text:
#include "signal_catcher.h"

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
#include "class_linker.h"
#include "gc/heap.h"
#include "instruction_set.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
#include "signal_set.h"
#include "thread.h"
#include "thread_list.h"
#include "utils.h"

namespace art {

static void DumpCmdLine(std::ostream& os) {
#if defined(__linux__)
  // Show the original command line, and the current command line too if it's changed.
  // On Android, /proc/self/cmdline will have been rewritten to something like "system_server".
  // Note: The string "Cmd line:" is chosen to match the format used by debuggerd.
  std::string current_cmd_line;
  if (ReadFileToString("/proc/self/cmdline", &current_cmd_line)) {
    current_cmd_line.resize(current_cmd_line.find_last_not_of('\0') + 1);  // trim trailing '\0's
    std::replace(current_cmd_line.begin(), current_cmd_line.end(), '\0', ' ');

    os << "Cmd line: " << current_cmd_line << "\n";
    const char* stashed_cmd_line = GetCmdLine();
    if (stashed_cmd_line != NULL && current_cmd_line != stashed_cmd_line
            && strcmp(stashed_cmd_line, "<unset>") != 0) {
      os << "Original command line: " << stashed_cmd_line << "\n";
    }
  }
#else
  os << "Cmd line: " << GetCmdLine() << "\n";
#endif
}

SignalCatcher::SignalCatcher(const std::string& stack_trace_file)
    : stack_trace_file_(stack_trace_file),
      lock_("SignalCatcher lock"),
      cond_("SignalCatcher::cond_", lock_),
      thread_(NULL) {
  SetHaltFlag(false);

  // Create a raw pthread; its start routine will attach to the runtime.
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_create, (&pthread_, NULL, &Run, this), "signal catcher thread");

  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
  MutexLock mu(self, lock_);
  while (thread_ == NULL) {
    cond_.Wait(self);
  }
}

SignalCatcher::~SignalCatcher() {
  // Since we know the thread is just sitting around waiting for signals
  // to arrive, send it one.
  SetHaltFlag(true);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_kill, (pthread_, SIGQUIT), "signal catcher shutdown");
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_join, (pthread_, NULL), "signal catcher shutdown");
}

void SignalCatcher::SetHaltFlag(bool new_value) {
  MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
  halt_ = new_value;
}

bool SignalCatcher::ShouldHalt() {
  MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
  return halt_;
}

void SignalCatcher::Output(const std::string& s) {
  if (stack_trace_file_.empty()) {
    LOG(INFO) << s;
    return;
  }

  ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(Thread::Current(), kWaitingForSignalCatcherOutput);
  int fd = open(stack_trace_file_.c_str(), O_APPEND | O_CREAT | O_WRONLY, 0666);
  if (fd == -1) {
    PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open stack trace file '" << stack_trace_file_ << "'";
    return;
  }
  std::unique_ptr<File> file(new File(fd, stack_trace_file_));
  if (!file->WriteFully(s.data(), s.size())) {
    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write stack traces to '" << stack_trace_file_ << "'";
  } else {
    LOG(INFO) << "Wrote stack traces to '" << stack_trace_file_ << "'";
  }
}

void SignalCatcher::HandleSigQuit() {
  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
  ThreadList* thread_list = runtime->GetThreadList();

  // Grab exclusively the mutator lock, set state to Runnable without checking for a pending
  // suspend request as we're going to suspend soon anyway. We set the state to Runnable to avoid
  // giving away the mutator lock.
  thread_list->SuspendAll();
  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
  const char* old_cause = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension("Handling SIGQUIT");
  ThreadState old_state = self->SetStateUnsafe(kRunnable);

  std::ostringstream os;
  os << "\n"
      << "----- pid " << getpid() << " at " << GetIsoDate() << " -----\n";

  DumpCmdLine(os);

  // Note: The string "ABI:" is chosen to match the format used by debuggerd.
  os << "ABI: " << GetInstructionSetString(runtime->GetInstructionSet()) << "\n";

  os << "Build type: " << (kIsDebugBuild ? "debug" : "optimized") << "\n";

  runtime->DumpForSigQuit(os);

  if (false) {
    std::string maps;
    if (ReadFileToString("/proc/self/maps", &maps)) {
      os << "/proc/self/maps:\n" << maps;
    }
  }
  os << "----- end " << getpid() << " -----\n";
  CHECK_EQ(self->SetStateUnsafe(old_state), kRunnable);
  self->EndAssertNoThreadSuspension(old_cause);
  thread_list->ResumeAll();
  // Run the checkpoints after resuming the threads to prevent deadlocks if the checkpoint function
  // acquires the mutator lock.
  if (self->ReadFlag(kCheckpointRequest)) {
    self->RunCheckpointFunction();
  }
  Output(os.str());
}

void SignalCatcher::HandleSigUsr1() {
  LOG(INFO) << "SIGUSR1 forcing GC (no HPROF)";
  Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->CollectGarbage(false);
}

void SignalCatcher::HandleSigUsr2() {
  //LOGEPH(INFO) << "SIGUSR2 Ephemeral app cleanup";
  LOG(INFO) << "SIGUSR1 forcing GC (no HPROF)";
  //Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->CollectGarbage(false);
}

int SignalCatcher::WaitForSignal(Thread* self, SignalSet& signals) {
  ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kWaitingInMainSignalCatcherLoop);

  // Signals for sigwait() must be blocked but not ignored.  We
  // block signals like SIGQUIT for all threads, so the condition
  // is met.  When the signal hits, we wake up, without any signal
  // handlers being invoked.
  int signal_number = signals.Wait();
  if (!ShouldHalt()) {
    // Let the user know we got the signal, just in case the system's too screwed for us to
    // actually do what they want us to do...
    LOG(INFO) << *self << ": reacting to signal " << signal_number;

    // If anyone's holding locks (which might prevent us from getting back into state Runnable), say so...
    Runtime::Current()->DumpLockHolders(LOG(INFO));
  }

  return signal_number;
}

void* SignalCatcher::Run(void* arg) {
  SignalCatcher* signal_catcher = reinterpret_cast<SignalCatcher*>(arg);
  CHECK(signal_catcher != NULL);

  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
  CHECK(runtime->AttachCurrentThread("Signal Catcher", true, runtime->GetSystemThreadGroup(),
                                     !runtime->IsCompiler()));

  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
  DCHECK_NE(self->GetState(), kRunnable);
  {
    MutexLock mu(self, signal_catcher->lock_);
    signal_catcher->thread_ = self;
    signal_catcher->cond_.Broadcast(self);
  }

  // Set up mask with signals we want to handle.
  SignalSet signals;
  signals.Add(SIGQUIT);
  signals.Add(SIGUSR1);
  // Added for Ephemeral app cleanup
  signals.Add(SIGUSR2);

  while (true) {
    int signal_number = signal_catcher->WaitForSignal(self, signals);
    if (signal_catcher->ShouldHalt()) {
      runtime->DetachCurrentThread();
      return NULL;
    }

    switch (signal_number) {
    case SIGQUIT:
      signal_catcher->HandleSigQuit();
      break;
    case SIGUSR1:
      signal_catcher->HandleSigUsr1();
      break;
    case SIGUSR2:
      signal_catcher->HandleSigUsr2();
      break;
    default:
      LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected signal %d" << signal_number;
      break;
    }
  }
}

}  // namespace art

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The IMF warns of so-called "dangerous new phase" which reflects instability of global economy and impossibility of long-term planning. Such circumstances as cut of Italy's credit rating, crisis of 2008, European economy woes, and search for money for French fragile banks make investments unsound way of money use. Investors give up believing in the abilities of major international institutions in their attempts to save the situation during perilous times as they have started to apply non-traditional measures which consequences are hard to predict. The governments are struggling to restore confidence in the budget to save world economy from collapse. Meanwhile, investors lack healthy playing field and they have to look for the signs which will guide them throughout world economy turmoil and help to guess its further direction moves. We will touch upon 5 most important aspects which signify about changes in the world of finance.
Second quarter was a subject to mounting concerns for investors as it could trigger new recession. However, stability in the third quarter is a reason for optimism as it is connected with the peculiarities of May-June data. Automotive industry is bottoming out; price for oil is going down. Thus, we can expect some improvements in global economy. Nevertheless, new crisis began in the third quarter on financial markets; Eurozone debt crisis has hit Great Britain as well and resulted in mass riots. In such a way, encouraging data for the third quarter could initiate economic stabilization but nobody can give a hundred per cent guarantee.
Eurozone debt crisis has started in Greece, which is why the further scenario depends on Greece. Eurozone economy could be forced back into recession. Central bank can cut its interest rate in the short term. In October the ECB will be ruled by a new chairman which will definitely lead to new changes.
Currently, central banks do not have that power over economic situation on the whole as they used to have. Central banks of developed countries take a passive approach using their scant tools instead of helping the global economy which is significant of new economical woes.
The markets also reflect the high probability of recession indicating the burning issues. Investors are hesitating putting up the capital.
It is quite true that the USA has a great power. But even such powerful economic state cannot find the right solution for this teetering situation in the country and worldwide. Barack Obama suggests a new $447 bn plan. In general, it is aimed to trigger some relief and reduce taxes for companies. Nevertheless, the U.S. politics is actively trying to solve global economic problems.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, October 31st, 2012 at 7:21 am	and is filed under World Economy. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


An animal bite is a wound caused by the teeth of an animal. The teeth puncture, tear, scratch, bruise, or crush the person's tissue. The injury can damage skin, nerves, bone, muscle, blood vessels, or joints.
Alopecia refers to hair loss in areas of skin that normally have hair. There are two forms of alopecia: scarring and non-scarring.
Acne occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged, inflamed, and sometimes infected. These clogged pores can result in blackheads, whiteheads, or pimples. Acne tends to occur in teenagers, but can also occur in adults.
Acne starts in the skin's sebaceous glands. These glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. The sebum normally travels through a tiny hair follicle from the gland to the skin's surface. Sometimes the sebum becomes trapped, mixing with dead skin cells and bacteria. This causes clogged pores called comedones.
Localized scleroderma (also known as morphea) — usually affects only the skin in isolated parts of the body. This form is less serious.


Foot Fracture is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Emergency Consult.
Most common foot injuries are of the metatarsals and phalanges.
The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured of the tarsal bones.
2nd and 3rd metatarsals are most often involved in stress fractures and twisting injuries.
5th metatarsal: Avulsion fracture (dancer's fracture) of proximal apophysis is the most common injury.
Jones fracture: Transverse fracture of the metaphyseal–diaphyseal junction of 5th metatarsal; results from twisting while foot inverted.
Cuboid and cuneiform fractures are rare and occur in conjunction with other injuries, often with tarsal–metatarsal injuries.
20% go undiagnosed on initial visit.
Lesser metatarsal fractures (2–4) most common followed by base of 5th then base of 1st metatarsal.
Physeal injury may occur with proximal 1st metatarsal fractures.
Other common injuries include phalangeal fractures (17%) and navicular fractures (5%).
Fractures of talus or calcaneus occur with distal tibia or fibula fractures (8%).
Calcaneus fractures are less likely intra-articular. Less common to have associated spine fractures.
Rosen, Peter, et al., editors. "Foot Fracture." 5-Minute Emergency Consult, 5th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016. Emergency Central, emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307205/all/Foot_Fracture.
Foot Fracture. In: Rosen P, Shayne P, Barkin AZ, et al, eds. 5-Minute Emergency Consult. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016. https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307205/all/Foot_Fracture. Accessed April 26, 2019.
Foot Fracture [Internet]. In: Rosen P, Shayne P, Barkin AZ, Wolfe RE, Hayden SR, Barkin RM, Schaider JJ, editors. 5-Minute Emergency Consult. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016. [cited 2019 April 26]. Available from: https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307205/all/Foot_Fracture.


2 The Home Depot Cashier jobs, including salaries, reviews, and other job information posted anonymously by The Home Depot Cashier employees. Find The Home Depot Cashier jobs on Glassdoor. Get hired. Love your job.


text:
jackson&nbspsmith
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Cute pic
8.5W x 11.0H inches

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Careers Possible Awards Own a franchise News & events Referrals Contact us
Aged care Disability support Social & lifestyle support Locations About us Getting started
{{#if all.description}} {{all.description}} {{/if}}
{{#each results}} {{title}} {{#if description}} {{description}} {{/if}} {{/each}}
About us Locations News & events
Just Better Care
Aged care Disability support Social & lifestyle support
Careers Find your closest office Possible Awards
A care-er for life: Meet Ian
Reliable, honest, trustworthy and caring. These are the key attributes you need for a long career in community care, says Just Better Care Support Professional Ian.
Just over 90 per cent of home care workers spend more than one year in the profession, with almost 70 per cent spending four years or more in their roles (The Aged Care Workforce, Department of Health, 2016). Ian, a Support Professional at Just Better Care Eastern Suburbs, has worked in the industry for seven years, and show no signs of slowing down.
And with a career spanning seven years, he would know. Working at the Eastern Suburbs and Inner West franchises, Ian says pursuing a career in community care was the best decision he's made.
"On my first day, it felt like I had finally found what I was meant to do. And I've loved every minute since," he said. Finding a valuable and worthwhile career, where he could have a positive impact on other people's lives, was something Ian dreamed of as a child, but he didn't find it right away.
Ian owned a cleaning business before joining Just Better Care. He said that while he worked very hard in his previous role, something was lacking. Ian longed for the opportunity to
interact and connect with others through his work.
Working as a Support Professional has given Ian this satisfaction and allowed him to fulfil his promise to make a real difference.
"I remember thinking about this type of job when I was younger. I knew I could help people by working in this kind of industry," he said.
"Working with people is fantastic, because you get to share their journey with them. We
support our customers to be as independent as possible, so it's often about working with them
and guiding them so they build up strength and confidence."
Just Better Care has helped Ian develop professionally and personally. He holds Certificate
III in Aged Care. Ian said his customers have taught him to relate to people easier and given
him an increased sense of confidence.
"It's funny because I'm there to support them and help make a difference in their lives, but
they often have no idea what a difference it makes to mine.
"Every day when I finish work, I feel so happy. And it motivates me to do it all again the next day,
or at least for as long as possible."
To find out more about opening a Just Better Care franchise in your local area, go to justbettercarefranchise.com
Hidden Disability Sunflower
The Galvaniser
Media Release: 4000+ Australians living their best lives, independently, thanks to in-home care
25 October 2018 Next Article
A life dedicated to her community
Home / News & events / November 2018 / A care-er for life: Meet Ian
Social & lifestyle support
Find your closest office
© 2023 Just Better Care Privacy policy Legal disclaimer Site map
Just Better Care is an equal opportunity employer who does not discriminate against applicants, employees or clients on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, marital status, genetic information, disability, veteran status or any other category protected by the law, or patients' decisions regarding advance directives. Each Just Better Care office is independently owned and operated. Not all services are available at all offices. Just Better Care acknowledges the traditional owners of the land where our offices are located and Elders past, present and emerging.


Gelding, born June 04, 2003; by 32500(CN) - GREEN VALLEY BARNEY.
Mare, born May 19, 2002; by 32500(CN) - GREEN VALLEY BARNEY.
Mare, born May 23, 2001; by 32500(CN) - GREEN VALLEY BARNEY.
Mare, born May 23, 2000; by 32500(CN) - GREEN VALLEY BARNEY.


As the planet warms, scientific communities and governments around the world are working to identify and stay ahead of the major areas of concern that will result from this change first, second, and third.
For example, here at Just Atonement, we recognize that what begins as a global temperature increase will eventually result in shifting patterns of human movement and migration; as sea levels rise and natural resources expire in some areas and open up in others, human beings will move across the planet from one place to another in large numbers. These population shifts will lead to cultural collisions and mergers that may be impossible to accurately predict, but it's our obligation to anticipate this upheaval all the same and make an effort to identify what these seismic shifts will require of us as a civilization.
Another widely-recognized—but still unpredictable—global flashpoint relates to water and water resource management. While much attention has been devoted to the issue of rising sea levels and flooding, massive droughts are an equally imminent aspect of rising temperatures and shifting ecosystems. India (home to about 1.3 billion people, or about one fifth of the global population) is now experiencing what the government identifies as the worst water crisis in its history. Read more here.
So our question for the moment is: How does the United Nations address issues related to water distribution? Water is essential to human life, and access to drinkable clean water is a fundamental human right, one that is often controlled and disrupted by policy, politics and class divisions around the world.
The United Nations has no single specific entity dedicated exclusively to water issues. Because water concerns run through almost every one of the organization's major efforts to sustain peace and to protect human rights and the global rule of law, water and sanitation programs are distributed among about 30 programs under the UN's aegis, and their shared efforts are coordinated by a group called UN Water and its partners, who work to facilitate communication between these diverse entities.
UN Water: 1.) monitors and reports on the water-related actions of these 30 groups 2.) provides data that informs policy decisions, and 3.) inspires action.
The members and partners of UN Water support each connected entity in combined efforts to build sustainability agendas, create disaster risk reduction frameworks, secure financing for development, and anticipate climate change.


text:
<?php

namespace SclZfCart\Customer;

use SclContact\ContactInterface;

/**
 * Interface for customer objects.
 *
 * @author Tom Oram <tom@scl.co.uk>
 */
interface CustomerInterface
{
    /**
     * Get the unique ID of the customer.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getId();

    /**
     * Set the ID of the customer.
     *
     * @param  int $id
     */
    public function setId($id);

    /**
     * Return the contact object.
     *
     * @return ContactInterface
     */
    public function getContact();

    /**
     * Set the contact object.
     *
     * @param  ContactInterface $contact
     */
    public function setContact(ContactInterface $contact);
}


text:
On the Impact of a Solar Eclipse across 100 PV Systems in India and Southeast Asia
A.M. Nobre, S. Pranav, R.S. Baker, S. Karthik, A. Agarwal, R. Malhotra, A. Khor
PV System, Solar Radiation, PV Penetration, Eclipse, Grid Reliability
PV Systems and Storage – Modelling, Design, Operation and Performance
Subtopic: Operation, Performance and Maintenance of PV Systems
Session: 5DO.5.5
Paper DOI: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-5DO.5.5
PV system deployment across the globe has grown from 1 GWp in 2000 to ~584 GWp in 20 years, a compound annual growth rate of 38%. Although Asia has seen most of its growth in the past half-decade only, more than 50% of all PV systems are found in Asian locations today. Nonetheless, PV system behavior, either as a single unit or as fleets, is still a relatively new concept to grid operators and therefore it is important to understand what may happen at special "corner case" conditions. A solar eclipse presents such a scenario, where the drop in power with the reduced amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface could present sudden negative (and positive, at the end of the eclipse) gradients of power which may bring challenges. In this work, we aim at showcasing empirical data from various PV systems and meteorological stations across India and Southeast Asia during an eclipse, so that important datasets surface on this topic. We demonstrate loss of power at these systems in relation to astronomic eclipse sun coverage figures as well as loss of energy generation for the observed phenomena across various Asian locations. We also discuss other aspects observed during the eclipse of 26 December 2019 and propose areas of study ahead.


text:
Jennifer Lee: In Conversation
18 July 2019, 6.30-8pm
Join us for a talk by Jennifer Lee, followed by a conversation with Jennifer Lee, Helen Ritchie (Associate Curator, Fitzwilliam Museum) and independent curator Sarah Griffin. Chaired by Andrew Nairne, Director, Kettle's Yard.
£5 (free for concessions), booking recommended
Click here to book now.
Concessions apply to full time students aged 16+ and those receiving universal credit or income support benefits.
This event will take place in the extension of the House which is accessible, with some limitations. The upper part of the ground floor extension area of the House is accessible for wheelchair users, and if you call in advance or ask at the information desk we can reserve an accessible seat for you.
About Jennifer Lee
Jennifer Lee was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1956. From 1975 to 1979 she studied ceramics and tapestry at Edinburgh College of Art.
Lee's hand-built unglazed stoneware pots are characterised by their smooth surfaces and rich colours. Beginning with a pinch pot base, which is built upon by coiling lengths of clay, the roots of her process lie in the earliest forms of clay making.
In 2018 Lee won the LOEWE CRAFT PRIZE, an award initiated by Jonathan Anderson.
About Helen Ritchie
Helen Ritchie is Associate Curator at The Fitzwilliam Museum and is responsible for researching, interpreting and curating the modern Applied Arts collections. She was the sole curator of recent exhibition Designers and Jewellery 1850-1940: Jewellery and Metalwork from The Fitzwilliam Museum (2018) and author of the accompanying catalogue, and was the organising curator of exhibitions, Things of Beauty Growing: British Studio Pottery, in partnership with Yale Center for British Art, and Flux: Parian Ware at The Fitzwilliam Museum, in partnership with artist Matt Smith (both 2018).
Image: Courtesy of the Loewe Foundation © LeChuck Studio.


Last night I heard an awesome message preached by a minister name Martees Johnson titled, "Being a Light in a Dark World". He spoke on the importance of being a light, and how our light is supposed to lead people to a relationship with Jesus Christ. As believers in Jesus Christ, we are all meant to shine brightly that others may be drawn to us, and then we are to point them to Christ. The example he used was the brightness feature on our cellphones; the brightness can either be turned all the way up, dimmed, or completely shut off. The lower the brightness gets, the harder it becomes for us to see the information, or the picture on the screen.
This message caused me to sit back, and evaluate the brightness of my own light. I thought about the things I say on social media, the conversations I have a work, the way I interact with my family, and the way I portray myself in the world. I asked myself, "Is my light shining as bright as it can? Is it dim in some areas, if so, which ones? Also, what situations, if any, cause me to turn my light off completely?" In myself I could not answer these questions, so I turned to God for insight.
In the passage above, Jesus talks about the brilliant power of our light. It cannot be hidden, it gives light to all who are in need of it, and it is to ultimately lead those it has touched to God, our Father in heaven. As followers of Christ we are to shine as bright examples of Christ in the earth, but the truth is our light is not always shining bright. Sometimes our light gets dim, and the dimmer our light gets the harder it is for the world to see a clear picture of who Christ is. In everything we do, there will always be someone watching us in the way we act, and react to life's challenges. Our lives are able to shine brighter than we can even understand. There are people in my life that I have learned greatly from, not just because of what they said to me, but because of the light they had shone. People watch us on social media, people watch us on our jobs, and people even watch us in the grocery store. What do they see when they look at us? A brilliant light, or a dim reflection?
Are we perfect people? No. Will we always get things right? No. But we CAN be more intentional about the things we say and do. Minister Martees said, "We are to steward our light because others are always watching". The word steward means to take care of, or manage a thing; so how are we supposed to steward the light that has been placed inside of us?
By spending time with God!
He is the only One that is able to polish us up like a shiny penny. Spending time with Him in prayer, in worship, and in reading the Bible, will bring a glow to our life's that cannot be hidden. Being a brilliant light for God's glory is pleasing in His sight. His desire is that all men and women would draw to Him, and be saved. It is up to us as believers to shine bright for all to see. We carry a light that pierces through the darkest of situations, and circumstances this world has to offer because Christ dwells on the inside of us, and He is the light that gives life to the world.
When people see us they should see Him. Many people will never step foot inside of a church building to hear about the goodness of God, but they are able to experience people who have been transformed and made new by the power of Jesus Christ. It is our duty as followers of Christ to let our light shine before mankind, to love them, and lead them back to their Creator, to the Savior. Take some time today, and ask yourself, "Where is my brightness level at: bright, dim or off?" Put this question before God, and let Him examine every area of your life. He is always willing to place His hands on the areas we need work in.
I was once told that God does not get mad, or frustrated with us because He has to work on us because He is our Potter. A potter loves to work on their creations. They love to hold them in their hands, and smooth out the rough edges. They enjoy the sanding, and the polishing of a vessel they created when its image begins to tarnish. They know the image they desire to see, and are willing to work hard on their creations until they reach a place of perfection.
We need to draw close to the Lord, be encouraged, and allow Him to polish us in all of the ways He desires so that our light can shine brighter than all of the stars in the night sky.
I am praying for you, and I love you all. I truly hope, and pray that this post has blessed you. If it has please leave a comment below. Thank you so much!


All-Inclusive accommodations at the Pineapple Beach Club Antigua comprise a total of 180 rooms. All rooms feature individually-controlled air-conditioning units, flat screen TVs, cable, telephone, coffee/tea machine, mini fridge, private bathrooms with shower and/or tub, hair-dryer and in-room safes. Beachfront & Waterfront rooms have new alarm clock/radios. All rooms feature a king or queen size bed with a balcony or patio. There are limited rooms which feature two double beds. Electrical power is 110v with a US-style socket.
We are 30 minutes from the airport and a taxi will cost approximately US$28 for 1-4 people traveling together.
The Courtyard, Oceanview and Waterfront rooms capacity is 2 persons. Beachfront and Garden rooms have a capacity of 3 persons.
At check-in, guests are required to present valid government-issued identification (passport, driver's license, ID card) along with a valid major credit card. This helps us confirm your arrival, and helps protect our guests by assisting with our fraud prevention measures. At check-in, a US$350 pre-authorization will be processed on your card to cover any incidental purchases or similar expenses. Incidental purchases may include things like tours, excursions, gift shop purchases, and dining in our specialty restaurant. We understand that not all guests incur additional charges during their stay, but this process all assists the resort with fraud prevention. The pre-authorization is released at check-out, assuming you have not charged any purchases to your room.


Our bride Kimberley exuded elegance and grace and pulled off the most beautiful vintage look in her luxurious vintage inspired wedding dress by Blue Bridalwear.
We are super excited to announce that our beautiful bride Kimberley featured on Love My Dress wedding blog! Kimberley and Jamie were married at Lillibrooke Manor House in Berkshire.
Our lovely bride Kimberley exuded elegance and grace and pulled off the most beautiful vintage look in her luxurious vintage inspired wedding dress by Blue Bridalwear. It is an exceptionally flattering ensemble composed of three-quarter sleeved lace vest and ballerina length gown with a wide belt trimming the waist. The gown itself is made of silk chiffon with french lace and stunning detailing. We feel that it was a perfect choice for this fun and vintage styled wedding theme.
We loved these wedding photos by Benjamin Stuart Photography as they truly captured the spirit and love surrounding this incredible day.
Kimberley sent us a lovely reivew saying... "Sophie Grace Bridal has a team of expert and friendly consultants who make the whole dress picking process seamless. I had so much fun when trying on all the dresses and they knew what worked for me. I went for a tea length dress which I never imagined I would go for but it suited me so much so I thank Sophie Grace for picking it out for me. The shop also has such a family feel- a real personalized service."
Thank you so much for your kind comments. You were such a sweet and laid back bride who made our experience together truly enjoyable. Thanks again for choosing Sophie Grace Bridal. Congratulations to you both and may you carry the joy of this happy day!
Wedding venue: Lillibrooke Manor, Berkshire|Photographer: Benjamin Stuart Photography|Wedding Dress: Blue Bridalwear.


Several issues arise for developer/borrowers here particularly those who have been through NAMA. (1) When do cases get into the Commercial Court? (2) What is a breach of confidence claim? (3) What's the difference between a breach of confidence claim and a misuse of private information claim? (4) What legal duties are broken when a confidence is breached? (5) What is misfeasance in public office?
When do cases get into the commercial court? At this stage you would imagine that this was old hat to experienced business people. But it still causes confusion. Very generally speaking, if the claim is worth in excess of €1 million and there has not been a significant delay, the case will be admitted to the Commercial Division of the High Court.
The question of delay always causes confusion. It is not the delay from the date that a company could have taken a case that matters. As long as, having issued proceedings, there is no substantive delay in seeking to admit the matter to the Commercial Division of the High Court then it is usually admitted. We have seen delays of eight weeks being sufficient to prevent a matter being entered into the Commercial List.
What is a breach of confidence claim? In essence it is a claim that a party disclosed confidential information about you to your detriment. But the information has to have been given in such a way as to give rise to a duty of confidence. The information itself needs to have the necessary quality of confidence. So if, for example, you gave confidential business information to your bank to secure funding then that will be confidential information. If the bank then uses that information to run a competing business in receivership for example, that could amount to a breach of confidence.
What's the practical difference between a breach of confidence claim and a misuse of private information claim? This in my view is where this O'Flynn case is interesting. Because a recent decision in the UK held that the misuse of private information is a tort within its own right but that a breach of confidence is not a tort. Why does this matter? Well, a tortious action allows a Court to award damages if negligence has been shown. That would in certain circumstances allow a Judge to award exemplary damages if the action was sufficiently egregious. Where a breach of confidence action is not tortious then tortious damages can't be awarded. Instead, damages are an equitable remedy entirely at the discretion of the Judge. So you should consider claiming under both heads.
What legal duties are broken when confidence is breached? Well, there could be a number of answers to that question but I'll focus on the Data Protection legislation. When an individual gives their personal details to an organisation that organisation has a duty to keep those details private and safe. That's data protection in essence.
So if you give your information to a bank then the bank becomes a data controller. The data controller can only get and use the information fairly; keep it for only one or more clearly stated and lawful purposes; use and make known this information only in ways that are in keeping with these purposes; keep information safe; and keep information for no longer than is needed for the reasons stated.
Currently the fine for breaching Data Protection legislation is €250,000. However, the new General Data Protection Regulation provides that breaches could result in sanctions of as much as 4% of global revenues. Yikes indeed.
What is misfeasance in public office and why does it matter here? In the very rare event that it can be shown that a public body was acting mala fides as well as being reckless in its actions then the tort of misfeasance in public office is available. This is a very difficult one to bring home and the Supreme Court has shown extreme reluctance to permit it.
Leman Solicitors regularly advises developer borrowers on legal issues around lending and NAMA. We have acted for clients in discrete cases involving the breach of confidence in joint venture scenarios and where a bank has allegedly used information it obtained in a lending contract to compete against the borrower subsequently. Leman Consulting advises corporate clients about their very onerous data protection obligations and how to ensure that systems are in place to minimise risk.
The National Assets Management Agency and a company of the agency "very much deny" claims they leaked "confidential" information of businessmen Michael and John O'Flynn and their company O'Flynn Construction Ltd, the Commercial Court has been told.


text:
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The first running shoes to feature the latest Nike React technology are coming in new Pixel and 8-bit colourways inspired by the technological 1990s. Light, breathable, and with special cushioning to absorb impact and return the energy spent, making them ideal for longer and harder runs.
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Its upper design is very simple. Just like with the Nike Flyknit Racer shoe, it's made of a single piece of Flyknit material which perfectly adapts to the foot while providing support, motion flexibility, and – last but not least – makes sure that your feet breathe easily.
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Given that the upper part of the shoe is placed on a single piece of foam, the outsole is basically the same as the midsole, with an added segment of stiff rubber on the heel and forefoot for better traction and durability.
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By filling out and submitting your email address you hereby give your consent to Topforsport s.r.o. to send its newsletters and other commercial messages to it as well as using it for remarketing purposes. This consent means you agree with us processing your email address.
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International Forum "INNOVATION MARKET" is a meeting place for innovators, inventors, producers and vendors of leading innovative technologies, experts in innovation field, authors of Startup projects, business representatives, representatives of investment and financial institutions, consultants in the field of intellectual property protection.
Forum is conducted according to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated November 23, 2016 No. 864-р "About conducting International Forum "INNOVATION MARKET".
STARTUP DAY From ideas to investments.
IFIM efficiency enforces conducting of XVII International Industrial Forum 2018, where, according to statistics, up to 600 companies from 30 countries all over the world take part. Participants and visitors of XVII International Industrial Forum 2018 will add to target audience of IFIM.


text:
Q: Interfacing pic18f4550 with i2c EEPROM (24AA1025) I am working on a university project in which i need to interface pic18f4550 with i2c EEPROM.
I read many codes and saw many projects on this topic. and I wrote a sample code from MPLAB C18 ( and i tried many codes also) but no one worked with me.
I dont where is the problem. Every thing is ok with my code and with my circuit, but the sck did not genrate clk for writing and nothing has been wriiten to eeprom. so if any one can help me plz.
NOTE: I can't post an image of my circuit, since I'm new user !
Here is the code:
    #include "p18f4550.h"
    #include "i2c.h"
    #pragma config FOSC = HS
    #pragma config PWRT = OFF
    #pragma config BOR = OFF
    #pragma config MCLRE = ON
    #pragma config PBADEN = OFF
    #pragma config ICPRT = OFF
    #pragma config LVP = OFF
    #pragma config WDT = OFF,DEBUG=OFF

    unsigned char arraywr[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0};
    unsigned char arrayrd[20];
    //***************************************************
    void main(void)
    {
    OpenI2C(MASTER, SLEW_ON);// Initialize I2C module
    SSPADD = 10; //400kHz Baud clock(10) @20MHz
    while(1)
    {
     EEByteWrite(0xA0, 0x30, 0xA5);
     EEAckPolling(0xA0);
     EECurrentAddRead(0xA0);
     EEPageWrite(0xA0, 0x70, arraywr);
     EEAckPolling(0xA0);
     EESequentialRead(0xA0, 0x70, arrayrd, 20);
     EERandomRead(0xA0,0x30);
   }
  }

Thanks in advance

A: It doesnt look like you have set up the port pins for digital input and output. Check the datasheet for which pins are used for I2C and set the appropriate TRIS bits. You should also check that the analogue functions for the same pins is disabled (ANSEL register). Enabling the I2C module is not enough on its own.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Justia Patents US Patent Application for ZONE BASED RECONSTRUCTION OF LOGICAL TO PHYSICAL ADDRESS TRANSLATION MAP Patent Application (Application #20200104251)
ZONE BASED RECONSTRUCTION OF LOGICAL TO PHYSICAL ADDRESS TRANSLATION MAP
A portion of a logical block address to physical block address ("L2P") translation map may be identified. A last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map may be identified. One or more write operations may be determined, where the write operations are associated with logical block addresses of the portion of the L2P translation map. The write operations may have been performed after the last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map was stored. An address on the portion of the L2P translation map may be updated by a processing device based on the determined one or more write operations and the last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map.
The present disclosure generally relates to a translation map, and more specifically, relates to zone based reconstruction of a logical to physical address translation map.
A storage system may include one or more memory components that store data. For example, a solid-state drive (SSD) may include memory components such as non-volatile memory components. The SSD may further include an SSD controller that may manage each of the memory components and allocate data to be stored at the memory components. A host system may utilize the SSD and request data from the SSD. The SSD controller may be used to retrieve data from the corresponding memory components and return the retrieved data to the host system.
The present disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various implementations of the disclosure.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing environment that includes a storage system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 illustrates reconstructing a logical to physical address translation map in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an example method to reconstruct a logical to physical address translation map in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example computer system in which implementations of the present disclosure may operate.
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to reconstructing a logical to physical address translation map. In general, a host system may utilize a storage system to store data. The host system may provide data to be stored on the storage system. The data may be stored and retrieved from the memory components within the storage system. An example of a storage system is a solid-state drive (SSD) that includes non-volatile memory and a controller to manage the non-volatile memory. A non-volatile memory is a type of memory capable of maintaining stored data when power is turned off and retrieving the stored data after power is turned back on. An example of a non-volatile memory may include a negative-and (NAND) type flash memory. On the other hand, a volatile memory is a type of memory that maintains data while powered on. An example of a volatile memory may include some random access memory (RAM) devices, although not all RAM devices are volatile memory. In addition, a type of RAM known as "cache memory" may be used to store data, providing faster access to data when requested.
The controller of an SSD may manage the storing and retrieving of data. When the host system requests to store or retrieve data, the controller may use a logical address to physical address (L2P) translation table or map. An L2P map may include an identifier to a logical block address (LBA) mapped to an identifier of a corresponding physical address, such as, a flash physical address (FPA). The L2P map may include logical block addresses in a logically consecutive order. When the host system requests to store or retrieve data, the controller may use the L2P map to identify a logical address and find or assign a corresponding physical address to store or retrieve the data to/from. In an example, if the host system requests to store data at a specific logical address or retrieve data from a specific logical address, the controller may identify the specific logical address on the L2P map, and identify the corresponding physical address where the data is stored or is to be stored. The mapping relationship between a particular logical address and a particular physical address may change as a result of write operations. For example, the L2P map may identify a first physical address corresponding to a first logical address where a first data is stored at a given time. Upon request from the host system to update the first data stored at the first logical address with a second data, the controller may write the second data to a second physical address, and update the mapping of the L2P map so that the second physical address is mapped to the first logical address. Thus, if the host system requests to retrieve data stored at the first logical address, the controller may identify the first logical address on the updated L2P map, find the corresponding physical address to be the second physical address, and retrieve the updated data (e.g., the second data).
The L2P map itself may be stored on the storage system. For example, the latest version of the L2P map may be stored on a flash translation layer (FTL) data block stripe of a NAND type flash memory. A controller may also use a caching environment for the data storing and retrieving process. For example, the caching environment may be used for faster access to data at the time of processing. The caching environment may use a type of memory that is capable of providing fast access to data, such as a RAM, cache memory, etc. The controller may load the latest snapshot of the L2P map from the FTL data block stripe onto an additional memory (e.g., a RAM, DDR, cache memory, etc.) for accessing the data from that additional memory during runtime. A snapshot is data describing the state of a system at a particular point in time. The controller may update the portion of the L2P map on the additional memory based on requests from the host system. Furthermore, the controller may periodically take snapshots of the updated L2P map on the additional memory and store it back to the FTL data block stripe. In some examples, if the entire L2P map does not fit in the additional memory, the controller may load snapshots of portions of the L2P map, use the portion as necessary and store an updated snapshot of the portion back to the FTL data block stripe. The controller may then remove the portion and load another portion of the L2P map onto the additional memory. Additionally, the controller may store a chronological log of the write operations of the user data as journals, where each journal may include some portions of logical address and corresponding physical address in a chronological order of the write operations as performed. Thus, a journal may be considered a record of write operations that have been performed at the storage system.
A situation may arise when the update to the L2P map on the additional memory may become unavailable before being stored back to the FTL data block stripe. For example, the data on the additional memory may become unavailable due to an event such as a hardware failure, power loss, data corruption, etc. This would cause the latest write requests by the host system to not be reflected in the latest version of the L2P map stored on the FTL data block stripe. Thus, in the event the updated L2P map becomes unavailable before being stored back to the FTL data block stripe, the updated L2P map may need to be reconstructed in order for the host system to have access to the latest data. Conventionally, one way to reconstruct the L2P map may be based on the write operations. Write operations may be available on the journals stored on the storage system. The write operations may be read from the journals in the chronological order as they were stored, and for each write operation, the logical address and corresponding physical address may be identified. The logical address in one journal entry and the logical address in the next journal entry may not be on the same portion of the L2P map that fits into the additional memory. As such, the controller may replay (e.g., read) one journal entry, identify the logical address therein and load a first portion of the L2P map that contains the logical address to update the physical address based on the first journal entry. The controller may then read the next journal entry, identify another logical address therein which may be on another portion of the L2P map different from the first portion of the L2P map. The controller may flush the first portion out and load the other portion to perform the update. The controller may need to reload the first portion for the next journal entry and so on. This may cause "thrashing" or frequent and repetitive swapping of data back and forth between the different memories, which may create performance issues and resource unavailability. Furthermore, the chronological journal replay may lead to an increased amount of time to initiate the storage system for providing access to the most recent data. In addition, the reconstruction based on chronological journal replay may add overhead to the restart process from a power loss event and slow down the data write operations after the restart.
Aspects of the present disclosure address the above and other deficiencies by using a zone based reconstruction of a logical address to physical address (L2P) translation map (hereinafter referred to as "L2P translation map" or "translation map"). The storage system may identify a "zone" or a portion of a L2P translation map to be loaded on a memory. A zone may include regions of data blocks. Each region may include consecutive entries of the L2P map. The size of the zone may be determined such that the portion of the L2P map may fit concurrently within the available space in the memory. The storage system may load the zone onto memory by identifying and loading the latest snapshots of the portion of the L2P map from the FTL data block stripe. For example, the storage system may load a zone with three regions of L2P map that fit in the memory from the last three snapshots of the regions stored in the FTL data block stripe. Each region may be associated with a data version (e.g., a sequence number of a data write), indicating the order in which the data was written on the FTL data block stripe. The storage system may identify the region with the oldest data version (e.g., having the earliest sequence number) out of the regions loaded onto the memory. The storage system may identify write operations that were performed after the last snapshots of the regions were stored on the FTL data block stripe. For example, the storage system may identify journals having younger data versions (e.g., having later sequence numbers) than the oldest region within the loaded zone. The storage system may replay each of the entries of the identified journals (e.g., read chronological entries of the write operations from the log in the journals) and identify if the logical address in the journal matches with the logical address within the loaded zone. If there is a matching logical address, the physical address corresponding to the matching logical address within the zone may be updated using the physical address in the journal entry. Once the storage system finishes assessing all write operations performed after the last snapshots of the portion of L2P map is stored, the loaded portion of the L2P map may be up to date. The storage system may store a new snapshot of the loaded portion onto the FTL map and load the next zone of the L2P map to continue performing the zone based assessment and reconstruction. It is not necessary for the storage system to swap regions back and forth onto the memory since the regions that fit within the memory are completely updated based on all later data write operations, before the regions are written back to the FTL data block stripe. This also allows for reconstruction of each zone independent of reconstruction of other zones, which may allow for using multiple processors to perform reconstruction of multiple zones and speed up the reconstruction process.
Advantages of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, the increased performance of the storage system as the L2P map may be reconstructed for the storage system more efficiently, while the quality of service provided by the storage system may increase by meeting time to ready requirement for getting the storage system up to date and brought back to an operational state in less time. As a result of the zone based reconstruction of the L2P map, data storing and retrieval requests from the host system may be provided more efficiently, completely and without error, since valuable computing resources are not wasted on swapping data in and out of memory causing thrashing issues. Moreover, a power up mechanism from a power loss scenario may be faster and more efficient, since reconstruction of different portions of the L2P map may be performed by multiple processors.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing environment 100 that includes a storage system 110. In general, the computing environment 100 may include a host system 120 that uses the storage system 110. For example, the host system 120 may write data to the storage system 110 and read data from the storage system 110.
The host system 120 may be a computing device such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, network server, mobile device, or such computing device that includes a memory and a processing device. The host system 120 may include or be coupled to the storage system 110 so that the host system 120 may read data from or write data to the storage system 110. For example, the host system 120 may be coupled to the storage system 110 via a physical host interface. Examples of a physical host interface include, but are not limited to, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) interface, universal serial bus (USB) interface, Fibre Channel, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), etc. The physical host interface may be used to transmit data between the host system 120 and the storage system 110. The host system 120 may further utilize an NVM Express (NVMe) interface to access the memory components 112A to 112N when the storage system 110 is coupled with the host system 120 by the PCIe interface.
As shown in FIG. 1, the storage system 110 may include a controller 111 and memory components 112A to 112N. In some embodiments, the memory components 112A to 112N may be based on non-volatile memory. For example, the memory components 112A to 112N may be a negative-and (NAND) type flash memory. Each of the memory components 112A to 112N may include one or more arrays of memory cells such as single level cells (SLCs) or multi-level cells (MLCs) (e.g., triple level cells (TLCs) or quad-level cells (QLCs)). In some embodiments, a particular memory component may include both SLC memory cells and MLC memory cells. Each of the memory cells may store one or more bits of data (e.g., data blocks) used by the host system 120. Although non-volatile memory components such as NAND type flash memory are described, the memory components 112A to 112N may be based on any other type of non-volatile memory or volatile memory. For example, the memory components 112A to 112N may be, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), phase change memory (PCM), magneto random access memory (MRAM), negative- or (NOR) flash memory, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and a cross-point array of non-volatile memory cells. The memory components 112A to 112N may include any combination of the different types of non-volatile memory or volatile memory. Furthermore, the memory cells of the memory components 112A to 112N may be grouped as memory pages or data blocks that may refer to a unit of the memory component used to store data.
The controller 111 may communicate with the memory components 112A to 112N to perform operations such as reading data, writing data, or erasing data at the memory components 112A to 112N and other such operations. Furthermore, the controller 111 may include hardware such as one or more integrated circuits and/or discrete components, a processing device, a buffer memory, software such as firmware or other instructions, or a combination thereof. In general, the controller 111 may receive commands or operations from the host system 120 and may convert the commands or operations into instructions or appropriate commands to achieve the desired access to the memory components 112A to 112N. The controller 111 may be responsible for other operations such as wear leveling operations, garbage collection operations, error detection and error-correcting code (ECC) operations, encryption operations, caching operations, and address translations between a logical block address and a physical block address that are associated with the memory components 112A to 112N. The controller 111 may further include host interface circuitry to communicate with the host system 120 via the physical host interface. The host interface circuitry may convert the commands received from the host system into command instructions to access the memory components 112A to 112N as well as convert responses associated with the memory components 112A to 112N into information for the host system 120.
Referring to FIG. 1, the controller 111 may include an L2P map reconstruction component 113 that may be used to reconstruct an L2P translation map stored on the storage system 110. For example, the L2P map reconstruction component may identify a portion of the L2P map from latest snapshots of the L2P map stored on the storage system 110. The L2P map reconstruction component 113 may identify write operations performed after the after the latest snapshots of the portion of the L2P map was stored on the storage system 110. The L2P map reconstruction component may update the portion of the L2P map based on the snapshots and the identified write operations. Further details with regards to the operations of the L2P map reconstruction component 113 are described below.
The storage system 110 may include additional circuitry or components that are not illustrated. For example, the storage system 110 may include a cache or buffer (e.g., DRAM) and address circuitry (e.g., a row decoder and a column decoder) that may receive an address from the controller 111 and decode the address to access the memory components 112A to 112N.
FIG. 2 illustrates the zone based reconstruction of an L2P map stored at a storage system 200. In general, the storage system 200 may correspond to the storage system 110 of FIG. 1. In some examples, the L2P reconstruction component 113 of the controller, as described in FIG. 1, may perform the operations described in reference to FIG. 2.
As shown in FIG. 2, the storage system 200 may include one or more memory components, such as memory component 210 and memory component 260. In one example, memory component 210 may be a NAND type flash memory and the memory component 260 may be a random access memory (RAM), such as a DRAM (dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), DDR (double data rate SDRAM), etc. The memory components may store data in blocks (e.g., a granularity of storage portions) at data block locations. Multiple data block locations may make up a data block stripe. The memory components may allocate various data block stripes for various purposes. For example, memory component 210 may include host data block stripes (not shown) to store user data received from the host system and flash translation layer (FTL) block stripes 212 to store data relevant to translation of logical addresses to physical addresses and vice versa.
During runtime, the host system may request to retrieve user data and store user data. User data from the host system may be received by the storage system 200 to be stored or may be retrieved from the storage system 200. The user data may be a series of user data to be written logically and sequentially on the storage system 200. For example, user data from a series of write requests may be received to be stored at the memory component 210. The storage system may identify data block locations of the memory component 210 on storage system 200 where the received user data may be stored. The data block locations may be a series of data block locations on the host data block stripes where the series of user data may be written sequentially in the order received. Each of the data block locations may be assigned a physical address, such as a flash physical address (FPA).
The request from the host system may provide a logical block address for storing and retrieving user data. The storage system may translate the logical block address to the physical block address of the memory component 210 where the data is stored or to be stored. The storage system may use an L2P translation table or map ("L2P map"). The storage system may store the L2P map on the storage system. For example, the latest version of the L2P map may be stored on the FTL data block stripe 212 ("FTL 212"). The storage system may store a portion of the L2P map at a data block location of the FTL 212 as a region. Each region may include a collection of consecutive entries of the L2P map. The size of each region may be determined such that the entries of the region fit into one slot or one NAND page. As each region is written on the FTL 212, it may be associated with a data version (e.g., a sequence number) that indicates the order in which the data was written on the storage system. For example, region R1 may be a portion of an L2P map 220 containing consecutive logical block addresses LB1-LB4 stored on the FTL 212. FTL 212 is depicted as storing a version of region R1 associated with a sequence number S110. The sequence numbers S100-S310 depicted on FIG. 2 may be multiple ordered sequence numbers, indicating the order in which data is written to the storage system. Additionally, other regions R2-R6 are depicted as being stored on the FTL 212.
An L2P map may include logical block addresses (LBA) 222 mapped to corresponding physical addresses 224, such as, a flash physical address (FPA). The L2P map may include logical block addresses in a logically consecutive order. For example, logical block addresses LB1, LB2, LB3, LB4, etc. of the portion of L2P map 220 may represent a series of consecutive LBAs. When the host system requests to store or retrieve data, the storage system may use the L2P map to identify a logical block address and find or assign a corresponding physical address to store or retrieve the data to/from. In an example, if the host system requests to retrieve user data from logical address LB1, the storage system may identify the LBA on the portion of map 220, identify the corresponding physical address FP5 where the user data is stored, and retrieve the user data that is stored on physical address FP5, which may be located on the host data stripe (not shown) on memory component 210.
The mapping relationship between a particular logical address and a particular physical address may change as a result of write operations over time. For example, the portion of L2P map 220 may include a physical address FP2 corresponding to logical address LB2 where a first user data D1 is stored at time T1. Upon request from the host system to update the user data stored at logical address LB2 with a second user data D2, the storage system may write the second user data D2 to another physical address FP6. The storage system may update the mapping of the portion of L2P map 220 at time T2, so that the physical address FP6 would be mapped (not shown) to the logical address LB2 from time T2. Thus, if the host system requests to retrieve data stored at the logical address LB2 after time T2, the storage system may identify it on an updated L2P map, determine that the corresponding physical address is FP6, and retrieve the updated user data D2 that is stored at the physical address FP6. As a result, the mapping relationship within the L2P map may change over time.
The storage system may also keep a chronological log of the data write operations. For example, as the data is stored on the storage system based on requests from the host system, a log of the data write operations may be stored on FTL 212 in a journal. A journal may include a set of chronological data write operations to identify where the user data is being written to, including a requested LBA and corresponding FPA. As each journal is written on the FTL 212, it may be associated with a data version (e.g., a sequence number) that indicates the order in which the data was written on the storage system. For example, a journal J6 may be a portion of a log 230 including requested logical block addresses 232 and the corresponding physical addresses 234 where the user data is stored. J6 may contain chronological data write operations that include logical block addresses LB10, LB15, LB3, LB5, and corresponding physical addresses, in that order in which the data was written. For example, the FTL 212 is depicted as storing journal J6 associated with a sequence number S220.
The storage system may also use a caching environment for faster access to data during runtime. For example, memory component 260 may be used for the caching environment. The storage system may load the latest snapshot of the L2P map from the FTL onto memory component 260 (e.g., a RAM, DDR, cache memory, etc.) for access during runtime. The storage system may update the portion of the L2P map on memory component 260 based on requests from the host system. The storage system may periodically take snapshots of the latest L2P map on memory component 260 and store it back to the FTL 212. FTL 212 is depicted as including another snapshot of region R1 stored later in the FTL 212 and associated with sequence number S200. Additionally, updated snapshots of regions R2-R5 are depicted as being stored on later portion of FTL 212, starting with sequence number S210 associated with the latest snapshot of region R2.
If a situation arises when the update to the L2P map on the memory component 260 may become unavailable before being stored back to FTL 212, the L2P map may need to be reconstructed. There may be various reasons for updated data to be unavailable on the memory component 260. For example, the data on the memory 260 may become unavailable due to an event such as a power loss, hardware failure, resource unavailability, resource limitation, data corruption, etc. This may cause the latest write requests by the host system to not be reflected in the latest version of the L2P map stored on the FTL 212. For example, R1 may have been further updated since being stored in association with sequence number S200, however, before the new snapshot reflecting this update to R1 is stored back to the FTL 212, the storage system may experience a power loss at point 250.
When the storage system is powered up again, the storage system may reconstruct the latest L2P map in order for the host system to have access to the latest data. In order to reconstruct the L2P map, the storage system may identify a "zone," or a portion of the L2P map, to be loaded onto memory component 260. The zone is identified by selecting the portion of the translation map that can be loaded onto the memory component 260 based on the size of the free space of the memory component 260. A zone may include regions of data blocks having portions of the L2P map. The size of the zone may be determined such that the regions fit concurrently within the available space in the memory component 260. The storage system may load the determined zone onto memory component 260 by identifying and loading the latest snapshots of the regions (e.g., portions of the L2P map) stored on the FTL 212. As used herein, the term "loading" may refer to "placing," "copying," "transferring," etc. As such, a zone (e.g., portion of the map) can be loaded onto memory component 260 by being placed or copied onto the memory component 260. For example, the storage system may load a zone 262 with three regions of the L2P map R1, R2, and R3 that fit in the memory component 260. The zone 262 may be obtained from the last three snapshots of the regions R1, R2, and R3 stored in the FTL 212. Each of the regions R1, R2, and R3 on the loaded zone 262 may be associated with sequence numbers S200, S210, and S230 as stored on the FTL 212. The storage system may identify the region with the oldest data version (e.g., having the earliest sequence number) out of the regions R1, R2, and R3 loaded onto the memory component 260 and determine R1 to be the oldest region having an earlier sequence number S200 of the sequence numbers S200, S210 and S230.
The storage system may identify write operations that were performed after the last snapshots of the regions were stored on the FTL data block stripe. For example, the storage system may identify journals having younger data versions (e.g., having later sequence numbers) than the oldest region within the loaded zone. For example, the storage system may determine that journal J6 stored on FTL 212 is associated with sequence number 5220, which is later than the sequence number S200 of the latest snapshot of region R1 loaded on memory component 260. The storage system may further determine that journals J6 through J9 stored on FTL 212 all have sequence numbers that are later than sequence number 5200. The storage system may replay each of the entries of the identified journals J6 through J9 by reading the chronological entries of the write operations from journal entries.
The storage system may identify whether the logical address in each of the journals matches with the logical address within the loaded regions within the zone. If there is a matching logical address, the physical address corresponding to the matching logical address within the zone may be updated by using the physical address in the journal entry. For example, the storage system may replay journal J6 and determine that logical addresses LB10 and LB15 on the journal entries are not found in regions R1-R3. However, logical address LB3 in journal J6 matches logical address LB3 on region R1. The storage system may replace the physical address FP4 corresponding to LB3 on the loaded region R1 on the memory component 260. The storage system may update the physical address to FP8 on loaded region R1 because the logical address LB3 corresponds to physical address FP8 on journal J6. The storage system may continue to read through the rest of the entries of journals J6 through J9 and update regions R1 through R3 loaded on memory component 260 as matching logical addresses are found.
Once the storage system finishes assessing all write operations performed after the last snapshot was stored, the loaded zone 262 containing regions R1-R3 (e.g., portions of the L2P map) may be up to date and ready for host system access. The storage system may store new snapshots of R1, R2, and R3 after being updated to FTL 212, which may be associated with sequence numbers S290, S300, and S310, respectively. The storage system may clear memory component 260 and load another zone of the L2P map to continue performing the zone based assessment and reconstruction. Since the regions R1-R3 of zone 262 concurrently fit within the memory 260 and are fully updated based on all later data write operations than the last snapshots of the regions, it may not be necessary to swap regions back and forth onto the memory before the regions are written back to the FTL data block stripe 212.
The zone based reconstruction may also allow for reconstruction of each zone independent of reconstruction of other zones. As such, multiple processors may perform the reconstruction of multiple zones to speed up the reconstruction process since reconstruction of one zone is not dependent on another zone. For example, the storage system may divide up the L2P map in a first zone containing regions R1 and R2, a second zone containing regions R3 and R4, and a third zone containing regions R5 and R6. Each of the zones may be assigned to a first, second, and a third processor, respectively, for reconstruction of the L2P map for those zones. The zones may be loaded onto a memory and the three processors may perform the reconstruction of the three zones at the same time. Since there is no dependency, multiple processors may be able to concurrently run the reconstruction and finish the reconstruction at a faster rate than having one processor perform the reconstruction. This allows for the storage system to be brought back to operational state in a much faster fashion, making available computer resources for other important tasks and to give access to the updated data to host system without delay. In some implementations, the most recent portions of the journals may be rebuilt when the most recent journals were not successfully stored during a power loss event. In such a scenario, stored journals are compared to metadata stored along with user data from the storage system. Missing transactions on the stored journals may be identified and extracted using the metadata comparison and be used to rebuild the most recent journals.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an example method 300 for reconstructing a logical to physical address translation map. The method 300 may be performed by processing logic that may include hardware (e.g., processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method 300 may be performed by the L2P map reconstruction component 113 of FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 3, the method 300 may begin, at block 302, with processing logic identifying a portion of a logical block address to physical block address (L2P) translation map. For example, the portion may be identified such that the portion concurrently fit within a memory. For example, the memory may be a random access memory (RAM) and the identified portion may be a portion of the translation map that can be loaded onto the free space available within the RAM so as to concurrently fit within the free space of the RAM. In one example, the portion of the L2P translation map may identify a logical block address and a corresponding physical block address.
At block 304, the processing logic identifies a last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map. The last snapshot is the snapshot of the portion that was saved in the storage system last in time among multiple snapshots of the portion of the most updated L2P translation map that are periodically stored in the storage system. For example, the last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map can be stored on data blocks of the storage system (e.g., non-volatile memory). The last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map can be obtained from the storage system and loaded onto the memory (e.g., a volatile memory).
At block 306, the processing logic determines write operations associated with the logical block addresses of the portion of the L2P translation map. The write operations may have been performed after the last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map was stored. For example, an identification of the write operations can be stored on the data blocks of the storage system. The write operations can be recorded in a journal (or log).
At block 308, the processing logic reconstructs the L2P translation map by updating an address on the portion of the L2P translation map based on the determined write operations and the last snapshot of the portion of the L2P translation map. In one example, for each given logical block address of each of the write operations, updating the portion can include the processing logic identifying a match between a logical block address of the write operations and the portions of the map. The processing logic can then update a physical address corresponding to the matching logical address on the portions of the map. The physical address on the portions can be updated to the physical address that correspond to the given logical block address of the write operations. In an example, upon completion of updating the portions on the memory, the processing logic can store a new snapshot of each of the portions back to the data blocks of the storage system. For example, the updated portion of the L2P translation map at the volatile memory can be stored at the non-volatile memory.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an example method 400 for reconstructing a logical to physical address translation map. The method 400 can be performed by processing logic that can include hardware (e.g., processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method 400 can be performed by the L2P map reconstruction component 113 of the controller 111 of FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 4, the method 400 may begin, at block 402, with processing logic loading a zone onto a memory. The memory can be a random access memory (RAM). The zone can include regions of data blocks. In an example, each of the regions can include consecutive entries of a logical to physical (L2P) translation table or map. In one example, the logical to physical translation table can include a logical block address (LBA) and a corresponding physical address. In an example, the regions can be obtained from latest snapshots of portions of the L2P table. In an example, the snapshots can be stored on data blocks of a storage system. In one example, each of the regions can be associated with a sequence number. The sequence number can be part of multiple ordered sequence numbers.
At block 404, the processing logic can identify a particular sequence number associated with a region. The particular sequence number can be situated earlier in the ordered sequence numbers than sequence numbers associated with remaining regions. At block 406, the processing logic can identify a set of journals that are associated with sequence numbers that are situated later in the multiple ordered sequence numbers than the particular sequence number. In an example, each journal of the set of journals can include a set of chronological data write operations. The data write operations can be structured as a log. Each journal can represent a portion of the log.
At block 408, the processing logic can update the regions of the zone in the memory based on the set of journals. In one example, for each given logical block address of each of the journals, updating the regions can include the processing logic identifying a match between a logical block address of the journal and the regions loaded onto memory. The processing logic can then update a physical address corresponding to the matching logical address on the regions loaded onto memory. The physical address on the regions can be updated to the physical address that correspond to the given logical block address of the journal. In an example, upon completion of the update to the regions on the memory, the processing logic can store a new snapshot of each of the regions back to the data blocks of the storage system.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example machine of a computer system 500 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. For example, the computer system 500 may correspond to a host system (e.g., the host system 120 of FIG. 1) that includes or utilizes a storage system (e.g., the storage system 110 of FIG. 1) or may be used to perform the operations of a controller (e.g., to execute an operating system to perform operations corresponding to the L2P map reconstruction component 113 of FIG. 1). In alternative implementations, the machine may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, and/or the Internet. The machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in client-server network environment, as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment, or as a server or a client machine in a cloud computing infrastructure or environment.
The example computer system 500 includes a processing device 502, a main memory 504 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 506 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage system 518, which communicate with each other via a bus 530. Processing device 502 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 502 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 502 is configured to execute instructions 526 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system 500 may further include a network interface device 508 to communicate over the network 520.
The data storage system 518 may include a machine-readable storage medium 524 (also known as a computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions or software 526 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 526 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504 and/or within the processing device 502 during execution thereof by the computer system 500, the main memory 504 and the processing device 502 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The machine-readable storage medium 524, data storage system 518, and/or main memory 504 may correspond to the storage system 110 of FIG. 1.
In one implementation, the instructions 526 include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to an L2P map reconstruction component (e.g., L2P map reconstruction component 113 of FIG. 1). While the machine-readable storage medium 524 is shown in an example implementation to be a single medium, the term "machine-readable storage medium" should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term "machine-readable storage medium" shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term "machine-readable storage medium" shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.
Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. The present disclosure may refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage systems.
The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it may include a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description below. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein.
The present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read only memory ("ROM"), random access memory ("RAM"), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.
In the foregoing specification, implementations of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example implementations thereof. It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of implementations of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
1. A method comprising:
identifying a portion of a translation map, the translation map mapping a plurality of logical block addresses to a plurality of physical block addresses;
identifying a last snapshot of the portion of the translation map;
determining one or more write operations associated with logical block addresses of the portion of the translation map, wherein the write operations have been performed after the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map was stored; and
reconstructing the translation map by updating, by a processing device, an address on the portion of the translation map based on the determined one or more write operations and the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein reconstructing the translation map by updating the address on the portion of the translation map comprises:
identifying a particular logical block address associated with the one or more write operations;
determining that the particular logical block address is in the portion of the translation map; and
changing an identification of a physical block address that is mapped to the particular logical block address in the portion of the translation map to another physical block address associated with the one or more write operations.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining one or more write operations associated with logical block addresses of the portion of the translation map comprises:
identifying a record of the one or more write operations that was stored at a non-volatile memory after the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map was stored at the non-volatile memory.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the portion of the translation map comprises:
selecting the portion of the translation map based on a size of a memory.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map is loaded onto the memory.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the memory is a random access memory (RAM).
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the translation map comprises a logical block address and a corresponding physical address.
8. A system comprising:
a memory;
a processing device, operatively coupled with the memory, to:
identify a portion of a translation map, the translation map mapping a plurality of logical block addresses to a plurality of physical block addresses;
identify a last snapshot of the portion of the translation map;
determine one or more write operations associated with logical block addresses of the portion of the translation map, wherein the write operations have been performed after the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map was stored; and
update an address on the portion of the translation map based on the determined one or more write operations and the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein to update the address on the portion of the translation map, the processing device is to:
identify a particular logical block address associated with the one or more write operations;
determine that the particular logical block address is in the portion of the translation map; and
change an identification of a physical block address that is mapped to the particular logical block address in the portion of the translation map to another physical block address associated with the one or more write operations.
10. The system of claim 8, wherein to determine one or more write operations associated with logical block addresses of the portion of the translation map, the processing device is to:
identify a record of the one or more write operations that was stored at a non-volatile memory after the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map was stored at the non-volatile memory.
11. The system of claim 8, wherein to identify the portion of the translation map, the processing device is to:
select the portion of the translation map based on a size of a second memory.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the last snapshot of the portion of the translation map is loaded onto the second memory.
13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to perform operations comprising:
loading a zone onto a memory, wherein the zone comprises one or more regions of data blocks, each of the one or more regions being associated with a sequence number of a plurality of ordered sequence numbers;
identifying a particular sequence number associated with a region of the one or more regions, the particular sequence number being earlier in the plurality of ordered sequence numbers than sequence numbers associated with remaining regions of the one or more regions;
identifying a set of journals that are associated with sequence numbers that are later in the plurality of ordered sequence numbers than the particular sequence number; and
updating an address on the one or more regions of the zone in the memory based on the set of journals.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein each of the one or more regions of data blocks comprises a plurality of consecutive entries of a logical to physical translation table.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the logical to physical translation table comprises a logical block address (LBA) and a corresponding physical address.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the one or more regions are obtained from latest snapshots of portions of the logical to physical translation table, the snapshots stored on a plurality of data blocks of a storage system.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the memory is a random access memory (RAM).
18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein each journal of the set of journals comprises a set of chronological data write logs.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein to update the address on the one or more regions, the operations further comprise:
for each given logical block address of each journal of the set of journals, identifying a matching logical block address on the one or more regions; and
updating a physical address on the one or more regions corresponding to the matching logical block address to another physical address on the journal corresponding to the given logical block address.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, the operations further comprising:
upon completion of updating the one or more regions, storing a snapshot of each of the one or more regions on a non-volatile memory of a storage system.
Publication Date: Apr 2, 2020
Inventors: Daniel A. Boals (Broomfield, CO), Byron D. Harris (Mead, CO), Karl D. Schuh (Santa Cruz, CA), Amy L. Wohlschlegel (Lafayette, CO)
International Classification: G06F 12/02 (20060101); G06F 11/14 (20060101);