Attorney General of the State of Illinois, petition for an order enjoining such violation or for an order enforcing compliance with this Act. Upon the filing of a verified petition in such court, the court may issue a temporary restraining order, without notice or bond, and may preliminarily and permanently enjoin such violation. If it is established that such person or entity has violated or is violating the injunction, the court may punish the offender for contempt of court. Proceedings under this Section are in addition to, and not in lieu of, all other remedies and penalties provided by this Act.
(b) If any person or entity practices as an architect or holds himself, herself, or itself out as an architect or professional design firm without being licensed or registered under the provisions of this Act, then any architect, any interested party or any person injured thereby may, in addition to the Secretary, petition for relief as provided in subsection (a) of this Section.
(c) If, in the opinion of the Department, any person or entity violates any provision of this Act, the Department may issue a rule to show cause why an order to cease and desist should not be entered against the person or entity. The rule shall clearly set forth the grounds relied upon by the Department and shall provide a period of 7 days from the date of the rule to file an answer to the satisfaction of the Department. Failure to answer to the satisfaction of the Department shall cause an order to cease and desist to be issued immediately.
Sec. 23.5. Unlicensed practice; violation; civil penalty.
(a) Use of the title "architect" or any of its derivations is limited to those persons or entities licensed or registered under this Act. Any person who practices, offers to practice, attempts to practice, or holds himself or herself out to practice as an architect without being licensed under this Act shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, pay a civil penalty to the Department in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each offense as determined by the Department. The civil penalty shall be assessed by the Department after a hearing is held in accordance with the provisions set forth in this Act regarding the provision of a hearing for the discipline of a licensee.
(b) An entity or business that offers design services under this Act without being registered as a professional design firm or exempt under this Act shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, pay a civil penalty to the Department in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each offense, as determined by the Department. The civil penalty shall be assessed by the Department after a hearing is held in accordance with the provisions set forth in this Act regarding the provision of a hearing for the discipline of a licensee.
(c) The Department may investigate any actual, alleged, or suspected unlicensed activity.
(d) The civil penalty shall be paid within 60 days after the effective date of the order imposing the civil penalty. The order shall constitute a judgment and may be filed and execution had thereon in the same manner as any judgment from any court of record.
(e) A person or entity not licensed or registered under this Act who has violated any provision of this Act or its rules is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor for the first offense and a Class 4 felony for a second and subsequent offenses.
Sec. 24. Investigations; notice and hearing.
(a) The Department may investigate the actions of any applicant or of any person or entity holding or claiming to hold a license under this Act.
(b) Before the initiation of a formal complaint, the matter shall be reviewed by a subcommittee of the Board according to procedures established by rule for the Complaint Committee. If a subcommittee has not been formed, the matter shall proceed through the process as stated in subsection (c) of this Section.
(c) The Department shall, before disciplining an applicant, licensee, or registrant, at least 30 days prior to the date set for the hearing, (i) notify in writing the accused of the charges made and the time and place for the hearing on the charges, (ii) direct the applicant, registrant, or licensee to file a written answer to the charges under oath within 20 days after the service of the notice, and (iii) inform the applicant, licensee, or registrant that failure to file a written answer to the charges will result in a default being entered against the applicant, licensee, or registrant.
(d) Written or electronic notice, and any notice in the subsequent proceeding, may be served by personal delivery, by email, or by mail to the applicant, licensee, or registrant at his or her address of record or email address of record.
(e) At the time and place fixed in the notice, the Board or hearing officer appointed by the Secretary shall proceed to hear the charges and the parties or their counsel shall be accorded ample opportunity to present any statement, testimony, evidence, and argument as may be pertinent to the charges or to their defense. The Board or hearing officer may continue the hearing from time to time.
(f) If the applicant, licensee, or registrant, after receiving the notice, fails to file an answer, his or her license or registration may, in the discretion of the Secretary, having first received the recommendation of the Board, be suspended, revoked, or placed on probationary status or be subject to whatever disciplinary action the Secretary considers proper, including limiting the scope, nature, or extent of the person's practice or imposing a fine, without hearing, if the act or acts charged constitute sufficient grounds for the action under this Act.
Sec. 25. Record of proceedings.
(a) The Department, at its expense, shall provide a certified shorthand reporter to take down the testimony and preserve a record of all proceedings at the hearing of any case in which a license may be revoked, suspended, placed on probationary status, reprimanded, fined, or subjected to other disciplinary action with reference to the license when a disciplinary action is authorized under this Act and rules. The notice of hearing, complaint, and all other documents in the nature of pleadings and written motions filed in the proceedings, the transcript of the testimony, the report of the Board, and the orders of the Department shall be the record of the proceedings. The record may be made available to any person interested in the hearing upon payment of the fee required by Section 2105-115 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law of the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois.
(b) The Department may contract for court reporting services, and, if it does so, the Department shall provide the name and contact information for the certified shorthand reporter who transcribed the testimony at a hearing to any person interested, who may obtain a copy of the transcript of any proceedings at a hearing upon payment of the fee specified by the certified shorthand reporter.
Sec. 26. Subpoenas; depositions; oaths.
(a) The Department has power to subpoena documents, books, records, or other materials and to bring before it any person and to take testimony, either orally or by deposition, or take written interrogatories, or any combination thereof, with the same fees and mileage and in the same manner as is prescribed in civil cases in the courts of this State.
(b) The Secretary, the designated hearing officer, and every member of the Board has the power to administer oaths to witnesses at any hearing that the Department is authorized to conduct and any other oaths authorized in any Act administered by the Department.
Sec. 27. Compelling testimony. Any circuit court, upon the application of the accused person or complainant or of the Department, may, by order duly entered, require the attendance of witnesses and the production of relevant books and papers before the Department in any hearing relative to the application for or refusal, recall, suspension or revocation of a license, or the discipline of a licensee, and the court may compel obedience to its order by proceedings for contempt.
Sec. 28. Hearing; motion for rehearing.
(a) The Board or hearing officer appointed by the Secretary shall hear evidence in support of the formal charges and evidence produced by the licensee. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Board or hearing officer shall present to the Secretary a written report of its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations. If the Board fails to present its report, the applicant, licensee, or registrant may request in writing a direct appeal to the Secretary, in which case the Secretary may issue an order based upon the report of the hearing officer and the record of the proceedings or issue an order remanding the matter back to the hearing officer for additional proceedings in accordance with the order.
(b) At the conclusion of the hearing, a copy of the Board or hearing officer's report shall be served upon the applicant, licensee, or registrant either personally or as provided in this Act for the service of the notice of hearing. Within 20 calendar days after such service, the applicant, licensee, or registrant may present to the Department a motion, in writing, for a rehearing, which shall specify the particular grounds for rehearing. The Department may respond to the motion for rehearing within 20 calendar days after its service on the Department. If no motion for rehearing is filed, then upon the expiration of the time specified for filing such a motion or upon denial of a motion for rehearing, the Secretary may enter an order in accordance with the recommendations of the Board or hearing officer. If the applicant, licensee, or registrant orders from the reporting service and pays for a transcript of the record within the time for filing a motion for rehearing, the 20 calendar day period within which a motion may be filed shall commence upon delivery of the transcript to the applicant, licensee, or registrant.
(c) If the Secretary disagrees in any regard with the report of the Board, the Secretary may issue an order contrary to the report. The Secretary shall notify the Board on any such deviation and shall specify with particularity the reasons for such action in the final order.
(d) Whenever the Secretary is not satisfied that substantial justice has been done, the Secretary may order a hearing by the same or another hearing officer.
(e) At any point in any investigation or disciplinary proceeding provided for in this Act, both parties may agree to a negotiated consent order. The consent order shall be final upon signature of the Secretary.
Sec. 29. Hearing officer. Notwithstanding Section 28, the Secretary has the authority to appoint an attorney duly licensed to practice law in the State of Illinois to serve as the hearing officer in any action for refusal to issue or renew a license or registration or discipline an applicant, licensee, or registrant. The Board may have at least one member present at any hearing conducted by the hearing officer. The hearing officer shall have full authority to conduct the hearing. The hearing officer shall report his or her findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations to the Board and to the Secretary. If the Secretary disagrees in any regard with the report of the Board or hearing officer, he or she may issue an order in contravention thereof. The Secretary shall notify the Board on any such deviation and shall specify with particularity the reasons for such action in the final order.
Sec. 30. Order to be prima facie proof. An order of revocation or suspension or a certified copy thereof, over the seal of the Department and purporting to be signed by the Secretary, shall be prima facie proof that:
(a) the signature is the genuine signature of the
Secretary;
(b) the Secretary is duly appointed and qualified;
(c) the Board and the members thereof are qualified
to act.
Such proof may be rebutted.
Sec. 31. Restoration from disciplinary status.
(a) At any time after the successful completion of a term of probation, suspension, or revocation of a license or registration under this Act, the Department may restore the license or registration to the licensee or registrant, upon the written recommendation of the Board, unless after an investigation and a hearing the Department determines that restoration is not in the public interest.
(b) If the circumstances of suspension or revocation so indicate, the Department may require an examination of the licensee or registrant prior to restoring his or her license.
(c) A person whose license or registration has been revoked under this Act may not apply for restoration of that license or registration until authorized to do so under the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois.
(d) A license or registration that has been suspended or revoked shall be considered nonrenewed for purposes of restoration and a licensee or registrant restoring his or her license or registration from suspension or revocation must comply with the requirements for restoration as set forth in Section 16 and any related rules adopted.
Sec. 32. Surrender of license or registration. Upon the revocation or suspension of any license or registration, the licensee or professional design firm shall immediately surrender the license or licenses or registration to the Department and if the licensee or registrant fails to do so, the Department has the right to seize the license or registration.
Sec. 33. Temporary suspension of a license. The Secretary may temporarily suspend the license or registration of an architect without a hearing, simultaneously with the institution of proceedings for a hearing provided for in Section 24, if the Secretary finds that evidence in the Department's possession indicates that an architect's continuation in practice would constitute an imminent danger to the public. If the Secretary temporarily suspends the license or registration of an architect without a hearing, a hearing by the Board must be held within 30 days after such suspension has occurred.
Sec. 34. Administrative review.
(a) All final administrative decisions of the Department hereunder are subject to judicial review pursuant to the Administrative Review Law and all rules adopted pursuant thereto. The term "administrative decision" is defined as in Section 3-101 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(b) Proceedings for judicial review shall be commenced in the circuit court of the county in which the party applying for review resides, but if the party is not a resident of this State, the venue shall be in Sangamon County.
(c) The Department shall not be required to certify any record to the court or file any answer in court, or to otherwise appear in any court in a judicial review proceeding, unless and until the Department has received from the plaintiff payment of the costs of furnishing and certifying the record, which costs shall be determined by the Department.
(d) Failure on the part of the plaintiff to file a receipt in court shall be grounds for dismissal of the action.
(e) During the pendency and hearing of any and all judicial proceedings incident to a disciplinary action, the sanctions imposed upon the accused by the Department shall remain in full force and effect.
(Source: P.A. 86-702. Repealed by P.A. 101-346, eff. 8-9-19.)
Sec. 37. Illinois Administrative Procedure Act; application. The Illinois Administrative Procedure Act is hereby expressly adopted and incorporated herein as if all of the provisions of that Act were included in this Act, except that the provision of subsection (d) of Section 10-65 of the Illinois Administrative Procedure Act that provides that at hearings the licensee has the right to show compliance with all lawful requirements for retention, continuation or renewal of the license is specifically excluded. For the purposes of this Act, the notice required under Section 10-25 of the Illinois Administrative Procedure Act is deemed sufficient when mailed to the last known address of record.
Sec. 37.5. Confidentiality. All information collected by the Department in the course of an examination or investigation of a licensee or applicant, including, but not limited to, any complaint against a licensee filed with the Department and information collected to investigate any such complaint, shall be maintained for the confidential use of the Department and shall not be disclosed. The Department may not disclose the information to anyone other than law enforcement officials, other regulatory agencies that have an appropriate regulatory interest as determined by the Secretary, or a party presenting a lawful subpoena to the Department. Information and documents disclosed to a federal, State, county, or local law enforcement agency shall not be disclosed by the agency for any purpose to any other agency or person. A formal complaint filed against a licensee by the Department or any order issued by the Department against a licensee or applicant shall be a public record, except as otherwise prohibited by law.
Sec. 38. Fund; appropriations; investments; audits. Moneys deposited in the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund shall be appropriated to the Department exclusively for expenses of the Department and the Board in the administration of this Act, the Illinois Professional Land Surveyor Act of 1989, the Professional Engineering Practice Act of 1989, and the Structural Engineering Practice Act of 1989. The expenses of the Department under this Act shall be limited to the ordinary and contingent expenses of the Design Professionals Dedicated Employees within the Department as established under Section 2105-75 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law (20 ILCS 2105/2105-75) and other expenses related to the administration and enforcement of this Act.
Moneys from the Fund may also be used for direct and allocable indirect costs related to the public purposes of the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation. Moneys in the Fund may be transferred to the Professions Indirect Cost Fund as authorized by Section 2105-300 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law (20 ILCS 2105/2105-300).
All fines and penalties under Sections 22 and 36 shall be deposited in the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund.
Moneys in the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund may be invested and reinvested, with all earnings received from the investments to be deposited in the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund and used for the same purposes as fees deposited in the Fund.
Upon the completion of any audit of the Department as prescribed by the Illinois State Auditing Act that includes an audit of the Design Professionals Administration and Investigation Fund, the Department shall make the audit open to inspection by any interested person. The copy of the audit report required to be submitted to the Department by this Section is an addition to copies of audit reports required to be submitted to other State officers and agencies by Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act.
Sec. 39. Public policy. It is declared to be the public policy of this State, pursuant to paragraph (h) of Section 6 of Article VII of the Illinois Constitution of 1970, that any power or function set forth in this Act to be exercised by the State is an exclusive State power or function. Such power or function shall not be exercised concurrently, either directly or indirectly, by any unit of local government, including home rule units, except as otherwise provided in this Act. This is a limitation of home rule powers.
Sec. 40. Reinstatement of existing licenses; Rules in force. All licenses and certificates of registration in effect on December 31, 1989 and issued pursuant to the "Illinois Architecture Act", approved June 24, 1919, as amended, are reinstated for the balance of the term for which last issued. All rules in effect on December 31, 1989 and promulgated pursuant to the "Illinois Architecture Act", approved June 24, 1919, as amended, shall remain in full force and effect on the effective date of this Act without being promulgated again by the Department, except to the extent any such rule is inconsistent with any provision of this Act. All disciplinary action, taken or pending, pursuant to the "Illinois Architecture Act", approved June 24, 1919, as amended, shall, for the actions taken, remain in effect, and for the action pending, shall be continued, on the effective date of this Act without having separate actions filed by the Department.


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Money Report
The Real-Life Family Business Drama You Don't See on HBO's 'Succession'
By Eric Rosenbaum, CNBC • Published November 14, 2021 • Updated on November 14, 2021 at 10:09 am
V Anderson | WireImage | Getty Images
Family businesses face the unique succession issue of choosing the next generation to lead, or turning over a firm to professional managers, or selling when a founder is ready.
It's a global issue: in China, there are estimated to be hundreds of thousands of private firms created within the past half-century that are family-based and still controlled by the first-generation founders.
In the U.S. and Europe, family-run businesses are more likely to have processes in place, but experts say there are still far too many which fail to get it right and damage relationships, and destroy wealth built over decades.
Colin Hutton | HBO
Logan Roy, played by Brian Cox, at his daughter's wedding reception on season 1 of HBO's Succession.
Actors often don't like to watch their own work once it is out in the public, but no one finds it more difficult to watch HBO's "Succession" than those who have actually lived the life of a family business.
"I had to stop watching because it felt a little too real," says Ionnie McNeill, who recently transitioned out of a management role with MCO Construction, the company founded by her mother and which she had at one time been convinced she would eventually lead.
"Family businesses are different from other businesses because there's just a lot of underlying, unspoken emotionality. These are not just business decisions but hopes and dreams of a legacy generation," McNeill said. "Lots of stuff goes on. Coercion, harassment, manipulation ... There's just a lot of 'Succession' that other people wouldn't deal with in another corporation. It's a hotbed of promise ... and a sense of entitlement."
Kevin O'Leary says he has seen too many "heartbreaking" examples of family businesses where relationships and wealth are destroyed by poor succession planning and, in particular, the assumption that children are always the right people to take over. As a TV personality, O'Leary may state things in a manner closer to "Succession" than reality. There are many family successions that go wrong, but many that end up being extremely successful.
What is true, according to experts who study family business, is that the transition from a founder to the next generation is challenging in a different way, and potentially in a bigger way, than a transition in a non-family firm. And among the factors that often contribute to things going wrong — and is true to the HBO series — is a founder waiting far too long to put a succession plan in place, at least in part because they aren't ready to give up control, and health issues which may change the situation rapidly.
Chinese Stocks Pop, Head for Bull Market on Return From Lunar New Year Holiday
Founder identity and a firm's future collide
It's not an easy process for founders to undertake after running a firm for decades. "That's your identity," said Morten Bennedsen, professor of family enterprise at INSEAD and the academic director of the Wendel International Centre for Family Enterprise. "So they go back to working 80 hours a week managing the firm, and no time to think about these things."
And what happens to succession as a result of that willful neglect?
"Too many happen by heart attack," Bennedsen said. "If you don't plan and if the founder doesn't want to speak about these things, ultimately nature will make the transition, and in the worst possible way."
His research surveying family firms suggests that founders in the U.S. and Europe have improved on succession planning, but even in these more developed markets, a surprisingly larger number still don't have a plan in place. Among small- and medium-sized firms in Europe, roughly 40% of founders surveyed say they are planning to create a succession plan within 10 years, but have not done so yet, and he said the same is likely true for the U.S.
In mainland China, there are hundreds of thousands of private firms without a roadmap for succession, and with China's population policies of the past half-century, often a lack of many children to even consider as successors.
"Planning means more than thinking about it in your head," Bennedsen said.
Succession planning needs to start early
Plans have to be communicated to family members, especially those who expect to be successors, and to the board of directors.
This is a process that Delaware-based Nixon Medical got right. Founded by Murray Berstein in 1967, it remains a family business with a high rate of growth. In 1997, the company, which provides medical apparel and linens, had revenue of $9 million-$10 million. By 2007, as Murray was transitioning out of the business, the firm had grown to $20 million in annual revenue. Now annual revenue is north of $80 million as it has expanded from the mid-Atlantic and three locations to 10 locations now serving the mid-Atlantic, New England and Texas.
Jason Berstein, the company's current president and one of Murray's three sons now in executive management, attributed the success, at least in part, to his father's willingness early on to develop a high-level succession and ownership plan, and contemplate a life for himself after giving up control of the company. "My dad remains passionate even with no ownership interest or leadership," Berstein said. "It was really hard for him to let go, but he knew it was right thing to do for us."
Nixon Medical mapped out how the process would work, but did not make the decision on who would be chosen leader until it needed to be made in late 2006 before their father transitioned away from day-to-day leadership in 2007.
The three Berstein brothers, as well as a family business consultant, were part of that plan in their 20s and all retain roles in the company suited to their skill sets. "Unless you knew we were brothers, you would just think we're three executives," Berstein said.
"One benefit of being in front of stuff in terms of succession issues is if you can make these decisions on how things will work without an immediate decision, if it is all forward looking and not emotionally charged, everyone understands how things work and it results in a much smoother outcome then when it needs to be an emergency," he said.
Their father also began transferring ownership of the company to his children, a process that Berstein believes is important for family firms so the new leadership can run the operations financially independent of the founder.
"He doesn't have to worry about it, it doesn't impact him financially, but he cares about it because it's his fourth child, or maybe first child, and we were the next three," he said.
Children aren't automatically the right CEO candidates
Nixon Medical had one key advantage in addition to a founder who was ready to take action on succession: the children wanted to lead the company. A lot has changed in society since the 1970s and 1980s when it was an expectation if not a duty for the next generation to take over a family firm.
"You cannot force kids in the U.S. or Europe to take over the business. The next generation says no more often," said Bennedsen. "It's not very popular among peers, going back to mom and dad. Everyone wants to be Steve Jobs today and create something on their own."
If no family member is available as a leadership candidate, "Take the money and give it to the kids rather than saddling them with something they don't want to do," said Jennifer Pendergast, executive director of the John L Ward Center for Family Enterprises at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management.
For family firms where children are interested in taking over, an apprenticeship model to groom successors is important because there are idiosyncratic aspects to running a family firm and operational reasons for in-house grooming. The network the founder has developed in business and politics is easier to transfer within a family than to a "McKinsey type," Bennedsen said. "It's important the next generation has those idiosyncratic skills to be successful," he said. "The more you expose them to the firm, the more it is maybe an option."
Ionnie McNeill's mother Ann, who founded MCO Construction and was the first African-American woman to found a general construction firm in the state of Florida, shared her entrepreneurial life with her two daughters throughout their childhoods. "I got work experience and exposure to the business and entrepreneurship the way most children do not," McNeill said. "I went to school and then went back to the office with my mom, did homework in the car, helped to sort mail."
But the best successions within a family are more likely when a next-generation leader has a CV that includes an external education and leadership experience outside the family firm. "If you want to give the company to the next generation, it's very important to have a balance of family assets and the ones professional CEOs share, and that is often what is missing," Bennedsen said. "If you don't have your own skills you are in a weak position ... if all you can do is what your parents have told you."
First-generation wealth creators possess a skill set that is often different than what their children possess.
"It doesn't mean they are not as bright," said Michael Sonnenfeldt, founder of Tiger 21, an investing and professional networking organization for business founders. "They're just children who grew up with all the benefits that their parents didn't have and so it's not the natural order to think children of great entrepreneurs can match the entrepreneurial skills of their parents. It happens sometimes, but it is the exception to the rule."
"So many people work so hard to build businesses and want to give kids the opportunities they may create for themselves. Passing on a business can be like a lead weight around the neck, not in every case, but the general notion that it's very hard to pass operating companies to the next generation is substantially correct," he said.
That is one reason he says most Tiger 21 members have sold their companies or taken the companies public, believing the value they created and can pass on to children is better preserved in the proceeds of a sale than in the business itself.
There are exceptions, such as real estate or natural resources, which maintain value better than operating companies. "But operating companies, unless the very best, the next guy who starts a competitor will put you out of business. It's simply less likely the next generation will have the skills of founders in operating companies. When the only assets are the people it's harder to keep up with competition," Sonnenfeldt said.
The future of the family business
Nixon Medical will face the same challenge again in the future, and Berstein, 49, said he is now thinking about how challenging the transition from generation two to generation three of his family will be. The brothers have yet to decide if the firm will remain under family leaders for a third generation.
"If you go back in time for us, at least, the business was much more manageable in size," Berstein said. If the firm continues to be successful, finding a qualified person within the family to lead will be even more difficult. "You have to be all-in," he said.
"I have plenty of runway left, but one thing we decided was whoever is the leader, it is not guaranteed for life," Berstein said. "It depends on performance and we set up the independent board to manage my performance and set my compensation."
Challenges Bernstein and his siblings will face include the fact that not all have the same number of children, diluting ownership, and not all of those children (nine in all) will want to work in the family business. "We don't expect the majority, we expect the minority to work in the business," he said.
But the plan is the same as what their father laid out for them: to not wait until it is too late to put the leadership succession and ownership transition process in place, when it might be harder to give it up.
McNeill said her older sister, 12 years her senior, was intended to be the next generation leader at MCO Construction based on business plans from the 1990s, but her sister wasn't the right person for the job. "She would leave and come back and leave and come back and my mom didn't think she could handle the business," McNeill said,
That led her to become the likely successor, but over the past six years, "I did this merry-go-round," she said.
"When it came down to the succession plan and saying 'Hey, mom can you do one?' I quickly had to realize my mother also is a person and in that realization, I had to honestly look at her stress and her weaknesses and quickly came to see she was never going to give it up," McNeill said. "For two to three years I had been like, 'Hey, we need to do this.' The amount of energy I was spending trying to get her to do a succession plan, I realized I should do one for myself, and I exited the business."
Once she was able to see clearly, McNeill also was able to verbalize her realizations to her mother and instead of the relationship suffering, they renegotiated how to have a mother-daughter relationship without the business. That didn't happen without hesitation. "She was always like, 'I support you,' but I don't think she really believed I would do it."
McNeill says she worried her mother might spurn her if she left regardless of what her mother said, and some of the questions swirling around in her head led to feelings of shame, such as, "Will you still love me if I left?" but she says getting it all out into the open was important.
"I am paying for therapy so I do have to get my money's worth," she said. "The next generation needs to be okay with saying, 'It's not a family business, it's your business."
For second-generation family members, a sense of obligation should not be the reason to lead a family firm, Pendergast said. "'Lucking out' is not necessarily something everyone would want."
"People who found businesses often can't let go, and have tough personalities. How fun is that? If they second guess every decision. You still have Thanksgiving and Christmas and do you really want it to be all about the business?" she added.
McNeill's relationship with her mother is different now, but it isn't broken. They have been co-hosting a podcast called #MyInvestingStory, and she has dinner with both of her parents every night. "We don't talk about the business unless she has some exciting news to share," she said.
"Family businesses get a lot of bad publicity," Berstein said. "People say 'Oh my god, it sounds like a nightmare, and you hear about all the tragedies. The reality is there are a lot that are fantastic places to work and are run professionally and are great for the economy."
More divorces and multiple sets of kids are part of a family structure that is changing and which will add to an already complicated natural succession planning process for multiple-generation firms. But demographic and cultural mega trends may be good thing, as many of the family successions that do take place should never have been completed. The vast majority of private firms are family firms, and among those two-thirds have ownership transfers inside the family, while one-third are sold. That may decline to 50%-50% in the future.
"I think we will see less family succession in the future," Bennedsen said, "but hopefully less catastrophes."
He has seen many of those across the globe, from a Nigerian founder with multiple wives and dozens of kids and 40 companies, "which all went to pieces"; to a founder in his home country of Denmark who sold a major firm to institutional investors but then bought it back at the age of 94 and still didn't want to talk succession with his children, holding on until he died at 99; to allegations of murder being committed over control of family fortunes.
Having watched "a few" episodes of "Succession," Bennedsen added, "You cannot imagine what happens sometimes in family firms. But all inside one family? I am not sure."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What's the most efficient possible way to get the binary suffix of a number with GMP? Equivalently I'd like to load x % 2^n into another mpz_t. It's not clear to me whether mpz_mod (manual) will be faster than something like:
mpz_t setSuffix(int n,mpz_t x){
  mpz_t y;
  mpz_init_set_ui(y,0);
  for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
    if(mpz_tstbit(x,i)){
      mpz_setbit(y,i);
    }
  }
  return y;
}

(bit manipulation functions)
Can I do better here with some built in function, or is this the speed limit? It might be faster to run the loop backwards so allocation would only be done once.

A: *

*Calculate n/64, n%64.

*Transfer (n/64) times 64-bit ints.

*Transfer (n%64) bits individually.

Additional optimization (instead of 3. above):

*Calculate (n%64)/32, (n%64)/16, (n%64)/8.

*If any of those is bigger than 0 (i.e. is equal to 1), copy that amount of data in one pass.

*Transfer the remaining (n%64)%8 bits individually.

It might still be faster that 4.-6. above if:

*you calculate only (n%64)/8, (n%64)%8

*transfer (n%64)/8 bytes

*transfer (n%64)%8 bits

From here, do some benchmarking and improve as needed.

Note: I assumed you have a 64-bit system. For older systems, adjust as needed. Also, some of the math above might need some adjustments (in steps 4.-6.).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Japan has one of the world's greatest traditions of craftsmanship. With a 1300-year history, urushi – Japanese lacquer art – especially has been developed to a high degree, both in the areas of technology and art. It has been praised as the "flower" of kogei craftsmanship. Many urushi artists have worked hard in modernizing and popularizing Japanese urushi lacquer art, building its present-day basis. In 1954, the Japan Kogei Association was established.
This exhibition commemorates the 35th Traditional Japanese Lacquer Exhibition and offers an overview of the development of Japanese urushi art based onfour themes: Master Urushi Artists from the late-Edo Period to Pre-War Japan, 2) The Important Intangible Cultural Property System and the Japan Kogei Association, 3) The Traditional Japanese Lacquer Exhibition, and 4) Urushi artists who are currently active with a focus on 11 Living National Treasures.


I'm going back to Cuba in mid-June as part of an initiative to support a ballet academy and of course, to take photographs. As we worked on the itinerary for this trip, I looked through photos from my past two Havana trips to take note of the kinds of places I won't want to miss this time. I took note of the places I will return to, but want to view differently. Going back three times to the same place can be a little like Groundhog Day, if you're not mindful. I want this experience to be different and I want to be sure to catch my favorite places, but in a new light.
Back in November I took photographs one evening and forgot to change the settings on my Canon when I went out the next morning. A slew of photographs appeared to be way off the mark. Before clicking delete on my camera I noted how bizarre and colorful this photograph was. I'm so glad I kept it and I just love it now! The lesson: don't delete photographs from your camera!
The second photograph is from the Paladar La Guarida in famed Centro Havana. Check out this staircase. You may recognize this space because Annie Liebowitz took a photo featured in Vanity Fair of Rihanna walking down that very staircase.
Back in March of 2015, I had the privilege of going to Cuba on a people-to-people tour with a handful of photographers. Meeting the students and teachers at ProDanza ballet school was certainly one of my personal highlights, mixed in with the intense photography workshop led by famous photojournalist Peter Turnley. Leave it to one of my workshop friends, Kathy Conklin, to start an initiative to bring dance shoes, attire and more supplies to the students who have sub-par equipment. "ProDanza is a highly regarded dance program in Cuba, but funding from the Cuban government is minimal—only enough to pay salaries." We call ourselves Team ProDanza.
My focus will be on photography plus some PR and marketing. I'll have a suitcase full of dance shoes, etc. purchased using the money raised.
Since I am going with photographers and those supporting the ProDanza academy, in the past there have been opportunities to meet some terrific artists living in Havana. Photographer Leysis Quesada Vera is one of my favorites. Her studio tour was a blast; her daughters are ballerinas. This is her hand showing me the photos she had for sale. And the photo below, we are standing with her photo that now hangs in my office.
Roberto Salas was born in NYC yet grew up in Cuba. He documented the revolution and took some of the most well-known photographs of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. We loved hearing stories from this photographer who had privileged and private access to Castro.
I took the top photograph of the pink and white convertible from our hotel window on my first trip. It really makes me laugh, the fun these five were having. I couldn't resist repeating this activity a few times and can't see stopping anytime soon.
Our hotel once again will overlook this broad esplanade which stretches for five miles along the coast in Havana. It's fabulous any time of day. The night scene is super fun to check out because the locals congregate on the esplanade and are so friendly and easy to meet. This particular morning I was up before 6am to capture the sun rising and the waves crashing onto the seawall.
We will leave Havana for the southern coast to stay in both Cienfuegos (Pearl of the South) and Trinidad (UNESCOs World Heritage site since 1988). Can't wait to explore. Take note of these fabulous photographs taken by others on Instagram.
Life on the streets of Trinidad.


Information Systems is a team of over 400 staff, 250 of whom were recruited in 2017. Located at five different centers in Europe, it includes two Labs (42 and EPITECH), handling a combined total of 39 projects, 16 of which are under development, along with a Hacker House made up of 10 developers specializing in areas of innovation.
With 350 hires anticipated in 2018, the number of geek t-shirts on display in the vente-privee offices is sure to rise further still.
The true backbone of vente-privee, the information systems management team is the fairy godmother that makes wishes come true for the group's other businesses, delivering the technological solutions they need to achieve their ambitions. Whether delivering new tools, improving processes or creating digital architecture, it is the grand orchestrator of technological change in the company.


The team that volunteers together stays together.
At Safelite AutoGlass, all teams get a paid day off work to volunteer at a charity of their choice once a year.
Some facts that inspired the team?
During the day, the team commented on how organized the Mid-Ohio Foodbank was in putting volunteers to use. They were quickly assigned spots in a large assembly line putting together the boxes, adding informational materials, adding the food, and sealing the boxes. "Thanks to Safelite for letting us take the time to volunteer together," Carey added. "It made volunteering that much more special and fun!"


It is the weekend after the Kavanaugh confirmation, and most of us feel as if we have been through a mental tornado. The anger, frustration, and vitriol in our country were at epic proportions. I was so upset by the entire war I could not turn on the news in the last week. Everyone was yelling, arguing, and disrespecting each other. No one is listening to anyone anymore.
It did not start with Kavanaugh or Trump for that matter. This descent into barbarism and the evaporation of civility began long ago in our country. Throughout history, politics has been volatile and cruel. But we have allowed our culture to reach a new low in civility.
What Does Civility Have to do With Mindfulness?
We don't use the word civility much anymore. Civility means respect, good manners, politeness, and courteousness. I believe civility is at the heart of mindfulness and the societal movement toward mindful living.
Living mindfully, committed to a life of civility, can create a life of meaning, purpose, and happiness.
The root of every healthy, prosperous civilization is civility. Public discourse, personal interactions, and your own self-worth and happiness depend on civility. The decline of our civilization is at hand. When we no longer respect others different from ourselves, we are doomed. We disrespect others opinions and their lives. Also, we don't listen to each other. We respond to others with apathy or anger these days. Our families, our country and our world is also fractured. What can we do to turn down the volume, open our hearts, open our ears, and really listen with respect?
Let's try some Christian imagery. We have lived through the crucifixion and death of civility in our country divided by hate, anger, and fear. It is time for the resurrection of civility. If each one of us made a sincere commitment from our heart to bring civility into our lives, everything would change. We would not believe the same ideologies, and we would still have our differences, but we would be respectful, courteous and kind. We could listen to each other's fears, pain, and grievances along with our dreams, goals, and plans for the future.
Practice the golden rule. In everything, do unto others as you would have them do unto you. It's one of the key rules of civility.
Practice mindfulness. Become aware of your every thought, word, and action. Every single thought, word, and action creates an effect in our world. What are you creating? Are you dividing or uniting us? Are you creating love and healing or anger and fear? This is another one of the rules of civility.
Deep listening. Stop talking. Listen to the other person's opinion. Be respectful no matter what they say. Look into the person's eyes and listen deeply.
Kindness. Kindness is contagious. People will always remember your kindness.
Take the high road. When someone goes low, you go high. This is a spiritual practice that takes lowering your reactive emotions.
Begin now. From this moment on, choose to watch the news with less judgment. Be kinder to your neighbors and coworkers. Respect others at the grocery store, gas station, school, and work. The time for the resurrection of civility is now.


text:
/**
 * @file
 * Adobe Filmstrip demuxer
 */

#include "libavutil/intreadwrite.h"
#include "avformat.h"

#define RAND_TAG MKBETAG('R','a','n','d')

typedef struct {
    int leading;
} FilmstripDemuxContext;

static int read_header(AVFormatContext *s,
                       AVFormatParameters *ap)
{
    FilmstripDemuxContext *film = s->priv_data;
    ByteIOContext *pb = s->pb;
    AVStream *st;

    if (url_is_streamed(s->pb))
        return AVERROR(EIO);

    url_fseek(pb, url_fsize(pb) - 36, SEEK_SET);
    if (get_be32(pb) != RAND_TAG) {
        av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "magic number not found");
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
    }

    st = av_new_stream(s, 0);
    if (!st)
        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);

    st->nb_frames = get_be32(pb);
    if (get_be16(pb) != 0) {
        av_log_ask_for_sample(s, "unsupported packing method\n");
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
    }

    url_fskip(pb, 2);
    st->codec->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
    st->codec->codec_id   = CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO;
    st->codec->pix_fmt    = PIX_FMT_RGBA;
    st->codec->codec_tag  = 0; /* no fourcc */
    st->codec->width      = get_be16(pb);
    st->codec->height     = get_be16(pb);
    film->leading         = get_be16(pb);
    av_set_pts_info(st, 64, 1, get_be16(pb));

    url_fseek(pb, 0, SEEK_SET);

    return 0;
}

static int read_packet(AVFormatContext *s,
                       AVPacket *pkt)
{
    FilmstripDemuxContext *film = s->priv_data;
    AVStream *st = s->streams[0];

    if (url_feof(s->pb))
        return AVERROR(EIO);
    pkt->dts = url_ftell(s->pb) / (st->codec->width * (st->codec->height + film->leading) * 4);
    pkt->size = av_get_packet(s->pb, pkt, st->codec->width * st->codec->height * 4);
    url_fskip(s->pb, st->codec->width * film->leading * 4);
    if (pkt->size < 0)
        return pkt->size;
    pkt->flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
    return 0;
}

static int read_seek(AVFormatContext *s, int stream_index, int64_t timestamp, int flags)
{
    AVStream *st = s->streams[stream_index];
    url_fseek(s->pb, FFMAX(timestamp, 0) * st->codec->width * st->codec->height * 4, SEEK_SET);
    return 0;
}

AVInputFormat filmstrip_demuxer = {
    "filmstrip",
    NULL_IF_CONFIG_SMALL("Adobe Filmstrip"),
    sizeof(FilmstripDemuxContext),
    NULL,
    read_header,
    read_packet,
    NULL,
    read_seek,
    .extensions = "flm",
};