text:
\section*{Results}

\subsection*{Electronic Fluid in Graphene}\label{electrographene}

Our treatment is based on the hydrodynamic equations derived by
M\"uller et al. \cite{grapPRL, grapPRB}, based on the quantum
Boltzmann equation for electrons in graphene. This analysis delivers
the value of the transport coefficients, namely the fluid shear
viscosity, which is an input parameter in our model. The hydrodynamic
approach in graphene is valid when the inelastic-scattering rate due
to electron-electron interactions dominates. This is the case at low
doping, at high temperatures, and in moderate fields
\cite{grap3PRB}. However, to neglect electron-phonon interactions, we
will have to stay at a moderately high temperature of around $100$K
\cite{electronphonon}. In absence of magnetic fields, the
quasiparticle distribution function, $f_s$, evolves according to the
quantum Boltzmann equation,
\begin{equation}\label{qbe:eq}
  \frac{\partial f_s}{\partial t} + \vec{v}_s \cdot \nabla f_s + e
  \vec{E} \cdot \nabla_{\vec{k}} f_s = - \Omega[f_s] \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\vec{E}$ is an external electric field, $e$ the electric charge
of the electron, $\Omega[f_s]$ a collision operator that takes into
account the electron-electron interactions, $\vec{v}_s = s\; c\;
\vec{k}/|\vec{k}|$, $\vec{k}$ the wave vector, $c$ the Fermi speed
($\sim10^6$m/s), and the sign $s$, not to be confused with the entropy
density, distinguishes between electrons ($+$) and holes ($-$)
\cite{grap3PRB, jumpjuttner}.  At equilibrium, the probability
distribution function becomes the Fermi-Dirac distribution,
\begin{equation}\label{fdd:eq}
f_s (t, \vec{x}, \vec{k}) = \frac{1}{e^{(sc|\vec{k}| - \mu)/k_B T} +1} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\mu$ is the chemical potential and $T$ denotes the
temperature. Thus, in the hydrodynamic limit, from Eqs. \eqref{qbe:eq}
and \eqref{fdd:eq} one can derive the equations for the Dirac electron
fluid in graphene: $\partial \rho/\partial t + \nabla \cdot \left(
  \rho \vec{u} \right)=0$, for charge conservation; $\partial
\epsilon/\partial t + \nabla \cdot \left[ (\epsilon+p) \vec{u} \right]
= 0$, for energy density conservation and
\begin{equation}\label{moment}
  \rho_r \left [\frac{\partial \vec{u}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{u}\cdot \nabla \right)\vec{u} \right ]+\nabla p + \frac{\vec{u}}{c^2} \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} - \eta \nabla^2 \vec{u} = \rho \vec{E}\quad ,
\end{equation}
for momentum conservation. Here, $\epsilon$ is the energy density, $p$
the pressure, $\rho$ the charge density, $\vec{u}$ the drift velocity,
$\rho_r \equiv (\epsilon + p)/c^2$, and $\eta$ the shear viscosity.

For the case of undoped graphene ($\mu = 0$), the presence of charge
density is due to the thermal energy and can be described by,
\begin{equation}\label{chargeth}
  \rho = \rho_{th} = e \left( \frac{k_B T}{\hbar c} \right )^2 \quad .
\end{equation}
However, when there are impurities, they can induce electric
potentials on the graphene sample and a correction due to the chemical
potential must be considered,
\begin{equation}\label{chargeinduced}
  \rho = \rho_{th} \Phi_\rho (\mu/k_B T) \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\Phi_\rho$ is a dimensionless increasing function defined in
Ref. \cite{grapPRB}. Note that, in our analytical model, we will use
this concept in order to introduce a minimum conductivity in the
graphene sample, where the function $\Phi_\rho$ will be modeled by a
free parameter to fit the experimental data and will take into account
not only the carriers generated by the impurities but also other kind
of phenomena that could contribute to induce carrier density.

The shear viscosity $\eta$, in Eq.~\eqref{moment}, can be calculated
using
\begin{equation}\label{viscoreal}
  \eta=C_\eta \frac{M (k_B T)^2}{4 \hbar c^2 \alpha^2} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $C_\eta \sim O(1)$ is a numerical coefficient, $\alpha =
e^2/\varepsilon \hbar c$ is the effective fine structure constant,
$\varepsilon$ the relative dielectric constant of the substrate, and
$M$ the number of species of free massless Dirac particles
\cite{grapPRL, grapPRB}. Additionally, the entropy densities can be
calculated according to the Gibbs-Duhem relation $\epsilon + p = T s$.
These equations have been derived under the assumption $|\vec{u}| <
c$, and therefore the relativistic correction term, $\propto\partial p
/\partial t$, can be neglected, so that the classical Navier-Stokes
equations are recovered.  Note that, despite the high speed of the
electrons, $|\vec{u}| \sim 0.1 c$, the Reynolds number remains
moderate, due to nano-metric size of the samples and the high {\it
  kinematic} viscosity of the electronic fluid in graphene.

\subsection*{Kinematic Viscosity}

Based on Ref.~\cite{grapPRL}, the dynamic viscosity of graphene in a
sample of linear size $L_0$, is given by Eq.~\eqref{viscoreal}. This
equation can be written in the following form:
\begin{equation}
\label{ETA}
\eta= C_\eta \frac{M}{4 \alpha^2} \; \left (\frac{k_BT}{\hbar
    \omega_f} \right)^2 \; \frac{\hbar}{L_0^2},
\end{equation}
where we have introduced the characteristic frequency
$\omega_f=c/L_0$, and by solving the appropriate quantum Boltzmann
equation, it is concluded that $C_\eta \simeq 0.449$. Eq.~\eqref{ETA}
can also be rewritten as $\eta = C_{\eta} q_f^{-2} \hbar/L_0^2$, where
$q_f \equiv \hbar \omega_f/(k_B T)$. Note that, in order for a
classical (non quantum) picture of electron fluid to apply, the energy
of excitations must be much lower than the thermal energy, i.e.  $q_f
\ll 1$, the so-called collision-dominated regime.  Taking a typical
set of parameters (in MKS units), $c=10^6$, $L_0=10^{-6}$, $T=100$K,
and $ \eta/s \sim 0.2 \hbar/k_B$, we obtain $\eta \sim 10^{-20}$.
Since the Reynolds number is dictated by the kinematic viscosity of
the fluid, $\nu$, rather than by the dynamic one, $\eta=\rho \nu$,
with no need of involving the mass density, it is of interest to
estimate the kinematic viscosity of the electron fluid in graphene.

To this purpose, we appeal to the definition of the Reynolds number as
given in Ref.\cite{grapPRL}, namely:
\begin{equation}
  Re = \frac{s/k_B}{\eta/\hbar} \frac{k_B T}{\hbar \omega_f} \frac{u_0L_0}{\nu_0} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\nu_0=cL_0$. By writing $Re=u_0L_0/\nu$ and equating with the
above, we obtain
\begin{equation}
  \nu = \nu_0 \frac{\hbar \omega_f}{k_B T} \frac{s/k_B}{\eta/s}
  \quad .
\end{equation}
Using $\eta/s = 0.2 \hbar/k_B$ \cite{grapPRL} and $q_f \simeq 0.07$,
we obtain $\nu \simeq 10^{-2}$. To be noted that, in spite of its
extremely low dynamic viscosity, the {\it kinematic} viscosity of
graphene is about four orders of magnitude larger than that of
water. These four orders of magnitude are more than compensated by the
large speed of the electrons, which is ultimately responsible for the
sizeable values of the Reynolds numbers which can be achieved in
graphene samples at micron scales. For instance, by taking $u_0 = 0.1
c \sim 10^5$ m/s, for a sample of $1$ micron in length, we obtain $Re
\sim 20$ for the global sample, and about $Re\sim 0.04$ on the scale
of the impurities.

\subsection*{Analytical Model Description}\label{analymodel}

In this work, we will treat impurities as circular rigid obstacles of
diameter $d$. This choice is not arbitrary, but it is based on the
fact that some experiments \cite{prl2010,scatter1,scatter2} suggest
the the main scattering mechanism in graphene is due to strong neutral
defects, with a range shorter than the Fermi wavelength, inducing
resonant scattering. Thus, the diameter $d$ can be interpreted as the
characteristic length for the range of the interaction
electron-impurity.

Let us now assume that the electronic fluid moves in the $x$ direction
as a consequence of an applied electric field $E$, and $\nabla \cdot
(\rho_r \vec{u}) \simeq 0$ (incompressible limit). Therefore, we can
calculate the force $\vec{F}$ acting on a single impurity due to the
electronic flow, as $\vec{F} = \oint \tensor{\Pi} \cdot d\vec{l}$,
where $\tensor{\Pi}$ is the stress tensor defined by $\Pi_{ij} =
p\delta_{ij} + \rho_r u_i u_j + \pi_{ij}$, with the viscous tensor
$\pi_{ij} = \eta(\partial u_i/\partial x_j + \partial u_j/\partial
x_i)$, and $\vec{l}$ is a unit vector perpendicular to the impurity
circle. Here the indices $i, j = 1, 2$ denote the coordinates $x$ and
$y$.  Thus, solving the equations for the Dirac electron fluid, in the
steady state (all time derivatives are neglected), and following an
analogous procedure as in classical hydrodynamics \cite{Oseen}, we
obtain for the drag force, $F_D = F_x$,
\begin{equation}\label{stokes}
  F_D = \lambda \eta v \quad,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is a dimensionless parameter that depends on the
Reynolds number. Here, $v$ is the velocity of the fluid very far from
the impurity. We first simulated single impurities with different
sizes and different fluid velocities (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}), obtaining
that a linear approximation is justified in the range of relevance to
this work. Note that, for a perfect fluid ($\nu = 0$), there is no
drag force.  However, from the point of view of the kinematic
viscosity, electrons in graphene are far from being a perfect fluid.
Therefore, we expect them to play a crucial effect on the drag force
controlling the total conductivity of the sample.

Let us denote by $\phi$ the impurity fraction, namely the ratio
between the area not occupied by the impurities and the total area of
the system, $\phi = 1 - N \pi d^2 / (4 A)$, with $N$ the number of
impurities in a sample of area $A$.  We can thus propose the relation
between $v$ and the total current density as $J = \phi \rho v$. Note
that $\phi \rho$ is the existent electronic charge density in the
graphene sample, since the volume fraction $1-\phi$ is occupied by the
impurities.

Let us consider a representative elementary area of the sample of
length $d_x$ in the direction of the flow and $d_y$ across it.  With
${\cal N}$ circular impurities in this area, we can write ${\cal N} =
4(1-\phi) d_x d_y/(\pi d^2)$. The total force acting on the electronic
fluid due to impurities (equal to the total force acting on the
impurities due to the fluid), is given by $F_{tot} = {\cal N}
F_D$. Here, the distance between impurities is taken sufficiently
large enough to prevent the flow close to an impurity from affecting
the flow nearby another impurity.

In order to describe correctly the physics of graphene, we need to
include in our model an extra feature. Due to the linear Dirac-Weyl
spectrum of graphene, and the non-existence of a gap between the
conduction and valence bands, the slightest amount of impurities or an
external potential will induce charge carriers in the graphene sample
\cite{transport5, Fuhrer}, see Eq.~\eqref{chargeinduced}. Thus, in our
model, the total amount of carriers induced by the impurities will be
proportional to the impurity concentration, $(1-\phi) A$, leading to
an extra carrier density in the fraction of the sample occupied by the
electronic fluid, $\phi A$.The extra carriers are then given by
$\gamma (1-\phi)/\phi$, where $\gamma$ is the proportionality constant
that characterizes the impurity-electron interaction.

Summing the forces, namely the Lorentz and drag forces, acting on the
elementary area leads to: $\phi \rho E d_x d_y + \gamma (1-\phi)E d_x
d_y/\phi - F_{tot} = 0$, and by inserting the value of $F_{tot}$, we
obtain
\begin{equation}
  F_D = \frac{\rho \pi d^2}{4} \left(\frac{\phi}{1-\phi} + \frac{\gamma}{\rho \phi} \right) E \quad .
\end{equation}
Replacing Eq.~\eqref{stokes}, taking into account that $J = \phi \rho
v$ and Ohm's law, we can identify the conductivity as:
\begin{equation}\label{conductivity}
  \sigma = \frac{\rho^2 \pi d^2}{4\eta \lambda}\left( \frac{\phi^2}{1-\phi} + \frac{\gamma}{\rho} \right)
  = \sigma_0 \frac{\phi^2}{1-\phi} + \sigma_{min} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where we have introduced the coefficients $\sigma_0 = \rho^2 \pi
d^2/(4\eta \lambda)$, and $\sigma_{min} = \sigma_0\gamma/\rho$. This
equation represents the key result of our paper. An analogous
derivation, for fluid dynamics in disordered media, can be found in
Ref.  \cite{Rumer, Bear}. Note that $\sigma_0$ also can be written as
$\sigma_0 = n (e^2 \pi d^2 c^2/12 k_B T \nu \lambda)$, where
$n=\rho/e$ is the electronic number density and $\nu$ the kinematic
viscosity.  From this expression, we can see that the conductivity in
graphene depends linearly on the carrier density, thus implying a
constant mobility $\mu = \sigma/ne$, in agreement with experimental
observations \cite{natletter, nature2}.  In addition, our model can
also explain why the mobility remains almost constant in the range of
temperatures where $\nu \propto T^{-1}$ (see Ref.~\cite{turbPRL}), and
the presence of a minimum conductivity in graphene, second term on the
rhs of Eq.~\eqref{conductivity}, $\sigma_{min} = e\pi d^2 c^2
\gamma/12 k_B T \nu \lambda$, which is independent of the carrier and
impurity densities. Indeed, this model cannot explain, as other
theoretical models, the sublinear behavior of the conductivity for the
zero range impurity because, in that range, point defects and boundary
conditions start to be dominant. In addition, it cannot describe the
electron-phonon interaction either, since these have been excluded at
the outset.  All features above will make the object of future
extensions of this work.

\subsection*{Dimensionless Numbers}\label{dimeneqs}

For the numerical validation, and in order to obtain general results,
we will use dimensionless numbers. For this purpose, we can rewrite
Eq.~\eqref{moment} alternatively as
\begin{equation}\label{moment2s}
  \frac{\partial \vec{u}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{u}\cdot \nabla \right)\vec{u} +\frac{1}{\rho_r}\nabla p + \frac{\vec{u}}{\rho_r c^2} \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} - \frac{\eta}{\rho_r} \nabla^2 \vec{u} = \frac{\rho}{\rho_r} \vec{E} ,
\end{equation}
and therefore we obtain,
\begin{equation}\label{moment3s}
  \frac{\partial \vec{u}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{u}\cdot \nabla \right)\vec{u} +\frac{1}{\rho_r}\nabla p + \frac{\vec{u}}{\rho_r c^2} \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} - \nu \nabla^2 \vec{u} = \frac{\rho}{\rho_r} \vec{E} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\nu$ represents the kinematic viscosity. Let us define the
following relations: $\vec{u} = u_0 \vec{u}'$, $\vec{t} = t_0
\vec{t}'$, $(x, y, z) = L_0 (x', y', z')$, $\rho_r = \rho_{r0}
\rho'_r$, $\rho = \rho_0 \rho'$, and $\vec{E} = E_0 \vec{E}'$, where
the prime quantities are dimensionless, and $u_0$, $t_0$, $L_0$,
$\rho_{r0}$, $\rho_0$, and $E_0$ are characteristic values for the
respective physical quantities. Thus, using the state equation
$\epsilon = 2 p$, we can deduce $p = \frac{1}{3}\rho_{r0} u_0^2 p' $
and $\epsilon = \frac{2}{3} \rho_{r0} u_0^2 \epsilon'$. Replacing
these relations in Eq.~\eqref{moment3s}, multiplying by
$\frac{t_0}{u_0}$, and using the relation $u_0 = \frac{L_0}{t_0}$, we
obtain,
\begin{equation}\label{moment4s}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{\partial \vec{u}'}{\partial t'} &+ \left(\vec{u}'\cdot
      \nabla' \right)\vec{u}'
    +\frac{1}{3 \rho'_r}\nabla' p' \\
    &+ \frac{1}{3}\frac{u_0^2}{c^2} \vec{u}' \frac{\partial
      p'}{\partial t'} - \frac{\nu}{u_0 L_0} \nabla'^2 \vec{u}' =
    \frac{\rho_0 E_0 L_0}{\rho_{r0}
      u_0^2}\frac{\rho'}{\rho'_r}\vec{E}' .
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
To simplify this equation, we can equal the characteristic velocity to
the Fermi speed, $u_0 = c$. Therefore, we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{moment5s}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{\partial \vec{u}'}{\partial t'} &+ \left(\vec{u}'\cdot
      \nabla' \right)\vec{u}'
    +\frac{1}{3 \rho'_r}\nabla' p' \\
    &+ \frac{\vec{u}'}{3}\frac{\partial p'}{\partial t'} -
    \frac{\nu}{u_0 L_0} \nabla'^2 \vec{u}' = \frac{\rho_0 E_0
      L_0}{\rho_{r0} u_0^2}\frac{\rho'}{\rho'_r} \vec{E}' .
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
We can identify two characteristic dimensionless numbers. The first
one is the Reynolds number, which is, $Re = \frac{u_0 L_0}{\nu}$, and
the second one, which we call ``${\cal E}$ number'' is defined by
${\cal E} = \frac{\rho_0 E_0 L_0}{\rho_{r0} u_0^2} = \frac{\rho_0
  V_0}{\rho_{r0} u_0^2}$, where $V_0 = E_0 L_0$ is the characteristic
electrical potential. Using these definitions, we get
\begin{equation}\label{moment6s}
  \begin{aligned}
    \frac{\partial \vec{u}'}{\partial t'} &+ \left(\vec{u}'\cdot
      \nabla' \right)\vec{u}'
    +\frac{1}{3 \rho'_r}\nabla' p' \\
    &+ \frac{\vec{u}'}{3}\frac{\partial p'}{\partial t'} -
    \frac{1}{Re} \nabla'^2 \vec{u}' = {\cal E} \frac{\rho'}{\rho'_r}
    \vec{E}' .
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Note that this equation is dimensionless and therefore the universal
features of the dynamics of the system are controlled only by the
numbers $Re$ and ${\cal E}$: the latter measures the strength of the
electric drive, while the former scales inversely with the dissipation
opposing this drive. For notational simplicity, we will remove primes,
leading to
\begin{equation}\label{moment6}
  \frac{\partial \vec{u}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{u}\cdot \nabla
  \right)\vec{u} +\frac{1}{3 \rho_r}\nabla p +
  \frac{\vec{u}}{3}\frac{\partial p}{\partial t} - \frac{1}{Re}
  \nabla^2 \vec{u} = {\cal E} \frac{\rho}{\rho_r} \vec{E} ,
\end{equation}

\subsection*{Numerical Results}\label{numsim}

Fig.~\ref{fig2} illustrates the speed of the fluid for two different
impurity densities, dark and yellow colors denoting low and high
speeds respectively.  An electric field of $1.77$ V/m was applied in
$x$ direction (from left to right). Here we can see that for high
impurity fraction (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}, top), the speed of the fluid
presents fluctuations on larger scales affecting the total
conductivity of the sample. From the calculation of the electric
current density and the electric field, we obtain the Ohm's law,
giving a slope $\sigma$.

The conductivity $\sigma$ is calculated from the numerical slopes and
plotted as a function of the impurity fraction. The inset of
Fig.~\ref{fig3} reports the comparison between the analytical
solution, using Eqs.  \eqref{conductivity}, showing an excellent
agreement with the numerical data. For the fitting parameters, we
obtain $\sigma_0 = (9.9 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{-2} e^2/h$, and
$\sigma_{min} = 3.4 \pm 0.6$. Note that there is a difference between
our analytical model and the numerical simulations for the minimum
conductivity. This difference is due to the fact that, for high
impurity densities, the flow around one impurity starts to affect the
flow around the others, and therefore, Eq.~\eqref{conductivity} needs
some additional terms. In particular, the approximation $F_{tot} =
{\cal N} F_D$ does not hold anymore and non-linear correction terms
should be included. Thus, while the minimum conductivity given by the
analytical model is $\sim 3.4 e^2/h$, the simulations give $\sim 4
e^2/h$.  We have verified that the conductivity of graphene, as
computed in our model, does not show any appreciable dependence on the
size of the system.

In order to compare with experiments, we express the conductivity in
terms of the ratio $n/n_i$, where $n_i = ( 2.91 \times 10^{16}
\text{m}^{-2})(1-\phi)$, in our case. According to this expression and
setting $n=n_0$, we obtain that $\xi \equiv (1/\alpha) n /n_i =
(1-\phi)^{-1}$, with $\alpha = 4.85 \times 10^{-3}$.  Inserting this
result into Eq. \eqref{conductivity}, we obtain $\sigma/\sigma_0 = \xi
( 1-1/\xi)^2$.  Note that for values $\xi \gg 1$, i.e. $n/n_i \gg
\alpha = 4.85 \times 10^{-3}$, this equation tends to
\begin{equation}\label{conduc1it}
  \sigma \simeq \sigma_0 \xi + \sigma_{min} = \frac{\sigma_0}{\alpha} \frac{n}{n_i}  + \sigma_{min} \quad .
\end{equation}
This corresponds to the linear dependence obtained by different
theoretical models for graphene \cite{transport1, transport2, Fuhrer,
  transport3, transport4, transport5, transport6, transport7}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig3}, we see the dependence between the conductivity and
the ratio $n/n_i$, and we clearly observe the prediction for the
minimum conductivity of our model. The experimental data have been
taken from Refs.~\cite{natletter, Fuhrer, Kim}, and compared with the
results of the present work, showing good agreement.  In
Fig.~\ref{fig3}, we also compare with the model proposed by Hwang et
al.  \cite{transport1}, where the impurities are located in a plane
(substrate) parallel to the layer of graphene, with a separation
$\delta$ between the layers.  In Fig.~\ref{fig4}, we compare our
results with Coulomb impurity charges in random phase approximation
(RPA) \cite{transport1}. In the RPA model, the Boltzmann transport
equation is used with impurities that are located randomly in the
graphene sample. Our model shows good agreement in the slope with the
RPA model, however, we achieve higher values due to the shift made by
the minimum conductivity.

\section*{Discussion}

We have developed an analytical model which accounts for a linear
behavior of the conductivity with the electron density $n$, as well as
with the ratio $n/n_i$, in the limit $n/n_i \gg 4.5 \times 10^{-3}$.
In addition, it can also model the minimum conductivity in graphene as
a consequence of the carrier density induced by the presence of
impurities. Our model is based on a hydrodynamic description of
electron flow in graphene, whereby Coulomb interactions are included
through the viscosity of the electron fluid, and is valid in the
collision-dominated regime. In this model, the impurities are treated
as hard-sphere obstacles submerged on the electronic fluid, based on
the fact that some experiments \cite{prl2010, scatter1, scatter2}
suggest that strong short-range neutral scatterers are the main
scattering mechanism in graphene. Although this idea and the one about
the long-range Coulomb scatterers are still object of controversy, the
fact that the present analytical model can account for the
conductivity of graphene suggests that indeed the short-range
scattering models might be appropriate for graphene.

This work is based on the hydrodynamic description of electrons in
graphene proposed in Ref.~\cite{grapPRL, grapPRB}, which is a model
developed for undoped graphene that neglects the electron-impurity and
electron-phonon interactions. Here we have -extended- this approach by
adding the electron-impurity interactions through a macroscopic porous
media approach. Since this approach rests on basic conservation laws,
it is supposedly very robust and independent on the validity of an
underlying quantum Boltzmann equation, so long the microscopic
interactions justify the build-up of a macroscopic viscosity (no
superconductivity or other macroscopic quantum effects of that sort).
Thus, our model is able to reproduce experimental results to a
satisfactory degree of accuracy.

For the set of parameters investigated in the present work, linear
Ohm's law appears to apply throughout. However, based on
Ref.~\cite{turbPRL}, by increasing the size of the impurities (less
screening), non-Ohmic behavior could occur, due the onset of
pre-turbulent phenomena within the graphene sample.  It would be very
interesting to verify such possibility by future experiments, as well
as the inclusion of the electron-phonon interaction to model both,
suspended and supported samples, at higher temperatures.

\section*{Methods}

For the simulation, we use the hydrokinetic fluid solver proposed by
Mendoza et al.  \cite{rlbPRL, rlbPRD, rlbhupp}, adapted to
two-dimensional flow in graphene \cite{turbPRL}. The simulation was
implemented on a grid of size $256 \times 512$ cells, representing a
rectangular graphene sample of size $1.5 \times 3 \mu$m. We set up
samples with a fixed number of impurities located randomly on the
grid, each impurity covering one cell size, varying $\phi$ between
$0.4$ and $0.999$. The Dirac-quasiparticle fluid in graphene has a
kinematic viscosity $\nu = 8.57\times 10^{-3} $m$^2$/s (see
Ref.~\cite{turbPRL}), and by taking the Fermi speed $u_0 = 10^6$m/s as
a characteristic speed, we obtain a Reynolds number $Re =
350$. Equating $Re$ for both systems, in physical and numerical units,
the cell size and time step are fixed to $\delta x = 5.86 \text{nm}$
and $\delta t = 5.86 \text{fs}$. For a given temperature, $T_0 = 100
\text{K}$ in our case, we can calculate the carrier density induced by
the thermal energy with Eq.~\eqref{chargeth}, $n_0 = 1.411\times
10^{14} \text{m}^{-2}$ and therefore, using the approximate relation
$\epsilon = 2 n_0 k_B T_0$ \cite{grapPRL, grapPRB}, the energy density
$\epsilon = 3.90\times 10^{-7} \text{J}/\text{m}^2$ and the density
$\rho_{r0} = 5.84 \times 10^{-19} \text{kg}/\text{m}^2$.  Using the
electron charge, we obtain the charge density, $\rho_0 = 2.26\times
10^{-5} \text{C}/\text{m}^2$.  In numerical units, these values
correspond to $n_0 = 4.845 \times 10^{-3}$, $\epsilon = 2/3$, and
$\rho_{r0} = \rho_0 = 1.0$, where the charge of the electron is $e =
2.064\times 10^2$. Using the characteristic velocity $u_0$, we can
calculate the value of the characteristic current density $J_0 =
\rho_0 u_0 = 22.6 \text{A/m}$ or $J_0 = \rho_0 u_0 = 1.0$ in physical
and numerical units, respectively. On the other hand, to obtain
realistic values of ${\cal E}$, we use a characteristic electric field
of $E_0 = 4.41 \text{V/m}$, which in numerical units corresponds to
$E_0 = 10^{-6}$. In this work, ${\cal E}$ takes values from $10^{-5}$
to $2\times 10^{-4}$.

To model the extra carrier density induced by the impurities, as
described in Eq.~\eqref{chargeinduced}, we introduce an extra density
charge $\Delta \rho$ localized on each impurity position. Therefore,
each impurity contributes a quantity $\rho^* = \Delta \rho\; dx^2/ A$
to the total charge of the sample, such that $\rho = \rho_{th} +
\rho^* N = \rho_{th} + \Delta \rho \; n_i$, where $n_i$ denotes the
impurity density. This linear dependence between $\rho$ and $n_i$ is
in qualitative agreement with experimental data \cite{Fuhrer}. We made
several simulations for different values of $\Delta \rho$, finding
that $\Delta \rho = 60$ leads to a minimum conductivity of
$4e^2/h$. In our analytical model, this value corresponds to $\gamma =
60$, in numerical units. The simulations ran up to $5\times 10^5$ time
steps.

\bibliographystyle{naturemag}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Bernadette enjoys working with our evening students in the English as a Second Language program. During the day Bernadette works for the City of Kodiak as a Senior Financial Analyst and has worked as an Accounting Coordinator for the Kodiak Island Borough School District. Bernadette graduated from San Nicolas College/St.Paul University with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce and a major in Accounting. She is a Certified Public Accountant in the Philippines and has the U.S. equivalent of a specialization in Accounting.


text:
China's Xpeng surges 67% on U.S. debut, raises $1.5 billion in IPO
By Yilei Sun, Scott Murdoch
(Reuters) - Shares of Chinese electric vehicle (EV) maker Xpeng Inc XPEV.N jumped as much as 67% after its U.S. market debut on Thursday, as capital markets continue to reward new listings in what has been one of the best years for IPOs since the dotcom boom.
Shares of Xpeng, which counts Chinese e-commerce titan Alibaba BABA.N and Xiaomi Corp 1810.HK among its backers, opened at $23.10 per American Depositary Share (ADS), up from the raised offer price of $15.00 per ADS.
Earlier on Thursday, Xpeng increased the size of its U.S initial public offering by more than a third to about $1.5 billion, as global investors race to back companies promoting cleaner technology.
The IPO, which is the third major listing in New York by Chinese EV companies in the past two years, comes as share prices of EV makers including Tesla Inc TSLA.O and Nio Inc NIO.N have surged in recent months.
Companies have raised more than $70.0 billion in U.S. IPOs so far in 2020, outpacing the $62.5 billion in 2019, on track for the busiest year since 2014 and second-biggest since 2000.
Xpeng's Chief Executive Officer He Xiaopeng, 42, who is also known for founding internet browser company UCWeb, said the company will focus on cars priced between 150,000 yuan ($21,804) to 300,000 yuan, a big mass-market segment in China, the world's biggest auto market.
"In the past three months investors stopped questioning whether future cars will be electric and smart. They think the trend is inevitable," He said.
Xpeng will use the funds for research and development, and to expand sales, He told Reuters.
The firm invested over 2 billion yuan in technology development last year, with around one-third on intelligent functions such as autonomous driving, He added.
Xpeng has sold over 20,000 electric vehicles, including new P7 sedans and G3 sport utility vehicles. It builds cars in two factories in China. He said a third model would also be a sedan, but declined to comment on the company's future sales.
The company said in a filing it would price its shares at $15 each, after initially setting a price range of $11 to $13 per ADS when the deal was launched on Friday.
Xpeng had initially targeted raising $1.11 billion. Investors now value the company at over $11 billion.
There is also a so-called greenshoe option that would allow Xpeng to raise a further $224.4 million.
Reporting by Yilei Sun in Beijing, Scott Murdoch and Julie Zhu in Hong Kong; Additional reporting by Niket Nishant in Bengaluru; Editing by Himani Sarkar, Kim Coghill, Mark Potter and Shounak Dasgupta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home LATEST CHARITY NEWS Charity launches new fund to transform the lives of people facing and...
Charity launches new fund to transform the lives of people facing and living with sight loss
The Vision Foundation provides grants to organisations across London working with blind and partially blind people
The Vision Foundation has launched a new fund to address the most pressing issues affecting blind and partially sighted people in London today.
The Vision Fund is designed to fund innovative projects that are changing lives amongst London's visually impaired communities. The new fund is being launched at a time when alarmingly more people than ever before are needlessly going blind and the life experiences of blind and partially sighted people in the capital are deteriorating. Sight loss is projected to increase in London by up to 50% in the next decade – from 200,000 to 295,000 people by 2030.
The funder, established in 1921, has said that the fund will be available to projects that address one of the following three key priorities:
Opening London up
Everyone living, working or visiting London should have access to the rich cultural, economic and social opportunities of our city. Blind and partially sighted people face barriers to employment, taking part in physical activity, navigating city streets and engaging in social activities – many things sighted people might take for granted.
Empowering those at-risk
Within the visually impaired community, there are certain groups who can face a 'double disadvantage'. When facing sight loss, those from the BAME community, older people, women, those living on a low income and those with other disabilities are at risk of experiencing poorer outcomes. In addition, there are some consequences of sight loss that are not supported well or at all, such as the heightened risk of domestic violence, poverty or poor mental health.
Preventing avoidable blindness
200,000 people are living with sight loss in the capital and just under 700,000 (1 in 12 adults) are living with a sight-threatening condition. Unless there are bold interventions, these figures are set to increase significantly by 2030. An estimated 50% of sight loss is avoidable, but not currently avoided. Public awareness and a stretched NHS are major contributors to these poor outcomes.
The Vision Foundation supports established organisations delivering services directly to blind and partially sighted people across London. This new fund is open to organisations operating services and projects which can demonstrate a track record of success and can evidence the effectiveness of their work.
The Vision Foundation's Chief Executive, Olivia Curno, said:
"The Vision Fund is a new opportunity for organisations to make London accessible for everyone with sight loss and work to reduce preventable blindness.
"London is an incredible city but for many blind and partially sighted people, the capital is out of reach. Three-quarters of visually impaired people of working age are not in paid employment – that's the equivalent of about 700 London buses full of people unable to find work. Our new fund will challenge London to put accessibility first and make sure blind and partially sighted people are not left out."
The Vision Foundation has already invested more than 30 million pounds across London over the last 98 years to support the needs of blind and partially sighted people.
To find out more please visit: https://www.visionfoundation.org.uk/about-us/apply-for-funding/
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The mismanagement of every organization emanates from the ability of the financial accountability to administer the financial undertaken in order to achieve its profit maximization.Business collapsed, is characterized by negligence to adhere to effective control system, which primarily comes from internal control.An organization encounters problems, which often times result to financial impropriety, which has made many firm to collapse. Some of these problems lie largely outside the control of the organization. These are the problem to be solved by the financial accountability in the interest of effective control system of the organization while other problems arise from the organization's limitation in his financial undertakings.An analysis of factors that contributed to this fact would be highlighted and useful recommendation towards resolving these problems would be made.This researcher is optimistic in view of the fact that if these recommendations are adhered to, they will go a long way in achieving the objectives of this research work.
According to Jonah Jenny (1982.12)3, internal control can be perceived in the following ways.
- Good record keeping of all transactions in the factory.
- Good stock control system.
- Well co-ordinate channel of raw material procurement.
- Effective trade union administration.
Akinloye Oyibanji (1999 : 86)4 observed that many factors contributed to the reason why banks failed. The banks collapsed due to lack of financial prudence which is a clear out example of management incapacitation.
The subject of financial accountability has been a controversial issue even among the early philosophers.
Plato condemned using, (i.e. the use of money in trade) according to him, for the attendant "social ills" and "unethical" reasons.
Every policy formulated in boardrooms would have been a success, if they were being carried out there too. Unfortunately, adherence to planned policies by employees is the problem of many management of some companies.
Peter F. Drucker, noted that management is the act of getting thing done through others. The owner of every business expects a reasonable return on their investment of who executes the policies. The problem of policy execution is further compounded by the evolution of large organization.
Personal supervision of the employees by individual seems an attempt at impossibility with large spoons of control. There are therefore the needs for an internal control system. Internal control is such an indispensable tool in the hand of management if it wish to obtain adequate and useful information, protect company assets, but despite the established necessity for installing an internal control system, many managers do not have it, and they of course wallow in the flimsy excuse of its expensive nature. This is the first problem.
There ius also the importance of this study, which comes as a result of the public glamour for accountability. The promotion of the benefits associated with effective internal control and the attendant financial accountability is the aim of this study.
i. Null hypothesis (Ho): Financial accountability is as a result of effective internal control.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ho): Prudent allocatives and fraud elimination are not as a result of effective internal control system.
ii. Ho: Prudent allocation and fraud elimination are not as a result of effective internal control system.
Hi: Prudent allocation and fraud elimination are as a result of effective internal control system.
iii. Ho: There is no financial accountability in the private sector of the Nigeria economy.
Ho: There is financial accountability in the Private sector of the Nigeria economy.


text:
Tributes to Ipswich psychiatrist
Published: 8:36 AM December 1, 2007
TRIBUTES have been paid to an internationally renowned Suffolk psychiatrist who later became a prominent horticulturist.Dr John Howells, who was the director of the Institute of Family Psychiatry in Anglesea Road, Ipswich, has died aged 89.
TRIBUTES have been paid to an internationally renowned Suffolk psychiatrist who later became a prominent horticulturist.
Dr John Howells, who was the director of the Institute of Family Psychiatry in Anglesea Road, Ipswich, has died aged 89.
Dr Howells, pioneered new approaches in family psychiatry and experiential psychopathology.
He was also the driving force behind the foundation of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and wrote 48 books in seven languages and more than 300 medical papers.
He was a distinguished fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and served on many local, regional and national committees. When he retired he became known for his research on the clematis flower.
Dr Howells' daughter, Dr Cheryll Adams, said: "He was an amazing man who helped an enormous number of families in the Ipswich area during his 35 years in practice there.
"He was very astute but a modest, gentle and kind man. He leaves his wife Ola, three sons, a daughter and eight grandchildren.


text:
Access to Information and Privacy
Completed access to information requests
The Agency posts summaries of completed access to information requests processed by its Access to Information and Privacy (ATIP) group on the Open Information portal of the Government of Canada.
Sources of federal government and employee information (Info Source)
Access to information and privacy annual reports
Annual Report on the Administration of the Access to Information Act for 2019-2020
Annual Report on the Administration of the Privacy Act for 2019-2020
Annual Report on the Administration of the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act for 2014-2015
Statistical Report on the Access to Information Act, 2011-2012
Annual Report on the Administration of the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act for the Fiscal Year 2010-2011
Privacy impact assessment summaries
A privacy impact assessment (PIA) is a process that helps departments and agencies determine whether new technologies, information systems and initiatives or proposed programs and policies meet basic privacy requirements. It also assists government organizations to anticipate the public's reaction to any privacy implications of a proposal and as a result, could prevent costly program, service, or process redesign.
Case management system
Privacy Impact Assessment of the Forms for the Complaint and Dispute Resolution Program
E-mail: OTC.AIPRP-ATIP.CTA@otc-cta.gc.ca
Submitting a request online to the Canadian Transportation Agency
The Access to Information and Privacy Online Request Service offers convenient way to submit access to information or personal information requests.
This service enables individuals to make online requests for information under the control of Government of Canada institutions instead of having to print, scan and email or mail a form to the correct institution.
Submit request online


text:
namespace onnxruntime {
namespace cuda {

class RandomBase {
 protected:
  explicit RandomBase(const OpKernelInfo& info) {
    float seed = 0.f;
    if (info.GetAttr<float>("seed", &seed).IsOK()) {
      generator_.emplace(static_cast<uint64_t>(seed));
    }

    int64_t dtype;
    if (info.GetAttr<int64_t>("dtype", &dtype).IsOK()) {
      ORT_ENFORCE(ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto::DataType_IsValid(gsl::narrow<int>(dtype)) &&
                      dtype != ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto_DataType_UNDEFINED,
                  "Invalid dtype of ", dtype);
      dtype_ = static_cast<ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto::DataType>(dtype);
    }
  }

 protected:

  void SetDTypeIfUndefined(ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto::DataType dtype) noexcept {
    if (dtype_ == ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto_DataType_UNDEFINED) {
      dtype_ = dtype;
    }
  }

  ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto::DataType GetDType() const noexcept { return dtype_; }

  PhiloxGenerator& GetPhiloxGenerator() const {
    return (generator_.has_value()) ? *generator_ : PhiloxGenerator::Default();
  }

 private:

  ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto::DataType dtype_ =
      ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto_DataType_UNDEFINED;  // optional and may be inferred

  // This member is thread-safe, ensuring proper synchronization
  mutable std::optional<PhiloxGenerator> generator_;
};

class RandomNormalBase : public RandomBase {
 protected:
  RandomNormalBase(const OpKernelInfo& info) : RandomBase(info) {
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttr<float>("scale", &scale_));
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttr<float>("mean", &mean_));
  }

  Status ComputeNormal(const CudaKernel& cuda_kernel, OpKernelContext& ctx, const TensorShape& shape, int dtype) const;

 private:
  float scale_;
  float mean_;
};

class RandomNormal final : public CudaKernel, protected RandomNormalBase {
 public:
  explicit RandomNormal(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info), RandomNormalBase(info) {
    SetDTypeIfUndefined(ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto_DataType_FLOAT);
    std::vector<int64_t> shape;
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttrs<int64_t>("shape", shape));
    shape_ = TensorShape(shape);
  }

  Status ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* p_ctx) const override {
    return ComputeNormal(*this, *p_ctx, shape_, GetDType());
  }

 private:
  TensorShape shape_;
};

class RandomNormalLike final : public CudaKernel, protected RandomNormalBase {
 public:
  explicit RandomNormalLike(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info), RandomNormalBase(info) {}
  Status ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* p_ctx) const override;
};

class RandomUniformBase : public RandomBase {
 protected:
  explicit RandomUniformBase(const OpKernelInfo& info) : RandomBase(info) {
    float low, high;
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttr<float>("low", &low));
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttr<float>("high", &high));
    from_ = low;
    range_ = high - low;
  }

  Status ComputeUniform(const CudaKernel& cuda_kernel, OpKernelContext& ctx, const TensorShape& shape, int dtype) const;

 private:
  float range_;
  float from_;
};

class RandomUniform final : public CudaKernel, protected RandomUniformBase {
 public:
  explicit RandomUniform(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info), RandomUniformBase(info) {
    SetDTypeIfUndefined(ONNX_NAMESPACE::TensorProto_DataType_FLOAT);
    std::vector<int64_t> shape;
    ORT_THROW_IF_ERROR(info.GetAttrs<int64_t>("shape", shape));
    shape_ = TensorShape(shape);
  }

  Status ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* p_ctx) const override {
    return ComputeUniform(*this, *p_ctx, shape_, GetDType());
  }

 private:
  TensorShape shape_;
};

class RandomUniformLike final : public CudaKernel, protected RandomUniformBase {
 public:
  explicit RandomUniformLike(const OpKernelInfo& info) : CudaKernel(info), RandomUniformBase(info) {}
  Status ComputeInternal(OpKernelContext* p_ctx) const override;
};

}  // namespace cuda
}  // namespace onnxruntime

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


ScaleUp is part of the recently announced Microsoft for Startups initiative, a new program that delivers access to technology, go-to-market and community benefits that helps startups grow their customer and revenue base.
Twixor, which is the first of its kind 'customer engagement platform' which brings together the power of bi-directional actionable messaging' and Business Process Management (BPM) is proud to be one among the 12 start ups selected by Microsoft to be part of this program. Twixor delivers actionable customer engagement in a PWA (Progressive Web App) capsule powered by their versatile BPM engine.


Modular gaming hills by Terrain4Print is licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share Alike license.
This is a set of pieces that lets you make hills for wargaming and roleplaying games. The pieces can be snap fitted together with the applied clip. There are different sizes so check out the possible combinations. Not everything fits with everything visually.
You can make full round hills, or edge hills (from two pieces) or corner hills (from one piece).
You should be able to print with very low infill. I use 5% honeycomb.
The hills on the pictures have been painted with different techniques. The desert hill is painted dark muddy brown the drybrushed with a lighter color. They dark grassy hill is painted black and then drybrushed with lighter and lighter grays. The lighter hills are painted white and then washed with yellow, red, brown and black.
The hills are textured and flocked with a simple technique. Thin down PVA glue with 50% water. Paint on. Sprinkle sand and grit on them. Let dry. Spray or paint with PVA glue 80% water. Let dry again.
Sci-fi miniatures used comes from pig-iron miniatures.


The three died instantly while others were trapped in the process.
The troubled broadcaster has come under fire for being cash strapped in recent times and just yesterday, they were fined for price fixing.
The labour court ruled that the suspended teacher returns to work immediately.
Prosecutors withdrew the matter pending further evidence possibly from the on-going state capture commission of inquiry.


text:
Baby Still Recovering From Severe Burns, Abuse Due to Meth
http://www.wtov9.com/news/25878032/detail.html
A 1-year-old girl remains hospitalized but is recovering after suffering severe burns and abuse, her father told NEWS9 Monday.
The father, who is not charged and wishes to remain anonymous, said this was not the first time his daughter has been hospitalized under the baby's mother's care. The father said his daughter had to have surgery just months ago after she swallowed a roof stripping liquid.
At that time, he said nurses told him the girl had a 2 percent chance of surviving, but he said his daughter is a true fighter. Since then, he said, he's been trying to get custody of his young daughter.
The girl's mother, 21-year-old Samantha Burch, was arrested on Friday and faces child abuse charges. Burch's ex-boyfriend, 34-year-old Ryan Custer, faces charges of possessing meth.
Police from Dillonvale and Wells Township found the baby -- who just turned 1 on Nov. 5 -- at her mother's Coss Street home in Dillonvale. Officials said the girl was severely burned in her diaper area, dehydrated, filthy and had a fever of 103 degrees.
Police said the abuse happened at 821 1/2 Second St. in Brilliant. The baby has second- and third-degree burns, but police said they did not know how she was burned. The baby was initially transported to East Ohio Regional Hospital, then transferred the burn unit at Columbus Children's Hospital, where she remained Monday.
When K-9 units arrived at the home, one of the police dogs ran to an abandoned house behind the home and found a meth lab. Drug Enforcement Agency officials are still looking into the possibility that it could be one of the biggest meth labs found in Ohio.
Stay with NEWS9, WTOV9.com and WTOV9 Mobile for continuing coverage.
Previous Stories:
November 19, 2010: Father Of Abused Baby Says He's Been Fighting For Custody
November 19, 2010: DEA: Dillonvale Meth Lab One Of Biggest In Ohio
November 20, 2010: Traffic Stop Leads To Child Abuse Investigation, Meth Lab Find
Posted by Amy at 7:41 AM 1 comment:
Labels: baby burned, child abuse, meth, meth lab, methamphetamine, Ryan Custer, Samantha Burch
NM child left in cold car tests positive for drugs
ROSWELL, N.M. (AP) - Roswell police say a 2-year-old girl left alone in a vehicle in 38-degree weather tested positive for methamphetamine and cocaine.
The child's 19-year-old mother, Veronica Meraz, was arrested Nov. 29 after the toddler was left with possible drug paraphernalia within the child's reach.
An anonymous caller reported her inside the car parked outside an apartment complex.
Roswell police spokesman Travis Holley says what caught officersÂ' attention was the child was playing with a digital scale, which police say is commonly used to weigh narcotics.
A search of the vehicle revealed a digital scale with a white, powdery residue; two baggies with white, powdery residue; and a bag of marijuana.
Police charged Meraz with abandonment or abuse of a child, possession of controlled substances and possession of drug paraphernalia.
Information from: Roswell Daily Record, http://www.roswell/-record.com
Labels: child abuse, cocaine, meth, methamphetamine, roswell, Veronica Meraz
Idaho sheriff deals with son's meth addiction
BOISE, Idaho (AP) — Rick Layher has been working drug cases for decades and knows well how methamphetamine can tear a family apart.
"The parents that I've talked to, they're just pulling their hair out about it and asking 'What do we do?' No other drug has affected families like this," said Layher, who was confronted with the problem in his own home this year.
Layher's son, John R. Layher, 27, was arrested Nov. 17 for felony possession of a controlled substance and misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia.
The sheriff turned his son in to Idaho State Police after he found a couple of meth pipes in the basement of his house, where John had been living. Investigators searched the house and seized the evidence.
"I truly feel that turning him in, I did the right thing for him," Layher said. "One way or another, he's going to get some help ... To me, this was his last chance."
His son spent almost five days in jail.
"I was happy the longer my son sat in jail. His brain was starting to get clear," Layher said.
John Layher declined to be interviewed for this story. He was due in court Friday, but the preliminary hearing was rescheduled for January. The Elmore County Prosecutor's Office turned the case over to the Ada County Prosecutor to avoid a conflict of interest.
Sheriff Layher, who attended his eldest daughter's graduation from Boise State University Friday morning, said his family has been through a lot in the past month, but he's feeling optimistic about his son's future.
"I see light now ... I've seen a big difference in his attitude," said Layher, who wants to see his son get treatment for drug addiction.
He believes his son began using drugs in his early 20s, but had been clean until about a year ago.
"You see them going good for a couple months, six months, even eight months, then all of the sudden, it's like the rug's taken out from under you," Layher said. "He had gotten a pretty good job and had been clean for a long time, then he started using again."
Layher said meth addicts become completely absorbed in themselves, withdrawing from family and staying out all night.
"You can't really get into a rational conversation with them. No matter what it is, they're right," Layher said. "When they're on that stuff, they don't care about their kids, their parents, their grandparents. They don't care about them things until their brain starts clearing up."
Layher said meth is no bigger problem in Mountain Home than it is anywhere else in the state, but it is a major problem.
"I wouldn't wish this on anybody," said Layher, thankful for the support he's received from the community. "A lot of people have sent cards and said they're praying for us. That does help. I'm thankful to God for that."
Information from: Idaho Statesman, http://www.idahostatesman.com
Posted by Amy at 7:08 AM 3 comments:
Labels: idaho, meth, methamphetamine
Babies Born Addicted to Drugs are Not Considered at Imminent Risk. WHAT??
This is so upsetting. Because so many children were being removed from their homes in OK, laws were changed to keep children in dangerous situation unless there was an "imminent safety threat". If parents out of their minds on drugs are not an "imminent safety threat" I don't know what is.
Apparently, "This means a parent with a drug addiction may have child custody if treatment is sought and help is available in the home. "What constitutes an imminent safety threat? It's not just about drug abuse," Powell said. "It is whether a child is abused or neglected if the drug use impacts care for the child."
I don't know a person whose heavy drug use does not impact their ability to care for their children, yet drug use is not considered an "imminent safety threat". What they say does not make any sense.
"When DHS receives a report a child is born addicted to drugs, the agency considers several factors such as health of the child, type of drug and home support for the mother, Powell said.
If the baby's life is in danger or if it is an illegal drug, such as methamphetamine, removal is sought, Powell said.
However, tests may not be immediately available, or prescribed medication may challenge the decision for removal, she said."
This makes me sick. All types of drugs are dangerous for babies. When in doubt, wait for the test or further reports about the prescribed medication. Children's lives should not be gambled with. This is so frustrating!
Read more from this Tulsa World article at http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20101202_11_A1_Parent443467
Posted by Amy at 7:24 AM No comments:
Labels: child abuse, DHS, drug abuse, drug addicted babies, meth, Oklahoma
Drug Addicted Mother was Investigated SIX Times Before Baby's Death.
This is so sick. This is why drug use by a parent should be a charge of child abuse/neglect/endangerment by itself without any obvious signs of abuse. Any child living with a drug addicted parent is at risk!
Read all the way to the bottom - the kids were voluntarily placed with relatives while the mother is in jail. There is not even an order in place that would keep her from getting them back if she were to bond out of jail. I wonder if there was even an investigation into the relatives before they sent the children to their homes?
THURSDAY DECEMBER 2, 2010 Last modified: Wednesday, December 1, 2010 11:44 AM CST
DHS Actions Scrutinized: Report probes complaints made prior to baby's death
By Tim Hudson E-E County Reporter
A report released Tuesday shows that Department of Human Services workers investigated the mother of a 10-day-old infant found dead in a washing machine six times before the baby's death on Nov. 4.
Among the complaints was a report that a relative had died in the home from a drug overdose and that other relatives failed to report the death for seven hours because they were "shooting up speed" when the relative died.
The report, issued by the Oklahoma Commission on Children and Youth Office of Juvenile System Oversight on the death of 10-day-old Maggie Trammel, indicates there had been several reports regarding the care of Trammel and two other children, ages 5 and 8, in the home. The reports dated as far back as March 2009.
Trammel's mother, 26-year-old Lyndsey Dawn Fiddler, is currently being held on $100,000 bond on charges of child neglect.
Fiddler's case has garnered national attention since the baby's death was reported.
According to the OCCY report, the first complaint, which was made on March 27, 2009, stated that Fiddler's children were reported to have been absent from day care. Fiddler stated the children had been sick.
"The reporter stated that Lyndsey Fiddler and the children lived with a relative until about two or three weeks earlier when they were thrown out. The reporter was concerned about the children's safety," the report states.
DHS reportedly accepted the report and screened it out on April 4 as "Not Child Abuse/Neglect," and documented that "no information was given that stated the children's welfare was at substantial risk of serious neglect or physical danger."
The second report, on Oct. 12, 2009, said that Fiddler and two other adults living in the home "all used drugs in front of the children" and that "the adults passed out from drug use" and that "one of the adults was so high that they fell asleep in their food."
The report stated that a 5-year-old "walked down to the end of the road and the adults did not know where the child had gone." DHS reportedly concluded at that time that there were "high red flags" regarding Fiddler's drug use — and that she reportedly tested positive in a drug screen — but found that the children were not in danger, appearing "clean, appropriately dressed and developmentally on target."
In the third report, it was stated on April 8, Fiddler had been arrested on charges of drug possession and had tried to smuggle drugs into the jail before bonding out. The reporting party indicated that they were concerned that Fiddler had "left the children with an inappropriate caretaker in the past." Nine days later, DHS concluded that the report was "Not Child Abuse/Neglect."
The fourth report, which was made on June 21, alleged that a relative of Fiddler had "died in her home of a drug overdose" while Fiddler was pregnant with Trammel. The report states that the children were taken from the home by another relative but that "an additional relative wanted the children to stay there but kept passing out from drugs while trying to argue the point."
Fiddler reportedly told the relative to take the children because she did not have food in the home. The report states there was no refrigerator in the home and the children were hungry and dirty.
DHS concluded at that time that there was a "red flag" due to drug use but that DHS was "unable to prove neglect or abuse of the children."
The fifth report, dated Sept. 14, stated "concern for the unborn child of Lyndsey Fiddler and said that she was "taking prescription drugs to the point of not being able to walk down stairs, having slurred speech" and was due to deliver her baby in late October. The report was screened out nine days later, recommending that the care of Fiddler's two other children be assessed.
The final report, prior the baby's death, was made on Oct. 25, two days after the baby's birth, saying that "Fiddler had given birth and had reportedly used drugs throughout her pregnancy." DHS had reportedly contacted nine collateral witnesses regarding the report and the investigation was still open at the time of Trammel's death. The report noted that "Fiddler was willing to work on parenting services."
Three more reports were made to DHS following the infant's death, including one the day after the baby's death saying that there was concern that "the surviving siblings had not been removed from the home." DHS at that time documented that "the children were placed voluntarily with relatives who were seeking legal guardianship."
According to an affidavit filed in the case by Bartlesville police, when questioned, Fiddler reportedly denied "knowing how her baby got placed into the washing machine," and she reportedly denied that she used methamphetamine 'anymore.'"
A drug screen administered by police following her arrest, however, reportedly returned positive results for "methamphetamine, amphetamines, benzodiazepine and opiates."
When contacted today, DHS officials said they are unable to comment on specific cases, but did offer some insight into DHS policy.
According to Dixie Clayborn, local DHS intake supervisor, child welfare workers investigate each complaint in compliance with the agency's policies and state law.
"Our office receives referrals and they are assigned when they meet the criteria that is laid out for us as state statutes (require)," Clayborn said.
"When we arrive in the home, we look over everything that was mentioned in the referral. Sometimes it is all true, and other times we find that nothing in the referral was represented accurately.
"All concerning factors are researched to the extent the law allows DHS to do so."
Clayborn said the agency's policy does not allow drug testing to be done during an investigation or assessment.
She said the agency considers all available information when deciding what actions to take regarding a referral.
"We take current information that we receive as well as historical information," she said. "Basically, we're putting together a big picture puzzle as to what is happening. Any information that people want to give us concerning the welfare of children is taken very seriously."
To comment on this story, go to http://www.examiner-enterprise.com/.
Labels: baby, child abuse, drugs, Lyndsey Dawn Fiddler, Maggie Trammel, meth, methamphetamine, mother, neglect, washing machine
Meth Labs at an All Time High in Kentucky
http://www.wtvq.com/news/5987-meth-labs-at-all-time-high-in-kentucky
As the methods for illegally obtaining the ingredients to create methamphetamine evolve, it becomes easier to manufacture meth and law enforcement is seeing a spike in meth lab incidents.
Kentucky State Police has released the October methamphetamine lab statistics.
The number indicates an all-time high in the Commonwealth. KSP reports that there were 111 meth labs found during the month of October, exceeding all previous monthly totals, bringing the 2010 statewide total to 919.
The last record was set in 2009, when 741 labs were discovered during the course of a year. The state is on track to exceed 1,000 meth labs this year.
Methamphetamine is not just a Kentucky problem. Occurrences of meth labs have been on the rise across the country and states are scrambling to find solutions.
KSP advises that if you suspect someone is making meth or you encounter a meth lab, call 1-800 DOPETIP (1-800-367-3847). Callers can remain anonymous.
Posted by Amy at 10:32 AM No comments:
Labels: Kentucky, labs, meth, methamphetamine
Stench of Alleged Meth Dealer's House Almost Makes Cops Puke -- Dealer Blames House-o-Filth on 13-Year-Old Daughter
http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2010/11/stench_of_alleged_meth_dealers.php
When Chandler police served a warrant at the home of 47-year-old Teresa Ramirez, an alleged meth dealer now charged with -- among other things -- child abuse, the stench coming from the refrigerator in the home was so revolting it "nearly caused involuntary vomiting to all serving the warrant."
That description comes from court documents obtained by New Times -- the rest of the story is equally despicable because living in that dump with Ramirez was her 13-year-old daughter.
Cops got a tip last week from a "reliable informant" saying Ramirez was selling meth out of her Chandler home at 864 East Chandler Boulevard.
Officers served a warrant to Ramirez's digs on Friday and discovered the nastiness in which she and her daughter had been living.
Cops found used meth pipes, meth torches, and Oxycontin, all in places to which the girl had access.
As for the house: police describe the conditions as "horrid."
There was no electricity in the home aside from an extension cord that was plugged into an outlet in another apartment. Ramirez wasn't using the limited electricity she had to run her refrigerator, as you may have guessed, and police say it was full of rotting food that apparently made everyone who served the warrant want to puke.
Ramirez was using the hijacked electricity to run two televisions -- one of which was connected to a video camera that was pointed out a window. Authorities believe it was used to watch for police.
There was no gas for the stove, or other appliances, and the house is described as "extremely dirty, cluttered, and entirely unhealthy for any human being, let alone a minor."
Ramirez has a history of this sort of thing -- she was previously charged in California with drug possession and willful cruelty to a child.
When questioned by police, Ramirez admitted the Oxycontin was hers. As for the whole selling-meth thing, Ramirez says she aint no dealer. When told she was being charged with selling meth, she told the arresting officer "prove it."
Just to top it all off, Ramirez blamed the disgusting condition of the house on her daughter -- even though, as pointed out in the court docs, the rest of the house was far more disgusting than the 13-year-old's bedroom.
Ramirez has been charged with one count of possession of a dangerous drug for sale, one count of possession of drug paraphernalia, one count of use of electronic communication during a drug transaction, one count of child abuse, and one count of narcotics possession. She's being held without bail.
3 Mo. police officers sue over meth exposure
Associated Press | Posted: Saturday, November 27, 2010
Three Missouri police officers are suing their current and former bosses over permanent injuries they suffered during a raid on a methamphetamine lab.
Butler police officers Mark Frost, Harold Anderson and Kenneth Rush were hospitalized for about a week after the November 2007 raid. The lawsuit says they suffered from chemically induced pneumonia and heart murmers.
The Kansas City Star reports the lawsuit claims the city purchased breathing masks to protect officers from meth lab fumes, but didn't train them on how to use them. Current and former police chiefs are named in the suit, filed this week in U.S. District Court in Kansas City.
All three plaintiffs continue to work in law enforcement. The suit does not specify the amount they are seeking in damages.
Posted by Amy at 12:33 PM No comments:
When parents use meth.....
Folks, this isn't just in Tennessee. It is everywhere. 1 in 4 kids are exposed to substance abuse. These kids come to school dirty, tired, missing homework, with behavioral problems, and basically just a total mess. Report it, people, sometimes you are their only hope to get out of the hell they are living in.
Castaway kids: when parents use meth, children become casualties
By Matt Lakin
CROSSVILLE - They come to school with chemical burns and can recite Mom and Dad's recipe for methamphetamine along with their ABCs.
Diapers, baby bottles and crayon drawings mingle with blister packs and shake-and-bake bottles at dump sites and burn piles. Officers sometimes have to step around toys and bicycles on the way to serve warrants or batter down doors.
"You can't imagine it if you've never been in the jail at 2 or 3 a.m. and seen these kids waiting on somebody to come get them," Cumberland County Sheriff Butch Burgess said. "When you see the places where these kids are coming out of and what they're being exposed to, it makes you sick."
Meth labs have affected more than 1,200 children statewide in the past decade, according to the Tennessee Methamphetamine Task Force, although exact figures remain elusive. Police have found more than 800 of those children during lab busts - some as young as a few days old.
"It breaks your heart," Athens police Detective Scott Webb said. "That child didn't ask to be there. That baby didn't have a choice."
Those numbers don't always include children removed from meth-addicted families for other reasons - a child found with no car seat inside a weaving truck driven by a father who's later arrested in a meth bust, for example.
The state Department of Children's Services has no detailed statistics available on kids removed from homes because of meth, DCS spokesman Rob Johnson said.
The numbers vary from county to county, year to year.
"We don't really see as many kids in labs anymore, because so many of our repeat cooks have already lost their kids," said Conway Mason, drug investigator for the Monroe County Sheriff's Department.
Some children end up in state custody, some with relatives. Some go home to Mom and Dad, only to be taken away again.
"I'd estimate about 75 percent of the kids I see taken into (state) custody are due to meth in the home," Monroe County Juvenile Court Judge Reed Dixon said. "We've had parents who have gone through the process and got the child back. That's a pretty long path to follow. It can take as long as six months to a year. Not too many lose their kids on a permanent basis anymore, but many times they'll fall back off. I want to ask some of these adults what they're thinking."
Some parents struggle to stay clean and see their children again. Others don't bother.
"I'll order clean drug screens, and they won't even take the drug screens," Anderson County Juvenile Court Judge Brandon Fisher said. "Some of these parents have been on drugs so long their conscience has been fried. When a child's old enough to understand what's going on and sees a parent choose a drug over them, it's devastating."
Orphans in playpens
Meth kids learn early how to live on their own. Mom and Dad often can't be bothered to keep up with grocery shopping, supper, laundry or baths.
"We had one case where the parent was on meth and kept doing, doing and doing," said Dixon, the Monroe County judge. "When the kids came into court, they asked to eat. They described the method for making (meth) and talked about watching their mother suck it up with a straw."
Authorities say meth's effects - paranoia, aggressiveness, lack of sleep, a heightened sex drive - create an environment ripe for abuse, physical and sexual.
"I had a 3-year-old boy who took me by the finger and led me around one of those houses," said Lt. Gary Howard, former chief investigator for the Cumberland County Sheriff's Department. "He showed me the bullet holes in the walls and the floor. He showed me where his daddy did target practice on his toys."
Haley Spicer, a 3-year-old Campbell County girl, became the face of child abuse in Tennessee after deputies found her beaten and burned by chemicals and cigarettes at the home in Jacksboro where her father and his girlfriend used meth in 2004. The case brought officers to tears and led to passage of Haley's Law, which increased penalties for some abuse and neglect cases.
Children from a meth home might miss class or show up for school in the December cold wearing shorts and tank tops. School nurses in the counties along East Tennessee's meth-lab belt have learned to look for the warning signs of meth exposure: agitation, lack of sleep, unexplained burns and sores.
"They look almost like bug bites," said Michelle McJunkin, a Monroe County nurse who has served as a foster mother to children from meth homes. "It's from the particles in the air that irritate their skin. The younger ones will tell you everything. Sometimes they know the recipes. The older ones try to hide it. They've learned to be afraid."
Some children grow up determined to avoid their parents' mistakes. Others follow the only path they know.
"It's bad enough to see the scars on the outside of these children," Howard said. "But you know the scars on the inside are going to be even worse. We're arresting our second generation of meth cooks now."
Aerosol addiction
If anyone in the home does meth - Mom or Dad, aunt or uncle, big brother or big sister - chances are the children do, too.
Cooks have stored chemicals, lab components and the drug itself in diaper bags, in cribs and beside baby food in refrigerators. Officers don't show surprise anymore when children test positive for meth.
"We found an entire lab (this spring) in a child's room covered up with toys," Campbell County Sheriff's Office Lt. Brandon Elkins said. "That's where the kids sleep. This stuff doesn't just disappear. It's there long after the lab's gone."
Studies indicate every time someone in the house cooks meth or even smokes it, the reaction creates an aerosol cloud that coats every nearby surface from the toy truck on the floor to the sippy cup on the kitchen counter. The fibers found in carpet, clothing, blankets, baby bibs and stuffed toys soak up those particles and pass them on.
"Young children spend most of their time on the floor," said Dr. John Martyny, a professor of environmental medicine at the National Jewish Children's Hospital in Denver who oversaw studies on the effects of cooking meth. "Any toddlers walking or crawling around and brushing up against the walls will be getting meth in their system. You end up seeing kids who are on at least a low dose of this stimulant all the time. We think we can see behavioral and learning differences in these kids. We don't know all the effects and probably won't know for years."
Unborn children aren't spared. Some mothers smoke, snort or shoot up while pregnant or nursing.
"I know one girl who had two meth-positive babies born dead, and she's got a third in the hospital now," said Burgess, the Cumberland County sheriff. "When you carry out a baby's body that looks like a porcelain doll in your arms, it makes you a little more determined to do the right thing."
The right thing for the sheriff meant finding a way to offer children some comfort, if only temporarily.
"They can't bring anything with them out of these houses," Burgess said. "They can't bring their clothes. They can't bring their toys. For a while we were laying down pallets on the floor at the jail until DCS or somebody from the family showed up to take them."
The sheriff and others scraped together donations of money and supplies to open the House of Hope in 2004. The privately operated center in Crossville serves as a waystation for children removed from homes in drug, abuse, neglect or other cases.
"We've never at any time known where the money was coming from," Burgess said. "It's all based on the generosity of people in this community. Some of the kids that come through ask if they can go back."
Denise Melton, a former preschool director, stepped in to run the center. She stands by to open the doors at any time, day or night.
"Since we've been open, we've provided 5,300 services for kids," Melton said. "I've seen about 250-300 face to face. They don't have anything when they come. We offer whatever they need to get started, whether it's school supplies, food, clothes, diapers or toys. For some it's like Christmas morning. The first place most go is the refrigerator."
She knows firsthand the damage drugs can do. Her adult son has battled meth addiction for years.
"It's almost like there is a rotating black cloud that surrounds him," Melton said. "Even though he's off it now, just because you quit, it doesn't stop."
Efforts such as the House of Hope might help ease the separation but can't give children a permanent place to stay. That leaves family members or a state foster-care system already swollen with cases.
"The state does the best they can at finding foster homes, but eligible foster parents seem to keep getting further and further away," said Dixon, the Monroe County judge. "In most cases, they do find placement with relatives."
The most eligible relatives tend to be grandparents - older, sometimes retired and on fixed incomes. Men and women in their 60s, 70s and 80s might find themselves as sole caretakers of an emotionally damaged 5-year-old.
"These kids don't get to act like normal kids, because they've never had a chance to be kids," said Burgess, the Cumberland County sheriff. "The only people they know how to associate with are people from the same meth environment. The earlier you can get them in a safe, stable place, the best chance they've got."
The sheriff has served as a foster father to more than 30 children over the years, most from meth homes. He and his wife, Vicki, call one of them son.
"We got Nick when he was 3 years old," Burgess said. "The first two months we had him, all he did was scream. He hadn't ever bonded with his mom or anybody else. He's 11 now, and he's been on the A and B honor roll at school every year."
The couple draw on their experience to offer training for other foster and adoptive parents. Studies show children can recover from long-term meth exposure. Doctors still debate the extent of learning disabilities and other permanent damage from such exposure.
"We've seen so many little things," the sheriff said. "When Nick was little, if we told him to do two different things, he might not understand. It's a shame, but all the money for these studies and counseling has been spent on the adults instead of the kids."
Matt Lakin may be reached at 865-342-6306.
© 2010 Scripps Newspaper Group — Online
"Story of the Month" Faith and Truth Ministries, Topeka, KS
This is a story we ran across about David's trip to Topeka, KS in September 2010.
http://www.faithandtruthministries.org/Story-of-the-Month.html
A Man of God and his journey with God, a man that goes out into the world and tells stories that are true and real for the cause to tell the truth about a drug called Methamphetamine.
There is a Man of God who is named David Parnell, this man is no ordinary man, he is a man of Faith, he is a man's man, a father, a son, a husband, and a child of God, etc., but most of all, he is on a mission from God. The mission from God is of this, to go out into the world to spread the truth about a drug called Methamphetamine; it is a drug that is tearing the fabric of our nation and nations all around us. This drug has no discrimination towards anyone; it will destroy anyone who gets in its way. You can be rich, famous, a doctor, a teacher, a minister, or even a child under 9 years old. This drug almost destroyed our Brother David and his family, but God had better plans for David and his family. Yes, it was God that saved David, not any self help book or a shrink that has a worldly view on saving an addict, but God alone.
David has been for some years going to schools, churches, prisons/ jails, and into the community all-round the states and abroad in other countries, telling his stories about how meth. almost killed him. David tells us that there is no hiding this, "The devil is behind this drug and the devil is trying to use this drug (Meth.) to destroy God's children" Yes, it is true that Meth. is a tool that the devil uses to keep us from knowing the truth. It may seem that the war on drugs is a lost cause but it is if our Lord Jesus Christ is not put first on stopping Meth. or any illegal drug coming in our country or anywhere where it is wreaking havoc in our streets and communities. I tell you this, "David Parnell is not scared of the devil or the punks that put the drugs on the streets…David has God on his side and he puts on the full armour of God on (Ephs. 6:10…)".
While David was in Topeka, KS., not too long ago, David went all-round the Capital, into schools, churches, jails, prisons, and other detention centers speaking about Meth. for his speaking tour called "Facing the Dragon, One Man's Battle Against Methamphetamine". It went very well; wherever David went there were lots of eyes on him and his stories that proved to be captivating, especially when the graphic images showed the truth of the dangers of using or manufacturing Meth. I went to many of his speaking engagements, and every time I went I kept on learning and was never bored a bit.
You would think that David's disfigured face would distract you, but it did for just a moment, but God gave you the ability to look past his scars and marks, David looked normal, because he is, his flesh and bones is of this world but his spirit is of God and that is what you see, you see Jesus Christ when you see David, you see a perfect image of David speaking the truth of what everyone needs to hear about. There was another Godly Man, named Chuck Wilson who met David a while back; who met David on one of David's speaking engagement. Chuck was so impressed with David's stories and format on how he tells the truth about Meth., that Chuck got David to come to Topeka, KS. Chuck who was the head Chaplin at the Topeka County Jail for about eight years, has also been an impact on his testimonies on his life but supports others on their journey on spreading on the truth on the evils in the world and the good that Jesus Christ brings into this world.
Chuck was the MC for David and introduced David to the speaking engagement in Topeka. The both of them were very key to bring the whole event of "Facing the Dragon Program". God had them together for His glory and honor. Amen to that!!! God is so great!!! I was able to interview David at the "Central Park Church", it was David's last stop before he headed on to other places, doing the same thing he has done in Topeka. It was such an honor and a humbling experience to meet a man with such gifts of serving the Lord and speaking to people. I was impressed that David was soft spoken and mild-mannered, with a very respectful approach, it must be that southern gentleman inside of him. Whatever it was, you could feel the presence of the Holy Ghost in Him, as you could feel in many people that tagged along with him on his speaking engagement, and at Central Park Church.
Chuck was one of many that I felt that presences of the Holy Ghost in him and around him. I can see why God brought them together. Well, what I got out of David in the interview was of this: David is 43 years old, he was born in 1966. Born in Fulton KY, he has two twin sisters, and his parents divorced when David was six years old. David was raised by his grandparents. As a youth he lived on a farm with cattle's, pigs, chickens, which he calls, "The Good Life". One day his grand dad got sick and had to sell the farm, than became a drinker, then died of cancer when David was at age 12.
His teenage years, was full of rebellion, didn't like school until in his high school years. David played sports, such as basketball, was into sex, drugs, and did what he wanted. Married high school sweetheart, his first wife gave birth to a baby girl, and then went to prison when she was 1 ½ years old. David has seen her since he got out of prison but has no contact with her. He lost custody when he was in prison. His daughter thinks he left her, but that was not the case. From what David expressed about his daughter, it really seems he loves her very much. David has been in Prison just one time, but has been in the County Jails over 12 times. David was once a drug dealer got one DUI, possession for illegal substances, public intoxication, but now is a child of God doing the will of our Lord. He now has a family of seven, children from 6 to 18 yrs old, his wife is Amy. They have been married for 16 yrs. February 21, 2003 is the day he shot himself, and from that day forward was the day that changed his life forever and has made him a man on a mission for God. When you hear that a man named David Parnell is in town, it would be in your best interest to go see him speak and bring a friend or two. You do not need to miss him speak.
David is coming out with a book called, "Facing the Dragon", it will be out soon. The publisher (HCI) who is printing the book are the same publisher who has published "Chicken Soup for the Soul", "A boy called It", and even Sarah Palin's new book that is coming out soon as well. For additional information on his new book that is coming out, and his ministry, please do not hesitate to contact David, he would love to hear from you. You can get in contact by the following approach: write to him at P.O. Box 762 Dresden, TN 38225, call (731) 469-9105 or cell (731) 514-7589, e-mail david@facingthedragron.org or www.facingthedragon.org.
Minister Timothy W. Sanders
Posted by Amy at 4:36 PM No comments:
David will be at the new Russell County auditorium across from the high school tonight at 5:00pm in Russell Springs, KY. Tomorrow morning (Friday, November 19th) he will be speaking to the student body, grades 7-12 about the dangers of methamphetamine and other drugs. We were at this school 4-5 years ago and are looking forward to this return visit!
Welcome to our brand new blog! Here we will be giving updates about David's speaking events and sharing methamphetamine related news among other things. Please visit often and feel free to leave comments.
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text:
France taken to court over 'climate inaction' in landmark case
Paris (CNN)A court in Paris will hear a landmark case accusing the French government of taking inadequate action to combat climate change.
The case is part of a lawsuit launched two years ago and the hearing will start Thursday, a judicial source confirmed to CNN."Great day for #climate justice," tweeted Greenpeace France, one of the plaintiffs in the case.The lawsuit was launched by four NGOs, including Greenpeace France and Oxfam France, following an online petition that gathered 2.3 million signatures — the largest in French history, according to the organizers.Climate activists took to the streets near the Paris administrative tribunal Thursday morning. Images provided by the NGOs showed a giant banner which read: "We are 2.3 million."Read MoreThe signatories hope the court will "compel the State to take all necessary measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions" to meet the 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) target set by the Paris Agreement, says the online petition.
Activists brought a landmark case accusing the French state of inaction on climate change.The Paris Agreement, a pact signed into effect in 2016 by almost all the world's countries, seeks to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).Currently, the world is set to warm by 2.7 degrees Celsius (4.86 degrees Fahrenheit) by the end of the century, according to the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) — a non-profit analysis group which tracks government climate action. This will bring more extreme storms, heatwaves, greater sea level rise, and, for many parts of the world, worse droughts and rainfall extremes.French campaigners also want recognition of "the State's climate inaction, that is to say the non-compliance by France of its commitments."
Joe Biden's climate plan could put Paris Agreement targets 'within striking distance,' experts say "Greenhouse gas emissions under this government's five-year term dropped at a pace that was twice as slow as the trajectories foreseen under the law," the NGOs said in a joint statement.In a legal memo seen by the NGOs and Le Monde newspaper in June last year, the French Environment Ministry denied that it failed to comply with its legal obligations to fight climate change and asked for the case to be dismissed.One of the arguments invoked by the government is that it cannot be held "solely responsible" for climate change in France, according to quotes of the memo published by Le Monde."France makes up around 1% of the world's population and emits around 1% of the planet's greenhouse gases each year," it said. "A substantial part of this pollution comes from industrial and agricultural activities," but also from "individual choices and decisions which it is not always possible to influence," the memo continued.
Climate change lawsuits spreading around the world, says reportCNN has contacted the Environment Ministry for comment.A verdict in the case is expected within 15 days, the NGOs said in their statement.Legal action on climate change has become a global phenomenon, according to a report published July 2019. By that date, lawsuits had been launched against governments and corporate interests in 28 countries, according to a report from the Grantham Research Institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science.Researchers found that, while the US was the global leader in terms of climate change litigation, the prevalence of such lawsuits had spread worldwide.
Sandrine Amiel and Gaëlle Fournier reported from Paris, France. Jack Guy wrote from London.
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/14/europe/french-court-case-inaction-climate-scli-intl/index.html
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