text:
\section{Introduction}

Advances in neural language modeling
and multilingual training have enabled the delivery of Machine Translation (MT) technologies across an unprecedented range of world languages.
While the benefits of state-of-the-art MT for cross-lingual information access are undisputed~\citep{lommel_machine_2021},
its usefulness as an aid to professional translators
varies considerably across domains, subjects and language combinations~\cite{zouhar-etal-2021-neural}.

In the last decade, the MT community has been including an increasing number of languages in its automatic and human evaluation efforts \cite{bojar-etal-2013-findings,wmt-2021-machine}.
However, the results of these evaluations are typically not directly comparable across different language pairs for various reasons.
First, reference-based automatic quality metrics are hardly comparable across different target languages \cite{bugliarello-etal-2020-easier}.
Secondly, human judgements are collected independently for different language pairs, making their cross-lingual comparison vulnerable to confounding factors such as tested domains and training data sizes.
Similarly, recent work on NMT post-editing efficiency has focused on specific language pairs such as English-Czech \citep{zouhar-etal-2021-neural}, German-Italian, German-French~\citep{laubli-etal-2019-post} and English-Hindi~\citep{ahsan-etal-2021-assessing}, but a controlled comparison across a broad set of typologically different languages is still lacking.

\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divemt.pdf}
  \caption{Overview of the \textsc{DivEMT} data collection process. The same process is repeated for each of the six target languages (Arabic, Dutch, Italian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese) starting from the same English document sample taken from FLORES-101. For every document in every language, three professional translators are matched randomly with the three translation modalities (HT/PE$_1$/PE$_2$), leading to a complete set of translations for all documents and modalities in each target language. Behavioral data and qualitative assessments are collected during and after the process, respectively.}
  \label{fig:divemt-overview}
\end{figure*}

In this work, we assess the usefulness of state-of-the-art NMT for professional translation
with a strictly controlled setup (Figure~\ref{fig:divemt-overview}). Specifically, experienced professionals were asked to translate the same English documents into six typologically different languages (Arabic, Dutch, Italian, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese) using the same platform and guidelines.
Three \textit{translation modalities} were adopted: human translation from scratch (HT), post-editing of Google Translate's translation (PE$_1$), and post-editing of mBART50's translation (PE$_2$), the latter being a state-of-the-art open-source, multilingual NMT system.
In addition to post-editing results, subjects' fine-grained editing behaviour --- including keystrokes and time information --- are logged and later leveraged to measure productivity and different effort typologies across languages, systems and translation modalities. Finally, translators are asked to complete a qualitative assessment regarding their perceptions of MT quality and post-editing effort.

Using this dataset, we measure the impact on professional translators' productivity of the two NMT systems,
and study how this impact varies across  languages.
DivEMT is publicly released alongside this paper as a unique resource to study the language- and system-dependent nature of NMT advances in real-world translation scenarios.

\section{Previous Work}

Before the advent of NMT, \newcite{birch-etal-2008-predicting} found the amount of reordering, target morphological complexity, and source-target language historical relatedness to be strong predictors of MT quality. These  findings, however, were solely based on BLEU, which is in fact not comparable across different target languages \cite{bugliarello-etal-2020-easier}.
More recent work on neural models has proposed more principled ways to measure the intrinsic difficulty of language-modeling~\cite{gerz-etal-2018-relation,cotterell-etal-2018-languages,mielke-etal-2019-kind} and machine-translating~\cite{bugliarello-etal-2020-easier,bisazza-etal-2021-difficulty} different languages, but achieving this reliably without any human evaluation remains an open research question. Moreover, no language properties were found to be robustly correlated to MT quality apart from type-token ratio.

Human evaluations of MT quality are routinely conducted during campaigns such as WMT \cite{ws-2006-statistical,akhbardeh-etal-2021-findings} and IWSLT \cite{cettolo-etal-2016-iwslt,cettolo-etal-2017-overview}, but their focus is on language- and domain-specific ranking of MT systems, often leveraging non-professional quality assessments~\citep{freitag-etal-2021-experts}, rather than cross-lingual quality comparisons.
\POSTARXIV{Cite here the new arXiv work by Koehn and co.}

Measuring post-editing effort, and in particular its \textit{temporal, cognitive, and technical} dimensions \cite{krings_repairing_2001}, is a well-established way to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of MT as a component of specialized translation workflows.
Seminal work on
post-editing highlighted an increase in translators' productivity following MT adoption~\citep{guerberof-2009-productivity,green_efficacy_2013, laubli-etal-2013-assessing, plitt_productivity_2010, parra_escartin_machine_2015}.
However, the same research also struggled to identify generalizable findings due to confounding factors such as output quality, content domains, and high variance across different language combinations and human subjects.
With the advent of NMT, productivity gains of statistical MT --- the highly-customized dominant paradigm at the time --- and new neural network-based methods were extensively compared \citep{castilho_is_2017, bentivogli-etal-2016-neural, toral_post-editing_2018, laubli-etal-2019-post}. Initial results were promising for NMT due to its better fluency and overall  results even in language combinations traditionally deemed difficult, like English--German. Moreover, translators were shown to prefer NMT over SMT for post-editing, although a pronounced productivity increase was not always present.
More recent work highlighted the productivity gains driven by NMT post-editing in a wider array of languages that were previously challenging for MT,
such as English to Dutch \cite{daems_translation_2017}, English-Hindi \cite{ahsan-etal-2021-assessing},
English-Greek \cite{stasimioti-sosoni-2020-translation},
English-Finnish and English-Swedish  \cite{koponen-etal-2020-mt},
all showing a considerable variance among language pairs and subjects.
The English-Czech results reported by \citet{zouhar-etal-2021-neural}, however, show a different picture. NMT post-editing speed was found to be comparable to translating from scratch, and marginal increases in automatic MT quality metrics were found to be unrelated to better post-editing productivity.
In sum, research on post-editing NMT generally reports increased fluency and output quality, but productivity gains are hardly generalizable across language pairs and domains.
Importantly, to our knowledge, no previous work studied NMT post-editing over a set of typologically different languages in a unified setup where the effect of content type and domain, NMT engine, and translation interface are strictly controlled for.

\begin{table*}[ht]\centering
  \begin{tabular}{@{\ }l@{\ } cc c@{\ }c c@{\ }c c@{\ }}
\toprule
& & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Morphology}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Word Order}} &  \\
\cmidrule(lr){4-5}
\cmidrule(lr){6-7}
& \textbf{Genus} & \textbf{Family} & \textbf{Type} \ \ \ & \textbf{\# Cases} & \textbf{Dominant} & \textbf{Freedom} & \textbf{Script} \\
\midrule
\textbf{English} & Indo-European & Germanic & Fusional & (3) & \textsc{svo} & low & Latin \\
\midrule
\textbf{Arabic (\textsc{msa})} & Afro-Asiatic & Semitic & Introflex. & 3 & \textsc{vso/svo} & low & Arabic \\
\textbf{Dutch} & Indo-European & Germanic & Fusional & -- & \textsc{svo/sov/v2} & low & Latin \\
\textbf{Italian} & Indo-European & Romance & Fusional & -- & \textsc{svo} & low & Latin \\
\textbf{Turkish} & Altaic & Turkic & Agglutin. & 6 & \textsc{sov} & high & Latin* \\
\textbf{Ukrainian} & Indo-European & Slavic & Fusional & 7 & \textsc{svo} & high & Cyrillic \\
\textbf{Vietnamese} & Austro-Asiatic & Viet-Muong & Isolating & -- & \textsc{svo} & low & Latin* \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
  \caption{The typological diversity of the selected language sample across various linguistic dimensions. Note that English has 3  cases, but these are only marked for pronouns. V2 indicates verb-second word order. Latin* indicates language-specific extensions of the Latin alphabet. Sources include the World Atlas of Language Structures \cite{wals} and \cite{futrell-15-quantifying}.}
  \label{tab:languages}
\end{table*}

\section{The DivEMT Dataset}

DivEMT's main purpose is to assess the usefulness of state-of-the-art NMT for professional translators, and to study how this usefulness varies across target languages that have very different typological properties.
With our data collection setup, we aimed at striking a balance between simulating a realistic professional translation workflow and maximizing comparability of the results across languages.
In what follows, we explain our design choices in detail.

\subsection{Subjects and Task Scheduling}
To control for the effect of individual translators' preferences and style, we involve a total of 18 subjects (three per target language). During the experiment, each subject is presented with a series of \textit{documents} --- each containing between 3 and 5 sentences --- where the source text is presented in isolation (HT), or alongside a translation proposal produced by one of the NMT systems (PE$_1$, PE$_2$). We divide the experiment in two phases: During the \textbf{warm-up phase} a set of 5 documents is translated by all subjects in their respective language following the same, randomly sampled sequence of modalities (HT, PE$_1$ or PE$_2$). This phase allows the subjects to get used to the setup, and allows us to spot possible issues by inspecting the logged behavioral data before moving forward.\footnote{Warm-up data are excluded from Section~\ref{sec:pe_effort} analysis.}
In the \textbf{main collection phase}, each subject is asked to translate documents in a pseudo-random sequence of modalities. This time, however, the sequence of modalities is different for each translator and chosen so that each document gets translated in all three modalities.
This allows us to measure translation productivity independently from subject's productivity and from document-specific difficulties.
A graphical overview of this process is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:divemt-overview}, and additional precisions are available in Appendix~\ref{app:modality-scheduling}.
Since productivity and other behavioral metrics can only be estimated with a sizable sample, we prioritize document set size over number of translators per language during budget allocation.

All subjects are professional translators with at least 3 years of professional experience, at least one year of post-editing experience and professional proficiency with CAT tools.\footnote{Individual subjects' details are available in Appendix~\ref{app:subject-info}} Translators were asked to produce translations of publishable quality. We informed them of the machine-generated nature of translation suggestions, but the presence of two different MT engines in the background was never explicitly mentioned. Moreover, translators were provided with links to the original source articles to facilitate contextualization, and were instructed not to use any external MT engine to produce their translations. Assessing the final quality of the translated material is out of the scope of the current study, although we realize that this is an important consideration to assess usability in a professional context. A summary of translation guidelines is provided in Appendix~\ref{app:guidelines}.

\subsection{Choice of Source Texts}
The selected documents represent a subset of the FLORES-101 evaluation benchmark~\cite{FLORES101},\footnote{\href{https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores}{\texttt{https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores}}} which consists of sentences taken from English Wikipedia, covering a mix of topics and domains.\footnote{We use a balanced sample of articles sourced from WikiNews, WikiVoyage and WikiBooks.} While professional translators are typically specialized in one or few domains, we opt for a mix-domain dataset to minimize domain adaptation efforts by the subjects and maximize generalizability of the results.

Importantly, FLORES-101 includes high-quality human translations into 101 languages, which make it possible to automatically estimate NMT quality and discard excessively low-scoring models or language pairs before the start of our experiment.
Another important reason to choose this dataset is the availability of metadata such as the source URL, which allows us to check for the existence of public translations in our languages of interest, and the presence of cross-sentence context.
The documents used for our study are fragments of contiguous sentences extracted from Wikipedia articles that compose the original FLORES-101 corpus. Even if small, the context provided by document structure allows us to simulate a more realistic translation workflow if compared to out-of-context sentences.

Based on our available budget, we select 112 English documents from the \textit{devtest} portion of FLORES-101 corresponding to 450 sentences and 9626 words. More details on the data selection process are provided in Appendix~\ref{app:doc-select}.

\begin{table*}\centering
\begin{tabular}{p{1.9cm} c c c | c c c c c}
\toprule
     \multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\textbf{Target Language}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Google Translate (PE$_1$)}} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{mBART-50 (PE$_2$)}} \\
     \cmidrule(lr){2-4}
     \cmidrule(lr){5-9}
     & \textsc{Bleu} & \textsc{ChrF} & \textsc{Comet} & \textsc{Bleu} & \textsc{ChrF} & \textsc{Comet} & \# Pairs & Source \\
\midrule
Arabic     & \textbf{34.1} & \textbf{65.6} & \textbf{.737} & 17.0 & 48.5 & .452 & 226K & IWSLT'17 \\
Dutch      & \textbf{29.1} & \textbf{60.0} & \textbf{.667} & 22.6 & 53.9 & .532 & 226K & IWSLT'17.mlt \\
Italian    & \textbf{32.8} & \textbf{61.4} & \textbf{.781} & 24.4 & 54.7 & .648 & 233K & IWSLT'17.mlt  \\
Turkish    & \textbf{35.0} & \textbf{65.5} & \textbf{1.00} & 18.8 & 52.7 & .755 & 204K & WMT'17 \\
Ukrainian  & \textbf{31.1} & \textbf{59.8} & \textbf{.758} & 21.9 & 50.7 & .587 & 104K & TED58 \\
Vietnamese & \textbf{45.1} & \textbf{61.9} & \textbf{.724} & 34.7 & 54.0 & .608 & 127K & IWSLT'15 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
  \caption{Automatic MT quality of the two selected NMT systems for English-to-Target translation on the full FLORES-101 devtest split. Best scores are highlighted in \textbf{bold}. We report the number of sentence pairs used for the multilingual fine-tuning of mBART50 and their respective sources~(\citeauthor{tang-etal-2021-multilingual} \citeyear{tang-etal-2021-multilingual}, Table 6).}
  \label{tab:flores-perf}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Choice of Languages}
\label{sec:choice-languages}
Besides its architecture, training data has a very important impact on the quality of a NMT system.
Unfortunately, using strictly comparable or multi-parallel datasets -- like the Europarl \cite{koehn-2005-europarl} or Bible corpus \cite{Christodouloupoulos2015}  -- would dramatically restrict the set of languages available to our study, or imply a prohibitively low translation quality on general-domain text.
In order to minimize the effect of training data disparity while maximizing language diversity, we choose representatives of six different language families for which comparable amounts of training data are available in our open-source model, namely \textbf{Arabic}, \textbf{Dutch}, \textbf{Italian}, \textbf{Turkish}, \textbf{Ukrainian}, and \textbf{Vietnamese}.
While the number of parallel sentence pairs used for fine-tuning mBART50 on 50 language pairs varied widely between 45M to only 4K, all our selected language pairs fall within the range of 100K-250K sentence pairs (mid-resourced, see Table~\ref{tab:flores-perf}).
As shown in Table~\ref{tab:languages}, our language sample represents a wide diversity in terms of language family, type of morphology, degree of inflection, word order and script.

\subsection{Choice of MT Systems}
\label{sec:choice-systems}
While most of the best performing general-domain NMT systems are commercial, experiments based on such systems are not replicable as their back ends get silently updated. Moreover, without knowing the exact training setup data specifics, we cannot attribute differences in the cross-lingual results to the languages themselves.
We balance these observations by including two NMT systems in our study: \textbf{Google Translate}\footnote{Evaluation performed in October 2021} as a representative of commercial quality, and \textbf{mBART50 one-to-Many}\footnote{\href{https://huggingface.co/facebook/mbart-large-50-one-to-many-mmt}{\texttt{facebook/mbart-large-50-one-to-many}}}~\citep{tang-etal-2021-multilingual} as a representative of state-of-the-art open-source multilingual NMT technology. The original multilingual BART model~\citep{liu-etal-2020-multilingual-denoising} is an encoder-decoder transformer model pre-trained on monolingual documents in 25 languages, using the random span masking and order permutation tasks.
\citet{tang-etal-2021-multilingual} extend mBART by further pre-training it on an additional set of 25 languages and performing \textit{multilingual fine-tuning}
on translation data for 50 languages, producing three configurations of multilingual NMT models: many-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
Our choice of the mBART50 model is largely motivated by its maneageable size, its good performances across the set of evaluated languages (see Table~\ref{tab:flores-perf}) and its adoption for other NMT studies~\citep{liu-etal-2021-continual} and post-editing resources~\citep{fomicheva-etal-2020-mlqepe}.
While mBART50 performances are usually comparable or slightly worse than the ones of tested bilingual NMT models,\footnote{See Table~\ref{tab:flores-perf-full} for automatic MT quality results by five different models over a larger set of 10 target languages.} the choice of a multilingual model allows us to evaluate the downstream effectiveness of a single system trained on pairs evenly distributed across tested languages, as mentioned in Section~\ref{sec:choice-languages}. Finally, adopting two systems with a marked difference in automatic MT evaluation performances allows us to estimate how a significant increase in standard translation metrics such as \textsc{Bleu}, \textsc{ChrF} and \textsc{Comet}~\citep{papineni-etal-2002-bleu,popovic-2015-chrf,rei-etal-2020-comet} can affect downstream productivity when the NMT systems are adopted in a realistic post-editing scenario.

\begin{table*}
    \centering
    \footnotesize
    \begin{tabular}{p{0.2in} p{\textwidth - 0.6in}}
        \toprule
        \textsc{English} \\
        & \vspace{0.3mm} Inland waterways can be a good theme to base a holiday around. \\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Arabic} \\ \vspace{0.2mm}
        HT & \vspace{-1.5mm} \setcode{utf8}{\< يمكن أن تكون الممرات المائية الداخلية خياراً جيدًا لتخطيط عطلة حولها. >}\\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \includegraphics[height=5mm]{MTPE1ARA.pdf} \\%\< يمكن أن تكون الممرات المائية الداخلية موضوعًا جيدًا لإقامة عطلة حولها.> \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \includegraphics[height=5mm]{PEPE1ARA.pdf} \\%\< يمكن أن تكون الممرات المائية الداخلية مظهرًا جيدًا لإقامة عطلة حولها. >\\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \includegraphics[height=5mm]{MTPE2ARA.pdf} \\%\< يمكن أن تكون السكك الحديدية الداخلية موضوعًا جيدًا لإقامة عطلة حول. >\\
        & \textbf{PE:} \includegraphics[height=5mm]{PEPE2ARA.pdf} \\%\< قد تكون الممرات المائية الداخلية مكانًا جيدًا لقضاء عطلة حولها.>\\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Dutch} \\ \vspace{0.3mm}
        HT & \vspace{0.3mm} Binnenlandse waterwegen kunnen een goed thema zijn voor een vakantie. \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$} & \textbf{MT:} \colorbox{lightred}{De} binnenwateren kunnen een \colorbox{lightred}{goed thema zijn om een vakantie} \colorbox{lightorange}{omheen te baseren}. \\
        & \textbf{PE:} Binnenwateren kunnen een \colorbox{lightorange}{goede vakantiebestemming zijn}. \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$} & \textbf{MT:} Binnenwaterwegen kunnen een goed thema zijn om een vakantie rond te \colorbox{lightorange}{zetten}. \\
        & \textbf{PE:} Binnenwaterwegen kunnen een goed thema zijn om een vakantie rond te \colorbox{lightorange}{organiseren}. \\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Italian} \\
        \vspace{0.3mm}
        HT & \vspace{0.3mm} I corsi d'acqua dell'entroterra possono essere un ottimo punto di partenza da cui organizzare una vacanza. \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$} & \textbf{MT:} \colorbox{lightorange}{Trasporto fluviale può} essere un \colorbox{lightorange}{buon tema} per \colorbox{lightred}{basare} \colorbox{lightblue}{una} \colorbox{lightorange}{vacanza in giro}. \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \colorbox{lightgreen}{I canali di} \colorbox{lightorange}{navigazione interna possono} essere un \colorbox{lightorange}{ottimo motivo} per \colorbox{lightorange}{cui intraprendere} \colorbox{lightblue}{una} \colorbox{lightorange}{vacanza}. \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$} & \textbf{MT:} I corsi d'acqua interni possono essere un buon tema \colorbox{lightorange}{per fondare} una vacanza. \\
        & \textbf{PE:} I corsi d'acqua interni possono essere un buon tema \colorbox{lightgreen}{su} \colorbox{lightorange}{cui basare} una vacanza. \\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Turkish} \\ \vspace{0.3mm}
        HT & \vspace{0.3mm} İç bölgelerdeki su yolları, tatil planı için iyi bir tema olabilir. \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$}
        & \textbf{MT:} İç su yolları, bir \colorbox{lightorange}{tatili temel almak} için iyi bir tema olabilir.\\
        & \textbf{PE:} İç su yolları, bir \colorbox{lightorange}{tatil planı yapmak} için iyi bir tema olabilir.\\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$}
        & \textbf{MT:} İç \colorbox{lightorange}{suyolları,} tatil için uygun bir tema olabilir.\\
        & \textbf{PE:} İç \colorbox{lightorange}{sular} tatil için uygun bir tema olabilir.\\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Ukrainian} \\ \vspace{0.3mm}
        HT & \vspace{0.3mm} \foreignlanguage{ukrainian}{Можна спланувати вихідні, взявши за основу подорож внутрішніми водними шляхами.} \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \foreignlanguage{ukrainian}{Внутрішні водні шляхи можуть стати гарною темою для \colorbox{lightorange}{відпочинку навколо}.} \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \foreignlanguage{ukrainian}{Внутрішні водні шляхи можуть стати гарною темою для \colorbox{lightorange}{проведення вихідних}.} \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \foreignlanguage{ukrainian}{\colorbox{lightorange}{Водні шляхи можуть} \colorbox{lightblue}{бути} \colorbox{lightorange}{хорошим об 'єктом} \colorbox{lightblue}{для} \colorbox{lightorange}{базування відпочинку навколо}.} \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \foreignlanguage{ukrainian}{\colorbox{lightgreen}{Місцевість} \colorbox{lightorange}{навколо внутрішніх водних шляхів може} \colorbox{lightblue}{бути} \colorbox{lightorange}{гарним вибором} \colorbox{lightblue}{для} \colorbox{lightorange}{організації відпочинку.}} \\
        \midrule
        \textsc{Vietnamese} \\ \vspace{0.3mm}
        HT & \vspace{0.3mm}
        \foreignlanguage{vietnamese}{Du lịch trên sông có thể là một lựa chọn phù hợp cho kỳ nghỉ.} \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_1$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \foreignlanguage{vietnamese}{Đường thủy nội địa có thể là một \colorbox{lightorange}{chủ đề} hay để \colorbox{lightorange}{tạo cơ sở} cho \colorbox{lightred}{một} kỳ \colorbox{lightred}{nghỉ xung} \colorbox{lightorange}{quanh}.} \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \foreignlanguage{vietnamese}{Đường thủy nội địa có thể là một \colorbox{lightorange}{ý tưởng} hay để \colorbox{lightorange}{lập kế hoạch} cho kỳ nghỉ.} \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-2}
        \multirow{2}{*}{PE$_2$}
        & \textbf{MT:} \foreignlanguage{vietnamese}{\colorbox{lightorange}{Các tuyến nước} \colorbox{lightblue}{nội địa} \colorbox{lightorange}{có thể} là một \colorbox{lightred}{chủ đề tốt} \colorbox{lightorange}{để xây dựng một kì nghỉ.}} \\
        & \textbf{PE:} \foreignlanguage{vietnamese}{\colorbox{lightorange}{Du lịch bằng đường thủy} \colorbox{lightblue}{nội địa} là một \colorbox{lightorange}{ý tưởng nghỉ dưỡng không tồi.}} \\
        \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{An example sentence (81.1) from the DivEMT corpus, with the English source and all output modalities for all target languages, including intermediate machine translations (MT) and subsequent post-editings (PE). Colors denote \colorbox{lightgreen}{insertions}, \colorbox{lightred}{deletions}, \colorbox{lightorange}{substitutions} and \colorbox{lightblue}{shifts} computed with Tercom~\cite{snover-etal-2006-study}.}
    \label{tab:data_example}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Translation Platform and Collected Data}

All the translations were performed with \textsc{Pet}~\citep{aziz-etal-2012-pet}, a computer-assisted translation tool that supports both translating from scratch and post-editing.
This tool was chosen because (i) it logs information about the post-editing process, which we use to assess effort (see Section~\ref{sec:pe_effort}); and (ii) it is a mature research-oriented tool that has been successfully used in a number of previous studies, e.g.~\citet{koponen2012post,toral_post-editing_2018}.
Compared to commercial tools, \textsc{Pet} has less functionalities.
While this would clearly limit its application in daily translation activities, it proves useful for our controlled setup to avoid confounding effects stemming from such additional capabilities.
In addition, the tool is expected to be unfamiliar to all the translators that take part in our study,
thereby avoiding differences in performance across translators due to different degrees of proficiency with the software.
We also observe that, due to the varied and generic nature of source documents, functionalities such as concordance and translation memory matches would have proven much less useful in our setup. We collect three main types of data:\begin{itemize}
    \item The \textit{resulting translations}, i.e. the end product of the translators' task in either HT or PE modes, forming a multilingual corpus with one source text and 18 translations (one per language-modality combination) exemplified in Table~\ref{tab:data_example}.
    \item \textit{Behavioral data} for each translated sentence, including: editing time, number of keystrokes and keystroke type (content, navigation, erase, etc.), number of revisions, as well as number and duration of pauses longer than 300 and 1000 milliseconds~\citep{lacruz-etal-2014-cognitive}.
    \item Pre-task and post-task \textit{questionnaires}. The former focuses on demographics, education, and work experience with translation and post-editing. The latter elicits subjective assessments on the quality, effort and enjoyability of the post-editing modality compared to translating from scratch
\end{itemize}

\section{Post-Editing Effort Across Languages}\label{sec:pe_effort}

\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{time_per_src_word.pdf}
  \caption{Temporal effort across languages and translation modalities, measured in seconds per processed source word. Each point represents a document, with higher scores representing slower editing. $\uparrow$ denote the amount of data points not included in the plot for every language.
  }
  \label{fig:time-per-src-word}
\end{figure*}

In this section, we use the DivEMT dataset to quantify the effort of professional translators post-editing NMT outputs, across our diverse set of target languages.
We consider two main objective indicators of effort, namely
(i) task time (and related productivity gains); and
(ii) post-editing rate, measured by Human-targeted Translation Edit Rate \cite{snover-etal-2006-study}.
\POSTARXIV{
Finally, as a subjective indicator, we inspect (iii) perception of MT quality by the translators.}
We reiterate that all scores in this section are computed on the same set of source sentences for all languages, resulting in a faithful cross-lingual comparison of post-editing effort that would not be feasible without the DivEMT dataset.

\POSTARXIV{Include spBLEU scores}

\POSTARXIV{\ATC{TODO describe statistical model}}

\subsection{Temporal Effort and Productivity Gains}

We start by comparing \textit{task time} (seconds per processed source word) across languages and modalities. For this analysis, data is aggregated over the three subjects in each language and editing time is computed for each document.
As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:time-per-src-word}, translation time varies considerably across languages even when no MT system is involved, suggesting an intrinsic variability in translation complexity for different subjects and language pairs.
The `slowest' language pairs are En-Italian and En-Ukrainian, followed by En-Vietnamese, then by En-Arabic and En-Dutch, whereas the `fastest' pair is En-Turkish.
This pattern cannot be easily explained, and is in contrast with traditional factors associated with MT difficulty, such as target morphological richness and source-target language relatedness \cite{birch-etal-2008-predicting}.

On the other hand, when comparing the three different modalities, we find HT as the slowest modality, PE$_1$ as the fastest and PE$_2$ in between the two for all the evaluated languages.
This confirms once again the overall positive impact of NMT post-editing on translation productivity.
That said, we note how \textbf{the magnitude of this impact is highly variable across systems and languages}.

\begin{table}[h]\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c r r}
\toprule
     & & \textbf{\textsc{Prod} $\uparrow$} & \textbf{$\Delta$HT $\uparrow$} \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Ara}} & HT  & 13.1 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 21.7 & +84\%  \\
                              & PE$_2$ & 16.3 & +10\%  \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Nld}} & HT  & 13.6 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 28.7 & +119\% \\
                              & PE$_2$ & 21.7 & +61\%  \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Ita}} & HT  &  8.8 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 18.6 & +96\%  \\
                              & PE$_2$ & 15.6 & +95\%  \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Tur}} & HT  & 17.9 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 25.5 & +34\%  \\
                              & PE$_2$ & 21.0 & +12\%  \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Ukr}} & HT  &  8.0 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 12.3 & +71\%  \\
                              & PE$_2$ &  9.8 & +14\%  \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\textsc{Vie}} & HT  & 10.2 & -      \\
                              & PE$_1$ & 13.0 & +32\%  \\
                              & PE$_2$ & 11.1 & +23\%  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
  \caption{Median productivity (\textsc{Prod}, \# processed source words per minute) and median \% post-editing speedup ($\Delta$HT) for all analyzed languages and modalities. Arrows denote the direction of improvement.
  \label{tab:productivity}
\end{table}

For a measure of productivity gains that is easier to interpret and more in line with translation industry practices, we turn to \textit{productivity} expressed in source words processed per minute, and compute the \textit{speed-up} induced by the two post-editing modalities over translating from scratch ($\Delta$HT). Table~\ref{tab:productivity} presents our results.
\textbf{Across systems}, we find that \emph{large} differences across automatic MT quality metrics indeed reflect on post-editing effort, suggesting a nuanced picture that is complementary to previous findings: While \citet{zouhar-etal-2021-neural} noted how post-editing time gains quickly saturate when MT quality is already high, we observe that moving from medium-quality to high-quality MT yields meaningful productivity improvements across most of the evaluated languages.
\textbf{Across languages}, too, the magnitude of productivity gains ranges widely, from doubling in some languages (PE$_1$ in Dutch, PE$_1$ and PE$_2$ in Italian) to only about 10\% (PE$_2$ in Arabic, Turkish and Ukrainian).
When only considering the better performing system (PE$_1$), despite a large variation between +119\% (Dutch) and +32\% (Vietnamese), post-editing remains clearly beneficial in all languages.
As for the open-source system (PE$_1$), three out of six languages display only marginal gains (i.e. less than 15\% in Arabic, Turkish and Ukrainian).
Recall that mBART50 (PE$_2$), despite its overall lower performance, is the only one of the two NMT systems that enables a fair comparison across languages (from the point of view of training data size and architecture, see Section~\ref{sec:choice-systems}). Interestingly, if we focus on the gains induced by this system, explaining factors like language relatedness and morphological richness come back into play. Specifically, Italian (+95\%), Dutch (+61\%) and Ukrainian (+14\%) are all related to English, but Ukrainian has a much richer morphology.
On the other hand, Vietnamese (+23\%), Turkish (+12\%) and Arabic (+10\%) all belong to different families. From the point of view of morphology, Vietnamese is isolating (little to no morphology), while Turkish and Arabic have very rich morphological systems of different types, respectively: agglutinative and introflexive, the latter of which is especially problematic for subword segmentation \cite{amrhein-sennrich-2021-suitable-subword}.
Some differences are however harder to explain. For instance, Dutch is genetically related to English and has a morphology that is poorer than Italian, but its productivity gain with mBART50 is lower (61\% vs 95\%). This finding is accompanied by an important gap in \textsc{Bleu} and \textsc{Comet} scores achieved by mBART50 on the two languages (i.e. 22.6 \textsc{Bleu} for Dutch versus 24.4 for Italian,
0.532 \textsc{Comet} for Dutch versus 0.648 for Italian) which cannot be easily explained in terms of training data size.

We note the important role of inter-subject variability,\footnote{See Figure~\ref{fig:productivity} for a per-subject productivity overview.} in line with previous studies \cite{koponen-etal-2020-mt}.
\POSTARXIV{Make this an actual appendix}
Moreover, the small size of our language sample does not allow to draw direct causal links between specific typological properties and post-editing efficiency.
Still, we believe these results have important implications on the claimed `universality' of current state-of-the-art MT and NLP systems, mostly based on the Transformer architecture \cite{transformer_2017} and on BPE-style subword segmentation techniques~\cite{sennrich-etal-2016-neural}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{hter_per_system.pdf}
  \caption{Human-targeted Translation Edit Rate (HTER) for Google Translate and mBART50 post-editing across available languages.}
  \label{fig:hter}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Post-Editing Rate}

Figure~\ref{fig:hter} presents
the  results in terms of Human-target Translation Edit Rate,  HTER \cite{snover-etal-2006-study}, which is computed as the sum of substitutions, insertions, deletions and shift operations performed by a translator on the MT output, normalized by its length.
First, we can see that the commercial system needs less editing than the open-source one for all languages. Recall that the translators were not informed about the presence of two systems in the background, so we can exclude the possibility of an over-reliance or distrust towards a specific MT system from past experience.
Here too, we observe a high variation both across subjects and across languages.
The cross-language pattern is similar, but not identical, for the two MT systems:
For Google Translate, Ukrainian shows by far the heaviest edit rate, followed by Vietnamese, whereas Arabic, Dutch, Italian and Turkish all show relatively low amounts of edits.
Focusing again on mBART50 for a fairer cross-lingual comparison, Ukrainian is by far the most heavily edited language, followed by a medium-tier group composed of Vietnamese, Arabic and Turkish, and finally by Dutch and Italian as low-edit languages. From these results, we can conclude that several of our observations on the linguistic relatedness and type morphology transfer to edit rates, with languages more closely related to English requiring less post-edits on average.

Figure~\ref{fig:errorless-sentences} visualizes the large gap in edit rates across languages and subjects by presenting the amount of ``errorless'' MT sentences that were accepted directly, without any further post-editing. Once again, we observe how the proportion of these sentences is heavily influenced by the NMT system, but nonetheless shows how the majority of translators for the En-Dutch and En-Italian
language pairs enjoys lower editing rates compared to their colleagues translating to Ukrainian and Vietnamese. Surprisingly, the En-Turkish setting fares well, despite the lower relatedness of the two languages. In particular, in the context on Google Translate outputs, the average proportion of error-less sentences is $\sim25\%$ for the former languages, while for the latter it corresponds only to $\sim3\%$.

\POSTARXIV{squeeze vertical space of errorless plot}

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{errorless_outputs.pdf}
  \caption{Distribution of error-less machine translation sentence outputs (no edits performed during post-editing) for each translator and every language.}
  \label{fig:errorless-sentences}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}\centering
  \begin{tabular}{l c c | c c}
\toprule
     & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rho$ \textsc{Hter} $\downarrow$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\rho$ \textsc{Prod} $\uparrow$}\\
     \cmidrule(lr){2-3}
     \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
     & PE$_1$ & PE$_2$ & PE$_1$ & PE$_2$\\
\midrule
\textsc{Bleu}  & .12 & -.07 & -.30 & -.42\\
\textsc{ChrF}  & \textbf{-.49} & \textbf{-.49} & \textbf{.45} & .34\\
\textsc{Comet} & -.17 & .03 & \textbf{.65} & .27 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
  \caption{Correlation of automatic metrics and \textsc{Hter} scores obtained after post-editing, after averaging on language pairs. Arrows denote the direction of expected correlation, and moderate/high scores are in \textbf{bold}.}
  \label{tab:corr-metrics-hter}
\end{table}

To conclude our analysis, we consider the \textit{inter-language} correlation between automatic quality metrics computed for the two NMT systems on the existing reference translations and the HTER and productivity scores derived from their adoption in the post-editing setting.\footnote{Scores are averaged for every language pair and then correlated. The automatic metrics are computed on the full FLORES devtest (cf. Table~\ref{tab:flores-perf}) as proxies of general MT quality on the given language pair.}
Given the availability of FLORES reference translations for 101 languages,
a metric correlating well with post-editing effort \textit{across target languages} would make a valuable tool to predict the usefulness of MT post-editing in a new language pair where MT  has not been deployed yet.
The results in Table~\ref{tab:corr-metrics-hter} show that \textsc{Bleu} \cite{papineni-etal-2002-bleu} does not correlate at all with post-editing effort, giving empirical support to the claim that \textsc{Bleu} should not be compared across target languages \cite{bugliarello-etal-2020-easier}.
The character ngram-based \textsc{ChrF} \cite{popovic-2015-chrf}, despite its simplicity, shows much better results, with positive correlations across the board.
Finally, we look at the neural \textsc{Comet}, a metric based on large  pre-trained multilingual language models, which boasts state-of-the-art (within language-pair) correlations with human judgements of MT quality \cite{rei-etal-2020-comet}.
Despite its apparent language-agnostic nature, \textsc{Comet} does not appear to correlate reliably with post-editing effort, which might point to an uneven quality of the neural sentence encoder, or to a lack of diversity in the human judgement dataset used for fine-tuning.

\POSTARXIV{switch to CharcTER! \cite{wang-etal-2016-character}}

\POSTARXIV{
\subsection{Perception of MT Quality}
- here discuss results of  post-task questionnaires and put in relation with HTER  results ->  we decided to put results  to first question: OVerall  MT quality}

\POSTARXIV{
\AB{relevant paper extending TER with more error categories, like stem-match and synonym-match:  \cite{snover-etal-2009-fluency}}
}

\section{Conclusions}

We have presented the results of a post-editing study spanning two state-of-the-art NMT systems and six target languages, under a unified setup.
The resulting dataset, DivEMT, allows for a controlled comparison of NMT quality and  post-editing effort across typologically diverse languages.

We adopted DivEMT to perform a novel cross-language analysis of post-editing effort,
along its temporal and editing rate dimensions.
Our results show that the use of NMT drives improvements in productivity across all the evaluated languages, but the magnitude of these improvements depends heavily on the language and the choice of the underlying NMT system.
Moreover, some of the reported cross-language variation seems to reflect language properties traditionally known to affect MT quality, like relatedness to source and type of morphology~\cite{birch-etal-2008-predicting}.
Given the underlying open-source system used the exact same architecture and comparable training data size in all evaluated language, our results suggest that the current state-of-the-art approach to MT, based on Transformer and BPE-based input tokens, is not universally suitable to model human languages.

Finally, we investigated whether
language-pair level MT quality, as measured by various automatic metrics, could be used as an indicator of the usefulness of MT for post-editing in a new language pair. Our results show consistently moderate correlations for \textsc{ChrF}, but not for \textsc{Bleu}, and also not for \textsc{Comet} despite its supposed language-agnostic nature.

In future work, a more fine-grained analysis of the types of edits conducted by the translators, and their differences across languages, could shed more light into our current findings.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
Data collection was fully funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) under project number 639.021.646. GS is supported by the NWO project InDeep (NWA.1292.19.399).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
ATC Exchange Club of Northern California
Clubmembers create at a 'playday' meeting.
ATCs can be be made in any style. Here a member uses stamping and collage.
Some folk just draw with Sharpies.
The ATC Exchange Club of Northern California was created in 2006 by artists who had participated in the September 2005 ATC Exchange event. We are open to adding new members — whether experienced or novice artists.
The club (usually) meets monthly to hold trade sessions at various locations in the region. Often there is a workshop, speaker, or 'playday' (time to do artwork together). Most members live in Davis and Woodland, so most meeting happen there. Sometime we meet in Sacramento.
Our group has had a booth in 'Art Space' at the Whole Earth Festival for several years, where we encourage festival-goers to sit down and 'make art' with us — using the supplies we share. In 2009, we added a public 'trade board' so visitors could trade with each other as well as make Artist Trading Cards.
UPDATE @ 2013: We have not held monthly meetings for a while. Although some folks are still active with ATCs, others have either moved on to different artistic pursuits or have had family life demand more time. We hope to hold occasional trading sessions annually from now on.
UPDATE @ 2016: Three trade sessions were held -- July & August at Studio 94B gallery near Woodland, September at the County Library in Davis. Poor attendance means the club is officially dead.
Current club organizers remain Lois Richter and Phyllis DeHaven.
Visitors chat about ATCs at the 2008 Whole Earth Festival booth.
Nearby LocalWiki regions: Woodland, CA Fortress Bay Area Dixon Woodland West Sacramento Winters
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Except where otherwise noted, this content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. See Copyrights.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Greenwich gets 15 domestic violence kits from federal grant
Debra Friedman, STAFF WRITER
The Greenwich Police Department is one of 27 state law enforcement agencies chosen to receive domestic violence and sexual assault kits as part of a grant from the United States Justice Department's Office of Violence Against Women.
Nearly 400 kits were distributed in all, with 15 of the kits coming to the town's police department. The kits include a digital camera, a color photo printer and a clipboard with crime specific guidelines for officers to use during investigations and to help connect victims with shelters and counseling.
Lt. Richard Cochran, who heads up the department's Domestic Violence Unit, said the kits will be a big help to his officers and departments around the state.
"The most important thing are the digital cameras that are now available to police," Cochran said. "These kits are able to print photographs for next day arraignments and it gives prosecutor a new perspective on exactly what levels of protection are needed." Without cameras, police can only describe the injuries in writing, which Cochran said does not have the same impact.
While Greenwich police have already developed an advanced unit to help deal with domestic violence, Cochran said the kits will aid the officers better during their day-to-day interactions with victims.
Cochran said he is also giving some kits to the YWCA of Greenwich's Domestic Abuse Services department to help document victims who may be hesitant to come to police at first.
"By giving them a camera, they can take a photo of the injuries so later on if the incident needs to be reported, we can refer back to original injuries," Cochran said.
"It is something that is very beneficial to the YWCA."
Challenges of enforcing domestic-abuse laws
Cochran said he believed the biggest benefits will be to the departments that do not have access to cameras.
"There are departments out there that don't even have cameras and rely on statements," he said. "These cameras are really going to assist those departments."
The domestic violence kits were developed with the assistance of the Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence and the Connecticut Sexual Assault Services, Inc. The project follows a successful pilot program of six Connecticut law enforcement agencies, officials said.
The kits were distributed on Jan. 19 when representatives from each department attended a training at the Chief State's Attorney's Office.
At the meeting, officers learned the goals of the program and were given training materials.
Cochran said he will be training his officers how to use the kits this week.
Officials said future funding will be sought to continue the project and involve additional law enforcement agencies.


text:
Journalism Portfolio: Susan Berger
Bout with breast cancer inspires a new career/ "My Story" Oct. 15, 1998
Chicago Tribune Op/ed Thanks for the memories Oprah/ May 18,2011
Chicago Tribune Op/ed/ The End of a Chicago Tradition/ Jan. 23, 2009
Chicago Tribune stories that ran on Page One
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'Well, that was a weird moment' and other signs of dementia family members should watch for/ Washington Post 7/13/19
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Yes, breast cancer survivors you can lift weights, get manicures and garden/ Washington Post 7/6/2019
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Conrad Black's unconventional path to a pardon boosted by one of Trump's biggest on-air defenders/ Washington Post 5/23/2019
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'If I had known cancer was linked to implants, I would never have gotten them'/Washington Post 4/13/2019
Jennifer Cook with husband David and son David Cook Jr. She had her implants removed and got treatment for a breast implant-associated lymphoma. (Stacy Roth)
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Vaginal Mesh/ Appearance on Chicago Tonight/PBS Chicago 2/12/2019
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Vaginal mesh has caused health problems in many women, even as some surgeons vouch for its safety and efficacy/Washington Post 1/20/2019
Katrina Spradley had a vaginal mesh implanted in 2008. Years later, she started having physical problems. A physician discovered that the device had eroded through Spradley's vagina. (Terry Spradley)
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Body found of New Trier grad who went missing after kayak overturned in Lake Michigan/Chicago Tribune 9/10/2018
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'God will get us through': Family of missing kayaker continues search, still hopes for recovery/Chicago Tribune 9/3/2018
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Family strife preceded Winnetka man's alleged murder of brother-in-law, attempted killing of sister: prosecutors - Chicago Tribune PAGE ONE/ Aug 17, 2018
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Friends of sailor still missing on Lake Michigan portray him as lover of good times and concerned for others/ Chicago Tribune 7/23/2018
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O'Hare tollway oasis bridge, one of a handful left, is set to come down/Page One/Chicago Tribune 6/25/2018
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Elizabeth Brackett remembered for devotion to family, journalistic talent; 'She succeeded in making Michael Dukakis interesting'/Chicago Tribune 6/20/2018
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Is dissecting a frog in science class ethical? Protesters challenge the long-standing but controversial practice/Chicago Tribune 6/1/2018
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Letter to Editor/ NY Times April 19, 2018 re: death of Barbara Bush
The Charm of Barbara Bush/ originally published 1999- on Smerconish.com
I had the privilege of meeting Barbara Bush in 1999. Read the story here: http://www.smerconish.com/politics/barbara-bush-charm/
Philip Vatamaniuc sentenced to 54 years for murder of Colin Nutter/ Chicago Tribune 3/2/2018
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Woman who was convicted in 'huffing' crash that killed Highland Park girl is out of prison/ Feb. 9 2018 Chicago Tribune
Carly Rousso, who was convicted of aggravated DUI and reckless homicide after she struck and killed a 5-year-old on Labor Day 2012, was released from prison. (Stacey Wescott / Chicago Tribune)
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The Bill Cosby We Loved Is Gone/ 1/27/2014 Smerconish.com
Originally posted in January 2014 reprinted on Smerconish.com
Read story here http://www.smerconish.com/culture/bill-cosby-gone/
I Love Oprah/ originally published in 2011 reprinted on Smerconish.com 1/7/2108
I wrote this in 2011 - reprinted on Smerconish.com in light of Oprah's speech at the Golden Globes . Read the story here: http://www.smerconish.com/culture/love-oprah/
After Uber driver killed on the job, family finds solace in other violent crime victims/ Chicago Tribune/12/24/2017
Grant Nelson, an Uber driver from Wilmette, was killed by a passenger last May. (Courtesy of Todd Nelson)
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Teen in cellphone theft that turned deadly pleads guilty to reckless homicide/Chicago Tribune 10/4/2017
READ STORY HERE; http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake-county-news-sun/news/ct-cell-phone-theft-death-guilty-met-20171004-story.html
Woman defending daughter before fatal Waukegan stabbing pleads guilty to reduced charge/Chicago Tribune 10/2/2017
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Fox Lake cop widow's trial is delayed; state to appeal ruling barring her emails/Chicago Tribune 6/19/2017
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Family of Uber driver killed with stolen knife, machete sues Walmart/Chicago Tribune 6/26/2017
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-uber-driver-killed-family-sues-walmart-met-20170626-story.html
At funeral for stabbed Uber driver, he's remembered as 'a kind soul in a cruel world'/Chicago Tribune 6/2/2017
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Teen randomly killed Uber driver/Chicago Tribune 5/31/2017
Waukegan man found guilty of murder/Chicago Tribune 5/26/2017
Murder suspect says he lied to police because he feared being deported again/Chicago Tribune 5/24/2017
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-cousin-killed-lake-county-murder-trial-met-20170524-story.html
Lawyer: Man in murder trial says he stabbed cousin in self-defense/Chicago Tribune 5/22/2017
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2 men now convicted of killing Colin Nutter, but what about the 3rd suspect?/ Chicago Tribune
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Judge finds Highland Park man guilty of murder/Chicago Tribune Page One
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Murder suspect says he lied to police because he feared being deported again/5/24/2017
Colin Nutter's parents testify at his murder trial/Chicago Tribune 4/19/2017
Trial opens in Highland Park man's slaying/ 4/16/2016 Chicago Tribune
Colin Nutter murder trial to begin on Monday/ Chicago Tribune
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CNN/ Michael Smerconish Show / 2/25/2017 Guest appearance re: New Trier High School controversy
My appearance on CNN/ The Michael Smerconish Show re: New Trier High School civil rights seminar - See video here:
Tags: civil rights, CNN, New Trier
Charges against Fox Lake police widow stand; trial delayed again/ Chicago Tribune 1/9/2017
READ STORY HERE: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-fox-lake-police-shooting-wife-court-met-20170109-story.html
A walking movement is energizing African American women / Washington Post 11/19/2016
A walking movement is energizing African American women
Suburban man pleads guilty to child porn possession, avoids prison/Chicago Tribune/ 9/19/2016
John Malecki of Barrington.
(Lake County Sheriffs Office)
READ STORY HERE: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-child-pornography-barrington-met-20160919-story.html
There's new hope for blood cancers, and it comes from umbilical cords/ Washington Post 9/5/2016
Story teased on Page One of the Washington Post:
READ STORY HERE: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/theres-new-hope-for-blood-cancers-and-it-comes-from-umbilical-cords/2016/09/02/04620816-2d89-11e6-9b37-42985f6a265c_story.html?postshare=3871473085284852&tid=ss_tw
Daughters' pleas, model jail behavior don't earn a corrupt governor a reduced term, judge decides/Washington Post 8/9/2016
READ STORY HERE: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/08/09/ex-gov-blagojevich-to-appear-at-resentencing-via-closed-circuit-tv-from-prison/?postshare=8781470775777397&tid=ss_fb&utm_term=.70f3c3f6b7d4
Kane County Sheriff's Deputy charged with drug possession/ Chicago Tribune 6/24/2016
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-kane-county-sheriff-deputy-drug-charges-met-20160624-story.html
A few tips from experts for interacting with Alzheimer's patients/Washington Post 5/30/2016
https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-few-tips-from-experts-for-interacting-with-alzheimers-patients/2016/05/27/328341d0-1789-11e6-aa55-670cabef46e0_story.html
What's the best way to talk to someone with Alzheimer's?/Washington Post 5/30/2016
READ STORY HERE: ashingtonpost.com/national/health-science/whats-the-best-way-to-talk-to-someone-with-alzheimers/2016/05/27/b6ac5246-032d-11e6-9203-7b8670959b88_story.html
Judge refuses to stop anti-abortion fliers targeting Lake Forest CEO/ Chicago Tribune April 13, 2016
READ STORY HERE: http://trib.in/1XrLtt2
Jailhouse informant's slaying complicates prosecution in killings of Zion girls/ 3/11/2916 Chicago Tribune
READ STORY HERE: http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake-county-news-sun/news/ct-zion-girls-killed-jailhouse-informant-dead-met-20160311-story.html
Report details search for 4 North Shore men who died in canoe accident/ Chicago Tribune Feb. 25, 2016
READ STORY HERE http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/winnetka/news/ct-wisconsin-canoe-accident-new-trier-deaths-met-20160225-story.html
Last of 4 canoe accident victims from North Shore laid to rest/ Chicago Tribune 1/12/2016
Last of 4 canoe accident victims from North Shore laid to rest
http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/winnetka/news/ct-wisconsin-canoe-accident-funeral-met-0113-20160112-story.html
Doctor who cited concussions in NFL sees racism in reaction to his warnings/ Washington Post 1/12/2016
4th victim of Wisconsin canoe accident is found as funeral held for another/Chicago Tribune 1/8/2016
Susan Berger's Portfolio


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See What Diane's Clients Have to Say!
Diane's professionalism and ability to handle any real estate situation is phenomenal. Four days before escrow was to close on the sale of my home, my deal fell through and I terminated my relationship with the original realtor. I reached out to Diane and she met with me right away and immediately immersed herself into the paperwork and reaching out to the Appraisers, etc. She saved the deal through her knowledge and working relationships in the industry. I would absolutely use her in the future for any real estate transaction.
Our experience with Diane Hardy was pleasant,We met her back on 2011 and she was very helpful went above and beyond to explain her services, She help us with Our first home and after 5 years she was my realtor on selling the house and help us to buy a second newer house I would highly recommend my friends if they are looking to buy a new Home.
Diane was very knowledgeable about how to market and sell a manufactured home and had fantastic resources for the necessary repairs. It was a pleasure working with her.


In these times of economic struggle, people should really be thinking about the future and investing on something like Belize real estate properties since the pace of our economy is that of a slug. It also means that prices of Belize real estate properties won't be changing for some time, therefore, while the prices are lower than before, now is the time to strike while the iron is hot.
The Belize real estate market has one of the most appreciated properties around the globe and has the highest appreciation rate around Central America, attracting vacation home buyers, expatriates and retirees into purchasing properties because of the wonderful offers and what the country has.
Although Belize may be just a third world country and was under the British rule for a considerable amount of time, the country has flourished through tourism and other programs to promote their country. The Qualified Retired Person program attracts retirees from all over the world aged at least 45 to apply. Being an approved QRP applicant means you are exempted from certain taxes and can live a comfortable life in this paradise despite your not-so-grand means. The requirements of the program aren't even that hard to fulfill.
For those who seek a wonderful vacation home, Belize can truly provide them with a grand home for the holidays with quite affordable prices. You won't even believe how affordable they are! Homes here are grander but relatively cheaper than what you might have to pay in your home country.
The environment here is spectacular with its preserved natural beauty and protected animal habitats. Living here even for a short period of time can truly make you appreciate the beauty of untouched nature together with the endangered animals living in harmony with the locals.
Belize real estate properties are one of the best things you can invest on. Your vacation home today can turn out to be your retirement home in the future. Vacation homes prove to be quite a necessity these days because of all the work-related stress we encounter in our daily lives. That is why going to a vacation home somewhere is something to look forward to during the holidays or when you just need to escape from it all. This will help us refresh our senses and relieve us of our stress in order to get back to work feeling a whole lot better. Keeping our heads cool can save us and keep us sane.
Belize is a very beautiful place that is home to beautiful beaches, rich rainforests, hospitable English speaking locals and is a place where every activity you can think of is possible.
You can try your hand in scuba diving here if that is your thing or if you want to pick it up as a new hobby. Wild river rafting and kayaking are also available.
These activities and more are available. And if you purchase a home in Sanctuary Belize , you will definitely be in paradise.


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Roulette is no doubt the most popular and loved casino games around the world and there are many online platforms where you can play this game too. But when it comes to realistic experience, nothing beats the possibilities of the this game where you are constantly assisted by not a computer but a live person on a webcam with professional casino dealer attire. You can chat with these dealers and they keep you prompting and guiding on your settings too. The minimum and maximum bet amount in this live Roulette online game are £1 and £100 respectively that makes the game suit both beginners and pro gamblers.
In this Roulette deposit bonus game, you can place your bets on either one number for a straight win of 35 to 1 or increase your winning chances by placing bets on multiple numbers. You can use the outside bets such as neighbors of your chosen numbers, red or black, odd or even, etc for further wins. The more the number of bets in a game, lesser the amount you can win but you can minimize your losses this way. If you feel lucky then choose a couple or just one number to bet on and win big. However, the wins from those multiple bets add up to a good amount by the end of the day too.
Dolphin side bets: In this betting, you need to choose a symbol to bet on and if the ball stop on a particular symbol on the table then you will win a certain amount. This works more or less like a slot game and the highest you can win is when you win with dolphin symbol chosen, where you get 80 times your bet amount in this Roulette deposit bonus game.
Betting Strategy: There are several proven betting strategies in casino games developed by popular mathematicians. One of the strategies you can apply in this Roulette deposit bonus that will not only help you win big money but avoid those huge losses as well. You can start with the lowest amount and gradually increase until the time you win and once you win switch back to lowest amount. This will cover for your losses and make a small amount of profit.
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Here at Kettering Motorist Centre we are certified and trained to service and repair hybrid vehicles!
Conventional cars use petrol or diesel to power an internal combustion engine. Hybrids also use an internal combustion engine, but they also have an electric motor and battery, and can be partially or fully powered by electricity. This means that they achieve much better fuel efficiency than conventional cars. There are numerous types of hybrids, including petrol-electric hybrids, diesel-electric hybrids, and range-extender hybrids. All hybrid cars offer excellent fuel economy, low CO2 emissions and cheap road tax!
Hybrid cars combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. The battery of a hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in, but a series-hybrid uses the engine to supply constant power to the electric motor, bypassing the battery. Range-extender hybrids are essentially electric cars that use an engine as a generator to top ip the battery.
Since the Toyota Prius came out in 2000 sales of hybrids have increased dramatically, and with over 40 hybrid models available to choose from, it's not surprising that Hybrid cars are now very common on UK roads!


Have your wanted to try agility but don't know where to start? Would you like a program that individually tailored to you and your dog? Imagine a program in which you and your dog learn at your pace and you get free training on the equipment between sessions.
Plus you will get Six (6) Free half hour training sessions so you can come in when you want and use the equipment you've been learning!


Alessandro Cortini (Nine Inch Nails) and Japanese noise legend Massami Akita (Merzbow) bask in their mutual love for the EMS Synthi, a British synthesizer from the early 70's notorious for it's patch matrix, portability and distinct tone. Astonishingly, these two disparate artists meld into a single sound as they flex the analog circuitry of the EMS Synthi in new ways; giving this classic synth a modern workout and proving that, in capable hands, a 40 year old analog synthesizer is a tool for the ages.
180 gram double vinyl. Metallic shimmer print on heavy duty jackets.


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Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence
Memorandum from Mr Anthony J P Lombard, Gibraltar
I understand you propose to travel to Gibraltar in July, in connection with your investigation into Gibraltar and write to appraise you of my utter disgust at the present British Administration's monumental and abysmal betrayal of the loyal and long suffering people of Gibraltar, a sentiment which is universal in Gibraltar.
The injury is compounded by insult, given the Administration's avowed inflexibility in respect of the military base, as opposed to the whole of Gibraltar and its people. In the circumstances, it appears the latter count for nothing and may be battered as pawns upon a chess board, as if we were still living in the despotic era of the 18th century! As a result, only one phrase comes to mind: "Perfidious Albion", first mentioned, as you know, by Louis XIV of France, when the then British Government reneged upon an international treaty.
It is often said Gibraltarians have not been Spanish for 300 years. That is not so, we have never been Spanish. Whilst Gibraltar may have once been Spanish, the post 1704 Gibraltarians have never been so and since then we have lived and prospered upon this barren Rock of ours, under the protection of the British Crown, for far longer than the mighty United States of North America has been a nation. Accordingly, this is our homeland and it is neither the United Kingdom's to give away, nor Spain's to claim.
Lastly, with regard to my own descent and by way of example, you may be interested to learn my maternal ancestors arrived in Gibraltar in 1725, from Tetuan where they had settled in 1560, following their cruel exile from Spain, at the time of the Jewish expulsion in 1490, notwithstanding they were courtiers of the Kings of Castille and Leon and one of their ancestors had been Chancellor of the Exchequer to Sancho the Great, circa 1280. My paternal ancestors fled the French Revolution and eventually settled in Gibraltar. Most of my ancestors married Italians or their issue and for good measure my paternal grandmother was a Carroll, descended from an Irish soldier, who settled in Gibraltar in the middle of the 19th Century!
Anthony J P Lombard
Prepared 7 November 2002


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has taken initiative and introduced BCC Prayer ("Seven Steps Prayer") at Mulakalapalli village.Catechist Y. Raphael is appointed as the animator to continue the programme.
programme at Barrinkalagaruvu Village.Catechist N. Kantha Kumar is appointed as the animator to continue the programme.
Fr. Gaddam Joji, the parish priest has taken initiative to start BCC programme at Saradanagar Parish.


Gambia's natural communication has always been the Gambia river. Messages, information and goods had been always delivered through ferries.
The country has faced a lot of changes in communications lately. The telecom industry has grown exponentially, and the adoption of internet, smartphones and data plans has more than doubled since two years ago.
This may be the reason why VoIP services like Skype and dating websites are the target of a government crackdown in Gambia. They have been deemed a threat to national mobile operators and telecom firms.
The country's telecommunications watchdog, 'Public Utilities Regulatory Authority' (PURA), has issued a press release prohibiting companies and/or individuals operating through Internet Cafes and offering Dating services and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services as a commercially available service to the public in The Gambia.
The comments are not without parallels. Fellow Africa country Ethiopia outlawed Skype and VoIP services last year, a move thought to have been made to protect local operators, while Saudi Arabia banned VoIP services on account of national security. These cases are in contrast with Kenya, which according with Bloomberg, has the world largest mobile pay network.
Now, you may be guessing about the correlation with this news and the "Improving the community gardens of the Upper River Region" project.
The fact is that in Worldcoo we believe that access to information is a key factor to accomplish development. It's within our nature, we need internet information to communicate how the projects are changing local realities. We also need internet, data and transparency to track all the money we sent to the NGOs, and to show the results in this blog. That's why we are so concerned about this Gambia's goverment action.
In 2006 126.000 Nigerians were affected by the Noma disease. Since then, this number has progressively raised . One of the main problems, apart from the entrenched malnutrition already discussed on this blog, is that a lot of people think Noma is an act of God, others think it's ancestral curse or the anger of God.
This situation has lead the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, to launch a campaign against the disease together with the Paul Jegede Foundation, and sponsored by Japaul Oil and Maritime Services. To know more about this campaign the local newspaper Vanguard, is publishing detailed information.
In Worldcoo we are also worried about the Noma disease. That's why we have the Construction of a fenced area for crops project together with Fundació Campaner NGO. In this case to eradicate Noma in Diffa, a small town in the border between Niger and Nigeria. Are you helping us?
If you want to know more about Niger, Noma and the Fundació Campaner NGO, we are pleased to encourage you to visit the photographic exhibition which will take place in Les Cotxeres Casinet in Barcelona, from April 15th to 28th. Full details here.
What is KIC InnoEnergy? What kind of ventures they support? What is their acceleration program about?
What is Worldcoo? How it works? What we learned?
Agenda: Presentation followed by networking cocktail in MBA cafeteria.
Time: 3 to 5 pm.
Where: ESADE CREAPOLIS room 3D02.
We are looking forward to exchange opinions and learn from the Cleantech Club members, which are also studens from The ESADE MBA.
Crowdfunding had last year an 81% increase over 2011, reaching $2.7 billion in 2012, according to the 'Report Crowdfunding Industry 2013' drawn up by the research firm Massolution. The study was based on data collected from 308 active crowdfunding platforms (CFPs) worldwide and further research done by a team of academics and analysts from around the world.
By regions, the study reveals that North America's volume of crowdfunding contributions grew 105% to $1.6 billion raised. Europe is the second one, with a growth of 65% to $945 million. Both two dominate the landscape of crowdfunding, with a share of over 95%. All other markets grew about 125%. Oceania ($76 million), Asia ($33 million), South America ($800,000) and Africa ($65,000) come after them.
Most of this growth came from donations and rewards-based platforms (680,000 campaigns) and lending-based crowdfunding (about 250,000). The lending-based crowdfunding is arising mainly from microcredit and loans driven by local communities to SMEs, also with the adoption-reward campaigns such as based on Kickstarter. Social causes accounted for 27% of all activity of crowdfunding, which Massolution expected to change it as more start-ups and SMEs begin to take advantage of this platform. The other nine most active categories by were business and entrepreneurship, cinema, music, energy, fashion, art, ICT, editorial and science & technology. Videogames, which in 2012 raised $83 million just on Kickstarter, are also an emerging category, according Kartaszewicz-Grell.
Massolution, which is specialized in crowdsourcing and crowdfunding industries, were right in the forecast of 2012 about the growth of total crowdfunding volume and they expect that these figures will reach $5.1 billion in 2013, 72% in North America.
Sergi Figueres participated last March 26th in the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Foundation's Annual Innovation Forum in Brussels to share his experience and to present Worldcoo, in the "Big data to capture and show knowledge" group.
Thirty young leaders from the worlds of business, academia and research shared their inspiring ideas with policy-makers and business executives. The young professionals, entrepreneurs and students presented their ideas on innovative solutions to business opportunities in sectors such as health, energy, information and communication market, startups or to promote smart cities and knowledge Societies. The EIT Foundation young leaders' programme aims to discover a new generation of talented entrepreneurs who can drive the development of sustainable innovation in the EU.
The main theme of the Annual Innovation Forum is on how 'data-driven innovation' can benefit society and the economy. In how Europe can harness the full potential of the amount of data that is generated nowadays to address the economic, environmental and societal challenges of our time. From better delivery of public services to more efficient energy use, data-driven innovation is seen as crucial for economic growth.
Crowdfunding seems to be trendy nowadays. And no wonder, because in last few years, since social media revolution, this is being a method that is helping hundreds of people, projects and platforms to be funded.
Crowdfunding was born from what was previously only called donations but it has evolved in such a way that in different countries has already its own specific legislation that supports, defends and promotes crowdfunding. In Worldcoo we want this legislation to reach also our home country, Spain, and to achieve it we support the campaign carried out by the portal Universo Crowdfunding called "Yo apoyo el crowdfunding".
From Worldcoo we believe in it and we support the Universo Crowdfunding campaign to achieve this legislation in Spain and we encourage you to spread this campaign to get it as soon as possible. You can find this campaign in social media with the hashtag #yocrowdfunding and follow @yocrowdfunding help the cause.
In Worldcoo we are very happy! And it's no wonder. It's been a little bit more than two months since we launched our project, and we really think that this is the first stop we have to do to recap and evaluate with you what we have achieve in this time.
First of all, as you might know, our community has already exceed 400 members. We are very happy about it! In addition, we have 73 donors in our community, which means that about 20% of our members have made a donation. We can't think of another way to thank you this fact that typing in caps THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH! This project is finding its place and with your help we will succeed. We also want to thank our first sponsor, Eva Cosmetics, for believing in us and, especially, for the responsibility they show with a gesture like this. All the people, and companies, who believe in a better world have a place here in Worldcoo to let their voices be heard.
We also want to mention our projects. We started this with 3 projects working with 3 NGOs and now we are working with 5 projects and 5 NGOs. Thanks to our NGOs for their trust in us and in our community and thanks to our community again because, if it were not for this rapidly growing, we would not be able to get what we got.
Finally, we would like to inform you that something in our website has changed its look. Go round and find our new photo mosaic of our users. Thank you very much to everyone and remember, if you are not in the mosaic because you have not upload your profile picture, Upload it!


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87-year-old woman killed in Westwood house fire, authorities say
An 87-year-old woman is dead after she was unable to escape a fire that started in her home, according to police.The Westwood Police Department reports that it received a 911 call at 12:06 p.m. Saturday about a house fire with a person inside the home in the area of Washington and Lull streets.Police officers and firefighters immediately responded, and relatives who were outside the home told the officer who arrived first at the scene that the woman was inside, but that it was too hot and smoky for them to enter the house.Westwood Patrol Officer Joe Rached immediately entered the home and found the elderly woman on the floor in the kitchen area and pulled her outside. Rached was met by Westwood firefighters and paramedics, who were standing by outside the house to treat her.The woman, who has not been identified, was pronounced dead at the scene as a result of her injuries. She was the only person inside the home when the fire started."The heartfelt thoughts of the Westwood Police and Fire departments are with the family affected by this sad event, and we ask that you join us in keeping them in your thoughts and prayers," reads a statement from the police department.Investigators believe the victim was cooking when she was overcome by a fire that started suddenly in her kitchen, and then spread throughout the home.The exact cause of the fire is still being investigated by the Massachusetts State Fire Marshal's Office, the Massachusetts State Police, the Westwood Fire Department and the Westwood Police Department.
WESTWOOD, Mass. —
An 87-year-old woman is dead after she was unable to escape a fire that started in her home, according to police.
The Westwood Police Department reports that it received a 911 call at 12:06 p.m. Saturday about a house fire with a person inside the home in the area of Washington and Lull streets.
Police officers and firefighters immediately responded, and relatives who were outside the home told the officer who arrived first at the scene that the woman was inside, but that it was too hot and smoky for them to enter the house.
Westwood Patrol Officer Joe Rached immediately entered the home and found the elderly woman on the floor in the kitchen area and pulled her outside. Rached was met by Westwood firefighters and paramedics, who were standing by outside the house to treat her.
The woman, who has not been identified, was pronounced dead at the scene as a result of her injuries. She was the only person inside the home when the fire started.
"The heartfelt thoughts of the Westwood Police and Fire departments are with the family affected by this sad event, and we ask that you join us in keeping them in your thoughts and prayers," reads a statement from the police department.
Investigators believe the victim was cooking when she was overcome by a fire that started suddenly in her kitchen, and then spread throughout the home.
The exact cause of the fire is still being investigated by the Massachusetts State Fire Marshal's Office, the Massachusetts State Police, the Westwood Fire Department and the Westwood Police Department.


The Women's Film Project is an organization founded in 2014 to showcase films by and/or about women. We aim to present captivating programs that engage, inspire, and connect our community. We also seek to be a venue that encourages and supports women of all backgrounds to embrace leading roles in film both in front and behind the camera.
Our marquee celebration is the annual Women's Film Festival, the only event of its kind in Philadelphia. The festival brings in audience members from all over the region and women filmmakers, actors, and leaders from around the world. We also offer numerous smaller film screenings throughout the year.
We look forward to working with you to create new and innovative work!


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AARP AARP States Volunteering
AARP Volunteers Make Tax Time Less Taxing
By Michael Rowett , January 29, 2014 07:16 PM
AARP Foundation Tax-Aide will provide free tax assistance & preparation starting in February 2014.
LITTLE ROCK— This year, AARP Foundation is again providing free tax assistance and preparation for taxpayers with low to moderate income through AARP Foundation Tax-Aide.
AARP Foundation Tax-Aide, in its 45th year, is the nation's largest free tax assistance and preparation service, giving special attention to those 60 and older. You do not need to be a member of AARP or a retiree to use this free service.
AARP Foundation Tax-Aide sites in Arkansas will be open starting Feb. 1 through April 15 and operate on a first come, first served basis; some sites offer appointments. Each site's opening date will depend upon the days of the week on which it will operate. So if a site operates on a Saturday, it will open on Saturday, Feb. 1. If a site operates on a Monday, its first day will be Monday, Feb. 3. If a site operates on a Wednesday, its first day will be Wednesday, Feb. 5, and so on.
For more information or to locate an AARP Foundation Tax-Aide site, visit www.aarp.org/findtaxhelp or call 1-888-AARP-NOW (1-888-227-7669).
"AARP Foundation Tax-Aide exists to help those who might not otherwise have access to tax preparation services," said Lydia Plant, Arkansas State Administrator for AARP Foundation Tax-Aide. "Those who receive tax preparation assistance from our IRS-trained and certified volunteers also avoid any tax preparation fees and pitches for high-interest refund anticipation loans and checks."
In 2013, AARP Foundation Tax-Aide's 35,000 volunteers at nearly 6,000 sites provided 2.6 million people with free tax help. Taxpayers who used AARP Foundation Tax-Aide received $1.3 billion in income tax refunds and more than $244 million in Earned Income Tax Credits (EITCs).
Last year, 290 AARP Foundation Tax-Aide volunteers helped more than 30,640 Arkansans file their federal and state income tax returns. The program is offered at 28 sites in Arkansas including senior centers, libraries and other convenient locations. AARP Foundation Tax-Aide is offered in conjunction with the IRS.
About AARP Foundation
AARP Foundation is working to win back opportunity for struggling Americans 50+ by being a force for change on the most serious issues they face today: housing, hunger, income and isolation. By coordinating responses to these issues on all four fronts at once, and supporting them with vigorous legal advocacy, the Foundation serves the unique needs of those 50+ while working with local organizations nationwide to reach more people and make resources go further. AARP Foundation is a charitable affiliate of AARP. Learn more at www.aarpfoundation.org
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About AARP States
AARP is active in all 50 states and Washington, DC, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Connect with AARP in your state.
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Cellar downgrading in preparation for a big move!!
Buyer pays for shipping. Also able to deliver locally in the Boston area. PM if interested.
Last edited by Brian S t o t t e r on April 10th, 2019, 6:38 am, edited 42 times in total.
Great transaction with Brian...thank you sir!
Damn can't believe I missed those two myriads.
Have bought from Brian before and had a great experience.
Great meeting you at Bill's BBQ thing a few weeks back. I'm interested in the Vieux Telegraphe and the Turleys. Still available?


text:
"Kafundanga" Chingunji (died January 1974)  served as the first Chief of Staff in the government of UNITA, pro-Western rebels, during the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002). As the patriarch of the Chingunji family he founded a political dynasty based in Angola's Central Highlands.

Death
Officially, Chingunji died from cerebral malaria on Angola's border with Zambia. His wife and others who saw his body say someone poisoned Chingunji. Rumors later alleged Jonas Savimbi, the head of UNITA, ordered his assassination.

See also
List of unsolved deaths

References

1974 deaths
Angolan politicians
Angolan rebels
Angolan warlords
People of the Angolan Civil War
UNITA politicians
Unsolved deaths
Year of birth missing
Angolan revolutionaries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia