Berkshire Strength Academy provides your child with an additional training session, that focuses on strength, agility, speed, endurance, flexibility, and recovery – all essential components of a sportsperson's training, whatever the sport. Each 90-minute session has a different focus, with strength and endurance testing taking place on the first and final session each term, to ensure your child's development is monitored.
Athletes work in a group environment, yet are set individual challenges from a range of fun and exciting bodyweight circuit sessions, exhilarating bootcamp style activities, and will be taught how to safely use a range of free weights and resistance weights equipment.
With access to an indoor gymnasium, fitness suite, astro pitch, and a field with an eight lane 400m track*, each week's actual location of the session differs, but we always meet outside the Edgbarrow School Reception building. Sessions starts at 5.30pm and ends at 7.00pm. Athletes need to dress for the weather, and bring a drink with them.
Our sessions are not for the feint hearted, but for those who are prepared to put in 100% each week, to ensure they reap the rewards and continue their development in becoming outstanding athletes in their field.
Places are limited to a maximum of 20, enabling athletes to be supported and guided on a more personal level.
StepUp Sports Coaching is the trading name of StepUp Foundation, a not-for-profit social enterprise that uses sport to improve the lives of disadvantaged and disabled young people.
All profits from our sports coaching activities are diverted to our charitable projects.
- "It is amazing here!"


The Backwoods Boxer Brief with the tagless waistband and our Signature Breathable Mesh Zone. This limited edition style virtually eliminates sticking, squashing, re-adjusting, sweating and chafing. Plus, it's made in soft, lightweight bamboo fabric. You know underwear. You know this is one special pair. We don't need to tell you to grab one while you still can.


Welcome to Warren Primary School.
On behalf of the staff, children and governors, I would like to welcome you to our school.
Warren Primary School is an exciting place to learn!
We have enthusiastic, talented and hardworking children, who are supported in their learning by an outstanding staff team, dedicated governors and very supportive parents.
Our values of willingness, ambition, resilience, respect, enthusiasm and never giving up, permeate the life of our school, with staff, pupils, governors and parents working and learning together, sharing a common aim for all our children to be the best that they can be in our journey of building tomorrow today.
I hope this website gives you a flavour of life at Warren.
If you wish to be kept up to date with events as they happen, please visit our news page or follow us on Twitter. Should you require a paper copy of any of the information on our website, please contact the school office.
With best wishes from everyone at Warren Primary School.


text:
Betty George (1918–2011) – menedżerka we wrestlingu
 Betty George (1926–2007) – piosenkarka

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How to build a landing page in react I'm building a Saas app and I'm wondering how to best approach the "landing" page with the pricing information, etc. I was thinking of making it a static html page that links to the React app / dashboard once a user goes to login or register.Build a sales funnel Most websites make $5K just from a few products. Your sales funnel isn't set up well. The key to your website making money is selling higher-end products at the back end of your sales funnel, and a part of that is your mailing list. Without a sales funnel, you are leaving the majority of your money on the table.Build landing page on wordpress So, how to build landing pages in WordPress, do you need a variety of landing pages then creating templates or using templates already created within the plugins, themes on your website would be highly recommended to you. Creating custom theme sales and landing page templates is more complex.
The Bootstrap framework makes it easy to lay out responsive ecommerce product detail pages. Small business owners and even novice site designers can use Bootstrap to build a professional looking page..
Mostly, landing pages have a contact or a signup form. It's super easy to make one with Launchpad. Start by designing it – a text input (Or multiple) and a send button. Use the "Set as" button to make them an input and a submit button. Setting text input and a submit button.
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Create highly converting and responsive pages in matters of minutes with our landing pages creator. Test your squeeze pages for higher conversion.. Use the landing page creator to build a few versions of a landing page and test for conversion.
Build landing page squarespace How to build a landing page in mailchimp Landing Page. SquareSpace integration with MailerLite. Squarespace is the all-in-one solution for anyone looking to create a beautiful website. 1. Enable the integration by turning ON the switch in the application's Squarespace integration page.
Anima plugin for Sketch allows designers to creare Responsive and Interactive websites right. So if you want a quick start, here's how to create a landing page. Our process of transforming a Sketch.
Learn how to create your own landing page for your affiliate. of it's awesome grid system, responsive design, HTML components, and cross.
Responsive Web Design is about using HTML and CSS to automatically resize, hide, shrink, or enlarge, a website, to make it look good on all devices (desktops, tablets, and phones): Try it Yourself Note: A web page should look good on any device !
Elementor how to build a landing page without my theme header What's New With Elementor WordPress Page Builder & What's Coming Soon. Loading. More From: Whats new with elementor wordpress page builder whats coming soon.. Best WordPress Themes For The Elementor Page Builder 2018. by Darrel Wilson on 2018-05-11 In Video.


From 41st Street take Louise Avenue south to 49th, turn left for approximately 3 blocks. Turn left on Carnegie Circle. Oxbow Estates is directly behind the Caille Branch Library. The office is in building 3908.
© 2019 RentPath, LLC. All rights reserved. All photos, videos and floor plans are the property of RentPath, LLC. All text is the property of Oxbow Estates. RentPath is in no way affiliated with the management or ownership of Oxbow Estates.


text:
Q: unable to deploy UWP app built from website I'm trying to convert my website into an UWP application to enable me to upload it into microsoft store. I found out an article: 'https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/convert-web-application-to-universal-windows-platform-app-in-visual-studio-2017/' which helped me to build the uwp app from my website using visual studio 2019 successfully.
I followed the steps listed below to create my UWP app
Step 1:
I created a new project and selected Blank APP (Universal Windows) in Windows Universal section of JavaScript templates and chose windows 10 as target version
Step 2:
Opened the package.appmanifest > Application Tab and changed entry point to my web url:https://mbracecloud.com
Step 3:
Opened Content URI tab and pasted web url:mbracecloud.com in URI field.
Step 4:
Then i hit the local machine build button, which built the app successfully and launched it within minutes.
But the app showed a blank page instead of opening my website.
I do not know where i'm going wrong ?

A:
which helped me to build the uwp app from my website using visual studio 2019 successfully.

During the testing, make WinJS blank app and edit package.appmanifest changed entry point with website address, then add Content URI. And it works well.
Visual Studio 2019 has removed WinJs Template. Please create and build the with VS 2017. And for this scenario we suggest you use PWA to replace WinJS blank app template.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Colin Kaepernick 'deserves a job,'…
Colin Kaepernick 'deserves a job,' says ex-rival Richard Sherman
Colin Kaepernick's NFL career deserves a second chance according to 49ers cornerback Richard Sherman
Colin Kaepernick #7 of the San Francisco 49ers looks on as Richard Sherman #25 and D'Anthony Smith #94 of the Seattle Seahawks celebrate a saftey during their game at Qwest Field on September 15, 2013 in Seattle, Washington. (Jonathan Ferrey/Getty Images)
By Cam Inman |
PUBLISHED: June 11, 2020 at 4:00 a.m. | UPDATED: June 11, 2020 at 12:12 p.m.
Richard Sherman ruined Colin Kaepernick's last playoff pass of his stalled career. Surely you recall how Sherman's deflection resulted in an end zone interception at Seattle, thus spoiling the 2013 49ers' bid to repeat as NFC champs.
Nowadays, count Sherman among those insisting Kaepernick belongs back in the NFL, after a three-year absence.
San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick (7) is tapped on the back by the Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman (25) as they leave the field after a 19-3 Seattle win at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, Calif., on Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014. (Josie Lepe/Bay Area News Group)
Sherman's vote doesn't count, however. The onus is on NFL owners who've remained silent about Kaepernick, even amid this month's protests against racial inequality and police misconduct, the very topics why Kaepernick knelt during the 2016 national anthems before 49ers games.
"I can want him to have a job and I can think he deserves a job as much as anybody," Sherman, the ex-Seahawk and current 49er cornerback, said Wednesday on a video conference with Bay Area media. "He's a good player and has shown he can play in this league and can play at the highest level.
"So he deserves a job. But to answer those questions, I have to be a decision maker who didn't give him a job, and I'm not that person. Until those people are asked those difficult questions, we'll never get the answers."
Kaepernick, of course, sought those answers in a collusion case against the NFL that was settled last year. The only known workout he's had since opting out of his 49ers contract came last fall, when he ditched the NFL's script and put on his own show outside of Atlanta, all of which kept him unemployed.
We, the NFL, condemn racism and the systematic oppression of Black People. We, the NFL, admit we were wrong for not listening to NFL players earlier and encourage all to speak out and peacefully protest. We, the NFL, believe Black Lives Matter. #InspireChange pic.twitter.com/ENWQP8A0sv
— NFL (@NFL) June 5, 2020
When NFL commissioner Roger Goodell posted a video message last week acknowledging the league's shortcomings on player protests, he did not mention Kaepernick by name. Sherman wasn't surprised.
"That's the thing, the NFL is a PR machine and know how to construe the message to get their point across to appease and pacify the public without overstepping what they consider their moral high ground," Sherman said. "That's unfortunate."
Although the 49ers publicly supported Kaepernick's protests during his sixth and final season with them, they have no reason to re-sign him, not with Jimmy Garoppolo entrenched as their starter while Nick Mullens and C.J. Beathard return as seasoned backups in Kyle Shanahan's system.
#49ers Colin Kaepernick video Part 1 pic.twitter.com/WEPwqBucsh
— Cam Inman (@CamInman) August 28, 2016
Sherman commended the 49ers' approach to improving social equality, as was addressed on a recent video call with the 49ers' hierarchy and a dozen veteran players.
"Its' great to see how much they care , how much Kyle (Shanahan) and John (Lynch), Paraag (Marathe) and Jed care about these issues," Sherman said. "A lot has been made about them throwing money at the issue. There's a lot more at the foundational level that's been done by not only our coaching staff but our players, front office and ownership to really make a difference and make a change in this world.
"I don't see our team as the issue. Our team is a bunch of guys who come from a ton different places who get along very well and don't see color lines like that. It's about spreading that love and spreading that impact."
49ers must conquer Eagles and their fans in difficult title game road assignment
49ers-Eagles: Different approaches but equal results roster-building
Inman: What it'll be like for 49ers flying into Eagles' notorious nest
Defensive tackle Javon Kinlaw, the 49ers' top draft pick, is among those who would love to see Kaepernick back in the NFL. Kinlaw shared an Instagram post Wednesday featuring a picture of Kaepernick kneeling under the title "I'M WITH KAP," to which Kinlaw captioned it: "Best believe I'm on that type of time."
https://www.instagram.com/p/CBRSU1jJXt1/
Cam Inman
More in San Francisco 49ers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Great food, and fast and friendly service! The restaurant is kept very clean too. I've been coming to this pizza joint for years and have never been disappointed. In my opinion, one of the best pizza places in the Lehigh valley!
My wife and I had heard of Penn Pizza. We decided to try and placed an order for delivery. The order arrived 15 minutes quicker than expected. The pizza was excellent, along with the additional mushrooms and onion rings. While the prices were a little high, the food was VERY GOOD.
All I can say about this place is they do not skimp on the servings. If you eat here make sure to ask for a to go box because the portions are huge. Good food and a reasonable price. If I am ever back that way again I will be stopping here to eat.
This is my favorite place to get pizza. My wife and I dined in last night. We enjoyed the food and the friendly service. The only complaint I had is the floor was very messy.
Awesome, and as always, you find the real gems in the least suspected places, such as an office complex. A consistent, even excellent choice when I am visiting the parents and feel like Italian. Best around when you want fresh, noncommercial Italian, and this coming from someone that lives in a part of New Jersey with a mom & pop Italian restaurant on every other block. Always order one of the specials, they are generally unforgettable.
Great West Allentown pizza. Nice people and they always listen when you ask for a pizza 'well done'. Haven't had a bad experience yet.
I had Penn Pizza cater my works Christmas party this year and we couldn't have picked a better place. The staff was so easy to work with and flexible with their menu. We had a budget to stick to and they helped us get what we wanted within our budget. The food was amazing and everyone couldn't stop raving about it! Penn Pizza definitely has a happy customer and a returning one for next year's Christmas party!! Thank you for the wonderful food and the wonderful service!
Excellent place to eat. Clean. Service is always prompt and good. Food is always outstanding. Highly recommend if you're in the area. I come here a lot for lunch. The place is tucked away in a professional business park so you have to look a bit.
Penn Pizza offers a wide array of Italian cuisine, steak sandwiches and antipasto salads. Food is promptly served by friendly wait staff piping hot and reasonably priced. I love the array tips to and the California cheese steak. Never disappointed!


36. Invisible communion, though by its nature always growing, presupposes the life of grace, by which we become "partakers of the divine nature" (2 Pet 1:4), and the practice of the virtues of faith, hope and love. Only in this way do we have true communion with the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Nor is faith sufficient; we must persevere in sanctifying grace and love, remaining within the Church "bodily" as well as "in our heart"; 72 what is required, in the words of Saint Paul, is "faith working through love" (Gal 5:6).
37. The two sacraments of the Eucharist and Penance are very closely connected. Because the Eucharist makes present the redeeming sacrifice of the Cross, perpetuating it sacramentally, it naturally gives rise to a continuous need for conversion, for a personal response to the appeal made by Saint Paul to the Christians of Corinth: "We beseech you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God" (2 Cor 5:20). If a Christian's conscience is burdened by serious sin, then the path of penance through the sacrament of Reconciliation becomes necessary for full participation in the Eucharistic Sacrifice.


text:
if [[ -z $instance && $gtmver && $gtm_dist && $basedir ]]; then
    echo "The required variables are not set (instance, gtmver, gtm_dist)"
fi

echo "Installing Panorama"

# Overwrite the config to add Panorama routes
cat > $basedir/qewd/qewd.js << EOF
var config = {
  managementPassword: 'keepThisSecret!',
  serverName: '${instance} QEWD Server',
  port: 8080,
  poolSize: 5,
  database: {
    type: 'gtm'
  }
};

var routes = [{
  path: '/ewd-vista-pushdata',
  module: 'ewd-vista-push-handler'
}]

var qewd = require('qewd').master;
qewd.start(config, routes);
EOF

# Install published modules
cd $basedir/qewd/node_modules
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista.git"
cd ewd-vista
su $instance -c "source $basedir/.nvm/nvm.sh && source $basedir/etc/env && npm install --quiet >> $basedir/log/ewd-vistaInstall.log"
cd ..
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-login.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-bedboard.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-taskman-monitor.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-fileman.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-pharmacy.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && git clone https://github.com/shabiel/ewd-vista-push-handler.git"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && mkdir $basedir/qewd/www/ewd-vista"
su $instance -c "source $basedir/etc/env && cp -R $basedir/qewd/node_modules/ewd-vista/www/* $basedir/qewd/www/ewd-vista/"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Oxfordshire's cameras to be switched back on?
16.29 | 2 November 2010 | Speed | 10 comments
Thames Valley Police and Oxfordshire County Council are close to agreeing a new arrangement that would see safety cameras on the county's roads switched back on.
A spokesman for Thames Valley Police said: "We are committed to deliver the government's road safety strategy to reduce the numbers killed and seriously injured on our roads. This is delivered through enforcement, education and engineering.
"The main areas where enforcement takes place is through mobile and fixed safety cameras, and from this we can divert drivers into education as an alternative to prosecution.
"Speed continues to be one of the main risk factors on the roads, and the safety cameras form an important part of tackling driver behaviour. We want to have the capability to enforce this legislation effectively across the whole of Thames Valley and we have been working very hard at a national level to find a solution to the current funding issues.
"We have been in regular communication with Oxfordshire County Council since the cameras were withdrawn, and welcome their decision to support a new model."
A spokesman for Oxfordshire County Council said: "It was common knowledge that the government would be making huge cutbacks from April 2011 onwards. However, it could not have been foreseen that there would be huge and dramatic cutbacks to grants that had already been agreed and signed off by the previous government for the 2010/11 financial year. There was therefore no way any of us could have known that the Road Safety Grant would be cut – and that is what led to the switching off of speed cameras.
"We've been in discussion with our partners at Thames Valley Police and we're close to an agreement to have them switched back on. I look forward to being able to reveal the detail of that agreement in future weeks."
The 72 fixed camera sites in Oxfordshire were turned off in August after the county council withdrew its funding to the Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership.
The decision to switch the cameras back on was apparently made following discussions with Mike Penning MP, road safety minister, chief constable Mick Giannasi, ACPO lead on roads policing, and deputy chief constable Adam Briggs, ACPO chair of roads policing operations.
The number of drivers speeding past Oxfordshire's deactivated safety cameras increased by up to 88%, according to an earlier BBC News report.
"Anybody stating that any driver can speed safely clearly are not interested in road safety at all" I find this comment from Ms Brixey very naive and confusing. When you look at the 70 MPH figure on motorways it is a totally arbitrary figure and yes sometimes this speed limit is necessary but please don't try to tell me that on a clear motorway someone driving a top of the range Mercedes for example cannot drive safely at 80 or 90 MPH is clearly wrong. Sometimes 50 MPH might be too fast it all depends on the circumstances and the road and the traffic etc.
Paul Carberry, Oxford
SHOCK HORROR! % of Oxfordshire drivers NOT speeding falls from 99.8% to 99.3% after camera switch-off!
Something must be done! Immediately
Richard Owen who referred us to safetyknowledgecentre.org.uk/knowledge/288.html is of course the operations manager of Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership. I, on the other hand have no vested interests in this context other than safer roads.
I have now studied the data Mr. Owen provides at that web site, and have done so knowing that these claims of increased speeding after camera switch-off are being used to persuade Oxfordshire and other local authorities to continue funding cameras. I base my assessment on 50 years experience as an electronic engineer including 30 years running my own electronics company whose survival, let alone success, was critially dependent not only on my being right most of the time, but on my willingness to bite the bullet when I was wrong, admit – even to myself – that a project had gone irretrievably wrong and cut my losses. After 15 years of involvement in anti-euro and anti-EU politics I have also become wearily familiar with incompetence, spin, half-truths, weasel words and indeed downright lies to a far greater extent that I ever came across in business or engineering, so I bring with me that experience too.
So how do these claims of greatly increased speeding stand up to scrutiny? As Professor Stradling – long involved in road safety matters – asked in the first comment on this web site -"Is this bad news or good news?" and then answered his own question with "a vanishingly small proportion" of passing motorists 'took advantage' of their new found freedom to drive above the speed limit. This is good news."" Yet this good news has invariably been presented in the media as bad news and a threat to road safety, sufficient to justify switching the cameras back on again at a cost of many hundreds of thousands of pounds a year.
Using what Mr. Owen describes here as the "much more significant" results for 1 month (!), allow me to expand on Professor Stradling's wholly justified comments:-
At more than 180 representative sites across the country automated equipment monitors speed, volume and indeed vehicle types of all traffic, at all speeds and the data allows sophisticated, meaningful analysis in any conceivable way, as reported annually by the DfT. In contrast, and as his report confirms, all that Mr. Owen had available in his search for justification of cameras was 6 speed cameras equipped only with counters that recorded each occasion on which a vehicle exceeded the usual penalty threshold – e.g. 35mph in a 30 area etc.
These counters were unable to record vehicle numbers that were not speeding or therefore the the proportion of vehicles that were speeding (though we can estimate it, see later) Although the radar detectors and trip circuitry had to be working to trigger the counters, the cameras themselves were not, so no speed measurements as such were available, even for those vehicles that were speeding and it was impossible to know whether the average had fallen, risen or barely changed. Similarly it was not possible to determine whether the "extra" speeders had merely speeded up by the odd 1 or 2 mph that took them above the trigger speeds – or by much more (see below)
Although no traffic volume data is available, it is possible to estimate it, starting with the recommended "two second rule" for vehicle spacing. Two second spacing in steady traffic on a single carriageway amounts to 30 vehicles per minute, 1,800 per hour or 43,200 per day. Of course no road operates at such maximum capacity 24 hours a day, but on the other hand some of the A roads in the TVSRP study might have 2 or more lanes, and many drivers follow at significantly less than 2 second intervals. It is therefore reasonable to assume for the sake of argument that average traffic volume past the relevant cameras might be of the order of 10,000 per day – i.e. 23% of capacity, arguably on the low side given how near busy Oxford they are.
The total daily number of penalties in July 2010 just before switch-off was exactly 100 for the 6 sites, which would have seen a total of 60,000 vehicles pass by. That is a speeding/penalty rate of 0.17% of passing traffic. In August 2010 there were 408 penalties per day, a rate of 0.68% of passing traffic.
Mr. Owen has homed in on these percentages rather than actual numbers to magnify the results into a scare story to frighten local authorities into continuing with cameras but as Professor Stradling pointed out, what the figures really mean is that "a vanishingly small proportion…took advantage' of their new found freedom to drive above the speed limit. This is good news." In other words, the proportion of drivers not speeding has fallen only from 99.8% to 99.3%. An inconvenient truth indeed – or to put it another way – 4 four times damn all is still damn all.
Other other important points.
It surely cannot be disputed that the great majority of drivers in a known speed camera area choose to drive just below but still within a few mph of it. It would not be in the least surprising that when the camera threat is removed, many drivers pay rather less attention to micro-managing their speeds and more to what really matters, the view through their windscreens and that as a result – as it seems – something like 1 in 200 allow their speeds to drift slighly above the limit rather than slightly below. Indeed I am astonished that the figure seems to be that low.
Of course as the data is not available (see above) we do not know for certain, but logic suggests that the most likely explanation of the 300% increase in "speeding" indeed amounts to nothing more than that – a very few drivers speeding up by a very few mph. Could this ever justify Oxfordshire spending hundreds of thousands of pounds each year to prevent it? Clearly not.
There is another important aspect however – that 100% of drivers concentrating less on micro-managing their speeds and looking for speed cameras, and concentrating more on the road ahead might well be significantly safer than they were before, and that the reductions in their accidents (the most important accident causation factor is "failing to look properly") might well be significantly greater than any increase due to 0.5% of drivers speeding up by the odd few mph.
Which brings me nicely to this extraordinary statement to which Mr. Owen has given his name:
"It will be several months before casualty data is available at the location to see if there is a correlation between the increase in offence rates and an increase in recorded injury collisions."
I have to tell you Mr. Owen, in all seriousness, that if you believe that you will be able to find meaningful correlation between these "vanishingly small" speeding changes and injury collisions at a handful of sites over "several months" you clearly have no understanding of statistics or accidents, and are therefore in the wrong job.
In March 2008 I drew your attention to the DfT's admission (see http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200607/ cmselect/cmtran/memo_roads/memo1.pdf) that vehicle activated signs are not marginally less cost effective than cameras, as they had previously claimed, but 9 times more cost effective. I also copied you an independent accountant's report and my own analysis showing that even that admission was far from the whole truth, because many of the elements of the comparison had been (seemingly deliberately) skewed in favour of the cameras, and that the true comparison was more like 50 to 1 in favour of signs. (see http://www.safespeed.org.uk/vas.html).
Idris Francis, Petersfield
I challenged Clare Brixey at a Trowbridge pro-camera event she headed for Brake, and it became obvious very quickly that she has not the slightest idea of the data or how to analyse it – any more than Brake itself has. Emotion and naive simplistic theories never solved anything, nor improved road safety.
Amongst her un-informed replies was "the only people who brake suddenly are those who are speeding" – a statement that raises roars of laughter and disbelief from any group of drivers I repeat it to. In the real world, Ms. Brixey, braking when seeing a speed canera, with its attendant risks, is a reflex action for most drivers, even those who think they are not speeding, but brake "just in case".
My point about the cost of slowing down traffic is more important than Ms. Brixey appears to understand. The costs I referred to – between £2bn and £5bn off GDP for each 1mph reduction in average speed. Through taxation it is that GDP that pays for the NHS and other vital services. Any rational assessment of the cost effectiveness of measures to save lives in the NHS (where more than 200 people die every day compared to 7 on the roads) due to infection, lack of hygiene,lack of skilled care, food poisoning, cutting out the wrong organ or cutting off the wrong limb,MRSA etc)shows by a very large margin indeed that slowing down traffic in an attempt to save lives on the road could only result in far more additional deaths elsewhere. Indeed one organisation that studies these things stated at a TfL meeting I attended that every time they do the arithmetic they find that slowing down traffic costs far more than it saves.
I have met and corresponded with Richard Owen and his colleague Dan Campsall of TVSRP. The latter at a presentation where he showed a slide "72% reduction in KSI at our sites" clearly intended the audience to assume that this was due to the presence of cameras but when I challenged him he admitted that he had no way of explaining the fall.
When I wrote to them pointing out that (see my earlier posting) the supposed benefits of cameras could be provided at 2% of the cost, they simply did not want to know. Why? One of the major reasons that cameras cost £50,000 a year each compared to less than £1,000 a year for a sign – despite no better and arguably worse results – is the astronomical costs of the enforcement system and the Partnerships that pay Mr. Owen's and Mr. Campsall's salaries.
Similarly, when I pointed out to them that Transport Select Cttee stated in 2008 that they were no longer prepared to believe police/DfT data showing falling SI because hospital, fire and rescue and motor insurance data showed no such fall, they rejected out of hand my suggestion that they might like to cross check SI trends in Thames Valley with hospital SI trends in the same area. "Not our job" they replied.
I tell you this Mr. Owen and Mr. Campsall – in the 30 years I ran my own electronics manufacturing company, there were two or three occasions when I did not go to bed for a week when a crisis occurred, and there was no way on earth I would have turned away from and ignored evidence that my figures were seriously flawed.
The vital difference is of course that in private companies go to the wall if they peddle rubbish or fail to respond to cusomers' needs or complaints and not just my job but my investment over years would have been lost had I failed to act. Others, employed by the State which can never go bust, have quite different motives that lead to the blatant refusal to face facts or admit error that I have come up against over the last 10 years.
I will look up the web page that Mr. Owen refers to and see if it adds anything to the statistically meaningless speeding data I obtained from TVSRP recently, and will return to comment on this issue.
Incidentally, the recent RAC report is nonsense from beginning to end and I will soon have available a detailed rebuttal of its findings
Petersfield, Hants
I fully support speed cameras being switched back on! They should NEVER have been switched off! The only reason that cameras had been switched off was due to funding cuts, not because the scheme has ever been discredited as some may wrongly believe. Speed has and will always be a contributing factor to fatalities & serious injuries on our roads. The cost of slowing traffic down will always be far less than the cost of fatalities & serious injuries. Let's not forget the life changing devastation that road traffic collisions also cause. Anybody stating that any driver can speed safely clearly are not interested in road safety at all. It is an absolutely ridiculus thing to say. Camera warning systems should be banned by law, then motorist could be educated in driving to the speed limits at all time and not just where a speed camera is placed. Speed awareness courses are attended because drivers can choose this option instead of points on their licence. If it were just put on to attend if drivers feel like it then the ones who need it wouldn't attend because they wrongly believe their is nothing wrong with their driving. As for vehicle activation signs, yes they are good but only as good as the driver's ability to obey them. A driver is much more likely to slow down for a speed camera for obvious reasons, it will cost them money. Bring on the switch on of cameras in all areas across the country. Let's try to keep our roads a safer place to be. Yes we need education, I am very active in that area & yes we need more police enforcement. We also need drivers of ALL ages to be more responsible drivers, consider others on our roads and stop being so selfish.
Clare Brixey, Somerset
Idris Francis can be relied upon to put his unique out of balance view forward at every opportunity. Slowing traffic down is a cost to the economy, but not if the faster speeds result in collisions, which in turn lead to road closures. Local business groups are far always more concerned about keeping the roads moving and having predictable journey times rather than achieiving speeds which actually increase fuel costs which shave seconds or minutes off journey times. I thought you were a businessman Mr Francis perhaps you should listen to real businessmen?
James Cornwall
Mr Francis makes most valid comments. I would however consider that whenever statistics are claimed to achieve anything, that both the method of recording said statistics, and a comparative period be of equal quality and duration. To claim after one month (or five days) that figures show anything consequential in comparison to 17 years of speed cameras, is stretching the imagination somewhat. Of the number of alleged speeding vehicles, how many were involved in any accident, and if so, was speed in excess of the limit a causal factor? Such details are seldom available from reports as above, though they may be available elsewhere.
Derek Reynolds, Herts
If you would like to see the full report into the camera switch-off visit:
http://www.roadsafetyknowledgecentre.org.uk/knowledge/288.html
The results one-month on are much more significant than those quoted in the previous posts.
How funny. I read Mr.Stradling's comments thinking this is sound rationale concerning what a waste of time and money cameras are, only to find out he concludes the reverse! Turning the cameras back on catches 984 of every one person who needs a driving skills update. These boxes don't address 19/20 of the causal factors for accidents (fatalities). If there is money to be spent it should go on trained traffic officers who really can tell the difference between hazardous drivers and the 48% of drivers who speed safely every day.
Mike Garrard
The Partnership's figures for 88% increase in speeding at only two sites were released within days of cameras being switched off – but within a few days the Oxford Mail reported (
*http://www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/news/8339528.Speed_camera_data__misleading_/) that they were misleading! What a surprise, given the Partnership's financial interests!
As Prof Stradling points out (above) the NUMBERS – which the original claim carefully failed to mention – were very small. Sadly typical of the spin we see everywhere these days.
In any case, slowing down traffic is a net cost to the economy – congestion alone costs about £18bn pa – and is not a good idea unless accident and casualty reductions justify doing so. Again, what is noticeable only by its absence here is data on what REALLY matters – accidents and casualties.
It seems clear to me that there is a great deal more to this change of policy than meets the eye. As usual.
In any case policy should not be based on a handful of data over only 3 months, but large amounts of data over years – and the record shows that in excess of 10,000 more road users have died since 1992, the speed camera era, than would have been expected at that time. Furthermore, the graph of excess deaths, above prior trend, closely matches the number of speed cameras fines.
The number of speed cameras in use rose fastest sharply from 2000 to 2006, under the now discredited hypothecation scheme. The number of road deaths from 2000 was 3409, 3443, 3431, 3508, 3221, 3210, 3172, 2943, 2538 and 2222 in 2009.
In other words in the first 6 years of rising camera numbers deaths fell significantly only in 1 year, in stark contrast to steady falls from 1968 to 1992 without cameras.
Furthermore, the steep falls in the last 2 years (in almost unprecedented recession and falling not rising traffic volumes) have occurred when camera numbers levelled off and then started to fall – and as GPS camera warning system usage rose to more than 50% of vehicles, helping to counter some of the 40 or so known adverse effects of cameras.
Can anyone else see some clues in these facts – or are we to continue killing people on the basis of wishful thinking, and naive policies?
Incidentally, Prof Stradling seems to justify continuing to operate cameras – at a cost £100s of thousands of pounds pa in Oxfordshire alone – as a means of press-ganging drivers to Speed Awareness Courses. I would have thought it more cost effective to use that money to run Speed Awareness and other (better) safe driving courses at modest or zero cost for those who chose to attend.
Incidentally, read http://www.safespeed.org.uk/vas.html which fully documents how vehicle activated signs costing less than £1,000 pa provide (supposed) benefits to cameras that cost £50,000 a year. Why cameras? As Washington's Deep Throat famously said, "Follow the money"
Idris Francis
The 'earlier BBC News report' said "Thames Valley's Safer Road Partnership monitored drivers on two roads in the county for five days.
The tests were carried out in Watlington Road, Cowley, and the A44 in Woodstock from Thursday till Monday.
In Cowley, 62 people were clocked speeding, representing a rise of 88%, the partnership revealed.
In Woodstock 110 drivers were caught doing more than the 30mph limit, which is 18% more than the average for 2010."
Is this bad news or good news? The 88% elevation to 62 at Cowley indicates, so my solar powered calculator tells me, a prior rate of 34 drivers (tho' its not clear whether this is 34 a day or 34 drivers over 5 days).
The Woodstock figure of 110 gives a prior rate of 93 clocked drivers (ditto).
So 28 extra speeders at Cowley and 17 extra at Woodstock. Per day, at worst (or possibly over 5 days: so 5.6 per day at Cowley and 3.4 per day at Woodstock). Out of how many passing motorists per day (or per 5 days) driving in free-flowing traffic (and thus able to effect some speed choice)? Several thousand (we should be told)? So a vanishingly small proportion.
Sounds to me like hardly any passing motorists 'took advantage' of their new found freedom to drive above the speed limit. This is good news.
A majority of UK drivers are mostly speed-limit compliant, few (2% in our research) 'really enjoy driving fast', and most motorists support speed cameras.
Turning the cameras back on will restore the roadside diagnostic device that permits diversion to Speed Awareness courses of drivers in need of help.
Stephen Stradling, Manchester


Leicester City will only be good enough to land a top-half finish in this season's Premier League, with the Foxes failing to successfully defend their famous title.
That's the result from today's Ladbrokes Twitter poll, which asked how Claudio Ranieri's team will fare this term.
Having sold N'Golo Kante to Chelsea, doubts were raised over the future of Leicester's other stars, but it seems now that the likes of Riyad Mahrez and Jamie Vardy are staying put at the King Power Stadium.
Even so, it doesn't seem as though you think the east Midlands club will have enough to repeat last season's 5000/1 heroics.
A top-half finish was the favourite answer today with a whopping 62 per cent of the vote.
Next up came a bottom half finish for the Foxes, with 22 per cent of today's poll suggesting Ranieri and co will struggle to emulate last season's heights.
Some 11 per cent reckon Leicester can land another top four spot, with the bookies making them an 11/2 to finish in the leading quartet.
That left just just four per cent to say the Foxes can do the incredible once again and win the league at 25/1.
Leicester will kick-off the new season when they head to Premier League returnees Hull.
The Foxes are 13/10 to get their campaign off victoriously, with Steve Bruce's Hull 9/4 to cause an early dent in Ranieri's aspirations.


The second in the 'Burbank Series', where Troubled Monk and their neighbours Blindman Brewing collaborate on a joint offering. Man, could they have made the marketing blurb's type size any smaller? Anyways, it's a Brut IPA.
This 355ml can pours a clear, pale golden straw colour, with three fingers of puffy, finely foamy, and somewhat fizzy off-white head, which leaves some scattered and streaky lace around the glass as it lazily evaporates.
It smells of acrid orange, red grapefruit, and lemon rind, gritty and grainy cereal malt, some hard water flintiness, and more floral, weedy, and piney green hop bitters. The taste is grainy and crackery pale malt, mixed domestic citrus peel, a further indistinct tropical fruitiness, some damp minerality, and a plain leafy, musty, and piney hoppiness. The carbonation is fairly active in its palate-clobbering frothiness, the body a so-so medium weight, and mostly smooth, with just a touch of hop astringency maybe not making nice with the local kids here. It finishes well, dry, but not quite of the bone variety.
Overall – this comes across as a pleasant enough rendition of this emerging style, almost mouth-puckering, and with a perfectly integrated extra 2 points of ABV, pretty easy to put back. Great stuff!


Target is a pretty popular place. There are no fewer than 1,844 Targets across the United States, after all, so chances are most Americans have shopped in one at some point. But there's some insider info that even the savviest shoppers may not know. Take these 40 secrets, for instance, that have been disclosed by the staff who work there. So when you go to Target, be extra nice to them!
When it comes to hunting down the best deals, a blog called All Things Target seems to have the answer. Apparently, you see, each store follows the same strict schedule for marking down items. Ready for it? On Mondays, you'll find child and baby clothing, books, stationery, electronics and accessories. Tuesdays, meanwhile, have price slashes on womenswear, food and pet items. Wednesdays, it transpires, are the days for diapers, gardening, furniture, beauty products and menswear. Next up, Thursdays see discounted footwear, sports apparel, décor, travel items, lingerie, housewares and toys. And finally, Fridays are the time to bag bargains in jewelry, makeup, car products and hardware. Did you get all that?
Here's some advice for parents – and perhaps child-free adults who just really like toys: Target's best sales for kids' playthings apparently take place in mid-January and late July. This time of year is said to be when the stores clear out all their old merchandise from the children's sections, you see. So, while you may have to wait longer to get you or your little one that must-have gadget, you'll hopefully get it cheaper!


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KitschMix
Why Are Queer Female Athletes Years Ahead Of Gay Men When It Comes To Acceptance?
In the wake of another Olympic Games, we can all look back and ask: Weren't these Olympics gayer than usual?
Well, in a way, they really were! With 50 LGBTQ athletes competing this year, there has been a considerable increase in out athletes participating when comparing with the London Olympics, where only 23 athletes identified as LGBTQ. Of course this staggering increase can be seen as a rise in acceptance as more athletes come out each year.
But, as always, there are two sides to every coin.
The disparity between queer male and female athletes is still visibly high. As UpWorthy mentioned, of the 12 athletes on the US Women's Basketball Olympic Team, 4 identify as gay.
How about the Men's Team or even the NBA? 2? Maybe 1? You guessed it, 0 players identify as gay or bisexual. This disparity has little to do with the number of LGBTQ players, but instead with acceptance.
The difference between coming out while playing for the WNBA or the NBA is as night and day; seen even regularly amongst the female athletes. Why is that?
As a lesbian, I have always loved the stereotype "Lesbians are good at sports."
Not that I am nor most of my queer female friends are, but the fact that there are female all-star athletes such as Billie Jean King and Martina Navratilova (should I include Dana Fairbanks?) sets a precedent that gave rise to such a stereotype. And most of us who have done any sport at a competitive level have come across a couple other queer athletes.
Although I am not saying in any way that coming out as a female athlete is easy, this normalization of LGBTQ women in sports has paved the way to acceptance and the freedom to come out.
But what about the other queer athletes?
How can it be expected for a bisexual or gay man to come out while playing for the NBA if there are no other queer players in the league? On the bright side, after North Carolina passed the known "anti-LGBTQ" law, the league ended up not having its All-Star game in Charlotte as a way not only to protest the law but also for protection of both the athletes and the fans.
The way I see it, it's just a matter of time before male athletes start to come out, and once the first one does so, an avalanche of players, managers and coaches coming out will soon follow.
We have discussed the Ls, the Gs and the Bs. How about transgender athletes?
Only this year has the Olympic committee lifted its ban on transgender athletes without gender reassignment surgery! There's still, however, disparity between trans-men and trans-women competing, with the IOC announcing that "Those who transition from female to male are eligible to compete in the male category without restriction," but for those transitioning from male to female "[t]he declaration cannot be changed, for sporting purposes, for a minimum of four years." with regular mandatory testing of serum testosterone levels. Although there are still some barriers to overcome, this has already been an enormous step forward in inclusion of transgender athletes in the Olympics.
What can we take from all this? Naturally, as more and more athletes come out, the more acceptance there is not only from fans but also from team mates and possibly sponsors.
As coming out is somewhat normalized in women's sports, we can clearly see a higher level of acceptance. So let's keep it that way and keep moving forward! The way towards acceptance is visibility which can definitely be achieved by coming out. Whenever a big athlete comes out there's usually some sort of backlash whether from fans, sponsors or even team mates. But (and I hate to use this expression) it gets better!
Especially when that Olympic medal finally proves we are just as good (or even better) than the straight athletes.
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Large sports retailer puts plans in place for Chapter 11
On behalf of Law Office of Gordon Mosley | Feb 11, 2016 | Chapter 11 |
Businesses large and small in Texas and throughout the country will inevitably run into peaks and valleys. With this in mind, it is important to prepare for every possible contingency and understand the potential value of filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Contrary to popular belief, a reorganization under Chapter 11 does not automatically mean that the business is finished and will therefore have no future. In reality, a business bankruptcy under Chapter 11 can help a business get back into a better position to move forward with a debt reorganization and come out stronger than before.
According to reports, the retailer Sports Authority Inc. is putting the pieces in place to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. An upcoming debt payment has spurred the decision. The company has been negotiating with its lenders — including one in Texas — to reorganize through Chapter 11. The company currently has more than 450 stores and is planning to close up to 200. With more that $340 million in subordinated debt and an approaching interest payment of $20 million that it failed to pay, the negotiations on how to proceed are ongoing.
Overall, the company is more than $640 million in debt and has been dealing with the increased competition of other sporting goods stores as well as new entrants into the marketplace. The Texas company that gave the loan to Sports Authority provided $70 million out of $95 million allowing it to continue its operations through the holidays.
While this bankruptcy possibility involves a large sporting goods company, all companies — whether small, medium-sized or large — should take note of how the Chapter 11 bankruptcy process works. Whether it is a family business, an LLC, a partnership, a sole proprietorship or a closely held business, all can benefit from reorganizing debt by a strategically planned Chapter 11. If there are financial issues approaching or the business is failing, speaking to an attorney about how to proceed with a business bankruptcy can be useful to get back on stronger financial ground.
Source: Bloomberg, "Sports Authority to Take Steps Toward a Bankruptcy Filing," Jodi Xu Klein, Lauren Coleman-Lochner, Feb. 4, 2016


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Q: Make, setting variables from file, assignment issues I have the following code working when defined at the top of my make file, it reads the contents of a file and parses the text into variables correctly:
VER_VAR:=$(shell cat output/target/version.txt)
FILENAME_BIN=$(word 1, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 2, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 3, $(VER_VAR)).bin
FILENAME_JFFS2=$(word 1, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 2, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 3, $(VER_VAR)).jffs2

Format of the file read:
str1 str2 1.1.0_nightlybuild (1389:1497M@trunk)

However I want to move this code into a function like so:
define EXAMPLE
    VER_VAR:=$(shell cat output/target/version.txt)
    FILENAME_BIN=$(word 1, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 2, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 3, $(VER_VAR)).bin
    FILENAME_JFFS2=$(word 1, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 2, $(VER_VAR)).$(word 3, $(VER_VAR)).jffs2
endef

This causes an error:
/bin/bash: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 0: `VER_VAR:=str1 str2 1.1.0_nightlybuild (1389:1497M@trunk)'
make: *** [/home/buildmaster/svn_main/buildroot/output/images/rootfs.ext2] Error 1

Couple of questions. Why does this cause an error in a function and not at the top of the file. How do I fix this? I have tried quotations etc and that just leads to more errors.
For example if I try:
VER_VAR:="$(shell cat output/target/version.txt)"

I get:
VER_VAR:="str1 str2 1.1.0_nightlybuild (1389:1497M@trunk)"
/bin/bash: VER_VAR:=str1 str2 1.1.0_nightlybuild (1389:1497M@trunk): command not found

Calling example:
# Alter the post-gen hooks, depending on what options are selected
ifneq ($(BR2_TARGET_ROOTFS_EXT2_BOOTIMAGE),)
    ROOTFS_EXT2_POST_GEN_HOOKS += EXAMPLE
endif


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This is a list of notable restaurant chains in Ireland.

Casual dining restaurants
 Camile
 The Counter
 Eddie Rocket's
 Five Guys
 Gourmet Burger Kitchen
 Hard Rock Cafe
 Harry Ramsden's
 Leo Burdock

 Mao
 Milano
 Nando's
 O'Briens Irish Sandwich Bars
 Pizza Hut
 PizzaExpress
 T.G.I. Friday's
 Upper Crust
 Wagamama
 Yo! Sushi
 Zizzi
Yeah Burgr

Coffeehouses

 AMT Coffee
 Bewley's
 Butlers Chocolate Café
 Caffè Nero
 Caffè Ritazza
 Costa Coffee
 Esquires
 Gloria Jean's
 Insomnia Coffee Company
 Starbucks

Fast-food restaurants

 Supermac's
 Abrakebabra
 Apache Pizza
 Boojum
 Burger King
 Domino's Pizza
 Five Guys
 Freshly Chopped
 Four Star Pizza
 KFC
 Krispy Kreme
 McDonald's
 Papa John's Pizza
 Subway
 Wowburger
 Ginzeng
mizzoni's pizza

See also
 Lists of restaurants

Ireland
Restaurant Chains


Swedish telecom technology provider Ericssontoday announced its softwaredriven 5G plug-ins, aimed at boosting adoption of 5G services. The plug-ins bring flexible 5G to existing networks, while improving operators' mobile broadband, fixed wireless and IoT services.
Ericsson believes that the 5G subscription uptake will commence in 2020, and is expected to be faster than for 4G.
"The development of 5G is being driven by new use cases that will impact both consumers and industries. New applications and use cases anticipated for 5G include safe, self-driving cars, remote controlled robots, haptic feedback-enabled drones and fixed wireless access – rivalling fiber capacity – for residential homes," said the company.Ericsson is working with more than 20 leading mobile operators worldwide on 5G networking and use cases, including 5G field trials in 2016.
Ericsson's 5G plug-ins are supported by radio system, and are specifically focused on the capabilities that operators can leverage within current networks to facilitate their evolution to 5G.
Massive MIMO plug-in: A combination of Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) and beamforming supported by advanced antennas with a large number of steerable ports. Massive MIMO improves both the user experience and the capacity of the networks.
Multi-User MIMO plug-in: Building on Massive MIMO, the Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmits data to multiple user devices using the same time and frequency resources and coordinates beamforming. MU-MIMO provides a better user experience, enhances network capacity and reduces interference.
RAN Virtualization plug-in: RAN Virtualization improves network efficiency and performance by enabling Virtual Network Functions (VNF) to be centralized on a common platform, supporting both 4G and 5G.Intelligent Connectivity plug-in: Where 5G and 4G coverage areas overlap, Intelligent Connectivity enables the network to robustly anchor and intelligently route data based on application requirements and network resource availability, increasing the combined data throughput of 4G and 5G resources.
The plug-ins are available for operator trials starting in 2016 and will be available for commercial networks starting in 2017.


Under Provincial legislation, commercial and industrial buildings with vacant areas may be eligible for a tax rebate in the City of London until 31st December 2018. In accordance with section 34 of Ontario Regulation 325/01 the rebate in the City of London will be 15% for 2018 and will be discontinued for 2019 and subsequent years.
To qualify for a rebate in 2018 the vacancy duration must be at least 90 consecutive days (89 days if the entire month of February is involved).
Vacancy Tax Rebate Applications for 2018 must be submitted by 28th February 2019.


Twisted Stainless steel gives this strong bracelet a sparkly look.
Fully adjustable bangle. Slide on stainless steel bangle bracelet.One Size Fits Most. Approximately from a 6 Inch wrist to an 8 or 9 Inch wrist. These bracelets are a great addition to any jewelry box! Affordably priced, these charm bracelets are trendy and modern. Just squeeze to open more and slide over hand on to wrist. Stackable. Add as many charms as you like to each bracelet! The possibilities are endless!


This new version corrects the pin out for the GPX and RESET pins. The USB Host Shield contains all of the digital logic and analog circuitry necessary to implement a full-speed USB peripheral/host controller with your Arduino. This means you could use your Arduino to interface with and control any USB slave device - thumbdrives, digital cameras, bluetooth dongles, and much more!


Remarks: TIRED OF RENTING? This could be your first year round home in a highly desirable neighborhood. It may be small, but so is the price! Two bedroom ranch recently updated with metal roof, windows, decorative stone fireplace, and modern kitchen. All the basics are here for you to move right in. Good size yard and shed for toys and extras.


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Replicated Typo
Culture, its evolution and anything inbetween
Tag: linguistics
Broca's area and the processing of hierarchically organised sequences pt.2
3. Neurological processing of hierarchically organised sequences in non-linguistic domains
A broader perspective sees grammar as just one of many hierarchically organised behaviours being processed in similar, prefrontal neurological regions (Greenfield, 1991; Givon, 1998). As Broca's area is found to be functionally salient in grammatical processing, it is logical to assume that this is the place to search for activity in analogous hierarchical sequences. Such is the basis for studies into music (Maess et al., 2001), action planning (Koechlin and Jubault, 2006) and tool-production (Stout et al., 2008).
Continue reading "Broca's area and the processing of hierarchically organised sequences pt.2"
Author James WintersPosted on 28 September, 2009 Categories Research Blogging, ScienceTags Area According, Area Linking, BA, Broca's area, complexity, Early Stone Age, ESA, Frederick Engels, grammar, hierarchically organised sequences, language, linguistics, Making Acheulean, MEG, memory, Music, PFC, PMID, Scott Frey, semantics, syntax, TC, Tool Manufacture, universal grammar2 Comments on Broca's area and the processing of hierarchically organised sequences pt.2
Ever since its discovery in 1861, Broca's area (named after its discoverer, Paul Broca) has been inextricably linked with language (Grodzinsky and Santi, 2008). Found in the left hemisphere of the Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC), Broca's region traditionally[1] comprises of Broadmann's areas (BA) 44 and 45 (Hagoort, 2005). Despite being relegated in its status as the centre of language, this region is still believed to play a vital role in certain linguistic aspects.
Of particular emphasis is syntax. However, syntactic processing is not unequivocally confined to Broca's area, with a vast body of evidence from "Studies investigating lesion deficit correlations point to a more distributed representation of syntactic processes in the left perisylvian region." (Fiebach, 2005, pg. 80). A more constrained approach places Broca's area as processing an important functional component of grammar (Grodzinsky and Santi, 2007). One of these suggestions points specifically to how humans are able to organise phrases in hierarchical structures[2].
In natural languages, "[…] the noun phrases and the verb phrase within a clause typically receive their grammatical role (e.g., subject or object) by means of hierarchical relations rather than through the bare linear order of the words in a string. [my emphasis]" (Musso et al., 2003, pg. 774). Furthermore, these phrases can be broken down into smaller segments, with noun phrases, for example, consisting of a determiner preceding a noun (Chomsky, 1957). According to Chomsky (1957) these rules exist without the need for interaction in other linguistic domains. Take for example his now famous phrase of "Colourless green ideas sleep furiously." (ibid, pg. 15). Despite being syntactically correct, it is argued the sentence as a whole is semantically meaningless.
The relevant point to take away is a sentence is considered hierarchical if phrases are embedded within other phrases. Yet, examples of hierarchical organisation are found in many domains besides syntax. This includes other language phenomena, such as prosody. Also, non-linguistic behaviours – such as music (Givon, 1998), action sequences (Koechlin and Jubault, 2006), tool-use (cf. Scott-Frey, 2004) and tool-production (Stout et al., 2008) – are all cognitively demanding tasks, comparable with that of language. We can even see instances of non-human hierarchical representations: from the songs of humpback whales (Suzuki, Buck and Tyack, 2006) to various accounts of great apes (McGrew, 1992; Nakamichi, 2003) and crows (Hunt, 2000) using and manufacturing their own tools[3].
With this in mind, we can ask ourselves two questions corresponding to Broca's area and hierarchical organisation: Does Broca's area process hierarchically organised sequences in language? And if so, is this processing language-specific? The logic behind this two-part approach is to help focus in on the problem. For instance, it may be found hierarchical structures in sentences are processed by Broca's area. But this belies the notion of other hierarchically organised behaviours also utilising the same cognitive abilities.
Author James WintersPosted on 27 September, 2009 Categories Research Blogging, ScienceTags AB, BA, Ben Shachar, Broca's area, Cognitive Sciences, complexity, Does Broca, grammar, hierarchically organised sequences, language, LIFG, linguistics, memory, Paul Broca, PET, PFC, PMID, Pre Frontal Cortex, RI, Scott Frey, semantics, syntax, universal grammar, WM5 Comments on Broca's area and the processing of hierarchically organised sequences pt.1
Language as a complex adaptive system
A prominent idea in linguistics is that humans have an array of specialised organs geared towards the production, reception and comprehension of language. For some features, particularly the physical capacity to produce and receive multiple vocalizations, there is ample evidence for specialisation: a descended larynx (Lieberman, 2003), thoracic breathing (MacLarnon & Hewitt, 1999), and several distinct hearing organs (Hawks, in press). Given that these features are firmly in the domain of biology, it makes intuitive sense to apply the theory of natural selection to solve the problem: humans are specially adapted to the production and reception of multiple vocalizations.
Continue reading "Language as a complex adaptive system"
Author James WintersPosted on 29 August, 2009 Categories Research Blogging, ScienceTags adaptive, Beckner et al, biology, CAS, change, Chater Christiansen, Christiansen Chater, cognition, complex adaptive system, compositionality, cultural transmission, esoteric, Evans Levinson, evolution, exoteric, Ferdinand Zuidema, Kirby Hurford, language, linguistics, Lupyan & Dale, memory, research, selection5 Comments on Language as a complex adaptive system
Reading Round Up
Here's some stuff I've been reading over the last month or so:
Babel's Dawn discusses Michael Arbib's paper, Invention and Community in the Emergence of Language: Insights from New Sign Languages.
Over at Neurophilosophy there is an overview of a fascinating paper on the Universal Grammar of birdsong (also check out my comment, it's the first one under JW).
John Hawks talks about some of my favourite topics: learning, population size, and modern human behaviour.
The recent resurgence of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Lera Boroditsky are the topics of discussion over at Mind Hacks.
Deric Bownds' MindBlog mentions the "origins of altruism toward one's own social group and the emergence of cultural complexity".
Evolution can occur in less than 10 years… In guppy fish.
Researchers at Brown find: "A front portion of the brain that handles tasks like decision-making also helps decipher different phonetic sounds".
And lastly, Dienekes' anthropology blog discusses a paper that investigates the role of drift and selection in the shaping of human skulls, concluding "that neutral processes have been much more important than climate in shaping the human cranium".
Okay, so that brings you up to date with my reading from May through to July. Next round up will cover August. How fascinating :-/
Author James WintersPosted on 28 August, 2009 Categories Science, Science NewsTags 10, anthropology, Babel Dawn, cognition, complexity, cultural evolution, demography, Deric Bownds, emergence, evolution, evolutionary psychology, genetics, genome, John Hawks, JW, language, Language Insights, Lera Boroditsky, linguistics, Michael Arbib, Mind Hacks, New Sign Languages, population, populations, reading, Sapir Whorf, selection, universal grammarLeave a comment on Reading Round Up
How do biology and culture interact?
In the year of Darwin, I'm not too surprised at the number of articles being published on the interactions between cultural change and biological evolution — this synthesis, if achieved, will certainly be a crucial step in explaining how humans evolved. Still, it's unlikely we're going to see the Darwin of culture in 2009, given we're still disputing some of the fundamentals surrounding these two modes of evolution. One of these key arguments is whether or not culture inhibits biological evolution. That we're seeing accelerated changes in the human genome seems to suggest (for some) that culture is one of these evolutionary selection pressures, as John Hawks explains:
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Author James WintersPosted on 21 February, 2009 Categories ScienceTags Adam Tongue, adaptation, Babel Dawn, biology, change, cultural evolution, cultural transmission, culture, Darwin, Derek Bickerton, Edmund Bolles, emergence, evolution, Florencia Reali, genetics, John Hawks, language, linguistics, Morten Christiansen, Nick Chater, RSS, semantics, Tecumseh FitchLeave a comment on How do biology and culture interact?
Current Issues in Language Evolution
As part of my assessment this term I'm to write four mock peer-reviewed items for a module called Current Issues in Language Evolution. It's a great module run by Simon Kirby, examining some of the best food for thought in the field. Alone this is an interesting endeavour, after all we're right in the middle of a language evolution renaissance, however, even cooler are the lectures, where students get to do their own presentations on a particular paper. I already did my presentation at the start of this term, on Dediu and Ladd's paper, which went rather well, even if one of my slip ups did not go unnoticed (hint: always label the graphs). So, over the next few weeks, in amongst additional posts covering some of the presentations in class, I'll hopefully be writing articles on these four five papers:
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Author James WintersPosted on 31 January, 2009 Categories ScienceTags Abstract Human, adaptation, animals, biases, change, cognition, communication systems, cultural evolution, Current Issues, Darwin, embodiment, emergence, evolution, evolutionary psychology, FOXP2, Indo European, language, linguistics, Modern Humans, Neandertals, niche construction, populations, punctuated, selection, simon kirby, UG, universal grammarLeave a comment on Current Issues in Language Evolution
ASPM, Microcephalin and Tone
Disclaimer: I know this post is on a paper released over a year ago; however, I'm still going to write about it for three reasons: 1) I did a presentation about it earlier this week (20/01/08); 2) I think it relates to a recent buzz around gene-culture co-evolution; and, 3) It's a bloody awesome paper.
So, what is the paper called? Okay, once you read this title, do not yawn, go to another website or… Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of the two brain size genes, ASPM and Mircocephalin. See, now we've got the hard part out of the way, I can begin to discuss exactly what the authors, Dan Dediu and Robert 'Bob' Ladd, found and why it's important to our understanding of linguistics, genetics and evolution. It's really interesting, honestly.
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Author James WintersPosted on 24 January, 2009 Categories Research Blogging, ScienceTags Abnormal Spindle, adaptive, ASPM, Bob Ladd, Bruce Lahn, change, cognitive bias, correlation, cultural transmission, Dan Dediu, Dediu Ladd, demography, evolution, genetics, language, linguistics, MCPH, microcephalin, Microcephalin Proceedings, non-tonal, Old World, population, selection, South American, tone, typological features6 Comments on ASPM, Microcephalin and Tone
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