Giancarlo Corsetti (University of Cambridge, ADEMU and CEPR) reviews the downturn of the euro area and the role of monetary policy in the government debt market in the sixth ADEMU perspective.
At the time of the writing, in the second quarter of 2017, the euro area as a whole is showing some reliable signs of recovery, although unemployment rates and economic activity still differ substantially across borders. This is in contrast to other regions of the world, especially the US, which have already been operating near full employment for some time.
There may be different views on what explains the longer and deeper downturn in the euro area. But there is little doubt that a fundamental role was played by the sovereign risk crisis that, starting in 2010, led to deep fragmentation of the economic and financial space across national borders – to an extent that is not remotely comparable with the asymmetric impact of the crisis across regions in other countries, say, counties and states in the US.
The sovereign risk crisis specific to the euro area effectively amplified the economic and social costs of the global crisis in the region, well beyond what conventional economic and political models could foresee the time. Take the Optimal Currency Area literature. Virtually all contributions in this are stress the costs of asymmetric exogenous demand disturbances in unions that lack instruments to stabilize them and share risks via market diversification or fiscal arrangement. The experience in the euro area suggests a different, and far more consequential, problem.
In a single currency area lacking appropriate institutional and policy development, any fundamental weakness specific to a country can become the premise for disruptive liquidity squeezes, acting as endogenous disturbances. Fundamental and self-fulfilling factors, as well as country-specific and systemic dimensions of the crisis, become strictly interwoven. Under economic and fiscal stress, institutional and policy deficiencies become them self a source of continuing policy conflict and destabilizing disturbances. 'Completing' the union means first and foremost addressing this issue.
In 2012, two significant steps towards institutional development of the euro area – the institution of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), and the ECB's Outright Monetary Transactions (OMTs) programme – marked a turning point in the managing of the crisis. Together, they effectively prevented a dangerous unravelling of financial turmoil fed by widespread doubts about the resilience and integrity of the euro area. As expectations of a euro-area break up and/or sovereign default appeared to be to a large extent self-fulfilling, they raised the need of a coordinated, credible and systemic policy response, providing a reliable backstop to government debt in the area.
The theoretical mechanism by which self-fulfilling sovereign risk crisis develops has been worked out by a number of contributions (see Calvo 1988 and Lorenzoni and Werning 2013 among others). For a sufficiently high level of debt, the equilibrium price of a country's debt may not be unique: markets may then coordinate their expectations on wither relatively 'good' or relatively 'bad' equilibria – the latter characterized by higher and more likely default than the former. When markets coordinate expectations on equilibria with more default, they charge a high interest rate on government bonds. The increase in the cost of servicing the debt (a higher interest bill), in turn, creates incentives for the government to default ex post, rather than implementing highly distortionary budget cuts – validating ex post the initial markets' expectations.
An equilibrium with this type of default is considered non-fundamental, in the sense that, relative to other possible equilibria, the equilibrium interest rate on debt is higher, default occurs in more states of nature and tax and inflation distortions are more pervasive –hence social welfare is lower.
Somewhat surprisingly, as European policymakers were becoming increasingly aware of the potentially disruptive consequences of this type of crisis and the need for coordinated interventions, there was virtually no academic work providing a systematic and rigorous analysis of the role of monetary policy in belief-driven debt crisis. The one important exception, the seminal contribution by Calvo (1988), is actually concerned with the possibility that monetary policy itself become a source of instability in the sovereign debt market, rather than a solution to the problem.
An analytical framework was required to clarify fundamental questions weighing on the policy debate. First, what are the mechanisms that allow a central bank to provide a monetary backstop to government debt? Namely, would a backstop rest on the ability of the central bank to (threaten markets to) debase debt via unexpected inflation? Alternatively, under what conditions can a backstop be effective without compromising the central bank's ability to pursue its primary objectives – in the case of the ECB, price stability? These questions are at the core of the ADEMU working paper by Giancarlo Corsetti and Luca Dedola (Corsetti and Dedola).
In order to understand monetary backstop, it is important to recognize that default can occur either via outright haircuts and/or inflationary debt debasement, or both. And these are decisions taken by policymakers facing with trade-offs between increasing tax and spending distortions in servicing a large debt costs, or sustaining the costs of repudiation and inflation.
Building on Calvo (1988), Corsetti and Dedola (2016) set up a stylized model where welfare-maximizing fiscal and monetary authorities optimally choose their policies under discretion. Ex post, when setting taxes, the fiscal authorities may choose outright repudiation on its debt and impose losses (haircuts) on bondholders. Monetary authorities set inflation generating seignior age and reducing the real value of debt. Most importantly, in addition to pursuing (conventional) inflation policy, monetary authorities can engage in (unconventional) balance sheet policy, through outright purchases of government bonds.
A first important contribution of the analysis consists of clarifying the mechanism by which a central bank can provide a backstop to government debt. This essentially rests on unconventional balance sheet policies, and has the same theoretical foundations of a lender of last resort: for a backstop to be successful, it must be the case that the (monetary) liabilities issued by the central bank pays a lower interest rate than a government subject to default risk. So, when the central bank buys government bonds, it essentially swaps (default-) risky government debt with nominal liabilities that are risk-free in nominal terms—as they can always be redeemed against currency. By virtue of this interest differential, central bank's purchases of public debt reduce the overall costs of borrowing for the government. On a sufficient scale, debt purchases can thus lower the costs of borrowing, up to the point of eliminating any incentive for the fiscal authorities to default.
As is the case for a lender of last resort, a backstop policy can prevent crises driven by self-fulfilling expectations without carrying out any debt purchase in equilibrium. The fact that the central bank is credibly expected to intervene in response to a hike in interest rates not justified by fundamentals, is enough to pre-empt rule out any rationale for a run – as arbitrary expectations of default will not be validated ex post. However, for a backstop to be successful, markets must be convinced that, were their to price non-fundamental default in the debt market, the central bank would be willing to carry out its debt purchase policies with sufficient determination. It must be the case that, in such circumstances, interventions in the debt market on a sufficient scale would be not only feasible, but also desirable (i.e., welfare-improving) from the vantage point of monetary policymakers.
A key problem with the credibility of backstop policies is that eliminating self-fulfilling default does not necessarily eliminates default altogether, which may still occur for fundamental reasons (e.g., a deep recession). If only off-equilibrium, central bank purchases may end up generating balance sheet losses. Fearing that these prospective losses would force them to run suboptimal inflation, monetary authorities may then be reluctant to engage in backstop policies, undermining their credibility. In other words, markets would know that, if they run on public debt, the central bank would not intervene for fear of compromising price stability. Two results from our analysis clarify the conditions under which this argument does not apply.
First, inefficient inflation can always be avoided when the fiscal authorities are willing/capable to provide some contingent transfers to the monetary authorities. A "fiscal backing" of the central bank reduces the need to monetize prospective losses: hence it can lower prospective inflation costs well below the welfare gains from preventing beliefs-driven default. To ensure an effective backstop, then, it would be sufficient that the fiscal authorities stands ready to recapitalize the central bank (or not to default on central bank holding of debt), making transfers strictly contingent on the implementation of backstop policies. Again, none of these needs to occur in equilibrium.
What if, by rules or political choice, fiscal transfers to the central bank are banned in all circumstances? A second important result is that prospective high inefficient inflation from central bank interventions can have paradoxically implications for debt sustainability. Specifically, consider the case in which fiscal authorities are themselves sufficiently averse to inflation. In taking their budget decisions, they would fully internalize the high costs from the inflationary consequences of any default. The fact that a haircut on the central bank would have destabilizing effects on price stability will make them increasingly reluctant to default. In these circumstances, budget separation between the fiscal and the monetary authorities would actually strengthen the resilience of the country against self-fulfilling run on public debt.
The key message here is that a high aversion to inflation is not an impediment to backstop policies. Quite the contrary. The analysis in Corsetti and Dedola (2016), indeed, confirms and generalizes the main result in Calvo (1988): if the central bank is not sufficiently credible in its anti-inflationary policies, the country can become vulnerable to belief-driven expectations of both outright default and 'stealth' default via inflation. This is because, for any given fiscal policy, inflation rates would not be uniquely determined. Depending on markets coordination, there can be hikes in interest rates and taxation in the presence of sound fiscal fundamentals and no outright default. We show that this scenario is ruled out when policymakers are sufficiently averse to inflation – e.g., when inflation costs are modelled as in the new-Keynesian literature.
These analytical results have direct bearing on the policy debate on monetary backstop. By way of example, consider the critical argument according to which the central bank may not have the ability to expand its balance sheet on a sufficient scale to influence the government bond markets, without, at the same time, generating inefficiently high inflation. Or consider the opposite argument, according to which the central bank can freely play the role of lender of last resort to the government because, alternatively, a central bank can always consolidate its liabilities to private banks (i.e. force banks to rollover reserves indefinitely), or debase them by a bout of unexpected inflation.
Consistent with recent literature on 'new style central banking', our analysis clarifies that the central bank can expand its balance sheet by remunerating reserves at the equilibrium risk-free nominal rate, without any impact on the price level (whether in or off equilibrium). Moreover, an effective backstop does have to match the full scale of the government financing –its scale must be enough to make default a welfare-dominated option.
The view stressing the option for a central bank to impose financial repression over private banks, de facto introduces the possibility of a form of default on monetary liabilities, without however thinking about its consequences. If the central bank is expected to tamper with its own liabilities, these would no longer be risk free. The logic of self-fulfilling beliefs of default would then apply to a discretionary central bank as well as to the government.
The alternative, inflationary-debasement view downplays the social costs of running high inflation, historically conducive to financial and macro instability. As already mentioned, in line with Calvo (1988), our analysis suggests that downplaying the costs of inflation may actually raise the prospects of self-fulfilling sovereign debt crises driven by expectations of debt debasement, rather than outright default. On the contrary, it is exactly because inflation costs are (perceived to be) socially costly, that a monetary backstop can be credible even when the central bank is responsible for its losses.
Indeed, a non-trivial conclusion from our analysis is that inflation rates are higher in an equilibrium with belief-driven outright defaults: an effective monetary backstop prevents rather than creating price instability.
These arguments apply to both countries with an independent monetary policy, and countries that are part of a monetary union. In a monetary union among essentially independent states, however, the picture may be complicated by the possibility that national governments pursue conflicting, inward-looking objectives and/or be averse to extending large-scale fiscal backing to the common central bank. If the central bank cannot count on fiscal backing, the union-wide inflationary consequences from budget losses due to default by one country may be quite contained. This means that a self-interested national fiscal authority choosing to default may not fully internalize the inflationary costs of its decision. These circumstances do not prevent a common central bank from engineering a successful backstop to member states. However, they highlight the importance to grant governments access to the benefit of a backstop, only provided they agree to conditionality. In this sense, the OMTs are designed to be accessible only to member states already in an ESM program, meant to ensure stability of public finances (and possibly enhance cross-border cooperation).
But while an assessment of opportunistic behavior by the fiscal authority requires a deeper analysis and discussion (see Ábrahám et al. 2017), it is important to emphasize that, conceptually, backstops (eliminating self-fulfilling crises via an off-equilibrium threat of interventions) are distinct from bailouts (providing contingent transfers ex post). There is a long-standing literature emphasizing that backstops actually strengthen the incentives for a government to undertake reforms and implement good policies –the opposite of the "moral hazard" consequences of a bailout (see Morris and Shin 2006, Corsetti et al. 2004 and Corsetti and Dedola 2011 among others). Intuitively, the possibility of belief-driven crises tends to reduce the expected future benefits from current (costly) policy initiatives. For any given cost, an effective shield against self-fulfilling runs strengthens the (political) incentives to implement them.
In conclusion, the smooth functioning of a monetary union crucially rests on mechanisms and institutions providing effective backstop to government debt, with the goal of shielding the member states and regions from disruptive bouts of belief-driven financial turmoil. The OMT programme, in conjunction with the European Stability Mechanism, was without doubt a key institutional development in the euro area. Contrary to some claims in the initial stages of the crisis, the member states of a monetary union do not need to operate at a disadvantage, relative to states with an independent currency. In either case, central banks can effectively contain disruptive speculation in the debt market.
Corsetti G. and Dedola L. (2011). 'Fiscal Crises, Confidence and Default: A Bare-bones Model with Lessons for the Euro Area'. mimeo, Cambridge University.
Corsetti G., Guimaraes B. and Roubini N. (2005). 'International lending of last resort and moral hazard: A model of IMF's catalytic finance.' Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(3), 441-471.
 A number of researchers started to fill the gap, although often restricting monetary policy to rely exclusively on conventional policies, including Aguiar et al. (2013), Camous and Cooper (2014) and Bacchetta et al. (2015).


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Spirit of Mother Jones Festival & Summer School 2016 Launch
June 28, 2016 June 28, 2016 / Admin	/ Leave a comment
Joan Goggin as "Mother Jones" Picture: Andy Jay
The press launch of the Spirit of Mother Jones festival and summer school takes place at the Maldron Hotel on Wednesday 29th June at 1pm and will be performed by the Lord Mayor of Cork Cllr. Des Cahill. The festival itself will take place from 28th July to 1st August.
The speakers at the 2016 summer school include Catherine McGuinness, Jack O' Connor, Justine McCarthy, Dr Sean Pettit, Laurence Fenton, Fergal Keane, Luke Dineen, Dave Hopper, Anne Twomey and Pat Egan.
The festival will see Jimmy Crowley will perform some of his songs. The Cork Singers' Club, Richard T Cooke, the Mother Jones Ceili Band and the Butter Exchange Band along with Greenshine are participating. John Nyhan and Mick Treacy are appearing on Saturday night 30th July. Several films will be shown throughout the five days of the festival. Only the Greenshine concert requires tickets. All other events are free and open to the public, however as some events fill up quickly, please be on time! All are welcome. Most events are at the Maldron Hotel except where stated on the programme.
See Programme 2016 for full details.
Members of Cobh Animation Team at the Maldron Hotel with hotel manager Joe Kennedy. Picture: Andy Jay
Death of James Green
Prof. James Green
The Cork Mother Jones Festival Committee is saddened to hear of the death of James Green who was a guest speaker at the 2014 Spirit of Mother Jones Festival and proved to be a most interesting and genial guest. James was here to speak about his book "The Devil is here in these hills" which told the story of the West Virginia Mine Wars and the struggle of the miners of that district and their families for proper pay and decent conditions fighting employers who were prepared to stop at nothing to prevent the mine workers from winning the most basic concessions. Jim was a powerful yet soft-spoken speaker who became a firm friend of the members of the committee and showed a genuine interest in Cork and its history. On behalf of the Mother Jones Committee we tender our sincere condolences to James family and friends.
Prof. James Green at Shandon during the Spirit of Mother Jones Festival 2014. Photo: Jimmy Thomson.
Songs of the Mining Tradition with John Nyhan, Mick Treacy and friends.
This event takes place at the Maldron Hotel on Saturday night 30th July at 9pm. All are welcome.
To Mother Jones the miners were "My Boys" and her activist life was spent in organising miners of all nationalities across America. She "could arouse more fight in men than any speaker I have ever seen behind a rostrum" declared Fred Mooney, a union organiser in West Virginia. The United Mineworkers and its offshoots were among the most famous and radical of organised groups of workers in the world. Mining itself has involved going to the bowels of the earth for the rocks and minerals which have created the modern industrial world.
Yet those brave men and women who then worked in the pits and still work deep in the ground have been amongst the most exploited and expendable in human history. During the 18thcentury in Britain mine fatalities averaged a thousand a year. Safety, health and the welfare of miners and their families was not considered as important.
Yet from this mining tradition across all countries has sprung some of the most progressive movements in politics and some of the greatest living folk songs, colliery music, musicians and community solidarity. Names such as Bob Davenport, Tommy Armstrong, Anne Briggs, and A. L. Lloyd sang the songs created by working people in Britain. Sarah Gunning, Nimrod Workman and Hazel Dickens and many others sang mining songs in America. Their legacy remains and inspires new generations.
John Nyhan and Mick Treacy continue this tradition and on Saturday 30th July, beginning at 9pm they will present the songs, stories and lore of the mining tradition.
Mick Treacy.
Mick Treacy
Mick came to folk music through listening to The Weavers , Delia Murphy, Joe Lynch, Connie Foley and the one and only Margaret Barry in the fifties and then the Skiffle movement in Britain which was spearheaded by Ken Colyer one of the leading exponents of the Classic New Orleans Jazz style in Britain. The revival of interest in Folk song and music happened to coincide with this outbreak of people's music making and before long there was a natural fusion which led to Skiffle groups becoming Folk Groups like The Ian Campbell group in Birmingham or The Quarrymen from Liverpool becoming the Beatles.
Mick went to England in late 1960 became part of the whole folk revival first listening and learning from Ewan McColl, Bob Davenport, Alex Campbell, Ramblin' Jack Elliot and many more. By 1964 he was singing in Birmingham Town Hall in a fund raising concert for West Midlands Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and later joined an Irish Group called 'The Munstermen'. This lead in turn to the founding of 'The Holyground Folk Club' which had three glorious years and hosted many of the world's great folk artistes.
In 1967 he came to Dublin and sang in most of the venues of the day The Embankment, The Castle Inn, The Old Sheiling and many of the local Folk Clubs before returning to his native Mitchelstown where he settled down, got married and raised a family. He has always had an interest in the songs of the working people collecting many down through the years. He feels privileged to have shared the platform and stage with many pacifist and socialist poets, writers, singers and performers who shared his dreams.
John Nyhan.
John Nyhan
John was born in Cork City and now lives in North Cork. He was heavily influenced by the Folk revival and has been playing and promoting music for over 40 years.
During the 70s he was a founding member of The Shandon Folk Club in Eason's Hill,within an earshot of the Shandon Bells.Today he continues his voluntary involvementas a promoter of concerts and festivals. He is especially well known for the Bluegrass and Folk concerts he runs at The Village Arts Centre,Kilworth Co Cork. He is an avid collector of folk, bluegrass and songs of the people and has an encyclopaedic recall of singers and songs.
In the 1970″S John worked as a peace campaigner in the North of Ireland as a member of Voluntary Service International.He was also a worker with the Simon Community.
In the past decade he moved to Lombardstown in North Cork, as part of a Sustainable Housing Project,where he maintains an active role in his local community. In 2015 John organised the already legendary session "The songs of Joe Hill" at the Spirit of Mother Jones Festival.
"Where it's dark as a dungeon and damp as the dew,
Where the dangers are double and the pleasures are few.
Where the rain never falss and the sun never shines,
It's dark as a dungeon way down in the mines"
From "Dark as a Dungeon" by Merle Travis of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.
This event will be preceded by two films about the struggles of miners for justice.
4.30. The Battle for Orgreave, a film by Yvette Vanson (www.yvettevanson.com). The events of 18th June 1984 during The Miners' Strike are disturbing and have shocked the world. This film by Journeyman Pictures is required viewing for an understanding of the Miners Strike. As calls for a full public enquiry into the events of that day and afterwards mount, this film is a must see.
Press Cutting from "Mine Wars" era
7.00. The Mining Wars, a film produced and directed by Randall MacLowry, the film is a production of the Film Posse for American Experience (WGBH – Boston). It features the mining union battles in the USA and the activities of the tough union organisers including Mother Jones.
These epic struggles in the first two decades of the 20th Century culminated in the largest civil insurrection since the American Civil War. www.thefilmposse.com
Spirit of Mother Jones Festival 2016 – Programme
June 21, 2016 July 28, 2016 / Admin	/ Leave a comment
Spirit of Mother Jones Festival programme 2016
The Programme for the Spirit of Mother Jones Festival 2016 is now available. This year's festival offers a great variety of events including lectures, film and musical performances.
To download the programme please click here: Programme 2016
Direct Provision – Not the Solution!
June 18, 2016 / Admin	/ Leave a comment
Cork Mother Jones Committee is pleased to confirm that retired judge Mrs Catherine McGuinness will speak at the 2016 Spirit of Mother Jones summer school. She will speak to the topic "Direct Provision – Not the solution!" at the Firkin Crane Theatre on Friday 29th July at 7.30 pm.
Catherine McGuinness
Catherine McGuinness was born in Belfast in 1934. A barrister, she was appointed as a judge in the Circuit Court in 1994, later she served in the High Court and was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2000, where she served until 2006. Elected a senator in the Dublin University constituency in 1979 Senator McGuinness remained in Seanad Éireann (Ireland's Senate) until 1987. She has been appointed to the Council of State twice, initially by President Hillery and more recently in 2012 by President Higgins.
Mrs McGuinness was President of the Law Reform Commission from 2005 until 2011 and has served on various Boards and other organisations over many years giving freely of her time and experience. She received a 2010 "People of the Year Award" for her pioneering service and vast contribution to Irish life.In June 2011 she became a patron of the Irish Refugee Council and has consistently campaigned for Children's Rights.
A Direct Provision centre near Athlone
Direct Provision is the term given to the system for dealing with asylum seekers in Ireland. Initially established as an emergency measure in 1999, it commenced in 2000 and it quickly became permanent with over 30 establishments around the country. While asylum seekers receive full board accommodation, some access to the health and education systems, criticism has grown. Many thousands have been held in the system for years, some for over 5 years. Asylum seekers receive just €19.10 per week, children €9.60. There was a recent increase in the payment for children to €15.60 per week. At the end of April 2016, over 4000 people, including over a thousand children were still living in Direct Provision.
Complaints about lack of privacy, unnecessary restrictions, lack of cooking facilities, long stays, lack of independent complaints procedure, sheer boredom leading to mental health issues have been raised over a long period. NASC, the Irish Immigrant Support Centre had published a damning critique of the system in Cork called "Hidden Cork".
Children protest at the Kinsale Road Direct Provision Centre in Cork in 2014.
The Irish Refugee Council launched a national campaign "End Institutional Living" in 2013. An Independent Working Group under Dr Bryan McMahon was established in October 2014 to report to the Government in relation to improving the position. It reported in June 2015 with a series of recommendations.
Mrs Catherine McGuinness will speak on "Direct Provision – Not a Solution!" at the Firkin Crane Theatre on Friday evening 29th July at 7.30. It will be followed by a discussion and all are welcome to come along and participate.
The Extraordinary Wallace Sisters
Sisters Sheila (left) and Nora Wallace
The story of extraordinary Wallace Sisters will be told by Anne Twomey of the Shandon Area History Group on Saturday 30th July at 2.30pm at the Maldron Hotel.
Now a lifeless vehicular short cut, St. Augustine Street in Cork City is barely noticed by many people these days.An unprepossessing street, it has in recent years becomean alleywaylocated between the Queens Old Castle and McHugh House linking the Grand Parade to South Main Street.It was formerly known as Brunswick Street, acknowledged on the old street nameplate on the western side.
One might be surprised to learn that many of the most famous names in the revolutionary Ireland 1915 to 1922 came and went with regularity through this street. For at number 13 Brunswick St (later 4 St. Augustine St.) was located the small shop of Sheila and Nora Wallace. During the War of Independence these firm engaging sisters went about their day to day shop keeping business and provided a perfect cover for what was a vast beehive of revolutionary activity emanating in their shop.
No.4 St. Augustine's Street, Cork shortly before its demolition in the 1970s.
Located behind their small traditionally fronted tobacconist and newspaper shop with holy pictures and statues in the window and labour pamphlets on the shelves lay nothing less than the Head Quarters of the Cork No 1 Brigade of the Irish Volunteers and I.R.A.It was effectively the intelligence centre of the IRA where messages were efficiently received and delivered by a huge network of women and men…..in effect an IRA intelligence General Post Office!
Even more amazing is that the shop on St Augustine Street was located just 250 metres from the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks at Tuckey St and the Bridewell barracks on the Coal Quay and yet remained undetected by the Crown forces for a long time.
James Connolly visited the Wallace sisters on his visit to Cork when he spoke about military tactics at a meeting organised by Tadhg Barry in January 1916. They were friendly with Constance Markievicz of the Irish Citizen Army and both the sisters were members of the I.C.A. Historian John Borgonovo has recounted how they organised a youth and Women's Citizen Army in Cork which lasted until 1921 and took part in many parades involving the labour movement during the period. Labour organiser and socialist Cathal O'Shannon lodged over their shop for the period while he worked in Cork.
One of the last official acts of Lord Mayor Tomás MacCurtain was to visit the Wallace shop late on Friday night 19th March 1920. Florence O' Donoghue, then Head of Intelligence, recounted how Tomás then left the shop with the recently elected Alderman Tadhg Barry about 11pm that night. Just a few hours later the Lord Mayor of Cork was murdered by R.I.C. men in the family quarters overhead his own shop at 40 Thomas Davis Street in Blackpool.
There is a family account how MacCurtain's successor in office Terence MacSwiney, a regular caller to the Wallaces, went behind the counter and even sold a newspaper and a packet of cigarettes to a customer shortly before his arrest in August 1920, as the Wallace sisters were busy at the particular time. Muriel MacSwiney, his wife, in her December 1951 deposition to the Bureau of Military History mentionshow early on she became aware of "a little newspaper shop kept by the Misses Wallace, who were later connected to The Citizen Army".
Sheila and Nora both worked in the shop and lived overhead at the time and the room behind was regularly used for Volunteer and I.R.A. Brigade meetings. Sheila held the formal rank of Staff Officer as Brigade Communications officer, this was quite unique and she was possibly the only female officer of rank in the I.R.A. She was awarded a pension of £55-16-8 under the Military Pension Act from October 1934 and her rank was confirmed.This rank is alsoinscribed on her gravestone in St. Finbarr's Cemetery. Later on the shop was raided several times and was finally closed by order of the British Military dated 14th May 1921 and the sisters were expelled from Cork city.
It reopened immediately after the Truce, indeed Liam Deasy then Adjutant of the First Southern Division recalled a jovial meeting at the premises on 12th July 1921 with the officers of the First Cork Brigade and Tom Barry. As the sisters took the anti-treaty side in the Civil war, it was raided regularly by the Free State forces. Later on the sisters lived on the Old Youghal Road.
Historian Anne Twomey who will talk about the Wallace Sisters on 30th July.
The years of "working in impossible conditions", carrying despatches in all weathers and the associated stress took a heavy toll on the sisters. This was recorded in their military service pension applications in 1934. Sheila died on 14th April 1944, on the Friday of Easter week.It was acknowledged by the Pensions Board that Nora who had developed tuberculosis in the 20s and spent some time in Switzerland, acquired her illness due to her exposure to all conditions of weather, wet and cold due to her intense activities, while acting as an intelligence agent. Nora traded on at the shopuntil 1960. She passed away on 17th September 1970.
The premises was later used as a bookmakers shop and later still a dressmakers. The shop which appeared on a drawing by artist Brian Lawlor dated May 1974 in his book "Cork" appears to have been demolished sometime in the 1970s.
Anne Twomey of the Shandon Area History group will give an account of the story of the Wallace Sisters on Saturday afternoon 30th July at 2.30 in the Maldron Hotel. All welcome to attend and participate in the discussion afterwards.
The Shandon Area History group organised an unique exhibition entitled "Ordinary Women in Extraordinary Times" featuring remarkable women from the area and their contribution to the War of Independence at the St. Peter's Church in North Main Street. in June 2016.
Organising in the Shadow of the Law
June 8, 2016 / Admin	/ Leave a comment
Tish Gibbons
Tish Gibbons works as a researcher with SIPTU's Strategic Organising Department and leads up its innovative Educate to Organise programme.
She was a union organiser with SIPTU from 1997 to 2008 and will address the above topic at this year's summer school.
Tish has worked in the Irish trade union movement for 30 years starting in a clerical capacity with the FWUI before becoming a union organiser with SIPTU in 1997. A constant part-time student, She holds a Diploma in Industrial Relations and a BA in English & Politics from UCG; a Post-graduate Diploma in Social Research Methods (OU) and MA Industrial Relations (Keele). After studying for four years at the Working Lives Research Institute in the London Metropolitan University, she was awarded a professional doctorate for her thesis on union recognition and organising.
She is a board member of the Irish Centre for the Histories of Labour and Class and has published in labour law, industrial relations and labour history journals. Earlier this year she addressed the annual Jim Connell commemoration weekend at Crossakiel, Co Meath.
Tish has spent many years as a union organiser on the ground, as did Mother Jones in the USA. The Cork Mother Jones Committee is delighted that she has agreed to bring her experiences and her views on organising workers to the 2016 Spirit of Mother Jones Summer School.
Ms. Gibbons will speak on Organising in the Shadow of the Law at 4.30 on Friday 30th July at the summer school. All welcome.
Jack O'Connor to deliver the 2016 Cork Mother Jones Lecture.
June 2, 2016 June 2, 2016 / Admin	/ Leave a comment
The Cork Mother Jones Committee is pleased to announce that the Cork Mother Jones Lecture 2016 will be delivered by Mr Jack O'Connor, General President of SIPTU.
Jack O'Connor
The 5th annual lecture will take place at the Firkin Crane Theatre on Thursday 28th July at 8pm, following the 2016 festival and Summer School opening ceremony at the Mother Jones plaque in Shandon.
Jack O'Connor is probably the most recognised and best known trade union leader in Ireland. A Dubliner, Jack was originally a trade union activist before working for the Federated Workers' Union of Ireland. When the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union and the Federated Workers' Union of Ireland (both founded by "Big" Jim Larkin) merged in 1990 to form SIPTU, he became regional organiser for SIPTU.
He was appointed General President of SIPTU in 2003. Jack was also President of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) from July 2009 to July 2011. His declared priorities are combating worker exploitation, promoting people's rights to participate in collective bargaining. He promotes the principle of "Fairness at Work and Justice in Society. He refuses to serve on any State Board while in his present role in SIPTU. Jack is a member of the Labour Party.
The future of the organised labour and the trade union movement in Ireland and indeed across Europe is being faced with a concerted move by governments in the public sector and multinationals in the private sector to enforce changes in work patterns, forced self-employment, zero hours contracts, reduced pay and conditions and more productivity. Hostile opposition by employers to trade union organising in workplaces has grown. Many young people joining the workforces of multinationals and other enterprises are not allowed the opportunity to become union members. The huge achievements of the trade union movement over the past century, achievements, which many people today take for granted, are under sustained threat.
Jack O'Connor, General President of SIPTU
These issues require a serious and well thought out response from the organised labour movement. Jack O'Connor has a contribution to make.
He will discuss his views for the future responses of the labour movement to the changing organised labour environment at the Firkin Crane Theatre on Thursday evening 28th July at 8pm in a talk entitled "Organising to win – what is to be done!"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rep.-elect Miller apologizes for referencing Hitler
Destinations, Lifestyle, News, Travel, Trending Topics
Wall to Wall: Stephen Moore on Final 2020 Jobs Report
CHICAGO, IL – APRIL 3: Gov. J.B. Pritzker spoke during a press conference in Chicago, Illinois. (Photo by Chris Sweda-Pool via Getty Images)
OAN Newsroom
UPDATED 1:15 PM PT – Saturday, January 9, 2021
Freshman Rep.-elect Mary Miller (R-Ill.) responded to calls for her resignation after referencing Adolf Hitler a day before the events that took place on Capitol Hill.
Friday, Miller issued an apology for her comments during a "Mom's for America" rally on Capitol Hill. She explained some were "twisting her words," adding that she is "pro-Israel'" and "an ally to the Jewish community."
Miller was caught on camera saying "Hitler got one thing right," crediting him with the phrase "whoever has the youth has the future."
The mention triggered immediate backlash, including from her state's governor.
"Let me be clear, Hitler got nothing right," Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D-Ill.) said. "This reprehensible rhetoric has no place in our politics. Republicans cannot allow this to stand, and must condemn this vile evil streak in their party."
Despite Miller's apology, calls for her to resign continue.
MORE NEWS: Rev. Raphael Warnock Dodges Court Packing Question Again
© 2020 Myrtle Beach Choice. All Rights Reserved.


"I became a chalk couture designer because of the amazing products they offer. With chalk couture paste, ink and transfers, I have made some incredible home decor. This is something I would love to share with you.
Bambi Porters business:GypsyCowgirl Kitchen was born out of the passion for simple, delicious and healthy food. She loves going out to the garden to pick fresh fruit and vegetables. She adores the fact that nature writes the daily menu at her house. It makes he feel good to know that she is serving family and friends food that is grown without all of the yucky pesticides. At times her garden would produce so much that she could hardly consume or give it away fast enough. Thus her love of pickling, canning and preserving was born. Over the past 20 years or so she has canned fruits and vegetables of many kinds. Pickling fruits and vegetables is definitEly her favorite. Each time she gives a jar of pickled peppers or carrots…she always gets a returned empty jar and the request for a refill!
She hopes to see you at one of the upcoming Figamarole scheduled workshops. She looks forward to sharing the age old mysteries of home preservation!
Now focused on transforming furniture, one piece at a time, Lauren has used her own home as the blueprint for floor-to-ceiling Chalk Paint makeovers. Having moved into a home badly needing some TLC, she was looking for an easier way than stripping, sanding, sanding, priming and painting–twice. "There had to be an easier way." That holy grail led to Annie's website in late 2010 and a love affair began. "It's all about the paint. There's just nothing else like it. It really is 'the best paint in the world',".
like this before. So wonderful to discover somebody with genuin thoughts oon thiss issue.


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By Bi5MiLl4hRunamuckfestival. Baker Racks. At Monday, November 12th 2018, 08:37:08 AM.


.This is a brand new neighborhood center. It is presently anchored by a high volume restaurant. It sits just one block South from the National Basilica of San Juan Shrine. It is conveniently located near the expressway. Parking is available at the center and additional parking is also available across the street.
Listing by Marsha A. Acosta - Broker Assoc. of Coldwell Banker La Mansion.


There are many patients offered tablets and injection for their surgery time, once the surgery is completed to them, the doctor would advise to stop some particular medicines, because they are dangerous to use after the treatment is over. But, many people ignore the advice of the doctor they take those medicines even there is no pain in their body. The reason is the drug is sedative drug, and keeping the mind with the kick. Similarly, many alcohol drinkers prefer alcohol even when they are working in a office or in a factory. These people feel, they need this drug to work without these drug they cannot work, but the fact is sober mind comes only when a person is without any drug influence. This is the reason these people must have to find nearest alcohol rehab in once the patient is admitted in the center, they would be treated with love, the center would provide enough counseling to the patients personalized counseling and group counseling would be conducted every day for thirty to ninety days, during this time, food and shelter is provided by the center, of course, the charge would be very less, because the center aims to remove addicted people from the world.
Generally, while taking the tablets or the injection nobody would be thinking in future days they would be addicted to the same. Even the alcohol drinker for the first time, never thinks he would be addicted to the alcohol, but once the sub conscious mind likes the drug or alcohol, it would be influencing the conscious mind to take the above things regularly. Once these people are treated in the center they would never go back to their habits, because the center already treated many patients and gained reputation for curing the alcohol and drug addicted people. Any person can join in the center by informing that he or she wants to quit the habit of taking drug or taking alcohol. The group counseling and personal counseling, medication all these things would be new to the patients, and they would love to learn all these things and they would ignore the drugs after the treatment is absolutely completed.


text:
namespace CohesionAndCoupling
{
    using System;

    public static class ThreeDimentionUtils
    {
        public static double CalculateDiagonal3D(double width, double height, double depth)
        {
            double distance = CalculateDistance3D(0, 0, 0, width, height, depth);
            return distance;
        }

        public static double CalculateDistance3D(double x1, double y1, double z1, double x2, double y2, double z2)
        {
            double distance = Math.Sqrt(((x2 - x1) * (x2 - x1)) + ((y2 - y1) * (y2 - y1)) + ((z2 - z1) * (z2 - z1)));
            return distance;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
"""
I define support for hookable instance methods.

These are methods which you can register pre-call and post-call external
functions to augment their functionality.  People familiar with more esoteric
languages may think of these as \"method combinations\".

This could be used to add optional preconditions, user-extensible callbacks
(a-la emacs) or a thread-safety mechanism.

The four exported calls are:

   - L{addPre}
   - L{addPost}
   - L{removePre}
   - L{removePost}

All have the signature (class, methodName, callable), and the callable they
take must always have the signature (instance, *args, **kw) unless the
particular signature of the method they hook is known.

Hooks should typically not throw exceptions, however, no effort will be made by
this module to prevent them from doing so.  Pre-hooks will always be called,
but post-hooks will only be called if the pre-hooks do not raise any exceptions
(they will still be called if the main method raises an exception).  The return
values and exception status of the main method will be propagated (assuming
none of the hooks raise an exception).  Hooks will be executed in the order in
which they are added.
"""

### Public Interface

class HookError(Exception):
    "An error which will fire when an invariant is violated."

def addPre(klass, name, func):
    """hook.addPre(klass, name, func) -> None

    Add a function to be called before the method klass.name is invoked.
    """

    _addHook(klass, name, PRE, func)

def addPost(klass, name, func):
    """hook.addPost(klass, name, func) -> None

    Add a function to be called after the method klass.name is invoked.
    """
    _addHook(klass, name, POST, func)

def removePre(klass, name, func):
    """hook.removePre(klass, name, func) -> None

    Remove a function (previously registered with addPre) so that it
    is no longer executed before klass.name.
    """

    _removeHook(klass, name, PRE, func)

def removePost(klass, name, func):
    """hook.removePre(klass, name, func) -> None

    Remove a function (previously registered with addPost) so that it
    is no longer executed after klass.name.
    """
    _removeHook(klass, name, POST, func)

### "Helper" functions.

hooked_func = """

import %(module)s

def %(name)s(*args, **kw):
    klazz = %(module)s.%(klass)s
    for preMethod in klazz.%(preName)s:
        preMethod(*args, **kw)
    try:
        return klazz.%(originalName)s(*args, **kw)
    finally:
        for postMethod in klazz.%(postName)s:
            postMethod(*args, **kw)
"""

_PRE = '__hook_pre_%s_%s_%s__'
_POST = '__hook_post_%s_%s_%s__'
_ORIG = '__hook_orig_%s_%s_%s__'

def _XXX(k,n,s):
    """
    String manipulation garbage.
    """
    x = s % (k.__module__.replace('.', '_'), k.__name__, n)
    return x

def PRE(k,n):
    "(private) munging to turn a method name into a pre-hook-method-name"
    return _XXX(k,n,_PRE)

def POST(k,n):
    "(private) munging to turn a method name into a post-hook-method-name"
    return _XXX(k,n,_POST)

def ORIG(k,n):
    "(private) munging to turn a method name into an `original' identifier"
    return _XXX(k,n,_ORIG)

def _addHook(klass, name, phase, func):
    "(private) adds a hook to a method on a class"
    _enhook(klass, name)

    if not hasattr(klass, phase(klass, name)):
        setattr(klass, phase(klass, name), [])

    phaselist = getattr(klass, phase(klass, name))
    phaselist.append(func)

def _removeHook(klass, name, phase, func):
    "(private) removes a hook from a method on a class"
    phaselistname = phase(klass, name)
    if not hasattr(klass, ORIG(klass,name)):
        raise HookError("no hooks present!")

    phaselist = getattr(klass, phaselistname)
    try: phaselist.remove(func)
    except ValueError:
        raise HookError("hook %s not found in removal list for %s"%
                    (name,klass))

    if not getattr(klass, PRE(klass,name)) and not getattr(klass, POST(klass, name)):
        _dehook(klass, name)

def _enhook(klass, name):
    "(private) causes a certain method name to be hooked on a class"
    if hasattr(klass, ORIG(klass, name)):
        return

    def newfunc(*args, **kw):
        for preMethod in getattr(klass, PRE(klass, name)):
            preMethod(*args, **kw)
        try:
            return getattr(klass, ORIG(klass, name))(*args, **kw)
        finally:
            for postMethod in getattr(klass, POST(klass, name)):
                postMethod(*args, **kw)
    try:
        newfunc.func_name = name
    except TypeError:
        # Older python's don't let you do this
        pass

    oldfunc = getattr(klass, name).im_func
    setattr(klass, ORIG(klass, name), oldfunc)
    setattr(klass, PRE(klass, name), [])
    setattr(klass, POST(klass, name), [])
    setattr(klass, name, newfunc)

def _dehook(klass, name):
    "(private) causes a certain method name no longer to be hooked on a class"

    if not hasattr(klass, ORIG(klass, name)):
        raise HookError("Cannot unhook!")
    setattr(klass, name, getattr(klass, ORIG(klass,name)))
    delattr(klass, PRE(klass,name))
    delattr(klass, POST(klass,name))
    delattr(klass, ORIG(klass,name))


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Mr Muhith did not elaboratethe reasons behind his proposal to raise the tax other than sayingcountry's export sector are enjoying various incentives.However he also worked in his own signature minimalisticaesthetic into each collection and was open with his love of florals.Meenakshi Kumar	|Friday, 14 April 2017	Raghavendra Rathore, the fashion designer known for offering .g Manufacturers Association of India, is hosting the 32nd IAF World Fashion Convention in Mumbai (India) on 27-28 September, 2016.At 9:30 sharp our driver collects us at our hotel near Central Station totake us to the Diesel Black Gold show.fering to align better with the wants andneeds of the next generation of consumers."This will lead to an increased demand for clothesand other goods that define middle-income lifestyles. sit alongside jewellery partnersChopard, David Yurman, De Beers, Pomellato and Tiffany and Co, all of whichwill be available on the Farfetch marketplace for the first time.Wendell Rodricks firmly believes that fashion should be for everyone,irrespective of their age, color, size or shape.M&S debuts extended plus-size collection: Curve.Companies in the segment URBAN VIEW, the menswear area, e.From John Galliano's explosive tulle dresses squeezing between vintage carsas far back as Spri.
Sujata Sachdeva	|Thursday, 26 November 2015	The Delhi High Court has ordered the Enforcement Directo.Key Trends for Spring/Summer 2016 from the Berlin Trade Shows.Because I used lots of white fabric Iwanted to give the material a new surface structure and feel to the body.With designers and brands alike feeling more and more pressure to churn outas many collections as po.The washes in leather jackets are also different," he adds. 48 percent growth, are alsoexpected to contribute positively to the company's bottomline in future.Burberry tackles leather waste with new collaboration.Tsai's signature jaw-length bob has become a much-requested cut since shewon the presidency."In the past I carved traditional wooden houses now I carve shoes in amodern style -- I love the job," he said.Herewe round up our some of our highlights and main takeaways from LondonFashion Week Autumn/Winter 2017-2018.A post shared by Cooper Hewitt (.cooperhewitt) on Dec 15, 2017 at 3:07pm PSTBesides the tattooed-sty.nued to impose itsvision through elegant, architectural and endlessly feminine lines.
and Frabjous Fibers from offering artisan fabrics madefrom banana fibres.on for landing yourdream job as a fashion designer was laid during the school applicationprocess.Just last week FashionUnited published predictions that Nike's marketcapitalization would grow 18.traditional Mexican garments, fashion from Europe and beyond, anddemonstrate how her wardrobe was expressive of the complex relationshipbetween her Mexican and Western heritage," said the V&A in a statement.That is anoutstanding accomplishment for a brand that is still in its infancy,"opines Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman, Aditya Birla Group.ede jackets, knitted and bodycondresses and embellished tops," explains Jhingan. modelled by new face of the collection Russiansupermodel Natalia Vodianova, her first for the Swedish fashion brand, toshow off the versatility of the recycled material.The continuing influence of utilitarian themes informs military and maritime aesthetics with an emphasis on wearability.Make-up specialist Namrata Soni will break down facts and myths, and willinstruct attendees on how to wear make-up that's ideal for all kinds ofbridal looks.Daniel wholesale mlb jerseys le Wightman-Stone	|Thursday, 01 February 2018	Gap is gearing up for its 50th anniversary in 20.Twelve finalists will receive 50,000 Australiandoll mlb jersey outlet ars (Rs 2,585,844 lakh) financial contribution to.A post shared by Sinéad O'Sullivan (.thecostumedirectory) on Mar 17, 2017 at 9:44am PDT India.


If you keep a close eye on our portal, or happened to come across the article one way or another, you'll know that Gingerbread 2.3.4 has surfaced. It's always exciting to receive an update. It makes things feel fresh, up to date and most importantly of all, functional. But that's not the only thing which has surfaced from Google in the last few days. Along with the new update comes Google Talk 1.3, Google's updated Gmail IM to support video calling.
However, if you're not so hot on the idea of downloading an update and flashing it just to get Google Talk, XDA member britoso has been very delightful and extracted the program from the update for use on any device running 2.3 and over.
The apk, which is provided, cannot be installed directly to your phone by a simple download, though. To install the app, you must uninstall the original Talk app and push the new one with adb. If you're familiar with this process, though, you'll have no troubles, I'm sure!
This is the new Google talk from the Nexus S update yesterday.
Deodexed, made a one line comment in the smali, recompiled, pushed…works!!!
The general response is that the extracted app works, but there does appear to be the occasional issue when it comes to the phone detecting the camera to use for calls. Disregarding that, if this is something you'd like to try, head on over the to the original thread and install the apk.


text:
Synanthedon leptomorpha is een vlinder uit de familie wespvlinders (Sesiidae), onderfamilie Sesiinae.

De naam Synanthedon leptomorpha is, als Aegeria leptomorpha, voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Meyrick in 1931. Het type werd verzameld op 27 maart 1930 door H. Hargreaves, in Kampala, Oeganda. Het wordt bewaard in BMNH. De naam werd in 2012 door Bartsch & Berg tot de synoniemie van Camaegeria aristura (Meyrick, 1931) gereduceerd.

Wespvlinders
Dier uit het Afrotropisch gebied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Coronavirus L.A.
What L.A. residents need to know about how coronavirus is affecting their neighborhoods and daily life.
Fears Over COVID-19 Variant Drive Talks of New Restrictions
Refrigerated Trucks Arrive in L.A. to Ease Pressure on Hospital Morgues as COVID-19 Death Toll Rises
January 8, 2021 |
L.A. County Surpasses 10,000 COVID-19 Deaths
Long-form stories that illuminate Angelenos' daily lives and culture.
California Courts Brace for Eviction Surge
Pandemic's Other Toll: Record Number of Stolen Cars
Murders in Los Angeles Hit Highest Level in Over a Decade
Photos: How a Trump Rally in Downtown Became a Violent Mirror to D.C. Insurrection
Activist Group Plans Blockade of 'Superspreader' Skid Row Concert
La Scala NYE Speak-Easy Plan Draws Ire on Social Media
Upright Citizens Brigade Closes Sunset Theater Permanently
Fascinating locals and their narratives.
The Story Behind the Hot Dog Vendor at the Trump Rally Downtown
Community Spotlight: Plants and Candles and Thai Food, Oh My!
Four L.A. Seniors Remind Us of the Importance of Our Vote
Making the sprawl of Los Angeles a little smaller.
PlacesStrange Days
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December 1, 2020 |
Report Ranks L.A. as 10th Most Expensive City in the World
Attention Shoppers: The East Hollywood Target Opened Sooner Than Expected
Saying Goodnight to Midnight Tacos
What are the Perks and Challenges of Climbing Eagle Rock?
A Eulogy for L.A.'s Fallen Restaurants
12 Things to Do for Halloween 2020
Embracing the weird and wild.
A (Sometimes Goofy) Guide to Recreating the Theme Park Experience at Home
PeopleStrange Days
Meet the Kiwi Transplant Preserving L.A. Landmarks in Miniature
|10 min read
He Once Slept Outside an L.A. Church, Now He's Their Top Chef
December 5, 2019 |Tony Pierce|14
Caesar Sotelo overcame his drug addiction and cooks for those who need it most.
Caesar Sotelo sits on a stool in the kitchen of a church on Fountain Avenue in Little Armenia. Smiling.
To the thousands that drive past it each week, Hope International Bible Fellowship might appear like a typical church with a typical name. But for Sotelo, it's so much more because last September he was sleeping on its stairs at night, struggling with heroin addiction.
Caesar Sotelo takes inventory of the food that has been donated that afternoon before preparing the dishes that he and church volunteers will serve to the poor and homeless that gather twice a day at the Hope/Reality L.A. church. Photo by Tony Pierce.
Today, he is sober, bright-eyed and optimistic. And he's the head chef at the church kitchen, tasked with providing hundreds of meals a week for the throngs of homeless men and women who line up twice a day for a home-cooked meal.
"I had never been a cook before, but now I walk down the street and people say, 'Hey, there's the chef!'" Sotelo says with a laugh.
"I've always had a love for the kitchen because my mom was a great cook," Sotelo says. "I would always sit with her in the kitchen and ask 'Mom, what are you doing? What's this?' So I have always had it in my heart. And I have always had the gift of having my mom's flavor, which separates me from other people. The beauty is when people eat here, sometimes it brings tears to their eyes and they will say, 'Oh it's like my mom or grandma cooked it.'"
During the throes of his addiction, things weren't always so positive for Sotelo and his family. The Santa Barbara native was thrown out of the house on several occasions due to the circumstances surrounding his drug use. He made his way to L.A. where he struggled. And when he returned to the Central Coast, he made do where he could, since he was not welcome anywhere else.
Originally the Fountain Avenue Baptist Church, the ministry is now part of the Reality L.A. family of churches. Each day, men and women climb these steps and receive home-cooked meals. Photo by Tony Pierce.
"The thing is I had no faith. I was hopeless," he says, "I lived under a bridge in Santa Barbara for seven months. I just cried a lot. Not even my family wanted me around. They wanted nothing to do with me because of my addiction."
His biggest challenge in Santa Barbara? Finding a wholesome meal.
"You can always find someone to give you drugs, but it can be very hard to find someone to give you a plate of food," Sotelo says.
He decided to venture back to L.A. one more time and landed in East Hollywood, where he found the Hope church on Fountain Avenue a few blocks west of Vermont Avenue. The church hosted Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, fed the needy and seemed relatively safe.
Caesar Sotelo and Ben Falcioni prepare for the 4 p.m. dinner service. Photo by Tony Pierce.
"I came here with such a defensive attitude," Sotelo says. "There were a lot of arguments involved. It was all about having an attitude outside of these doors. Because out there you have to act that way. You have to be tough or else, you know. I got assaulted twice before I came here."
He was turning 40 and he had nothing but the clothes on his back.
"I was scared," he says, "I didn't want to walk around. I would eat here." And so, he began volunteering at the church all day.
Then, he did something unusual for him. He prayed.
"I asked God, 'What's my mission? You don't want to take me with you,'" he says, adding, "I had three overdoses already. I had no direction. No meaning for my life. 'Show me what you want.'"
"When it was about 9 p.m., I would have to leave," he says. "So I would just prefer to stay here like in a safe — and, of course, it was a church, I felt secure." So he slept on the steps.
These are the stairs Caesar slept on before he got lucky and a bed opened up inside the church. Photo by Tony Pierce.
One day he was volunteering and overheard that a bed had become available. Later that day he heard of a second one. He mentioned that he was looking for housing and thanks to his work ethic and personality, he was given one of the church's six beds. Eventually, he discovered he could cook.
"I see this is the mission he has for me … because I love helping others," he says.
"When I cook and I am in the kitchen, I picture my mom next to me," he says. "I could be having a bad day or a bad moment, but as soon as I come into the kitchen, it goes away. I used to go out there eating from the trash and getting sick from what I ate. But now, I get to cook from my heart and that's the difference."
The church receives a steady stream of donations from a variety of sources. Photo by Tony Pierce.
Leaning up against a wall in the back kitchen is Jason Huyck, an alumnus of the church's Men's Recovery Program. He was the chef right before Sotelo got the role. Huyck stepped down once he graduated from the program.
"I passed the baton to Caesar, but I couldn't be more different," Huyck says. "I was mashed potatoes and meatloaf and homestyle White Boy food. But Caesar arrived and added some flavor to it and I love it."
Huyck's family are farmers from Upstate New York. "So we are all about casseroles. My specialty was Everything But The Kitchen Sink Casserole," he says.
Now that he has graduated from the program, he continues to volunteer at the church and also works at the San Fernando Valley Rescue Mission.
Sotelo in front of the food that is donated every day to the church by Whole Foods and Trader Joes. Photo by Tony Pierce.
Huyck says Sotelo was a good cook immediately but there was one issue when he began — his portions were too small. "Everybody has this problem when they start here," Huyck says. "We're used to cooking for a family of four — or less — and then to cook for 100-plus takes a little getting used to."
Sotelo seems to have gotten used to it. "I like to make enough for seconds now," he says. "People are hungry. This could be their first meal in a long time. It could be their last."
"When I cook Mexican food for them, they enjoy it," Sotelo says. "They love spiciness. We have a mix in our homeless community. There are lots of races and colors, but they love spicy."
He says they love his mole, his green chile adobo and, recently, his brisket. Trader Joe's and Whole Foods regularly donate produce to the church; which for Sotelo illustrates the 180-degree change in his life as those were the dumpsters that he used to dive to feed himself. Now, they deliver that food to him. Gratis.
One of the complaints the church has seen about the fact that they feed the homeless.
Image: NextDoor
Ben Falcioni, who grew up outside of Pasadena, is the director of the church's Men's Recovery Program. "Caesar is a joy to be around," he says, "He wasn't always, but that's a testament to his commitment, and his striving to be better and to learn and grow."
Falcioni, who was also once homeless and addicted to heroin, has been working at the church for the last eight years. He's watched the neighborhood slowly gentrify and tolerance wane for the charitable work the church does.
In a heated thread on the NextDoor app last month, a neighbor of the church complained about the fact that they feed the homeless. She suggested that the church move. Her neighbors on the app overwhelmingly disagreed.
"She's not alone though," Falcioni says. "We've been here a long time feeding the homeless and it's not without complaint from the neighbors. The neighborhood is gentrifying. There are people moving here who don't want 'those' people in their neighborhood."
Falcioni says the church works with the neighborhood council, the city councilman, local police and the city attorney — who has a prosecutor that specializes in homelessness — to make sure their good deeds remain safe and lawful.
"We don't just love the homeless, we love our neighbors," Falcioni says. "It's foolish to think everyone is going to love this. They love it in theory, but maybe not in their backyard."
It's no secret that homelessness in Los Angeles has soared in the last five years, deeply impacting our city and daily lives. While solutions for the homeless epidemic are still up in the air, one thing is certain: we won't solve the problem without working together. This is why L.A. Taco and Los Angeleno have partnered to share untold stories behind these issues in a month-long series that both shines a light on covert ugly actions from our fellow Angelenos and gives a voice to the voiceless.
Hundreds of Illegal Sidewalk Planters are Still Displacing the Homeless in L.A., 6 Months After the City Council Said They Would Investigate – L.A. Taco
Surviving for Two: Pregnant and Homeless in L.A. – Los Angeleno
Are Vigilante Groups on Facebook to Blame for the Spike in Violence Against the Homeless? – L.A. Taco
From Haircuts to Skill-Building Workshops, ProjectQ Fills in the Gaps for Homeless LGBTQ Teens – Los Angeleno
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Tony Pierce
Tony Pierce is the former Blog Editor for the LA Times and KPCC. He is also the former editor of LAist. But, he considers the 5,000 trips he took as an Uber driver as teaching him the most about L.A.
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Home Entertainment Nia Dacosta, MCU's key new director, says Wandavision Star
Nia Dacosta, MCU's key new director, says Wandavision Star
Marvel Universe's new rising star Diona Paris has not hidden her admiration for her friend director Nia Dacosta.
Appreciated at the Tribeca Independence Film Festival 2019 (for Little Woods), Director Nia Dacosta soon found a place in the big blockbusters. First, he did the remake Candy man, A horror film produced by Jordan Peale's production company, Mangipav. The film was originally scheduled to release in early summer 2020: it will eventually be seen in theaters August 27, 2021.
Another universe, another victory for Nia Dacosta: she will soon realize The Marvels, Follows Captain Marvel To the MCU. On display, there will be Diona Paris (Monica Rambo in the Marvel Universe) we saw Vandavision A few weeks ago and this is one of the main characters Candy man.
Diona Paris in Nia Dacosta's Candyman
During an interview with the US site Conflict, Diona Paris said all the good things she thought about her new favorite director:
"I have a feeling she gets a lot of importance in asking our opinion on who this character is and what story we want to tell … most of the time, when I say to her 'I was thinking about it', she is already thinking about herself and how she does it. She is already working.I want her to always be one step ahead and I am good in her company.He is always good to me.The points of the story and the evolution of the characters.
[Et puis], I like the way things look. I love his visual sensitivity. She was so smart … I was so glad I was able to work with her in the first place, when I found out about The Marvels … it was historically special! She goes down in history! "
See also Clint Eastwood, Durifer of Ordinary Heroes
Diona Paris: MCU's new black icon?
The Nia Dacosta selection to take charge from Anna Botan and Ryan Fleck effectively sold out as a historic breakthrough in the Marvel Universe: Dacosta was the first African-American woman to direct the MCU film. He is a descendant of Ryan Kugler (Black leopard) And Chloe Zhao (Director Eternities, Nominated for an Oscar Nomlandland), Two talented directors, who have been taken to the skies in Hollywood for representational issues.
Anger Vandavision, And Candy man, Diona Paris soon to star in science fiction comedy John Boyce and Jamie Foxx They cloned Tyrone. He will be working again with Nia Dacosta The Marvels, Its shooting is set to begin in early June in Los Angeles. In France, the film is to be released November 9, 2022.


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