text:
Planet 13 Announces Record Third Quarter 2020 Financial Results
Q3 2020 Revenue of $22.8 million; Adjusted EBITDA of $6.2 million
All figures are reported in United States dollars ($) unless otherwise indicated
LAS VEGAS, NV / ACCESSWIRE / November 24, 2020 / Planet 13 Holdings Inc. (CSE:PLTH) (OTCQB:PLNHF) ("Planet 13" or the "Company"), a leading vertically-integrated Nevada cannabis company, today announced its financial results for the three-month and nine-month period ended September 30, 2020. Planet 13's financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS").
Larry Scheffler, Co-CEO of Planet 13 said, "Our performance in the third quarter exceeded expectations - leading to our highest quarter of sales ever. Despite being impacted by the ongoing global pandemic and our Las Vegas SuperStore only at 50% capacity, we achieved 36% higher revenue compared to pre-COVID quarters. This is a testament to the strength of Planet 13's business model and the success of the operational improvements we put in place to ensure our ability to serve local customers. As Las Vegas returns to normal and the economy recovers, we will undertake further strategic initiatives to grow revenue at the SuperStore and increase our sales to local customers in Las Vegas."
"In the third quarter, our in-house brands contributed 25% to SuperStore revenue - continuing to be one of the most recognized and fastest-growing segments within the Planet 13 portfolio. In the wholesale market we saw increasing sales month over month throughout the quarter and continuing into October. Building on this momentum, we continue to invest in cultivation with our recently announced acquisition of a 45,000 square foot facility in Las Vegas, better positioning us to supply wholesale and retail sales within the state," commented Bob Groesbeck, Co-CEO. "We are excited to leverage our knowledge and experience from Nevada to California, with the opening of our new dispensary in Santa Ana in 2021 - the world's second largest dispensary. Planet 13 is well capitalized, and we look forward to executing on future expansion into other major growth markets."
Financial Highlights - Q3 - 2020
Operating Results
All comparisons below are to the quarter ended September 30, 2019, unless otherwise noted
Revenues were $22.8 million as compared to $16.7 million, an increase of 36.5%
Gross profit before biological adjustments was $13.0 million or 56.9% as compared to $9.9 million or 59.1%, an increase of 31.4%
Operating expenses, excluding non-cash compensation expense and depreciation and amortization, was $7.2 million as compared to $6.7 million, an increase of 7.9%
Net income before taxes of $3.4 million as compared to a net income of $0.3 million
Net income of $0.2 million as compared to a net loss of $1.7 million
Adjusted EBITDA of $6.2 million as compared to Adjusted EBITDA of $3.4 million
All comparisons below are to December 31, 2019, unless otherwise noted
Cash of $56.8 million as compared to $12.8 million
Total assets of $125.5 million as compared to $62.9 million
Total liabilities of $39.3 million as compared to $21.6 million
Q3 Highlights and Recent Developments
For a more comprehensive overview of these highlights and recent developments, please refer to Planet 13's Management's Discussion and Analysis of the Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 (the "MD&A").
On July 3, 2020, Planet 13 announced closing of a CDN$11.5 million bought deal public offering.
On July 17, 2020, Planet 13 announced an acquisition of 45,000 square feet of indoor cultivation.
On August 10, 2020, Planet 13 was awarded a Nevada dispensary license.
On August 20, 2020, Planet 13 announced a CDN$15 million bought deal public offering.
On August 21, 2020, Planet 13 announced an upsize to bought deal public offering to CDN$20 million.
On September 10, 2020, Planet 13 announced closing of a CDN$23 million bought deal public offering.
On October 13, 2020, Planet 13 announced the addition of non-cannabis retail space to the Las Vegas SuperStore.
On October 19, 2020, Planet 13 announced expanding the dispensary floor of the Las Vegas SuperStore.
On October 19, 2020, Planet 13 announced a CDN$20 million bought deal public offering.
On October 20, 2020, Planet 13 announced an upsize to bought deal public offering to CDN$25 million.
On November 5, 2020, Planet 13 announced the closing of a CDN$28.8 million bought deal public offering.
On November 20, 2020, Planet 13 announced opening the Medizin dispensary.
Results of Operations (Summary)
The following tables set forth consolidated statements of financial information for the three-month and nine-month periods ending September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019. For further information regarding the Company's financial results for these periods, please refer to the Company's interim financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2020 together with the MD&A, available on Planet 13's issuer profile on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and the Company's website https://www.planet13holdings.com.
NV Cannabis Ops Consolidated Consolidated NV Cannabis Ops Consolidated
Three Months Three Months Three Months Nine Months Nine Months Nine Months
Ended Ended Ended Percentage Ended Ended Ended Percentage
Sep-30-2020 Sep-30-2020 Sep-30-2019 Change Sep-30-2020 Sep-30-2020 Sep-30-2019 Change
Profit (loss) before taxes
4,811,541 3,371,829 251,122 1242.7 % 5,124,677 389,503 1,457,619 (73.3 %)
Add back:
Biological asset adjustments
504,069 504,069 52,291 864.0 % 225,294 225,294 129,101 74.5 %
Non-cash share based payments
- 569,227 2,016,803 (71.8 %) - 2,006,067 3,128,417 (35.9 %)
1,076,774 1,076,774 680,056 58.3 % 3,103,847 3,103,847 1,945,186 59.6 %
Depreciation included in COGS
406,322 406,322 157,297 158.3 % 819,579 819,579 286,987 185.6 %
Interest and non-operating expense (income)
264,542 264,542 211,298 25.2 % 1,041,745 1,041,745 625,674 66.5 %
7,063,248 6,192,763 3,368,867 83.8 % 10,315,142 7,586,035 7,572,984 (0.2 %)
31.0 % 27.2 % 20.2 % 20.5 % 15.1 % 16.1 %
Expressed in USD$
Three Months Three Months
Ended Ended Percentage
Sep-30-2020 Sep-30-2019 Change
Revenues, net of discounts
22,797,338 16,696,932 36.5 %
(9,821,561 ) (6,820,706 ) 44.0 %
Gross Profit, Before Biological Asset Adjustment
12,975,777 9,876,226 31.4 %
Gross Profit Margin %
56.9 % 59.1 %
Realized fair value amounts included in COGS
(961,235 ) (562,461 ) 70.9 %
Unrealized fair value gain on growth of biological assets
457,166 510,170 (10.4 %)
6,198,121 4,902,355 26.4 %
991,215 1,762,301 (43.8 %)
1,076,774 680,056 58.3 %
Share based payments
8,835,337 9,361,515 (5.6 %)
3,636,371 462,420 686.4 %
Other (Income) Expense:
438,687 314,389 39.5 %
Realized Foreign Exchange gain (loss)
- (6,203 ) (100.0 %)
Other expense (income)
(174,145 ) (96,888 ) 79.7 %
Total Other Expense (Income)
Income (loss) for the period before tax
3,371,829 251,122 1242.7 %
Provision for income tax (current and deferred)
Income (Loss) for the period
360,949 (1,722,353) (121.0 %)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit/loss
Foreign exchange translation adjustment
(152,313 ) 28,932
Net Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the period
208,636 (1,693,421)
Income (Loss) per share for the period
Basic and fully diluted loss per share
$ 0.00 $ (0.01)
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding
Basic and fully diluted
162,536,424 135,503,007
As of November 24, 2020, the Company had 121,987,683 common shares and 55,232,940 class A convertible, restricted voting shares issued and outstanding for a total of 177,220,623 shares outstanding. There were 333,840 options issued and outstanding of which all have fully vested. There were 11,743,904 warrants outstanding and 1,764,250 RSU's outstanding of which nil RSUs had fully vested as at the date of this MD&A.
Planet 13 will host a conference call on Tuesday, November 24, 2020 at 5:00 p.m. EST to discuss its third quarter financial results and provide investors with key business highlights. The call will be chaired by Bob Groesbeck, Co-CEO, Larry Scheffler, Co-CEO, and Dennis Logan, CFO.
CONFERENCE CALL DETAILS
Date: November 24, 2020 | Time: 5:00 p.m. EST
Participant Dial-in: Toll Free 877-407-8035 or International 201-689-8035
Replay Dial-in: Toll Free 877-481-4010 or International 919-882-2331
(Available for 2 weeks)
Listen to webcast: https://bit.ly/358WpIA
Financial Measures
There are measures included in this news release that do not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and therefore may not be comparable to similarly titled measures and metrics presented by other publicly traded companies. The Company includes these measures because it believes certain investors use these measures and metrics as a means of assessing financial performance. EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) is calculated as net earnings before finance costs (net of finance income), income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization of intangibles and is a non-GAAP financial measure that does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies.
For further inquiries, please contact:
LodeRock Advisors Inc., Planet 13 Investor Relations
mark.kuindersma@loderockadvisors.com
Bob Groesbeck and Larry Scheffler
Co-Chief Executive Officers
ir@planet13lasvegas.com
About Planet 13
Planet 13 (www.planet13holdings.com) is a vertically integrated cannabis company based in Nevada, with award-winning cultivation, production and dispensary operations in Las Vegas - the entertainment capital of the world. Planet 13's mission is to build a recognizable global brand known for world-class dispensary operations and a creator of innovative cannabis products. Planet 13's shares trade on the Canadian Stock Exchange (CSE) under the symbol PLTH and OTCQX under the symbol PLNHF.
This news release contains "forward-looking information" and "forward-looking statements" (collectively, "forward-looking statements") within the meaning of the applicable Canadian securities legislation. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements and are based on expectations, estimates and projections as at the date of this news release. Any statement that involves discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions, future events or performance (often but not always using phrases such as "expects", or "does not expect", "is expected", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", "plans", "budget", "scheduled", "forecasts", "estimates", "believes" or "intends" or variations of such words and phrases or stating that certain actions, events or results "may" or "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken to occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements. In this news release, forward looking-statements relate to, among other things, Planet 13's first California location and the timeline for opening of the Santa Ana dispensary.
These forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions and estimates of management of the Company at the time such statements were made. Actual future results may differ materially as forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to materially differ from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors, among other things, include: final regulatory and other approvals or consents; risks associated with COVID-19 and other infectious diseases presenting as major health issues; fluctuations in general macroeconomic conditions; fluctuations in securities markets; expectations regarding the size of the Nevada and California cannabis market and changing consumer habits; the ability of the Company to successfully achieve its business objectives; plans for expansion; political and social uncertainties; inability to obtain adequate insurance to cover risks and hazards; and the presence of laws and regulations that may impose restrictions on cultivation, production, distribution and sale of cannabis and cannabis related products in the State of Nevada and California; and employee relations. Although the forward-looking statements contained in this news release are based upon what management of the Company believes, or believed at the time, to be reasonable assumptions, the Company cannot assure shareholders that actual results will be consistent with such forward-looking statements, as there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Readers should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements and information contained in this news release. The Company assumes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements of beliefs, opinions, projections, or other factors, should they change, except as required by law.
The Company is indirectly involved in the manufacture, possession, use, sale and distribution of cannabis in the recreational and medicinal cannabis marketplace in the United States through licensed subsidiary entities in states that have legalized marijuana operations, however, these activities are currently illegal under United States federal law. Additional information regarding this and other risks and uncertainties relating to the Company's business, including COVID-19, are contained under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in the Company's annual information form dated April 13, 2020 filed on its issuer profile on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
No stock exchange, securities commission or other regulatory authority has approved or disapproved the information contained herein.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Expressed in United States Dollars
As at As at
September 30, December 31,
HST receivable
Inventories (Note 5)
Biological assets (Note 6)
1,370,090 514,526
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (Note 10)
68,069,730 22,514,058
Property and equipment (Note 7)
Licenses (Note 8)
6,215,073 -
Right of use assets (Note 9)
18,520,944 9,478,733
Long-term deposits and other assets
$ 125,475,384 $ 62,898,546
Accounts payable (Note 16)
$ 2,095,692 $ 864,260
Income taxes payable
Notes payable - current portion (Note 11)
Long -term lease liabilities (Note 12)
Share capital (Note 13)
101,809,657 51,986,849
Restricted share units (Note 13)
Warrants (Note 13)
Option reserve (Note 13)
(812,650 ) (607,707 )
(25,600,773 ) (20,564,565 )
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) AND
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Ended Ended
September 30, September 30,
(9,821,561 ) (6,820,706 )
Gross Profit before fair value asset adjustment
Realized fair value amounts included in inventory sold
General and Administrative (Note 14)
Depreciation and Amortization (Note 7 & 9)
Share-Based Compensation Expense (Note 13 and Note 16)
Other Expense:
Realized foreign exchange loss
- (6,203 )
(174,145 ) (96,888 )
Total Other Expense
Income (Loss) before income taxes
Provision for tax - current
Provision for tax - deferred
390,277 (198,954 )
$ 360,949 $ (1,722,353)
Foreign exchange translation gain (loss)
Basic and diluted Income (loss) per share
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding
Nine Months Nine Months
Net loss for the period
$ (5,036,208 ) $ (4,081,165 )
Add (deduct) non-cash items:
Share based payments (Note 13)
87,821 (198,954 )
Deferred tax asset
- (759,856 )
Non-cash interest expense on ROU Liabilities (Note 12)
Net change in non-cash working capital
(47,316 ) 77,473
(2,247,582 ) 422,949
(855,564 ) 380,263
Prepaid expenses and other assets (Note 10)
1,540,938 (3,226,185 )
Long term deposits and other assets
Income tax payable
- 407,593
Cash flow provided by operating activities
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (Note 7)
(3,101,240 ) (12,682,554 )
Purchase of license (Note 8)
(1,053,353 ) -
Cash flow used in investing activities
(4,154,593) (12,682,554)
Issuance of shares on warrant and option exercises (Note 13)
Issuance of shares and warrants on financings
23,807,651 -
Payment on lease liabilities
(1,463,920 ) (50,614 )
Cash flow provided by financing activities
Net increase in cash
44,151,091 (1,154,851)
Cash at beginning of the period
Effect of foreign exchange on cash
Cash at end of the period
SOURCE: Planet 13 Holdings Inc.
https://www.accesswire.com/618215/Planet-13-Announces-Record-Third-Quarter-2020-Financial-Results
News powered by iR Direct —
Copyright © 2022 Issuer Direct Corporation.


text:
The Ike Davis Era Begins
By Jeff Freier on April 20th, 2010 10:20 AM
previous post: A Long Weekend for the Mets
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This entry was posted on Tuesday, April 20th, 2010 at 10:20 am	and is filed under Baseball, Mets Rumors & News, |. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
Ike Davis made his major league debut last night in the Mets' 6-1 victory over the Cubs. He singled in his first at-bat, and in the seventh inning he drove in his first run, and he did it against a lefty after seeing a few tough curveballs. He finished 2 for 4, with one RBI. He singlehandedly turned the Mets around in one game – ok, that's a bit much. But the Mets did actually win, so that's news and a good sign. And he's already out-produced Mike Jacobs and Fernando Tatis combined.
The rookie was compared to John Olerud a few times in last night's broadcast, and he does resemble the sweet-swinging former Met at the plate. Davis comes from a major league pedigree and went to Arizona State, so it wasn't really a surprise that he seemed right at home on a big league field and didn't look overmatched, but of course that was only one game. The Mets also used youngsters Jon Niese (whose newfound cutter seems to be making him a more effective pitcher) and Jenrry Mejia in the game. There's just something about rooting for fresh-faced, homegrown kids. They don't have the stink of failure on them yet, and you picture nothing but happy days ahead for them. Let's just hope that Davis is more David Wright and Darryl Strawberry than Alex Ochoa and Mike Vail.
Here are a number of other major league debuts of Met players throughout franchise history:
Fernando Martinez (5/26/09): 0-3, one BB, in a 6-1 win over Washington
Lastings Milledge (5/30/06): 1-4, 2B, in a 7-2 loss to Arizona
David Wright (7/21/04): 0-4, in a 5-4 win over Montreal
Jose Reyes (6/10/03): 2-4, 2 runs, in a 9-7 loss to Texas
Alex Ochoa (9/18/95): 1-2, one run, in a 7-1 loss to Atlanta
Gregg Jefferies (9/9/87): 0-1, in a 3-2 loss to LA
Dwight Gooden (4/7/84): 5 IP, 1 run, 3 hits, 5 K's, 2 BB's, picked up the win in 3-2 victory over Houston
Darryl Strawberry (5/6/83): 0-4, run, 2 BB's, in 13-inning 7-4 win over Cincinnati
Lee Mazzilli (9/7/76): 0-1, in an 11-0 win over Chicago
Mike Vail (8/18/75): 1-1, in a 4-0 loss to Houston
Jerry Koosman (4/14/67): 2.2 IP in relief, no hits, 2 K's, 2 BB's, in a 5-1 loss to Philadelphia
Tom Seaver: (4/13/67): 5.1 IP, 2 runs, 6 hits, 8 K's, 2 BB's, got a no-decision in a 3-2 win over Pittsburgh
Ed Kranepool (9/22/62): 0-1, in a 9-2 loss to Chicago (he was 17 years old)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In a RGB color space, hex #0203bd is composed of 0.8% red, 1.2% green and 74.1% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 98.9% cyan, 98.4% magenta, 0% yellow and 25.9% black. It has a hue angle of 239.7 degrees, a saturation of 97.9% and a lightness of 37.5%. #0203bd color hex could be obtained by blending #0406ff with #00007b. Closest websafe color is: #0000cc.
● #0203bd color description : Strong blue.
The hexadecimal color #0203bd has RGB values of R:2, G:3, B:189 and CMYK values of C:0.99, M:0.98, Y:0, K:0.26. Its decimal value is 132029.
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State Bicycle Co. - Customer Reviews | State Bicycle Co.
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When Dr. Harold Koenig, met with one of his long-term suicidal patients, he did something most doctors might not do– he prayed for his patient– imploring God to help her make it just one more day. But instead, he got more than he bargained for. Her mental illness cleared completely and she stopped taking medication. "By golly, a miracle occurred," said Koenig, director of Duke University's Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health.
Similarly, the suicide rate for U.S. military rose to a record of 349 deaths. This surpassed American combat deaths in Afghanistan during the same year. In a recent report, the Army concluded that a service-wide mental toughness suicide-prevention program serving over 1 million members has not been effective.
Given those sobering statistics, perhaps it's time to take a closer look at how Dr. Koenig helped his patient. Prayer has been used by many individuals to find relief from deep grief, depression or other mental trauma throughout the ages. In fact, using prayer to combat suicidal tendencies goes all the way back to the Bible. When the Prophet Elijah felt overwhelmed with fear of failure and guilt–thinking death was his only option — prayer lifted him out of that mental darkness, and he discovered divine strength to forgive himself and go forward with his life.
Perhaps that divine connection may be just the necessary ingredient to dispel the dark demons of suicidal thoughts today. It shifts thought above the morbidity of matter-based thinking to the divine — highlighting man's spiritual nature as inseparable from divine Life, God. What ever one's concept of God, is it too much of a stretch to think that this divine power can speak to our heart, remove the darkness that blinds us, and reveal specific solutions to life's insurmountable problems?
Posted in Uncategorized. Tags: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Jersey, Dr. Harold Koenig, Duke University's Center for Spirituality, God, mental illness, mycentraljersey.com, New Jersey, prayer, suicidal, suicidal prevention, suicide, Theology and Health on April 21, 2014 by Valerie Minard.


text:
Victory, fallen soldiers in key WWI battle remembered
by Daily Sabah with AA
ISTANBUL Mar 18, 2019 - 12:09 am GMT+3
The u00c7anakkale Martyrs' Memorial commemorating hundreds of thousands of soldiers killed during the World War I Battle of Gallipoli. (AA Photo)
by Daily Sabah with AA Mar 18, 2019 12:09 am
Today marks the 104th anniversary of the Çanakkale victory where Ottoman Turkish troops managed to stave off occupying forces during World War I, a move that delayed the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to patriotic fervor that sparked the post-WWI fight for independence.
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan will be the highest-ranking official to attend the commemoration ceremonies in Çanakkale, the northwestern province where an eponymous waterway known as the Dardanelles, was the only obstacle for the Allied forces that set their sights on then capital Istanbul.
The day is officially known as March 18 Çanakkale Victory and Martyrs Day, when all fallen soldiers and civilians died in wars, terror attacks and counter-terrorism operations are remembered. The remembrance events culminate in a national park where cemeteries for thousands of the fallen are located in Çanakkale, and traditionally, a military parade is held.
Issuing a written statement on Sunday on the occasion, President Erdoğan said that as descendants of Çanakkale's martyrs, Turkish people would never compromise their independence, future and freedom. "We are strongly opposed to treacherous plans against our nation, and we work tirelessly with all of our citizens; man, woman, young and old, shoulder to shoulder, to build a bright future," Erdoğan said. He stressed the Çanakkale Victory was a glorious victory that brought to heel the most advanced militaries of the era. "The Turkish nation, commemorates the 104th anniversary of the Çanakkale Victory with great pride and excitement, and once again remembers each and every hero with respect and gratitude, first and foremost Gazi Mustafa Kemal, who entrusted these lands to us, on the occasion of March 18 Martyrs' Day," he added, referring to the Republic of Turkey's founder and first president who was a senior commander during the Çanakkale campaign.
The events leading up to the momentous battle started in February 1915 when Britain and France decided to launch the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) Campaign to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war as quickly as possible by reaching and capturing its capital. They started their attack on March 18, but the waters were filled with a network of mines laid by Ottoman vessels. On April 25, allied soldiers landed on the shores of the Gelibolu Peninsula. The troops were there part of a plan to open the Çanakkale Strait on Turkey's Aegean coast to Allied fleets, allowing them to threaten the Ottoman capital. The Allied forces, however, encountered strong and courageous resistance from the Turks, and the campaign turned out to be a costly failure. Tens of thousands of Turkish nationals and soldiers died, along with tens of thousands of Europeans, plus around 7,000-8,000 Australians and nearly 3,000 New Zealanders, referred to collectively as the Anzac troops. Victory against the Allied forces boosted the morale of the Turkish side, which then went on to wage a war of independence between 1919 and 1922, and eventually formed a republic in 1923 from the ashes of the old empire.
Last Update: Mar 18, 2019 10:32 am
Intact Urartian bronze wall plate unearthed in eastern Türkiye


text:
From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers
Adi F. Gazdar, Fred R. Hirsch, John D. Minna
The Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research
Hamon Center For Therapeutic Oncology
Introduction: Studies of preclinical models are essential for determining the biology of lung cancers and testing new and novel therapeutic approaches. We review the commonly used preclinical models for lung cancers and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed using combinations of the following medical subject headings: lung cancer; animal models, mice; cell line, tumor; cell culture, mice; transgenic, mice; SCID, transplantation; heterologous; and genetic engineering. We reviewed the relevant published articles. Results: Multiple examples of the three major preclinical models-tumor cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models-exist and have been used by investigators worldwide, with more than 15,000 relevant publications. Each model has its strengths and actual or potential weaknesses. In addition, newer forms of these models have been proposed or are in use as potential improvements over the conventional models. Conclusions: A large number and variety of models have been developed and extensively used for the study of all major types of lung cancer. While they remain the cornerstone of preclinical studies, each model has its individual strengths and weaknesses. These must be carefully evaluated and applied to the proposed studies to obtain the maximum usefulness from the models.
Journal of Thoracic Oncology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
Published - Mar 23 2016
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Patient-Derived Xenografts
Preclinical Models
10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
Dive into the research topics of 'From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Back Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Lung Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 79%
Tumor Cell Line Medicine & Life Sciences 51%
Medical Subject Headings Medicine & Life Sciences 35%
Genetic Engineering Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
Heterografts Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
Transgenic Mice Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
MEDLINE Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
Gazdar, A. F., Hirsch, F. R., & Minna, J. D. (2016). From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 11(3), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
From mice to men and back : An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers. / Gazdar, Adi F.; Hirsch, Fred R.; Minna, John D.
In: Journal of Thoracic Oncology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 23.03.2016, p. 287-299.
Gazdar, AF, Hirsch, FR & Minna, JD 2016, 'From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers', Journal of Thoracic Oncology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
Gazdar AF, Hirsch FR, Minna JD. From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2016 Mar 23;11(3):287-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
Gazdar, Adi F. ; Hirsch, Fred R. ; Minna, John D. / From mice to men and back : An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers. In: Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2016 ; Vol. 11, No. 3. pp. 287-299.
@article{d35b8085a3ae446fa121fffe538352d3,
title = "From mice to men and back: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers",
abstract = "Introduction: Studies of preclinical models are essential for determining the biology of lung cancers and testing new and novel therapeutic approaches. We review the commonly used preclinical models for lung cancers and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed using combinations of the following medical subject headings: lung cancer; animal models, mice; cell line, tumor; cell culture, mice; transgenic, mice; SCID, transplantation; heterologous; and genetic engineering. We reviewed the relevant published articles. Results: Multiple examples of the three major preclinical models-tumor cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models-exist and have been used by investigators worldwide, with more than 15,000 relevant publications. Each model has its strengths and actual or potential weaknesses. In addition, newer forms of these models have been proposed or are in use as potential improvements over the conventional models. Conclusions: A large number and variety of models have been developed and extensively used for the study of all major types of lung cancer. While they remain the cornerstone of preclinical studies, each model has its individual strengths and weaknesses. These must be carefully evaluated and applied to the proposed studies to obtain the maximum usefulness from the models.",
keywords = "Cell Lines, Cell lines, Genetically Engineered Mouse Models, Lung Cancer, Neuroendocrine Carcinomas, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Patient-Derived Xenografts, Preclinical Models, Small Cell Lung Cancer",
author = "Gazdar, {Adi F.} and Hirsch, {Fred R.} and Minna, {John D.}",
note = "Funding Information: Disclosure: This article was supported by National Cancer Institute Specialized Program of Research Excellence in Lung Cancer Grant P50CA70907. The authors declare no other conflict of interest. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc.",
doi = "10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009",
journal = "Journal of Thoracic Oncology",
publisher = "International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer",
T1 - From mice to men and back
T2 - An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of lung cancers
AU - Gazdar, Adi F.
AU - Hirsch, Fred R.
AU - Minna, John D.
N1 - Funding Information: Disclosure: This article was supported by National Cancer Institute Specialized Program of Research Excellence in Lung Cancer Grant P50CA70907. The authors declare no other conflict of interest. Publisher Copyright: © 2015 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc.
N2 - Introduction: Studies of preclinical models are essential for determining the biology of lung cancers and testing new and novel therapeutic approaches. We review the commonly used preclinical models for lung cancers and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed using combinations of the following medical subject headings: lung cancer; animal models, mice; cell line, tumor; cell culture, mice; transgenic, mice; SCID, transplantation; heterologous; and genetic engineering. We reviewed the relevant published articles. Results: Multiple examples of the three major preclinical models-tumor cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models-exist and have been used by investigators worldwide, with more than 15,000 relevant publications. Each model has its strengths and actual or potential weaknesses. In addition, newer forms of these models have been proposed or are in use as potential improvements over the conventional models. Conclusions: A large number and variety of models have been developed and extensively used for the study of all major types of lung cancer. While they remain the cornerstone of preclinical studies, each model has its individual strengths and weaknesses. These must be carefully evaluated and applied to the proposed studies to obtain the maximum usefulness from the models.
AB - Introduction: Studies of preclinical models are essential for determining the biology of lung cancers and testing new and novel therapeutic approaches. We review the commonly used preclinical models for lung cancers and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed using combinations of the following medical subject headings: lung cancer; animal models, mice; cell line, tumor; cell culture, mice; transgenic, mice; SCID, transplantation; heterologous; and genetic engineering. We reviewed the relevant published articles. Results: Multiple examples of the three major preclinical models-tumor cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models-exist and have been used by investigators worldwide, with more than 15,000 relevant publications. Each model has its strengths and actual or potential weaknesses. In addition, newer forms of these models have been proposed or are in use as potential improvements over the conventional models. Conclusions: A large number and variety of models have been developed and extensively used for the study of all major types of lung cancer. While they remain the cornerstone of preclinical studies, each model has its individual strengths and weaknesses. These must be carefully evaluated and applied to the proposed studies to obtain the maximum usefulness from the models.
KW - Cell Lines
KW - Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
KW - Lung Cancer
KW - Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
KW - Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
KW - Patient-Derived Xenografts
KW - Preclinical Models
KW - Small Cell Lung Cancer
U2 - 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
DO - 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009
JO - Journal of Thoracic Oncology
JF - Journal of Thoracic Oncology


text:
Lifestyle / Chat
The story behind why we are so obsessed with keeping track of the time
by Bill Gibb
Roger Bannister about to cross the tape at the end of his record breaking mile run (Norman Potter/Central Press/Getty Images)
WE'RE always running out of it and wishing we had more to spare.
Now Timekeepers (Canongate), a fascinating new book full of compelling stories, explores one of our greatest obsessions. Author Simon Garfield tells Bill Gibb the Honest Truth about time.
How did the railways influence time?
They changed everything. Before the first inter-city journey between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830, people in towns and cities happily lived by their own time.
So, Oxford was five minutes behind London time, and Bristol was 10 minutes behind – the further west one went, the later it got, as schedules were largely dictated by the rise and fall of the sun. But trains needed timetables and so a uniform railway time came to spread throughout the UK and then the world.
What was the French Republican calendar?
It was a crazily ambitious thing. In 1793, a group of French revolutionaries decided that they not only wanted a new world order, but also a new calendar and a new clock.
The clock would have just 10 hours, and the calendar would replace the old Christian Gregorian one with a series of days and months named after plants, animals and agricultural tools such as the plough, cornflower and the otter.
The really extraordinary thing was the fact that both the calendar and the clock lasted several years until Napoleon Bonaparte put an end to it all.
Why does time seem to slow down during, say, an accident?
Accidents are dramatic and unusual events in our lives. As a result, they lay down vivid memories in two small portions of our brain known as the amygdalae. Our brain tries to construct a proper narrative out of what has happened. Because this narrative is new it seems to last a lot longer than the second or two it actually did.
Tell us about time eccentric William Strachey.
He was a classic Victorian eccentric. He was a civil servant in Calcutta, but when he returned to England he decided to continue living on Calcuttan time, some five-and-a-half hours ahead of London. He also once bought a hydraulic bed that would wake him up by tipping him into his bath, but it infuriated him so much that one day he woke up and smashed it up.
What influence did time play on The Beatles?
I spend a fair bit of space in my book writing about music, why songs are the length they are, and how they decided how long the CD ought to be.
There's also a section about The Beatles. Their career moved from the point where the first album was recorded in a single day to the point where Strawberry Fields Forever took 55 hours.
Why was the four-minute mile such a big deal?
I've always been fascinated by Roger Bannister – we went to the same school.
People had been trying for decades to run a mile in under four minutes, and until Bannister did it on a track at Oxford in 1954 some thought it might be impossible. But just a few weeks after he broke the record his leading competitors also ran sub-four minute miles. So it was as much a psychological barrier as a physical one.
Tell us about the napalm photo.
That extraordinary photo of a group of children fleeing in terror, with the figure of Kim Phuc in the middle, was taken by Nick Ut in Vietnam in 1972.
I talked to him about the split-second that created a photo which many people believed shortened the length of the war. He told me other photographers were there but, while changing the films in their cameras, the key moment passed them by.
How Victorian railways put Britain on track
We did like to be beside the seaside and we still do as Scots enjoy timeless joy of holidays at home
Why a logbook at Scotland's most remote youth hostel remains so special after 40 years
The story of the Rolling Stones, part one: Time was on their side as Jagger and Richards got the bug for writing hits
No hard knowledge about perpetrators behind Sri Lankan massacre – Jeremy Hunt
Roger Bannister


text:
One More Litmus Test
December 23, 2009 15:36 GMT
If there is anyone out there who thinks that President Dmitry Medvedev is serious about his stated intention of rooting out "legal nihilism" and strengthening the rule of law in Russia, here is one more chance to see how he acts instead of merely listening to how he speaks.
Today the Presidium of the Supreme Court upheld a two-year-old finding by the European Court of Human Rights that the arrest and detention in 2003 of former Yukos financial-arm head Platon Lebedev was illegal.
It is unclear whether the decision will have any impact on Lebedev's subsequent conviction. Most likely, the courts will find a twisted reasoning to assert that his 2005 conviction on embezzlement and tax-evasion charges stands (I'm reminded of a court decision after Medvedev's presidential election that found that media coverage during the campaign was "equal" because all the candidates running were mentioned – ignoring the well-documented fact that Medvedev was "mentioned" many times more often than his rivals – who were they anyway? – and much more positively).
At the court hearing today, a deputy prosecutor-general argued that since the violations were "procedural," the court should simply reprimand the individual prosecutors and judges who made the illegal decisions and move on. This may well be an indication of which way this ruling will play out, since Medvedev has shown a penchant lately for ostentatiously dismissing some officials every time something goes wrong (after all, he has to do this, since the prosecutors and courts are so corrupted, they can't be trusted to handle, say, the investigation into a night-club fire in Perm without presidential intervention).
As a result of Medvedev's decisive interventions, a lot of officials who probably should be sitting in jail are simply sent home, and many of them will likely turn up in nice positions sooner rather than later.
Medvedev's approach to real systemic issues – whether because he is uninterested in undertaking meaningful reform or because he is powerless to do so – is almost always to tweak or bandage or fire. Analyst Nikolai Petrov pointed this out in a piece in "The Moscow Times" yesterday on Medvedev's proposed tweaks to the system of appointing (rather than electing) heads of federation subjects. "Medvedev is correct in saying the present system…is ineffective," Petrov writes. "The solution, however, is not to patch over the problems in the system, but to change the system entirely."
Systemic problems demands systemic solutions.
Within hours of today's Supreme Court ruling, gazeta.ru (where Medvedev debuted his much-commented "Forward, Russia!" manifesto in September) threw down the gauntlet for the young president. The ruling, gazeta.ru wrote in an editorial, is a "historic chance" for Medvedev to begin the process of ending the so-called Basmanny justice – named after the Moscow district court that is most known for handing down legally outrageous, but consistently Kremlin-friendly verdicts.
The editorial points out to the president the key, obvious point: "It is precisely the Russian authorities that are the main source of legal nihilism, by going directly against the law in every possible way from the redistribution of property to the mass of day-to-day crimes of the siloviki against the population to the alteration of the country's political system." It asserts that the entire Yukos affair – the cases against Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Lebedev, and many others – is characteristic of "the Putin-style dealings with the law enforcement organs, where were transformed into an instrument for divvying up business to the advantage of a narrow circle close to power or occupying official posts under the political cover of the head of the government."
Although today's decision, so far, appears merely to be a sop to the Strasbourg court, it is a chance for Medvedev to (finally!) move from "rhetorical pronouncements about the need to modernize the country to real actions."
The article concludes that Medvedev can begin by directing the Duma (and let's not be coy and pretend there is a separation of legislative and executive power in Russia) to ratify the 14th Protocol of the European Court of Human Rights, which is aimed at "preventing violations at national level and improving domestic remedies." Russia is the only Council of Europe member country that has not ratified the 2004 reform and ratification has been blocked by the Kremlin precisely because Russia consistently loses cases brought before the court because of the depredations of Basmanny justice.
But don't hold your breath. Medvedev has let dozens of "litmus tests" of his liberal views pass since he became president. There is no reason to think things will be different this time, especially since the matter goes straight to the heart of Russia's unaccountable and thoroughly corrupted political system, one that needs more than just a good tweaking.


Join us for an hour of interactive family fun. Meet Steve Skidmore, author of over 200 titles including the brilliant Action Dogs and I Hero series of books. Find out more about the books hes written and be prepared to join in the fun as Steve takes you into his world of comedy and adventure.


text:
| Alerts
New Stark Law Proposed Regulations Provide More Flexibility for Hospital-Physician Relationships
On October 9, 2019, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued proposed rules creating new exceptions and updating and clarifying various regulatory requirements related to interpreting 42 U.S.C. § 1395nn, commonly known as the "Stark Law." Many of these proposals focus on changes to requirements that CMS believes will support value-based payment arrangements. In addition to these "modernizing" measures, CMS also included proposed revisions and provided clarifying commentary for several existing exceptions to the Stark Law prohibition on "financial relationships" at 42 C.F.R. § 411.357. Two of these proposed revisions—to the fair market value compensation exception and the payments by a physician exception—are the focus of this alert. If CMS finalizes the proposed regulations without significant changes, these updates will provide hospitals with more options when considering financial arrangements with physicians.
Exception for Fair Market Value Compensation 42 C.F.R. § 411.357(l)
In the proposed regulations, CMS proposes expanding the exception for fair market value compensation to include arrangements involving space leases between physicians and DHS entities. Currently, the fair market value exception only applies to signed written arrangements for items or services that meet compensation and other requirements specified in the regulation, and cannot be used for the rental of office space.
In issuing the proposed regulations, CMS noted that it has become aware of lease arrangements between DHS entities and physicians that are not inherently abusive, but that may not satisfy the requirements of other Stark Law exceptions. In particular, CMS noted that in some circumstances, space may not be used exclusively by the tenant as required by the space lease exception or the arrangement may not satisfy the technical requirements of the timeshare exception, or the term of the arrangement was less than 1 year. Because the fair market value exception continues to contain various requirements that CMS believes protect against abusive arrangements (e.g., that the arrangement is in writing, signed by the parties, that the parties only enter into one arrangement for the same space lease in the course of a year, that the compensation be specified in the agreement and not take into account the volume or value of referrals, be set in advance, and be consistent with fair market value, and that the arrangement be commercially reasonable), CMS believes that expanding the fair market value exception to space lease arrangements would continue to prohibit abusive arrangements while also providing DHS entities and physicians more flexibility to enter into agreements that pose a low risk of fraud and abuse.
Exception for Payments by a Physician 42 C.F.R. § 411.357(i)
Many commentators have historically criticized CMS's regulatory exception for payments by a physician (PBAP). This is because the existing regulatory text of this exception contains additional requirements beyond the analogous statutory exception, and CMS arguably did not have regulatory authority to add additional requirements to this exception. Further, the PBAP exception can only be used for compensation for items or services "that are not specifically excepted by another provision in §§411.355 through 4.11.357 (including, but not limited to §411.357(l)." As noted above §411.357(l) is the fair market value compensation exception. Some have argued that when CMS expanded the fair market value exception to apply to payments made by a physician in addition to payments made by a DHS entity, CMS effectively nullified the PBAP exception by making it no longer available for payments by a physician. This is because the PBAP exception cannot be used if the fair market value exception may be available.
In the commentary to the proposed regulations, CMS acknowledged, for the first time, that these arguments have merit. In response, CMS proposes revisions to the PBAP exception to cover arrangements that cannot be structured to satisfy a statutory exception and their interpreting regulations. CMS specifically noted that this exception may be available to protect use of space that is not office space, including physician's lease of storage space or residential real estate.
CMS is currently reviewing public comments submitted on the proposed regulations. We are watching for the final regulations, which we anticipate will support CMS's goal of modernizing the Stark Law and permitting a wider array of physician-hospital relationships. We are hopeful that the final regulations will provide hospitals with additional ways to demonstrate Stark Law compliance.


text:
Private Client Services Update – No Longer a Need to Rush to the Funeral Home
By Robert H. Powell III, Estate, Trust & Wealth Transfer
Longtime Norfolk residents, Mary and John were married for 25 years and had three wonderful children. John died in 2001 and was buried in the family plot he had purchased years ago at Woodlawn Memorial Gardens in Norfolk. Several years passed before Mary met Walter at The Fifth National Banque in Norfolk while square dancing. Walter, a widower, had moved to Norfolk from Tennessee where he had been married and lived for 45 years. His deceased wife, Sue, was buried in Tennessee. Walter and Sue had two children, one of whom was stationed in the Navy and living in Norfolk with his wife and two children. This is why Walter had moved to Norfolk following Sue's death. Walter and Mary had discussed their preferences for their funeral arrangements and both understood that if Mary passed away first she wanted to be buried beside John in Norfolk and that if Walter passed away first he wanted to be buried beside Sue in Tennessee. After five years of wedded bliss, Walter suffered a massive heart attack while he and Mary were square dancing one Saturday evening at The Banque. Mary decided that despite the fact that Walter had expressed a preference to be buried with his first wife, she wanted him buried in the family plot with her first husband so that at her death she would be with both the men she had dearly loved. Walter's son is stationed on an aircraft carried overseas in the Gulf of Oman and she's had no contact with his other child, a daughter who had not spoken to Mary since she and Walter married. Mary makes all the arrangements for Walter's burial at Rosewood Memorial Gardens. When Walter's children find out where their father has been buried they are furious and want to sue Mary and the funeral home for disregarding their father's wishes.
Although this is not a situation that occurs frequently, there are at least two Virginia cases where disputes have arisen and litigation has resulted over the question of where a person should have been buried. In Grisso v. Nolen, the former husband of the deceased sought to have his former wife's body disinterred and reburied at a location she had indicated to him she wanted to be buried. They had been married for thirty-eight years before their divorce. Despite their divorce six years earlier, they had cohabitated intermittently up until her death. Their daughter had made the funeral arrangements and did not want her mother disinterred. Litigation ensued. In Mazur v. Woodson the deceased, Mrs. Mazur, suffered from Alzheimer's. She had been moved by her husband into her aunt's home. Later, Mrs. Mazur's brother, Mr. Woodson, had moved her in with him without the knowledge of Mr. Mazur. Mr. Woodson later was appointed as her guardian. This appointment was challenged by Mr. Mazur. Mrs. Mazur died while the challenge was pending. Following her death, Mr. Woodson made arrangements for Mrs. Mazur's funeral and burial. Mr. Mazur and his children later sued the funeral home and Mr. Woodson alleging negligent and intentional mishandling of her body.
When there is a dispute between the deceased's next of kin over the disposition of the deceased's remains, some states rely on common law while others have laws designating the priority of next of kin to determine whose wishes prevail. In 1989, the Virginia General Assembly added §54.1-2825, which expressly granted the right of a person to designate 'an individual who shall make arrangements for his burial or the disposition of his remains, including cremation, upon his death.' Prior to that, the only guidance provided in the Virginia Code for determining whose wishes governed disposition appeared in Section 54.1-2807(B), stating (in part) that "The authority and directions of any next of kin shall govern the disposal of the body." However, the statute did not specify an order of priority among the next of kin's authority and in effect, granted authority to the first to make their wishes known. This phenomenon became known as the "rush to the funeral home." Although many thought that §54.1-2825 had solved the problem, an advisory opinion issued by the Virginia Attorney General in 2009 clouded the issue by ruling that 'burial' is not synonymous with 'funeral' and that a person designated under §54.1-2825 to make arrangements to dispose of a decedent's remains was simply 'any next of kin' included in the nonhierarchical definition of next of kin under §54.1-2825.
In April of 2010, the Virginia General Assembly amended § 54.1-2825 of the Virginia Code to address the issues raised in the Mazur opinion and the Attorney General advisory opinion of 2009. This change became effective on July 1, 2010. A designee now has the authority to make all arrangements relating to the disposition of the deceased's remains, regardless of the type of arrangements made. The word "burial" in subsection A has been replaced with "funeral," thus nullifying the distinction made by the Attorney General between the two terms. Further, the amendments address the priority issue discussed in the Attorney General Opinion, as the statute now specifies that a designee has priority over all other persons considered next of kin in terms of making such arrangements.
It is recommended that in situations where an individual believes there might be any possibility of a disagreement of where he or she is to be buried or what the funeral arrangements might be or the type of service that is to be held, the individual should take advantage of §54.1-2825 and appoint an agent to carry out his or her wishes. The appointment must be 'in a signed and notarized writing' by the principal appointing the agent and it must be 'accepted in writing by the person so designated.' The statute provides that the 'designee shall have priority over all persons otherwise entitled to make such arrangements, provided that a copy of the signed and notarized writing is provided to the funeral service establishment and to the cemetery, if any, no later than 48 hours after the funeral service establishment has received the remains.'
Robert H. Powell III is of counsel in the firm's Norfolk office where his practice focuses on trust and estate planning, real estate, and corporate transactions. He received his B.S. and LL.B., cum laude, from Washington & Lee University. Bob is AV® rated by Martindale Hubbell and has been designated an Accredited Estate Planner by the National Association of Estate Planning Councils. Bob is also a member of the Legislative Committee of Wills, Trusts and Estates Section of the Virginia Bar Association. Active in the community, Bob's current civic involvement includes service on the Hampton Roads Estate Planning Council, Rotary Club of Norfolk, Bank of Hampton Roads, and Foundry United Methodist Church. Bob can be reached at (757) 624.3245 or rhpowell@kaufcan.com.


text:
Adams Papers
John Adams to Samuel Adams, 1 May 1784
To Samuel Adams
The Hague May 1. 1784
My dear Sir
I received this morning your Letter of November 4 & Decr 4, with great Pleasure.1 I had heard of your Illness and was anxious to hear of your recovery. long Voyages and Journeys, great Agitation of Mind, and the Air of putrid Cities, have given me So many Severe Fits of Sickness, that I feel myself more affected At hearing of Such Misfertunes befalling my Friends. I have recovered however, a better Share of Health than I expected, and by Writing Less and walking and riding more, I hope to preserve it.
The Refugees were a difficult Subject to manage in the Negotiations of the Peace.— We did the best We could. We were not in a Condition to prescribe all the Terms We could have wished: and We were lucky, under all Circumstances in obtaining in a very critical Moment, what We did. The Continuance of the War, which was very narrowly escaped might have reduced England lower, and might have raised her Ennemies higher, but I am fully perswaded that We instead of gaining by it, Should have lost.
had the Situation of the belligerent Powers, or the state of the Negotiation been such, that England had been ready to agree upon Terms with France and Spain, before she was ready to agree with Us, You may easily imagine, what might have been the Consequence, especially if France had advised Us to consent to terms respecting the Refugees the Fisheries and Boundaries which Britain might have proposed to Us.
We need not weigh very Scrupulously, our Obligations to France nor hers to Us.— both Sides have fullfilled their Obligations Engagements hitherto, and I doubt not will continue to do so. The Alliance has been beneficial to both, and may continue to be so.— But I think the History of the Reign of Louis the fifteenth ought to be read in America.—2 it is amuzing to Speculate, and can do no harm to put Suppositions. Suppose Britain in 1778, instead of making War with France, had taken Mauduits Advice, or perhaps Lord Norths Advice, acknowledged American Independance, and proposed an Alliance offensive and defensive with the United States?3 What would at this hour have been the Situation of France? or Suppose, the Colonies had continued to this day, Subject to the Domination and Monopoly of Britain? I answer without hesitation, in the latter Case, She must have asked Leave of Britain to put a Ship to Sea.
I only wish that my Countrymen, had been possessed of a little more Confidence in their own Negotiators, and pushed their Connections with more Steadiness and Activity with other Nations. This could have done them no harm, and I am confident would have done them a great deal of good, even with their Allies.
Whether the Historian shall do me Justice or not, with regard to "my Negotiation with Holland," I care very little, but I wish that Mr Jay and Mr Dana as well as Mr Izzard and Mr Lee may do Justice to themselves and their Country, by faithfully recording those important Facts which fell within their Knowledge, relative to their own Negotiations.— I will compound with the Historians for my self, if they will Say no ill of me. But there are Facts which ought to be remembered, and held up to View in time not to excite needless Jealousies, but as the Sailors plant Buoys upon the shallows. I have other Reasons,— I know that abandoned Calomnies will be recorded in History, if Some Care is not taken to ascertain the Truth. There are Politicians in the World who have great Numbers of Historians under their Thumbs to whom lies and slanders cost nothing at all.
Funds for the punctual Payment of our foreign Debt, are of great Importance. of all our Debts indeed. But whether it is best to divide the Debt among the States, I leave to better Judges.— This would give more general Satisfaction perhaps, and the Money be more honestly collected.
our Country, My Friend is not yet out of Danger. There are great Difficulties in our Constitution and Situation to reconcile Government, Finance, Commerce, and foreign Affairs, with our Liberties.— The Prospect before Us is joyfull, but there are Intricacies in it, which will perplex, the Wisest Heads wound the most honest hearts and disturb the coolest and firmest Tempers.
I have long been of Opinion, that our Country is the Worst in the World for a Prophet to live in.— it is not possible to foresee Events with Us, as in other Countries. Changes upon Changes may be expected, but what, when, and how, must be left to time.— Let Us enjoy the little Space that is left to Us, without distressing our selves with too distant Prospects. I believe We may rest assured, there are no Scenes destined for our Posterity, more delicate or distressing than Some that We have Seen, and felt.
I am, with much Affection
RC (NN:George Bancroft Coll.); internal address: "Hon Samuel Adams Esq."; endorsed: "Letter from J Adams / Hague May 1. 1784."
1. Vol. 15:341–344. The letter was of 4 Nov. 1783, and its postscript was dated 4 December. For a second reply to the 4 Nov. letter, see JA's letter of 4 May 1784, below.
2. JA's reference to Louis XV is not altogether clear unless he means that with Americans arrayed against him as British subjects, Louis' efforts against Britain during his reign were unsuccessful, culminating in the humiliating loss of Canada in the Seven Years' War, whereas Louis XVI, with Americans as his allies, had defeated England.
3. In early 1778 Britain was forced to come to terms with Gen. John Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga, the Franco-American alliance, and the certainty of an Anglo-French war. This led to proposals to recognize American independence or at least to open negotiations for an Anglo-American reconciliation whereby the colonists would remain British subjects but enjoy an altered status within the empire. In either case the effect would have been to end the Anglo-American war and deprive France of its ally in an Anglo-French war.
Israel Mauduit (1708–1787), Massachusetts colonial agent and pamphleteer, proposed in a broadside published at London in March 1778 that Britain grant America immediate independence. Writing perhaps at the behest of the ministry of Frederick, Lord North, Mauduit argued that the Franco-American alliance made the conquest of the former colonies impossible; even if victory was an option, it was pointless since the Americans would remain ardently pro-French; and, finally, that if independence were granted some of the colonies would return to the mother country of their own volition owing to their English heritage (Robert J. Taylor, "Israel Mauduit," NEQ description begins New England Quarterly. description ends , 24:209–212, 223–226, 230 [1951]).
Under intense pressure in 1778 from the opposition, North put forth a series of propositions that ultimately resulted in the Carlisle Peace Commission. Essentially North proposed that a commission appointed by Parliament negotiate a reconciliation with the Americans that would be short of granting independence but that would fundamentally change the mother country's relationship with the colonies by, among other things, renouncing the power to tax them. Over time North retreated significantly from his original proposals so that by the time the commission departed for America its mission was pointless (Alan Valentine, Lord North, 2 vols., Norman, Okla., 1967, 1:499–534).
The viability of any British peace proposal in 1778 was doubtful at best. But even the remote chance of an Anglo-American reconciliation caused great consternation in France. JA wrote in July 1778 to friends in America, including Samuel Adams, concerning the inviolability of the newly minted Franco-American alliance. To Samuel Adams, in a letter of 28 July, JA wrote that British proposals for peace were "a modest Invitation to a gross act of Infidelity and Breach of Faith" by the United States. Then, in language similar to that in this letter written almost six years later, JA declared "that sound Policy as well as good Faith, will induce Us, never to renounce our Alliance with France, even altho it should continue Us for some time in War. The French are as sensible of the Benefits of this Alliance to them as We are, and they are determined, as much as We, to cultivate it" (vol. 6:312, 321–322, 323, 325–327, 332).
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-16-02-0095
Note: The annotations to this document, and any other modern editorial content, are copyright © The Massachusetts Historical Society. All rights reserved.
Adams, Samuel
"John Adams to Samuel Adams, 1 May 1784," Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-16-02-0095. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 16, February 1784–March 1785, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Robert Karachuk, Hobson Woodward, Margaret A. Hogan, Sara B. Sikes, Sara Martin, Sara Georgini, Amanda A. Mathews, and James T. Connolly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012, pp. 180–182.]
From Samuel Adams to John Adams [16 April 1784]
From John Adams to Samuel Adams [4 May 1784]
All correspondence between Samuel Adams and John Adams


text:
Encyclopedic News
News from multiple sources
Next Labour leader can't be 'Corbyn without a beard', ousted MP warns
The next Labour leader cannot be "Corbyn without a beard", according to one of the party's ousted MPs.
Caroline Flint, who lost Don Valley after 22 years, launched a frank attack on the "ardent Remainers" in Labour's shadow cabinet.
She said the party's backing for a second referendum – pushed by the likes of shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer and shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry – had "contributed to sacrificing 59 seats".
Unapologetic Corbyn claims election was taken over by Brexit
Jeremy Corbyn has promised to stand down as leader following a "period of reflection" in the wake of the party's election defeat.
In an open letter published this weekend, he apologised to Labour supporters and acknowledged the party "came up short".
Labour came close to dropping below 200 seats in the party's worst performance since the 1930s.
The election saw many seats in the North and the Midlands – the party's traditional base of support – elect a Conservative MP for the first time in decades.
More from Labour
Asked who should succeed Mr Corbyn, Ms Flint told Sky's Sophy Ridge On Sunday: "I don't think it should be anybody who has had a hand in our Brexit strategy over the last few years, and I don't think it can be Corbyn without a beard, I think that would be the wrong move as well."
She added: "I don't believe anybody who have been the architects of our European policy in the last few years is credible to be leader – I don't think they can win back these seats."
Ms Flint claimed that Ms Thornberry once said to a fellow MP that she was "glad my constituents aren't as stupid as yours".
Ms Thornberry later labelled the claim a "total and utter lie", adding: "I have never said this to anyone nor anything like it."
The rise and fall of Jeremy Corbyn
Mr Corbyn's promise to stand aside has fired the starting gun on the race to succeed him, with numerous candidates being suggested in recent days.
Shadow justice secretary Richard Burgon told Sky News that he was backing Rebecca Long-Bailey, the shadow business secretary, and was considering running as her deputy.
He admitted that the party's Brexit strategy had not worked.
"I think it was right to attempt to bring the country together on that basis. Did it fail? We've got to be open, it did fail," Mr Burgon told Sophy Ridge on Sunday.
Lifelong Labour voters explain why they switched
"It was a disastrous election result and for that we are truly sorry."
Mr Burgon added that the party's "biggest mistake" was "perhaps underestimating the desire for people who had voted Leave to leave the European Union".
Former London mayor Ken Livingstone told Sky News Mr Corbyn had been the subject of the "most vile smear campaign" by the media.
"The media coverage implied that we were institutionally antisemitic and that was completely and utterly untrue," he said.
Corbyn 'faced a hostile environment'
Defending Mr Corbyn, Mr Livingstone added: "He ran the best campaign he could, but in a completely hostile environment."
Wigan MP Lisa Nandy, meanwhile, has confirmed she is "seriously thinking" about running to replace Mr Corbyn.
She told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show that the party has a "very, very hard road" to win back the trust of Labour voters in northern towns.
Shadow chancellor John McDonnell told the same programme he expects the change in leadership to take place within eight to 10 weeks.
He said Ms Long-Bailey "could be a brilliant leader" and also praised frontbenchers Angela Rayner, Mr Burgon and Dawn Butler.
Mr McDonnell said he would "prefer others" to Labour MP Jess Phillips before describing her as "really talented", adding: "I want someone who actually has been really solidly involved in the development of existing policy – that's why Becky and Angie and Dawn and others have been so good."
He also said it was "most probably time for a non-metropolitan", adding: "I think it is time for a non-London MP, we need a northern voice as much as possible."
Addressing Labour's election defeat, Mr McDonnell said: "It's on me, let's take it on the chin, I own this disaster so I apologise to all those wonderful Labour MPs who have lost their seats and who worked so hard."
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Unite boss Len McCluskey, a key Corbyn ally, said policies in the party's manifesto were "very popular, but "we very evidently didn't win the argument over Brexit".
He said the "consequences of becoming a party that offered a second referendum" were not fully understood.
"We always knew that would be dangerous within our heartlands and it was our task, all of our tasks, to try and get the message across that there's more to life than Brexit – and we failed," Mr McCluskey said.
Next Labour leader can't be 'Corbyn without a beard', former MP Caroline Flint warns
Political reporter @Alan_McGuinness The next Labour leader cannot be "Corbyn without a beard", according to one of the party's ousted MPs. Caroline Flint, who lost Don Valley after 22 years, launched a frank attack on the "ardent Remainers" in Labour's shadow cabinet.
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ELKTON, Maryland, Jan. 16, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. (Gore) has received the Excellent Supplier Award from Sunrise Power, a leading Chinese supplier of vehicle fuel cell stacks and systems. The award recognizes Gore's ability to achieve Sunrise Power's stingent requirements for durability and reliability — key factors for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles.
Gore's GORE-SELECT® Membranes, which facilitate a fuel cell's electrochemical reaction between hydrogen fuel and oxygen, supports the Sunrise Power fuel cell HYMOD®-36 stack's ability to exceed 5,000 hours of operation testing, while also achieving low-temperature start-up at -20 °C and storage at -40 °C.
"Gore is very proud to be awarded as the Excellent Supplier by Sunrise Power. It is a recognition of the value of GORE-SELECT® Membranes and our close working relationship. Gore will continue to provide full support to Sunrise Power to improve the durability of the fuel cell stack and system while reducing the cost," says Tony Chen, Gore China Sales Manager, at Sunrise Power's Supplier Conference and Awarding Ceremony on January 10, 2019.


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Why do people wear Halloween masks?
People used masks and costumes to try to absorb the power of its representation.
Halloween has originated from the old Celtic festival and even before that.
People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts.
This night represents the border between the living and the death.
Previous QuestionWhy do people like to dress up for Halloween?
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Why do people wear masks at Halloween?
So the most common costume is the white ghost sheet, and the common mask is the ghost or spirit mask. People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts. This night represents the border between the living and the death. The souls of the dead were meant to revisit their homes.
Why do people wear masks on Halloween?
On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits.
Why do people wear masks for Halloween?
Why do people wear masks and costumes for Halloween?
People used masks and costumes to try to absorb the power of its representation. Halloween has originated from the old Celtic festival and even before that. People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts. This night represents the border between the living and the death.
Why do people wear costumes and masks on Halloween?
Why did people originally wear masks on Halloween?
People used masks and costumes to try to absorb the power of its representation. Halloween has originated from the old Celtic festival and even before that. They believed it was important to honor dead, so Halloween developed from Pagan ritual to Masquerade party night.
Why do we wear masks on Halloween?
Why do people wear Halloween costumes?
Halloween originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. To out smart these ghostly beings, people would put on masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would think they were fellow spirits.
Why do we wear masks and costumes on Halloween?
Why does Michael Myers wear a mask in Halloween?
This would be a callback to how Michael killed his sister, Judith, in a clown costume. Kirk mask and the crew decided that it was much more creepy because it was emotionless, much like Michael himself. This became the Michael Myers mask. Since then, every mask used in the films have been modeled after this design.
Why do people wear costumes for Halloween?
The wearing of costumes at Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, roamed the earth at this time. The practice may have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November, to mark the beginning of winter. The festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots.
Why people wear costumes on Halloween?
Can adults wear masks on Halloween?
Halloween Mask Warning. We have a word of caution for adults if you plan on dressing up for Halloween and hitting the town. Virginia law says anyone over the age of 16 cannot wear a mask, hood or other device that hides a substantial portion of your face.
Why do we wear costumes on Halloween?
Why do you wear costumes on Halloween?
Why do people enjoy Halloween?
Adults enjoy dressing up for similar reasons, and this is why the masquerade plays a part in so many festivals from different cultures. Putting on a mask lets people drop their inhibitions and step outside of themselves for an evening. Halloween seems to serve a valuable function for many children and adults.
What do people wear in Halloween?
Halloween costumes are costumes worn on or around Halloween, a festival which falls on October 31. An early reference to wearing costumes at Halloween comes from Scotland in 1585, but they may pre-date this.
Why we are celebrating Halloween?
Halloween is an annual holiday celebrated each year on October 31, and Halloween 2019 occurs on Thursday, October 31. It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts.
Why do we wear costumes in Halloween?
Why do they wear costumes on Halloween?
Why do we wear costumes on Halloween for kids?
Why do we wear scary costumes at Halloween?
Why we wear costumes on Halloween?
Why do people carve pumpkins for Halloween?
Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween. The tradition of carving faces into vegetables dates to the Celts. As part of their autumnal celebration, they wanted to light the way to their homes for the good spirits, so they carved faces into vegetables such as turnips and squash.
Why do people celebrate Halloween for kids?
Halloween is said to have its roots in an ancient Celtic celebration in Ireland and Scotland called Samhain. Samhain marked the end of summer. People at the time were frightened of evil spirits. They would dress up in costumes and make noise in the streets in order to make the spirits go away.
Why do we wear Halloween costumes?
Why do we wear costume on Halloween?
Why do people celebrate Halloween?
Why are masks worn on Halloween?
It was believed that this is the last night for the dead to have their vengeance before moving on so people wore masks and costumes not to be recognized, to scare away evil spirits and to prevent them from entering homes. People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts.
Why do people decorate for Halloween?
As the harvest season came to its wintery close, ancient pagan Celtic people honored the gods and goddesses of the harvest by holding the celebration. Samhain was considered a time for the people to show gratitude and to pay homage to the gods of the harvest who the people felt were responsible for their bounty.
Why do people get candy on Halloween?
They focused on getting shopkeepers to promote candy as the thing to pass out on Halloween. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, kids could expect to get nuts, coins, or toys from certain houses, and if they did get a sweet treat, it was typically a home-baked good.
Why do people eat candy on Halloween?
Why do American people celebrate Halloween?
Many Americans celebrate the traditions of Halloween by dressing in costumes and telling tales of witches and ghosts. Pumpkins are carved into glowering jack-o'-lanterns. Children parade from house to house, knocking on doors and calling out "Trick or treat!" hoping to have their bags filled with candy.
Why do English people celebrate Halloween?
The celebration of Halloween originates in Britain and trick-or-treating can be traced back to the tradition of "guising" where people would dress up and go door-to-door singing in return for food or other treats. People have their Halloween decorations up for the whole of October. People wear costumes to work.
Why do people dress up at Halloween?
Why do people carve pumpkins at Halloween?
Why does people celebrate Halloween?
It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. Over time, Halloween evolved into a day of activities like trick-or-treating, carving jack-o-lanterns, festive gatherings, donning costumes and eating sweet treats.
Why do people dress up in costumes for Halloween?
Why do people give out candy on Halloween?
Why do we wear Halloween costumes on Halloween?
Why do people like to dress up for Halloween?
Why do people trick or treat on Halloween?
Children in costumes travel from house to house, asking for treats with the phrase "Trick or treat". The "treat" is usually some form of candy, although in some cultures money is used instead. The "trick" refers to a threat, usually idle, to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.
Why do people bob for apples on Halloween?
The bobber would then attempt to bite into the apple named for the young man she desired. Today, some parents may keep their kids away from the tub of apples for fear of spreading germs, but bobbing for apples is a comparatively safe tradition when compared to another old apple-centric Halloween pastime: Snap Apple.
How do you make easy Halloween masks?
1:11 9:15 المقطع المقترح · 64 ثانية How to Make Easy Halloween Masks: Crafty at Home - YouTube YouTube بداية المقطع المقترَح نهاية المقطع المقترَح
How do you disinfect a Halloween mask?
Improperly maintained Halloween masks become brittle and tear. Dampen a clean washcloth with lukewarm water. Pour two drops of hand soap onto the damp cloth. Wipe the mask's outer and inner surfaces with the soapy washcloth to remove sweat, makeup and saliva.
Why should people celebrate Halloween?
Christians celebrated something called All Saints Day on November 1st, honoring people who had gone to Heaven. All Saints Day could also be called All Hallows Day. Hallow means holy. So the day before All Saints day was All Hallows Eve, which eventually came to be called Halloween.
Why do people trick or treat for Halloween?
Where does the phrase trick or treat come from? During the medieval practice of souling, poor people would make the rounds begging for food. In return, they offered prayers for the dead on All Souls' Day. Modern trick or treating is a custom borrowed from guising, which children still do in some parts of Scotland.
Why people dress up on Halloween?
Why the people celebrate Halloween?
Why are people celebrating Halloween?
How do you get a Halloween mask in RuneScape?
Halloween masks can be obtained in Old School RuneScape by completing a Hallowe'en event, given in the form of a halloween mask set. If lost upon death, Diango will not supply the player with another, with the exception of the black h'ween mask.
How do you store Halloween masks?
0:17 4:43 المقطع المقترح · 75 ثانية Latex Halloween Mask Care Tips with Ed Edmunds - YouTube YouTube بداية المقطع المقترَح نهاية المقطع المقترَح
Do Chinese people celebrate Halloween?
Halloween is essentially a Western holiday and has a long history, originally celebrated by the Celts to commemorate the dead. Halloween is not as popular as Christmas in China, it is really a non-event for the Chinese. But we have a holiday to honor the departed spirits of the underworld—The Chinese Ghost festival.
What do people usually do on Halloween?
Halloween is usually celebrated by both adults and kids. Some families celebrate by having costume parties and playing special games like bobbing for apples and telling ghost stories. Sometimes children go "trick or treating" - knocking on doors in their trusted neighborhoods collecting candy.
How do you clean a rubber Halloween mask?
If your latex mask is dirty, rinse with warm soapy water. You should also clean the latex mask on the inside with warm soapy water to remove any make-up, saliva or perspiration.
How do you get a Halloween mask Osrs?
They were originally released during the 2002 Hallowe'en event in the main game. Halloween masks can be obtained in Old School RuneScape by completing a Hallowe'en event, given in the form of a halloween mask set.
What do people do for Halloween?
Why did the Celts wear costumes on Halloween?
Do people still celebrate Halloween?
Who created the Halloween mask?
Case in point: it's been rumored for decades that the mask the murderous Mike Myers wore in the Halloween films was in fact based on William Shatner's face. And not just Shatner's face, but a Captain Kirk death mask created for Star Trek. Well, it's true.
Why did people dress up for Halloween?
Do people in Peru celebrate Halloween?
On the 31st of October, Halloween is celebrated in the US and all over the world, and is also becoming more and more popular in Peru. In Peru however it is often called ´Noche de Bruja´.
What does people do on Halloween?
How do people celebrate Halloween in Italy?
Traditionally, Halloween, or All Hallows' Eve, was just the beginning of the celebrations of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. While these are still the main holidays recognized in Italy, Halloween is certainly gaining in popularity. For many Italians it's just another day to celebrate and have a party.
What mask was used to make the shape mask for the first Halloween?
The mask Michael Myers wears is a Captain Kirk mask which was painted white. The mask, which was made from a cast of William Shatner's face, was originally used in the 1975 horror film The Devil's Rain.
What do people do during Halloween?
Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, as well as watching horror films.
What do people do on Halloween day?
What people do on Halloween day?
Do Irish people celebrate Halloween?
Do people say Happy Halloween?
5 Answers. The wish for a "Happy" Halloween is a wish for the person to enjoy the day, regardless of how little or how much spookiness they wish for on that day. Likewise, "Happy Christmas" is a common expression in the UK, wishing for an enjoyable Christmas.
Do Turkish people celebrate Halloween?
Halloween is not celebrated in Turkey. Yet if they were celebrating Halloween, Turks who support democracy, secularism, human rights, and the rule of law would not have a hard time finding a haunted house. The country seems like a haunted house.
Do people work on Halloween?
Yes, people still go to work on Halloween. This is because Halloween is not a public (also called national or legal) holiday, like Thanksgiving or Christmas, in which employees across the country are given a (usually) paid day off. Halloween is a secular and commercial celebration, like Valentine's Day or Mother's Day.
Do English people celebrate Halloween?
Halloween is an observance annually celebrated on October 31. Some people hold Halloween parties on or around this date, where the hosts and guests often dress up as skeletons, ghosts or other scary figures. Common symbols of Halloween include pumpkins, bats and spiders.
Do Thai people celebrate Halloween?
How do they celebrate Halloween in Thailand? After all, Thailand has a Buddhist majority and Halloween isn't a Buddhist festival. Regardless of this, Thailand does have its own culture of ghosts, spirits and supernatural legends.
Do Dutch people celebrate Halloween?
Do the Dutch Celebrate Halloween? The Dutch celebrate Halloween on the 11th of November instead of the 31st of October. The kids go door to door just like the US, except, they only wear masks, no costumes. And instead of saying trick or treat, they sing songs for candy, at all of their neighbors.
What do most people do on Halloween?
Why did people originally dress up for Halloween?
Do Scottish people celebrate Halloween?
Halloween or Hallowe'en is celebrated in many places around the world, typically on the 31st of October, and is said to have come from All Hallows Eve – a historic Christian celebration preceding All Saints Day.
Do people get Halloween off?
Halloween is not a federal holiday, which means the government does not give a day off on it for federal employees. It's also not, as far as I am aware, observed by many (any?) companies or states. I have friends who always take the day after Halloween and the day after the Super Bowl off as personal holidays.
Why did people start dressing up for Halloween?
Do kids wear Halloween costumes to school?
Schools should allow you to wear costumes on Halloween so you can be part of the spirit of the holiday. It is just one day, and kids can have fun. You can also use your imagination and role play your costume character. Some of us think wearing costumes to school is not a good idea.
How do people celebrate Halloween day?
How do Irish people celebrate Halloween?
Halloween Traditions in Ireland. The Halloween traditions we celebrate today originate from the Celtic pagan festival called "Samhain" meaning "end of summer". Firstly, it was an important fire festival, celebrated over the evening of 31 October and throughout the following day.
How do people celebrate Halloween now?
Many Americans celebrate the traditions of Halloween by dressing in costumes and telling tales of witches and ghosts. Pumpkins are carved into glowering jack-o'-lanterns. Children parade from house to house, knocking on doors and calling out "Trick or treat!"
Do people in London celebrate Halloween?
Yes people in the UK celebrate Halloween. Trick or treating, 'scary' themed events, college parties, etc.
Do people celebrate Halloween in Germany?
Halloween, as we celebrate it commonly today, is not originally German. Yet many Germans embrace it. Though the commercialism of Halloween does indeed stem from North America, the tradition and celebration itself had its origins in Europe. Halloween has gained much popularity over the past few decades.
How do people celebrate Halloween in NYC?
How to Celebrate Halloween in New York City 01 of 07. Village Halloween Parade. John Lamparski / Contributor/Getty Images. 02 of 07. Halloween Costume Shops. 03 of 07. Halloween Haunted Houses. 04 of 07. Haunted Bars. 05 of 07. Spooky Ghost Tours. 06 of 07. Tompkins Square Park Halloween Dog Parade. 07 of 07. Halloween Events and Parades in Brooklyn.
Do people celebrate Halloween in Ireland?
With such a cultural influence, Halloween today in Ireland is celebrated very much the same as in the States. Adults and children dress up as witches, ghosts, zombies and all kind of macabre figures and go to fancy dress parties or go out trick or treating.
Do people celebrate Halloween in UK?
What do people celebrate on Halloween?
Do people go to work on Halloween?
Do people celebrate Halloween in Europe?
Although Europe doesn't celebrate Halloween with the same fanfare like the United States, that doesn't mean the fascinating Old Continent, with its long and tempestuous history, frightening legends, and century-old castles, is not a great place to be on October 31st.
Was the mask in Halloween William Shatner?
What was the mask used in Halloween?
How much do people spend on Halloween every year?
As the organization noted in its annual spending survey, consumers are expected to spend $9.1 billion for Halloween this year, up from $8.4 billion in 2016. And it's not just candy that's getting expensive.
Do people spend more money on Halloween or Christmas?
2 Reasons Why Halloween Sales Hit $9 Billion in 2018. Halloween retail spending was estimated at $9 billion in 2018. It's a little less than 2017's record of $9.1 billion. Slightly fewer, 175 million, said they would celebrate.
How much do people spend on Halloween each year?
How much do people spend on Halloween decorations?
According to the NRF, Americans who celebrate Halloween intend to spend an average of $86.79 each this year. Of the $9 billion spent on Halloween this year, $3.2 billion will be spent on costumes, $2.7 billion on decorations, $2.6 billion on candy, and $400 million on greeting cards.
How much do people spend on Halloween 2018?
2 Reasons Why Halloween Sales Hit $9 Billion in 2018 YearAmericans CelebratingTotal Spending2015157 million$6.9 billion2016171 million$8.4 billion2017179 million (Record)$9.1 billion (Record)2018175 million$9.0 billion*3 صفوف أخرى
How do people celebrate Halloween without trick or treat?
13 fun ways to celebrate Halloween (without trick or treating) Visit somewhere haunted. Book a Halloween cruise. Hold a scary movie marathon. Do some spooky story telling time. Hold a Halloween treasure hunt in your own backyard. Cook a spooky family dinner. Create Halloween crafts together. Play at a haunted amusement park.
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