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Former Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania began a campaign for the 2012 Republican Party nomination for president of the United States in April 2011. He had been preparing for a run since shortly after the 2008 presidential election.

Santorum lagged in the polls for all of 2011 until he surged in the week before the Iowa caucuses, propelling him to a narrow victory over Mitt Romney in the first contest of the presidential primaries.  Santorum's presidential hopes received another boost when he surprisingly swept all three votes held on February 7, 2012, in Minnesota, Missouri, and Colorado. On April 10, 2012, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Santorum announced the suspension of his campaign.

Background and campaign announcement
Santorum stopped short of a full-fledged candidacy before the beginning of 2011. Prior to that, he had indicated that he was merely considering running for president.

Santorum filed for an exploratory committee with Federal Elections Commission, and announced the organization on the Fox News program On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren on April 13, 2011. He formally announced his run for the Republican presidential nomination on ABC's Good Morning America on Monday, June 6, 2011.

Campaign developments
In an August 2011 interview with the Des Moines Register's editorial board, Santorum said "I'm the only person in this race by measuring the Gallup poll from March to July, everybody else who's even in the race or a prospective in the race their name identification increase except me. And so you just sort of wonder why is the national media not talking about me when they're talking about people like Jon Huntsman who are way below me in the national polls yet he gets press every single day. Nobody seems to want to pay any attention to me."

Santorum suffered from poor fund-raising and weak ground operations, and the viability of his campaign was in doubt during the Ames Poll. He finished fourth in the Iowa Straw Poll on August 13, 2011, with 9.8% of the vote. The finish was seen as a surprising and successful one; he finished just behind Tim Pawlenty, who had significantly more money. Santorum focused on an off-the-beaten-path strategy, going to dozens of small towns generally ignored by the other candidates. Although he was considered a "joke" candidate and panned as unelectable in some quarters, his solid consistency among fellow anti-abortion Catholics kept him in the race.

Santorum was one of the non-Mormon candidates to directly take on the accusations of Mormonism being a cult.

Santorum has openly promoted natalist government policies as part of his campaign platform.

Comments about homosexuality

During the Fox News/Google-sponsored debate, which took place in Orlando, Florida on September 22, 2011, a gay soldier deployed in Iraq asked the candidates if they would take measures to "circumvent" the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", if elected president.	 Santorum, who answered the question, called the repeal of DADT "social experimentation" – and "tragic".	 "I would say any type of sexual activity has absolutely no place in the military," Santorum responded. "And the fact that they're making a point to include it as a provision within the military that we are going to recognize a group of people and give them a special privilege to – and removing 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,' I think tries to inject social policy into the military. And the military's job is to do one thing, and that is to defend our country." He added: "What we're doing is playing social experimentation with our military right now. And that's tragic."

While campaigning in New Hampshire, Santorum engaged college students who asked about his position on gay marriage, suggesting that allowing gay marriage would lead to the legalization of polygamy and other forms of marriage. The back-and-forth resulted in him being booed at the conclusion of the event. At another event, Santorum suggested that children would be better off having a father in prison than being raised by lesbian parents.

Focus on Iowa
Santorum focused much of his efforts on the early caucus state of Iowa. He established a solid ground operation in Iowa and visited the state the most of any of the candidates, having visited all 99 counties in the state at least once.

Santorum's candidacy was compared to that of Mike Huckabee, who surprisingly won Iowa despite similarly poor performance in the polls. Several Republican strategists in Iowa described Santorum as a "natural fit" for 2008 Huckabee supporters in Iowa. The Washington Times reported in November 2011 that conservatives had gone on a "carousel" of supporting different candidates against Mitt Romney, from Michele Bachmann to Rick Perry to Herman Cain to Newt Gingrich. As such, Santorum would be next on the "carousel".

In December 2011, when Gingrich achieved frontrunner status in the race, Santorum became increasingly critical of him and his speakership. Santorum said Gingrich's Contract with America was not practical and aside from welfare reform, it fell short of its goals. Santorum said Gingrich's Contract with America was overrated and took too much credit from the Gang of Six, of which he was a part, which exposed congressional banking corruption in 1994. Santorum also gained the confidence of several evangelical religious leaders and Sarah Palin for his "ideological consistency".

In December 2011, Santorum's poll numbers in Iowa remained low, but he attracted more attention as a dark horse candidate, and said Iowans were beginning to respond to his message. He described his campaign by saying, "I'm sort of the guy at the dance, when the girls walk in they sort of walk by, and they take a few turns at the dance hall with the guys that are a little better looking, a little flashier, a little more bling. But at the end of the evening, old steady Eddie's there. He's the guy you want to bring home to mom and dad." He urged Iowans not to go along with the polls and the pundits, who have pitted the race as being between Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich, but to lead the national conversation by picking him, an underdog.

There were complaints about a statement made in Sioux City, Iowa, when Santorum said, "I don't want to make black people's lives better by giving them somebody else's money". Santorum responded saying he did not say the word "black" but rather mumbled "blah".

Significant endorsements
Santorum received endorsements from several major Iowa conservative leaders in the fall of 2011. Prominent social conservatives Bob Vander Plaats and Chuck Hurley, both leaders of the Family Leader social conservative advocacy organization, praised Santorum's conservative record on social issues. Sioux City conservative talk radio host Sam Clovis cited Santorum's beliefs in "a constitutionally limited government, fiscal responsibility, strong national defense and unflagging devotion to life and traditional marriage."

Other endorsements included Iowa Secretary of State Matt Schultz, Cornerstone Church pastor and evangelical leader Cary Gordon, and bestselling thriller novelist Brad Thor.

In November 2011, conservative commentator Glenn Beck said, "If there is one guy out there that is the next George Washington, the only guy that I could think of is Rick Santorum. I would ask that you would take a look at him."

Late surge in polls

After support for Newt Gingrich faded in Iowa, Santorum received a late surge in polling in the week prior to the caucuses; a CNN poll released December 28, 2011 showed Santorum jumping to third place with 16%, behind only Mitt Romney (25%) and Ron Paul (22%) and ahead of Newt Gingrich, who was first in the previous CNN poll. CNN said, "Most of Santorum's gains have come among likely caucus participants who are born-again or evangelical, and he now tops the list among that crucial voting bloc, with support from 22% of born-agains compared to 18% for Paul, 16% for Romney, and 14% for Gingrich."

Mike Huckabee said, "Rick Santorum, I believe, is being greatly underestimated in this race. I believe he will be the surprise candidate, not necessarily to win it, but to be in the top three or four when people don't expect him to be." On December 31, 2011, the Des Moines Register released a poll, conducted December 27–30, also placing Santorum in third place behind Romney and Paul. However, the paper noted, "the four-day results don't reflect just how quickly momentum is shifting in a race that has remained highly fluid for months. If the final two days of polling are considered separately, Santorum rises to second place, with 21 percent, pushing Paul to third, at 18 percent. Romney remains the same, at 24 percent." The Register'''s pollster said, "Momentum's name is Rick Santorum."

 Victory in Iowa
The Iowa caucuses were held on January 3, 2012, and the count that evening put Romney in first with just eight more votes than Santorum out of 125,000 cast (Romney received 30,015 votes to Santorum's 30,007). Though he finished in second, Santorum's finish was still seen as a stunning victory, which could give him some momentum going forward in an uphill battle of a race. Santorum's campaign reportedly raised over $1 million in less than 24 hours after his finish in the caucuses, and Santorum immediately surged in national polls, with three showing him competing for third place with Paul.

On January 20, 2012, Santorum was declared the official winner of the January 3 Iowa caucuses based on the certified results from 1,766 precincts (results from 8 precincts could not be found). Santorum (29,839 votes, 25%) had defeated Romney (29,805, 25%) by 34 votes.

New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Florida
He finished fourth in the New Hampshire primary on January 10, 2012, ahead of Newt Gingrich.

On January 14, 2012, during the run-up to the South Carolina primary, Santorum won the endorsement of the Family Research Council, a group of 150 social conservative leaders who held an emergency meeting to determine the best social conservative candidate to coalesce around to beat Romney. Santorum finished third in South Carolina with 17%.

Newt Gingrich, the winner of South Carolina, called on Santorum along with Ron Paul to drop out of the race; Santorum rebuffed the idea, noting that he won Iowa and beat Gingrich in New Hampshire, and said, "We're not going anywhere. We are going to be in this race, we are going to stay in this race for the long haul. We are planning for the next states."

Santorum campaigned for the Florida primary but left the weekend before its primary to go home and prepare his income tax records to be released to the public. However, his three-year-old daughter Bella, who suffers from a rare genetic condition called Trisomy 18 that kills most sufferers before their first birthday, fell ill and came close to death in a bout with pneumonia. Santorum left the campaign trail for several days to be with her in the hospital. He said she made a miraculous turnaround. Santorum finished third in Florida's primary with 223,208 votes (13%).

February

On February 5, 2012, Rasmussen Reports' daily presidential tracking poll showed Santorum leading President Barack Obama 45%–44% in a potential general election matchup, the first time a Rasmussen poll showed him beating Obama.

The Santorum campaign decided against committing substantial resources to the Nevada caucuses, where Santorum took 10% of the vote on February 4 in a 4th-place finish.  A focus on the states holding votes on February 7 paid off as the former Pennsylvania Senator won all three.  Santorum edged out Romney by 5 points in the Colorado caucuses in a significant upset, beat second-place finisher Ron Paul by 45% to 27% in the Minnesota caucuses, and dominated the Missouri primary, defeating Romney 55%–25% in a contest that did not include Newt Gingrich on the ballot and did not assign any delegates.2012 Missouri Primary Results  Two days before the vote Public Policy Polling (PPP) had suggested that Santorum would finish second in Colorado, face a close contest with Romney and Gingrich in Minnesota, and win by a smaller margin in Missouri.

Following his sweep, Santorum enjoyed a surge in national polling, with multiple polls showing Santorum in first or within the margin of error of Romney.

Santorum did not do any campaigning for the Maine caucuses, but still took 18% and third place in the results announced February 11.

Comments Santorum had made in October 2011 about "the dangers of contraception in this country, the whole sexual libertine idea" received renewed attention in February with some observers noting that at a January 9 debate Santorum had indicated that he was not interested in making contraception a campaign issue. AP writers suggest that "his ideas would probably be surprising, even puzzling, to general election voters."

On February 17, Mike DeWine, the current Attorney General of Ohio and a former United States Senator, announced that he was retracting his endorsement of Mitt Romney and endorsing Santorum, with whom he had served in the Senate. DeWine was the first Senate colleague of Santorum to endorse his candidacy.

On February 18, Santorum said that Obama's agenda was based on "some phony theology. Not a theology based on the Bible. A different theology."  A 2008 speech in which Santorum suggested that the "Father of Lies" has been "attacking the great institutions of America" also attracted renewed media attention, along with a statement from the same speech claiming that "mainline Protestantism" "is gone from the world of Christianity as I see it." Although conservative talk host Rush Limbaugh said on February 21 that Santorum would have to "answer for these" remarks, a columnist for The Economist called for perspective, arguing that "when the media look only at Mr Santorum's thoughts on family morality they end up with a caricature. He is in fact a more rounded candidate, with some impressive skills."

The next contests were in Michigan and Arizona on February 28, 2012. Leading up to the Michigan primary, Santorum was neck-and-neck with Romney in the polls. Since Michigan is considered Romney's home state since he was born and raised there and his father was a popular governor there, commentators predicted disaster for Romney if he lost to Santorum in the state, which was considered an easy win for Romney prior to Santorum's surge. Santorum and Gingrich briefly considered forming a unity ticket to run against Romney at what both viewed as a critical juncture in the primaries, but they were unable to agree on who would lead the ticket.   Both campaigns fought hard, and Romney went on to edge Santorum 41%–38%. went on to finish second in Michigan, getting 14 delegates and no delegates in Arizona. Santorum received 27% in Arizona but no delegates since it was a winner-take-all state.

A controversy arose over the delegate allocation in Michigan, where party rules should have given one of the state's two at-large delegates to both Santorum and Romney for a 15–15 delegate tie. However, the Michigan Republican Party's credentials committee voted to award both at-large delegates to Romney for a 16–14 edge for Romney. Santorum's campaign said the committee, which was composed mostly of Romney supporters, was trying to fix the primary because it didn't like the results of the popular vote. Santorum's campaign asked the Republican National Committee to investigate.

Super Tuesday
Ten states held contests on Super Tuesday on March 6, 2012. Santorum won in North Dakota (where he took 40% of the vote), Oklahoma (34%), and Tennessee (37%). He finished second in Ohio, Alaska, Idaho, Massachusetts, and Vermont. He finished third in Georgia, and did not campaign in Virginia, where only Romney and Paul qualified for the ballot.

Ohio
Santorum and Romney campaigned heavily against each other in Ohio, a crucial battleground state for the general election. Santorum slammed Romney for "Romneycare" and made it a focus of his campaign against Romney in the state. Romney barely edged out Santorum in the primary, beating him by just 10,000 votes out of 1.2 million cast (0.8%). Some prominent Republicans had voiced concerns over Santorum's ability to win female voters, given his conservative views on contraception. However, Santorum was just three points behind Romney in the overall female vote in Ohio, and won the married female vote by four points, leading the Christian Science Monitor to say that there was "no real gender gap" between the two frontrunners. Santorum won big among youth voters, winning the 17–29 age cohort by nine points over Romney and crushing Ron Paul, the perennial youth favorite. Santorum also won the 30–44 age cohort by 11 points and the 45–64 age cohort by one point, but lost the over-65 age cohort by 16 points to Romney. Exit polls showed that voters who decided in the last few days prior to the election went for Romney by five points over Santorum, but voters who decided on election day itself went for Santorum by 13 points over Romney.

Rest of March
After winning Kansas on March 10, Santorum swept the Southern primaries held on March 13, 2012, strengthening his campaign as he won Alabama by five points and Mississippi by a point and a half. He defeated Romney, who tried to take advantage of the divided electorate to rally voters to him; and defeated Gingrich, who focused most of his resources on the South since he is from Georgia, strengthening Santorum's case that the race was down to him and Romney. In his victory speech, Santorum said, "We did it again," to jubilant supporters, calling for conservatives to pull together behind his campaign. "For someone who thinks this race is inevitable, [Romney] spent a whole lot of money trying to be inevitable," he said. "Who would have ever thought in the age of media that we have in this country today that ordinary folks can defy the odds day in and day out?" Santorum supporters began pushing Gingrich to drop out of the race, saying he was taking votes away from Santorum and thus giving an advantage to Romney.

Santorum finished second in Illinois on March 20, 2012 with 35% to Romney's 47%. Santorum won the largely middle class and rural parts of the state, while Romney won the cities and wealthy areas. Romney pounded the airwaves with attack ads against Santorum, especially in and around Chicago. Romney's 12-point victory led to questions of whether Santorum's campaign was capable of continuing the fight against Romney's campaign, which had far more money and was much better organized.

Santorum cruised to victory in Louisiana on March 24, 2012, taking 49% of the vote, trouncing Romney by 22 points. The victory further showed Santorum's underdog capability, especially in more conservative states. Santorum said his 11th victory sent shockwaves through the political world as he continued to win in the South, Midwest, and West. He told supporters in Louisiana, "You didn't believe what the pundits have said, that this race was over. You didn't get the memo."

End of campaign
Despite big wins in the South in March, after Romney's victory in Illinois the media painted a dim picture about Santorum's road ahead, as Romney's big lead in the delegate count after several early state wins was close to insurmountable. Santorum was also running low on cash, while Romney continued spending millions of dollars per state to edge out victories.

The next big contest was in Wisconsin on April 3, 2012. Acknowledging the wide delegate gap between himself and Romney, Santorum said that he would continue fighting and would secure enough delegates to deny Romney the 1,144 delegates needed to clinch the nomination, which would lead to an open convention floor fight. Of a convention contest, Santorum said, "I think it would be a fascinating display of open democracy. And I think it would be an energizing thing for our party to have a candidate emerge who isn't the blessed candidate of the Republican establishment."  At a campaign event in Wisconsin on March 26, Santorum angrily told the crowd, "Pick any Republican in the country! He (Romney) is the worst Republican in the country to put up against Barack Obama!". He later proceeded to use profanity against New York Times reporter Jeff Zeleny, who questioned his remarks about Romney. Santorum finished second in Wisconsin with 37% to Romney's 44%.

With campaign money drying up, losses in all 3 contests held on April 3, Romney chipping away at his lead in Pennsylvania polling, and his daughter Bella hospitalized, Santorum announced the suspension of his campaign on April 10, 2012. The Los Angeles Times wrote,

Santorum won around 250 delegates (counts vary between 240–270 in various reports and delegate estimates throughout the web).

In his first interview after dropping out of the race, Santorum attributed problems his campaign had had in gaining traction with voters to what he characterized as a nonstop media narrative that the race was over, which he said had made fundraising difficult, and to the media's having in his view unfairly portrayed him as "an angry guy." He also said it was "heartwarming" to see the way people he met while campaigning had been encouraged by learning about his daughter Bella's story.

After dropping out, Santorum continued raising money to settle his debt, raising half a million dollars from thousands of donors in May 2012. Santorum released his delegates ahead of the Republican National Convention to vote for Romney. Nine delegates cast their votes for Santorum anyway.

Endorsements

Santorum has received endorsements from:
Organizations
 National Federation of Republican Assemblies
 Latin Builders Association
 Susan B. Anthony List
 Arizona Right to Life

Current and Former U.S. Congressmen

 Representative Robert Aderholt of Alabama
 Representative Alan Nunnelee of Mississippi
 Representative Jo Ann Emerson of Missouri
 Representative Lou Barletta of Pennsylvania
 Representative Glenn Thompson of Pennsylvania
 Representative Tom Marino of Pennsylvania
 Former Senator and current state Attorney General Mike DeWine of Ohio
 Former Representative, former Presidential candidate and 2010 Constitution nominee for Governor of Colorado Tom Tancredo of Colorado
 Former Representative, current chairman of the Colorado State Board of Education and 2008 Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from Colorado Bob Schaffer of Colorado
 Former Representative Todd Tiahrt of Kansas

State Officials

 Superintendent of Public Instruction John Huppenthal of Arizona
 State Treasurer Ron Crane of Idaho
 Secretary of State Matt Schultz of Iowa
 Attorney General Mike DeWine of Ohio (Formerly endorsed Romney)
 Comptroller of Public Accounts  Susan Combs of Texas
 Former Lieutenant Governor Jane Norton of Colorado
 Florida Rep. Scott Plakon
 Kansas Sen. Mary Pilcher-Cook
 Kansas Rep. Lance Kinzer
 Kansas Rep. Steven Brunk
 Kansas Rep. Peter DeGraaf
 Kansas Rep. Jim Howell
 Kansas Rep. Dennis Hedke
 Former Louisiana Rep. Walker Hines of New Orleans
 Mark Gilstrap, former Minnesota state representative
 Minnesota Sen. David Thompson
 Minnesota Sen. David Hann
 Minnesota Sen. Paul Gazelka
 Minnesota Sen. Dan Hall
 Minnesota Sen. Bill Ingebrigtsen
 Minnesota Sen. Sean Nienow
 Minnesota Sen. Ben Kruse
 Minnesota Sen. David Brown
 Minnesota Sen. Gretchen Hoffman
 Minnesota Sen. John Carlson
 Minnesota Rep. Joe McDonald
 Minnesota Rep. Mike LeMieur
 K.J. McDonald, Mayor of Watertown, former Minnesota state representative
 Peter Adolphson, former Minnesota state representative
 New Hampshire Sen. Jim Luther
 New Hampshire Rep. Jason Antosz
 New Hampshire Rep. Lenette Peterson
 New Hampshire Rep. Matt Swank
 New Hampshire Rep. Jeanine Notter
 New Hampshire Rep. Wes Shuler
 New Hampshire Rep. Sue DeLemus
 Seth Morgan, former Ohio state representative
 Oklahoma Sen. Josh Brecheen
 Oklahoma Sen. Mike Schulz
 Oklahoma Sen. Patrick Anderson
 Oklahoma Sen. Gary Stanislawski
 Oklahoma Sen. Anthony Sykes
 Oklahoma Rep. Pam Peterson
 Oklahoma Rep. Sally Kern
 Oklahoma Rep. Steve Martin
 Oklahoma Rep. Sean Roberts
 Oklahoma Rep. Mike Reynolds
 Oklahoma Rep. David Derby
 Oklahoma Rep. David Brumbaugh
 Oklahoma Rep. Dennis Johnson
 Oklahoma Rep. Mark McCullough
 Pennsylvania Senate President Pro Tempore Joe Scarnati
 Pennsylvania Senate Appropriations Committee chairman Jake Corman
 South Carolina Sen. Chip Campsen
 South Carolina Rep. Deborah Long
 South Carolina Rep. Greg Delleney
 Tennessee Rep. Sheila Butt
 Tennessee Rep. Jimmy Matlock
 Tennessee Rep. Bill Dunn
 Tennessee Rep. Don Miller
 Tennessee Rep. Joshua Evans
 Tennessee Rep. Mark Pody
 Tennessee Rep. Joey Hensley
 Tennessee Rep. Dennis Powers
 Tennessee Rep. Matthew Hill
 Tennessee Rep. Art Swann
 Tennessee Rep. Andy Holt
 Tennessee Rep. Rick Womick
 Wisconsin Sen. Glenn Grothman
 Wisconsin Rep. Andre Jacque
 Wisconsin Rep. Evan Wynn
 Wisconsin Rep. Daniel LeMahieu
 Wisconsin Rep. Scott Krug
 Wisconsin Rep. Stephen Nass
 John Gard, former Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly

Individuals
 Cathie Adams, President, Texas Eagle Forum, former chairman of the Texas Republican Party
 Gary Bauer, President of American Values
 James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and Family TalkFocus on Family founder James Dobson endorses Rick Santorum
 Jim Bob Duggar and wife Michelle, stars of 19 Kids and Counting Foster Friess, businessman and founder of Friess Associates
 Maggie Gallagher, president of the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy and former chairman of the National Organization for Marriage
 Alex and Brett Harris, founders of The Rebelution
 Michelle Malkin, conservative author and commentatorFor Santorum
 Ed Morrissey, conservative blogger on Hot Air
 Rupert Murdoch, Chairman and CEO of News Corporation
 Dave Mustaine, Lead vocalist of Megadeth
 Tony Perkins, president of the Family Research Council and former Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
 Brad Thor, bestselling novelist
 Bob Vander Plaats, president and CEO of The Family Leader
 Richard Viguerie, conservative activist and chairman of ConservativeHQ.com
 Shelley Ahlersmeyer, grassroots coordinator for Huck PAC
 Sam Clovis, Sioux City talk radio host
 Cary Gordon, pastor of Cornerstone Church in Sioux City, Iowa
 Chuck Hurley, president of the Iowa Family Policy Center
 Lori Jungling, former Iowa Huck PAC Coordinator
 Kim Lehman, RNC National Committeeman of Iowa
 Abby Johnson, anti-abortion activist and a former Planned Parenthood clinic director
 Penny Nance, President and CEO of Concerned Women for America
 John Stemberger, President of Florida Election Central
 Stephen Strang, publisher of Charisma (magazine)
 Ron Carey, former chairman of the Republican Party of Minnesota
 Pat Boone, singer
 Tony Raines, NASCAR driver
 Sharron Angle, former Nevada Assemblywoman, 2010 Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from Nevada, and Tea Party activist
 Philip Rivers, NFL quarterback
 Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila, former NFL defensive end
 Michael W. Smith, Contemporary Christian Musician
 Mike Sweeney, former MLB player
Seth Morgan, Former State Representative, Radio Show Host, Conservative Coalition Leader
Phil Burress, President of Citizens for Community Values
Tom Zawistowski, Founder of Portage County Tea Party
Lori Viars, President of Conservative Republican Leadership Committee
Linda Theis, President of Ohio ProLife Action
Brad Mattes, Executive Director of Life Issues Institute
Tony Maas, Board Member of Family First
Mark Lucas, Leader of Hilliard-Galloway Tea Party & 912
Diane Stover, Director of NE Ohio Values Voters
Bobbi Radeck, State Director of Concerned Women for America of Ohio
Glenn Newman, Founder of Marietta 912
Burr Robinson, Chairman of Cincinnati East Tea Party
Andy Douglas, Director of Christians for Constitutional Awareness
Larry Heller, Leader of Miami Township Tea Party
Joseph Platt, Board Member of Family First
Sue Hardenbergh, Co-Leader of Anderson Tea Party
Paula Westwood, Executive Director of Cincinnati Right to Life
Scott Nichols, Co-Founder of Clermont County Tea Party
Crystal Gurry, Legislative Liaison of Concerned Women for America of Ohio
Calvin Pauley, Miami Township Tea Party Screening Committee
Kelly Kohls, Chairman of Warren County Tea Party
Debbie Smith, President of Warren County Right to Life
Dawn Slike, former Operations Director, Lake County Right to Life
Marcie Garrison Longenecker, Executive Committee of Liberty Alliance Cincinnati
Brian Burch, President, CatholicVote.org Candidate Fund
Tim Busch, businessman, philanthropist, and attorney
Ken Campbell, California Conservative Leader
Peggy Dau, Special Liaison Representative, Voice of the Martyrs
Penna Dexter, radio host and commentator
Elaine Donnelly, founder of the Center for Military Readiness
Tim Echols, Georgia Public Service Commission
Kirk Elliott, Philanthropia, founder and chairman
William J. Estrada, Director, Generation Joshua
Joseph Farah, Editor and chief executive officer, World Net Daily and WND Books
Robert Fischer, President, Fischer Furniture, Inc
Richard Ford, President, Heritage Alliance
Michael Geer, Family Policy Leader, Harrisburg, PA
Ellen Grigsby, Conservative Leader
Rebecca Hagelin, President, Rebecca Hagelin Communications and Marketing, LLC
Patrick and Toya Hall, Vice President of Guadalupe Radio Network
Jason Jones, Producer of the film "Bella"
Tim LeFever, chairman of the board, Capitol Resource Institute
Brad Mattes, Executive Director, Life Issues Institute
William J. Murray, Chairman, Religious Freedom Coalition
Richard Neill, Texas Conservative Leader
Preston Noell III, President, Tradition, Family, Property, Inc.
Pam Olsen, President, Florida Prayer Network
Nancy and Paul Pressler, Justice of Texas Courts of Appeals, 1978-1992
Penny Pullen, Illinois State Representative 1977–1993, State President, Eagle Forum of Illinois
Jill Stanek, anti-abortion activist and blogger
John Stemberger, Florida Family Action
Stacy Taylor, Texas Conservative Leader
Hank Williams, Jr., singer

See also
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012

 References

 External links
 Rick Santorum official campaign site Column archives at Townhall.com''

Presidential Campaign 2012
Santorum, Rick


text:
News CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS FCC Restrictions Further Re...
FCC Restrictions Further Relaxed
Dear Members:
The Hong Kong government starting Friday October 30 will further ease anti-virus restrictions. The club will comply with the new measures as follows:
• Operating hours for all restaurants and bars will revert to their previous hours (see timetable below). Last orders for food can be made by 10:50 p.m. while last orders for drinks can be made 30 minutes before closing.
Venue Monday – Saturday Sunday Public Holidays
Bert's Mon –Thu/Sat: 12:00–24:00
Fri: 12:00–01:00 closed closed
Main Bar Mon–Wed: 10:00–24:00
Thu–Sat: 10:00–02:00 10:00–24:00 Sun–Wed: 10:00–24:00
Thu–Sat: 10:00–02:00
Lounge Mon–Wed: 07:30–24:00
Dining Room,
Verandah &
Chinese Restaurant Luncheon: 12:00–14:30
Dinner: 18:30–24:00 12:00–21:00
(Dining Room) closed
• The takeaway menu is available from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m., though last orders must be made by 9:00 p.m. The menu can be downloaded from our website at fcchk.org. Please place orders with the FCC Restaurant at 2844 2806 or [email protected]. Orders will be confirmed by a phone call.
• Up to six people will be allowed at tables in all outlets and the number of guests per member will be extended to three.
• All outlets will be extended to 75% capacity.
• Live performances will resume in Bert's on Friday nights.
• In-person events can resume, though in keeping with all required measures such as mask wearing while not eating or drinking. We will soon plan speaker events, as well as food and beverage events.
• Banqueting can resume as well. Please contact the banquet team at 2844 2838 or [email protected] to book.
• The gym is open yet the sauna and steam room remain closed. No more than four people are allowed at a time. Wearing a mask while exercising is no longer required in the gym. Please pre-register with the gym attendant at 2844 2849.
• The workroom will be open from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Wearing a mask is required.
In keeping with government requirements and best practices, all members, guests and staff must wear face masks except when eating or drinking. Hand sanitizer must be used. The FCC will continue the check-in, temperature-taking and declaration measures upon entry to the club, as well as the frequent cleaning protocols throughout the building.
Thank you for your continued support of the FCC.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Scientists have discovered new track marks on an ancient seabed in southwest China which reveal that Nothosaurs, marine reptiles that lived during the age of the dinosaurs, were able to propel themselves through water more than 250 million years ago to scoop up their prey.
This discovery sheds new light on how these reptiles used a rowing motion to hunt for food on seashores. Nothosaurs were among top predators of the seas during the Triassic period, 252-66 million years ago, and were voracious semi-aquatic hunters with elongated bodies and paddle-like limb.
Study co-author Michael Benton, a paleontologist at the University of Bristol in England said that, these findings settle a long-standing debate about how the ancient sea creatures swam. The paddle prints were detailed today in the journal Nature Communications. The tracks were found by Qi-yue Zhang, a member of the Chengdu Center of the China Geological Survey on a ledge, when he was mapping geological features of China's Yunnan province. Yunnan is an area famous for its stunning fossilized sea creatures.
Benton said that, "Once the team dug up the area on the ledge, 350 exquisitely preserved prints that formed about 15 different trackways, some of which looped around was exposed, and researchers used photos and airborne laser scanning called lidar to map the tracks." The team also compared the tracks with fossils from other animals that flourished during the same period, ruling out creatures that were too small or lacked the ability to touch the seabed with their front limbs without dragging their bellies on the bottom. After this Nothosaurus was the only valid marine reptile which could reach 13 feet (4 meters) in length, and the scrappy, 2-foot-long (0.6 m).
"When I first saw the site, I couldn't believe the amazing quality of the fossils," said Professor Michael Benton. "It's quite unusual to find skeletons of marine reptiles such as the Nothosaurs so close to evidence of their tracks." The discovery sheds light on the ecosystems of about 8 million years, from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass-extinction event which wiped out more 96 percent of marine species and 70 percent of terrestrial animals on Earth, also known as the Great Dying. Yunnan province, Luoping and other sites in South China are revealing Nothosaurs and other marine reptiles who were new members of the recovering ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass-extinction.


Join your colleagues in a lively discussion and learn how to prove trademark use in cancellation actions.
How to effectively defend non-use trademark cancellation action in Hong Kong and the EU.
The roundtable will be conducted in English without translation.
Registration to the roundtable is free. A light lunch will be provided.


text:
San Diego Comic-Con: New Sith Trooper Revealed For 'Star Wars: The Rise Of Skywalker'
'Star Wars' fans will be able to pick up sith trooper merchandise at this month's San Diego Comic-Con.
Daniel Boczarski / Getty Images
Rachel Tsoumbakos
Ahead of the annual San Diego Comic-Con later this month, Lucasfilm has just dropped some exciting new details regarding sith troopers in the upcoming film, Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker.
The latest evolution of the Imperial/First Order guard was revealed on Wednesday via the official Star Wars website.
The announcement also revealed that there will be a special feature at San Diego Comic-Con that will celebrate the history of the stormtrooper design — as well as the future.
The new sith troopers will be on display during San Diego Comic-Con but images of the toy merchandise have already been released. The images show a red coloring instead of the usual white of a regular stormtrooper, creating a more menacing look befitting of their name.
"It has some really unique aesthetics to it," says Madlyn Burkert, Lucasfilm archivist, who is co-producing the exhibit at San Diego Comic-Con.
"And it has some subtle ties to previous stormtrooper designs, which I think fans will enjoy discovering."
Aside from the early release of the sith trooper toys at San Diego Comic-Con, there will be other merchandising available including mugs, T-shirts, the ever-popular Funko Pop figurines for enthusiastic Star Wars fans attending the event.
new armor who dis?https://t.co/cKbjvmL0yP
— Matt Martin (@missingwords) July 10, 2019
For those attending San Diego Comic-Con, details can be found regarding the new sith stormtroopers at the Lucasfilm pavilion (booth #2913). The pavilion will host the stormtrooper exhibit that will feature nine different costumes that have all been previously used on set. Imperial stormtrooper, TIE pilot, death trooper, shoretrooper, biker scout, First Order stormtrooper, First Order TIE pilot, Captain Phasma, and Sith trooper will all be available for viewing by the general public during the exhibition.
In addition, the Lucasfilm pavilion will have a visual Death Star theme, along with other surprises that have not yet been released. However, the Star Wars website suggests that there will "a photography and video component" to the exhibition which will feature concept designer Doug Chiang as well as other Star Wars creators.
While the term "sith trooper" has been used prior in the Star Wars universe, it was in relation to a "differently designed breed of characters," according to Entertainment Weekly. This variant on the sith troopers originally appeared in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic videogame as "foot soldiers of the Sith Empire."
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker will premiere in theaters on December 20.
San Diego Comic-Con will run from Thursday, July 18 to Sunday, July 21.
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Bryan and I had a fabulous time this weekend, it was really nice to be able to get away. We stayed for two nights out at Baytowne Wharf in Sandestin.
Friday, we left after Bry got off work and headed to Fort Walton Beach. Went to the AT&T store to get our iPhones and came out with none (don't EVEN get me started there). Headed to Tijuana Flats where I think I found my new favorite dessert, chocolate chip cookie dough flautas (yes, I was ignoring calories all weekend). From there, we went to Fired Up! and made ice cream bowls for each other. Then, off to the hotel to get checked in and freshen up before dinner at Cheeseburger in Paradise. From there, we went to the Rave and saw The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. It was long, but really made you think.
Saturday, we slept in a bit and then headed to an awesome breakfast/brunch at Another Broken Egg Cafe. Afterward, we browsed around The Village of Baytowne Wharf shops. From there, we headed to the Silver Sands Outlet Center to shop and eat (gelato and cookie sandwich for late lunch…LOL). We wanted to go race go-karts, but The Track was closed (would have been nice for them to have put that on their website, since I checked) so we headed to the Speed Track in Fort Walton Beach, only to discover it had been shut down due to safety issues. So, instead we went by The Fresh Market on the way back to the hotel and picked up a bunch of foods that I can't get at the commissary (hummus…yummy). We chilled for a while and then went to The Melting Pot for dinner. I drank my glass of wine a little too fast and discovered that alcohol definitely affects me differently now. After dinner, we headed back to the hotel.
Sunday, we got up, got dressed and checked out. Came back to the house and picked up Mom and Jacey for church. It was nothing extravagant, but it was really nice to just get away.
What a great trip!! It looks like you guys had so much fun!!!! I love your photos!
Sounds great and by the way you look great. Love the photos.


text:
A német férfi kézilabda-válogatott Németország nemzeti csapata, melyet a Német Kézilabda-szövetség (németül: Deutscher Handballbund) szervez.

Eredmények nemzetközi tornákon

A válogatott történetének első nemzetközi tornán aratott sikerét az 1936-os berlini olimpián harcolták ki.

Németország nyerte az 1938-as kézilabda-világbajnokságot, amit mindössze csak négy csapat részvételével, hazai pályán rendeztek. Ezt követően a második világháború miatt egészen 1954-ig nem rendeztek ilyen jellegű tornát. Ekkor ezüstérmet, majd négy évvel később bronzérmet szereztek.

Ezután egy hosszabb időszak következett jelentősebb eredmény nélkül. A következő világbajnoki címüket az 1978-as dániai világbajnokságon érték el. Ismét következett egy húsz éven keresztül tartó eredménytelen időszak, mígnem a 90-es évek végére ismét meghatározó együttessé vált a Német válogatott. Az 1998-as Európa-bajnokságon még csak bronzérmet, a 2002-es Európa-bajnokságon és a 2003-as világbajnokságon pedig ezüstérmet akasztottak a nyakukba.

Legutolsó két jelentős eredményük: a 2004-es szlovéniai Eb és a 2007-es – hazai pályán megrendezésre kerülő – világbajnokságon aratott sikereik voltak.

Érmek

Olimpiai játékok
  : 1936
  : 1984, 2004
  : 2016

Világbajnokság
  : 1938, 1978, 2007
  : 1954, 2003
  : 1958

'''Európa-bajnokság
  : 2004, 2016
  : 2002
  : 1998

Jegyzetek

További információk
 A német Kézilabda-szövetség honlapja

Németország sportélete
Férfi kézilabda-válogatottak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeAudiobooksBiography & Memoir
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin
Written by H.W. Brands
Narrated by Nelson Runger
Historian H.W. Brands' acclaimed, comprehensive biography of Ben Franklin--the first in over 60 years--made the New York Times best-seller list, was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, and earned a Pulitzer Prize nomination. The New Yorker hails, "Like its subject, this biography is both solid and enchanting."
Many consider Franklin the most fascinating American man who ever lived. A scientist, businessman, diplomat, author, inventor, philosopher and politician, he is America's original Renaissance man. His remarkable and varied accomplishments include the discovery of electricity and the modernization of the postal system.
Brilliant and bawdy, a master statesman and a cultural icon, Franklin was so important and popular in his day that, according to the author, "... only Washington mattered as much."
Drawing from a wealth of sources, including previously unpublished letters to and from Franklin, Brands creates an unforgettable tribute to a man for the ages. Nelson Runger's narration highlights the incredible events and fascinating personality traits that made Franklin a legend.
Publisher: Recorded Books AudioReleased: Dec 4, 2007ISBN: 9781501974915Format: audiobook
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INRA is Europe's top agricultural research institute and the world's number two centre for the agricultural sciences. Data Inra is offered by INRA as part of its mission to open the results of its research. Data Inra will share research data in relation with food, nutrition, agriculture and environment. It includes experimental, simulation and observation data, omic data, survey and text data. Only data produced by or in collaboration with INRA will be hosted in the repository, but anyone can access the metadata and the open data.


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Hyderabad »
Online druggists bitter pill for pharmacists
Online drug stores insist that the buyer produce a prescription by sending an attachment or a copy of the scan of the prescription while placing the order. However, there is no system to check authenticity of the prescriptions submitted by buyers online.
By M. Sai Gopal | Published: 27th Oct 2016 7:52 pm
Hyderabad: All is not well with the pharmacists' community in the State, as members of their ilk find it increasingly difficult to sustain and find a firm footing in the sector.
A host of issues that have been festering for the last few years have made it difficult for the 'brick and mortar' drug stores to survive. The clear and present danger of online pharmacies, which have grown in prominence over the last few years, have made matters worse.
Members of the Telangana State Chemists and Druggists Association (TSCDA), an umbrella organisation of close to 3,000 pharmacists, have said that the State and Central governments should start addressing their concerns by first banning online sale of drugs.
The Union government and respective State governments are yet to come up with a stringent system or a regulatory framework to check online sale of drugs. While there is heavy penalisation for sale of habit forming drugs without prescription on medical shops, a similar kind of regulation has not been introduced for e-commerce companies involved in sale of medicines.
"This is leading to misuse and irrational consumption of psychotropic drugs. There is a lack of integrated foolproof monitoring system for self medication, prescriptions and repeated filling of prescriptions," says TSCDA general secretary G. Srinivas.
The advent of a chain of drug stores, managed by companies such as Apollo Pharmacy and MedPlus, have further complicated the dynamics of the sector. The chain of pharmacy outlets have ample funding, which makes it possible for the them to introduce value added services such as maintaining drug records, follow-ups and ability to offer higher discounts.
"Customers have become kings because of wider choice. It is a fact that the stand alone drug stores have not been able to improvise and compete in the changing market environment. It's true that compared to online stores, there is a lot of regulatory pressure on stand alone medical shops," says Ravi Uday Bhaskar, secretary general, All India Drug Control Officer's Organisation.
One-day strike on Nov 23
Pharmacists in Telangana have decided to join the one-day strike call given by All India Organisation for Chemists and Druggists (AIOCD) on November 23 protesting the apparent failure of the government to regulate online pharmacies. Members of the pharmacy association point out that drugs can't be equated with general commodity.


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Best Of Greece
Theopetra Cave in Greece: The Oldest human construction in the Wold
Theopetra Cave, located in the Meteora limestone rock formations of Thessaly, is likely to be the place of the oldest human construction on earth, as findings indicate that the cave was inhabited as early as 130,000 years ago. According to archaeologists, evidence of human habitation in the cave can be traced without interruption from the Middle Palaeolithic to the end of the Neolithic period.
Theopetra Cave is located at the foot of a 100-meter (330 foot) tall limestone cliff which looms over Theopetra village. The Lethaios River flows nearby. Geologists say that the limestone hill was formed between 137 and 65 million years ago, during the Upper Cretaceous geological period.
Archaeological evidence now indicates that humans occupied the cave during the Middle Palaeolithic period, approximately 130,000 years ago. Theopetra was officially opened to the public in 2009, but closed a year later, as the remains of the stone wall were discovered during that year. It reopened a year later, but closed once again in 2016 due to the risk of landslides.
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© Magical Earth


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2094 Magnitka (prov. designation: ) is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately  in diameter. It was discovered on 12 October 1971, at and by the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The discovery has not been attributed to an observing astronomer. It was later named for the city of Magnitogorsk.

Orbit and classification

Magnitka is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,218 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as  at the Finnish Turku Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 30 years prior to its official discovery observation.

Naming

This minor planet was named for the city of Magnitogorsk, Russia, one of the largest centers of metallurgy of the former Soviet Union. The city is located at the far-east of the Ural Mountains, about 250 kilometers southwest of the city of Chelyabinsk in the Chelyabinsk Oblast region, also known for the spectacular air-burst of the Chelyabinsk meteor in 2013. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 ().

Physical characteristics

Lightcurves

In October 2006, two rotational lightcurves for Magnitka were obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory and by John Menke at his Menke Observatory, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 6.11 hours with a brightness variation of 0.80 and 0.86 magnitude (), respectively, indicating a non-spheroidal shape for Magnitka. In March 2016, Pierre Antonini obtained a tentative lightcurve, which gave a period of 6.24 hours and an amplitude of 0.85 ().

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 9.9 and 12.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.132. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Pravec's revised thermal WISE data, taking an albedo of 0.12, and a diameter of 12.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.49.

Notes

References

External links
 Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)  – Minor Planet Center

002094
002094
002094
Named minor planets
19711012


Angiogenesis: Medical term meaning new blood vessel growth.
Chalazion: A cyst on the eyelid due to plugging of the meibomian glands, fat-secreting glands of the eyes.
Comedone: A plugged hair follicle. May be open (blackhead) or nearly closed (whitehead).
Erythema: Abnormal redness of the skin.
Flushing: Transient redness of the face and neck.
Granuloma: A tumor-like mass or nodule of tissue.
Nodule: A small node that is solid and can be detected by touch.
Papule: A small, dome-shaped, solid, usually inflamed elevation of the skin.
Telangiectasia: Blood vessels visible through the skin.
Plaque: Elevated red patch on the skin.
Pustule: A small elevation of the skin filled with a white substance.
Recalcitrant: Not responsive to treatment.
Rhinophyma: Enlargement of the nose with excess tissue, a common form of phymatous rosacea, subtype 3 rosacea.
Subtype: A common pattern or grouping of signs and symptoms.
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: Subtype 1 rosacea, characterized by flushing and persistent redness. Visible blood vessels may also appear.
Granulomatous rosacea: Variant of rosacea, characterized by hard yellow, brown or red papules or nodules.
Papulopustular rosacea: Subtype 2 rosacea, characterized by facial redness with bumps or pimples.
Phymatous rosacea: Subtype 3 rosacea, characterized by thickening or growth of excess tissue, often around the nose.
Subtype 1 rosacea: Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, characterized by flushing and persistent redness. Visible blood vessels may also appear.
Subtype 2 rosacea: Papulopustular rosacea, characterized by facial redness with bumps or pimples.
Subtype 3 rosacea: Phymatous rosacea, characterized by thickening or growth of excess tissue, often around the nose.
Subtype 4 rosacea:Ocular rosacea, characterized by watery or bloodshot appearance, irritation, burning or stinging of the eyes.
Placebo: An oral or topical formulation without this active ingredient, used for comparison with the active medication in controlled clinical studies.
Double-blind: A research procedure in which neither the patient nor the investigator knows who is receiving the experimental substance or procedure and who is receiving a placebo. Done to avoid bias in the study.
As fellow rosacea sufferers we all have experienced the "what does that mean" moment when physicians or others have used "medical terminology describing, diagnosing or writing about rosacea that has us thinking "what are they talking about?". Our goal is to help you more easily understand 'what it means" by providing you a list of the most commonly used medical terms translated into common language.
Don't see a "what does that mean" rosacea term on our list?
If you have come across a term used to describe your rosacea that was not included on our list here please, feel free to write in our comments section below and we will be glad to add it to the list.


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West Deptford – miejscowość i gmina w hrabstwie Gloucester w stanie New Jersey. Na rok 2010 miejscowość zamieszkiwało ponad 21 tys. osób.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 westdeptford.com  – oficjalna strona internetowa miejscowości

Miejscowości w stanie New Jersey
Gminy w stanie New Jersey


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Melvin Spears (born January 16, 1960) is a former American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Grambling State University from 2004 to 2006 and Alcorn State University in 2011, compiling a career college football coaching record of 22–22. Spears was a coach at Texas Southern University, working with the wide receivers in 2008 then moving over to running backs the following year. He served as the offensive coordinator of Alabama State University during the 2010 season. Spears was selected on January 19, 2011, to the post of head coach of his alma mater, Alcorn State. Spears was fired by Alcorn State on February 24, 2012. He had previously been placed on administrative leave.

Head coaching record

References

1960 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American football wide receivers
Alabama State Hornets football coaches
Alcorn State Braves football coaches
Grambling State Tigers football coaches
Morgan State Bears football coaches
Texas Southern Tigers football coaches
High school football coaches in Arizona
People from Clinton, Louisiana
Coaches of American football from Louisiana
Players of American football from Louisiana
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople


Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-24 14:19:20 UTC and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
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Jersey City History - Old Bergen - Chapter XLIV.
IN the course of time, increased school facilities were demanded, and private enterprises instituted several small schools in different sections of the town, which met with varying success. One was held in the early days, in the old parsonage that stood on the site of the present Bergen Reformed Church.	Another school was opened by Sylvester Van Buren in the Van Riper homestead, which stood west of Bergen Avenue and south of Montgomery Street. He taught the boys, while the instruction of the girls came under the direct supervision of his wife and daughter.
John Welsh and his son James shortly after started a school in a small building, formerly used as a carpenter shop, that stood near the corner of Bergen and Harrison Avenues. This increased in numbers to such an extent that a long, low, one-story building was erected on Harrison Avenue west of what is now Monticello, for its accommodation. After his father's death, James Welsh became sole proprietor. His method of instruction was to a great extent of the muscular sort, and he controlled and disciplined his little flock through their fears.	He was of a somewhat nervous, irritable temperament, and was oftentimes so unjust in the treatment of his scholars that open rebellion was frequent, in several cases resulting in their withdrawal from the school. Frequently the parents of the rebels, recognizing the justice of their active protests, sustained them, and either allowed them to finish their education at home, or sent them elsewhere for that purpose.	Notwithstanding this severity and lack of discretion in school government, however, Schoolmaster Welsh was well versed in the requirements of the age, and there are those still living who recognize that the foundations of their intellectual acquirements were firmly planted by him.
This building in later years was followed by another, which was erected on the corner of Harrison and Monticello Avenues. This was afterward enlarged, and under the present municipal government is known in the school system of Jersey City as School No. 16.
The first school building for upper or North Bergen section, was in the territory of old Hudson City. It was a small, one-story frame structure, located about the corner of Bergenwood and Beacon Avenues, and was the forerunner of School No. 6. During the continuance of the school in this building, a financial report was read, which ignored a balance of six cents remaining on hand at the end of the previous fiscal year; whereupon an explanation was demanded, and it was found that at the meeting at which such previous report was submitted, after the report had been prepared, it was discovered that artificial light would be needed, and that amount was expended for tallow dips.	At this time, the teachers were obliged to depend upon whatever could be collected from the scholars, which was supposed to amount to an annual contribution of about $2 per pupil, although this was by no means certain.
"A Public School has been established on such liberal principles that any resident of the City, however poor he may be, may avail himself of its benefits. The highest price for tuition per quarter, demanded of any pupil, is $1.00 -- the lowest 50¢, but children whose Parents or Guardians are not able to pay for their tuition are not on that account debarred from the privileges of the school.	It is in a flourishing condition, nearly 300 pupils having availed themselves of its benefits the past year.
That all monies that may hereafter be received from tavern licenses, the city quota of the surplus revenue, the interest of the city proportion of the Bergen Corporation fund, be, and the same are hereby appropriated, to the support of Public School No. 1, kept in the Town Hall, and such other Public Schools as the Common Council may from time to time erect and establish.
The school was to be open quarterly, under the direction of the township school committee, and the general supervision of the Mayor and Common Council. The pupils were to reside in Jersey City, and pay fifty cents per quarter for spelling and reading, or one dollar when writing, arithmetic and other branches were included. This school was continued until 1847, and was under	the	charge of Albert T. Smith.	February 8, of that year, Mr. Smith became the principal of the first public free school in Jersey City, with Geo. H. Linsley as first assistant. This building was located on the	site now occupied by Public School No. 1.
Wm. L. Dickinson From these small beginnings in different parts of the territory, our present magnificent school system has grown and developed. Other individual educational enterprises were instituted, and had much to do with moulding and influencing the sentiment and policy of the whole community. In 1839 Wm. L. Dickinson, who became so favorably known in the educational world, opened the Lyceum School on Grand Street, and continued there for many years. He afterward became a member of the School Board, and was	elected	City and County Superintendent.	As such, by his wise and judicious action, he inaugurated many reforms and gave a decided impetus to the work of education.
Messrs. Dickinson and Linsley were near neighbors, and possessing similar tastes and congenial dispositions, they became close and sincere friends. They counselled and cooperated in all matters pertaining to educational advancement, and to them was due the early organization and development of our school system.
Other notable instances were "The Misses Graves' Seminary for Young Ladies," located at the corner of Summit Avenue and Cottage Street, adjoining the present Baptist Church; "The Miss Chadeayne's Seminary," at the corner of Green and Grand Streets ; and "Hasbrouck Institute," founded as a preparatory collegiate institute for boys.	Of these notable institutions, only "Hasbrouck Institute"survives.	It was founded by Doctor Washington Hasbrouck in 1856, and the school then occupied a small building on Mercer Street, near Wayne. Dr. Hasbrouck conducted this school for ten years, and many of its graduates are now occupying positions of prominence and responsibility in the city. It has since then greatly developed, and is recognized in educational circles as an institution second to none in its facilities for and methods of instruction.
It is curious to note in an examination of the old records, how frequently lotteries were resorted to as a means of obtaining funds for many enterprises. The moneys needed for the support of educational institutions, and even for the repairing and building of churches and parsonages, were procured in this way. The advertisements in the daily prints of 1759 to 1773 give abundant evidence of the universal practice of this method of obtaining funds.


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Home > HR Tech > HR's Role in Digital Transformation
HR's Role in Digital Transformation
By Luvenia,
According to Forbes, nearly three-fourths of the digital transformations fall flat, typically due to companies believing that merely implementing new technology is sufficient.
Digital transformation is frequently thought to be the domain of a small group of IT experts. Similarly, not many HR workers understand their fundamental role in the digital era. Furthermore, according to studies, some employees find the digital transition difficult and IT off-putting.
However, experts think that digital transformation provides HR with a critical role and a chance to reaffirm the function's vital position. Humans determine how innovation is to be utilized, and it is the human resource team's job to build an atmosphere that encourages its employees to do so.
Digital Transformation is a change-oriented strategy that uses new, fast-changing digital technology to enhance how business is done at a top level.
This approach is being adopted by businesses worldwide. Two-thirds of executives have already adopted some or all these tools into their company operations in 2019.
Three essential breakthroughs are at the vanguard of this paradigm change.
AI is the first. AI is a term that refers to a group of systems that either automate ordinary algorithmic processes or crunch substantial data sets for commercial predictions.
Anything as a Service or XaaS refers to transferring software applications to other servers and systems. IT teams have shifted approximately 25% of all company information to cloud storage in recent times. Companies may pivot and implement new technologies more rapidly and with much less risk by storing data and applications elsewhere.
The third category is Robotic Process Automation or RPM. RPM refers to almost any physical job that can be automated using physical machines. As technology replaces people in basic positions, RPM has become an important determinant to train and develop employees.
What are the Top Priorities of HR leaders in Digital Transformation?
HR executives play a vital role in digital transformation. These are the priorities for human resource executives in digital transformation:
Ensuring Capabilities
Ensure that the employee group has the necessary skill sets. As digitalization and automation are proving challenging to keep up with, 46 percent of human resource professionals believe that staff lack the essential skills needed.
Developing Effective Leadership
Forty-five percent of HR leaders find it challenging to produce successful middle-level managers. Similarly, more than a third find it challenging to develop appropriate senior managers. Thus, molding leaders and developing leadership abilities to take on changing roles is a problem for HR professionals.
Designing Appropriate Organization Structure
The organizational structure has a role in eliminating the obstacles that prevent workers from completing their jobs more efficiently. According to Gartner, 57 percent of the workforce face substantial challenges at work, primarily due to the changes they've previously experienced.
Establishing a Clear Digital Transformation Plan
It is vital to have a digital transformation plan that is reliable and direct. More than 43 percent of human resource professionals say that a clear digital transformational goal isn't in place in their organization. Furthermore, 35 percent of HR executives feel that their companies lack the expertise to accomplish digital change.
Improving Employee Experience
According to a Gartner report, 46 percent of workers remain primarily unsatisfied with their work. Employee experience is inextricably linked to the consumer experience, and it continues to be a top personnel issue for HR executives. As a result, the return on investment in employee experience must rise.
Key Roles of HR in Digital Transformation
Below are some roles that HR executives should perform in Digital Transformation, depending on their firm's requirements and goals:
Act as an Innovator
Every organization is headed toward a borderless future in which they must know how to handle a workforce that operates in unconventional ways. While many firms are discovering how to manage this scenario, forward-thinking HR teams are uniquely qualified to propose how to harness the personnel for the Technology Era.
To do this, innovative HR leaders should concentrate on three primary functions:
Employing staff with digital skills
Fostering a culture that encourages employees to create.
Training and rewarding employees for departing from traditional techniques and demonstrating creativity in their methodology.
Act Like a Business Driver
Until recently, HR was limited to support activities across departments. Nevertheless, when business drives change in the Internet Age, HR plays an integral part as a business enabler to advance the firm ahead.
In summary, the human resource function must evolve from an employee function to one that is crucial to organizational success.
Act as an Agent of Change
Even if a specialized "Digital Team" spearheads projects, they will fail if human resources do not put their muscle behind them. In reality, the top HR executives in today's business world don't merely respond to change; instead, they act as an agent of change and guide the company's people on a good path.
Act as a Collaborator
Technology has altered the way businesses and their workforces operate. A particular process cannot carry out a transformation as significant as digitalization. It is now widely accepted that digital transformation begins with the executives and cannot take place in isolation.
While the whole senior management team is working in this change process, numerous firms have appointed Chief Digital Officers to drive this shift. However, there is a risk of conflict when innumerable teams are involved. HR must be the pulling force that binds an organization together through a single thread of goal in this case.
Digital transformation is like any other company change and therefore should be treated as such.
An organization must first comprehend what results they want to accomplish premised on their industry and reinvention priorities. Only then should they select which HR tools and techniques are required to make it a reality.
How does HR Technology brings changes in the Business Process?
New Role and Responsibilities of HR in Post-Pandemic Era
How HR Leaders are Turning to People for Their HR Efforts
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Q: How's return value implemented in assembly level? int main(void){

printf("Hello World");

return 0;

}

How is 0 passed as return value in assembly level? Is there a dedicated CPU register for this job?
UPDATE
Here's the 2 tables on passing/return data in the pdf, but doesn't seems to have the exact info on how the calling convention of an API is determined and which register is used for storing return address:

A: That's part of the application binary interface.
These days the return value and function parameters usually are passed in registers, because that is the most efficient option. Only if that gets too big for the available registers the stack is used.

A: That depends on the architecture. Just for a couple of examples, on x86 the EAX register is normally used for return values. On x86-64, it's RAX. On SPARC, it'll normally show up in %o0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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It's hard to say if the Department of Player Safety is going to buy the accidental story.


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Umán is a city in the Mexican state of Yucatán and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. Together with Kanasín, it is part of the Mérida metropolitan area. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 56,409 inhabitants, making it the 4th most populous city in the state behind Valladolid, Kanasín, and Mérida.

Topynym
The word "Umán" means "purchase" in the Yucatec Maya language and it also means "your path" or "your walk".

History
There is no accurate data on when Umán was founded, though it existed before the conquest and in antiquity belonged to the chieftainship of Ah Canul.  At colonization, it became part of the encomienda system with Francisco Hernández recorded as one of the earliest encomenderos.

Yucatán declared its independence from the Spanish Crown in 1821 and in 1825, the area was assigned to the Lower Camino Real with its headquarters in Hunucmá Municipality. In 1921, Umán was designated as seat of its own municipality.

Governance
Umán is the seat of its eponymous municipality in which its municipal president is elected for a three-year term. The town council has nine councilpersons, who serve as Secretary and councilors of heritage and sports, policing, education and health, public works, potable water, rural development and social management, roads and markets, nomenclature and recruiting, ecology, public monuments.

Demographics

Local festivals
Every year from 13 to 15 September, Umán holds a celebration for the Christ of Love.

Tourist attractions
 The ex-convent and Church of St. Francis of Assisi, built in the eighteenth century
 Archaeological sites at Bolon, Hotzus and Kizil
 Hacienda Xtepén
 Hacienda Yaxcopoil

References

Municipality seats in Yucatán
Populated places in Yucatán


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Gross reserves hit record level of Rs 108.4 billion: Bank of Mauritius
by ion | Mar 11, 2014 | 0 comments
A statement published by the central bank on Friday indicated that the gross reserves of the Bank of Mauritius (BoM) hit a record level of Rs 108.4 billion at the end of February, boosting the Gross Official International Reserves of the country to Rs 110.2 billion.
The Gross Reserves of the BoM rose from Rs 102.7 billion in January to Rs 108.4 billion last month, in one of the strongest increases recorded so far.
According to the data released by the Central Bank, the value of the gold reserve increased to Rs 5.04 billion in February, compared to Rs 4.8 billion in January. It is worth noting that gold reserves stood at Rs 6.2 billion in February, 2013.
However, the special drawing rights (SDR) bucket marginally declined to Rs 4.64 billion in February 2014 against Rs 4.65 in January 2014. The SDR Basket comprises the following currencies: JPY, EUR, GBP and USD.
Incidentally, it was reserves registered under the item 'Others' that recorded the maximum increase, from Rs 93.3 billion in January to Rs 98.8 billion in February.
In addition, another statement released by the BoM concerning the rupee's movements against the currencies of its important trading partners as captured by the Mauritius Exchange Rate Index (MERI), indicates that the rupee's depreciation is likely to be arrested soon.
According to central bank data, the MUR has only marginally depreciated in February 2014, after four months of escalating depreciation. The MERI, which reflects the currency distribution of merchandise trade, rose from 94.033 in January 2014 to 94.101 in February 2014 after a downturn in December 2013, when it stood at 94.263.
It may be noted that an increase in the index indicates a depreciation of the rupee while a decrease in the index signals an appreciation.
Finally, another indicator, the MERI2 – which is based on the currency distribution of merchandise trade and tourism earnings – has also moved in the same direction, increasing from 93.748 in January 2014 to 93.819 in February 2014.
Image (Bullion Street): The Gross Reserves of the BoM rose from Rs 102.7 billion in January to Rs 108.4 billion last month, in one of the strongest increases recorded so far.
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Google did not head into the SXSW show empty handed. Sundar Pichai, Google Chrome and Android Senior Vice President, announced...


Ever wonder why your stomach is louder than a lawnmower right before lunch?
Credit something called borborygmus, the medical term for the growling in your gut.
And surprisingly enough, while it tends to crank up when you're late for lunch, it usually isn't a sign of hunger.
Instead, it's actually your gastrointestinal system's housekeeping after your previous meal, says Sita Chokhavatia, M.D., a gastroenterologist at Mount Sinai Hospital.
A few hours after you eat, a 90-minute cycle of contractions—the interdigestive phase—moves any remaining bits of food from your stomach and your small intestine.
Then the "migrating motor complex" noisily shuttles the mostly gas-and-fluid mixture onward. That's the rumbling you hear.
"It's like squeezing and shaking a balloon filled with water and air," says Dr. Chokhavatia.
If you need to stifle the sound in your stomach because of, say, a meeting or a date, munch some popcorn (for the insoluble fiber) or a piece of chocolate, which will immediately shift your GI system back into its quieter initial digestion mode.