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Vocab ( I stole this from the Molnar site)
The process of absorbing or of being absorbed -- to incorporate or take up-- to take in.
Acute, Chronic
Acute is a short, one time exposure while chronic is a continuous, low-level exposure.
Any of various chiefly aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size from single-celled forms to the giant kelp. Algae were once considered to be plants but are now classified separately because they lack true roots, stems, leaves, and embryos.
A pungent colorless gaseous alkaline compound of nitrogen and hydrogen NH3 that is very soluble in water and can easily be condensed to a liquid by cold and pressure.
Any of a group (as kingdom Prokaryotae syn. Monera) of prokaryotic unicellular round, spiral, or rod-shaped single-celled microorganisms that are often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella, that live in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals, and that are autotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic in nutrition and important because of their biochemical effects and pathogenicity.
A noxious gas (methylisocyanate) blanketed the city when water had gotten into a tank containing 40 tons of MIC setting off a chemical reaction. 1754 died with over 200,000 injured.
The presence of a chemical substance in higher concentrations in an organism than in the direct environment or in its food.
Carcinogenic
A substance that causes cancer.
A halogen element that is isolated as a heavy greenish yellow gas of pungent odor and is used especially as a bleach, oxidizing agent, and disinfectant in water purification.
Bacteria that live in the intestines (including the colon) of humans and other animals, used as a measure of the presence of feces in water or soil.
The amount of a component in a given area or volume.
Something that contaminates.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
A colorless odorless water-insoluble crystalline insecticide C14H9Cl5 that tends to accumulate in ecosystems and has toxic effects on many vertebrates; became the most widely used pesticide from WWII to the 1950's; implicated in illnesses and environmental problem; now banned in US.
To free from infection especially by destroying harmful microorganisms.
The process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation.
Dose Threshold Level
Maximum level of a substance before toxic levels are reached.
Bodily waste discharged through the anus.
acids, caustics, irritants, etc.Many are hazardous in high concentrations but harmless when diluted.
Mercury, lead, cadmium and nickel-highly toxic in very small quantities; can be fatal and bioaccumulate in environment-have cumulative effects in humans.
The iron-containing respiratory pigment in red blood cells of vertebrates, consisting of about 6 percent heme and 94 percent globin.
Mutagens
Agents, such as chemicals or radiation, that damage or alter genetic material (DNA) in cells.
A change, either spontaneous or by external factors, in the genetic material of a cell, mutations in the gametes (sex cells) can be inherited by future generations of organisms.
a) a salt or ester of nitric acid (b) sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate used as a fertilizer.
Non-point sources
Scattered, diffuse sources of pollutants, such as runoff from fields golf courses, etc.
The act or process of oxidizing- to change (a compound) by increasing the proportion of the electronegative part or change (an element or ion) from a lower to a higher positive valence
An organism that produces disease in a host organism, disease being an alteration of one or more metabolic functions in response to the presence of the organism.
Pathogenic
To cause disease.
Pathogenic organisms
Produce disease in host organisms.
A chemical that kills, controls, drives away, or modifies the behavior of pests.
A salt or ester of a phosphoric acid (2) the trivalent anion PO43- derived from phosphoric acid H3PO4 b: an organic compound of phosphoric acid in which the acid group is bound to nitrogen or a carboxyl group in a way that permits useful energy to be released (as in metabolism)-- 3: a phosphatic material used for fertilizers.
Point sources
Specific locations of highly concentrated pollution discharge, such as factories, oils wells, etc.
Relation of one thing to another; Expressed as the ratio of the specified quantity to the total magnitude (as the value of a measured quantity) or to the mean of all the quantities involved.
What is left over or remains; the part of a molecule that remains after portion of its constituents are removed. Residues of some contaminants may remain after
The ability of an individual or community to resist being changed by potentially disruptive events.
Routinely monitored
Regular, periodic testing
Susceptible of being dissolved in a liquid, particularly water.
A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole.
Teratogens
Chemicals or other factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.
Thermal Pollution
Industrial discharge of heated water into a river, lake, or other body of water, causing a rise in temperature that endangers aquatic life.
Poisonous, a substance that reacts with specific cellular components to kill cells.
Underutilized
To utilize less than fully or below the potential use.
The grayish-white to black powdery residue left when something is burned.
Able to be decomposed by microorganisms.
CERCLA (Superfund) Act of 1980
Sets up a fund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites. Establishes strict liability which means that any individual or corporation associated with the site can be held liable for the entire cost of the cleanup, regardless of their contribution to the pollution at the site. Sets guidelines on how to clean up sites.
A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated, consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery; used for liners in landfills because it is impervious.
Gradually destructive; steadily harmful.
Impervious
Incapable of being penetrated.
An apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste.
Stopping and starting at intervals.
Land disposal sites for solid waste; operators compact refuse and cover it with a layer of dirt to minimize rodent and insect infestations, wind-blown debris, and leaching by rain.
Leachate
A product or solution formed by leaching, such as a solution containing contaminants picked up through the leaching of soil.
Love Canal
An area in Niagara Falls, NY where seepage from buried toxic wastes contaminated local soil and water. In 1968, President Carter relocated almost all the residents of Love Canal. This incident provided impetus for the 1980 Superfund legislation.
Municipal Sewage
The wastewater from households, offices, and other buildings in a city. Municipal and regional sewage systems can either be sanitary sewage only, or sanitary sewage and storm water. Municipal sewage is collected at treatment plants where solids are removed (primary sewage treatment) and then is treated by various other methods including using aerobic bacteria to remove organic wastes (secondary treatment), and advanced or tertiatry treatment with various chemical and physical processes.
Mutagenic
Causes genetic mutations.
National Priority List (NPL)
Set up by EPA as part of the Superfund program. Locates and sets priorities for cleaning up hazardous waste sites.
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen covalently bonded together in molecules; molecules from living matter. Organic wastes in sewage and runoff from lawns and farms in fresh waters can cause oxygen-depletion and degration of water quality.
Primary Sewage Treatment
A process that removes solids from sewage before it is discharged or treated further.
The state, quality, sense, or fact of being near or next; closeness.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Regulates the handling of wastes from cradle to grave. Establishes rules for the handling of such waste from the time it is generated, while it is packaged, stored, while it is transported, and how it is disposed, and the disposal sites themselves.
Secure Landfills
A landfill designed to prevent against leaking or exposure.
A semi-solid mixture of organic and inorganic materials that settles out of wastewater at a sewage treatment plant.
Tipping fee
A fee for disposal of waste.
Waste Lagoons
A blocked-off area used for the dumping of waste products.
Waste Stream
The steady flow of varied wastes, from domestic garbage and yard wastes to industrial, commercial, and construction refuse.
Contour Plowing
Plowing along hill contours-reduces erosion.
Loss of vegetation and land degradation in dry and semi-arid areas resulting from land mismanagement or climate changes.
Uses pipe or tubing perforated with very small holes to deliver water one drop at a time directly to the soil around each plant. This conserves water and reduces soil water logging and salinization.
To wear away by the action of water, wind, or glacial ice. Removal of vegetation and trees can increase erosion of topsoil.
The process of union of two gametes whereby the somatic chromosome number is restored and the development of a new individual is initiated; addition of materials to soil to increase the available nutrient content.
Siltation
To become choked or obstructed with silt or mud.
Strip Farming
Planting different kinds of crops in alternating strips along land contours-when one crop is harvested one remains to protect the soil and reduce erosion.
The uppermost 3 to 10 inches of soil, layer in which organic material is mixed with mineral particles; critical for agriculture.
A pipe or channel designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity. A bridge like structure supporting a conduit or canal passing over a river or low ground.
Porous, water-bearing layers of sand gravel, and rock.
Artesian wells
When water gushes out of an aquifer without being pumped; caused by pressure from the earth's crust.
Aswan High Dam
Dam across the Nile River in Egypt, which impounds one of the largest reservoirs in the world.-- the artificial lake created by the dam Called Lake Nasser inundated many villages along the Nile.-- Hydroelectric installations were added in 1960 to the Aswan Dam.
A large, bowl shaped depression in the surface of the land or ocean floor.
Water containing human excrement which cannot be reused without purification.
Fresh and salt water combined.
Cap Rock
Last layer of material on top of a geological formation such as the Canadian Shield.
Capillary water
Water that clings in small pores, cracks, and spaces against the pull of gravity, like water held in a sponge.
Channelization
To straighten by means of a channel.
Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. Water vapor in the air changes to liquid as it cools.
Consumptive
Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming or dissipating. Consumptive uses of water include pumping water for irrigation or municipal uses, and evapo-transpiration.
Cultural Eutrophication
An increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by human activities.
Desalinization
Removing the salt from water
Discharge rate
The amount of water that passes a fixed point in a given amount of time, usually expressed as liters or cubic feet of water per second.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content
The amount of oxygen dissolved In a given volume of water at a given temp and atmospheric pressure, usually expressed in parts per million.
A process of desalinization in which water is evaporated and then recondensed.
A long period without precipitation
Drought cycle
Cycles of wet and dry years
Process by which liquid is changed into vapor at temperatures below boiling point
Evapo-transpiration
The sum of water evaporation and plant transpiration. Actual evapo-transpiration can not be any greater than precipitation, and will usually be less because some water will run off in rivers and flow to the oceans.
Flood control devices
Measures to protect areas that are easily flooded by either reducing flood flows or confining the flow; devises include dams, levees, or modifying the channel of the river or stream. Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. This law signaled a shift in federal policy from reducing the floods through structural controls to reducing the damages by limiting the development in flood prone areas, by making federally-subsidized flood insurance available to property owners in flood-prone areas only in those communities which adopted floodplain zoning.
Gray Water
Wastewater, as from sinks and tubs, that does not contain human excrements. Such water can be reused without purification for some purposes.
Water in the ground.
Water with high mineral content.
The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body.
An area of irregular limestone in which erosion has produced fissures, sinkholes, underground streams, and caverns.
Lake Effect snow
Lake-generated snow squalls form when cold air passing for long distances over the relatively warm waters of a large lake picks up moisture and heat and then drops the moisture in the form of snow upon reaching the downwind shore.
A turn or winding of a stream.
Oasis in the dry Great Basin in California and a vital habitat for millions of migration and nesting birds.
A source of nourishment, especially a nourishing ingredient in a food.
One that balances, counteracts, or compensates
Ogallala Aquifer
Largest aquifer in North America.
Overdrawn
To take too much out, deplete resources, such as pumping water from an aquifer at a faster rate than it can be replenished, or recharged, by rainfall.
Percolation
Water slowly moves through soil and gravel into an aquifer.
Permanently frozen layer of soil that underlies the arctic tundra.
Pore spaces
The amount of space available for ground water due to the topography of the area.
Porosity
The ratio of the volume of all the pores in a material to the volume of the whole.
Drinkable by humans.
Recharge Zones
Area where water filters into aquifers
A natural or artificial pond or lake used for the storage and regulation of water.
Residence Time
Length of time a component spends in a particular location before it moves on through a particular process or cycle.
A process of desalinization where water is forced under pressure through a semipermeable membrane whose tiny pores allow water to pass but exclude most salts and minerals.
excess water that can't be absorbed by the ground
Sink Hole
A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost, causing surface areas to sink in or collapse.
A passage for surplus water to run over or around an obstruction (such as a dam).
Water that results from a storm; can cause flooding and contamination of sewers.
water moves from solid to gas without being a liquid
The layer or bed of earth beneath the topsoil.
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA), federal corporation, created by the Congress of the United States in 1933 to operate Wilson Dam and to develop the Tennessee River and its tributaries in the interest of navigation, flood control, and the production and distribution of electricity -- enactments include reforestation, industrial and community development, test-demonstration farming, the development of fertilizer, and the establishment of recreational facilities -- includes a number of dams for electricity and flood control.
Three Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam near Yichang on the Yangtze River in China is expected to help control the flooding of the Yangtze River valley; in addition, river flows will make the Three Gorges complex the largest electricity-generating facility in the world.-- A lake about 650 km (about 400 mi) long will form behind the dam, forcing the relocation of more than 1 million people and permanently flooding many historical sites.
A detailed map of the contours of surfaces of land.
The process by which water is absorbed by the root system of plants, moves through the plant, and then evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor.
Small stream emptying into bigger river
The surface between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration. Water seeping down from rain-soaked surfaces will sink until it reaches an impermeable or water-tight layer of rock. The water will collect above this layer, filling all the pores and cracks of the permeable portions. The top of this area of water is called the water table.
The area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater. Watersheds are often contained in the area of land between two ridges of high land, which divide two areas that are drained by different river systems.
Xeroscaping
Landscaping with drought resistant plants that need no watering.
Zone of Aeration
Zone immediately below the ground surface within which pore spaces are partially filled with water and partially filled with air.
Zone of Saturation
Lower levels of soil where all spaces are filled with water.
Scientific Analysis, Observing the Natural World
A tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested for further investigation.
Of or concerning a trait or characteristic, property.
Relating to or expressed as a specified or indefinite number or amount.
Earth's Systems
The combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various compounds cycles between its major reservoirs: the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.
Chemical Energy
that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
Any of a group of green pigments essential in photosynthesis.
The quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or volume. The mass per unit volume of a substance under specified conditions of pressure and temperature.
Any of a group of chemical reactions induced by living or nonliving ferments that split complex organic compounds into relatively simple substances, especially the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast.
Formula for Photosynthesis
CO2 (from the air) + H2O + sun's energy (light) * C6H12O6(glucose) + O2
High Quality Energy
Energy that can be used or converted into something else.
The energy possessed by a body because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its speed.
Low Quality Energy
Energy that is lost or cannot be used again.
The circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of chemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by bacteria and plants, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
Phosphorous Cycle
The movement of phosphorous atoms from rocks and soil through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to soil.
The process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct.
The energy of a particle or system of particles derived from position, or condition, rather than motion. A raised weight, coiled spring, or charged battery has potential energy.
Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal, chemical, or electrical energy.
Happening or arising without apparent external cause; self-generated. Arising from a natural inclination or impulse and not from external incitement or constraint. Unconstrained and unstudied in manner or behavior. Growing without cultivation or human labor; indigenous.
Atmosphere, Weather, Air Quality
Rain (and snow, fog, dust particles, etc.) containing acids that form in the atmosphere when sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides from industrial emissions and automobile exhaust combine with water.
Anthropogenic
Resulting from human activity
A fibrous incombustible mineral known to cause fibrosis and scarring in the lungs. Also a known carcinogenic material (lung cancer, mesothelioma).
Auto emissions standards
The standards that are set to regulate how much pollution is put out by your vehicle.
Atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
A colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas, CO, formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon or a carbonaceous material, such as gasoline.
A reaction chamber typically containing a finely divided platinum-iridium catalyst into which exhaust gases from an automotive engine are passed together with excess air so that carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon pollutants are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons)
A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.
Clean Air Act
Long standing federal legislation that is the legal basis for the national clean air programs, last amended in 1990.
A chemical change, especially oxidation, accompanied by the production of heat and light.
Requires polluters to meet specific emission-reduction targets and often requires the installation and use of specific types of equipment to reduce emissions.
Of or relating to or characteristic of a continent (one of the large landmasses of the earth).
Convection cell
The transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties by massive motion within the atmosphere, especially by such motion directed upward.
Coriolis effect
The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere.
Criteria pollutants
The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act required EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for certain pollutants known to be hazardous to human health. EPA has identified six criteria pollutants: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate matter.
To become widely scattered (seeds).
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
The formation of an El Nino is linked with the cycling of a Pacific Ocean circulation pattern known as the southern oscillation. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru. As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. The easterly flow of the trade winds carries warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms to Indonesia and coastal Australia. Along the coast of Peru, cold bottom water wells up to the surface to replace the warm water that is pulled to the west.
Of or relating to electric charges at rest or produced or caused by such charges.
Eye, Eye wall
The eye of a hurricane is the center where no storm activity is taking place. The wall is the area between the eye and the storm.
A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.
Fujita Scale
A scale measuring the intensity of a tornado based on wind speed, diameter, and damage caused.
Hurricane Nor'easter
A hurricane that generates from the northeast and move southwest.
Hydroxyl radical (OH)
The monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols. This radical is characteristic of hydroxides, oxygen acids, alcohols, glycols, phenols, and hemiacetals.
A line on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure. Also called isopiestic.
A high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 kilometers (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 kilometers (10 to 15 miles).
The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees along a meridian, as on a map or globe. A region of the earth considered in relation to its distance from the equator
A soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white, dense metallic element, extracted chiefly from galena and used in containers and pipes for corrosives, solder and type metal, bullets, radiation shielding, paints, and antiknock compounds. Atomic number 82; atomic weight 207.19; melting point 327.5oC; boiling point 1,744oC; specific gravity 11.35; valence 2, 4.
An acute bacterial respiratory illness caused by the gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila, a member of the family Legionellaceae. The bacteria has been found in water systems and can survive in the air conditioning systems of large buildings. Risk factors for infection include smoking, COPD, renal failure, cancer, diabetes and alcoholism.
Marine Climate
As its name suggests west coast marine climates are generally found on the western sides of continents in the belt of the westerly winds between roughly 40 to 60 degrees latitude. This location produces a climate that is humid, often quite rainy, with mild temperatures considering the fairly high latitudes. This is, of course, the effect of having large bodies of water to windward. Water is a great modifier of temperatures because it heats and cools slowly. The proximity of water to windward leads to much milder winter temperatures and somewhat cooler summer temperatures than are experienced at continental locations at the same latitudes. climates are considered by some to be gloomy climates, because they are the world's cloudiest climates. Distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.
A high-frequency electromagnetic wave, one millimeter to one meter in wavelength, intermediate between infrared and short-wave radio wavelengths.
A wind system that influences large climatic regions and reverses direction seasonally. A wind from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer. The rain that accompanies this wind.
Montreal Protocol
Treaty, signed in 1987,that governs stratospheric ozone protection and research, and the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. It provides for the end of production of ozone-depleting substances such as CFC's. Under the Protocol, various research groups continue to assess the ozone layer. The Multilateral Fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Health-based pollutant concentration limits established by EPA that apply to outside air.
Nor'easter
A storm blowing from the northeast.
Uncontrolled fires in an open dump.
Orographic effect (Chinook winds)
A moist wind blowing from the sea on the NW United States coast.
Ozone (layer)
A colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water; a strong oxidizing agent; can be produced by electric discharge in oxygen or by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen in the stratosphere (where it acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation).
pH scale
p(otential of) H(ydrogen); the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; used as a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 (most acid)-14(most basic) 7 is neutral.
Particulates that are less than 10 microns in diameter. These particulates are present in the smoke created by burning wood.
Precipitator
Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream.
A radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health.
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)
The lowest emissions limit that a particular source can meet by the application of control technology that is reasonably available considering technological and economic feasibility.
Saffir/Simpson
A scale to measure hurricanes based on wind speeds and air pressure.
An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sick Building Syndrome
Building whose occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may spread throughout the building.
Smog (industrial)
Primarily a winter phenomenon that occurs when sulfur dioxide emissions and smoke particles react with water vapor.
Smog (photochemical)
Air pollution produced by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants.
An ordered array of the components of an emission or wave.
Stack emissions
Emissions of pollutants from a smoke stack
Storm surges are giant waves, often fifty miles wide and twenty-five feet or more high, that are caused by the force of a hurricane. As the eye of the hurricanes makes landfall, the wave comes sweeping across the coastline. Aided by the hammering effect of the breaking of the waves, it acts like a giant bulldozer sweeping everything in its path.
The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
Sulfur oxides
A molecule formed by the combination of sulfur and oxygen (SOx)
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), Aerosols
A suspension or dispersion of fine particles of a solid or liquid in a gas.
Temperature inversions
The temperature rising/falling in an atmospheric condition. (Rises w/ increasing altitude).
A rotating column of air usually accompanied by a funnel-shaped downward extension of a cumulonimbus cloud and having a vortex several hundred yards in diameter whirling destructively at speeds of up to 500 miles (800 kilometers) per hour.
Tropical Depression
Brings about hurricanes due to change in weather, climate, altitude, latitude, or direction.
The lowest atmospheric layer; from 4 to 11 miles high (depending on latitude).
An eddying motion of the atmosphere that interrupts the flow of wind.
A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans.
UV radiation
Radiation from the sun that can be useful or potentially harmful. UV rays from one part of the spectrum (UV-A) enhance plant life. UV rays from other parts of the spectrum (UV-B) can cause skin cancer or other tissue damage. The ozone layer in the atmosphere partly shields us from ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface.
Chemicals that tend to volatilize or evaporate.
A spiral motion of fluid within a limited area, especially a whirling mass of water or air that sucks everything near it toward its center.
Moving air, especially a natural and perceptible movement of air parallel to or along the ground.
Ecosystems, Biomes, Populations
Abiotic Factor
An environmental factor which is nonliving such as water, soil, temperature, sunlight
To be accustomed to the natural factors that are in a given area and to be able to survive these factors, being either positive or negative.
Anything that serves no particular purpose except to give bulk or weight to something or that provides additional stability.
The genetic, species, and ecological diversity of the organisms in a given area.
The total mass of living matter within a given unit of environmental area.
A broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions
A group of organisms having common ancestors and certain distinguishable characteristics, especially a group within a species developed by artificial selection and maintained by controlled propagation.
An organism that eats only the meat of other organisms.
The maximum number of individuals of any species that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis.
Dynamic systems that jump abruptly from one seemingly steady state to another without any immediate changes. A detrimental effect that something has on an environment, perhaps a natural disaster, that destroys the ecosystem and surrounding living conditions.
CITES Treaty
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. In 1989, participating countries agreed to ban the sale of endangered species and their body parts.
Commercial Breeding
Breeding animal and plants for commercial significance, such as breeding dogs,
Commercial Harvesting
The harvesting of animals or cash crops for commercial reasons.
A group of various populations in a given area
Needle-bearing trees that produce seeds in cones.
An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
Organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms
Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, lime skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along the edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas.
Deciduous forest
A forest made up of trees that drop their leaves seasonally
Fungi and bacteria that break complex organic material into smaller molecules.
Detritus Feeders
Organisms that breakdown dead materials and organic compounds in an ecosystem and thus obtain their nutrients and energy
An organism that behaves in such a way as to be in a position over others of the same species. The allele of a gene which requires only one copy to be present in an individual for that trait to be present.
Dynamic State of Equilibrium
a steady state found in an ecosystem or an system where change is not observed because while there are changes in progress they are not observable because they are balanced
A specific biological community and its physical environment interacting in an exchange of matter and energy.
Species that are considered in imminent danger of extinction.
Energy Cycle
The means by which energy is cycled through the biosphere
The wide lower course of a river where the tide flows in, causing fresh and salt water to mix.
Coniferous trees and broad-leaved plants that retain their leaves year-round.
Exponential Curve
(GROWTH ASSOCIATED) Growth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time; can be expressed as a constant fraction or exponent.
The irrevocable elimination of species; can be a normal process of the natural world as species out-compete or kill off others or as environmental conditions change.
Measurement of actual number of offspring produced through sexual reproduction; usually described in terms of number of offspring of females, since paternity can be difficult to determine.
Rising and falling, such as population numbers.
A linked feeding series; in an ecosystem, the sequence of organisms through which energy and materials are transferred, in the form of food, from one trophic level to another.
A complex, interlocking series of individual food chains in an ecosystem.
Gene Pool
The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms.
Diversity in a population on a genetic level
The place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives.
Herbivores
An organism that eats only plants.
A non-native species that has been brought to an area either by accident or intentionally. An introduced species may prey upon or compete more successfully with one or more population that are native to the community and alter the entire nature of the community; also known as alien species or exotic species.
A population that is separated from other populations of the species (as on an island).
J-Shaped Curve
The curve in a graph that depicts exponential growth. (Literally looking like J)
Law of the minimum
The concept that the growth or survival of a population is directly related to the life requirement that is in least supply and not to a combination of factors.
The moving of one species or a group of species from one area to another.
Death rate in population; the probability of dying.
Species that are originally found in a certain area.
A specific category that an organism fits into in an environment and their role in carrying out the processes in that ecosystem.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and the meat of other organisms.
The most favorable condition in regard to an environmental factor.
A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area.
Population Crash
Drastic decrease in the numbers of individuals in a population over a short period of time
Population Dieback
When the growth of a population slows due to some factor.
Population Explosion
When the growth of a population increases greatly due to some factor.
Primary Producers
Producers that are responsible for a substantial amount of the food for the rest of the food chain in an ecosystem
An organism that synthesizes food molecules from inorganic compounds by using an external energy source; MOST PRODUCERS ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC!
By the 1890s most states in the US have put restrictions on fishing, today a fishing license is needed to fish for recreation in lakes and inland bodies of water.
Self-Regulating
An internal mechanism by which a system or organizes controls its functions
A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinised adjective or noun.
A population of morphologically similar organisms that can reproduce sexually among themselves but cannot produce fertile offspring when mated with other organisms.
Sport Hunting
Hunting animal not for just for food
S-Shaped Curve
A curve that depicts logistic growth. (Literally looking like S)
Species that have declined significantly in total number and may be on the verge of extinction in certain areas.
Trophic Levels
Step in the movement of energy through an ecosystem; an organism's feeding status in an ecosystem.
Not under control, discipline, or governance
Zebra Mussel
A European and Asian freshwater mussel regarded as a nuisance in the Great Lakes and surrounding waterways where it was accidentally introduced. Latin name Dreissena polymorpha
Human Population Dynamics
"Baby Boom"
A sudden large increase in the birthrate over a particular period, especially the 15 years after World War II.
Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices of medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygote, and induce abortion.
Demographic Transition
A change in the make up of a human population or group from one set of characteristics to another.
The characteristics of a human population or part of it, especially its size, growth, density, distribution, and statistics regarding birth, marriage, disease, and death.
Controlling reproduction; planning the timing and number of births for the purpose of having as many babies as are wanted and can be supported.
Acute food shortage characterized by large-scale loss of life, social disruption, and economic chaos.
The number of children born to an average woman.
A statistical graph of a frequency distribution in which vertical rectangles of different heights are proportionate to corresponding frequencies. Used to graph distributions of populations, such as the percentage of the population in a certain age group.
A disease that spreads very rapidly, infecting very large numbers of people and killing a great many of them, or an outbreak of such a disease.
Total Fertility Rate
The number of children born to an average woman in a population during reproductive life.
Global Changes
A suspension of solid or liquid particles within the air; Man-made aerosols (dust particles) in the atmosphere are believed to reduce solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth and therefore to produce a cooling effect on global temperatures
The fraction of incident light that is reflected by an object, especially the Earth or another planet reflecting the Sun's light.
Living without oxygen.
Deviation from the normal order or rule.
The series of interlinked processes, including photosynthesis and respiration, through which carbon, mainly in the form of carbon compounds, is exchanged between living organisms and the nonliving environment. Carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere by photosynthesizing plants and returned by the respiration of plants and animals and by the combustion of fossil fuels.
Places of carbon accumulation, such as large forests (organic compounds) or ocean sediments, (calcium carbonate); carbon is thus removed from the carbon cycle for moderately long to very long periods of time.
A description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
Increase in the average temperature of the Earth. The average temperature of the Earth has risen and fallen over periods of millions of years (such as during Ice Ages) but current concern is that the increase in greenhouse gases generated by humans, particularly carbon dioxide emissions from use of fossil fuels, will contributing to global warming. Preferred term now is global climate changes because changes in average temperatures have effects on other aspects of weather and climate, including amount of rainfall.
A gas such as carbon dioxide, ozone, or water vapor that contributes to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere by reflecting radiation from the Earth's surface. ie CO2, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), & nitrous oxide.
An organic chemical compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, arranged in rows, rings, or both, and connected by single, double, or triple bonds. Hydrocarbons constitute a very large group including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Kyoto Conference
Convention on global warming.
Basic principles of the nitrogen cycle:
*N2 is most abundant gas in atmosphere (78%)
*nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert it to NH3
nitrate-forming bacteria combine NH3 with oxygen to form NO2 and then NO3
*Plants absorb and make NH4
*consumers eat plants
*Nitrogen re-enters the environment when these organisms die, shed, urinate, produce excrement
*De-nitrifying bacteria break down into N2 and the process repeats
A process by which green plants and other organisms produce simple carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, using energy that chlorophyll or other organic cellular pigments absorb from radiant sources.
Microscopic aquatic organisms that photosynthesize.
Reflected
To return light rays from a surface in such a way that the angle at which a give ray is returned is equal to the angle at which it strikes the surface.
Refracted
To alter the course of a wave of energy that passes into something from another medium, as water does to light entering it from the air; caused by differences in wave speed.
Regional Consequences
The impact of global climate changes vary from one region to another; some dry areas may become wetter, another region may have less precipitation.
Few in number and far apart in distance or time.
Tragedy of the Commons
The overuse or over harvesting and consequent depletion and/or destruction of a renewable resource that tends to occur when the resource is treated as a commons, that is when it is open to be used or harvested by any and all with the means to do so.
Capable of transmitting light so that objects or images can be seen as if there were no intervening material.
Upwelling
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to the ocean's surface. This can occur far from shore but usually occurs along certain steep coastal areas, where the surface layer of ocean water is pushed away from shore and replaced by cold, nutrient-rich bottom water.
In large cities, expanses of paved surfaces, particularly asphalt, absorbs heat during day and radiates heat at night. Sparse vegetatation and paved surfaces increase rain runoff, furthering reducing cooling effects. Temperatures in the cities are usually 3-5 degrees hotter than surrounding country side.
Abated
Reduced by a degree or intensity, elimination of pollution.
Airborne Particulates
Any particulates that are in the air.
Alaska Pipeline
Built from April 29, 1974 to June 20, 1977, this above ground pipeline 799 miles through Alaska, brings oil from the oil wells in northern Alaska to the shipping ports in southern Alaska.
Alternative Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources are those that are replenished by natural processes at rates exceeding their rate of use for human purposes, unlike fossil fuels which are not replenished at a useful rate. Sources considered renewable include solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, hydropower.
Arab Oil Embargo
In late October, 1973, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia influenced Arab oil producing nations who were also members of OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) to agree to an embargo (a government order prohibiting the movement of merchant ships into or out of its ports) of crude oil to Western nations who had supplied weapons and other aid to Israel, as a punishment to its friends. This caused oil to be in short supply and drove up oil prices in the countries effected.
A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by bacterial degradation of organic matter and used as a fuel.
Bituminous
A soft intermediate grade of coal; the most commonly used grade.
Black Lung Disease
Lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust.
Lack of illumination caused by an electrical power failure.
Breeder Reactor
A nuclear reactor that produces more fuel than it consumes. This kind of reactor is used mainly to produce plutonium.
British Thermal Unit
Measure of heat energy. 1 BTU=1055 joules or 0.293 watt-hours. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound water one degree Fahrenheit
The amount of heat that it takes to raise a gram of water one degree Celsius.
Casks
Barrels that are used to store the spent fuels.
Physics. A multistage nuclear reaction, especially a self-sustaining series of fissions in which the release of neutrons from the splitting of one atom leads to the splitting of others.
City in Russia where a nuclear power plant suffered a melt-down due to poor decisions made by power plant workers. The resulting explosions killed killed a number of workers and spewed radioactive debris and dust in the air, which were carried by winds across the Russia and other countries in the former Soviet Union.
Coal Liquefaction
Chemical process by which solid coal is converted to a liquid. This is referred to as a synfuel or synthetic fuel.
A power generation process that increases efficiency by harnessing the heat that would otherwise be wasted in the fuel combustion process, and using it to generate electricity, warm buildings, or for other purposes.
A process in which an industrial facility uses its waste energy to produce heat or electricity.
Conservation/Efficiency
The controlled use and systematic protection of natural resources, such as forests, soil, and water systems.
Containment building
Reinforced concrete building housing the nuclear reactor. Designed to contain an explosion should one occur.
Energy from sources such as fossil fuels that are in wide use.
To express a quantity in alternative units.
A mechanical system that is used to cause a decrease in temperature of something such as a refrigerator, or home, or nuclear power plant.
A massive tower designed to dissipate waste heat from a power plant (or other industrial plant) in to the atmosphere.
Water used to cool the heated water after use in a nuclear reactor so that the water can be reheated.
The breaking of the long carbon chains found in the hydrocarbons in crude oil by heating at high temperatures to form smaller molecules that are more useful.
Material formed from the parent material after a given process such as nuclear decay or movement through the rock cycle.
Depletion
The gradual use or consumption of a resource, especially a natural resource.
Depository or repository
A place where something is kept for safekeeping or storage, such as a warehouse or store for furniture or valuables. Yucca Mountain in New Mexico is being studied as a potential depository for spent nuclear fuel.
An isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in the nucleus having an atomic weight of 2.014
Fuel that is made of hydrocarbons that are 16 carbons long; a high compression internal combustion engine.
Differential Heat
Heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects; this is the second law of thermodynamics. This flow of heat from warmer areas to cooler areas because of the difference in heat or differential heat, can be harnessed and used. See the OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) plant below.
To take apart
The extraction of volatile components of a mixture by the condensation and collection of the vapors that are produced as the mixture is heated.
Animal excrement, a biomass, which use as a fuel for heating or cooking in many countries.
The ability to do work.
Crisis as a result of the deficiency of energy supplies.
Enriched Uranium
Uranium ore occurs naturally in a state that cannot be used in most reactors or to make nuclear weapons. Enriching the uranium makes it easier to use in reactors. The enrichment process increases the amount of the fissionable uranium-235 isotope. Uranium enriched to contain less than 20 percent uranium-235 is called low enriched uranium. Uranium enriched to contain 20 percent or greater uranium-235 is highly-enriched uranium that can be directly used to make nuclear weapons.
To place in or as if in a tomb or grave
Symbol S. For a closed thermodynamic system, a quantitative measure of the amount of thermal energy not available to do work.
Estimated Reserves
Reserves of resources whose quantity has been only estimated and are not known for certain.
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, ETOH) is a clear, colorless liquid that has been made since ancient times by fermenting sugars and starches from potatoes, corn, wheat, and other plants. Ethanol is, among many other uses, blended with gasoline to increase its oxygen content to reduce pollutants from automobile emissions.
Eutectic Fluid
Eutectic salts (salts that melt at low temperatures) are phase-changing chemicals that are used in active solar heating to store solar energy. Heating melts these materials and cooling returns them to the original phase.
Finite Resources
Natural resources that can be worn out (all used up) and cannot be replaced. (i.e. coal)
The rubbing of two objects against each other when one or both are moving. A significant percentage of the energy produced by an automobile engine is dissipated in friction, reducing the overall efficiency of the system.
Fuel Assembly Encased
A bundle of hollow metal rods containing uranium oxide pellets; used to fuel a nuclear reactor.
An electrochemical device with no moving parts that converts the chemical energy of a fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as oxygen, directly into electricity.
Fuel Rods
Rods that contain nuclear fuel that are put into a nuclear reactor.
Fuel wood
Wood that is used as a source of energy, usually by burning.
Gas hydrates
Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules. Gas hydrates in marine sediments are a significant source of methane.
The act or process of converting into or becoming gas
Gasohol
A fuel consisting of a blend of ethyl alcohol and unleaded gasoline, especially a blend of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
A volatile flammable liquid made from petroleum and used as fuel in internal-combustion engines; made up of hydrocarbons that are made of 8 carbon chains.
General Mining Law of 1872
Governs all mining in the U.S. and has recently come under attack.
Of or relating to the internal heat of the earth.
The phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.
Half lives (of radioisotopes)
The length of time required for half the nuclei in a sample to change in another isotope.
A material or system that exchanges heat from one system or material to another.
Heat Tax
Tax imposed on the use of energy supplies.
Hidden energy
Energy within a system that you are not aware of.
High Level Wastes
Wastes that are highly radioactive.
Auditing or analyzing the expenditure of energy in a home including the loss of energy.
Any of numerous organic compounds, such as petroleum, coal, and methane, that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Generating electricity by conversion of the energy of running water.
Water power. Flowing rivers of water that is transformed into energy by using dams, waterwheels or other devices.
Programs that reward the participants to achieve a desired result.
The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the ones that took place in England in the late 18th century, which are brought about when extensive mechanization of production systems results in a shift from home-based hand manufacturing to large-scale factory production.
Infrared Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves.
Insolation
The act or an instance of exposing to sunlight.
Forms of single element that differ in atomic mass due to different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
James Bay Project
A series of more than 600 dams along the eastern shore of the Hudson Bay.
Measurement of energy. Ex. 1 Joule of energy is required to lift 1 kilogram, 1 meter.
A colorless flammable oil distilled from petroleum and used as a fuel for jet engines, heating, cooking, and lighting.
Energy contained in moving objects such as a rock rolling down a hill, the wind blowing through the trees, or water flowing over a dam.
Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes; one of the four major types of cancer.
Lignite is a soft, brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable matter has proceeded further than in peat but not as far as in bituminous or anthracite coal. Also called brown coal.
Low Level Wastes
Wastes that are not highly radioactive.
Severe overheating of a nuclear reactor core, resulting in melting of the core and escape of radiation.
An odorless, colorless, flammable gas, CH4, the major constituent of natural gas, that is used as a fuel and is an important source of hydrogen and a wide variety of organic compounds.
To moderate (a quality or condition) in force or intensity; alleviate.
A substance, for example, graphite or beryllium, that slows neutrons in a nuclear reactor so that they can bring about the fission of uranium
Particle found in the nucleus of an atom that is the same size as a proton but have no charge.
A process in which two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one larger nucleus and release energy; the source of power in a hydrogen bomb.
Center of atom, occupied by proton and neutrons, contains DNA in cells.
Ocean Thermal Electric Conversions (OTEC)
Energy derived from temperature differentials between warm ocean surface waters and cold deep waters. This differential can be used to drive turbines attached to electric generators.
Oil Glut
When the supply of oil on the market greatly exceeds demand, resulting in lower oil prices.
A sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which when heat yields a synthetic crude oil, which can be processed into gasoline. Also not widely used because of the cost and environmental impacts
Acronym for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries founded in 1960 to unify and coordinate petroleum policies of the members.
Determination of how much energy is used by a system that actually results in the desired effect and is not wasted as lost energy.
Original radioactive atom or any type of material.
The very top of a mountain or elevated range of land The high point which data reaches in a graph or chart.
Chemicals synthesized from oil.
An energy-conversion device that captures solar energy and directly converts it to electrical current.
Photovoltaic Cells
A semiconductor that converts light directly into electricity.
Radioactive element used in nuclear reactions.
Proven Reserves
Reserves of resources that are known to exist.
Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
Encourage small-scale power production facilities by requiring utilities to purchase excess electricity generated by "qualified facilities" (such as facilities using renewable sources or cogeneration) and to provide backup power at a reasonable cost.
1 x 1015 Btu (British Thermal Units) = 1 exajoule = 1 x 1018 joules = 1 quad
A change in the nuclei of radioactive isotopes that spontaneously emit high energy electromagnetic radiation and/or subatomic particles while gradually changing into another isotope or different elements.
Material that is no longer useful or wanted that contains radioactive material.
Industrial plants that take in crude oil and refine it into a variety of hydrocarbon products.
Of or relating to a large geographic region.
(Roentgen equivalent man), a unit used in radiation protection to measure the amount of damage to human tissue from a dose of ionizing radiation. The amount of ionizing radiation required to produce the same biological effect as one rad of high-penetration x-rays. An average American receives about 0.370 rems of radiation per year.
The recovery of resources after their use and either recycling them for reuse or properly disposing of them
Salt Domes
A solid mass of salt that was once fluid and flowed into fractures in surrounding rock and geologic structures; salt domes
Caused by an earthquake.
Spent Fuel
The uranium cores that are taken out of the nuclear power plant.
Stabilize
To maintain an unfluctuating level of something; to become stable, or make something stable
Turns the steam and the hot water into electricity. In a Nuclear Power Plant.
Making an organism barren or infertile (unable to reproduce) To clear of living organisms with heat or use of chemicals.
Strip Mining
Removing surface layers over coal seams using, giant earth moving equipment; creates a huge open pit from which coal is scooped by enormous surface operated machines and transported by trucks; an alternative to deep mines.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Passed to protect society and the environment from adverse effects of surface mining; assures land reclamation after the mining has occurred.
Synfuels
Synthetic gas or synthetic oil made from coal or other sources.
Tar sands
Unconventional form of oil, liquid petroleum can be extracted with hot water, however not widely used because of the cost and environmental impacts.
Tax Incentive
Reduction in taxes given to encourage a specific behavior on the part of the recipient.
Terrestrial Reradiation
As the sunlight hits the land it is radiated back into space.
A branch of physics that deals with transfers and conversions of energy.
Nuclear power site at Harrisburg, PA. In 1979 suffered a partial meltdown of the core reactor. Most of the radioactive material was kept inside containment building.
Tidal Power
Energy produced by the motion of waves.
The use of the energy found in the wave motion of bodies of water.
A rare radioactive hydrogen isotope with atomic mass 3 and half-life 12.5 years, prepared artificially for use as a tracer and as a constituent of hydrogen bombs.
Giant seismic sea swells that move rapidly from the center of an earthquake; they can be 10 to 20 meters high when they reach shorelines hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from their source.
Any of various machines in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted to mechanical power by the impulse or reaction of the fluid with a series of buckets, paddles, or blades arrayed about the circumference of a wheel or cylinder.
An isotope of Uranium used in nuclear power plants.
Radioactive element used in nuclear reactions in obtaining nuclear energy.
Utility Companies, Public Utilities
Companies that supply services such as electrical power and communications (telephone service) used in daily life.
Having a relatively high resistance to flow.
Watt, Kilowatt
A unit of measure of electric power at a point in time as capacity or demand. 1 watt = 1 joule/second; 1 joule = energy spent in one second when a current of 1 amp flows through a resistance of 1 ohm; 1 kilowatt - 1 000 watt
Yucca Mountain, NV
U.S. Department of Energy's potential underground geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste.
Choices For The Future
Aesthetic Values
Sensitive to or appreciative of the beauty present in the environment.
The whole area of the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and sea that is inhabited by living things.
The preservation, management, and care of natural and cultural resources; the keeping or protecting of something from change, loss, or damage.
Conservationists
Somebody who campaigns for, supports, or works toward the preservation, management, and care of the environment, especially of natural resources in the countryside.
A combination of adventure travel , cultural exploration, and nature appreciation in wild settings.
Gaia Hypothesis
A theory that the living organisms of the biosphere form a single complex interaction system that creates and maintains a habitable Earth; Gaia is the Greek Goddess of Earth.
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
A philosophy that resources should be used for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.
Wilderness Act
To establish a National Wilderness Preservation System for the permanent good of the whole people, and for other purposes.


text:
Q: Formik with Yup allows valid validation when empty strings are given I have a form within a React app that uses Formik with You for validation. The validation is working as expected apart from a user can enter an a string with one or more whitespace into the fields and this will allow the validation to pass and the form to be submitted. I cannot see an obvious way to ensure that the string entered into each field is not an empty string containing whitespace ( " " ).
Here is my code:
const formik = useFormik<yup.InferType<typeof validationSchema>>({
    initialValues: {
      addressLine1: portfolioState.clientAddress.addressLine1,
      addressLine2: portfolioState.clientAddress.addressLine2,
      postcode: portfolioState.clientAddress.postcode,
      cityOrTownName: portfolioState.clientAddress.cityOrTownName,
      county: portfolioState.clientAddress.county,
      country: countryByLocale[onboardingState.settingsState.locale],
    },

    onSubmit: async () => {
      console.log(Object.entries(formik.values));
      const { createdDate, lastModifiedDate, postcode, ...rest } = portfolioState.clientAddress;
      const addressUpdatePayload = {
        ...rest,
        ...formik.values,
        addressType: AddressTypeEnum.INVOICE,
      };
      ...

    },
    validationSchema,
  });

    <FormWrapper>
          <Form onSubmit={formik.handleSubmit}>
            <Form.Group style={styles.formGroupStyle}>
              <Form.Label className="required">{t('auth:addressLine1.label')}</Form.Label>
              <Form.Control
                type="text"
                maxLength={30}
                name="addressLine1"
                onChange={formik.handleChange}
                value={formik.values.addressLine1}
                isValid={formik.touched.addressLine1 && !formik.errors.addressLine1}
                isInvalid={Boolean(formik.errors.addressLine1)}
              />
              {t('auth:addressLine1.subText')}
            </Form.Group>

            <Form.Group style={styles.formGroupStyle}>
              <Form.Label>{t('auth:addressLine2.label')}</Form.Label>
              <Form.Control
                type="text"
                maxLength={30}
                name="addressLine2"
                onChange={formik.handleChange}
                value={formik.values.addressLine2}
                isValid={formik.touched.addressLine2 && !formik.errors.addressLine2}
                isInvalid={Boolean(formik.errors.addressLine2)}
              />
              {t('auth:addressLine2.subText')}
            </Form.Group>

            <Form.Group style={{ ...styles.formGroupStyle, ...styles.flexFormGroup }}>

                <Form.Label className="required" style={{ whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>
                  {showUkInputs ? t('auth:postcode.label') : t('auth:zipCode.label')}
                </Form.Label>
                <Form.Control
                  type="text"
                  name="postcode"
                  maxLength={7}
                  onChange={formik.handleChange}
                  value={formik.values.postcode}
                  isValid={formik.touched.postcode && !formik.errors.postcode}
                  isInvalid={Boolean(formik.errors.postcode)}
                />

                <Form.Label className="required">{t('auth:cityOrTownName.label')}</Form.Label>
                <Form.Control
                  type="text"
                  name="cityOrTownName"
                  onChange={formik.handleChange}
                  value={formik.values.cityOrTownName}
                  isValid={formik.touched.cityOrTownName && !formik.errors.cityOrTownName}
                  isInvalid={Boolean(formik.errors.cityOrTownName)}
                />

                <Form.Label>{showUkInputs ? t('auth:county.label') : t('auth:state.label')}</Form.Label>
                <Form.Control
                  type="string"
                  name="county"
                  onChange={formik.handleChange}
                  value={formik.values.county}
                  isValid={formik.touched.county && !formik.errors.county}
                  isInvalid={Boolean(formik.errors.county)}
                />

            </Form.Group>

            <Form.Group style={styles.formGroupStyle}>
              <Form.Label>{t('auth:country.label')}</Form.Label>

              <Form.Control
                name="country"
                as="select"
                value={formik.values.country}
                onChange={handleCountryChange()}
                style={styles.countrySelect}
                isValid={!formik.errors.country}
              >
                {countriesList.map((item: ICountrySelectValue) => (
                  <option
                    aria-selected="true"
                    key={item.key}
                    value={item.value}
                    selected={item.value === portfolioState.userDetails.country}
                  >
                    {item.key}
                  </option>
                ))}
              </Form.Control>
            </Form.Group>
            <Button
              id="billing-address-submit"
              type="submit"
              style={{
                ...{ backgroundColor: GlobalStyles.cultOrange, color: 'black', marginTop: 30 },
                ...(styles.buttonStyle as React.CSSProperties),
              }}
              disabled={onboardingState.uiState.allowContinue === false || formik.isSubmitting || !formik.isValid}
            >
              {t('common:continue')}
            </Button>
          </Form>
        </FormWrapper>

Can anyone offer any advice?
thanks

A: To prevent a user from entering empty strings in the text input field, you can use
the .trim() method in the validation. Here is the link to the documentation.
[1]: https://github.com/jquense/yup#stringtrimmessage-string--function-schema

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
» Ohio business leaders declare racism public health crisis
Ohio business leaders declare racism public health crisis
On behalf of Massucci Law Group LLC | Jul 3, 2020 | Uncategorized |
Those who live and work in the Columbus, Ohio, area or anywhere else in this state, will be interested in knowing about this recent development. Racism affects everyone, and business leaders have joined in the cause.
According to Columbus Business First, almost 1000 business owners from Central Ohio have signed a letter of support that declares racism as a public health crisis. The businesses range from bakeries to bars and the largest traded company in Ohio.
The letter stated that people in positions of power must speak out. The letter was written by John Lowe, CEO of Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams. A resolution was originally written earlier this year but was delayed due to the pandemic.
On board are heads of the four Columbus-based hospital systems, some of the largest law firms, local offices of huge accounting firms, venture capital firms, tech startups, community development organizations and mom-and-pop retailers and restaurants.
Originally with 80 signatures on Saturday, after going online, it received many more signatures. The document is on the website of the Columbus chapter of Conscious Capitalism.
The resolution and support letters were drafted before the weekend of protests that represented the matter of police killing of unarmed black people. After those events, the group said that meaningful collective action must take place. Columbus Public Health and Columbus City Council were set to vote on making the declaration.
There is still discrimination based on race and sexual identity in personal lives as well as in business. The LGBTQ community supports efforts to eradicate racism as well as prejudice. Families should feel empowered, no matter which gender or race. Consult with an attorney when same-sex divorce arises as well as other legal issues; when life seems out of control, a supportive attorney can help resolve issues that seem overwhelming.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sagar, 2013 : Mr. Na D' Souza, a former student of St. Joseph's Kannada Medium School at Sagar and the President Designate of the 80th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana was felicitated at the Annual Day of St. Joseph's Kannada Medium School.
The School was started in 1927 by Fr. S. P. Fernandes. In the beginning, it functioned in the verandahs of the Church. It was recognised by the Government in 1930. A plot of land near the Church was allotted by the Muncipality to the Christians to run the school. The management of the School was subsequently transferred to Bethany Sisters.
Sr. Prakash, Professor at Jyothi College, Bangalore presided. Rev. Fr. Venus Colaco, Parish Priest, Sri. P Lingappa, BEO, Sr. Susan, Superior of St. Joseph's Convent, Smt. Pushpa, PSI and Sri T. N. Srinivas, Muncipal Councillor were the guests of honour. There was a fascinating cultural programme by the students of the school.


You may have heard the term SEO a lot. Maybe you aren't quite sure what it means.
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. Search Engine Optimization is the process that you take to make your website more attractive to the search engines. There are certain things Google and Bing are looking for when they determine search results. Learning and applying SEO tips to your website can make your website appear higher in the search results. By using each tip that we'll cover on this blog, you're making it more clear to the search engines what your site is about and how relevant it is the words searched.
There are 2 kinds of SEO. On Page SEO and Off Page SEO.
On Page SEO is the things you can do on your website to maximize your search results. Things like making sure the titles on your blog posts have the right words, creating new content and many other tips we will cover in the future. But, let's focus on Off Page SEO for now.
Off Page SEO is what is done on other websites in regards to yours. Largely, it's links from other websites to yours. When another website mentions your company and links back to you it helps you. The more established and respected the website that links to you, the better. This kind of SEO only works if it is legitimate. Many websites in the past have been set up as link farms just to up a website's SEO. This no longer works and Google will actually penalize your results for this kind of linking.
If you wanna do some work in Off Page SEO (and I recommend you do) try reaching out to bloggers or organizations that work with you or would be open to having a article or ad exchange (guest blogging is a great way to do this). If your business makes you an authority on something, write an article or blog post for some general knowledge website (like About.com or Ezines.com) and make sure that the byline has a link to your website. Can you make a tutorial? Make a video showing how to do something and make sure the info on YouTube has a link your website.
Just remember that Google is looking for relevant and authoritive information. Create the best quality content you can and your On Page SEO and Off Page SEO will continue to improve.


text:
<?php
namespace Cheetahmail\Campaigns\Campaigns;

class DeleteResponse
{

    /**
     * @var boolean $DeleteResult
     */
    protected $DeleteResult = null;

    /**
     * @param boolean $DeleteResult
     */
    public function __construct($DeleteResult)
    {
        $this->DeleteResult = $DeleteResult;
    }

    /**
     * @return boolean
     */
    public function getDeleteResult()
    {
        return $this->DeleteResult;
    }

    /**
     * @param boolean $DeleteResult
     * @return \Cheetahmail\Campaigns\Campaigns\DeleteResponse
     */
    public function setDeleteResult($DeleteResult)
    {
        $this->DeleteResult = $DeleteResult;
        return $this;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Cisco Press graciously provided a copy of this book for my evaluation. Clocking in at a svelte 361 pages, this tome has a great wealth of IPv6 information from a design perspective. There are some code examples for your networking gear, but much of the discussion in this book revolves around IPv6 design and building your network right the first time.
Chapter 1 starts off the same way many network rock stars will start off pitching IPv6 to their company, with a discussion of the market drivers for IPv6 adoption. Even though networking professionals know IPv6 is inevitable, the C-level executives will most likely need some additional convincing. This chapter is great for them to hear about the reasons why IPv6 is necessary. Chapter 2 is an overview of the Cisco hierarchical network design, now expanded to include IPv6 content. If you've seen any network design documentation in the past decade, this should be a review for you. Just note the IPv6 sections.
Chapter 3 starts the meat of the book. This chapter discusses the coexistence mechanisms that you are likely to face when prepping your network, since we are going to need to run IPv4 alongside IPv6 no matter how much we might not want to. Tunnels and NAT64 get some discussion, along with running IPv6 over MPLS. Chapter 4 discusses the various network services that will need to be IPv6 aware to help run your network, such as OSPFv3 or BGP. Great discussion is made about multicast, since multicast is such a crucial component in IPv6. Chapter 5 is a short one, discussing the planning that one will need to go through for implementing an IPv6 infrastructure. This is more of the paperwork and staging behind the scenes that might be boring, but in an enterprise is critical for painless IPv6 deployment.
Chapter 6 is the largest chapter and will most likely be where you spend most of your time. This is a soup-to-nuts campus IPv6 deployment. The authors analyze the deployment from three different perspectives, the dual stack (my favorite), the hybrid model that is useful for non-IPv6 applications, and the service block model, which allows you to bring IPv6 online in sections. Every facet of your network is analyzed in this chapter, from VLANs to routing protocols to QoS and other network services. If you are going to be deploying IPv6 in your network in the future, you'd do well to just dog ear Chapter 6 so you can turn back to it quickly.
Chapters 7 through 10 deal with specific cases of IPv6 deployment to support use-cases, such as virtualization, branch offices, datacenters, or remote access. They exist so that you can quickly reference these scenarios as needed, since you may not need to worry about deployment of IPv6 in a datacenter in your environment for instance. The authors do a wonderful job of explaining all the things you might need to take into account in your deployment of ancillary technologies, such as Microsoft protocols to be aware of or application requirements that may not necessarily be network dependent.
Chapter 11 is all about managing your shiny new IPv6 network through things like Netflow and SNMP. Careful attention should be paid if you don't want to find yourself chasing poltergeists in your network at 3 a.m. on a Sunday. Chapter 12 gives you a great breakdown of parts and pieces that would be great to construct a lab to pilot your IPv6 implementation before unleashing it on your live network. That way, IPv6 doesn't call the Resume Generating Event (RGE) protcol.
I liked this book quite a bit. There is a ton of good information to be found inside for all levels of network rock star, from those just learning about deploying IPv6 to the poor souls that find themselves mired in a remote access IPv6 deployment gone wrong. With a big focus on proper network design, IPv6 for Enterprise Networks ensures that you don't have to rebuild your IPv6-enabled network after a short time due to bad design decisions or compromises. Every scenario I've seen discussed concerning IPv6 deployment is laid out in clear language, with both pros and cons for deployment. I highly recommend picking up this book as soon as you can so your journey down the IPv6 yellow brick road starts off smoothly and you can avoid the pitfalls before you encounter them.
As a bonus, if you are going to Cisco Live 2011 in Las Vegas, Shannon McFarland is giving a session based around this book, BRKRST-2301 Enterprise IPv6 deployment. If you aren't adverse to 8 a.m. sessions the morning after the Customer Appreciation Event you should sign up and check it out. I plan on bringing my book so that Shannon can autograph it. That way, I can claim I met him before he became a gigantic IPv6 rock star.
This entry was posted in IPv6, Review and tagged IPv6 by networkingnerd. Bookmark the permalink.
I agree with everything you said – Shannon's book is fantastic. I bought the Kindle edition even before the print version was out. While I would have liked to see something slightly more vendor-neutral, there is no question that the concepts illustrated in his book can be applied no matter what vendor you're dealing with.
The only thing really missing from his book (and rightly so, being a Cisco book and all, specific to networking) are the details on IPv6 services. By that, I mean things like addressing plans, DHCPv6, DNS, etc. Stuff that doesn't apply to just routers and switches. Perhaps that's something we might see in an O'Reilly book, which tend to be either vendor neutral, or Juniper-leaning.
I'm leaving Cisco Live the afternoon after the CAE… but I think I might try to catch Shannon's session before I take off to the airport. I'd love to meet him!


text:
6 Keira Knightley Period Dramas You Need To Watch Next
Team Interns , 05 Oct 2020
Actress Keira Knightley, after the success of her debut film Bend It Like Beckham, landed her role as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates Of The Caribbean franchise. But it wasn't until her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 2005 film Pride & Prejudice, and the subsequent Oscar nomination, that she solidified her place in the industry. The film, which was Joe Wright's directorial debut, earned Knightley 11 nominations for Best Actress in addition to the Oscar nomination. It also made Knightley a director's favourite, as she went on to work with Wright on 2 more projects. Most importantly, however, Pride and Prejudice put Knightley on the map as the perfect contender for historical dramas, a genre she has truly made her own and become a master of. We're taking a look at some of the period dramas she's starred in and delivered praiseworthy performances.
1. Colette
One of her most recent projects, Keira Knightley's work in Colette was widely praised for being aptly fit for the movie. The film is based on the life of French novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, who wrote the famous Claudine novels. The novels were originally published under Colette's husband's name. The film is carried by Knightley's brilliant portrayal of the novelist, depicting her journey as she writes the novels for her husband, and as she eventually comes to understand him as a cheat.
Based on a 2001 novel of the same name, Atonement is a war drama film, that traces the consequences of a crime through six decades. One of Knightley's early works, she was cast in the film because director Joe Wright believed her to be the best contender. He said that although severely underrated, she was a really extraordinary actress. The film appeared on many critics' top 10 list of best films of 2007.
3. Pride & Prejudice
Arguably the most popular out of her acting credits, Pride and Prejudice was one of the two films that have earned her Oscar nominations. Keira was fond of the Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice since age 7. She said that acting the leading lady in the film was like watching a dream come alive, although scary at first. The film was praised for the way it combined a classic tale with modern, youthful filmmaking. Despite criticism from viewers who held high regard for the 1995 film version of the novel, Knightley earned high praise for her performance and defined the image of Elizabeth Bennet for a fresh generation.
5. Anna Karenina
Her third collaboration with director Joe Wright, Keira Knightley played the titular role in the 2012 film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's classic Anna Karenina. Critics said that her work on the film proved that Knightley was strengthening as an actor with each project and that Joe Wright knew how to bring out the best in her.
6. The Imitation Game
Playing the supporting role of Joan Clarke, Knightley's work in the 2014 film The Imitation Game earned her her second Oscar nomination. The film is a biopic on scientist Alan Turing, who developed the model which gave us general-purpose computers. Although criticized for its failure in depicting Turing's homosexuality, instead alluding to a romantic relationship between the scientist and Joan Clarke, the film earned Knightley considerable praise for her sincere and strong portrayal of the cryptanalyst.
How many of these Keira Knightley films have you seen? Let us know in the comments!
Don't forget to follow @missmalinilifestyle on Instagram for more film recommendations!
#anna karenina#atonement#Colette#film recommendations#films#Keira Knightley#period dramas#Pride and Prejudice#the imitation game
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Slow Cycle with YP's in Marysville!
Arrive at the Marysville Golf Course between 5:00pm and 5:30pm to enjoy some pre-cycle drink and some amazing eats with the BBQ food truck! The Slow Cycle ride will be leaving at 6pm sharp. Plenty of room for parking if you are bringing your bike into town.
We'll be heading along Marysville's beautiful water front, through the park then onto Harsens Island Brewery in Marysville. There we will stop for food and drinks.
On the way back we have two options for additional watering holes including Lynwood and Junction Bouy. The goal is to be back to Marysville Golf Course or have the bikers off the road by dark.