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Beautician fined €10,000 for unlawfully performing botox-like treatments in her salon
Millions of Netflix users got a free upgrade today – check your account now
Amnesia: The Bunker opens its doors in May
Home/Business/With Meta cutting up to 400 Irish jobs, is this just a correction or a warning sign of a deeper tech recession?
With Meta cutting up to 400 Irish jobs, is this just a correction or a warning sign of a deeper tech recession?
So now we know: Around 400 people from Meta will lose their jobs.
Though the company hasn't confirmed the exact figure, it says the percentage affected here will be "similar" to the 13 percent global layoff figure.
For those who are made redundant, it's a much less positive working atmosphere than it was in Dublin a year ago.
Back then, recruiters would trip over themselves to offer you jobs at the same or higher salary at another technology or consulting firm.
Today, most big tech companies are either laying off employees or having a hiring freeze.
There are exceptions. TikTok is still adding 1,000 people, as is Workday. But overall, the market is now retreating rather than asking you to join.
As for Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp currently has 3,000 employees in Ireland.
However, staff job losses may not be the full picture.
While Meta says up to 6,000 contractors — workers ranging from engineers to cleaners employed by third-party agencies — won't be affected by today's announcement, that doesn't mean that number will be around next year. If the company's business is streamlined, as CEO Mark Zuckerberg is currently saying, there will inevitably be less work for all of those third-party firms.
As for exactly who will be laid off at Irish headquarters, the company would only say today that "some teams will be hit harder than others". Those who work on "business" teams, including sales and marketing, can expect deeper cuts than others, according to an employee email sent by Mr. Zuckerberg. Recruitment teams are also at the forefront.
For some unaffected, there is relief, such as the low staffing levels in Meta's data center operations in Meath.
The reason the company can't provide exact numbers on job cuts is that it is now going through official consultation channels for layoffs with state agencies and ministries.
However, a clearer picture of who is actually affected could emerge in the coming days. According to the company, data subjects will lose access to systems today and tomorrow.
Whether this is all just a correction or a warning sign of a deeper recession is likely to become clearer in the coming weeks.
In his letter to employees, Mark Zuckerberg said it could be a little bit of both.
https://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/as-meta-cuts-up-to-400-irish-jobs-is-this-just-a-correction-or-a-warning-sign-for-a-deeper-tech-recession-to-come-42131037.html With Meta cutting up to 400 Irish jobs, is this just a correction or a warning sign of a deeper tech recession?
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A record number of Afghans with physical disabilities are seeking specialised medical care as their country's decades-long conflict continues to kill and maim. But the main providers of prosthetic limbs and rehabilitation are still aid groups – not the government itself.
Shabobo is one of the latest casualties of Afghanistan's war. Earlier this year, her left leg was blown off when a rocket struck near her home in Laghman Province, in the country's east. Pregnant at the time, Shabobo lost her baby and suffered burns on both legs. She was eventually brought to Kabul after her wounds became infected.
Afghanistan's health system is itself a casualty of a long conflict. The rising number of amputees like Shabobo is one clear sign: She isn't seeking treatment at a public hospital, but at a facility run by Emergency, an Italian NGO that specialises in treating war wounds.
The UN says 10 million Afghans – more than a quarter of the population – lack "regular and sustained access" to basic health services. And specialised care, such as treating and rehabilitating amputees, is even more elusive in government-run hospitals and clinics.
Last year, Emergency's two biggest hospitals admitted more than 6,600 patients – its highest annual total since starting operations nearly two decades ago.
Across town, the International Committee of the Red Cross runs Kabul's main centre outfitting wounded Afghans with prosthetic limbs. The ICRC says a record 12,000 new patients sought help at its Kabul prosthetics centre or at its other clinics around the country – the most since the ICRC started working here 30 years ago.
The ICRC fills more than half of Afghanistan's demand for prosthetics each year. In 2018, its medical staff supplied more than 22,000 artificial limbs and other orthopaedic devices – along with the rigorous treatment that accompanies rehabilitation. Roughly 85 percent of the disabled patients who come for help are amputees – and the numbers are rising.
"The war is still ongoing, so amputations will increase," Helal said.
Around 1.5 million of Afghanistan's estimated 33 million population have some kind of physical disability, according to a 2015 national health survey. Many are survivors of the country's swelling insecurity, sustaining wounds from landmines, explosions and gunshots.
The rising number of amputees seeking help mirrors soaring casualty figures nationwide. In 2018, civilian deaths and injuries from conflict neared 11,000 – the highest yearly total the UN has ever recorded.
But the country's health sector lacks both funding and qualified staff. Much of the hands-on work is overseen by the government but fuelled by donor funds, then outsourced to non-governmental organisations.
This is the case especially in rural areas contested or controlled by armed groups like the Taliban. Private clinics have also mushroomed across the country to fill gaps in the government healthcare system.
Wahid Mayar, spokesman for Afghanistan's health ministry, says roughly three percent of the national budget is spent on health – or the equivalent of $5 per citizen each year.
Afghanistan's public hospitals still provide the majority of emergency trauma care, Mayar said.
But this leaves NGOs to take on the lion's share of specialised services like rehabilitating amputees.
"Most doctors don't have an upgraded knowledge, and those who studied abroad are not used to working with the old facilities available in government hospitals," said Naweed Hamkar, a surgeon who worked for years in a public hospital in Kabul before leaving the country last month.
He believes health projects run by humanitarian or development groups are too short-term to make a lasting impact, while the government health system is frayed by corruption.
"There is no follow-up. Even if equipment is bought for rural areas, it's either stolen or used for private purposes after a few months," he said.
Still, aid groups say local expertise treating patients with physical disabilities is growing, even if the government-run services fall short.
Most of the staff members at the ICRC's Kabul orthopaedic centre are Afghan amputees themselves; they've been trained to manufacture, fit, and provide physical therapy to other survivors.
There's a similar shift at Emergency's trauma hospital, which was filled with patients recovering from gunshot wounds and blast injuries one recent morning.
Ali Ata, a 36-year-old former police officer, lost both his legs 10 years ago in a Taliban attack. After his hospital recovery, he moved to Kabul from his home in Wardak Province, west of the capital, solely so he could access specialised care.
"There's no government hospital near my home where I can receive treatment, and most private clinics are expensive and can't deal with amputees," he said.
Sitting on a bench at the ICRC centre, he rolled up his shalwar kameez – the traditional Afghan dress – to reveal two prosthetic limbs and a pair of blue sneakers.
But even in the capital, hospitals and clinics are still out of reach for some. Omid Nasimi, 23, lives in Kabul's Kheir Khana neighbourhood, a crowded informal settlement lined with unpaved roads, narrow alleyways, and small brick houses home to migrants and families displaced by conflict.
Nasimi suffered back pain for years, before he finally spent his savings to undergo surgery in a private hospital six years ago. He woke up with a spinal cord injury, unable to walk on his own. Now, he relies on a mobile health team from the ICRC's orthopaedic centre. Government health programmes offer mobile polio vaccine clinics in his neighbourhood, but their teams don't include anyone specialised enough to help him.
"The closest hospital is still too far," he said during a physiotherapy session at his home.


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Q: How to create an event in c# when the coordinates of 2 picture boxes meet I am creating a game in visual studio forms using c#. I would like to create an event where if the coordinates of picture_box_A == coordinates of picture box_b/c/d... an event is raised. Thanks for support.

A: You can subscribe to the Move event for each of your PictureBox controls. The event handler could look something like:
private void PictureBoxMoved(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if (pb1.Location == pb2.Location)  // Replace pb1 and pb2 with actual control names
        MyEvent?.Invoke();  // pass args depending on your event handler delegate
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Кейло́ны — тканеспецифичные гормоны местного действия — представлены белками или пептидами различной молекулярной массы. Вещества, тормозящие пролиферацию клеток посредством ингибирования синтеза ДНК в клетках-предшественницах. Продуцируются всеми клетками высших организмов. Кейлоны водорастворимы, обладают тканеспецифичностью, но не видоспецифичностью; действуют в поздней G1-фазе клеточного цикла, предотвращая вступление клеток в синтез ДНК, или в поздней G2-фазе, контролируя митотическую активность; действие кейлонов кратковременно и обратимо; они не повреждают клетки или клеточные мембраны. Кратковременность действия кейлонов объясняют присутствием антагонистов-антикейлонов.
Исследованиями кейлонов занимались: Attalloh, Barbason, H.B. Benestad, S. Bertsch, R. Bjerkness, W.S. Bullough, Devik, Elgjo, J.С. Houck, О.H. Iversen, F. Marks, R. Rohrbach, T.Rytömaa, Volm, Маленков, Ю.А. Романов, Ямскова.

Литература
 Биохимия мышц и мяса: Учеб. пос. / В. В. Рогожин — СПб.: ГИОРД, 2006. — 240 с.: ил. (ISBN 5-98879-021-6)

Гормоны

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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WBB: Georgia vs. Vanderbilt Game Preview
Sports UGA Women's Basketball No Comments
Watch a fullscreen slideshow HERE.
Click HERE for our mobile photo app.
Georgia Lady Bulldogs (10-5, 1-1 SEC) vs. Vanderbilt (11-4, 1-1 SEC)
Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020 | 7 p.m. ET| Stegeman Coliseum (10,523)
TV: SEC Network + (Matt Stewart and Dean Keener)
Radio: Bulldog Sports Network (Jeff Dantzler) WXKT 103.7FM and 960 AM The REF
Game Promotions
» Halftime performance by the BMW RC Race team
Opening Tip
» Georgia hosts the Vanderbilt Commodores at 7 p.m. ET this Thursday at Stegeman Coliseum. The contest will air on SEC Network +, with Matt Stewart and Dean Keener on the call.
» The Lady Bulldogs have won four-straight meetings against these two programs. Georgia owns a 39-27 advantage in the all-time series, including a 20-7 mark in Athens. The Lady Bulldogs have not lost to Vanderbilt at home since Feb. 10, 2011, when Vanderbilt defeated Georgia, 69-59, in Stegeman Coliseum.
» Georgia has won seven of its last 10 games this season, with the team's only losses during this stretch coming to top-20 squads (No. 6 Baylor, No. 10 UCLA and No. 14 Mississippi State). The Lady Bulldogs' strength of schedule ranks No. 18 nationally.
» Senior forward Stephanie Paul has led Georgia in scoring in each of the first two SEC contests, scoring 18 points at Ole Miss and 15 against Mississippi State. Paul played a season-high 33 minutes against MSU.
» Georgia trailed Mississippi State by just one point — 48-47 — going into the fourth quarter this past Sunday. MSU began the fourth period on an 8-0 run to close the game. The Lady Bulldogs shot a season-best 51 percent from the floor in the loss.
» Georgia ranks third in the SEC in free-throw percentage, hitting 73.9 percent from the line as a team. Last season, the Lady Bulldogs finished the year ranked 12th in the league in free-throw percentage.
» Preseason All-SEC guard Gabby Connally has scored in double figures in 16 of her last 20 games and has started 45-straight contests.
Scouting Vanderbilt
» Stephanie White, who is in her fourth year as head coach at Vanderbilt, has guided her team to an impressive turnaround this season. A year after finishing with a 7-23 record, the Commodores are currently 11-4 overall. A big reason for this year's success is Athens, Greece native Mariella Fasoula. The 6-foot-5 forward leads the team in scoring and rebounding with 15.6 ppg and 8.0 rpg. Vanderbilt ranks seventh in the nation in total rebounds (658) and No. 17 nationally with 43.9 rebounds per game.
Series Breakdown
Overall: Georgia leads, 39-27
In Athens: Georgia leads, 20-7
In Nashville: Vanderbilt leads, 13-12
Neutral Sites: Tied, 7-7
Current Streak: Georgia has won four-straight
Last Meeting: Georgia W, 71-64 (1/6/19)
Largest Margin of Victory: Georgia W, 81-52 (1/4/18)
Largest Defeat: Vanderbilt W, 80-50 (1/16/94)
Stephanie Paul
Last Time Out Against Vanderbilt
Gabby Connally scored a season-high 29 points to lead the Lady Bulldogs to a 71-64 win against Vanderbilt in Nashville last season. Connally hit 8-of-14 from the field and a perfect 8-for-8 from the free-throw line to pace all scorers in the game. The win came in early January last season and improved Georgia's record to 2-0 in SEC play at that time.
Up Next for Georgia
The Lady Bulldogs make the trek north to Knoxville to take on the Tennessee Lady Vols at 1 p.m. ET on Sunday. That game will air nationally on the SEC Network.
Georgia vs. Vanderbilt 2020
prev Dawg fans, need some good news? Monty Rice makes decision to return for his senior year
Daily Dawg Thread 10 January 2020: Cade Denhoff and Sage Ryan offered by UGA next

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Phoenix USB Pro Tool is a software that let you flash Android Allwinner firmwares.
Download Phoenix USB Pro Tool v4.0.0 from here, here or here.
Download previous version of PhoenixCard v3.3.3 from here. Download PhoenixCard v3.09 from here & download PhoenixCard version v3.06 from here.
1. Install the USB Hub before run the starg. And Could't Plugin any device and Hub!
2. Select the key file and image file, Then start.
3. When the light turn green, please plugin a new device. Don't plugin a device when the light turn read.
4.Don't Plug out any device when it in processing state. You can plug out any deivce Accord to the ID of device.


Our Adult Evil Clown Shirt is the stuff of nightmares, with a sinister black and white alternating pattern on the main body and long sleeves that all end in a saw tooth hem, plus blood spatter detail as a wicked finishing touch. The attached blood red jester collar and red fuzzy pom-poms are no laughing matter here. Lightweight construction ensures you won't feel stuffy.


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Palm Beach County is een county in de Amerikaanse staat Florida.

De county heeft een landoppervlakte van 5.113 km² en telt 1.131.184 inwoners (volkstelling 2000). De hoofdplaats is West Palm Beach.

Trivia
Palm Beach County is de plek waar Al Capone overleden is.

County in Florida


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Articles from Johns Hopkins
Home > News and Publications > For the Media > News Release Archive
Spending More On Trauma Care Doesn't Translate to Higher Survival Rates - 08/09/2012
Spending More On Trauma Care Doesn't Translate to Higher Survival Rates
Research finds wide, unexplained regional differences in costs – and clues to where money can be saved
A large-scale review of national patient records reveals that although survival rates are the same, the cost of treating trauma patients in the western United States is 33 percent higher than the bill for treating similarly injured patients in the Northeast. Overall, treatment costs were lower in the Northeast than anywhere in the United States.
The findings by Johns Hopkins researchers, published in The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, suggest that skyrocketing health care costs could be reined in if analysts focus on how caregivers in lower-cost regions manage their patients.
At least in the case of trauma care, "spending more doesn't always mean saving more lives," says study leader Adil H. Haider, M.D., M.P.H., an associate professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and director of Hopkins' Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research. "If doctors in the Northeast do things more economically and with good results, why can't doctors out West do the same thing? This study provides a potential road map for cutting unnecessary costs without hurting outcomes."
But researchers say they don't know exactly why costs vary by region. Haider says that it is possible that in one part of the country, it may be customary to do an expensive type of medical test prior to treatment, while in other parts, that test may not be done.
Haider notes that health care costs account for roughly 16 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the United States, and trauma-related disorders rank among the five most costly conditions.
For their study, Haider and his colleagues analyed three years of data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer inpatient database publicly available in the United States. They identified 62,678 adult patients with a primary injury in one of five domains: blunt injury to the spleen, collapsed lung and bleeding in the chest, shinbone (tibia) fracture, mild traumatic brain injury and liver injury.
After controlling for a variety of factors that could bias the results — including injury severity, the presence of chronic illnesses, variations in regional prices for goods — the researchers estimated that the average per-person cost in the Northeast for trauma care for all five injury types combined was $14,022. The cost was 18 percent higher in the South, 22 percent more in the Midwest and 33 percent more in the West.
Of the injury types, the most expensive was for liver injury. For liver injury, the average cost of care in the Northeast was $16,213, while the cost was 18 percent more in the South, 22 percent more in the Midwest and 35 percent more in the West.
The Northeast also had the lowest costs for each of the five types of injury, while the West had the highest, even after accounting for known differences in the widely used consumer price index.
Haider, a trauma surgeon, cautions that when looking for ways to cut costs, researchers should look closely at outcomes beyond survival alone to make sure the more expensive care isn't better in some way. For example, it may be possible, he says, that higher-cost regions have patients with less pain and fewer disabilities after recovery.
"If surgeons are fixing tibia fractures in the West in a way that's more expensive but makes patients more comfortable, that would not be a trivial finding," Haider says. "We really need to drill down and figure out what parts of care improve outcomes and what parts drive up costs without improving any outcomes or aspects of care important to patients."
Financial support for this work was provided by: National Institutes of Health/ NIGMS K23GM093112-01; American College of Surgeons C. James Carrico Fellowship for the study of Trauma and Critical Care and Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions.
Other Johns Hopkins researchers involved in the study include Darrell J. Gaskin, Ph.D.; Cassandra V. Villegas, M.D., M.P.H.; Stephen M. Bowman, Ph.D.; Eric B. Schneider, Ph.D.; Elliott R. Haut, M.D.; and David T. Efron, M.D.
https://www.hopkinsresearch.org/JHH_Home.aspx
http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-health-disparities-solutions/
Media Contact: Stephanie Desmon
410-955-8665; sdesmon1@jhmi.edu
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Q: The top Stiefel-Whitney Class of an Unorientable Manifold The top Stiefel-Whitney class of an orientable manifold is the Euler characteristic mod 2, since it is the mod 2 reduction of the Euler class. Does this still hold for an unorientable manifold?

A: Every manifold is $Z_2$-orientable, so the Euler class (with $Z_2$-coefficients) is defined and coincides with the top Stiefel-Whitney class.
Back to your question: Yes, the top Stiefel-Whitney class evaluated on the fundamental class of the manifold is equal to the Euler characteristic mod 2 - regardless of the $Z$-orientability of the manifold.
This is Corollary 11.12 in Milnor, Stasheff: Characteristic Classes.


Young people up to age 16 are invited to enter the Children's competition which is part of the Uttoxeter Embroidery and Quilt Show, 13, 14, 15 April 2012.
All entry forms must be received by January 31 2012. The entry fee is £5.
Please see the show's website for details. You can download an entry form at the bottom of the page.


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News Sports Best of Section Business Go Play Opinion Obituaries eNewspaper Legals
It's time to celebrate the Magna Carta
Will Sellers
In just a few weeks, fireworks will illuminate the night sky, parades will proceed down Main Streets, and the American people, even while social distancing, will pause to celebrate the Fourth of July, or Independence Day.
And what event are we commemorating? Not a military victory, not a birth or death, but a mere vote. That vote, once and for all, declared the American Colonies free and independent from British domination. The many grounds justifying this vote are famously spelled out in the Declaration of Independence. John Adams wrote to Abigail in July 1776 predicting that the vote for independence would be "celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival," and "commemorated . . . by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty," accompanied by "bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other." How prescient of John Adams, and how appropriate that we Americans continue to celebrate our independence even 245 years after the vote for independence was announced.
The Declaration of Independence rightly holds a preeminent place in American history; yet, there is another, much older document from history worth celebrating too. That document is Magna Carta, "the Great Charter," signed June 15 in the year 1215 A.D. by English barons and King John. It is not an exaggeration to say Magna Carta changed the concept of government forever. In fact, never before had a ruler, in what was almost a bloodless coup, agreed to limitations on royal power. Magna Carta changed the dialog about the divine rights of kings and absolute power. We would do well to remember 805 years hence and reflect on what civilization has achieved by limiting the power of government and giving liberty to the governed.
Besides chartering a peace between some rebellious barons and the King of England, what did Magna Carta do? To be clear, it did not establish the concept of government by democracy; the Greeks had managed their affairs by majority vote well over a millennium earlier. Rather, Magna Carta planted the first seeds of constitutional government. A constitutional government recognizes the truth that all citizens, including those in the government, are under the law. No one, not even the king, is above the law. In medieval times, this innovative concept challenged the regime that ceded absolute power in the monarchy, which was so prevalent in Europe and the rest of the world. Magna Carta placed the ruler under the law, forbidding him from dictating to his subjects above the limitations of the law.
Magna Carta calls this supreme law the "law of the land." This law is not necessarily written down. Rather, it reflects the rights and customs of the people populating the land. From this novel concept came what we call "the common law." The common law is built not at once, but as any structure is built — brick by brick, case by case. Each judgment handed down by the court sets a precedent which will inform the next judgment of the same kind. In societies embracing the common law, judges do not create the law of the land. Rather, they declare what it already is and apply it to each situation. And how do they know what the law is? They look to prior judgments, to immemorial custom, and to the fundamental rights of the people. In short, they look to practical experience, the tried and true, over the philosophical and speculative.
Magna Carta itself and the common law jurists and statesmen who followed conceived of rights in negative terms. Property rights, for example, are the natural corollaries of other peoples' duties not to steal and destroy. Everyone besides the property owner has a duty not to trespass on the property owned by another, which means that owners have a right to the exclusive use and possession of their property. Fundamentally, rights are not invented by the government; they are inherent in what it means to be human. If the government has the power to create rights, then it can just as easily take them away. Magna Carta reflected fundamental rights and reduced them to writing, thus acting as a fence to clearly mark the boundaries between the government and the governed.
Magna Carta was viewed as so foundational to constitutional government, that it featured prominently in the early American Colonies. For example, the first Massachusetts code of law explicitly cites Magna Carta as the source of the laws comprising that code. Additionally, South Carolina, when separating from North Carolina in the early 18th century, enacted a statute that incorporated the English common law, as established by Magna Carta, into its own set of laws. Alabama, like many other states, followed this trend. Furthermore, William Penn, of Pennsylvania fame, arranged for the first printing in America of Magna Carta, and the seal used by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress contained the image of a patriot with a sword in his right hand and a copy of Magna Carta in his left.
These historical tidbits evidence the importance Magna Carta held for our American ancestors, but the best evidence is our own written constitution. That document, like Magna Carta, places the law of the land above the government and recognizes certain individual rights, which the government must never infringe upon, much less violate. If the government ever acts "above the law" by exceeding its enumerated powers granted by the Constitution, it ceases to be a proper government. Under constitutional government, laws have parameters in which to operate, but they cannot curtail rights clearly expressed in both our federal and state constitutions.
For Monday, its 805th anniversary, let us never forget the grandfather of our Constitution, Magna Carta. We should celebrate the concept of constitutional government it ushered into the world and the growing impact of its civilizing influence. Under Magna Carta and its offspring, the United States Constitution and the Alabama Constitution, we should always hold our own elected officials accountable to govern according to and under the "law of the land." And, we must always remember that government exists not to create our rights, but to protect the rights we inherently possess. When King John exceeded these rights, he set in motion a movement to constrain government by recognizing pre-existing rights and enumerating them lest future rulers forget their limitations. That is something well worth celebrating!
Will Sellers is an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of Alabama.
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Martin Parr has developed an international reputation for his colourful photographs which capture our times – whether it is the food we eat, the fashions we wear, what we buy or our leisure activities. His images present the familiar in a new and wry way. His exhibition Return to Manchester showcases his Manchester work, from his student days at Manchester Polytechnic in the early 1970s to a new commission about Manchester in 2018. Ranging from black and white images of Prestwich Mental Hospital (1972) and Yates Wine Lodges (1982-3) to colour photographs of people shopping in Salford (1986) and the Guardian Cities project (2008), Parr shows how the lives of Mancunians have changed but also how there is continuity in how we live. The new body of work is a portrait of Mancunians in 2018, revealing the diversity and inclusive nature of the city and celebrating the humanity of the everyday.
Martin Parr will be in conversation with Manchester Art Gallery's Senior Curator Natasha Howes.
Booking is essential, tickets are available at Eventbrite.


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Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vinogradov (; September 9, 1930 – June 14, 2011) was a Soviet and Russian journalist and writer. He was the editor-in-chief and director of the Detskaya Literatura publishing house.

Early life
Aleksandr Vinogradov was born in 1930 in Skrylevo, then a village in Moscow Oblast (now in Tver Oblast). In 1935 he supercooled his ears and had to go through an operation, as a result of which, however, he was able to keep his hearing. His younger cousin Dmitry (born 1931), who had also supercooled his ears, was unable to survive the operation and died. He soon moved to Leningrad where he went to school. However, in 1941, after the city had been surrounded by the German army, he managed to escape with his mother and sisters. His father, Aleksandr, stayed and died from hunger in early 1942. Aleksandr Jr. returned to his village, which became part of the newly formed Kalinin Oblast. During the war he worked at a kolkhoz called the Dawn of the Communes (Zarya Kommun). After the end of the war, he resumed his studies at school but had to take a sabbatical in 1947, when he got sick with tuberculosis. However, he was able to survive the life-threatening disease and came back to school.

Professional career
In 1950 Aleksandr Vinogradov entered the journalism faculty of the Leningrad State University. Upon graduation in 1955, he became a correspondent for the Red Kurgan (Krasnyy Kurgan) newspaper and moved to Kurgan. In 1957 he became an editor for the Young Leninets (Molodoy Leninets) newspaper. In 1959 he had his first trip abroad to China.

In 1960 Aleksandr Vinogradov was transferred to Moscow. He became an instructor in the propaganda and campaigning department of the Komsomol. In 1962 he became deputy editor of the Komsomol life department for the Komsomolskaya Pravda daily. In 1963 he was appointed editor of the Our relatives (Nashy rodnye) department of the Vokrug Sveta magazine. This department was responsible for animal stories. In 1964 he became editor-in-chief of the Young Naturalist (Yunyy Naturalist) magazine. At the same time, he began writing stories, mostly describing his foreign trips and the impressions he got from visiting the different countries, such as the United States (Rock and Roll on the Knees), China (On the Shore of the Mighty Yangtze), Japan (The Bitter Smile of the Samurai), Mexico (Aztecs: The 20th Century).

In January 1975 Aleksandr Vinogradov became editor-in-chief of the Children's Literature magazine, a publishing house specializing in editing and printing works of literature for children from around the world. The Library of world literature for children was published under Vinogradov's directorship. In 1982 he became the magazine's director. In the meantime, he continued writing and moved on to more psychologically complex novels, that dealt with the issue of death and life values. It was at this time that his most famous works, At the End of the Alley (V Kontse Allei) and The Unsheathed Saber (Sablya bez Nozhen) were published. In 1984, however, Vinogradov was forced to take a break from work after suffering a heart attack. In 1985 he was transferred to the Raduga publishing house, where he took the position of deputy editor-in-chief. He retired in October 1991.

Vinogradov continued writing in the 1990s and published the stories The Misfire (Osechka) in 2001 and The Murdered Daylights (Ubityye Rassvety) in 2005.

Personal life
Aleksandr Vinogradov was married twice. In 1951 he married Nellya Danilova, but got divorced within a year. His second marriage proved to be much longer. In 1956 he married Elvira Belinina with whom he stayed together until his death. He had one child, born in 1958.

Illness and death
In December 2001 Aleksandr Vinogradov suffered a stroke which had little immediate consequences, with his eyesight and balance only slightly affected. However, he soon began to develop a glaucoma on the retina of his right eye, hampering his ability to see and write. In the late 2000s he started to develop brain ischemia, leading to problems with memory, judgment and gait. Possibly affected by his son's death, his condition severely worsened in May 2011, when he became unable to stand and started experienced hallucinations. He was placed in a hospital, but that only provided temporary relief and upon discharge, his range of debilitating symptoms returned. He died on June 14, 2011 at his dacha in the village of Alyokhnovo in the Istrinsky District of Moscow Oblast, where he was being taken care of by his wife. A burial ceremony took place on June 16, 2011, and he was cremated soon afterwards. His funerary urn was placed into the crematorium wall of Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.

External links
Misfire by Alexander Vinogradov

1930 births
2011 deaths
People from Kuvshinovsky District
Russian journalists
Russian writers
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery


If I were to write an ode to vegetables I guess the title would be "Ratatouille" . Why?! Because this is the only dish that cames to my mind when thinking of veggies and their freshness. A symphony of colours and flavors in a single healthy dish prepared from the simplest ingredients. Imagine a vegetable garden bathed in the dew of a summer morning – this is what I see in a dish of Ratatouille.
As putea sa mananc in fiecare zi si tot nu m-as satura!


This is for active development.
New funtionalities are to be added actively.
Added option -g to portsreinstall-chroot.
2 2 [NEW] Options -j and -x are added.
3 3 [NEW] Option -J is added to the all utilities.
4 -[NEW] Options -f and -s are added to portsreinstall-chroot(8).
4 +[NEW] Options -f, -g and -s are added to portsreinstall-chroot(8).
5 5 [NEW] auto and destroy commands are added to portsreinstall-chroot(8).
6 6 [NEW] pkg, make, show build_conflict_pkgs, show inst_conflict_pkgs, show errormessage, show inst_by_pkg, show inst_built_default, show inst_built_custom, show fossil, show moved, show leaves and show obsolete commands are added.
7 7 [NEW] Command show status newly supports inst_by_pkg, inst_built_default, inst_built_custom and fossil.
262 262 message_section_title "Full course main: Initiate the reinstallation process"
29 29 -d : Forcibly invalidate the privilege of mounting/unmounting file systems.
30 30 -e dir[,dir2[,...]] : Extra directories to mount for the chroot environment.
31 31 -f : Full course mode.
32 + -g : Adjust all operations as post-processes after system upgrade.
32 33 -P : Import settings from pkgtools.conf(5) as the secondary if exists.
33 34 -p : Import settings from pkgtools.conf(5) as the primary if exists (default).
34 35 -Q : Ignore pkgtools.conf(5) even if it exists.
199 199 Resuming \fBdo\fR command automatically executes \fBportsreinstall\fR(8) in the builder \fBchroot\fR(8) environment.
200 200 With \fB\-a\fR option, the all detected leaf and obsolete packages will be deleted.
206 +Adjust the all operations to be suitable as post-processes after system upgrade.
207 +Concretely, the full course mode is adjusted to reinstall the all ports by removing \fB\-q\fR option of \fBportsreinstall\fR(8).


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text:
Former Winnipeg police officer pleads guilty in fatal 2017 hit and run, sentenced to 2½ years
Cody Severight, 23, was killed in October 2017 after Justin Holz, a then 34-year-old Winnipeg police constable, got behind the wheel of his car following an after-work get-together with colleagues at a downtown Winnipeg bar.
Justin Holz pleaded guilty to dangerous driving causing death in collision that killed Cody Severight, 23
Austin Grabish · CBC News · Posted: Oct 30, 2019 2:08 PM CT | Last Updated: October 31, 2019
Cody Severight was killed in a hit and run outside Winnipeg's Sutherland Hotel in October 2017. (Travis Golby/CBC)
A former Winnipeg police officer has pleaded guilty to dangerous driving causing death in connection with a fatal 2017 hit and run, offering an apology in a Winnipeg courtroom Wednesday to the family and friends of the man who was killed.
Justin Holz was sentenced to 2½ years in jail for the Oct. 10, 2017, collision that killed Cody Severight, 23.
Manitoba Judge Wanda Garreck delivered the sentence Wednesday afternoon, after Holz's lawyers struck a plea deal with the Crown.
Holz, 36, was slated to stand trial next January, but that was cancelled after the agreement was reached.
He was originally charged with impaired driving causing death, dangerous driving causing death, fleeing the scene of a crash, dangerous driving, and driving with a blood alcohol content over the legal limit after the collision that killed Severight.
He pleaded guilty to the charge of dangerous driving causing death. The other charges were stayed.
Saskatchewan Crown to prosecute former Winnipeg police officer charged in fatal hit-and-run
Hit-run victim's family disappointed accused did not make court appearance
As part of his sentence — jointly recommended by the defence and Saskatchewan Crown prosecutor William Burge, who was brought in to handle the case at the request of Manitoba's assistant deputy attorney general — Holz will also be banned from driving a vehicle for three years after his sentence.
During the two years since his death, Severight's family has made repeated pleas for justice.
Cody Severight, 23, was crossing Main Street near Sutherland Avenue around 8 p.m. on Oct. 10, 2017, when a vehicle hit and killed him. (Cody Severight/Facebook)
Several family members offered victim impact statements on Wednesday in the packed Winnipeg courtroom. Extra chairs had to be brought in to accommodate all of the people who attended.
Severight's aunt Nancy Gabriel spoke about the pain her nephew's death caused, and the distrust she has now for police.
'It broke our family apart'
Gabriel, who is legally blind, had a support worker read her statement on her behalf.
"It broke our family apart," the worker read from the statement, while Gabriel broke down in tears. She told the court she's had no counselling, and instead attends a medicine circle weekly.
"I was so angry 'cause cops are supposed to protect people, not leave them on the side of the road," her statement said.
"Cops say 'don't drink and drive,' but this makes me feel like they can do whatever they want."
Gloria Lebold, Severight's grandmother, told the court she still couldn't believe Holz didn't stop after hitting her grandson.
"It's hard to imagine Cody on the street dying. Why did you leave him there? You as a police officer should protect people, not hurt them."
Gloria Lebold holds a photo of her grandson outside court Wednesday. (Jeff Stapleton/CBC)
Lebold said she had to start taking medication for the anxiety and depression she experienced after the crash.
Outside the court, she told reporters that she feels justice has been served and she appreciated the remorse Holz showed.
But she wondered if he would have received a longer sentence if he wasn't a former police officer.
"I think other people would have got more, you know."
Holz, who had no prior criminal record, appeared to struggle at times as Severight's relatives read their impact statements. He held a tissue and wiped his eyes.
He later offered an apology.
"I'd just like to say 'I'm sorry' to Cody's family and friends," he told the courtroom.
"I think about the accident every day and I'll have to live with it for the rest of my life. I know words can't fix what happened, but I am truly sorry."
Timeline of night
Holz's lawyer Richard Wolson said the cause of the crash "without question" was excessive speed.
He told the court there were issues with the case that would have been challenged if it went to trial, including speed and the admission of tests taken. That led to him, his co-counsel, Evan Roitenberg, and the Crown reaching the plea agreement.
Burge said "circumstances in the evidence of this case pertaining to speed, alcohol and the matter of collision" factored into the plea agreement.
Holz, then an eight-year veteran of the police service, got behind the wheel of his car following an after-work get-together with several colleagues at The Pint, a since-closed downtown Winnipeg bar, on the night Severight was killed, court heard.
A shoe lies on Main Street, surrounded by evidence tags, at the scene of the fatal 2017 crash that killed Cody Severight. (Jeff Stapleton/CBC)
Several different surveillance cameras captured Holz's car speeding in the area where Severight was killed before and after the fatal collision.
In an agreed statement of facts presented in court Wednesday, Burge said a collision reconstructionist determined Holz was travelling at least 76 kilometres per hour at the point when Severight was hit. But that number was on the low end of an estimate offered by the reconstructionist, the prosecutor said.
The intersection where Severight was killed has a sign that prohibits pedestrians from crossing, according to the statement of facts read by Burge. The sightlines for both Severight and Holz were restricted because of the nearby underpass, meaning a clear view wouldn't be established until two seconds before the collision.
Severight, who was crossing Main Street with another pedestrian, had almost crossed the first lane of the street and tried to change direction just before the collision.
Holz had swerved to avoid hitting the first pedestrian.
Severight was struck by Holz's car and propelled more than 16 metres. He suffered a fractured skull and broken neck when he hit the cement sidewalk, court heard.
The judge said it was clear Cody Severight was a vibrant young man who was loved and cherished by many. (Cody Severight/Facebook)
Holz didn't stop, but instead was captured on video speeding down Main Street at speeds up to 129 kilometres per hour, the prosecutor said. He was located by police more than seven kilometres away.
The collision happened at 8:03 p.m., and at 8:14 p.m., Holz called 911 and said he had hit someone, Burge told the court. He was at Red River Boulevard, just off Main.
Police responded and detained Holz at 8:31, but the officers said no symptoms of impairment were noted. At 8:55, however, the smell of alcohol was noted, the prosecutor said.
Holz was arrested at 9 p.m. for impaired driving and a demand for a breath sample was made at 9:05 p.m.
It wasn't made clear in court when exactly Holz gave those samples. In the days after his arrest, police said it was three to four hours before arresting officers gave their colleague a breathalyzer.
The test established his blood level alcohol level at the time he gave the breath samples didn't exceed the legal limit.
'Haunted by what he's done'
Ten days after the collision, two other officers, who had been involved in the investigation into Severight's death, were placed on administrative leave. They were later cleared of criminal wrongdoing by Manitoba's police watchdog.
Garreck said Holz's actions raised anger toward police, and hurt his own family.
"He has changed the dynamic of two families for life," the judge said, acknowledging Holz has expressed remorse for his actions on the night Severight was killed — actions which she said didn't appear to match how Holz lived his life before the fatal hit and run.
Gloria Lebold sprinkles rose petals during an October 2018 vigil close to the spot where her grandson, Cody Severight, died. (Jeff Stapleton/ CBC)
Wolson said his client led a life of helping others. He volunteered to coach hockey and performed countless hours of community service, in addition to raising money for Dream Factory — a charity that works with children who are battling life-threatening illnesses.
"I can tell you that Justin's life has been changed forever. He lives with the death of Cody Severight. He's haunted by what he's done," he said.
Winnipeg police Chief Danny Smyth expressed sympathies to Severight's family in a statement Wednesday. The chief said he hoped they were given some comfort by being spared the anguish of a trial.
"They are also victims. The officer has been held accountable," he said.
String of impaired driving charges
Holz's high-profile case was the first in a string of cases involving officers charged with impaired driving.
A month after Severight was killed, two other Winnipeg police officers were arrested for impaired driving.
CBC News later learned of two other cases where officers were charged with drinking and driving that the Winnipeg Police Service failed to disclose to the public.
Police would later reveal five of their own, including Holz, had been charged with impaired driving in 2017.
One of the officers was consigned to desk duty and lost his licence for 12 months, in addition to being fined. Two other officers were acquitted, while another was given a curative discharge.
Last August, CBC News reported that Holz, who was on paid administrative leave, was no longer a member of the police force. Police refused to say whether he resigned.
Former Winnipeg police officer pleads guilty in fatal 2017 hit and run, sentenced to 2 ½ years
CBC News Manitoba
1 year agoVideo
A former Winnipeg police officer has pleaded guilty to dangerous driving causing death in connection with a fatal 2017 hit and run, offering an apology to the family and friends of the man who was killed in a Winnipeg courtroom Wednesday afternoon. CBC's Austin Grabish reports. 1:50
Austin Grabish
Austin Grabish landed his first byline when he was just 18. He joined CBC in 2016 after freelancing for several outlets. In 2018, he was part of a team of CBC journalists who won the Ron Laidlaw Award for the corporation's extensive digital coverage on asylum seekers crossing into Canada. In 2019, he was on the ground in northern Manitoba covering the manhunt for B.C. fugitives Bryer Schmegelsky and Kam McLeod, which attracted international attention. Email: austin.grabish@cbc.ca
2 more Winnipeg police officers charged with impaired driving
No culture of binge drinking, says Winnipeg police chief, but union wants more resources
Winnipeg officer charged in deadly hit-run no longer on the force, police say
Dangerous driving causing death charge added for Winnipeg police officer in fatal hit and run


text:
Кра́вино () — село в Старозагорській області Болгарії. Входить до складу общини Опан.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2011 року у селі проживала  особа, усі — болгари.

Розподіл населення за віком у 2011 році:

Динаміка населення:

Примітки

Села Старозагорської області


text:
Head of Music | Repertoire Coaching, Workshop Repertoire, Workshop Caramba, Concerts & Productions
Hein Boterberg
Hein Boterberg is Head of Music and vocal coach at the IOA and works as a visiting vocal coach at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester (UK). He is also an acclaimed accompanist for song recitals.
He studied at the Conservatoire in his birth city of Ghent. At the Royal Scottish Academy and the London Guildhall School of Music and Drama he specialised in singing accompaniment. He was also holder of the Geoffrey Parsons Junior fellowship at the Royal College of Music.
In de Munt | la Monnaie in Brussels, he assisted Antonio Pappano and Renato Balsadonna and worked in productions with singers such as Susan Graham, José van Dam, Jonas Kaufmann and Joseph Calleja. He has also played for conductors such as Kazushi Ono and Alessandro de Marchi. In addition to this, he has worked with singers for the Filharmonie, the Flemish Radio Choir, the Flemish Opera, Covent Garden, the Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel and the Collegium Vocale, Ghent.
In song recitals he has played in Europe, Asia and Australia in venues such as the Wigmore Hall and the Purcell Room in London, the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels and many more, for singers such as Sophie Karthäuser, Christian Immler, Malin Christensson, and Jonathan Lemalu. In 2006 he started the recital seriesVocal Journey, for which he devised and played concerts with young singers from all over the world.
He was coach and pianist for singing courses in the UK, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Portugal and France. He was official accompanist for vocal masterclasses by Sir Thomas Allen, Robin Bowman, Emma Kirkby, Ann Murray, Loh Siew-Tuan, Graham Johnson and Dame Margaret Price.


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text:
History Term Papers (14,712) ›
European History (3,272)
Queen Isabella Queen Isabella lived in medieval times, or in,
Essay by EssaySwap Contributor, High School, 12th grade, February 2008
Keywords Love, Marriage, Population, Spain, rulers
Queen Isabella Queen Isabella lived in medieval times, or in, "The Dark Ages," as some referred to it. She lived in a time when the majority of the population was catholic, and she did her best to see to it that those who weren't a part of that majority, became a part.
The queen was born on April 22, 1451. She was born in Madrigal, Castile, which is why she later became know as Queen Isabella of Castile. Her father was John II of Castile and her mother was Isabella of Portugal. Her marriage was a politically arranged marriage. What I mean by this is that it wasn't a marriage where guy meets girl and they fall in love, it means that they were wedded for certain political reasons, sometimes against their will.
However, Isabella was fortunate enough to actually fall in love with her husband. Many politically arranged marriages where arranged by the couple's father, and married against there will.
English: Christopher Colombus and Queen Isabella o...
Possible imagen de Isabel la Católica, reina de C...
Ferdinand V and Isabella I, King and Queen of Cast...
This was not the case in Queen Isabella's situation. She was married to Ferdinand II of Argon in October of 1469 in Segovia. Their marriage was intended to unify the two countries, Castile and Argon. The odd part about this was that Isabella almost forfeited her rights to the throne by marrying Ferdinand.
This story started when Louis XI of France, a very clever king, made separate treaties with both Castile and Argon in hope of someday gaining control of a place called Catalonia. Louis realized that Isabella was going to become heir to the throne and so if she married Ferdinand, the rulers of the two countries that he made treaties with might join forces against him. Not only that, but they might destroy his dream of taking over Catalonia. So what Louis figured he would do was see to it that they never became married, and that would solve all of his problems. He did this by strongly urging King Henry IV of Castile, the current one in the throne, Isabella's brothe, and most importantly, the one who would choose the heir to the throne when he died, to reject his permission for Isabella to marry Ferdinand. However, even though he rejected his permission, they still married.
Now Louis was becoming very nervous that now they were married and they were only one step away of becoming king and queen. Becoming very desperate, he now came back to king Henry and reminded them that they married against his will, and should therefore forfeited their rights to the throne. He added that he should consider the rights of Henry's daughter, Juana la Beltraneja, of becoming queen. Louis made his proposal to Henry even more tempting by offering the same brother of Louis, that Isabella had rejected earlier, as a husband for Juana.
Later, Henry agreed that Isabella had forfeited her rights to the throne by marrying against his will, however, making a big mistake, he never actually said that Juana was going to be the new heir to the throne. Well, this caused and enormous uproar throughout Castile about who the next queen should be, Isabella or Juana. As a part of the uproar, old feuds were revived, armies were raised, towns were burned down, and crops were destroyed.
Isabella started campaigning throughout Castile in hope that a personal appearance would create enthusiasm and support for her. Louis, again being the clever king that he is, he took advantage of this situation to take Roussillon and Cerdagne (located in the northeast pyrenees of Argon) from Argon while this civil war was going on in Castile. Because of this, Ferdinand couldn't help rally up support for Isabella because he was busy with his father fighting France for the possession of Roussillon and Cerdagne.
When King Henry died in 1474, as I stated before, without specifying the heir to the throne, Isabella immediately had herself proclaimed Queen of Castile in Segovia. Once queen, the cortes met in Segovia to swear allegiance to her.
Ferdinand immediately rushed over to be at her side as king consort.
Once Queen, she and Ferdinand accomplished and took part in many things such as the Conquest of Granada. In 1478, they established the Spanish Inquisition. The Inquisition was intended stop all unorthodox opinion towards Spain and strengthen the Church. It was also used to either expel, or kill, all Moors and Jews depending upon whether they agreed to convert, leave the country, or both. They tried to unify the country by persuading the pope to revive the inquisition and put it under their control. However, the Spanish Inquisition really turned out to be a bad idea because while they obtained religious uniformity, they also lost most, if not all, of their best artisans and businessmen. Their expulsion accentuated the economic weakness of Spain.
In the conquest of Granada in 1492, Isabella hoped for a few small Islands to conquer, instead she received vast kingdoms that could be conquered and managed by a few thousand soldiers and officials. The conquest, however, was very expensive, so the queen had to do a lot of collecting money and taxes to support it. Once she ran out of tax money, she sent letters to all of the cities, villages, knights, ladies, merchants, and others, asking them for loans to support the war. Surprisingly, each and every one of them did. Then once she used up all of that money, she again sent out letters, this time apologizing, but again asking for loans to support the war. And again the people sent in their money. The reason that they did this without the slightest bit of hesitation was not only because they felt honored to send money to her majesty, but because the queen had a very good reputation of paying back the loans she borrowed. Then, when all of that money was used up, she took some of her jewels and pearls, and had them brought into town and bid off in order to raise money.
When Columbus came to Isabella about requesting her sponsorship in his finding a way to reach India sailing west, thus proving that the world was round, she, oddly enough, was easily convinced by him that the world was round and that he could discover a way so sail west instead of east. The queen said that the only obstacle holding her back was the lack of money that Spain had at the time.
However, she was very careful to make it very clear to Columbus that she was interested in sponsoring him, so that he shouldn't go wondering off to some other country requesting sponsorship. Columbus agreed and the queen saw to it that he was taken very well care of, just like a member of the palace. She appointed her confessor, Hernando de Talavera to examine his proposal. He had Columbus brought infront of a council of the queen's to discuss, how and why he thought that the world was round and that he could sail west instead of east and not fall over the edge of the world. Columbus must have been a very good speaker because, once again, he persuaded the council into believing that the world was round.
Eventually, the queen saved up enough money to sponsor him, and they agreed that while the queen got to keep some of the riches that he was going to find, he too would be able to keep a pretty generous share of the riches. So he set off, and when he reached America, thinking it was India, he called the people, "Indians" and that is how the Native Americans get the name Indians being that it was they he discovered, along with America. Well, he certainly came back with plenty of riches for himself and the queen. The queen had certainly gotten more than she bargained for, and much more.
Queen Isabella died in Medina del Campo on November 26, 1504 and the Spanish mourned for many days. She died at the age of 53. She left the throne behind to her daughter Joan (Joan the Mad) and her husband. Her husband died in 1506. Ferdinand married Germaine de Fox. They had a son, but he died in 1509. Ferdinand was left the ruler of Castile until death in Madrigalejo on January 23, 1516. The crown eventually passed onto his grandson, Charles I, ruler of the Netherlands and heir to the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V.
Over all, I think that Isabella had a very good influence on the world, and inspired a lot of good things to happen. While she did take part in a couple of not so great things like the Spanish Inquisition, she also took part in lots of good things like helping discover America, unifying Spain, strengthening the church, and helping Spain become what it is today.
English: Isabella, Queen of Castile.
A posthumous portrait of Queen Isabel of Castile
Wedding portrait of King Ferdinand II of Aragón a...
English: Isabella of Portugal (1428–1496); Queen...
Queen Isabella Queen Isabella lived in medieval times, or in,. (2008, February 01). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 23:23, January 21, 2022, from https://www.writework.com/essay/queen-isabella-queen-isabella-lived-medieval-times
WriteWork contributors. "Queen Isabella Queen Isabella lived in medieval times, or in," WriteWork.com. WriteWork.com, 01 February, 2008. Web. 21 Jan. 2022.
WriteWork contributors, "Queen Isabella Queen Isabella lived in medieval times, or in,," WriteWork.com, https://www.writework.com/essay/queen-isabella-queen-isabella-lived-medieval-times (accessed January 21, 2022)
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Issue 6 The Total Archive »
The Genomic Open
By Jenny Reardon
If ever there were a domain of science that draws on and fuels imaginaries of a total archive, genomics is it.[1] Genomics promises to reveal the secrets of life, to cure cancer, to solve the world's energy problems, but only if we create open access to all genomic data.[2] Life demands nothing less.
In the dominant popular account of genomics, scientists who pioneered genomic techniques while working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) fought an epic battle to create such an archive of genomic data that all could contribute to and access (Shreeve 2005; Sulston and Ferry 2002). In this story, a moral economy of science guided by the norms of openness and communalism struggled to survive in the face of the growing power and widening influence of a capitalist economy.[3] Judgment is clear: leaders of the public effort to sequence the human genome were heroes; Craig Venter and his venture capitalist backers were villains.[4]
In these accounts of the HGP, the quest to share human genome information—to create an open genomic archive—motivated scientists working on the public Human Genome Project, and led to their passionate commitment and personal sacrifices. At my own institution, the University of California, Santa Cruz, Jim Kent reportedly spent day and night in his garage writing code, stopping only to ice his wrists (Townsend 2015). Yet, questions arose on the ground about the value and meaning of an endeavor that required an ever-growing number of automated sequencers to displace humans and to consume large amounts of reagents and capital (Sulston and Ferry 2002:177). Who and what benefitted from these informatic and automatic infrastructures designed to create, store, and manage ever-expanding archives of genomic data? Despite the valiant effort to defend public science, many on the ground feared that genomics installed a technocratic and capitalist regime at the heart of the life sciences in which power inhered in the few who had the money to buy and operate sequencing machines.[5]
Their concerns did not go unstoried. Many genome scientists wrote accounts of the HGP that brought to the fore these deeper structural transformations that unsettled understandings of the value of shared data—total or otherwise—as the grounds of knowledge and the public good. Illustrative is John Sultson's The Common Thread (Sulston and Ferry 2002). Sulston led the UK arm of the HGP, and is widely recognized as a hero of the effort to defend public access to human genome sequence. Yet the book's opening line makes clear that his would be no simple tale of triumph: "I just heard the prison door close behind us" (Sulston and Ferry 2002:1).
This startling description recounts the moment Sulston realizes that he has signed onto the HGP, and there is no going back. In the pages that follow, he chronicles the transformation of his everyday work life as it moves from the small intimate spaces of intense human interaction at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge to the vast cavernous spaces of the sequencing machines at the Sanger Center, built in Hinxton. We learn of a life no longer marked by late-night encounters in the lab, coffee time, drunken punting expeditions, and Guy Fawkes celebrations, but one lived under the pressure of keeping an army of sequencing machines running on schedule (Sulston and Ferry 2002:50). Sulston reluctantly, but seemingly inexorably, enters a capitalist world of production. The amounts of money required continually threaten to overreach the capacities of public governments and private foundations, making the HGP vulnerable to a venture capital takeover (Sulston and Ferry 2002:99). Sulston receives multiple offers to join private industry, offers he reportedly always took seriously. And while he accuses Venter of no longer being in science, but in business, just a few pages on in his account he explains that he too was in business: "Bob [Waterston] and I had the biggest businesses at the time; Eric Lander aspired to have the biggest business" (Sulston and Ferry 2002:189).
DNA sequencers.
These businesses sought to operate at ever-greater speeds and efficiency. For this, they required ever-greater resources and tightly controlled management. Not everyone could take part. Indeed, many would be excluded. At the end of the HGP, of the 20 listed as authors on the Nature paper, only two, Sulston argues, had "the high level of industrial organization needed to accelerate the production of sequence": the Sanger Center and Bob Waterston's lab at the University of Washington in St. Louis (Sulston and Ferry 2002:203). Despite his allegiance to the ethos and practices of openness he attributed to the LMB, Sulston found himself a central character in this transformation of his field of biology into an industrial-scale production system that excluded all who could not keep up.[6] It was, along with other domains of knowledge, becoming a part of informatic capitalism.[7]
Knowledge, Francois Lyotard argued a decade before the launch of the HGP, had become "an informational commodity indispensable to productive power." Indeed, he asserted, it was "a major—perhaps the major—stake in the worldwide competition for power" (Lyotard 1979:5. Certainly, by the mid 1990s, actors central to genomics acted as if this were the case. Craig Venter and his financier Wally Steinberg justified their entrée into the race to sequence the human genome as nothing less than an effort to "save America's biotech industry."[8] By 2000, the fortunes of the U.S. stock market hinged on events in human genomics, and world leaders took an active role in its governance (Sulston and Ferry 2002:247).[9]
While predicted by a social theorist a decade prior, Sulston, a biologist, lived through and described these changes. "Biology," he observes, "had undergone an economic sea change—it now held the promise not only of tremendous knowledge and great benefits to humankind but also fabulous wealth. As biologists we had lost our innocence" (Sulston and Ferry 2002:209).[10] The changes left untouched all dimensions of the scientific life Sulston had known: its buildings, its practices, and even the core value of openness itself. By the end of the HGP, it was the very goal of an open and total archive of genomic data that fueled the goals of production and wealth accumulation that befit the sequencing machines. After Venter announced at the Cold Spring Harbor meetings that ABI was going to fund a company to sequence the human genome, both Wellcome and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) greatly increased the amount of funds they devoted to the HGP, entering the sequencing machines "arms race" (Sulston and Ferry 2002:220).[11] In the fall of 1998, The Sanger Center bought 30 of the new ABI capillary sequencing machines at $300,000 apiece; Eric Lander at the Broad Institute bought 125. In 1999, the year after Venter launched Celera, ABI sold a billion dollars' worth of sequencing machines. If there was any clear winner in the race to complete the human genome sequence, it was this manufacturer of the machines (affectionately known by some genome scientists as "Arrogant Beyond Imagination"; Shreeve 2005:60).
Sulston and others at the Sanger Center did try and resist this big-money dimension of genomics. Reportedly, Tim Hubbard, then head of sequence analysis at Sanger, explored the possibility of using a "copyleft" agreement developed by the free software movement to protect the public project's human genome data (Love and Hubbard 2005). Such an agreement would have provided a formal legal meaning to the HGP's principle of open access, specifying that all were free to use HGP genome data but could place no restrictions (e.g., patents) on its further development. However, those who oversaw the public genome databases reportedly strongly objected. The data, they argued, should remain free for all to use in whatever way they saw fit, including patenting and licensing further development and redistribution of the data (Sulston and Ferry 2002:238; see also Cukier 2003).
There was indeed no going back, not even for openness. The power to sequence—and thus to play a major role in the genomics revolution—was already concentrated in a few institutions. Wealth had become a major stake in biology. Inequalities between researchers—both among the genome mappers and sequencers and subfields of biology—became institutionalized as the price paid for universal access to the sequence of the human genome.[12]
Today, the injunction to share and to make available all genomic information— not just of the human genome, but all genomes—is driven once again by a belief in the tremendous power of genomics. Consider this billboard I encountered as I was riding my bike home from a movie in January of 2015.
Genomics defeats cancer. San Francisco billboard.
The billboard stands at a busy intersection in San Francisco where tens of thousands pass by every day. These messages about the power of genomics are joined by messages about the importance of sharing one's DNA and data. Perhaps later, while on Facebook, Bay Area citizens will come across MeForYou.org and learn how they can help another UC, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), through sharing their DNA and medical records (http://meforyou.org). UCSF launched the MeForYou.org social media campaign to "put a new thought into the public consciousness" that sharing genomic data and medical records not only helps science, but also communities and loved ones. MeForYou, UCSF spokesperson David Arrington argues, is part of an effort to create a new "social contract" with biomedicine in which people agree to share their data in exchange for new knowledge that helps all people (Lu 2013). The moral force of the initiative is strong. Who, after all, would not want to help Georgia, the young girl who is the MeForYou poster child? Dissent—or even public dialogue—under these conditions is difficult.
These dreams of total access to all genomic information inspire and create visions of new routes to universal knowledge and democracy. Yet these commitments to the open flow of genomic information exclude and exert control in ways that led even genomics' most ardent supporter to invoke the imagery of a prison. We are in need of languages and frameworks that allow us to grasp and speak about these powerful and paradoxical dimensions of our ever-deepening commitments to total archives in an age of bioinformatics.
Jenny Reardon is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Science and Justice Research Center at UCSC, and is the author of Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics. More »
[1] The story of how genomics arose out of and fuels contemporary aspirations for a total archive is complex one for which I can give only a very partial account. There are many parts of the story that I cannot even begin to address: for example, how it came to be that anyone thought genomics might contain the complete information—the code—of life. For this, see Lily Kay's excellent historical account (2000).
[2] And increasingly many other kinds of data too: environmental, health record, drug surveillance, social media, and other "omics" data, just to provide a short list. For a list of grand things that genomics promises to bring us, pick up any popular account of genomics. For example, see Collins (2006) and Venter (2007).
[3] The term "moral economy" was coined by E. P. Thompson in the1960s to described the norms and practices that regulated exchange during the eighteenth-century bread riots. It was imported to the history of science by Robert Kohler to describe Drosophila geneticists' practices of exchange (see Kohler 1994; Thompson 1963).
[4] While Venter receives most of the critical attention, Randy Scott, the Chief Science Officer at Incyte Genomics Inc., attempted to patent ESTs as early as 1991. Further, Scott never sought to make genomic data public, while Venter did (Venter 2007).
[5] At the time, I heard one geneticist describe the situation as nothing short of a Maoist struggle of the people waged this time not with guns, but with sequencing machines.
[6] On the centrality of speed to the HGP, see Fortun (1998).
[7] For a definition of informatic capitalism as I use it, see Franklin (2012). Key components are the rise of information as a dominant commodity form, the simultaneous and entwined production of markets and informatics and their re-working of both labor and knowledge.
[8] Steinberg argued that NIH did not have the resources to compete with Japan, Britain, and Germany (Venter 2007:158).
[9] In March of 2000, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President Bill Clinton made a public statement affirming the Bermuda principle that genomic data would be made freely available. Immediately, the Nasdaq—the index of high-technology stocks—lost 200 points. Biotechnology stocks lost $30 billion in value in one day alone. The value returned when the President's science advisor and Francis Collins clarified that the principle of openness did not prevent use of the data by private companies.
[10] Note that Sulston is referring here to only a small band of biologists: those involved in genome sequencing. The extent to which they represented the leading edge of broader transformations that led to all biologists "losing their innocence" is still a matter of debate among historians, sociologists, and anthropologists of science (Sulston and Ferry 2002:209).
[11] How scientists were able to persuade governments to support public genomics in the late 1990s—a time marked by privatization of formerly public sectors—deserves further explanation. One key to this puzzle is the way in which publicness easily figured as a form of openness that fostered efficiency in informatic work. In other words, as Sulston would later make clear, openness was not just a political goal; it was a practical and technical one. For a further exploration of the alignment of "public" genomics with an informatic/technocratic conception of openness, see Reardon (forthcoming).
[12] Shorett, Rabinow and Billings captured these changes at the time in their 2003 commentary in Nature Biotechnology (2003). Sulston is explicit throughout his account that genomics created inequalities among researchers. In the end, those with the most efficient sequencing operations captured most of the funding. The norm of openness itself favored those with more resources who would not be hurt by making data public before articles were published, and who had the labor and money to upload data to GenBank (see Reardon forthcoming).
Collins, Francis. 2006. The Language of God: A Scientists Presents Evidence for Belief New York, NY: Free Press.
Cukier, Kenneth Neil. 2003. "Open Source Biotech: Can a Non-Proprietary Approach to Intellectual Property Work in the Life Sciences?" The Acumen Journal of Life Sciences 1(3). Available at link.
Fortun, Michael A. 1998. "The Human Genome Project and the Acceleration of Biotechnology." In Private Science: Biotechnology and the Rise of the Molecular Sciences, edited by A. Thackray, pp. 182–201. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Franklin, Seb. 2012. "Virality, Informatics, and Critique; or, Can There Be Such a Thing as Radical Computation?" Women's Studies Quarterly 40(1/2):153–170.
Kay, Lily. 2000. Who Wrote the Book of Life? A History of the Genetic Code. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kohler, Robert. 1994. Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Love, James, and Tim Hubbard. 2005. "Paying for Public Goods." In Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy, edited by R. A. Ghosh, pp. 207-229 Cambridge, MA and London, England: MIT Press.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois. 1979. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Reardon, Jenny. Forthcoming The Postgenomic Condition: Ethics, Justice, Knowledge After the Genome. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Shorett, Peter, Paul Rabinow, and Paul R. Billings. 2003. "The Changing Norms of the Life Sciences." Nature Biotechnology 21(2):123–125.
Shreeve, James. 2005. The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World. New York: Ballantine Books.
Sulston, John, and Georgina Ferry. 2002. The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics, and the Human Genome. Washington, DC: John Henry Press.
Lu, Stacy. 2013. "Want to Help Heal the World? Start by Sharing your Health Data." TedMed, May 13. Available at link.
Thompson, E. P. 1963. The Making of the the English Working Class. London: Victor Gollancz.
Townsend, Peggy. 2015. "A Visionary, a Genius, and the Human Genome." UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, June 22. Available at link.
Venter, J. Craig. 2007. A Life Decoded: My Genome, My Life. New York, NY: Viking.


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The Book Thief Analysis
1113 WordsDec 1, 20175 Pages
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak presents a magnificent story with heartbreaking and heartwarming moments in which the author captures the reader's attention until the last chapter. The unusual narrator gives the novel a unique point of view and impressive description of human nature as well the narrator illustrate in a brilliant way the equal qualities of humans. The novel presents the impressive consequences about corrupt power and destruction; however, the significant concept focus on the story around strong women, and particularly the way in which war affects their lives. The novel exposes the pain and suffering experienced by mothers, sisters and daughters; consequently, it represents a break from history which has always…show more content…
Additionally, women have to stay with their children alone and this make the situation even worse because where more people dependent on them "Women with nothing but kids and poverty would come running out and plead with him to paint their blinds." ( 354). The author in the novel argues that women were alone taking care of money and children. Women have to worry about the economic situation and deal with pain and preoccupation as well. This connote constant suffering and preoccupation. Women have to work as hard as they can, but at the same time they have worry about their sons, husbands and fathers who were fighting in different fronts. Rosa Huberman, after Hans's goodbye, did not lose hope; furthermore, she keeps living and praying for him. It was pain about missing but women cannot express at all because more people depend on her, particular their children "The accordion must have ached her, but she remained"(474). The chaos about saying goodbye is tragic and nostalgic women have to life feeling insignificant because they cannot save lives. Rosa's pain is clear evidence of the torture that women pass through. Zusak asserts with the emotions and the devotion that women feel for their relatives and other who were fighting. Just as losing one closer member was devastating women deal with multiples parting and with tragic news as well, for all this cases death was the carrier "she had see her brother die with
"'Rudy Steiner - the boy next door who was obsessed with the black American athlete Jesse Owens," described Death. Rudy is a young boy in Markus Zusak's death-narrated novel, "The Book Thief". After befriending and falling hopelessly in love with the main character, Liesel, the two endure countless adventures together. Living in Nazi, Germany this pair spent their time delivering laundry, playing soccer, stealing, and even feeding parading Jews on an occasion. Rudy loved his partner in crime until
Analysis Of ' The Book Thief '
Having Deaths perspective gives the reader insight about the characters thoughts and feeling. Death starts off the novel introducing himself and Liesel Meminger, who he refers to as "the book thief". He then starts the story where he first comes across Liesel at a railway with her mother, where she witnesses her brothers death. While this happens, World War II and the Holocaust are taking place. Liesel gets adopted by Rosa and Hans Hubermann. Liesel starts to enjoy her new life in Molching with her
Thieves Right off the bat, is this supernatural being known as Death, is introduced as the humorously mocking storyteller of Markus Zusak's novel, The Book Thief. Death comes right out and tells all of his readers that, "you are going to die." The narrator follows the story of a little girl that goes by the name of Liesel Meminger and publicizes her advancements as an occupant in Germany throughout the supremacy of Hitler's decree. Liesel has an obscure understanding of death and the device of words
Analysis Of The Book ' The Book Thief '
GENERAL 1.	Title – The Book Thief 2.	Author – Markus Zusak 3.	Date of Original Publication - 2005 4.	Novel Type – Historical Fiction STRUCTURE 1.	Point of View – First person - Death 2.	Relationship to meaning: - Death, as the narrator, gives us an insight into the events surrounding Liesel that otherwise would not have been known. Also Death explains definitions, events, and other items of note. 3.	Plot Structure a.	Exposition - b.	Inciting Incident - c.	Events contributing to rising action -
Analysis Of The Book Thief
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak shows that words build strong emotional bonding between individuals and this individual bonding gets carried over to the global level to build a strong and peaceful society over time. The individual personal communication at a lower level is usually on a daily basis and is built on the emotion and compassion between individuals. As the individuals enjoy the fruit of the words, the benefits of the words are carried over to the global society in the form of speeches,
"I am haunted by humans."- Markus Zusak, The Book Thief. Humanity has encountered multiple occurrences of tragedies, joy, oblivious to things occurring in our world. In Markus Zusak's novel, The Book Thief, he discusses a tale of humanity in one of the darkest moments in our history; The Holocaust. The novel is centered around a young girl, Liesel Meminger, who witnesses all the horrific events that are occurring during the Holocaust. Liesel is a victim to her own illiteracy - to her inability
loved ones, spreading awareness or resolving frustrations is an important subject in real life and in stories. In The Book Thief, Liesel, the main character, has to face many obstacles relating to her family and friends. Max is a Jew who Liesel's family was hiding. She had to keep him a secret from everyone, especially the Nazis. Liesel is very frustrated with the Nazis throughout the book. Max shows Liesel the power of words and how words can be amazing and horrible at the same time. This lets Liesel
Imagine the threat of being bombed in an instance, found out for harbouring a jewish man, and starving to death each day. This is the life Liesel Meminger has to live through each and every day in The Book Thief written by Markus Zusak. Liesel is young girl who was adopted into a German family, after her mother was threatened by the fact she was a jewish women in Nazi Germany. Trapped, by Michael Northrop has a similar issue. In Trapped 5 middle school students get stuck after school in what
1.	Title- The Book Thief 2.	Author- Markas Zusak 3.	Date of Original Publication- March 14, 2006 4.	Novel Type- Historical fiction STRUCTURE 1.	Point of View- Death 2.	Relationship to meaning: Deaths point of view is important because he tells you all of his experiences he has come across people dying. The bad part about death narrating the story, is that you cannot feel the characters emotions and feelings. 3.	Plot Structure a.	Exposition- Death introduces himself as the narrator. He also introduces
Jaimi Plater Kraft-Willson ENG 1D1 April 8, 2016 Journal 3: The Role of Theme in the Novel The theme in the novel The Book Thief enhances the importance of the external and internal conflicts that young Lisesel (the protagonist) faces. To begin, Liesel's struggles with reading and words have helped her get closer to her Papa, which ends up hurting her even more in the end. Death watches Liesel and her Papa read and work on the alphabet together for the first time: "As they progressed through the
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