What's the Difference Between Vide-Greniers, Brocantes, Braderies and Marché aux Puces?
Drive anywhere in France during the summer and you're pretty much guaranteed to see posters advertising a local brocante. But, what are brocantes? The word brocantes comes from the French verb "brocanter" which means "to deal in second-hand goods". They're not your usual carboot sale or second-hand stall though…there's much more charm to them than that. You can often spot Brocantes by looking out for the handmade signs outside of villages and towns. But, the French take these things very seriously and as a result there are a few handy websites that share the Brocantes that are organised for each region (listed below). We've also put together a free printable 'How to Haggle in French' page to help you when you arrive at your chosen Brocantes!
The French hate waste and they place a real value on buying and selling second-hand items. There are loads of places you can go to buy used items in France so we'll take a look at each one…where you can find them and what you can expect to find there.
If you visit France in the summer months you will probably hear mention of vide-greniers, braderies and marché aux puces. Some people assume that they all mean the same thing…but they don't! So, what 's the difference?
French for "emptying the attic". These are similar to car-boot sales or yard sales. It's basically when individuals want to clear out some items for their homes and make some cash in the process. You'll find toys, clothes, books alongside other unwanted possessions. You may even spot some cheap larger items of furniture. Sellers are keen to get rid of items so you can expect to grab some bargains.
Chambord in The Loire Valley which has over 500 stalls in the grounds of the chateuax. It starts at 4am so you'd better set an alarm clock if you want to see everything it has to offer.
Anency in Haute-Savoir is a beautiful setting for a brocante with 200 stalls lining the streets of the old town. This stunning lakeside town is extremely popular with tourists so it can get very busy.
You'll find braderies in Northern France, one of the most famous being in Lille. They're annual street markets that can be found in the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium, aswell as Northern France. Shopkeepers sell their items outside their shops at reduced prices in the summer. Their big events and these shop stalls are often joined by food stalls, les puces, artisans and music.
Set up like a traditional French market but without the food. The stall holders at these regular markets are often dealers. These "Flea Markets" are more like an Antiques Fair where items are carefully presented and prices are generally higher. You'll find restored furniture from the 1900's, art-deco pieces and beautiful paintings. You may still find some bargains but these professional "Antiquaires" sellers will hold out for higher prices.
Brocantes have to be one of the best things about summer-time in France! The treasure hunting, the atmosphere, the people. For the last few years we've helped our French family out at one of their charity bracantes in a small town called Tramayes in the beautiful Burgundy countryside. It's a real community affair. For days before the vans go out collecting unwanted furniture that wouldn't look out-of-place on the pages of a glossy magazine…despite being stored in a chicken shed for the last few years! There's excitement in the air as if the village is preparing for a friend's wedding. Furniture is stacked in an old open barn and the smaller pieces are laid out on make-shift tables.
On the day of the Brocante, the treasure hunters show up early…there's lots to see. The locals chat and laugh as they sort through boxes of keepsakes, silverware, kitchen paraphernalia and beautiful lace. The sun beams down on the visitors as they peruse the aisles of tables, weighed heavily with the villages offerings. The colourful vintage glassware reflects its hues on the whitewashed outbuilding that's bursting with books that are also for sale.
At midday, visitors slow to a trickle for an hour or two. It's lunchtime and this is France after all! The tablecloth is laid and the baguette is sliced as cooked meats and sausisson is passed around the Brocante volunteer committee. There's wine of course and cheese…before the selling begins again.
Almost every village in France holds Brocantes for a few days each Summer. There are many bargains to be had. You can find massive wooden cart wheels, beautifully crafted wicker baskets and detailed fabric wall hangings…all at bargain prices. Make sure you arrive early though or the dealers will beat you to it and they'll add a few zeros to the price before displaying it neatly in their shop!
As with all second-hand buying, it's worth haggling especially if your buying a few things. To get the best results be form but polite and don't sound too eager. Keep reading to find my 'How to Haggle in French' free printable!
As with all treasure hunts…a map is handy so take a look at these websites to help you plan your French adventure. Click the region you intend to visit and a list of brocantes will be displayed. It will also tell you if there are marché puces, vide-greniers or braderies arranged too.
Measurements. If you're looking for a piece of furniture to fill a particular space then measure it before you leave home. Jot down any measurements and the items you're looking for and take these with you to the brocantes.This way you won't be stuck deciding between wasting money on an item that might not fit or missing out on something you like.
Tape measure. Don't forget to pack a tape measure so that you can measure any furniture that interests you at the brocante.
Food and drink. Don't count on there being a food stall. Some of the smaller brocantes won't sell refreshments and with shops closing midday for a few hours, it's a good idea to go prepared!
Trailer. This entirely depends on what you're hoping to buy and how far you're travelling. If you're hoping to kit out your new French farmhouse then it's a good idea to bring a trailer along if you have one. You may also get a better price if your buying a few things and taking them away straight away.
Cash. Sounds obvious but make sure you take enough Euros. Vendors may not be willing to hold items while you find a bank. Be very careful carrying large sums of money, especially in larger markets. Most car insurance polices only cover small amounts of cash left in a vehicle. It would be advisable to try giving the 90's look and purchasing a bum bag/fanny pack!
Remember to print out my handy haggling in French sheet…keep scrolling!
Paper and pen. If you're struggling understand a price then ask the vendor to write it down! Problem solved!
French vocabulary list. Remember to print out my handy haggling in French sheet…keep scrolling!
Speaking a new language can be a little nerve-wracking initially so I've put together (with the help of my linguist husband!) a handy printable for you to take along with you. I managed quite well for a long while with gestures and pointing but it always helps to have a few specifics up your sleeve! Especially if your after a deal at a Brocante. You may like to check out my guide on learning a new language as a family too!
Excuse me… Excusez moi ex ku ze mwa ?
Where is the Brocante? Où est la brocante ? oo e la broc ont ?
Is there a Brocante nearby? Est-ce qu'il y a une brocante près d'ici ? es kee l eeh a oohn broc ont pre dee see?
How much is this? Combien ça coûte? com bee en sa coot ?
Would you accept ten euros? Accepteriez-vous dix euros? ak sep ter yeah voo diz oor o?
How old is it? Il/elle date de quand?
or Il/elle a quel âge ?
il dat der kohn ?
il a kel aje ?
Where does it come from? D'où est ce que ça vient? doo es ker sa vee en ?
What is it used for? A quoi ça sert?
a koo a sa ser?
Can I try it? Je peux essayer? jer per es ey er?
Can I take a photograph? Est-ce que je peux prendre une photo? es ker jer per prend dreh oohn photo?
Can I take a measurement? Je peux le/la mesurer? Jer per ler mer oo rer ?
Can I pick it up later today? Je peux revenir le chercher plus tard aujourd'hui? jer per reven eer ler cher cher ploo tar o jor doo ee?
Ha! I'm not a great haggler either! To be honest…if it's a good price then I'll just pay it! Everyone wins that way ? All the best treasure hunts are unplanned!
What a unique activity, I go to Paris pretty frequently so I'll have to go on a brocante hunt on my next visit.
Just bring a spare suitcase for your finds!
This brought back memories of going to Dinard with my mum a few years ago. Every house seemed to have a table outside with things to sell. I bought a lot of toys for my children and then had to translate the instructions. Great fun.
Haha! We seem to have acquired more toys!!! No idea how we'll fit them in the car!


On Monday 15th May, St James' pupils took place in a Maths WOW Day involving The Problem Solving Company. Each class had time in the hall, investigating the different puzzles and trying to solve them. They all had lots of fun and, as they were working in teams, a great deal of discussion and teamwork was involved.


Game Consoles Market report, launched by Market Study Report, unveils the current & future growth trends of this business sphere in addition to outlining details regarding the myriad geographies that form a part of the regional spectrum of Game Consoles market. Intricate details about the supply & demand analysis, contributions by the top players, and market share growth statistics of the industry are also elucidated in the report.
The research report on the Game Consoles market is an in-depth analysis of the industry in question, in conjunction with the precise gist of its segmentation. A highly reliable evaluation of the present scenario of the market has been discussed in the report, and the market size with respect to the volume and valuation has also been provided. Furthermore, the study is a comprehensive collection of essential data with respect to the competitive spectrum of this industry as well as the myriad geographies where the Game Consoles market has profitably established its presence.
A brief evaluation of the product terrain of the Game Consoles market, effectively classified into Home Video Game Consoles, Handheld Game Consoles, Microconsoles and Dedicated Consoles.
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The Game Consoles market report encompasses a detailed analysis of the competitive spectrum of this business vertical, constituting companies like Microsoft, Nintendo, Sony, Razer, NVIDIA, OUYA and Tommo.
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The global Trimmers/Variable Capacitors market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025. This report focuses on Trimmers/Variable Capacitors volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Trimmers/Variable Capacitors market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
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Social work is a demanding industry, and as such hiring managers have high standards for applicants. Our social work resume example and strategic writing tips will help you plan how best to impress and get hired.
On the other hand, if you're exhausted after a tiresome day of providing social services to others, let our builder do the hard work for you and create your own in minutes.
Not the resume you're looking for? Peruse our expansive list of resume samples to find the right fit for you.
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Certified MSW with 8+ years of experience helping patients and their families overcome the hardships of substance abuse and stay clean.
Excel in using person-in-environment perspective to develop effective intervention methods, stopping addiction early on and committing to the step-by-step recovery of clients.
Possess multiple social work certifications and fluent in both English and Spanish.
Assisted in the rehabilitation of 90+ addicts to date, with a relapse rate of only 6%.
Assisted caseworker in leading a support group for 14 people who lost family members to drug addiction.
Conducted psychosocial assessment interviews for incoming clients, as well as follow up assessments for 10 clients every 6 weeks.
In many industries, you need to focus more on certain aspects of your resume. IT applicants need to emphasize their technical skills, whereas recent college graduates focus on their education.
For social workers however, almost every section is equally important. This is why you have to put an equal amount of time and care into every part, just as you would for each of your clients. These tips will help you create the type of strong resume you need to land a job.
Depending on the social work organization or company you are applying to, the importance placed on various job requirements will differ. Certain places will be looking for specific certifications, whereas others might care more about your experience or education.
Therefore, it is important that you pay attention to the job description for the role you are applying to, and highlight the aspects they value most.
The ultimate goal is to make it easy for the hiring manager to find what they are looking for. The best way to do this is to place the section emphasized by that organization at the top of your resume.
Hiring managers have a lot of resumes to get through. If they don't see what they're looking in a quick glance they will throw yours out!
For example, does the company emphasize the importance of having certain certifications? Then put them before your work history. Don't be afraid to mix it up, the structure of your resume doesn't always have to follow the same formula.
If you're applying to multiple different jobs, make sure you use this strategy and tailor your resume structure to suit each one.
To get a job as a social worker, you'll need a long list of qualifications before a hiring manager will take you seriously. This is why using a professional profile is perfect, because it gives the hiring manager a nice little snapshot of your biggest strengths.
As you can see, the first bullet point is the real big hitter — the candidate immediately hits three key points that a hiring manager looks for in a social worker: they're certified, they have a MSW, and they have more than 8 years experience.
By using this method, you can ensure that the hiring manager gets this essential information quickly and easily. The remaining bullet points can then be used as tools to show what you will bring to the job, beyond these necessary qualifications.
The second bullet is also extremely useful, because it highlights your specialization. There are many different types of social work, such as military, health care, education, etc. This bullet allows you to communicate your capability and knowledge in your specialization from the very beginning of your resume.
If you have expertise in various domains, you'll want to customize this bullet point to highlight the expertise required by the particular role you are applying for. Or, emphasize abilities that are transferable to multiple fields, such as the "person-in-environment perspective" mentioned by our example candidate.
This bullet is used to list your strongest applicable skills. If possible, you can also include skills specifically mentioned in the job description, so that the hiring manager immediately knows you have them.
In the example, our candidate states they have multiple certifications — emphasizing their diverse skillset. They also mention their language ability. Language skills are highly sought after in social work, because sometimes you will have clients whose first language is not English.
This is where you show off your greatest relevant achievement. This will vary from person to person. Try to think of the most impressive thing you have done in social work, and put it on display.
It could be anything from implementing a successful program, to helping a large number of clients. Just make sure that it's impressive, as well as related to the job you are applying to.
The combination of these four bullets creates a powerful opening statement that proves you're the strongest candidate for the job. If you need more help, take a look at our guide on how to craft the perfect resume profile.
In the above tips we emphasized the need to make it as easy as possible for the hiring manager to see important information. Quantification allows you to then make that important information as clear and strong as possible.
Use quantification to give the hiring manager a clear idea of your abilities.
Quantification is essentially just adding numbers to your achievements. This not only makes your accomplishments seem more impressive, but it also gives the hiring manager a clear idea of your abilities.
Quantification will mainly be used in your work experience section, however it can also be used to strengthen the bullets of the professional profile as well.
Check out the professional experience section of our how to write a resume guide for more details on creating strong bullet points!
Number of clients you work with/have helped?
We like to think of the additional skills as the "bonus" section. This is where, after you've thoroughly impressed the hiring manager with your experience and qualifications, you really drive home the deal.
As a social worker, you are constantly interacting with other people, so your interpersonal skills are something you can include in this section. You could also include specific social work techniques or practices that you were unable to mention in other sections of your resume.
In the case of our example, the candidate included their abilities in care planning, counseling and crisis intervention — all skills that are extremely useful when it comes to helping and dealing with clients.
By following these tips you will have a solid resume capable of swaying any hiring manager and landing you interviews. If you're ready to get started, download our free social worker resume sample, or use one of our many HR approved resume templates.


CAPLINQ offers a range of REACH testing services to help you ensure you and your customers are REACH compliant.
10 Diarsenic trioxide*2 1327-53-3 215-481-4 Decolorant, Glass Products, Wood Preservative, Metallurgy.
18 Anthracene oil, anthracene paste*3 90640-81-6 292-603-2 Used as wood preservatives, impregnation agents & solvents. Use in varnishes, paints and plastics.
19 Anthracene oil, anthracene paste, anthracene fraction*3 91995-15-2 295-275-9 Used as wood preservatives, impregnation agents & solvents. Use in varnishes, paints and plastics.
20 Anthracene oil, anthracen paste, distn. Lights*3 91995-17-4 295-278-5 Used as wood preservatives, impregnation agents & solvents. Use in varnishes, paints and plastics.
21 Anthracene oil, anthracene-low*3 90640-82-7 292-604-8 Used as wood preservatives, impregnation agents & solvents. Use in varnishes, paints and plastics.
22 Pitch, coal tar, high-temperature*3 65996-93-2 266-028-2 Mainly used as a binding agent in electrodes, such as prebaked anodes, carbon and graphite electrodes. Use in active carbon fibres, paints and coatings. Small volumes are used as heavy duty corrosion protection agent.
30 Potassium chromate*2 7789-00-6 232-140-5 Treatment and coating of metals, manufacture of reagents and chemicals, manufacture of textiles, colouring agent in ceramics, tanning and dressing of leather, manufacture of pigments/inks, laboratory (analytical reagent), pyrotechnics.
32 Sodium chromate*2 7775-11-3 231-889-5 A corrosion inhibitor in the petroleum industry, a dyeing auxiliary in the textile industry, as a wood preservative, and as a diagnostic pharmaceutical in determining red blood cell volume.
34 Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous*2 1303-96-4; 1330-43-4; 12179-04-3 215-540-4 Food additive, vaccine, component of detergents, ingredient in enamel glazes, component of glass, pottery, and ceramics, fire retardant, anti-fungal, compound for fiberglass and cellulose insulation, insecticide to kill ants, cockroaches and fleas, personal care products, industrial fluids, metallurgy, adhesives, biocides, fertilizers.
35 Tetraboron disodium heptaoxide, hydrate*5 12267-73-1 235-541-3 In glass and glass fibres, ceramics, detergents and cleaners, personal care products, industrial fluids, metallurgy, adhesives, flame retardants, biocides, fertilizers.
40 Chromium trioxide*2 1333-82-0 215-607-8 Used for metal finishing and as fixing agent in waterborne wood preservatives.
42 Cobalt(II) diacetate*2 71-48-7 200-755-8 Mainly used in the manufacture of catalysts. Minor uses may include production of other chemicals, surface treatment, alloys, production of pigments, dyes, rubber adhesion, and feed additive.
43 Cobalt(II) dinitrate*2 10141-05-6 233-402-1 Mainly used in the production of other chemicals and the manufacture of catalysts. Further applications may include surface treatment and batteries.
44 Cobalt(II) sulphate*2 10124-43-3 233-334-2 Mainly used in the production of other chemicals. Further applications may include manufacture of catalysts and driers, surface treatments (such as electroplating), corrosion prevention, production of pigments, decolourising (in glass, pottery), batteries, animal food supplement, soil fertilizer, and others.
58 Calcium arsenate*2 7778-44-1 231-904-5 Calcium arsenate is present in complex raw materials imported for manufacture of copper, lead and a range of precious metals. It appears mainly to be used in metallurgical refinement processes to precipitate nickel from molten copper and to manufacture diarsenic trioxide. However, most of the substance seems to be disposed of as waste.
59 Trilead diarsenate*2 3687-31-8 222-979-5 Trilead diarsenate is present in complex raw materials imported for manufacture of copper, lead and a range of precious metals. The trilead diarsenate contained in the raw materials is in the metallurgical refinement process transformed to calcium arsenate and diarsenic trioxide. Whereas most of the calcium arsenate appears to be disposed of as waste the diarsenic trioxide is used further.
63 Pentazinc chromate octahydroxide*2 49663-84-5 256-418-0 Mainly used in coatings in the vehicle coating and aeronautic / aerospace sectors.
64 Potassium hydroxyoctaoxodizincatedi-chromate*2 11103-86-9 234-329-8 Mainly used in coatings in the aeronautic/ aerospace, steel and aluminium coil coating and vehicle coating sectors.
67 Lead dipicrate*2 6477-64-1 229-335-2 No registration for this substance has been submitted to ECHA. Lead dipicrate is an explosive like lead diazide and lead styphnate. It may be used in low amounts in detonator mixtures together with the two other mentioned lead compounds.
68 Lead styphnate*2 15245-44-0 239-290-0 Mainly used as a primer for small calibre and rifle ammunition. Other common uses are in munition pyrotechnics, powder actuated devices and detonators for civilian use.
77 β-TGIC (1,3,5-tris[(2S and 2R)-2,3-epoxypropyl]-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione)*6 59653-74-6 423-400-0 Hardener in resins and coatings, polyester powder coatings for metal finishing, coating articles such as steel garden furniture, car parts, metal fencing, window and door frames, electrical equipment, refrigerators, washing machines and ovens, used in inks in the printed circuit board industry, in electrical insulation materials, resin moulding systems, laminated sheeting, silk-screen printing coatings, tools, adhesives, lining materials and stabilisers for plastics.
97 Pentalead tetraoxide sulphate*2 12065-90-6 235-067-7 PVC Processing, Lead Battery Production, stabiliser production, Plastic articles, Electrical batteries and accumulators, internal structural component of buildings.
99 Silicic acid, lead salt*2 11120-22-2 234-363-3 Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles, lead crystalware0.
2 Concentration is determined by a calculation using the test results of organostannic compounds (TBT, DOT, MOT) or elements such as Arsenic, Lead, Cobalt, barium, Chromium (VI), Cadmium or Boron respectively.
8 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A) (BPA) is listed three times (number 170, 174 and 177). It was requested by EU member states to be added again with different properties. It does not increase the total of substances that need to be tested.
9 Concentration cannot be analysed directly, because the substance doesn't have a fixed molecular weight. Therefore concentration cannot be calculated based on a specific element. Our current solution is to test for the presence of the specific organic compound "4-heptylphenol". A positive test result will be indicated by a note included in the final report. Caplinq reserves the right to modify the test method of this item in the future.
10 With current testing methods it is impossible to determine if the detected lead is coming from lead ions, lead elements or lead compounds. Therefore the total of detected lead is used to report the lead concentration.


The Chesapeake 2000 agreement created a massive "to do" for the Bay region: more than 100 specific items, from achieving a tenfold increase in oysters to promoting the expansion of contiguous forests through easements. Many had specific deadlines.
With so many obligations—and so little time—the Bay Program has whittled the "to do" list to a smaller "top 10" list.
The smaller list is dubbed the "Keystone Commitments" because they are considered the most critical elements for restoring the Chesapeake.
The idea of prioritizing came from the sense that trying to accomplish all of the Chesapeake 2000 commitments at the same time would spread state and federal staffs too thin, said Rebecca Hanmer, director of the EPA's Bay Program Office. Deadlines for some commitments are already slipping by.
The term, keystone, was derived from the ecological theory that ecosystems contain certain critical "keystone species" that serve as the biological building blocks that support the entire system. Similarly, the keystone commitments are those which—if met—will help the Bay Program meet most of its other goals along the way.
"If you are really focusing high-quality attention on the keystones, then in effect you are also improving your ability to protect the whole ecosystem, or in this case, the whole set of commitments," Hanmer said.
The top 10 were selected through a vote by representatives from various Bay Program committees and subcommittees.
They include commitments that represent all major parts of the Chesapeake restoration effort: water quality, sound land use, living resource protection and restoration, vital habitat protection and restoration, and stewardship and community engagement.
But some major commitments did fall off the top 10 list altogether. The keystones, for instance, contain none of the Chesapeake 2000 commitments pertaining to toxics.
Hanmer said that reflects a realization that many state and federal programs are already aimed at dealing with toxic pollution issues. Rather than focusing a lot more Bay Program energy on certain toxics issues, she said, it may make more sense to promote Bay concerns through better links with existing state and federal programs.
While some commitments may get less priority, Hanmer said the Bay Program will still fund programs that did not make the top 10. "No commitment in Chesapeake 2000 is going to be just ignored," she said.
For example, improving fish passage is not a keystone commitment but the Bay Program would continue to work in partnership with others, such as the environmental group American Rivers, to get fish barriers removed.
But commitments related to the keystones may get more scrutiny. One example: While achieving a tenfold increase in native oysters is a keystone commitment, the Bay Program is already behind schedule in developing and implementing a comprehensive strategy to meet that goal—something that was due in 2002—and is necessary to direct oyster restoration.
By better prioritizing, Hanmer said, the Bay Program can help stay on schedule for some of its most important obligations.
The keystone commitments are not set in stone, she added. Plans call for revisiting them every year.
By 2010, achieve, at a minimum, a tenfold increase in native oysters in the Chesapeake Bay, based on a 1994 baseline. By 2002, develop and implement a strategy to achieve this increase by using sanctuaries sufficient in size and distribution, aquaculture, continued disease research and disease-resistant management strategies and other management approaches.
By 2007, revise and implement existing fisheries management plans to incorporate ecological, social and economic considerations, multispecies fisheries management and ecosystem approaches.
By 2002, implement a strategy to accelerate the protection and restoration of submerged aquatic vegetation beds in areas of critical importance to the Bay's living resources.
By 2010, work with local governments, community groups and watershed organizations to develop and implement locally supported watershed management plans in two-thirds of the Bay watershed covered by this agreement. These plans would address the protection, conservation and restoration of stream corridors, riparian forest buffers and wetlands for the purposes of improving habitat and water quality, with collateral benefits for optimizing stream flow and water supply.
By 2010, achieve a net resource gain by restoring 25,000 acres of tidal and non-tidal wetlands. To do this, we commit to achieve and maintain an average restoration rate of 2,500 acres per year basinwide by 2005 and beyond. We will evaluate our success in 2005.
Conserve existing forests along all streams and shorelines.
By 2010, correct the nutrient– and sediment-related problems in the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries sufficiently to remove the Bay and the tidal portions of its tributaries from the list of impaired waters under the Clean Water Act.
Strengthen programs for land acquisition and preservation within each state that are supported by funding and target the most valued lands for protection. Permanently preserve from development 20 percent of the land area in the watershed by 2010.
By 2010, reduce the rate of harmful sprawl development of forest and agricultural land in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by 30 percent measured as an average over five years from the baseline of 1992-97, with measures and progress reported regularly to the Chesapeake Executive Council.


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text:
Q: Understanding OpenSSL's Assembly version of AES decryption implementation I am trying to understand how OpenSSL implemented AES decryption using Assembly language and for the same I am using gdb debugger.
To understand from very basic concept how AES works - like Byte Substitute, Mix Columns OR how lookup table operations are performed. I am using very old version of OpenSSL-0.9.8.a as it contains only one assembly file ax86-elf.s ( generated from aes-586.pl) whereas latest Openssl contains multiple files (supporting AES-NI, SSE etc).
After understanding with Old OpenSSL, I may try to look into latest OpenSSL version.
Here is what I have done so far.
Generated assembly code of ax86-elf.s can be found here
https://pastebin.com/L3FsbqmK
 It has global label AES_Td  which points to some long data. I think those long data is the AES look up table data.
.globl  AES_Td
.text
.globl  _x86_AES_decrypt
.type   _x86_AES_decrypt,@function
.align  16
_x86_AES_decrypt:
    movl    %edi,       12(%esp)
...
...
    .align  64
    AES_Td:
        .long   1353184337,1353184337
        .long   1399144830,1399144830
        .long   3282310938,3282310938
        .long   2522752826,2522752826
        .long   3412831035,3412831035
        .long   4047871263,4047871263
        .long   2874735276,2874735276
        .long   2466505547,2466505547
        .long   1442459680,1442459680

To debug openssl, I have used gdb.
   gdb /usr/local/ssl/bin/openssl

    (gdb) set args enc -d -aes-128-cbc -in ciphertext2.bin -out plaintext2.txt -K 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef -iv 00000000000000000000000000000000

(gdb) set logging on
Copying output to gdb.txt.

(gdb) b main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8055591

(gdb) b _x86_AES_decrypt
Function "_x86_AES_decrypt" not defined.
Make breakpoint pending on future shared library load? (y or [n]) y

(gdb) run
Starting program: /usr/local/ssl/bin/openssl enc -d -aes-128-cbc -in ciphertext2.bin -out plaintext2.txt -K 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef -iv 00000000000000000000000000000000

Breakpoint 1, 0x08055591 in main ()

(gdb) s
Single stepping until exit from function main,
which has no line number information.
__GI_getenv (name=0x8090a32 "OPENSSL_DEBUG_MEMORY") at getenv.c:35
35  getenv.c: No such file or directory.

(gdb)
__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx () at ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/strcat.S:55
55  ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/strcat.S: No such file or directory.

(gdb)
__GI_getenv (name=0x8090a32 "OPENSSL_DEBUG_MEMORY") at getenv.c:36
36  getenv.c: No such file or directory.

(gdb)
__strlen_ia32 () at ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/../../i586/strlen.S:43
43  ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/../../i586/strlen.S: No such file or directory.

Now this shows getenv.c is called, then ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/../../i586/strlen.S is called (although I am not able to view source code due to non-availablity).
I am wondering this way I would be able to understand the code as it shows so many calls of functions whose source code is not available.
So I follow this second approach, without putting any break-point at main.
    gdb /usr/local/ssl/bin/openssl

    (gdb) set args enc -d -aes-128-cbc -in ciphertext2.bin -out plaintext2.txt -K 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef -iv 00000000000000000000000000000000
    (gdb) set logging on
    Copying output to gdb.txt.
    (gdb) b _x86_AES_decrypt
    Function "_x86_AES_decrypt" not defined.
    Make breakpoint pending on future shared library load? (y or [n]) y

    Breakpoint 1 (_x86_AES_decrypt) pending.
    (gdb) run
    Starting program: /usr/local/ssl/bin/openssl enc -d -aes-128-cbc -in ciphertext2.bin -out plaintext2.txt -K 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef -iv 00000000000000000000000000000000

    Breakpoint 1, 0xb7e57590 in _x86_AES_decrypt ()
       from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
    (gdb) s
    Single stepping until exit from function _x86_AES_decrypt,
    which has no line number information.
    0xb7e586d0 in AES_cbc_encrypt () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
    (gdb) s
    Single stepping until exit from function AES_cbc_encrypt,
    which has no line number information.

    Breakpoint 1, 0xb7e57590 in _x86_AES_decrypt ()
       from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
    (gdb)
(gdb)
Single stepping until exit from function _x86_AES_decrypt,
which has no line number information.
0xb7e586d0 in AES_cbc_encrypt () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
Single stepping until exit from function AES_cbc_encrypt,
which has no line number information.
0xb7ea380e in aes_128_cbc_cipher () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
Single stepping until exit from function aes_128_cbc_cipher,
which has no line number information.
0xb7ea182d in EVP_EncryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
Single stepping until exit from function EVP_EncryptUpdate,
which has no line number information.
0xb7ea1a39 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
Single stepping until exit from function EVP_DecryptUpdate,
which has no line number information.
__memcpy_ssse3_rep () at ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-rep.S:111
111 ../sysdeps/i386/i686/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-rep.S: No such file or directory.

I have following doubts -

*

*I am not able to understand where AES LOOKUP table operations are performed ? How to find them ?

*Why AES_cbc_encrypt, EVP_EncryptUpdate functions are called although I am performing decryption operations?

*How to debug functions EVP_DecryptUpdate() to understand how the function is executed ? Simply putting breakpoint at the function like b EVP_DecryptUpdate is not giving any insight.
Here is what I am getting while putting breakpoint
(gdb) b EVP_DecryptUpdate
Breakpoint 3 at 0xb7ea19e0
(gdb) run

Breakpoint 3, 0xb7ea19e0 in EVP_DecryptUpdate ()
   from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb) si
0xb7ea19e1 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb) si
0xb7ea19e2 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7ea19e3 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7ea19e4 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7e372c0 in __x86.get_pc_thunk.bx ()
   from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7e372c3 in __x86.get_pc_thunk.bx ()
   from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7ea19e9 in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)
0xb7ea19ef in EVP_DecryptUpdate () from /usr/local/ssl/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8
(gdb)

EVP_DecryptUpdate() function is defined inside crypto/evp/evp_enc.c

int EVP_DecryptUpdate(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, int *outl,
             const unsigned char *in, int inl)
{

How to display the corresponding C instructions while debugging using gdb ?
I am not sure, but it may be possible OpenSSL use various C programs as well as assembly to decrypt the AES encrypted ciphertext. How to find the flow of evaluation ?
I am using Debian linux, 32bit, gdb .
Any help to understand the above flow or any link to understand will be a great help. Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You searched for x Full text Title Author
Journal Erasmus Law Review x
Expand all abstracts
On the Eve of Web-Harvesting and Web-Archiving for Libraries in Greece
Journal Erasmus Law Review, Issue 2 2019
Keywords web harvesting, data analysis, text & data mining, TDM: Proposal EU Copyright Directive
Authors Maria Bottis, Marinos Papadopoulos, Christos Zampakolas e.a.
AbstractAuthor's information
This conference paper submitted on the occasion of the 8th International Conference on Information Law and Ethics (University of Antwerp, December 13-14, 2018) that focused on modern intellectual property governance and openness in Europe elaborates upon the Text and Data Mining (TDM) issue in the field of scientific research, which is still-by the time of composition of this paper-in the process of discussion and forthcoming voting before the European Parliament in the form of provision(s) included in a new Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market. TDM is included in the proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market-Proposal COM(2016)593 final 2016/0280(COD) that was submitted to the European Parliament.
Maria Bottis
Associate Professor, Department of Archives, Library Science and Museology, Ionian University, Corfu, Greece.
Marinos Papadopoulos
Attorney-at-Law, Independent Researcher, PhD, MSc, JD, Athens, Greece.
Christos Zampakolas
Archivist/Librarian, Independent Researcher, PhD, MA, BA, Ioannina, Greece.
Paraskevi Ganatsiou
Educator, MA, BA, Prefecture of Ionian Islands, Corfu, Greece.
Access and Reuse of Machine-Generated Data for Scientific Research
Keywords machine-generated data, Internet of Things, scientific research, personal data, GDPR
Authors Alexandra Giannopoulou
Data driven innovation holds the potential in transforming current business and knowledge discovery models. For this reason, data sharing has become one of the central points of interest for the European Commission towards the creation of a Digital Single Market. The value of automatically generated data, which are collected by Internet-connected objects (IoT), is increasing: from smart houses to wearables, machine-generated data hold significant potential for growth, learning, and problem solving. Facilitating researchers in order to provide access to these types of data implies not only the articulation of existing legal obstacles and of proposed legal solutions but also the understanding of the incentives that motivate the sharing of the data in question. What are the legal tools that researchers can use to gain access and reuse rights in the context of their research?
Alexandra Giannopoulou
Institute for Information Law (IViR) – University of Amsterdam.
The Brussels International Business Court: Initial Overview and Analysis
Keywords international jurisdiction, English, court language, Belgium, business court
Authors Erik Peetermans and Philippe Lambrecht
In establishing the Brussels International Business Court (BIBC), Belgium is following an international trend to attract international business disputes to English-speaking state courts. The BIBC will be an autonomous business court with the competence to settle, in English, disputes between companies throughout Belgium. This article focuses on the BIBC's constitutionality, composition, competence, proceedings and funding, providing a brief analysis and critical assessment of each of these points. At the time of writing, the Belgian Federal Parliament has not yet definitively passed the Bill establishing the BIBC, meaning that amendments are still possible.
Erik Peetermans
Erik Peetermans is a legal adviser at the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium (FEB).
Philippe Lambrecht
Philippe Lambrecht is the Director-Secretary General at the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium (FEB).
The Singapore International Commercial Court: The Future of Litigation?
Keywords international commercial court, Singapore, dispute resolution, litigation
Authors Man Yip
The Singapore International Commercial Court ('SICC') was launched on 5 January 2015, at the Opening of Legal Year held at the Singapore Supreme Court. What prompted the creation of SICC? How is the SICC model of litigation different from litigation in the Singapore High Court? What is the SICC's track record and what does it tell us about its future? This article seeks to answer these questions at greater depth than existing literature. Importantly, it examines these questions from the angle of reimagining access of justice for litigants embroiled in international commercial disputes. It argues that the SICC's enduring contribution to improving access to justice is that it helps to change our frame of reference for international commercial litigation. Hybridisation, internationalisation, and party autonomy, the underpinning values of the SICC, are likely to be the values of the future of dispute resolution. International commercial dispute resolution frameworks – typically litigation frameworks – that unduly emphasise national boundaries and formalities need not and should not be the norm. Crucially, the SICC co-opts a refreshing public-private perspective to the resolution of international commercial disputes. It illuminates on the public interest element of the resolution of such disputes which have for some time fallen into the domain of international commercial arbitration; at the same time, it introduces greater scope for self-determination in international commercial litigation.
Man Yip
BCL (Oxon).
Chambers for International Commercial Disputes in Germany: The State of Affairs
Keywords Justizinitiative Frankfurt, Law Made in Germany, International Commercial Disputes, Forum Selling, English Language Proceedings
Authors Burkhard Hess and Timon Boerner
The prospect of attracting foreign commercial litigants to German courts in the wake of Brexit has led to a renaissance of English-language commercial litigation in Germany. Leading the way is the Frankfurt District Court, where – as part of the 'Justizinitiative Frankfurt' – a new specialised Chamber for International Commercial Disputes has been established. Frankfurt's prominent position in the financial sector and its internationally oriented bar support this decision. Borrowing best practices from patent litigation and arbitration, the Chamber offers streamlined and litigant-focused proceedings, with English-language oral hearings, within the current legal framework of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO).1xZivilprozessordnung (ZPO).
However, to enable the complete litigation process – including the judgment – to proceed in English requires changes to the German Courts Constitution Act2xGerichtsverfassungsgesetz (GVG). (GVG). A legislative initiative in the Bundesrat aims to establish a suitable legal framework by abolishing the mandatory use of German as the language of proceedings. Whereas previous attempts at such comprehensive amendments achieved only limited success, support by several major federal states indicates that this time the proposal will succeed.
With other English-language commercial court initiatives already established or planned in both other EU Member States and Germany, it is difficult to anticipate whether – and how soon – Frankfurt will succeed in attracting English-speaking foreign litigants. Finally, developments such as the 2018 Initiative for Expedited B2B Procedures of the European Parliament or the ELI–UNIDROIT project on Transnational Principles of Civil Procedure may also shape the long-term playing field.
1 Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO).
2 Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz (GVG).
Burkhard Hess
Burkhard Hess is the Executive Director of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law (MPI Luxembourg).
Timon Boerner
Timon Boerner is a Research Fellow at the MPI Luxembourg.
International Business Courts in Europe and Beyond: A Global Competition for Justice?
Keywords international business courts, justice innovation, justice competition, global commercial litigation, private international law
Authors Xandra Kramer and John Sorabji
Xandra Kramer
Xandra Kramer, Professor of Private Law at Erasmus University Rotterdam, and of Private International Law, Utrecht University.
John Sorabji
John Sorabji, Senior Teaching Fellow, UCL, London/Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls.
The Court of the Astana International Financial Center in the Wake of Its Predecessors
Keywords international financial centers, offshore courts, international business courts, Kazakhstan
Authors Nicolás Zambrana-Tévar
The Court of the Astana International Financial Center is a new dispute resolution initiative meant to attract investors in much the same way as it has been done in the case of the courts and arbitration mechanisms of similar financial centers in the Persian Gulf. This paper examines such initiatives from a comparative perspective, focusing on their Private International Law aspects such as jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement of judgments and arbitration awards. The paper concludes that their success, especially in the case of the younger courts, will depend on the ability to build harmonious relationships with the domestic courts of each host country.
Nicolás Zambrana-Tévar
LLM (LSE), PhD (Navarra), KIMEP University.
The Emergence of International Commercial Courts in India: A Narrative for Ease of Doing Business?
Keywords Commercial contracts, Enforcement, Jurisdiction, Specialized courts, India
Authors Sai Ramani Garimella and M.Z. Ashraful
The liberal globalised order has brought increased focus on the regulation of international commerce, and especially dispute resolution. Enforcement of contracts has been a concern largely owing to the insufficiencies of the legal systems, especially relating to the institutional structure, and it holds true for India as well. The commercial courts mechanism – international and domestic – with innovative features aimed at providing expedited justice is witnessing much traction. India, similar to many other jurisdictions, legislated in favour of specialized dispute resolution mechanisms for commercial disputes that could help improve the procedures for enforcement of contracts. This research attempts to critique the comparable strengths and the reform spaces within the Indian legislation on commercial courts. It parses the status of commercial dispute resolution in India especially in the context of cross-border contracts and critiques India's attempt to have specialised courts to address commercial dispute resolution.
Sai Ramani Garimella
Sai Ramani Garimella, PhD, is assistant professor of the faculty of legal studies at the South Asian University in New Delhi.
M.Z. Ashraful
M.Z. Ashraful is the research student at South Asian University in New Delhi.
International Commercial Courts in France: Innovation without Revolution?
Keywords international commercial court, dispute resolution, business court, Brexit, judicial system
Authors Alexandre Biard
In 2018, in the wake of Brexit, the French legal profession took several important measures to strengthen the competitiveness of France and the French legal system, and to make Paris an attractive go-to-point for businesses when the latter have to deal with international commercial litigation. When taking a closer look at it, Brexit is only the top of the iceberg, and has mostly served as a catalyst. Reasons explaining the development of international commercial courts in France are manifold. They are consequences of long-standing efforts aimed at boosting the French judicial marketplace to adapt it to the requirements of globalization and to the expectations of multinational corporations. The setting-up of the French international business courts has made several procedural adjustments necessary. Although the latter undoubtedly represent clear innovations, they however do not constitute a full-blown revolution. France has indeed decided to maximize already-existing procedural rules, combined with a new organisational format inspired by the Common Law tradition. If it remains too early to draw clear conclusions on the impact of these new developments, it is essential to keep our ears to the ground, and to be forward-looking. We should carefully consider the possible side-effects on the French justice system considered as a whole, and in particular wonder whether these international commercial courts might in the future open the door to broader far-reaching evolutions within the judicial system. Finally, the multiplication of international business courts across Europe nowadays triggers some questions concerning the role and potential added value of an EU initiative in this domain.
Alexandre Biard
Postdoctoral researcher, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Privatising Law Enforcement in Social Networks: A Comparative Model Analysis
Keywords user generated content, public and private responsibilities, intermediary liability, hate speech and fake news, protection of fundamental rights
Authors Katharina Kaesling
These days, it appears to be common ground that what is illegal and punishable offline must also be treated as such in online formats. However, the enforcement of laws in the field of hate speech and fake news in social networks faces a number of challenges. Public policy makers increasingly rely on the regu-lation of user generated online content through private entities, i.e. through social networks as intermediaries. With this privat-ization of law enforcement, state actors hand the delicate bal-ancing of (fundamental) rights concerned off to private entities. Different strategies complementing traditional law enforcement mechanisms in Europe will be juxtaposed and analysed with particular regard to their respective incentive structures and consequential dangers for the exercise of fundamental rights. Propositions for a recommendable model honouring both pri-vate and public responsibilities will be presented.
Katharina Kaesling
Katharina Kaesling, LL.M. Eur., is research coordinator at the Center for Advanced Study 'Law as Culture', University of Bonn.
On-board Protection of Merchant Vessels from the Perspective of International Law
Keywords piracy, international law, law of the sea, on-board protection of merchant vessels, use of force
Authors Birgit Feldtmann
The power to regulate on-board protection of merchant vessels lies with the flag state. However, the national models of regulation are not developed in a unilateral vacuum. In fact, the whole concept of flag state jurisdiction and legislative power has to be understood and exercised on the national level in close relation with the general regime of the international law of the sea. The aim of the article is therefore two-fold: first, it aims to provide a background for the country reports in this special issue by giving a brief insight into the problem of piracy in the twenty-first century and the international approaches towards this problem. Here the article also provides an insight into the legal background by presenting the concept of piracy in the law of the sea and connected law enforcement powers. Thus, this part of the article provides the overall context in which the discussions concerning on-board protection and the development of national regulations have occurred. Second, the article analyses the issue of on-board protection from the perspective of the legal framework in international law, as well as relevant international soft-law instruments, influencing the development on the national level. On-board protection of vessels as such is not regulated in the international law; however, international law provides a form of general legal setting, in which flags states navigate. Thus, this article aims to draw a picture of the international context in which flags states develop their specific legal approach.
Birgit Feldtmann
Birgit Feldtmann is professor (mso) at the Department of Law, Aalborg University.
Armed On-board Protection of Italian Ships: From an Apparent Hybrid Model to a Regulated Rise of Private Contractors
Keywords maritime security services, Italian hybrid system, military and private personnel, use of force, relation with the shipmaster
Authors Giorgia Bevilacqua
The sharp increase of piracy attacks in the last two decades was followed by a parallel increase of demand in the maritime security sector. A plenty of flag States around the world have started to authorize the deployment of armed security guards, either military or private, aboard commercial ships. In 2011, Italy also introduced the possibility of embarking armed security services to protect Italian flagged ships sailing in dangerous international waters. Like the other flag States' legal systems, the newly adopted Italian legislation aims to preserve the domestic shipping industry which was particularly disrupted by modern-day pirates. On the other hand, the doubling of approaches of the Italian legal and regulatory framework, initially privileging military personnel and then opting for the private solution, took the author to investigate the main relevant features of the Italian model of regulation and to analyze the recent developments of the domestic legal practice on counterpiracy armed security services, focusing on the role that customary and treaty obligations of international law played for the realization at national level of on-board armed protection of Italian ships. The use of lethal force at sea and the relationship between the shipmaster and the security guards will receive specific attention in this article.
Giorgia Bevilacqua
Researcher at the Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli.
Empirical Legal Research in Europe: Prevalence, Obstacles, and Interventions
Keywords empirical legal research, Europe, popularity, increase, journals
Authors Gijs van Dijck, Shahar Sverdlov and Gabriela Buck
Empirical Legal research (ELR) has become well established in the United States, whereas its popularity in Europe is debatable. This article explores the popularity of ELR in Europe. The authors carried out an empirical analysis of 78 European-based law journals, encompassing issues from 2008-2017. The findings demonstrate that a supposed increase of ELR is questionable (at best).
Moreover, additional findings highlight:
An increase for a few journals, with a small number of other journals showing a decrease over time;
A higher percentage of empirical articles for extra-legal journals than for legal journals (average proportion per journal is 4.6 percent for legal journals, 18.9 percent for extra-legal journals);
Criminal justice journals, environmental journals, and economically oriented journals being more likely to publish empirical articles than other journals;
More prestigious journals being more likely to publish empirical articles than less-prestigious journals;
Older journals being more likely to publish empirical work than younger journals, but not at an increasing rate;
Journals being legal/extra-legal, journals in a specific field, journal ranking, or the age of the journal not making it more (or less) likely that the journal will publish empirical articles at an increasing (or decreasing) rate.
Considering the lack of convincing evidence indicating an increase of ELR, we identify reasons for why ELR is seemingly becoming more popular but not resulting in more empirical research in Europe. Additionally, we explore interventions for overcoming the obstacles ELR currently faces.
Gijs van Dijck
Professor of Private Law at Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
Shahar Sverdlov
Law student at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Gabriela Buck
Law student at Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
Evidence-Based Regulation and the Translation from Empirical Data to Normative Choices: A Proportionality Test
Keywords evidence-based, regulation, proportionality, empirical law studies, law and society studies
Authors Rob van Gestel and Peter van Lochem
Studies have shown that the effects of scientific research on law and policy making are often fairly limited. Different reasons can be given for this: scientists are better at falsifying hypothesis than at predicting the future, the outcomes of academic research and empirical evidence can be inconclusive or even contradictory, the timing of the legislative cycle and the production of research show mismatches, there can be clashes between the political rationality and the economic or scientific rationality in the law making process et cetera. There is one 'wicked' methodological problem, though, that affects all regulatory policy making, namely: the 'jump' from empirical facts (e.g. there are too few organ donors in the Netherlands and the voluntary registration system is not working) to normative recommendations of what the law should regulate (e.g. we need to change the default rule so that everybody in principle becomes an organ donor unless one opts out). We are interested in how this translation process takes place and whether it could make a difference if the empirical research on which legislative drafts are build is more quantitative type of research or more qualitative. That is why we have selected two cases in which either type of research played a role during the drafting phase. We use the lens of the proportionality principle in order to see how empirical data and scientific evidence are used by legislative drafters to justify normative choices in the design of new laws.
Rob van Gestel
Rob van Gestel is professor of theory and methods of regulation at Tilburg University.
Peter van Lochem
Dr. Peter van Lochem is jurist and sociologist and former director of the Academy for Legislation.
The Questionable Legitimacy of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project
Keywords base erosion and profit shifting, OECD, G20, legitimacy, international tax reform
Authors Sissie Fung
The global financial crisis of 2008 and the following public uproar over offshore tax evasion and corporate aggressive tax planning scandals gave rise to unprecedented international cooperation on tax information exchange and coordination on corporate tax reforms. At the behest of the G20, the OECD developed a comprehensive package of 'consensus-based' policy reform measures aimed to curb base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) by multinationals and to restore fairness and coherence to the international tax system. The legitimacy of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project, however, has been widely challenged. This paper explores the validity of the legitimacy concerns raised by the various stakeholders regarding the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
Sissie Fung
Ph.D. Candidate at the Erasmus University Rotterdam and independent tax policy consultant to international organisations, including the Asian Development Bank.
The Peer Review Process of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
A Critical Assessment on Authority and Legitimacy
Keywords Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information, exercise of regulatory authority, due process requirements, peer review reports, legitimacy
Authors Leo E.C. Neve
The Global Forum on transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes has undertaken peer reviews on the implementation of the global standard of exchange of information on request, both from the perspective of formalities available and from the perspective of actual implementation. In the review reports Global Forum advises jurisdictions on required amendments of regulations and practices. With these advices, the Global Forum exercises regulatory authority. The article assesses the legitimacy of the exercise of such authority by the Global Forum and concludes that the exercise of such authority is not legitimate for the reason that the rule of law is abused by preventing jurisdictions to adhere to due process rules.
Leo E.C. Neve
Leo Neve is a doctoral student at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam.
The Right to Same-Sex Marriage: Assessing the European Court of Human Rights' Consensus-Based Analysis in Recent Judgments Concerning Equal Marriage Rights
Keywords same-sex marriage, gay marriage, European consensus, margin of appreciation, consensus-based analysis by the ECtHR
Authors Masuma Shahid
This contribution assesses the consensus-based analysis and reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights in recent judgments concerning equal marriage rights and compares it to the Court's past jurisprudence on European consensus and the margin of appreciation awarded to Member States regarding the issue of equal marriage rights. The contribution aims to analyse whether there is a parallel to be seen between the rapid global trend of legalisation of same-sex marriage and the development or evolution of the case law of the ECtHR on the same topic. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the Court's consensus-based analysis is problematic for several reasons and provides possible alternative approaches to the balancing of the Court between, on the one hand, protecting rights of minorities (in this case same-sex couples invoking equal marriage rights) under the European Convention on Human Rights and, on the other hand, maintaining its credibility, authority and legitimacy towards Member States that might disapprove of the evolving case law in the context of same-sex relationships. It also offers insights as to the future of European consensus in the context of equal marriage rights and ends with some concluding remarks.
Masuma Shahid
Lecturer, Department of International and European Union Law, Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam.
Administering Justice and Serving the People
The Tension between the Objective of Judicial Efficiency and Informal Justice in Canadian Access to Justice Initiatives
Keywords access to justice, procedural law, courts, civil justice reform, comparative law
Authors Catherine Piché
Canada has a complex system of courts that seek to serve Canadians in view of the traditional objectives of civil justice – principally accessibility, efficiency, fairness, efficacy, proportionality and equality. The Canadian court system is generally considered by its users to work well and to have legitimacy. Yet, researchers have found that 'there is a tendency for people involved in a civil case to become disillusioned about the ability of the system to effect a fair and timely resolution to a civil justice problem'. This article will discuss the ways in which reforms of procedural law and civil justice have originated and continue to be made throughout Canada, both nationally and provincially, as well as the trends and influences in making these reforms. With hundreds of contemporary procedural reforms having been discussed, proposed and/or completed since the first days of Canadian colonisation on a national basis and in the Canadian provinces and territory, providing a detailed analysis will prove challenging. This article will nonetheless provide a review of civil justice and procedural reform issues in Canada, focusing principally, at the provincial level, on the systems of Ontario and Quebec. Importantly, I will seek to reconcile the increasing willingness to have an economically efficient civil justice and the increased power of judges in managing cases, with our court system's invasion of ADR and its prioritisation of informal modes of adjudication.
Catherine Piché
Dr. Prof. Catherine Piché, Université de Montreal.
Evaluating BEPS
Keywords tax avoidance, tax evasion, benefits principle
Authors Reuven S. Avi-Yonah and Haiyan Xu
This article evaluates the recently completed Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project of the G20 and OECD and offers some alternatives for reform.
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Reuven Avi-Yonah is Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law, the University of Michigan.
Haiyan Xu
Haiyan Xu is Professor of Law, University of International Business & Economics, Beijing; SJD candidate, the University of Michigan.
The Reasonableness Test of the Principal Purpose Test Rule in OECD BEPS Action 6 (Tax Treaty Abuse) versus the EU Principle of Legal Certainty and the EU Abuse of Law Case Law
Keywords GAAR, abuse, tax avoidance, BEPS, principal purpose test, legal certainty
Authors Dennis Weber
The OECD BEPS Action 6 report contains a principal purpose test rule (PPT rule) for the purpose of combating abuse of tax treaties. This PPT rule is also included in the OECD Multilateral Instrument.
The PPT rule is (amongst others) applicable when 'it is reasonable to conclude' that a benefit (granted by a tax treaty) was one of the principal purposes of any arrangement/transaction. This requirement contains two elements: the reasonableness test and the principal purpose test.
In literature it is observed that (i) the reasonableness test of the PPT rule could be contrary to the European Union's principle of legal certainty; (ii) that the OECD PPT rule gives the tax authorities too much discretion and, therefore, is not in line with EU law and (iii) there is doubt whether the OECD PPT rule contains a genuine economic activity test and therefore is in contravention of the abuse of law case law of the CJEU.
In this contribution, I defend that none of the above-mentioned reasons the OECD PPT rule is contrary to EU law. The only potential problem I see is that the OECD PPT rule is broader (no artificiality required) compared to the GAARs in Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive and the Parent–Subsidiary Directive.
Dennis Weber
Dennis Weber is a professor of European corporate tax law at the University of Amsterdam and director and founder of the Amsterdam Centre for Tax Law (ACTL).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
WMC Preview: Q&A with Surkin
Jose D. Duran March 19, 2009 10:37AM
Angel Ghosts
Surkin, the self-proclaimed Internet child.
Compared to most DJs, Benoit Heitz, better known as Surkin, is a relatively young to be so far ahead of the game. Yet, the 23-year-old proves he has plenty of maturity when it comes to laying down the beats. Tracks likes "Ghetto Obsession" and "White Knight Two" are regularly played on dancefloors across the globe and he has lent his remix skills to everyone from Justice to M.I.A.
Next week, Surkin will be abll over Miami during Winter Music Conference, the highlights being his appearance at Les Six Years du Institubes party at Louis at the Gansevoort, Wednesday, March 25, and Day 1 of Ultra Music Festival, Friday, March 27.
New Times: As a young DJ/producer, do you think you offer a new kind of mentality as far as they way you approach and create dance music?
I'm an Internet child. Having access to virtually any track ever made at any time really helped me to discover a lot of things, really fast and to build really eclectics influences. I'm DJing with software. I never used turntables because it just don't make sense to me. It's peer to peer that made me into dance music. My record collection is on hard drives and my studio is a MacBook. That's perhaps what makes that new generation different. Sometime that 100% digital environment is missing the magic of the good old days. But it's really convenient.
NT: From your first Institubes release, "Ghetto Obsession," to your latest releases, "Next of Kin" and "White Knight Two," your sound has progressed dramatically. What is influencing your sound these days?
Many kinds of dance music. From French touch to electro funk. A lot of Chicago house. Mostly old stuff, even if I love a lot of today's artists. I'll definitely load my iPod with a lot of early nineties Miami freestyle before I pack for WMC.
NT: You're also scheduled to play the first day of Ultra Music Festival. How does a festival appearance differ from nightclub appearance? Do you approach it differently?
Festivals give you the chance to play in front of a bigger crowd, and to a lot of people that don't know your music yet. In a clubs you're closer from the crowd and the party can get more intense, and you can take more risks without the fear of people running to another stage.
NT: Is there anything else you are working on for 2009?
I just finished a remix for the next Juan MacLean single, but I'm trying to focus on my own stuff at the moment. I'm finishing my first album which is going to be released sometime in the second half of 2009.
Jose D. Duran has been the associate web editor of Miami New Times since 2008. He's the voice and strategist behind the publication's eyebrow-raising Facebook and Twitter feeds. He has also been reporting on Miami's music, entertainment, and cultural scenes since 2006, previously through sites such as MiamiNights.com and OnBeat.com. He earned his BS in journalism with a minor in art history from the University of Florida. He's a South Florida native and will be a Miami resident as long as climate change permits and the temperature doesn't drop below 60 degrees.
Contact: Jose D. Duran
Twitter: @jose_d_duran


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Playing is a new Skill
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The Dartmoor Way is a circular route around Dartmoor linking hamlets, villages and towns. This challenging route takes in a variety of stunning views and beautiful Devon scenery. It is not recommended for less experienced cyclists.
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You'll never need to buy a pack of staples again with the Detectamet staple-less stapler. Fasten several sheets of paper without the use of a conventional metal staple.
Rogue pieces of metal in finished products continue to be an issue in the food industry. Although detection equipment is now widely used and effective good manufacturing practices are applied the numbers of incidents getting through to the consumer is still too high.
The simple solution is to make the food processing areas into staple free zones. No stapled papers staplers or staples are allowed within these food processing areas. However, unstapled essential documents coming into or going out of these areas can be a challenge. Without any fastening the Instructions, records and traceability information could become loose and mislaid.
Detectamet already offers a stapleless stapler made from detectable plastics that will fasten up to 4 sheets of paper. With the need to stitch more sheets, Detectamet have now launched two new versions. These bigger stapleless staplers can secure up to 6 or up to 8 sheets and are available in a choice of up to 6 colours so they are suitable for colour coded applications.
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Q: Pre-build event to include files in project I run a pre-build event to copy files to my project's folder (ProjectX). I need to include these files as content files in ProjectX, so that when built, it is seen as part of ProjectX's output or content.
ProjectX is then included in a setup project to be deployed, so the files copied to ProjectX must also be included in the setup project (as "Content files from ProjectX").
Any suggestions?

A: There are ways (using DTE), but I ended up going the WIX route to include files from other sources.


text:
From left, Reyhaneh Ansarinejad, Soada Khadirzadeh, Roghieh Bigdeli and Shelir Ahmadi
Temporary release of 2 female political prisoners prevented
A brief report on the conditions of Soada Khadirzadeh, Reyhaneh Ansarinejad, Roghieh Bigdeli, and Shelir Ahmadi
Despite bail arrangements and reassuring promises by prison officials for leave or temporary release, political prisoners Soada Khadirzadeh and Reyhaneh Ansari Nejad remain in jail under uncertain conditions.
Soada Khadirzadeh, pregnant political prisoner, not granted temporary release
Political prisoner Soada Khadirzadeh is still being held illegally in the women's ward of the Central Prison of Urmia. Mrs. Khadirzadeh is in the 38th week of her pregnancy and has a short time before her delivery. Her health and that of her unborn baby are in danger.
Mrs. Khadirzadeh called her family on May 19. She told them that prison authorities had declared that her family could refer to the Revolutionary Court of Mahabad on May 21 or 22. They could set bail and receive permission for her temporary release.
However, when the family went to court, the authorities told them that they had not received any letters from the Central Prison of Urmia.
Early last week, Soada Khadirzadeh was examined twice by the forensic team at Urmia Prison. They verified all her medical papers and stated that she should be sent out of prison to deliver her baby.
Yet prison authorities have taken no action to dispatch this pregnant political prisoner to a civic hospital or grant her temporary release on bail.
A source informed about the Central Prison of Urmia said, "After examining Soada Khadirzadeh, Ms. Tavana, one of the surgeons, said she should be transferred to the hospital immediately. She said that simultaneous with her delivery, she should undergo lumbar disc surgery and have an absolute rest for 40 days."
In addition to the lumbar disc problem, Soada Khedirzadeh suffers from heart disease, and both her kidneys have been infected.
Soada Khedirzadeh went on a hunger strike to protest seven months of uncertainty. After 11 days, she ended her hunger strike with the favorable promise of Urmia Prison officials. However, the authorities have not yet fulfilled any of their promises.
In the final weeks of her pregnancy, Soada Khadirzadeh remains in jail
Reyhaneh Ansarinejad, a labor activist
Reyhaneh Ansarinejad, a labor activist, is imprisoned in Evin Prison in undecided condition. She is detained despite the conclusion of her interrogation process and the setting of bail. The security bailiff and the interrogator of the Prosecutor's Office of Evin have been hindering Ms. Ansarinejad's temporary release.
Her family went to Evin Prison on May 25, 2022, hoping that she would be released. They waited until 11 p.m., but the Evin Prison authorities did not agree to release her.
Reyhaneh Ansarinejad was arrested by Intelligence Ministry agents in May 2022 and taken to solitary confinement in the Intelligence Ministry Ward 209. She did not have access to a lawyer or any legal advice from the moment of her arrest.
Kurdish political prisoner Shelir Ahmadi
Shelir Ahmadi remains in detention in the Central Prison of Urmia. The court has set a heavy bail for the temporary release of the young woman from one of the villages of Mahabad.
The Ahmadi family has so far been unable to pay the bail.
Shelir Ahmadi was transferred to the women's ward of the Central Prison of Urmia in March 2022. Before that, she was in detention in one of the Department of Intelligence of Urmia detention centers.
Shelir Ahmadi is married with two children.
Roghieh Bigdeli summoned to serve her time in prison
Roghieh Bigdeli, arrested during the November 2019 protests
Roghieh Bigdeli has been summoned to serve her two years of prison time and eight months of exile to Zanjan. Ms. Bigdeli was arrested during the protests in November 2019.
The 7th Branch of the Implementation of Verdicts Bureau of Karaj informed her on May 21, 2022.
Ms. Bigdeli has ten days to report in to serve her sentence. She must also pay a fine of six million Tomans in cash because she did not report to the Implementation of Verdicts Bureau.
The bureau had previously increased her time in exile.
Tags: PrisonersViolence against women
Political prisoners defy the mullahs' Judiciary Chief in his visit to Qarchak


text:
Q: My pointer in an array doesn't work as it supposed to I wanted to create a function, that would accept an 1:array_of_int, and 2:size_of_array, then return sum of the 3 biggest int. Code follows:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int max_3(int arr[], int asize)
{
   int max_arr[3];
   int max =0;
   int sum = 0;
   int* pi;

   for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
   {
      for(int i =0; i<asize;i++)
      {
         if(arr[i] > max)
         {
           max = arr[i];
           pi = (arr + i); // to know the address of the max int of 'i' cycle
         }
      }
      max_arr[j] = max;
      *pi = 0; // make the max int = 0 so that the next 'i' cycle doesnt have the previous max in it
               //(so it can look for another max value - the second one)
   }

   for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
      sum += max_arr[i];

   return sum;
}

int main (int argc, char** argv) {
   int arr[6] = {1,5,9,12,16,14};
   printf("%i\n",max_3(arr, 6));
   return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

The pointer pi doesn't make the value of the current max value 0, and the next cycle in for (int i..) make the biggest one again as from the previous. So instead of returning max val1 + val2 + val3, it returned 3 * val1 (the biggest one) -- in my particular example - it printed out 48 instead of 42 (12 + 16 + 14) - as it should. But how when I make the value of address (which my pointer point to) as 0? I do not understand that properly.

A: Your if statement:
if (arr[i] > max)

isn't going to be entered after the first time you find max (i.e. when j > 0).
You need to zero it after:
max_arr[j] = max;
max = 0;

A: The following proposed code:

*

*performs the desired functionality

*is very straight forward in its' algorithm

*incorporates a bubble sort for selecting the top three entries in the array

*eliminates the 'magic' number 6

*modifies the second parameter to type size_t as that is the type returned by sizeof()

*the expression: sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]) lets compiler calculate number of entries in array

*the statement: int arr[] = {1,5,9,12,16,14}; lets compiler allocate room for array

*avoids modifying the original array, when sorting

and now, the proposed code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>  // memcpy()

void swap(int *xp, int *yp)
{
    int temp = *xp;
    *xp = *yp;
    *yp = temp;
}

// A function to implement bubble sort
void bubbleSort(int arr[], size_t n)
{
    size_t i;
    size_t j;
    for (i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
    {
       // Last i elements are already in place
       for (j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++)
       {
            if (arr[j] > arr[j+1])
            {
              swap(&arr[j], &arr[j+1]);
            }
        }
    }
}

int max_3(int arr[], size_t asize)
{
    int localArray[ asize ];
    memcpy( localArray, arr, asize*sizeof( int ) );
    // sort array
    bubbleSort( localArray, asize );

    // calculate sum of max 3 entries
    int sum = localArray[asize-1] + localArray[asize-2] + localArray[asize-3];
    return sum;
}

int main ( void )
{
   int arr[] = {1,5,9,12,16,14};
   printf( "%i\n", max_3( arr, sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0])) );
   return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

a run of the proposed code results in:
42

A: After the very first iteration of the outer loop (the loop for(int j=0; j<3; j++)) the value of max and pi will never change.
In that first iteration of the outer loop, you will find that the fifth element in the array will be largest, max will be equal to 16 and pi will point to that element. You set max_arr[0] to 16 and set *pi to zero. Then the outer loop starts over with max still being equal to 16. And now there will be no value in the array that will be equal or larger than that. So you set max_arr[1] to 16 as well, and set *pi (where pi is still pointing to the fifth element) to zero again. And the same thing the next iteration.
The natural solution would be to define max and pi inside the outer loop:
for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
{
    // The variables will be redefined and reinitialized each iteration of the loop
    int max = 0;
    int *pi;

    for(int i =0; i<asize;i++)
    {
        if(arr[i] > max)
        {
            max = arr[i];
            pi = (arr + i); // to know the address of the max int of 'i' cycle
        }
    }
    max_arr[j] = max;
    *pi = 0; // make the max int = 0 so that the next 'i' cycle doesnt have the previous max in it
             //(so it can look for another max value - the second one)
}

There are a few other problems with the code, like for example the possibility that pi will never be initialized. I leave it as an exercise to the reader to figure when that will happen and how to solve it.


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