text:
Plitvice Lakes incident
Part of the Croatian War of Independence
Croatian victory
Croatia SAO Krajina
Josip Lucić Milan Martić
c. 300 troops c. 100 troops
7 wounded 1 killed
29 captured
Croatian War
of Independence
Kijevo
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Timeline of all major events
Log Revolution
Events in Serbia
The Plitvice Lakes incident (Croatian: Krvavi Uskrs na Plitvicama or Plitvički krvavi Uskrs, both translating as "Plitvice Bloody Easter") was an armed clash at the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence. It was fought between Croatian police and armed forces from the Croatian Serb-established SAO Krajina at the Plitvice Lakes in Croatia, on 31 March 1991. The fighting followed the SAO Krajina's takeover of the Plitvice Lakes National Park and resulted in Croatia recapturing the area. The clash resulted in one killed on each side and contributed to the worsening ethnic tensions.
The fighting prompted the Presidency of Yugoslavia to order the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) to step in and create a buffer zone between the opposing forces. The JNA arrived at the scene the following day and presented Croatia with an ultimatum requesting the police to withdraw. Even though the special police units which captured the Plitvice Lakes area did pull out on 2 April, a newly established Croatian police station, staffed by 90 officers, remained in place. The police station was blockaded by the JNA three months later, and captured in late August 1991.
2.1 JNA intervention
5.2 Scientific journal articles
5.3 News reports
5.4 Other sources
Background[]
See also: Log Revolution
In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, ethnic tensions worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana – TO) weapons to minimize resistance.[1] On 17 August, the tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs,[2] centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin,[3] parts of the Lika, Kordun, Banovina regions and eastern Croatia.[4] They established a Serbian National Council in July 1990, to coordinate opposition to Croatian President Franjo Tuđman's policy of pursuing independence for Croatia. Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president. Knin's police chief, Milan Martić, established paramilitary militias. The two men eventually became the political and military leaders of the SAO Krajina, a self-declared state incorporating the Serb-inhabited areas of Croatia.[5]
In the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. In an effort to bolster its defence, Croatia doubled the size of its police force to about 20,000. The most effective part of the force was the 3,000-strong special police that were deployed in 12 battalions adopting military organisation. In addition there were 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police. The reserve police were set up in 16 battalions and 10 companies, but they lacked weapons.[6]
In an effort to consolidate territory under their control,[7] Croatian Serb leaders organised a political rally at the Plitvice Lakes on 25 March 1991, demanding the area be annexed to the SAO Krajina. Three days later, on 28 March, SAO Krajina special police seized the area,[8] and with the help of armed civilians, removed the Croatian management of the Plitvice Lakes National Park.[7] The force deployed by the SAO Krajina to the Plitvice Lakes was estimated to be approximately 100-strong.[9] The region was relatively sparsely populated and there was no obvious threat to Serbs there. Journalist Tim Judah suggests that the move may have been motivated by a desire to control a strategic road that ran north-south through the park, linking the Serb communities in the Lika and Banovina regions.[10]
Timeline[]
Croatian police convoy after the ambush at the Plitvice Lakes, 31 March 1991
Croatia deployed special police forces, specifically the Lučko, Rakitje and Sljeme special police units based in and around Zagreb, supported by additional police forces drawn from Karlovac and Gospić to retake the Plitvice Lakes area.[8] The Croatian police force, commanded by Josip Lucić, used several buses and passenger cars, as well as an armoured personnel carrier, to approach the Plitvice Lakes area.[11] The main 180-strong group of the Rakitje Special Police Unit (SPU), directly commanded by Lucić, arrived in dense fog, along the main road from Zagreb via the Korana River bridge. The bridge was secured by the Lučko unit shortly before midnight on 30/31 March 1991.[12] An auxiliary force approached the Plitvice Lakes via Ličko Petrovo Selo, while the Kumrovec SPU was deployed in the area between the lakes and Gospić, where it captured the Ljubovo Pass to secure the right flank of the main effort.[13] The total attacking force comprised approximately 300 troops.[14]
The approaching convoy was ambushed at a barricade set up by the SAO Krajina force near Plitvice Lakes before 7:00 in the morning of Easter Sunday, 31 March 1991. The SAO Krajina force attacked the vehicles carrying the Croatian police and held their position until they fell back to the national park post office two and a half hours later. The Croatian advance, additionally hindered by deep snow, was achieved at a cost of six wounded. The attacking force secured its objectives by 11:00 am. As the attacking operation reached its completion, the Croatian military sustained its first combat fatality of the Croatian War of Independence, when Josip Jović was killed by a machine gun covering retreating SAO Krajina troops. Shortly afterwards, the Yugoslav Air Force dispatched a Mil Mi-8 helicopter to attend to wounded on both sides, and it left the area after an hour and a half. The helicopter was dispatched by Colonel General Anton Tus, head of the Yugoslav Air Force at the time, following a request by Josip Boljkovac, Interior Minister of Croatia.[15] As the fighting around Plitvice ended, sporadic gunfire was reported near Titova Korenica, to the south.[16] The same afternoon, a Croatian police station was established at the Plitvice Lakes and Tomislav Iljić was appointed its commanding officer.[8] The station was staffed by approximately 90 police officers who were redeployed from Gospić.[14]
The Presidency of Yugoslavia met in an emergency session the same evening to discuss the clash. At the insistence of Serbia's representative on the Presidency, Borisav Jović, the JNA was ordered to intervene, gain control in the area and prevent further combat.[17] The Serbian parliament also met in an emergency session, treating the clashes as a virtual casus belli and voting to offer the Krajina Serbs "all necessary help" in their conflict with Zagreb.[10] The following day, the SAO Krajina adopted a resolution to the effect that the territory was incorporated into Serbia, whose constitution and laws were adopted for use in the Serb-held areas of Croatia.[18] Croatian authorities accused Serbia's president, Slobodan Milošević, of stage-managing the unrest in order to break Croatia's resolve to declare independence unless Yugoslavia was transformed into a loose confederation. They also accused him of attempting to coax the JNA to overthrow Croatian government.[16]
JNA intervention[]
On 1 April, the JNA established a buffer zone to separate the belligerents at Plitvice Lakes, deploying elements of the 1st and the 5th Military Districts. Those were an armoured battalion of the 329th Armoured Brigade based in Banja Luka, a battalion of the 6th Mountain Brigade based in Delnice, a reconnaissance company and a mechanised battalion of the 4th Armoured Brigade based in Jastrebarsko and Karlovac, a battalion of the 306th Light Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment based in Zagreb, a signals company of the 367th Signals Regiment based in Samobor, a company of the 13th Military Police Battalion based in Rijeka and an anti-aircraft artillery battery drawn from the 13th Proletarian Motorised Brigade based in Rijeka. Finally, the 5th Military District set up a forward command post at the Plitvice Lakes.[19] The JNA force at the Plitvice Lakes was commanded by Colonel Ivan Štimac.[20][21]
The commanding officer of the 5th Military District, Major General Andrija Rašeta, in overall command of the JNA intervention, told the media that his men were not protecting either side and were there only to prevent ethnic confrontations for an indeterminate period. However, the Croatian government reacted furiously to the JNA move. Tuđman's aide, Mario Nobilo, claimed that the JNA had told Croatian officials that it would engage the police if they did not leave Plitvice. In a radio address, Tuđman said that the JNA would be regarded as a hostile army of occupation if its course of action remained unchanged.[10] On 2 April, the JNA handed the Croatian authorities an ultimatum, requesting the police leave Plitvice.[22] The special police left Plitvice the same day, but the 90 officers staffing the newly established police station remained in place.[14]
Aftermath[]
Memorial to Josip Jović, the first Croatian policeman killed in action
Police officer Josip Jović was the only Croatian fatality in the incident.[11] The SAO Krajina force also suffered one killed in the fighting—Rajko Vukadinović, who was the first Croatian Serb combat fatality in the war.[19] A total of 20 people were wounded,[23][24] seven of whom were the Croatian police.[11] The Croatian forces captured 29 SAO Krajina troops,[17] 18 of whom were formally charged with insurgency.[25] Among the prisoners was Goran Hadžić, later to become the President of the Republic of Serbian Krajina,[10] although he was quickly released. Hadžić's release was explained as a goodwill gesture by the authorities,[8] but Boljkovac claims he was released because he was collaborating with the Croatian authorities in 1991.[26] Approximately 400 tourists, most of them Italian, were evacuated from the Plitvice Lakes after the fighting.[15]
The clash at the Plitvice Lakes worsened the overall situation in Croatia and led to an escalation of the conflict.[27] Even though the Croatian and Serb forces were separated by the JNA at the Plitvice Lakes, the situation in the area continued to deteriorate following the clash. In nearby Plaški, Croatian police personnel left the local police station and were replaced by Serb officers.[28] Both SAO Krajina and Croatian forces set up several roadblocks on the Saborsko–Lička Jasenica–Ogulin road. By summer, the blockades were extended to the north of Plaški and south of Saborsko,[29] where Croatian authorities established another 30-strong police station on 2 April. Only JNA vehicles were permitted to pass the roadblocks,[30] and that brought about a shortage of food, medicine and electricity in the area.[29]
On 2 May, the Serb Democratic Party, the ruling party in the SAO Krajina, organised a protest march to the Plitvice Lakes and a political rally demanding the Croatian police withdraw from Plitvice. The march, led by Babić and Vojislav Šešelj, was prevented from reaching the Plitvice Lakes by the JNA and forced to return to Titova Korenica.[31] The JNA imposed a blockade of the Plitvice Lakes police station on 1 July, on the pretext that the Croatian police had abducted and imprisoned two JNA officers. By 6 July, the SAO Krajina forces and the JNA commenced attacks on the Ljubovo Pass southeast of the Plitvice Lakes, on the Titova Korenica–Gospić road, driving the Croatian National Guard back and capturing the pass by the end of the month.[32] Throughout the summer, the JNA continued to engage Croatian forces in Lika using the units deployed to the Plitvice Lakes in April. The fighting escalated further on 30 August, when the JNA captured the Plitvice Lakes police station and the following day when the Battle of Gospić began.[33]
Jović is largely viewed in Croatia as the first casualty of the Croatian War of Independence. A monument dedicated to him was erected in his birthplace of Aržano in 1994.[34] After the war, a monument was erected at the site of his death, where annual commemorations of the clash are held.[35] The clash and Jović's death are commemorated annually at the Plitvice Lakes.[36]
^ Hoare 2010, p. 117.
^ The New York Times & 19 August 1990.
^ ICTY & 12 June 2007.
^ Repe 2009, pp. 141–142.
^ CIA 2002, p. 86.
^ a b CIA 2002, p. 90.
^ a b c d Nazor 2007, p. 60.
^ Mesić 2004, p. 211.
^ a b c d Judah 2009, pp. 175–176, 244.
^ a b c Večernji list & 29 March 2013.
^ Hrvatski vojnik & October 2012.
^ MUP 2010, p. 26.
^ a b c HMDCDR 2007, p. 104.
^ a b Jutarnji list & 30 March 2006.
^ a b The New York Times & 1 April 1991.
^ a b Wachtel & Bennett 2012, p. 40.
^ Armatta 2010, p. 462.
^ a b Marijan 2006, p. 225.
^ Slobodna Dalmacija & 30 March 2001.
^ Bennett 1995, p. 150.
^ Meier 2013, p. 171.
^ Goldstein 1999, p. 220.
^ Crnobrnja 1996, p. 157.
^ MUP & 29 March 2011.
^ Večernji list & 30 May 2011.
^ Grandits & Leutloff 2003, pp. 36–37.
^ ICTY & 12 June 2007, pp. 72–73.
^ a b ICTY & 12 June 2007, p. 73.
^ ICTY & 12 June 2007, p. 79.
^ Marijan 2006, p. 226.
^ Večernji list & 31 March 2013 (a).
^ Novi list & 31 March 2012.
^ Večernji list & 31 March 2013 (b).
Books[]
Armatta, Judith (2010). Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-82234746-0.
Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781850652328.
Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. OCLC 50396958.
Crnobrnja, Mihailo (1996). The Yugoslav Drama. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773566156.
Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773520172.
Grandits, Hannes; Leutloff, Carolin (2003). "Discourses, Actors, Violence: The Organisation of War-Escalation in the Krajina Region of Croatia 1990–91". In Koehler, Jan; Zürcher, Christoph (eds.). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. pp. 23–45. ISBN 9780719062414.
Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
Judah, Tim (2009). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300158267.
Meier, Viktor (2013). Yugoslavia: A History of its Demise. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781134665105.
Mesić, Stjepan (2004). The Demise of Yugoslavia: A Political Memoir. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9241-81-7.
Nazor, Ante (2007). Počeci suvremene hrvatske države: kronologija procesa osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske: od Memoranduma SANU 1986. do proglašenja neovisnosti 8. listopada 1991 [Beginnings of the Modern Croatian State: A Chronology of the Independence of the Republic of Croatia: from 1986 SANU Memorandum to the Declaration of Independence on 8 October 1991] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Homeland War Memorial Documentation Centre. ISBN 9789537439019.
Petković, T. (2007). "Odelenju bezbednosti KRV i PVO, Sumarni izveštaj za 02.04.1991.g." [To Security Department of the Air Force and Air Defence Command, Summary Report for 2 April 1991]. In Rupić, Mate (ed.). Republika Hrvatska i domovinski rat 1990.-1995., dokumenti, knjiga 1 [Republic of Croatia and the Croatian War of Independence 1991–95, Documents, Volume 1] (PDF) (in Serbian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Memorial-Documentation Centre of the Homeland War. pp. 102–104. ISBN 9789537439033.
Repe, Božo (2009). "Balkan Wars". In Forsythe, David P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 138–147. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
Wachtel, Andrew; Bennett, Christopher (2012). "The Dissolution of Yugoslavia". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Thomas Allan Emmert (eds.). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 13–47. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7.
Scientific journal articles[]
Marijan, Davor (December 2006). "Djelovanje JNA i pobunjenih Srba u Lici 1990.-1992. godine" [Activities of the JNA and rebel Serbs in Lika in 1991–1992]. The Review of Senj (in Croatian). City Museum Senj – Senj Museum Society. 33 (1). ISSN 0582-673X.
News reports[]
Capar, Luka (29 March 2013). "Obljetnica: 'Krvavi Uskrs' na Plitvicama 1991. godine" [Anniversary: "Bloody Easter" at Plitvice, 1991]. Večernji list (in Croatian). ISSN 1333-9192. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
Capar, Luka (31 March 2013). "Obljetnica: Josip Jović – prva žrtva Domovinskog rata" [Anniversary: Josip Jović – the First Victim of the Croatian War of Independence]. Večernji list (in Croatian). ISSN 1333-9192. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
Dukić, Snježana (30 March 2001). "Na okruglom stolu i general Ivan Štimac koji je zapovijedao tenkovima JNA na Plitvicama!" [General Ivan Štimac who Commanded JNA Tanks at Plitvice Attends Roundtable!]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). ISSN 1333-9192. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
"Obilježena 21. obljetnica akcije "Plitvice" i pogibije Josipa Jovića" [The 21st Anniversary of the Operation Plitvice and Death of Josip Jović Marked]. Novi list (in Croatian). HINA. 31 March 2012. ISSN 1334-1545. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012.
Perica, Silvana; Bičak, Snježana (30 May 2011). "Boljkovac: Goran Hadžić bio je mirotvorac, surađivao je 1991" [Boljkovac: Goran Hadžić was a Peacemaker, he Collaborated in 1991]. Večernji list (in Croatian). ISSN 1333-9192. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
Radoš, Ivica (30 March 2006). "Obljetnica krvavog Uskrsa 1991.: Posljednje riječi su mu bile: 'Tata, tata'" [1991 Bloody Easter Anniversary: His Last Words were: Dad, Dad]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). ISSN 1331-5692. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
"Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts". The New York Times. Reuters. 19 August 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
Sudetic, Chuck (1 April 1991). "Deadly Clash in a Yugoslav Republic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013.
Vidović, Iva (31 March 2013). "Branitelji se povukli sa skupa na Plitvicama: Gdje je predsjednik?!" [Veterans Pull Out of the Plitivce Event: Where is the President?!]. Večernji list (in Croatian). ISSN 1333-9192. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
Other sources[]
"In memoriam: Josip Jović" (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014.
Nazor, Ante (October 2012). "Krvavi Uskrs – Akcija Plitvice" [Bloody Easter – Operation Plitvice]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia) (407). ISSN 1333-9036.
"The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic – Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 12 June 2007.
Žužul, Marija (2010). "Josip Jović – Prva žrtva Domovinskog rata" [Josip Jović – The First Victim of the Croatian War of Independence]. In Kreš, Marija (ed.). Policija u Domovinskom ratu 1990.-1991 [Police in the Croatian War of Independence 1990–1991] (PDF) (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). pp. 21–27.
Coordinates: 44°52′48″N 15°36′36″E / 44.88000°N 15.61000°E / 44.88000; 15.61000
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Borisav Jović
Slobodan Milošević
Momir Bulatović
Milo Đukanović
Vuk Drašković
Milan Kučan
Lojze Peterle
Janez Janša
Franjo Tuđman
Stjepan Mesić
Ante Paradžik †
Dobroslav Paraga
Alija Izetbegović
Mate Boban
Fikret Abdić
Radovan Karadžić
Biljana Plavšić
Momčilo Krajišnik
Mirko Jović
Jovan Rašković †
Milan Babić
Goran Hadžić
Milan Martić
Vojislav Šešelj
Top military commanders:
Veljko Kadijević
Života Panić
Momčilo Perišić
Janko Bobetko
Martin Špegelj
Gojko Šušak
Mile Novaković
Mile Mrkšić
Ratko Mladić
Rasim Delić
Sefer Halilović
Atif Dudaković
Dragoljub Ojdanić
Nebojša Pavković
Vladimir Lazarević
Other notable commanders:
Blago Zadro †
Blaž Kraljević †
Ante Gotovina
Jovan Divjak
Naser Orić
Veselin Šljivančanin
Milan Tepić †
Đorđe Božović †
Vukašin Šoškoćanin †
Veljko Milanković †
Ljubiša Savić
Dragan Vasiljković
Željko Ražnatović
Milorad Ulemek
Key foreign figures:
Lord Carrington
Cyrus Vance
Lord Owen
Richard Holbrooke
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
1991 siege of Kijevo
Battle of Borovo Selo
1991 riot in Zadar
1991 protest in Split
SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
Operation Labrador
Bombing of Banski dvori
Široka Kula massacre
Lovas massacre
Baćin massacre
Saborsko massacre
Battle of Logorište
Erdut massacre
Kostrići massacre
Škabrnja massacre
Paulin Dvor massacre
Gornje Jame massacre
Voćin massacre
Joševica massacre
Operation Devil's Beam
Bruška massacre
Sarajevo Agreement
1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing
Operation Tiger (1992)
Operation Liberated Land
Battle of Konavle
Operation Vlaštica
Daruvar Agreement
Operation Backstop
Z-4 Plan
Operation Leap 1
Zagreb rocket attack
Varivode massacre
Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence
Begejci camp
Bučje camp
Knin camp
Lora prison camp
Ovčara camp
Sremska Mitrovica prison camp
Stajićevo camp
Velepromet camp
Independence of Croatia
Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia
Bosnian War
Bosnian side
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1st Corps
2nd Corps
3rd Corps
4th Corps
Patriotic League
Green Berets
Croatian Defence Forces
Croat side
Croatian Defence Council
Serb side
Army of Republika Srpska
1st Krajina Corps
2nd Krajina Corps
East Bosnia Corps
Herzegovina Corps
Sarajevo-Romanija Corps
Drina Corps
Serb Volunteer Guard
Karađorđevo meeting
Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
Serb Autonomous Regions
Bosanska Krajina
North-East Bosnia
Romanija
Establishment of Republika Srpska
Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum
Sarajevo wedding shooting
Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Battle of Bosanski Brod
Sijekovac killings
Bijeljina massacre
1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo
Battle of Kupres
Foča ethnic cleansing
Siege of Srebrenica
Zvornik massacre
Snagovo massacre
Prijedor ethnic cleansing
Sarajevo column incident
Siege of Goražde
Glogova massacre
Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing
Tuzla column incident
Zaklopača massacre
Vilina Vlas
Siege of Doboj
Bijeli Potok massacre
Pionirska Street fire
Višegrad massacres
Bosanska Jagodina
Paklenik
Barimo
Sjeverin
Čemerno massacre
Ahatovići massacre
Croat–Bosniak War
Operation Corridor 92
Bikavac fire
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
Korićani Cliffs massacre
Gornja Jošanica massacre
Kravica attack
Duša killings
Skelani massacre
Štrpci
Srebrenica shelling
Ahmići massacre
Trusina killings
Sovići and Doljani massacres
Vranica case
Dobrinja mortar attack
Operation Irma
Grabovica massacre
Mokronoge massacre
Stupni Do massacre
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Operation Deny Flight
Križančevo Selo killings
First Markale massacre
Banja Luka incident
Washington Agreement
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Operation Bøllebank
Attack on Spin magazine journalists
Operation Amanda
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347
Operation Spider
Split Agreement
Pale air strikes
Tuzla shelling
Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
Srebrenica massacre
Kravica
Battle for Vozuća
Operation Miracle
Second Markale massacre
NATO bombing campaign
Operation Mistral 2
Operation Sana
Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs
Manjača
Liplje
Omarska
Trnopolje
Sušica
Čelebići
Batković
Dretelj
Uzamnica
Heliodrom
Gabela
Vojno
Ethnic cleansing and massacres
Bosnian genocide
Peace plans
NATO intervention
Foreign support
Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War)


As an R&D Engineer Processes, you will be responsible for the design and development of the processes required for the high-volume production of our sensors. In close cooperation with project management, you will define the requirements for processes and coordinate their implementation with your counterparts in the technology groups (Software, Hardware, Automation, etc.) and with external suppliers. You will qualify the manufactured systems and processes, and deliver them to Production. As the process owner, you will monitor and analyze your processes in order to continually improve quality and performance, thus laying the groundwork for the creation of innovative products.
Also read Roman Erne's employee testimonial, if you'd like to gain a deeper insight into the daily work of a process engineer.


Welcome to the day after Halloween, too much candy hangover, take the leftovers to work, full moon, November 1st edition of the Leadership Development Carnival.
There's no bottom of the treat bag dum-dums in this edition - nothing but full-size snicker bars.
So grab your candy bag and get ready to fill it up with some sweet advice, opinions, and ideas from some of your favorite leadership bloggers.
You can also follow many of these bloggers on Twitter by using this Twitter group, courtesy of Becky Robinson.
We lead off with Wally Bock presenting Let's hear it for the role models posted at Momentor.
Next up is Mary Jo Asmus presenting Choosing posted at Mary Jo Asmus.
Anne Perschel presents Never Waste A Good Recession posted at Germane Insights.
Steve Roesler presents Team Leaders: Do You Do This? posted at All Things Workplace.
Becky Robinson presents Leading in Relationships posted at Mountain State University LeaderTalk.
Ideas for leaders to ponder when using metaphors to inspire followers: Jennifer V. Miller presents In the Family Way posted at Jennifer V. Miller.
Mark Stelzner presents What Costume Are You Wearing? posted at Inflexion Point.
Chris Young presents Maximize Possibility Blog: Are You a Victim of "Satisfactory" Performance? posted at Maximize Possibility Blog.
Bret L. Simmons presents Leadership Integrity: Touchy-Feely Crap? » Bret L. Simmons – Positive Organizational Behavior posted at Bret L. Simmons - Positive Organizational Behavior.
Can you teach someone to be a great leader? Or does something else have to happen? Wally Bock presents Can leadership be taught? posted at Three Star Leadership Blog.
Mike Myatt presents CEO Success...It's not Random posted at N2Growth Blog.
Everyday management lessons from a popular reality TV show: Sharlyn Lauby presents What I've Learned About Business From Mike Rowe posted at HR Bartender.
This post is a description of my most recent personal journey to do hard things: Michael Ray Hopkin presents Do hard things posted at Lead on Purpose.
Adi Gaskell presents How far are you spreading your talent web? posted at The Management Blog.
Alice Snell presents Home Grown Leaders Get Respect posted at Taleo Blog - Talent Management Solutions.
This is a list of the 7 books that were most influential in my develop as a leader: Tom Glover presents 7 Books That Made Me the Leader I Am Today posted at Reflection Leadership.
Some important takeaways from the recent "Talent Management Challenge" around Strengths focus and Self-assessments: Amy Wilson presents A Couple Things to Learn about Leadership posted at TalentedApps.
The most important actions that foster engagement aren't rocket science; they just require a little consideration and common sense. Miki Saxon presents Ducks In A Row: The 7 Word Genius Of Engagement : Leadership Turn - Articles, tips, and resources about leadership. posted at Leadership Turn.
Lisa Rosendahl presents On NOT Making a Decision posted at Lisa Rosendahl.
Building the bench is not reserved for good economic times. It is just as critical when times are tough and is a critical leadership responsibility. Tom Magness presents Building the Bench posted at Leader Business.
Bill Matthies presents Business Wisdom: Words to Manage By posted at Business Wisdom: Words to Manage By.
Janna Rust presents Leadership & Management: What's the Difference? posted at Purposeful Leadership.
If you're looking to develop leadership talent in your organization, start by getting the support of your top executives. According to the preliminary results of i4cp's major new study on leadership competencies, conducted in partnership with the American Management Association, executive support is the number-one factor that contributes to proper leadership development. Erik Samdahl presents It Takes Good Leadership to Develop Good Leaders - i4cp posted at Productivity Blog.
As more and more followers yearn for their leaders to be real, this post explores what steps are needed to lead with authority. Eric Pennington presents So Many Masks, So Little Time posted at Epic Living - Leadership Development Career Management Training Executive Life Coaching Author.
Management must strive to transform their organizations into engaged and authentic communites during the next 10 years. David Zinger presents Henry Mintzberg on Creating a Community of Employee Engagement posted at David Zinger Associates.
Anna Farmery presents Who is at the centre of your world? posted at The Engaging Brand.
Wayne Turmel presents Why can't IT speak our language? posted at TPN :: The Cranky Middle Manager Show.
Silence truly is golden, it allows your mind to soar, explore and be creative; it also encourages you to become friends with yourself. Miki Saxon presents MAPping Company Success posted at MAPping Company Success.
Nick McCormick presents Ready to Take ?The Leap?? posted at Joe and Wanda on Management.
There are many theories on every aspect of leadership. The reason for this amount of theories is that leadership is complex and variant. Given the importance of effective leaders in any organization, the companies try to ask many questions for evaluating leadership characteristics of a candidate. Nissim Ziv presents Leadership Interview Questions and Answers: Examples of Skills for Leaders posted at Job Interview & Career Guide.
Dan's note: this one's a little off the theme of leadership, but it's a great list of writing resources: Barbara Williams presents The Ultimate Guide to Better Business Writing: 100 Tips, Tools, and Resources posted at Online Degree Programs.org.
Albie presents Your personality affects your global leadership style posted at iDevelopWorld.
Bill Bubenicek presents 10 Ways To Get A Seat On A Small Business Advisory Board posted at BoardMyBiz.com.
Here are a few tips to help you create powerful presence when you open any presentation: Angela DeFinis presents Create a Powerful Presence posted at DeFinis Communications.
Kara Wirt presents Good questioner = good person posted at Dr. G.
Linda Jones presents 101 Business Books Everyone Can Learn From posted at AccreditedOnlineColleges.org.
This post is about how managers can help survivors of layoffs and keep them productive and committed to the company: Aaron Windeler presents Helping survivors through layoffs: the importance of feeling in control posted at Scientific Management.
Trent Cotton presents 7 Ways to Increase Morale and Productivity posted at Helping Businesses Succeed.
Karthik Raj G presents What makes a good leader? posted at KARTHIK RAJ G.
I became more productive and focused throughout my day by waking up earlier. Learn the techniques I used to accomplish much more with my business. Ralph Jean-Paul presents How To Wake Up Early Without Hating It: My 3 A.M. Experiment posted at Potential 2 Success.
Leaders need to be sure they are taking care of themselves, so they can bring the most benefit to others. Erin Schreyer presents Be the Best You, To Be the Best Leader posted at Authentic Leadership.
When hiring new employees, jargon specific to the workplace should not be used or explained up front. Dallas Bragg presents Watch that Workplace Jargon! posted at Developing Daily.
Jane Perdue presents Losing Your Leadership Wings posted at Life, Love & Leadership.
Bob Lieberman presents The Identity Crisis posted at Cultivating Creativity – Developing Leaders for the Creative Economy.
Albie presents 10 Reasons why you should keep a journal posted at iDevelopWorld.
This blog posts discusses how to manage whining into a constructive activity: Elyse presents How to manage Whining with no Problem Solving posted at Anticlue.
That's it for this month's edition! Next month's Carnival will be December 6 , 2009, hosted by Mark Stelzner, at Inflexion Point. Use the Carnival Submission Form to submit your post.
Wow Dan, what a carnival. And when does one have time to do anything else with all these selections? Can you tell me that?!
And what else could be more important?


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text:
Q: Use bash to extract number from between square brackets My file looks like this:
[581]((((((((501:0.00024264,451:0.00024264):0.000316197,310:0.000558837):0.00857295,((589:0.000409158,538:0.000409158):0.000658084,207:0.00106724
):0.00806454):0.0429702,(((198:0.00390205,91:0.00390205):0.016191,79:0.0200931):0.0147515,(187:0.00133008,50:0.00133008):0.0335145):0.0172574):0.
127506,((140:0.00253019,117:0.00253019):0.0533693,(((533:0.00728707,(463:8.80494e-05,450:8.80494e-05):0.00719902):0.0217722,389:0.0290593):0.0253
931,(((141:0.018004,107:0.018004):0.0143861,(111:0.00396127,(106:0.00161229,12:0.00161229):0.00234898):0.0284289):0.0145736,(129:0.0195982,((123:
0.0105973,66:0.0105973):0.0084867,10:0.019084):0.000514243):0.0273656):0.00748854):0.00144709):0.123708):0.000944439,((181:0.00108761,71:0.00108761):0.0819772);
[50]((((((((501:0.00024264,451:0.00024264):0.000316197,310:0.000558837):0.00857295,((589:0.000409158,538:0.000409158):0.000658084,207:0.00106724):0.00806454):0.0429702,(((198:0.00390205,91:0.00390205):0.016191,79:0.0200931):0.0147515,(187:0.00133008,50:0.00133008):0.0335145):0.0172574):0.127506,((140:0.00253019,117:0.00253019):0.0533693,(((533:0.00728707,(463:8.80494e-05,450:8.80494e-05):0.00719902):0.0217722,389:0.0290593):0.0253931,(((141:0.018004,107:0.018004):0.0143861,(111:0.00396127,(106:0.00161229,12:0.00161229):0.00234898):0.0284289):0.0145736,(129:0.0195982,((123:0.0105973,66:0.0105973):0.0084867,10:0.019084):0.000514243):0.0273656):0.00748854):0.00144709):0.123708):0.000944439,((181:0.00108761,71:0.00108761):0.0819772);

Every new line starts with the pattern [number]. Every line ends with the pattern );.
I need to extract the numbers in the square brackets from the beginning of every line, and write them into a new file. I don't know how many lines the file has beforehand.

A: Using sed:

*

*< inputfile sed -n 's/^\[\([0-9]*\)\].*$/\1/p' > out

Command breakdown:

*

*< inputfile: redirects the content of inputfile to stdin

*-n: suppresses output

*> out: redirects the content of stdout to out
Regex breakdown:

*

*s: performs a substitution

*/: starts the regex

*^: matches the start of the line

*\[: matches a [ character

*\(: starts the capturing group

*[0-9]*: matches any number of digits

*\): stops the capturing group

*\]: matches a ] character

*.*: matches any number of any character

*$: matches the end of the line

*/: stops the regex / starts the replacement

*\1: replaces with the first capturing group

*/: stops the replacement

*p: prints only the matching lines

Using grep+tr (if you need a method that runs both on Ubuntu and on another OS whose grep doesn't support PCRE--otherwise, refer to Eliah Kagan's grep-only version):

*

*< inputfile grep -o '^\[[0-9]*\]' | tr -d '[]' > out
Command breakdown:

*

*< inputfile in grep: redirects the content of inputfile to stdin

*-o in grep: prints only the match

*-d in tr: deletes the characters

*> out in tr: redirects the content of stdout to out
Regex breakdown:

*

*^: matches the start of the line

*\[: matches a [ character

*[0-9]*: matches any number of digits

*\]: matches a ] character

A: the perl way:
perl -ne 'print "$1\n" if /^\[([0-9]*)\].*/' testdata > out

or with awk:
awk 'match($0, /^\[[0-9]*\]/) {print substr($0, RSTART + 1, RLENGTH - 2)}' testdata > out

Used Regex in both cases:
^\[[0-9]*\]

Explanation

*

*/^\[[0-9]*\]/

*

*^ assert position at start of the string

*\[ matches the character [ literally

*[0-9]* match a single character present in the list below

*

*Quantifier: * Between zero and unlimited times, as many times as possible, giving back as needed [greedy]

*0-9 a single character in the range between 0 and 9

*\] matches the character ] literally

(source: debuggex.com)
Debuggex Demo

A: Use this in Bash:
 grep -oh '\[[0-9].*\]' mytestfile | sed 's/.*\[\([^]]*\)\].*/\1/g' > myresultfile

A: You can achieve this with just a single grep command. This is because GNU grep lets you use a Perl regular expression (-P), which supports zero-width lookaround assertions (\K and (?= ), in this case):
grep -oP '^\[\K\d+(?=\])' infile
As written, that will send the output to your terminal. To redirect it to a file, use:
grep -oP '^\[\K\d+(?=\])' infile > outfile
This method has the advantage of brevity and simplicity. It matches text that

*

*is preceded by (\K)

*

*a [ character(\[) -- \ is needed as [ otherwise has a special meaning in regular expressions

*that appears at the beginning of a line (^);

*consists of one or more (+) digits (\d);

*is followed by ((?= ))

*

*a ] character (\]) -- like with [, \ forces ] to be matched literally.

A: python solution using re module and considering two situations :
#!/usr/bin/env python2
import re
with open('/path/to/file.txt') as f:
    for line in f:
        digits_case_1 = re.search(r'(?<=^\[)\d+(?=\])', line)
        digits_case_2 = re.search(r'(?<=^\[)\d+(?=\].*\);$)', line)
        if digits_case_1:
            print 'Not considering ");" at end: ' + digits_case_1.group()
        if digits_case_2:
            print 'Considering ");" at end: ' + digits_case_2.group()

Output :
Not considering ");" at end: 581
Not considering ");" at end: 50
Considering ");" at end: 50

Here i have considered two situations as your question does not seem clear to me.

*

*digits_case_1 will print the digits match between [] at the start of the line, it will not consider whether the line is ending with ); or not.

*digits_case_2 will print digits between [] at the start of the line only if the line is ending with );.

A: cat $FILE | awk -F\] '{ print $1 }' | grep '\[' | tr -d '['
Where the progression is:§
$ FILE=/tmp/tmp.tmp

$ cat $FILE
[581]((((((((501:0.00024264,451:0.00024264):0.000316197,310:0.000558837):0.00857295,((589:0.000409158,538:0.000409158):0.000658084,207:0.00106724
):0.00806454):0.0429702,(((198:0.00390205,91:0.00390205):0.016191,79:0.0200931):0.0147515,(187:0.00133008,50:0.00133008):0.0335145):0.0172574):0.
127506,((140:0.00253019,117:0.00253019):0.0533693,(((533:0.00728707,(463:8.80494e-05,450:8.80494e-05):0.00719902):0.0217722,389:0.0290593):0.0253
931,(((141:0.018004,107:0.018004):0.0143861,(111:0.00396127,(106:0.00161229,12:0.00161229):0.00234898):0.0284289):0.0145736,(129:0.0195982,((123:
0.0105973,66:0.0105973):0.0084867,10:0.019084):0.000514243):0.0273656):0.00748854):0.00144709):0.123708):0.000944439,((181:0.00108761,71:0.00108761):0.0819772);
[50]((((((((501:0.00024264,451:0.00024264):0.000316197,310:0.000558837):0.00857295,((589:0.000409158,538:0.000409158):0.000658084,207:0.00106724):0.00806454):0.0429702,(((198:0.00390205,91:0.00390205):0.016191,79:0.0200931):0.0147515,(187:0.00133008,50:0.00133008):0.0335145):0.0172574):0.127506,((140:0.00253019,117:0.00253019):0.0533693,(((533:0.00728707,(463:8.80494e-05,450:8.80494e-05):0.00719902):0.0217722,389:0.0290593):0.0253931,(((141:0.018004,107:0.018004):0.0143861,(111:0.00396127,(106:0.00161229,12:0.00161229):0.00234898):0.0284289):0.0145736,(129:0.0195982,((123:0.0105973,66:0.0105973):0.0084867,10:0.019084):0.000514243):0.0273656):0.00748854):0.00144709):0.123708):0.000944439,((181:0.00108761,71:0.00108761):0.0819772);

$ cat $FILE | awk -F\] '{ print $1 }'
[581
):0.00806454):0.0429702,(((198:0.00390205,91:0.00390205):0.016191,79:0.0200931):0.0147515,(187:0.00133008,50:0.00133008):0.0335145):0.0172574):0.
127506,((140:0.00253019,117:0.00253019):0.0533693,(((533:0.00728707,(463:8.80494e-05,450:8.80494e-05):0.00719902):0.0217722,389:0.0290593):0.0253
931,(((141:0.018004,107:0.018004):0.0143861,(111:0.00396127,(106:0.00161229,12:0.00161229):0.00234898):0.0284289):0.0145736,(129:0.0195982,((123:
0.0105973,66:0.0105973):0.0084867,10:0.019084):0.000514243):0.0273656):0.00748854):0.00144709):0.123708):0.000944439,((181:0.00108761,71:0.00108761):0.0819772);
[50

$ cat $FILE | awk -F\] '{ print $1 }' | grep '\['
[581
[50

$ cat $FILE | awk -F\] '{ print $1 }' | grep '\[' | tr -d '['
581
50

$

§ For those without access to the man command.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


See below for Qualifiers, Eliminations and Provincial Championships.
Below is the list to date of all tournaments to be hosted by the OASA in 2019 with the host information if available.
Mite and Squirt will be seeded at Qualifiers.


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text:
Category Archives: Veterans
U.S. Army Veteran Creates Custom Work of Art for Richland College's Veteran Services Office
The walls of the Veteran Services office at Richland College are a little more beautiful thanks to retired U.S. Army veteran Bryce Hansen, who recently donated a custom-painted piece of artwork. His piece, titled "High Five," is a colorful depiction of the High Five Interchange, a five-level freeway interchange in Dallas and near Richland College, on which Hansen drives daily for his commute to and from work.
"I look out of my office window every single day and see these highways," said Hansen, vice president of energy operations at Power Brokers. "I wanted my painting to show that something so mundane and ordinary that people take for granted can be beautiful, just like veterans. You see something all the time–a road, a bridge, a veteran–and you take it for granted."
Hansen served in the U.S. Army from 1996 to 2012, where he worked as an enlisted mechanic before graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point as a Green Berets commander. He also spent two years in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. His time in the special forces resulted in a predominant and persistent problem in his personal life: emotional detachment.
His return home from deployment left him struggling to connect with his civilian roots. Although he was surrounded by many people, he felt detached, lonely and angry. In order to be more present as a father, husband and a friend, he turned to art. "My art is a safe place where I can be completely open and honest," said Hansen. "So, while I paint to be free, I also paint as a means to relearn how to be vulnerable and to love."
Earlier this year, Pedro Navagonzalez, USMC retired and Richland College Veteran Services program services coordinator, found Hansen's artwork through LinkedIn and was impressed. Navagonzalez reached out to Hansen and asked if he would be willing to create something unique for the Veteran Services office at Richland College. "We discussed what Veteran Services was creating for the students, and I really appreciated the efforts the staff was doing to brighten up the space. I wanted to lend a hand," explained Hansen.
"High Five" features blue, black, white and cream paints and is filled with beautiful intersecting lines and busy cars, which are meant to depict regular Dallas highways in a picturesque way.
"I believe that having artwork created by veterans not only makes the office look professional, but it also helps inspire other veterans to pursue their passions," said Navagonzalez. "The painting that Bryce did is a great piece of art. The colors are amazing and the picture speaks volumes of our way of life in the Dallas metroplex."
Manager of Veteran Services Jody Addison added, "This piece is personal and local for us. We are excited to show it off to all of our students who come in here. We are super proud, and we are hanging it right here in the hall, really prominently, for everyone to see."
Unlike some of his other work, Hansen did not want his piece for Richland College to represent anything military-related. "I wanted to step out from my niche artwork of military-themed pieces and create a contemporary piece with crossover appeal to a civilian audience," he explained. "I find the commute to work as a time where many people get stressed racing to and from their job. I try to use that time to open my mind and do a deep-dive in self-reflection."
Hansen's piece is not the first to grace the walls of Veteran Services. They also have artwork from Michael P. Solovey (U.S. Army retired) and George D. Romero (spouse of a U.S. Air Force veteran). These are currently hanging in the office for the enjoyment of student veterans, family members and staff. In addition, the office has a sculpture on display by student Lorie Justice, who won the 2019 Veterans Day Art Contest. Her ceramic and wood sculpture features a white stone representing a tomb, fallen leaves representing the lost and two white statues representing those who are reflecting. In the coming months, the Veteran Services office is looking forward to adding two additional pieces that highlight the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy.
Currently, Hansen is working on a series of people and scenes from the Global War on Terror. Samples of his artwork, including "High Five", are available on his Instagram account, @bryce.n.hansen.
Richland College was listed as one of the U.S.'s top military-friendly schools by G.I. Jobs 2019-2020 and was awarded a "Silver" designation, with G.I. Jobs noting that only a select group of institutions achieves this honor. Veteran Services establishes a partnership with veteran students and their families to facilitate the completion of their educational goals. Active-duty personnel in the U.S. Armed Forces, veterans, veterans' dependents and spouses, reservists and beneficiaries of related military educational programs can utilize the resources that the Veteran Services office provides. Additional information is available at www.richlandcollege.edu/veteran.
This entry was posted in Veterans and tagged bryce hansen, Dallas County Community College District, DCCCD, local artist, Richland College, veteran services, veterans on December 18, 2019 by Katie.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.caplin.zaplog.report.plugins.version;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import com.caplin.zaplog.Log;
import com.caplin.zaplog.LogLine;

public class VersionLiberator implements Version
{

	private static final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(".*Liberator/(\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+-\\d+).*");

	@Override
	public List<ProductVersion> getProductInfo(Log log)
	{
		for (LogLine logLine : log.getLogLines())
		{
			String text = logLine.getText();
			Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
			if (matcher.matches())
			{
				return Collections.singletonList(new ProductVersion("Liberator", matcher.group(1)));
			}
		}

		return Collections.emptyList();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Homicide Victim IdentifiedAt about 10:35pm, on Monday, December 22, 2008, officers from Area C-11 (Dorchester) responded to a radio call for a report of shots fired in the area of Brent Street and Melbourne Street. On arrival, officers located a male, lying outside 101 Brent Street, suffering from what appeared to be multiple gunshot wounds. The victim was pronounced on the scene. The victim has been identified as Terrence Halidy, 21, of Dorchester. The Boston Police Department is actively investigating the facts and circumstances surrounding this incident. Anyone with information is strongly encouraged to contact the Boston Police Homicide Unit at (617) 343-4470. Community members choosing to aid this investigation in an anonymous manner can call CrimeStoppers at 1(800) 494-TIPS (8477) or text the word 'TIP' to CRIME (27463). The Boston Police Department will stringently protect the identity of those who wish to remain anonymous.


45-year-old Sally Selby was pulled over by Crossville Police Friday on highway 127 north just past Romos restaurant around 4am. The report said she was driving in the slow lane of 127 North, very slow – because she was driving a Walmart electric shopping cart. Ms Selby told police she was on her way to Waffle House to get a cup of coffee. The woman said she had built the shopping cart herself and that someone had ripped off the lights that were on it. Police contacted Walmart loss prevention workers who said it was indeed their shopping cart. Video showed the woman driving around the store…then out into the parking lot..then headed for the highway. Selby was taken to jail. Cart returned to Walmart.


text:
Q: Show ruby core and standard documentation when running gem server Is there a way to show the ruby core and standard library documentation when running gem server?
I can navigate the core & std documentation created with rvm, but I would like to have all the documentation in one place.
I've run rvm docs [generate|generate-ri|generate-rdoc], but none of these commands added the documentation in rubygems.


text:
Home » Travel » Royal travel secrets: Queen's 'flirty' behaviour with shipmen on her first voyage revealed
Royal travel secrets: Queen's 'flirty' behaviour with shipmen on her first voyage revealed
The Queen is no stranger to world travel, having flown an estimated 42 times around the entire world during her reign. However, it was her first-ever overseas voyages in 1947 that perhaps revealed some of her most unexpected behaviour.
Revealed: The Royal Family's all-time favourite hotels
Channel 4 documentary, The Royal House of Windsor, reveals archived footage of her first overseas journey to South Africa with her father King George VI, the Queen Mother and her sister, Princess Margaret.
As part of a PR move, the Windsors decided to allow the media to cover the voyage in great detail, welcoming onboard BBC Radio as well as a newsreel cameraman.
Thanks to this, footage emerged of the Queen and her sister in a way Britain has never seen them before, exploring their freedom as young women.
"This was the first trip abroad that the princesses had ever made.
"They'd been terribly cosseted, carefully brought up, and now they were getting a taste of freedom," explains Historian Dr Piers Brendon.
One of the most unexpected, sweet moments shows the 20-year-old Queen playing and almost flirting with some of the young sailors on board.
The documentary states that the two princesses were the only young women on board the ship of around 1,700 young men for around three weeks.
The black and white footage shows the Queen, dressed in a summer dress and sandals, playing what appears to be a game of tag where she dodges some of the shipmen and runs between them.
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A BBC spokesperson describes the scene, saying: "The princesses, for example, are here seen enjoying deck games in company with a number of the ship men. And when I say enjoying a mean just that. Well, you can see for yourselves."
In an interview for the documentary Historian Sarah Gristwood comments: "You see the princesses playing around with the young officers in a way we almost never actually see. Elizabeth, she's almost playing like a child."
Indeed, the Queen herself seemed to be enjoying being in the presence of the men.
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In a letter written to her nanny on February 15, 1947, she wrote: "There are one or two real smashers and I bet you'd have a wonderful time if you were here."
Along with fun and games, though, the journey would be a huge point of learning for the Queen.
The tour would launch the young Elizabeth onto the world stage as the next in line for the throne.
During the journey, the king took full advantage of this time to instruct his daughter.
Sir Malcolm Ross, Former member of the royal household: "She learnt so much from her father.
"On that long voyage to South Africa, there was an awful lot of sitting beside her father being instructed in the art of kingship or queenship."
Since then, throughout her 67 years serving the Monarch has been on an impressive 42 expeditions that saw her circle the globe.
The figure was calculated by royal historian Kate Williams who says it was the introduction of air travel that "revolutionised Queen Elizabeth's role."
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From cozy indoor date nights to workouts with your boo, spending time with your significant other can be magical this time of year. But according to lazy-gal-lifesaver app TaskRabbit, there's one thing you shouldn't do with your S.O. this winter: Assemble IKEA furniture. The folks at TaskRabbit tapped some of their top furniture assemblers to rank popular IKEA pieces based on how long they take to put together and how much of a strain the assembly process could put on your relationship.
Save yourself the heartbreak and check out this list before you do any new furniture shopping.
TaskRabbit also compiled a list of some of their customers' funniest pleas for help building IKEA furniture and kindly shared the hilarity with us.
1. A Waaay Too Confident Fella: "I thought I was smart enough to assemble IKEA furniture — wrong. I thought my husband was smart enough. Double wrong," writes one anonymous client. "Need help putting together a twin daybed and some shelves before our family comes to visit for the holidays in two weeks." Here's hoping the in-laws didn't have to sleep on the couch!
5. A Desperate Cry for Help: "We desperately need some help assembling IKEA Hemnes Sideboard ASAP." Desperate and ASAP? Someone help this lady!
Have you fought with your S.O. over a particularly tricky IKEA project? Tweet us by mentioning @BritandCo!


In the framework of the conference 'in perpetual solitary confinement: reflexion and debate about the penitentiary stigma', celebrated last Thursday 7th November, the social organizations which work in the penal execution sector claimed in order to "realize the principle of a second chance" to people who have been in prison. Suara Cooperativa is a member of ECAS.
Meritxell Campmajó, member of the Penitentiary and Penal Execution Commission of ECAS, assured that "we can all together guarantee the right to equal opportunities of everyone, including people who have complied penal measures, have been able to access to the labour market, to housing and to health as citizens. Only in that way we will be able to avoid the reoccurrence of crime".
The testimonies who participated in the round table about 'The stigma in first person', a man and a woman who serve a semi-open sentence, highlighted the necessity to know better the penitentiary reality. "It is very surrealist, you don't understand anything and you aren't psychologically ready. You feel yourself as a social plundering", affirmed Marisol. Ricard Pinilla also affirmed that "it is like to die, but in a different way… you go inside another dimension" – and underlined the accumulated frustration.


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The My-Cook Software already includes an internal updater. you can free download My-Cook 0.6 Beta now.
Please be aware that Brothersoft do not supply any crack, patches, serial numbers or keygen for My-Cook,and please consult directly with program authors for any problem with My-Cook.


When I agree with a protest or cause, I would generally smile whenever I see peaceful protests in its name. When that cause is under attack, your instinct is to want to defend it.
In 2014, I was granted a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Of course, it was cool to have your activist work acknowledged by a president. On any given day, this is enough to bring a smile to your face.
But before I met with our president on my 18th birthday, my parents brought me to Barcelona and organised a stay in the hotel beside the Camp Nou. Our window faced the extraordinary stadium, and I was over the moon when we secured our tickets to go see Barcelona play.
When I arrived in the Catalan capital, the hospitality and sheer joy we were greeted with was enough to already make you wish you could stay there forever. From the concierge, bell boy to hotel receptionist everyone greeted me with a smile.
The concierge and I particularly got on, regularly talking football and politics, specifically Catalan independence, how much he admired Ireland for its historical revolutions.
He reminded me of the time Catalunya declared days of mourning after hunger striker Terence MacSwiney died after his arrest. He went into great detail on how he was inspired by 1916 and the events thereafter. Eventually, he asked me what my 18th birthday wish was.
"I'd love to see the team, but honestly, I'm grateful just to be here," I said.
"I'll see what I can do", he replied with a wink.
That Saturday, my mother was pulled aside by a hotel worker and arrangements were made while I was completely oblivious to what was going on. The following afternoon, before the game against Athletic Bilbao, the concierge and other workers greeted me with that familiar smile, but this time it was different. Eventually, the hotel worker pulled me over.
The concierge in that hotel had friends in high places I learned afterwards, and he made my dream come true.
During the violence that occurred on the streets of a city I hold dear, I thought of that concierge over in Barcelona. He loved his team and his region and spoke with great pride when detailing how Catalunya pays 20 per cent of overall tax and how some day his dream will come true.
Independence at that time was a long way off. An uphill struggle they told me in Barcelona back in 2014 as activists hijacked the notion and used it for political gain. The money that was given to the Catalan region for health, education, and welfare was now used to fund this referendum or costly survey . . . depending on how you see it.
Chances are they would have voted no if the brutal assault by the Rajoy government had not taken place. My brother described the whole situation as chicken and egg scenario, but for the people in Catalunya, it was so much more.
To the average Barcelona fan, it was so much more. And when the national police came storming in, the people turned to their respective clubs, as if it was a disguised God that should guide people on the right path.
It was at that moment FC Barcelona faced a tough decision before a Las Palmas side, who weirdly seem to only play Barcelona on historic occasions. So, while elderly women were being thrown down stairs and voters getting hit with batons, Barcelona walked out to the famous Cant del Barca. The song invites fans to yell Barca, Barca, Barca while also stating one flag unites us as brothers.
This time, no singing fans were greeting them, just silence and 98,000 empty seats. The flag that united them all was now being used to destroy them while democracy was being eradicated completely.
Gerard Pique, a vocal opponent of the PP-led government, described the experience as strange and bizarre. He also called out Spanish prime minister Rajoy and said he was proud of the Catalan reaction to the violence. But to Mariano Rajoy, Spain was an example. Example of what, I'm not too sure. Police brutality, maybe. Democracy, probably not.
In the end, the Catalans, who love telling you about how referees are bribed to not give Barcelona penalties, can now add a new conspiracy theory to their list. But, this time it's more than a conspiracy.
The whole world watched in horror as the batons were being swung, heads were cracked open and for what? To cancel a referendum that was already null and void or to allow the PP to puff its chest out. The only thing they have enlarged is the Catalan fire. The independence rallies have already been given a new lease of life but time will tell how this will all pan out.
At the end of the game, players shook hands but never swapped shirts, and the three points which were used as a threat by the LFP if Barcelona cancelled were now safe and secure, as well as a proposed further three-point dedution. But nothing is now safe or secure. Nothing has come to an end. In fact, this whole thing has only just begun.


Panther Run Golf Club is pleased to offer private and group lessons for families and individuals. Golf instruction offers players of all abilities the chance to refine their game, target weak spots, or simply have fun with the sport they love.
We know each member who comes to Panther Run has their own golfing goals. Our professional and seasoned golf coaches have worked with all kinds of golfers who have all sorts of goals in mind. They know how to tailor their classes so that everyone is able to work toward their own individual targeted areas.
Even our group instruction is flexible enough so that even when everyone is working on the same skill together, each student receives personalized coaching from our friendly, dedicated instructors.
Group or Private Instruction: You Choose!
Why private classes? Some of our members prefer private instruction because it allows them a chance to hone in on certain skills or target their known weak areas. Others feel more comfortable with private classes because they're unsure of their skills and want to elevate their game before hitting the course with other golfers. And some members require focused attention because they're readying themselves for a competition or a certain golfing event.
Why group classes? Our golf clinics are, first and foremost, lots of fun. The camaraderie that golfers feel after working together on certain skills sometimes lasts well beyond the class and new bonds are formed. Group classes are a great way to meet other golfers who have similar passions for the sport. Our instructors ensure everyone receives individual attention in a supportive environment that puts everyone at ease. That way, everyone is clear to focus on one thing and one thing only: to have fun improving their game.
If you'd like to find out more about golf lessons at Panther Run Golf Club, call our pro shop our main office. We can get you started on the next series of classes or set you up with a private instructor at your convenience.
*Juniors receive free lesson with paid adult.


The Magritte Museum opened in 2009 in an impressive neoclassical building on Place Royale. It's a fascinating collection that includes photographs, amateur film footage and surrealist ephemera.
This is not the Magritte Museum. This is the house in Jette where René and Georgette lived from 1930 to 1957. The great Belgian surrealist created some of the most startling images in modern art in the kitchen of this modest home. It was bought by two art enthusiasts and restored to its original state.
Magritte liked this old creaky bar where local men gather to play chess. The cafe closed in 2011 to allow the architects Robbrecht & Daem to renovate the belle époque interior. Some say it has lost its old charm, but it is still a gorgeous interior.
Magritte is rumoured to have sold his first painting to one of the regulars in this ancient bohemian cafe. The three tiny rooms are filled with old furniture, murky paintings and cryptic writings. You won't find anything by Magritte, but go through to the back room to admire the enlarged photograph showing Magritte along with other regulars standing outside the cafe.
Magritte died in 1967 while living at the Rue des Mimosas in Schaerbeek. He was buried in Schaerbeek Cemetery under a plain stone slab, located in plot 16, row 2. His fans sometimes leave curious objects on the grave.


Welcome to www.chardanslings.com. We are owned and operated in Queensland, Australia by Chardan Slings.
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Your use of any information or any materials on this website is entirely at your own risk, for which we shall not be liable. You acknowledge that such information or materials may contain inaccuracies or errors. You are responsible to ensure that any materials, products, services or information made available through our website meet your specific requirement.
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Botanical gardens in Ocho Rios, Jamaica is determined by the north coast of the island. It is among the nation's most visited tourist sites due to the deep water harbor which attracts cruise ships. On cruise ship days, throngs of tourists spend a couple hours in Ochi where they wind up lunches and visit the favorite Dunn's, River Falls. The largest appeal of Ocho Rios, Jamaica is the most cascading Dunn's River Falls, which might get crowded on cruise ship days with scores of excited American vacationers attempting to climb the terraces. Laughing Waters, further west provides a smoother and smaller, but similar encounter. You also may opt for a 45-minute idle meander up the lushest White River on bamboo skiffs.
There is more to the region, including some lovely little beaches, many botanical gardens and a number of historical sites. Much like lots of sites in Jamaica, it was pirates that saw the value of the gorgeous website. Today, Ocho Rios, Jamaica is an expanding Jamaican city with many resorts and villas which caters for visitors on a tight spending budget in addition to the high-end visitors. If you're into flora you'll be pleased with the sheer tropics variety on display in many botanical gardens in the vicinity. Included in these are the most Coyaba River Garden with its Arawak culture museum, the most beautifully preserved Eco Tours The Enchanted Gardens who boasts an extensive orchid collection, along with the Shaw Park Botanical Gardens that have the benefit of excellent elevated views across the coast.
Fern Gulley is a good excuse to rent scooters or an automobile along with head inland as the road meanders through lush hills, laden with ferns. There are various historic sites also worth visiting. Ocho Rios Fort is a modest affair dating from the most seventeenth-century west of town. Eastwards it is possible to go to Harmony Hall, a century-old building that's now a center for promoting local arts. To get a feeling of life as a sugar baron throughout the island's colonial era, go to the working farm in Prospect Plantation. Activities in Ochi include diving, parasailing, big game fishing, horse riding, and golf.
You could simply unwind on the beach at locations like Turtle Beach, Mallards Beach, or Grande Beach. These are just a few of the most things to do in Ocho Rios Jamaica. There's a small airstrip nearby to connecting flights from Montego Bay or Kingston. Public passenger buses from both of these major centers arrive on a regular basis and through the journey could be a little tiring, the scenery will impress. If you ever get the opportunity to go to Ocho Rios, Jamaica, please take it. This destination has much to offer along with it isn't difficult to see why scores of traffic make Ochi their destination of choice year after year.


text:
Time Warner Cable subscribers to get Android tablets
Comcast (Nasdaq: CMCSA) has a connection with the uber-popular iPad; now number two MSO Time Warner Cable (NYSE: TWC-WI) will connect with an Android-power phone-tablet combo built by South Korean manufacturer Enspert.
Bobby Cha, Enspert's managing director, said that the company will have the tablet on hand to sell to TWC subscribers by the third quarter of 2011 and that it could launch under Time Warner branding. The device itself will consist of a cordless phone and a seven-inch Google (Nasdaq: GOOG) Android-powered tablet that connects to a residential WiFi network. It's being shown at CES this week, of course.
The goal, when working with a cable operator such as Time Warner Cable, is to enable multi-screen viewing "where you can push pictures, movies and content from a PC to a laptop, to a TV and back to your cell phone," Cha said.
- PCMag has this story
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