On Thursday, June 30, New York's FOX 5 news proved there is great public interest in learning more about the complexities of Lyme disease.
Despite airing at 10:30 p.m., the "Lyme and Reason" special drew strong ratings as it delved into issues surrounding Lyme disease that few news programs ever do, including the fallibility of diagnostic blood tests, common misdiagnoses, potentially fatal heart complications–including an interview with Neil Spector, a medical doctor who was told by other physicians that his failing health was little to worry about–and then required an emergency heart transplant to save his life.
New York is one of the "ground zero" areas in which Lyme disease is endemic, with New York City only a little over 100 miles from Lyme, Connecticut–the town where Lyme was first discovered and described. Yet, as Susan Green, legislative council for NatCapLyme, told FOX5NY, "this disease is in every state in the country…it is not selectively a northeastern disease." NatCapLyme is the primary community resource for Lyme disease patients in one of the country's most hard-hit areas, the Washington, D.C. region.
Lyme, in fact, is an epidemic, with the the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reporting over 300,000 new cases contracted by American people every year. This statistic was revised from an estimated 30,000 in 2013–yet the FOX5NY special is the first of its kind. Why?
Because, as discussed in the special, there is great resistance from medical authorities–particularly the CDC and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)–to acknowledge abundant current scientific evidence and countless patient reports of Lyme symptoms that persist and worsen following their recommended maximum 28 day treatment with antibiotics.
The CDC has been notoriously quiet about Lyme disease, focusing almost exclusively on prevention (avoiding ticks, recognizing the bullseye rash that many Lyme patients never see) and avoiding conversation about poor diagnostics, newer research than that on which the IDSA treatment guidelines are based, and complexities relating to persisting Lyme symptoms. Emily Lampa, lead investigative reporter for a Salisbury, Maryland ABC news program, revealed that she was refused an interview by anyone at the CDC in May, for a story she produced as part of Lyme Disease Awareness Month.
FOX5NY had better luck in securing a CDC interview. Paul Mead, chief of epidemiology and surveillance activity of the Bacterial Diseases Branch of CDC, confirmed in an on-camera interview that the Center continues to endorse the two-tiered ELISA and Western blot blood diagnostics that, as Susan Green described, have been proven to result in false negative readings for at least half of patients who are tested. Mead, on behalf of CDC, maintains that the two-tiered test is "reliable" in later stages of Lyme; however, as Green discusses at length in the above interview, this is not the case for many patients, for a number of reasons, one of which has to do with the many species and strains of Borrelia bacteria that may cause Lyme or "Lyme-like illness," but which never will result in a positive Lyme disease blood test.
…we have not evaluated the Nanotrap(r) Lyme Antigen test. CDC supports the development of new testing methods for Lyme disease and encourages laboratories to submit their newly developed tests to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clearance in order to ensure that the highest quality diagnostic tests are available.
The CDC does not have jurisdiction over the FDA, of course. And, the FDA permits the marketing of tests that do not have FDA approval. Many tests on the market today fall in this category. What the announcement means is that physicians and insurers will be less likely to accept non-FDA approved tests. This means that patients who want these tests will need to pay for them out of pocket. It also means that the entrenched lab tests that simply do not work will have more of the market to themselves.
The Meade interview presents a perplexing dichotomy. Meade states–consistent with CDC's messaging–that the concern about Lyme disease specialists treating patients who have persisting symptoms is that "there is no evidence" (other than over 300 peer-reviewed, published articles) for Lyme bacteria that persist after short-term antibiotic treatment, and that patients are "treated with therapies that are sometimes harmful. There are cases of patients who have died as a result of long-term therapies for Lyme disease." When citing these cases, the CDC never mentions, for example, cancer patients who are treated with chemotherapy for years and succumb to the illness, or to the poisonous treatment, anyway. The conversations, which sometimes invoke one or two anecdotes of patients who die, for example, from an infected IV port used to administer antibiotics, don't discuss that across the board, hospital mistakes are the third leading cause of deaths in the United States. The publisher of the cancer journal Oncology states that "infections are among the most common, potentially serious complications of cancer and its treatment"–yet, the CDC doesn't recommend against chemotherapies for this reason, or because chemo often fails and is toxic to the body. The CDC and IDSA frequently use this argument against treatment Lyme disease patients.
Similarly paradoxical, CDC's current priority of raising awareness about and preventing the spread of Zika virus among the American population focuses–as the CDC should–on protecting the overall public health. Yet, CDC's approach to Lyme disease often is to refuse interviews that would serve to inform the public, to deny an abundant and growing body of evidence for persisting Lyme disease, and rather than focusing on raising awareness and containing the Lyme epidemic–the fastest-spreading bacterial infection in the country–CDC personnel and publications consistently cite chemotherapy-like risks to individual patients from treatment instead of, as it does with Zika and most other infectious diseases, focusing on containing the greater public health threat. This makes no sense.
FOX5NY's Teresa Priolo asked Meade about patients who are misdiagnosed with multiple sclerosis, ALS and other diseases and succumb directly or indirectly, and then are diagnosed after death with Lyme disease.
I can only speak anecdotally, but my story in a nutshell: I was diagnosed with and treated for Lyme in 1997, at age 18 or 19. Undertreated. By age 33, doctors thought I might have multiple sclerosis or possibly even ALS. Tests were inconclusive but ruled those out. At 36, I was re-diagnosed with Lyme, as well as bartonella and babesia coinfections. After approximately six months of antibiotic treatment, I was no longer semi-disabled. My recovery has continued.
Last month, I met a young woman in her early 30s who was born ill. She was diagnosed at a young age with multiple sclerosis and treated for it. She was then un-diagnosed with MS and instead diagnosed with Crohn's disease, and treated with biologic medications. She was given a partial colectomy and treated with biologic medications that have destroyed her body. She could not turn her head without turning her whole body, and I heard her bones crack every time she moved a joint. She was ultimately diagnosed with Lyme disease, and it was determined that she was most likely born with it.
I have met scores of people who were initially diagnosed with MS or another condition and then were found to have Lyme disease, underwent treatment, and recovered a great deal of wellness as a result. Based on my personal experience and my personal encounters, this is not a rare occurrence. With approximately 10,400 new cases of MS diagnosed each year, according to the CDC's own data, Lyme disease is 30 times more prevalent–and yet physicians continue to be encouraged to look for something, anything, other than Lyme disease when patients with symptoms that could be attributable to Lyme disease present. This is, by way of great understatement, nonsense.
Thank you, and congratulations, to FOX5NY, Teresa Priolo, and all others who are making real efforts to inform the public about this epidemic. This type of coverage is overdue, but it's more necessary than ever. For journalists who haven't scratched the surface of the complexities and controversies surrounding Lyme disease, read through these questions and start doing your homework. The success of FOX5NY's special report is evidence that the public is hungry for information about Lyme disease, recognizing the threat through word of mouth that cannot be contained.
The day after the FOX5NY special aired, Priolo continued the conversation via a Facebook live stream in partnership with the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS). Priolo's discussion, which included Facebook viewer questions, was candid and is well worth watching.
FOX5NY deserves recognition for doing the type of in-depth reporting most of us would expect from an outlet like 60 Minutes or VICE, the latter of which has unapologetically published sponsored content that marginalizes Lyme patients and physicians who treat them, and which relays blatantly false information. FOX5NY and Priolo should win awards for their ethical delivery information and their apparent bravery in doing what no one else has. The only unfortunate downside to the special is that the report is local and therefore won't make the radar of many people throughout the country who look to their televisions for news instead of Internet rebroadcasts. Anyone who cares about the truth should share this broadcast widely and encourage everyone you know, wherever they live, to view the story and the attendant interviews.
Lyme is today's greatest medical mystery, and for any journalist with investigative instincts and an interest in uncovering the truth, the Lyme story is only beginning to be told.


If you choose to see one of our marriage counseling psychologists, and we hope you do, here is a form that you may print and complete in advance of your first session if desired. The new patient information form is needed from all clients. If you choose to complete the form in advance, simply print and fill out the form associated with the psychologist you will be seeing. You also have the option of coming to the clinic 15 minutes early for your initial visit to complete the form. Please call us if you have any questions.
New Patient Information Form for Chuck Gray, Ph.D.
New Patient Information Form for Deborah Kagan, Ph.D.
New Patient Information Form for Ken Waldman, Ph.D.
New Patient Information Form for Karen Waldman, Ph.D.


You have joined a true "3 C" Chamber – Catalyst, Convener, Champion. But what does that mean for you? Join us on Wednesday, April 17th at 8:00 AM for our Chamber 101 program. This one hour session will help you further understand what the chamber is, and how it can and does work for you.
How does my chamber help spur economic activity across the valley?
How does my chamber bring together professionals, thought leaders, and elected officials for my benefit?
How does my chamber protect and advocate for our local business community?
Get the answer to these important questions and more at Chamber 101. The session will be held at It's In The Bag!, located at 72363 Highway 111, Suite A2, Palm Desert. The session is free to attend, all chamber members and potential members who have not previously attended are encouraged to join us. For more information contact the chamber at (760) 347-0676.


PONTE VEDRA BEACH, Fla. – Pushed to the breaking point on the most stressful course in golf, Jon Rahm could have snapped at any point during the fraught final round of The Players. Isn't that what the fans here wanted to see, golf's most notorious hothead boiling over again?
Rahm could have exploded after making three bogeys in his first four holes Sunday.
He could have left in a fit of pique after rinsing his approach on No. 11.
He could have fumed after seeing his buried lie in the bunker on 16.
Indeed, the maturation of Jon Rahm continued Sunday at TPC Sawgrass, where he turned a 54-hole lead into a closing 76 and a disappointing tie for 12th, five shots behind Rory McIlroy. With that missed opportunity, Rahm remains golf's most tantalizing tease, a supreme talent who possesses all the physical tools but is still discovering, at age 24, how best to channel his competitive fire.
Three years into his pro career, Rahm has found that there are no quick fixes, only learning experiences, some more painful than others.
"It's the last piece of the puzzle that I need to figure out," he said.
History has shown that those who can't control their emotions often struggle to control their golf ball. Tommy Bolt and Seve Ballesteros were famously volcanic. Tiger Woods has probably been fined more than any Tour player for his on-course conduct. But Rahm has always run hotter than most. During his junior career, the Spanish federation tried to set him up with sports psychologists, but none of them stuck. Once at Arizona State, Rahm decapitated his stand bag and was sentenced to running stairs at the Sun Devils' football stadium. Over time, his attitude improved, but even with the occasional outbursts his teammates never sensed that he was spiraling out of control.
Rahm harnessed all of that energy into becoming the top-ranked amateur in the world, then experienced near-immediate success in the pros. He enjoyed a mostly charmed life until some of his tantrums were caught on camera, none more memorable than his meltdown at the 2017 U.S. Open, where he dropped F-bombs, kicked a club, tomahawked a wedge, hurled a ball and repeatedly punched a tee sign. That day, in the player parking lot, he shared his internal turmoil, comparing himself to a shaken Coca-Cola bottle that eventually overflows.
The backlash was so swift and severe that he sought out the services of a new mental coach: former bomb-disposal expert Joseba del Carmen, which was fitting, since Rahm was tick-tick-ticking toward detonation.
Rahm showed improved marks late in the year, summoning the resolve to overcome some poor early-week play and defeat Tiger Woods in singles at the Ryder Cup. Then he went on a tear, blowing away the field at Woods' tournament in the Bahamas and rattling off five consecutive top-10s to start the new year. All that was left was to put his improved outlook on display during the stress-fest of a big event.
Rahm was tested throughout a turbulent final day at TPC Sawgrass. After weathering a rocky start, Rahm headed to the back nine with a share of the lead, until he drove into a fairway bunker down the left side of No. 11. With 220 yards to the flag, Rahm thought he could play a high draw out of the sand, over and around a few tall pines, across the water and even more sand. His caddie wanted him to knock an 80-yard sand wedge down the fairway, setting up an easy third shot.
After a passionate discussion, Rahm overruled Hayes' veto – and then splashed his approach.
"I was so f------ sure the first time," he growled, kicking the sand. But that was the extent of the dust-up.
And besides, Rahm said, that's not the shot that cost him the tournament. It was errant tee balls on 12, 15 and 16 that left him out of position and unable to attack. By the time he found his ball buried in the greenside bunker on 16, he was already down by three and could only suppress a chuckle. The 4-over 76 was his worst score since October.
And he was proud of the restraint that he showed on the final two holes, knowing that his frustration was mounting and that he didn't lose his cool, even when told – cruelly – that he was trash.
As Rahm ducked into the tunnel and headed toward the 18th tee, a sheriff approached and said that the offending fan had been tossed. Except another harasser soon emerged, hollering, "You're out of the tournament," hoping one last time to set him off.
Rahm heard the jeer, but looked unbothered.
It's the kind of equanimity he's been waiting to show.
At intermission, the Masters' marquee is a roll call of the game's most competitive and compelling at the moment. But perhaps the most irresistible element of this cast of would-be champions is their emotional range.
Matt Kuchar and Jon Rahm, with Group 8 on the line, had quite the finish to their match Friday at the WGC-Dell Match Play, which Kuchar ultimately won to advance.


*Participating locations only. Discount not valid in North and South Dakota. The special $30 offer does not apply to federal insurance beneficiaries and Optum participants. X-Rays will be taken if clinically necessary.
FLORIDA: THE PATIENT AND ANY OTHER PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYMENT HAS A RIGHT TO REFUSE TO PAY, CANCEL PAYMENT, OR BE REIMBURSED FOR PAYMENT FOR ANY OTHER SERVICE, EXAMINATION, OR TREATMENT THAT IS PERFORMED AS A RESULT OF AND WITHIN 72 HOURS OF RESPONDING TO THE ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE FREE, DISCOUNTED FEE, OR REDUCED FEE SERVICE, EXAMINATION, OR TREATMENT.
KENTUCKY: You have the right to rescind (within 72 hours) any obligation to pay for services given in addition to the free or discounted service.
NORTH CAROLINA: IF YOU DECIDE TO PURCHASE ADDITIONAL TREATMENT, YOU HAVE THE LEGAL RIGHT TO CHANGE YOUR MIND WITHIN THREE DAYS AND RECEIVE A REFUND.
SOUTH CAROLINA: Offer does not apply to HNS beneficiaries.
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SOUTH DAKOTA: NOT VALID. Free Consultation is available by visiting the nearest location.
WEST VIRGINIA and MISSISSIPPI: Regular price for an Initial Fee is $189.


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These leggings fit like a glove!!! Squat proof and amazing in and out of the gym. Soooo comfy I absolutely love. Would definitely recommend to anyone who loves a tight fitted high-waist legging.
love it but... go for bigger size!
Absolutely love it however, I recommend to go for size bigger!


text:
package gradle.advice;

import net.bytebuddy.asm.Advice;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class CountDirectoryScans {
    public static boolean TRACK_LOCATIONS = false;
    public static Map<File, Integer> COUNTS = new HashMap<File, Integer>();
    public static Map<File, List<Exception>> LOCATIONS = new HashMap<File, List<Exception>>();

    @Advice.OnMethodEnter
    public synchronized static void interceptVisitFrom(@Advice.Argument(1) File fileOrDirectory) {
        File key = fileOrDirectory.getAbsoluteFile();
        Integer count = COUNTS.get(key);
        COUNTS.put(key, count != null ? count + 1 : 1);

        if (TRACK_LOCATIONS) {
            List<Exception> locations = LOCATIONS.get(key);
            if (locations == null) {
                locations = new ArrayList<Exception>();
                LOCATIONS.put(key, locations);
            }
            locations.add(new Exception());
        }
    }

    public synchronized static void reset() {
        COUNTS.clear();
        LOCATIONS.clear();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


LISTEN NOW! This year's National Day of prayer is focused on praying for America. Many say today God bless America but the fact is he already has and we are losing her. CBN reports that America is sliding into moral collapse and how the people are scarred realizing that America does not have the answers. Greg shares, just like King Herod tried to destroy Israel's hope of the Messiah/Jesus, by killing all of her children; our nation has committed over 50 million abortions since 1973 and now handing out the plan B pill to 15 year olds. The solution is God and for America to get back to the Biblical foundation we were built on. It's time to pray for God's mercy humble ourselves and repent before we are humbled.


text:
Growth and chemical defense in relation to resource availability: tradeoffs or common responses to environmental stress?
Crescimento e defesa química em relação à disponibilidade de recursos: compromisso ou resposta comum a estresse ambiental?
Almeida-Cortez, J. S.1, I; Shipley, B.II; Arnason, J. T.III
IDepartamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Nelson Chaves s/n, CEP 50372-970, Recife, PE, Brazil
IIDepartement de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2K1, Canada
IIIDepartment of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
One aspect of plant defense is the production of constitutive secondary compounds that confer toxicity on herbivores and pathogens. The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of plant tissue toxicity across gradients of irradiance and nutrient content. We measured the potential toxicity (1/LC50) of extracts of six species of herbaceous Asteraceae grown under controlled conditions of temperature (25ºC), humidity (80%), photoperiod (16 h/day), in a range of concentrations of a modified Hoagland hydroponic solution (full-strength, 1/5 dilute, 1/10 dilute, and 1/50 dilute) and under two different light intensities (250 and 125 mmol/m2/s). The plants grew from seed for 42 days post-germination, and randomly chosen plants were harvested each 7 days. We did a general measure of potential phytochemical toxicity using an alcohol extraction of secondary compounds followed by brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) bioassay. Contrary to the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis, tissue toxicity generally increased with decreasing irradiance and nutrient levels, so that plants whose growth was most restricted had tissues that were most toxic, although there were species-specific differences in this trend.
Key Words: Asteraceae, nutrient availability, secondary metabolites, plant defense, RGR.
Um dos aspectos da defesa das plantas é a produção de compostos secundários constitutivos que são tóxicos para herbívoros e patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar padrões de toxidez nas folhas em diferentes gradientes de nutrientes e intensidade luminosa. Foi medida a potencial toxidez (1/CL50) em extratos de seis espécies herbáceas de Asteraceae, desenvolvidas sob condições controladas de temperatura (25ºC), umidade (80%) e fotoperíodo (16 h/dias), com diferentes concentrações de solução hidropônica de Hoagland modificada (completa, 1/5, 1/10 e 1/50 diluídas) e sob três intensidades de luminosidade (250 e 125 mmol/m2/s). As plantas germinadas foram acompanhadas por 42 dias e, então, 15 indivíduos de cada espécie foram coletados ao acaso a cada 7 dias. Foi realizada uma medida geral da toxidez fitoquímica potencial usando extração alcoólica de compostos secundários das plantas estudadas, seguida do teste biológico com Artemia sp. Contrariando a hipótese de carbono/nutriente, a toxidez do tecido geralmente aumenta com a redução dos níveis de nutrientes e luminosidade. Isto é, plantas que tiveram crescimento restringido apresentaram-se mais tóxicas, embora as espécies tivessem tendências diferentes.
Palavras-chaves: Asteraceae, disponibilidade de nutrientes, compostos secundários, defesa vegetal, TCR.
Studies of the resource availability hypothesis have tended to contrast the defense capacities of the plant species growing in two different resource states (Bryant & Kuropat, 1980; Coley, 1983; Newberry & de Foresta, 1985). However, in most natural communities, individuals within a population of plants may often experience many different levels of resource availability. These differences have been shown to generate variation in defensive chemistry (Bryant et al., 1987a, b) which, even on a small spatial scale, may influence host selection and subsequent success of insect herbivores (Zangerl & Berenbaum, 1993). Therefore, it is important to understand how a range of resource availabilities influences phenotypic variation in plant allocation to defensive chemistry. Few studies have examined how a range (i.e., more than two levels) of a resource affects allocation to defensive chemistry and growth-related characteristics (Mihaliak & Lincoln, 1985; Waring et al., 1985). How might resource availability constrain secondary metabolism and, thereby, plant defensive responses?
The objective of this study was to investigate if there is any correlation between relative growth rate (RGR) and potential toxicity due to secondary compounds under different combinations of light intensity and nutrient availability for 6 species of Asteraceae.
Plant material
The family Asteraceae make up one of the largest and most successful flowering plant families, consisting of 12-17 tribes, approximately 1,100 genera of over 20,000 species, and having a cosmopolitan distribution (Gleason & Cronquist, 1991). We used six herbaceous species from 4 different tribes (Achillea millefolium, Arctium minus, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Cichorium intybus, Matricaria matricarioides, and Rudbeckia hirta). Taxonomy follows Gleason & Cronquist (1991). These six species had high, intermediate, and low values of RGR and of potential phytochemical toxicity (LC50) based on a previous experiment (Almeida-Cortez et al., 1999). Of the 6 species, there was 1 annual (Matricaria matricarioides), 1 biennial (Arctium minus), and 4 perennial growth forms (Marie-Victorin, 1964).
Seeds were collected from wild populations across southwestern Quebec (Canada), stored in paper bags in a refrigerator at 4ºC prior to germination, and were germinated on wet filter paper. Within 2-3 days of germination, seedlings were transplanted individually into separate small blocks of rock wool (2 x 2 x 4 cm3) that served as a support medium. Rock wool is a sterile and inert mineral fiber, without phytotoxic substances, and commonly used in hydroponic culture. To minimize algal growth and reduce evaporation, aluminum foil was placed around each seedling on the upper surface of the rock wool.
Hydroponic system
The aerated standing nutrient system consisted of 12 polyethylene containers (36 x 36 x 30 cm3). Each container was divided into 144 compartments (2.5 x 2.5 x 21.5 cm3) using polyethylene sheets; there were therefore approximately 10 cm of undivided space at the bottom of each container, thus allowing free circulation of the hydroponic solution between compartments. The four corner compartments of each container were used to introduce aeration tubes and to monitor the temperature, pH, and nitrate concentration. Therefore, each container originally held 140 plants; this number was reduced as harvests proceeded. Each compartment contained a block of rock wool (2 x 2 x 4 cm3) which functioned as a support medium, and roots hung freely in the solution. Aquarium pumps were used to aerate and circulate the solution inside of each container. Each container was filled with 30 L of modified Hoagland solution (Hoagland & Arnon, 1950). The full-strength (1/1) solution has a nitrogen concentration of 3 mM Ca (NO3)2.4H2O, 2 mM NH4H2PO4, 5 mM KH2PO4, 2 mM MgSO4.7H2O, 9.07 mM MnSO4, 0.765 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, 46.4 mM H3BO3, 0.09 mM Na2MoO4.H2O, 0.01 mM CuSO4, plus 36 mM FeSO4.7H2O as iron-EDTA. The conductance was measured and the solution was topped off daily with the same solution or distilled water as required to compensate for water loss due to evaporation and transpiration. The nutrient solution in each container was completely renewed every week; the pH of a freshly prepared solution was 6.1. The pH and the nitrate concentration were monitored daily with a NO3 selective electrode for readjustment.
The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a Conviron (PGW36) growth chamber. Plants were supplied with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 250 and 125 mmol/m2/s, provided by a combination of fluorescent tubes and incandescent bulbs, for 16 hours a day. This provided a daily integrated photon flux of 14.4 and 7.2 moles/m2 respectively. The temperature was maintained at 25ºC by day and 20ºC by night and the relative humidity was 80%. Plants from each light intensity treatment were grown separately but always in the same growth chamber.
The experimental design consisted of all possible combinations of two levels of light intensity (250 and 125 mmol/m2/s) and four levels of nutrient concentration (1/1, 1/5, 1/10, and 1/50 dilution of full-strength modified Hoagland solution), giving 8 environmental combinations in all for each of the 6 species. Fifteen plants per species per environmental combination were randomly chosen for each harvest period, yielding a total of 120 plants per species per harvest. Harvest dates were at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after transplanting into the hydroponic system.
At each harvest, plants were separated into leaves, stem, bud flowers or flowers, and roots. Roots were separated at the base of each plant at ground level and washed free of rock wool with tap water. All plant parts were blotted dry with paper towels and fresh weights were measured. Leaf blades and flowers were placed in a plant press, and roots and stems were placed in paper bags. Enough plants were randomly chosen at each harvest/species/treatment combination to provide approximately 1 g fresh weight of tissue (between 1 and 5 plants); these plants were immediately placed in 100% ethanol and used for the toxicity measurement. The remaining plants were allowed to dry at 80ºC in a forced air drying oven to a constant dry weight for a minimum period of 48 hours and were used to estimate RGR.
The relative growth rate (RGR, g g-1 day-1) of each species was estimated as the slope of the linear regression of the natural logarithm of seedling dry mass on time. Units are grams of new biomass produced per gram of pre-exiting biomass per day (g g-1 day-1). Thus, RGR was a mean taken over the 21-42 day growth period.
Bioassay of plant chemical potential toxicity
To measure this potential toxicity, we use the brine shrimp bioassay (Arnason et al., 1991). This bioassay is widely used as an initial screening technique in pharmacology and is known to be sensitive to a large number of secondary compounds present in seeds of 41 species of Euphorbiaceae (Meyer et al., 1982), alkaloids (Lopez et al., 1997), and sesquiterpenes (He et al., 1997).
Details of the method are given in Arnason et al. (1991) and Almeida-Cortez et al. (1999); only the logic of the test is presented here. Ethanol was used because its intermediate polarity allows most biologically active secondary compounds to be extracted, including phenolics, alkaloids, acetylenes, terpenes, and other less common secondary compounds (Liskens & Jackson, 1992). After a general extraction of the fresh tissues in 100% ethanol followed by evaporation, the extractant is diluted again in ethanol at a ratio of 1 ml per gram fresh weight of plant tissue. Four-day-old brine shrimp nauplii were used in the bioassay. Approximately 40 nauplii in 4.9 ml of brine solution were placed in a test tube. A further 100 ml addition was added based on serial logarithmic dilutions (0:100; 1:99, 10:90, 100:0 ml: ml of solution: ethanol).
The concentration required for 50% mortality in the brine shrimp assay after 24 hours (LC50; mg/ml) was calculated using probit regression (SAS, Inc. 1990). These values were then transformed to their inverse (1/LC50) so that larger values indicate a greater toxicity and, therefore, that a lower concentration of tissue extract is needed to produce 50% mortality within 24 h. Controls were included with each analysis and results were accepted only when mortality in the controls was less than 5%.
Treatment effects were tested using ANOVA and type III sums of squares. In the case of overall growth rate, the error term was based on the replicate mean square within each light/nutrient/species treatment combination. Because tissues of more than one plant per light/nutrient/harvest/species treatment combination had to be pooled in order to obtain 1 g of fresh weight, we did not have replication at this level. Instead, we used the "light X nutrient X harvest X species" interaction term as the error term. Statistical significance was evaluated at the p < 0.05.
Daily measures of solution nitrate concentration showed that target levels were always maintained within narrow limits. The nitrate concentration in the solution ranged from 7.4 to 9.3; 1.5 to 1.7; 0.7 to 0.8; and 0.16 to 0.15 millimoles for 1/1, 1/5, 1/10, and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution, respectively. Toxicity (as measured by the brine shrimp bioassay) was measured weekly in the hydroponic solutions from each container. Measurable toxicity of the samples was never different from the controls, indicating that no detectable secondary compounds were diluted into the hydroponic solution.
Variation in the growth parameters
Differences in the mean of relative growth rates (RGR), root: shoot ratios, specific leaf area (SLA), and chemical characteristics (% nitrogen in leaves and mean of measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test) among treatments are summarized in Table 1.
The slowest growing species was Arctium minus (RGR = 0.031 g g-1 day-1 grown under light intensity 250 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution), and the fastest growing species was Rudbeckia hirta (RGR = 0.250 g g-1 day-1 grown under light intensity 250 mmol/m2/s PAR and full-strength modified Hoagland solution). The same two species show similar values for the SLA Arctium minus, 156.576 (250 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution) and Rudbeckia hirta, 580.611 cm2 g-1 (125 mmol/m2/s PAR and full-strength modified Hoagland solution). The means of the root:shoot ratios varied 10.6-fold between 0.123 to 1.298 g/g for Matricaria matricarioides (125 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/5 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution) and Arctium minus (250 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution).The means of the leaf nitrogen content varied 2.7-fold between 1.762% for Arctium minus (250 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution) and 4.734% for Matricaria matricarioides (250 mmol/m2/s PAR and full-strength modified Hoagland solution).
The measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test (1/LC50; mg/ml) means varied 44.6 fold between 0.01 for Arctium minus (250 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/10 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution) and Matricaria matricarioides (125 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution) to 0.446 mg/ml for Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (125 mmol/m2/s PAR and 1/50 dilution of the full-strength modified Hoagland solution), respectively.
Effects of experimental manipulations on growth
Relative Growth Rate (RGR): ANOVA showed significant differences between species (p = 0.0001), light (p = 0.0001), and nutrients (p = 0.02), and no significant interactions. The ANOVA on dry weights showed the same effects but (consistent with the first analysis above) Tukey's Studentized range showed a decrease only in the lowest (1/50 dilution of the full-strength solution) nutrient level. The lowest light level produced a decreased dry weight of the plants.
The analysis of covariance with dry weight at the end of each harvest period as the covariate shows that, after standardizing to common size, there were no significant differences in mean RGR between species (p = 0.07), between the two light levels 250 and 125 mmol/m2/s PAR (p = 0.62), or between the four nutrient levels (p = 0.09), but with a hint of an interaction between light levels and nutrient levels (p = 0.05).
Specific Leaf Area (SLA): The SLA values differed between the 6 species (p < 0.0001), and between the two light levels (p < 0.0001), and between the four nutrient levels (p = 0.0002) but there were no significant interactions among the treatments (Table 1). The mean values of SLA were 235 and 400 g/cm2 for 250 and 125 mmol/m2/s PAR, respectively.
Root:Shoot Ratios: Root:shoot ratios differed between the 6 species (p < 0.0001), between the two light levels (p < 0.0001), and between the four nutrient levels (p < 0.0001). The only interactions were between light and nutrients (p < 0.0001). The means values of the root:shoot ratios were 0.615 and 0.329 g/g for 250 and 125 mmol/m2/s PAR, respectively (Table 1).
Toxicity: The only significant factor in the ANOVA was between the species means (p = 0.004).
Leaf nitrogen content: Mean leaf nitrogen values were significantly different between species means (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004 for the two groups), between the means of the light levels (p = 0.02), and between nutrients (p < 0.0001). There were no interactions between the variables.
Comparisons between measured variables
Phytochemical parameters: There was a weak positive significant correlation between leaf nitrogen and measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test (rs = 0.195, p = 0.01).
Growth parameters versus defense parameters: The correlation was positive and significant for measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and RGR (rs = 0.453, p = 0.01), as was the correlation between measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and SLA (rs = 0.215, p = 0.004) but the correlation was negative and significant for measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and root:shoot ratio (rs = -0.381, p = 0.002). There was a weak positive significant correlation between the mean of leaf nitrogen content and the mean of RGR (rs = 0.176, p = 0.02). Finally, leaf nitrogen content and SLA (rs = 0.387, p = 0.0001) showed a positive significant correlation but there was a negative strong significant correlation between leaf nitrogen content and root:shoot ratio (rs = -0.6, p = 0.0001).
Correlations may be due to common responses to changing environments or to "genetic" linkages between variables in a constant environment. In order to distinguish between these two possibilities, we fit generalized linear models using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 1990) relating measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test, in which the experimental treatments and species were included as covariates in order to control for their effects. These results were then compared to models in which these effects were not controlled.
Correlations without controlling for the different environments
Relative growth rate: There were significant linear relationships between relative growth rate (RGR) and SLA (p < 0.0001), between RGR and root:shoot ratio (p < 0.0001), and between RGR and leaf nitrogen (p = 0.01). There were no significant linear relationships between RGR and total phenolic (p = 0.09) or between RGR and measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test (p = 0.2).
Toxicity: There were no linear relationships between measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and either RGR (p = 0.2), or SLA (p = 0.3), or root:shoot ratio (p = 0.08), or leaf nitrogen content (p = 0.1).
This study investigated how a range of resource availabilities influences the growth and chemical parameters of six species of Asteraceae by measuring fast-growing versus slow-growing plants and toxic versus non-toxic plants.
As a previous study demonstrated (Almeida-Cortez et al., 1999; Almeida & Shipley, 2002), studies of the resource availability hypotheses have tended to contrast the defense capacities of the plant species growing in two different resource states (Bryant & Kuropat, 1980; Coley, 1983; Newberry & de Foresta, 1985), but there exists no unified interpretation of the results even though nutrient supply rates may be used to vary relative growth rates of young plants (see Ingestad 1982 for a review). According to Ågren (1985), the nutrient supply rate in the environment, notably nitrogen, controls the nutrient uptake rate by the plant, which exerts a strict control over growth. Differences in resource availability have been shown to generate variation in defensive chemistry within a single species (Bryant et al., 1987b). In recent years, much attention has been focused on the mechanisms by which the environment may alter the plant's production of chemical defenses, thereby altering susceptibility to herbivores (Mattson, 1980; Bryant et al., 1983; Tuomi et al., 1984). Carbon/nutrient balance is viewed as a key to understanding why plant susceptibility changes under different growing conditions. We might expect that carbon-based constitutive defensive chemicals (e.g., phenols, terpenes, acetylenes) should be scarce in plants subjected to reduced carbon uptake or very high respiration, where a low carbon/nutrient ratio would result. On the other hand, plants provided with adequate light, but subjected to suboptimal nutrient availability, should exhibit a high carbon/nutrient ratio and resistance to herbivory (Bryant et al., 1983).
Plants growing under nitrogen-limiting conditions generally have a slower growth rate than those growing under nitrogen-rich conditions (Almeida-Cortez et al., 1999; Almeida & Shipley, 2002). Carbon supply does not limit plant growth under low nitrate conditions and subsequently, increased quantities of carbon-based defenses should be selected as nitrate availability decreases (Bryant et al., 1983; Coley et al., 1985; Mihaliak & Lincoln, 1985).
A negative correlation between two traits can be caused in two general ways. One possibility is that there is no genetic link between the two traits, but each responds in an opposite way to some common environmental change. The other possibility is that the negative correlation is generated by the physiology or morphology of the plant even when the environment is constant. This second possibility is a "genetic" correlation and provides an operational definition of a "trade-off". The existence of a trade-off between growth and defense has created some controversy. Even if some studies have found a negative correlation between RGR and attack by herbivores (Coley, 1983; Sheldon, 1987), others (Meijden et al., 1988; McCanny et al., 1990) did not find any correlation, and still others (Denslow et al., 1987, 1990; Briggs & Schultz, 1990) show a positive correlation between the two variables.
Is there any trade-off between measured variables?
Growth parameters: The Spearman correlation between the mean of relative growth rate (RGR; i.e., 21-42 days) and the mean of specific leaf area (SLA) was strong and positive (rs = 0.606, p = 0.0001). Poorter & Remkes (1990) reported a strong positive correlation between RGR and SLA under constant environmental conditions of high nutrient supply but low light intensity (225 mmol/m2/s). McKenna (1995) did not find such a correlation when light intensities were doubled. Shipley (1995) provided evidence that maximizing relative growth rate involves maximizing specific leaf area, which in turn involves maximizing leaf area with the least amount of biomass. Reich et al. (1992) in their review of the literature found a strong positive relationship between these two variables.
Growth parameters versus chemical parameters: There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean of measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and the mean of RGR (rs = 0.453, p = 0.01), as was the correlation between measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and SLA (rs = 0.215, p = 0.004). There were no significant linear relationships, however, between measurable toxicity in the brine shrimp test and SLA (p = 0.3) before controlling for species and experimental treatments. In Crankshaw & Langenheim (1981), only one (Type III caryophyllene) of the sesquiterpenes studied increased when leaf area increased.
Finally, we would like to emphasize that most of the information on plant/herbivore interactions comes from studies on the effectiveness of specific defenses from the viewpoint of the herbivore rather than the plant. These include surveys with generalists and investigations of more tightly coevolved systems between host and herbivore (Edmunds & Alastad, 1978; Trigo, 2000; Mello & Silva-Filho, 2002).
Another approach has been to document broad-scale associations of plant life history, successional status, habitat preference, or leaf age with either herbivory or plant defense. Since these community-level studies have examined patterns of herbivory and defense separately, their relationships can only be inferred (but see Rhoades, 1977; Milton, 1979; Furlan et al., 1979). The general trend, however, is towards higher concentrations and more effective characteristics as well as lower grazing susceptibility in late successional or woody species, mature leaves (but see Crankshaw & Langenheim, 1981), and plants of nutrient-poor areas (Bryant & Kuropat, 1980; Coley, 1980).
The idea that a plant must accept tradeoffs because it must allocate limited resources among growth, reproduction, and defense has been central to ecological and evolutionary theories, but the existence of a trade-off between growth and defense has generated some controversy. The data and analyses in this study suggest that there is no necessary trade-off between growth rate and the types of toxic chemical defenses that are detected by the bioassay when species are grown under the same environmental conditions. This does not exclude the possibility of tradeoffs between growth and structural defenses or of chemical defenses that affect palatability or digestibility without inducing any toxic effect. The "trade-off" that has been reported from field experiments may arise because researchers have failed to control for different soil fertilities, and differing soil fertilities affect secondary compounds production and growth in opposite ways.
Acknowledgments — We thank Darlene Wong, Nancy Faucher, and Nathalie Pitre for assistance on this project. Thanks also to Mark Rommer and Claire Cooney for assistance with the McGill University Phytotron. This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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Jarcilene S. Almeida-Cortez
Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Rua Prof. Nelson Chaves s/n
CEP 50372-970, Recife, PE, Brazil
e-mail: jacortez@ufpe.br
Received January 13, 2003 - Accepted April 1, 2003 - Distributed May 31, 2004
1 To whom reprint requests should be directed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Place your order today! The cost of the book is $15. Add $3 postage and handling, per book, for any orders to be mailed.
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Inside this collection of huckleberry stories, historical accounts and recipes you'll discover the distinctive flavor of Swan Valley. Sprinkled with archival photos, The Huck Book looks back at the traditions and lore that showcase the most sought- after fruit of the forest. Sample Swan Valley's rich and varied culinary heritage from over 80 recipes generously supplied by the valley's finest cooks. The Huck Book is a feast of historical accounts and nostalgia as well as a guide to the best huckleberry delights in the West.
The Upper Swan Valley Historical Society, Inc. obtained an old trapper cabin to exhibit at the Swan Valley Museum. Built by Fred Messerer in the late 1920s, early 1930s era, the cabin originally was located in the Elbow Lake Lookout area above Lindbergh Lake.
The Grizzly Claw Trading Co.
Inside this chronology of the scenic Swan Valley in western Montana you'll learn about events that connect us to the Indian people who first encountered the Swan Valley, the surveyors who mapped thousands of acres of uncharted land, the homesteaders who toiled to eke out a living, the foresters and woodsmen who managed the natural resources, and numerous citizens who worked to make the character of Swan Valley what it is today. Whether you are a student of local history or a curious visitor in the Swan, reading this chronology will expand your understanding of the natural, cultural and historical aspects of the region.
Bill Anderson, Lloyd Hahn, and a crew of volunteers moved the Swan River Tavern to the Swan Valley Museum & Heritage Site. 2012. Donated by the Quadros family.
Please consider helping us further develop and maintain the Swan Valley Museum. Visit our Support page to pledge your support!
Wranglers, Dudes and Homesteaders captures the magic of the Western lifestyle as it carries one back to the early years of Montana's dude ranches, with stories and photos of that bygone era from Lindbergh Lake Lodge, Holland Lake Lodge and the Gordon Ranch. Surviving family members of previous lodge owners as well as former guests, share remembrances and tell tales of how things were. Wranglers, Dudes and Homesteaders, a production of the USVHS, is part of The Montana Experience: Stories from Big Sky Country and is featured on the Tourism Montana website. The film was directed and produced by Jenny Rohrer of Rohrer Film & Video.
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Over the past decade, many of the Swan Valley's early settlers and residents have been interviewed, sharing their stories of what it was like to be among the first to inhabit this wild and rugged land. The Upper Swan Valley Historical Society has published these experiences so future generations will have a better understanding of the challenging lifestyles as well as the changes on the landscape that our ancestors experienced. The book is filled with tales and recollections told by those who experienced them! Numerous photos and incidental historical information as well as maps have been added to the stories to help bring the past to life for the reader.
The 3rd edition of the USVHS book, As Time Goes By, a Chronology of Swan Valley, was updated this year with events dating up to 2019.
This collection includes interviews with residents of the Swan Valley, Montana, detailing the agricultural, ranching, forest service, logging and outfitting activities in the area. The interviews were conducted from 1998 to 2009 by Suzanne M. Vernon, Samantha Epstein, Jeanell Innerarity, Kit Johnston, and Adam Lieberg. The interviewees discuss specific locations such as Lindbergh Lake, Salmon Prairie, and Gordon Ranch as well as broader subjects including Swan Valley community, recreation, schools, churches, and wildlife. The original interviews are held as Oral History collection OH 422 at Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula.
This collection includes 56 interviews.
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The Huck Book has been reprinted in 2019 for the third time.
Upper Swan Valley Oral History Project audio transcripts now online!
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The two-room Maki Cabin was likely built by Swan Valley homesteader Jalmer Maki in the late 1910s or early 1920s. One room was a sauna.
Special thanks to Gary Freyholtz of Swan Valley Logcrafters, who has pieced the cabin back together from a pile of logs. We would also like to thank Gary Lazarowski and Steve Lamar who have added the rafters and installed the roof.
Old Case tractor, circa 1912 to 1918.
Donated by Neil and Dixie Meyer.


The Dictatorship of Hathian Prime is a massive, cultured nation, ruled by Markus Auron-Sirus with an iron fist, and notable for its ban on automobiles, infamous sell-swords, and irreverence towards religion. The hard-nosed, cynical, humorless population of 3.024 billion Hathenians are kept under strict control by the oppressive government, which measures its success by the nation's GDP and refers to individual citizens as "human resources."
The medium-sized, corrupt, moralistic, well-organized government juggles the competing demands of Defense, Law & Order, and Education. It meets to discuss matters of state in the capital city of Arkon. The average income tax rate is 79.3%.
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Parents must choose their children's names from a government-mandated master list, the "boy who cried wolf" policy makes sick people reluctant to call an ambulance, political speeches that drill deep into bureaucratic fine detail could be said to be a little boring, and citizens are expected to be proficient in at least five languages. Crime, especially youth-related, is totally unknown, thanks to a well-funded police force and progressive social policies in education and welfare. Hathian Prime's national animal is the Hathian Hawk, which soars majestically through the nation's famously clear skies.
Hathian Prime is ranked 26,348th in the world and 30th in The Versutian Federation for Highest Economic Output, with 543 trillion Standard Monetary Units.
7 hours ago : Hathian Prime was ranked in the Top 5% of the world for Most Popular Tourist Destinations.
1 day 15 hours ago : Hathian Prime changed its national capital to "Arkon".
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19 days ago : Following new legislation in Hathian Prime, citizens are expected to be proficient in at least five languages.
19 days ago : Following new legislation in Hathian Prime, political speeches that drill deep into bureaucratic fine detail could be said to be a little boring.
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text:
Immigration Reform 2013: Why Don't 4 Out Of 5 Immigrant Detainees Ever See a Lawyer?
By Jared Milrad
As comprehensive immigration reform slowly makes its way through Congress, most Americans are probably familiar with the usual markers of the debate: border security, a pathway to citizenship for the millions of immigrants without legal status, and the unique circumstances of "DREAMers," young people brought to the country illegally as children.
Still, one issue that we hear less about is the case of immigrants tangled up in the nation's administrative detainee system. At least 30,000 immigrants are detained on any given day in jails and prisons awaiting a determination on their legal status. What to do with them — and how to treat them — has several crucial implications for immigration reform, our budgets, and our legal system.
Before delving too deeply into the immigrant detainee system, it's useful to begin with the case of Clarence Earl Gideon, the famous indigent criminal defendant who became the subject of the landmark 1963 U.S. Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright. Charged with petty larceny in 1961 in Panama City, Florida after allegedly robbing a pool room, Gideon was too poor to afford an attorney but was told by a Florida trial judge that only defendants in capital punishment cases could be provided a court-appointed attorney. Gideon disagreed, and from his jail cell wrote a handwritten appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1963 unanimously held that under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution all criminal defendants have a right to a court-appointed attorney. The Gideon ruling created what is now known as the public defender system, and although woefully underfunded and overburdened, it largely remains the law of the land for the criminal justice system.
Not so for immigrant detainees. Immigrants detained to determine their legal status — or else face deportation — are not criminal defendants under current law. Instead, they're processed through an administrative judicial system principally managed by the U.S. Justice Department's Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and its 59 immigration courts throughout the country. But before detainees even have their case heard by a judge, they must wait in detention for at least two years, most often in privately-run jails that contract with the Department of Homeland Security. According to one study, 14,000 immigrants waited five years to see a judge since 2003, and a few waited over a decade.
As one might imagine, these delays come with a significant price tag. The federal agency responsible for managing the detainee system, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), pays $2 billion each year to keep detainees in prison. Indeed, the National Immigration Forum found that it costs as much as $164 per day to keep a detainee in the current system, while alternative methods of detention (such as use of ankle bracelets and supervised visits) could cost as little as 30 cents per day. Given budget cuts by Congress, ICE has actually begun releasing "noncriminals and other low-risk offenders" simply to save money.
Clearly, these are serious problems that demand serious solutions. But even overlooking the severe delays, budget bloating, and the moral wisdom of keeping children, the mentally disabled, asylees, victims of sexual abuse, and other non-violent and vulnerable individuals in prison cells for years at a time, at least one important question remains: should immigrants be able to see an attorney while they're detained?
Because immigrants lack the protections of Gideon and often cannot afford an attorney or don't know the benefits of having one, more than 4 out of 5 immigrant detainees never consult with an attorney. In asylum cases, for example, this lack of representation can be determinative: only 3% of asylees without an attorney prevail compared with 18% of those who have one.
And the results are even more drastic for particularly vulnerable detainees such as the mentally disabled, whose current numbers exceed 1,000 individuals in detention. José Antonio Franco-Gonzalez, a 33-year-old Mexican immigrant who has a severe cognitive disability, was one of these individuals. Sent to immigration detention after serving a criminal sentence in California, an immigration judge closed his case after a psychiatrist found that he could not understand the charges brought against him. He was ordered released, but without an attorney to petition for a final hearing, Jose had to wait another four and a half years until he was finally freed in March 2010.
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sued on Jose's behalf, and this week a federal court ruled in his favor, finding that hearings must be offered for mentally-disabled detainees in custody for more than six months. The Justice Department then went even further by guaranteeing a court-appointed attorney for all mentally impaired detainees.
And so, in a Gideon-like move, mentally disabled detainees now have the right to counsel. But what about the tens of thousands of children, victims of sexual abuse, asylees, and others still lingering in the detainee system? Should they have the same guarantees of fair and affordable representation? Indeed, these are questions this country has repeatedly had to ask and answer: whether our laws should be applied fairly and equally to all persons — immigrant or not, citizen or non-citizen. If and when comprehensive immigration reform moves through Congress, these questions deserve a second look.


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Political Science Professor's Research Analyzes Poverty, Economic Inequality
View all the posts from December 2, 2009
Ready for the World: Our World in Need
Nathan Kelly
KNOXVILLE — Nathan Kelly is not telling you to vote Democrat or Republican. But he can tell you what will happen economically either way.
Your decision, he said, will have a significant impact on poverty and economic inequality.
Kelly is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
To him, poverty focuses on those who are poor and inequality has to do with the gap between the rich and the poor. Also, inequality examines the well-being of the poor relative to the rich. He says fighting poverty directly combats inequality, although fighting inequality does not always lead to reductions in poverty.
"In reality, poverty and inequality are often intertwined," Kelly said. "Usually, when there are many people living in poverty, the gap between the rich and the poor is also large.
"The core of my research examines the causes and consequences of economic inequality."
Kelly's work fits well into Ready for the World, the campus' international and intercultural initiative, which this year is focusing on "Our World in Need" with an emphasis on poverty.
His book "The Politics of Income Inequality in the United States," printed by Cambridge University Press, tries to zero in on the relationship between poverty and economic inequality.
"Many economists argue that inequality is essentially an inevitable result of a market-driven system," Kelly said, "and government action is impotent to influence inequality. My research fundamentally contradicts this assessment."
Kelly's research shows that differences in economic equality depend on whether a Republican or Democrat is in office.
"When Democrats control the White House and liberal policies are enacted, inequality declines," Kelly said. "The evidence on this point is quite solid and consistent. To be completely clear, electing Republicans and pursuing conservative policies generally increases inequality, while electing Democrats and pursuing liberal policies decreases inequality.
"I hope that this message makes it out to both liberals and conservatives, in the hopes that some common ground might be found by learning about the empirical realities of American politics."
Kelly, in his research, also analyzes the distribution of wealth and the government's involvement.
Teaching a First Year Studies course for freshmen, Kelly said he and his students can explore how politics, poverty and inequality are interconnected. The course involves a lot of discussion and challenges students to confront any biased perceptions of poverty and economic inequality.
"So many of my students have absolutely no idea what it would be like to be poor," Kelly said. "I'm not sure I even fully understand. It is important for students to see and understand poverty, in part to understand how privileged they are, but also to see the poor as fully human. Sometimes, it's too easy to … dehumanize the poor. Having direct interactions with economically diverse populations makes it harder to view the poor only as an 'other' and perhaps even another that is not deserving of full respect."
Kelly hopes to make his students not only more conscious of poverty and economic inequality, but also make them more politically aware.
"Individuals matter, but so does government," Kelly said, "and I hope that I can convince students that governments at least have the potential to be a very powerful actor for the good in this context. Governments also can act very badly. If I can show students that our government somehow represents the values of our society, I hope they will get involved to push government to represent our best values rather than our worst."
Amy Blakely (865-974-5034, amy.blakely@tennessee.edu)
Our World in Need


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World of Warcraft blocked in Iran
Blizzard Entertainment released a statement confirming that it will comply with government legislation and pull its products from affected territories.
"United States trade restrictions and economic sanction laws prohibit Blizzard from doing business with residents of certain nations, including Iran," read the statement.
"Several of you have seen and cited the text in the Terms of Use which relates to these government-imposed sanctions.
"This week, Blizzard tightened up its procedures to ensure compliance with these laws, and players connecting from the affected nations are restricted from access to Blizzard games and services.
"This also prevents us from providing any refunds, credits, transfers, or other service options to accounts in these countries."
World of Warcraft was not available legitimately in the region to begin with, but scores of Iranians access the game through virtual private networks.
Guild Wars, RuneScape, Second Life, Dofus, Evony and Entropia Universe are among the other games unavailable in Iran due to the US sanctions.


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C Is For Coronavirus. And For Coughing.
New data shows coughing, fatigue are common among local COVID-19 cases
By Julia Silverman 3/31/2020 at 4:22pm
Newly released figures from Multnomah County show the most common symptoms of locally diagnosed COVID-19 cases.
Image: Brian Breneman
When Oregon Gov. Kate Brown coughed into her elbow during a press conference the other day, questions started flying: Does the governor have coronavirus?
For the record, the answer is no—her office says she's been tested, and diagnosed with a cold.
But the question was a reasonable one, given that 90 percent of those who have tested positive for coronavirus in Multnomah County report having a cough, according to newly available figures from a regional COVID-19 database, backed by Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas and Yamhill Counties.
That makes a cough the most common symptom of coronavirus, followed closely by fatigue and low energy.
Other signs that you may in fact have gotten coronavirus despite your best efforts at social distancing and sheltering in place?
Chills (reported by 76.6 percent), muscle pain (67.1 percent) and headaches (65.8 percent), according to the county's data.
For the data wonks among us who just can't get enough, there's lots more local data on the virus available at the new website from the four counties.
(If you really think you have the virus, please call your primary care physician. Tests are still in relatively short supply in Oregon, and data about how many tests have been administered is spotty at best. Primary care physicians can help you figure out your next steps.)
Coronavirus, Health, Health News, News
As COVID Vaccines Seem More Plausible, Oregon Focuses on Its Distribution Plan
Governor Kate Brown Issues a Plea for Oregonians to Stay With Their Household. Will It Work?
11/11/2020 By Gabriel Granillo and Fiona McCann
Comparing Lockdown Levels in the West Coast States
11/18/2020 By Julia Silverman
Oregonians Are Wearing Their Masks, a New Survey Shows


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Kei Mouth (Afrikaans: Keimond) is a resort town on the southeast coast of South Africa, situated in the Wild Coast region of the Eastern Cape Province, situated 94 kilometres from the city of East London. The town is situated on the Indian Ocean coast, on the western bank of the Great Kei River, and has one of the country's three remaining car transporting pontoon river ferries.

History
The town of Kei Mouth was created by the British after the 8th Frontier War, as part of the frontline of a buffer zone aimed at protecting British Kaffraria from the warring Xhosa tribes.

Huberta, the famous Hippo, took up residence in the Kei River just above third cave in 1930. She was eventually chased off and continued her journey southward once more.

Sports
Bowls and Golf are favoured pastimes in Kei Mouth. The Kei Mouth Country Club has a 12-hole Golf Course and there is a bowling green and a squash court adjacent to the campsite.

Other sporting activities include mountain biking, horse riding and water sports such as surfing, swimming, fishing, boating and windsurfing.

Tourism
The economy of Kei Mouth revolves largely around tourism due to its location at the southern entrance to the erstwhile Transkei region. Whilst many of the residents are retirees, a large portion of homes are holiday homes owned by families from the interior. There are several accommodation establishments, a municipal campsite, two restaurants and bars, two small supermarkets and a service station.

Nearby resort towns include:
Qolora Mouth, Morgan's Bay, Haga Haga and Chintsa

Demographics
The main languages spoken in Kei Mouth are English, Xhosa and Afrikaans. The town is home to a large number of retirees, thanks to the mild climate and holiday atmosphere.

References

Populated places in the Great Kei Local Municipality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hygge is among the hot design influences.
Trex's RainEscape deck drainage system is popular with people looking to add multi-seasonal living space beneath an elevated deck.
For example, Trex contractors have reported an uptick in requests for the company's RainEscape deck drainage system, as clients look to add multi-seasonal living space underneath an elevated deck.
Among the hottest design influences right now is "hygge" (pronounced hoo-gah) – the Scandinavian term for a feeling of coziness and comfort.
This year, outdoor spaces will beckon homeowners and their guests to relax and rejuvenate with hygge-inspired accents, from plush cushions and throws to protective pergolas, cozy warming features and outdoor lighting.
While railing matched to the decking remains popular, an increasing number of homeowners are taking advantage of the complementary decking and railing pairings afforded by new railing materials in modern, metal finishes, as well as sleek designs inspired by commercial architecture.
More homeowners are inspired by outdoor spaces they find in commercial settings, such as hotels and urban rooftops, and want to replicate those looks in their homes. A prime example of this commercial-to-residential trend is the growing popularity of horizontal railings such as rod rail – a sleek, industrial look that's ideal for optimizing a panoramic view.
With the increased usage of outdoor living spaces comes higher demand for chic decor and privacy. An easy design trick that adds personal style and functionality, lattice panels are perfect for enhancing privacy and concealing storage areas or unsightly views.
With styles ranging from romantic to deco, lattice panels can be integrated into any outdoor area and applied to structures such as arbors, trellises and gazebos, or used as decorative wainscoting or deck skirting.
Beyond yard games, electronics manufacturers now offer televisions and entertainment systems specifically designed for the outdoors, taking into consideration differences in lighting and outdoor acoustics.
Meanwhile, new storage options include durable wall-mounted television and entertainment centers that beautifully protect pricey electronics from the elements, while concealing all of the unsightly –- and potentially unsafe – cords and cables.


A contemporary take on the short-sleeved blouse by BOSS Womenswear. Designed in Portuguese stretch-cotton twill with a roomy fit, this elegant blouse features twin chest pockets and a concealed placket for a clean effect. Loosely cut sleeves emphasise the relaxed silhouette of this modern piece.


Ön a(z) 18.215.159.156 IP címről szól hozzá.
Szeretnénk Magyarország összes településéről , városáról összegyüjteni képeslapokat.
My great grandparents were born in your village. One was named Stephen Gazdik, born on December 25, 1867 and he married Barbara before they came to America in October 1886. They returned to Hungary in 1900 for a visit. They brought four small children on the visit. They were named Maria, Roza, Margit and Stefan.
I would like to know more about the village. Are there records that might tell me where they were married? And, I wonder if there are any village residents named Gazdik.
I will visit Budapest with my aunt in spring 2016. We do not know if we will come to the village or if such a visit is even possible.
Sorry that I only speak English.
I hope someone can reply.


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KCU Global Track students impact Kenyan community and win prestigious osteopathic research award
KCU College of Osteopathic Medicine students with an interest in oncology and a heart for the underserved earned a 1st place award in the Bureau of International Osteopathic Medicine (BIOM) 2020 Research Competition: Research Abstract Category for their work with women, children, and healthcare providers in Kenya on the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a virus that causes cervical cancer. In addition, the students learned their research efforts are already having an effect.
Fourth-year students Carli Edwards and Farzeen Syed collaborated with their faculty mentor, Gautam J. Desai, DO, FACOFP dist., director of KCU's Honors Track in Global Health Medicine, to develop a research project examining attitudes and incorporating an educational component. Their study was implemented during KCU's Global Health Outreach to Kenya, at the Mama Pilista Memorial Health Center, a nonprofit facility in the Wanjaya Village near Kisumu, Kenya. KCU's medical students worked with male and female adolescents between 12-18 years old, female patients 18-65 and the health center staff as they studied HPV transmission, prevention, and the thoughts of the participants on HPV and the vaccine.
"It really struck me that cervical cancer, a cancer that we have controlled relatively well here in the United States due to pap smears and the HPV vaccine, is the leading cause of female cancer-related deaths in Kenya" said Syed. "I tried to research more about the topic, but there wasn't much information out there especially regarding the region we were going to be in. I really wanted to take advantage of my time in Kenya by gathering data on the barriers for cervical cancer screening and prevention."
The KCU students conducted surveys to learn about the screening histories of women in the village and to gauge their knowledge of HPV and the vaccine. Then they taught multiple seminars on sexually transmitted infections that included HPV. Edwards and Syed surveyed the groups a second time after the informational seminars and found the knowledge of both adolescents and patients improved as a result of their teaching.
"We wanted to learn what the major barriers were to accessing screening and vaccinations," said Edwards. "What we found was just a lack of education. A lot of people didn't know what cervical cancer is, and that that they should be getting screened for it. Those who knew about it did not know about the resources that were available."
The young women from KCU also learned to work as a team, with each other and the local health-care providers in Kenya. In addition, the experience of working in another country and speaking through translators offered unique and valuable insights on how to speak to patients about intimate health concerns.
"In clinical settings you have to learn to connect with patients," said Desai, "Their work in Kenya was great experience for them to learn how to reach patients, especially young ones who might be bored or embarrassed, and make sure they have the health information that is necessary."
Desai notes that research opportunities through KCU's Global Track program enhances medical students' opportunities for residency placement and hones skills in critical thinking. "As they take a research project from the initial stage to Institutional Review Board approval to the clinical setting, students learn about potential conflict of interest in studies and become familiar with ethical research," Desai explained. "This gives them skills to look at literature and make appropriate decisions for their future patients, despite what may be discussed in the public or on the news."
At the conclusion of the study, Syed and Edwards found that almost all participants were interested in receiving the HPV vaccine should it become available. As it turns out, the project was timely. A free HPV vaccination program arrived in the village just a month after the KCU mission. Another vaccination program is underway. Thanks to the education delivered by KCU's medical students, women in the village had the knowledge they needed to seek out the vaccine. Syed and Edwards hope to continue working with Mama Pilista Health Center in the future.
"It's just very exciting to be part of something that possibly could have the implications of helping people live healthier lives," Edwards said.
As 1st place winners, Syed and Edwards were invited to present their project to 2020 OMED conference, held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They both say the entire experience was an important opportunity in the journey to become an osteopathic physician.
"Becoming a doctor is a long and arduous process, but experiences like being able to work in Kenya, even if it was for a few weeks, really helps remind me why I'm doing this," Syed reflected. "I have more of an impact than I recognize, and it motivates me to keep moving forward for all my future patients."
View a photo gallery of the Kenya trip.
KCU Students Win Inaugural Bioethics Bowl
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KCU celebrates Match Day and residency placements nationwide
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Three-Star General Gives Inspirational Keynote at KCU Commencement Ceremony
(Kansas City, Mo. – May 8, 2021) Kansas City University (KCU), the 8th largest medical...


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Daniella Draper shines as she wins top crown at UK Jewellery Awards
The Cleethorpes-born jeweller has four shops including one in the resort and won the Best Multi-Channel Retailer prize
David LaisterBusiness Editor
The Draper trio on stage at the UK Jewellery Awards 2019, with host Larry Lamb and the award sponsor. From left, Daniella, Della and Holly (Image: Daniella Draper)
Daniella Draper has dazzled at the UK Jewellery Awards.
A first win at the prestigious event came with the company taking the Best Multi-Channel Retailer accolade - recognising the high street and online presence it has built over a decade.
Cleethorpes -born and now Grimsby-headquartered, the first 10 years will be marked next month.
Three times it has been bridesmaid, and highly commended at the annual bash, but 2019 saw it step forward into the spotlight.
Launched from the family kitchen table by a back-from-university Daniella, early celebrity endorsements from the likes of Kate Moss and Ed Sheeran helped the travel-inspired pieces fly.
Her eponymous brand now has four boutique outlets and an enlarged workshop at the Enterprise Village on Prince Albert Gardens, with 40 staff employed.
Daniella Draper arrives at the UK Jewellery Awards 2019. (Image: Daniella Draper)
In the run up to Christmas a pop-up store was launched in London. And it closes off a remarkable 12 months for the figurehead, having got married last July and had her first child too.
"I'm so grateful to have won the award and I have been so blown away with all the congratulations and well wishes from our wonderful customers," she said.
"It has been an amazing 10 years and so humbling to think back to how we started and how we have grown.
"I have the best job in the world, to be working with my incredible family while doing something I absolutely love, to be working alongside loyal and talented staff and to be meeting interesting and inspiring customers and I couldn't have done all this without Grimsby and my family. It is a place that gave me space, freedom, support and inspiration to follow my dream."
Daniella Draper was also highly commended in the Best Mono Brand category at the event, held in The Artillery Garden, London.
Mother and fellow director Della Draper described the win as an absolute honour.
Some of the jewellery created by Daniella Draper
She said: "To gain such recognition as we approach our 10-year anniversary is a dream come true.
"We have worked hard to build a credible international brand from our home town. We could not have done it without our incredible team who work so hard and really believe in us and most importantly our customers, especially our local customers. Their amazing and loyal support gave us the courage and belief to grow the business to where we are today."
The former Miss World runner-up, who also ran her own boutique in Abbeygate, told how fortunate she feels.
She said: "To receive the award and have the pleasure of working alongside Daniella who is such a talented and inspiring designer, and Holly, a dynamic and creative force - who also happen to be my daughters - is beyond all my expectations! For me it is win, win, win!"
Holly said it was "something else" to win when up against brands such as Thomas Sabo, Pandora, Clogau and Swarovski, and reflected on her return from LA, opting to join the family business rather than pursue an acting career.
"We are really proud of our heritage and without the support and following from our customers here in Grimsby we wouldn't be here, they have always been a big inspiration for us," she said.
"One of my mum's favourite quotes is 'she believed she could so she did', and she has always given Daniella and I the courage and confidence to follow our dreams.
"When I moved home from LA I thought my dream was to pursue my acting career, but after spending time back in the UK, I realised it was here at home working every day with my two best friends. It couldn't get any better."
128 more jobs to go at Clugstons
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Cougars fall at home to nationally ranked Pioneers
Anna Wendt
The BYU's women's gymnastics team lost to No. 17 Denver on Friday night, losing 193.750-191.850.
It was a close meet after the first two rotations but things slowly fell apart for the Cougars. BYU is recovering from a rash of injuries that struck some of the team's strongest competitors in recent weeks. Head coach Brad Cattermole said he is looking for people to step up to the challenge.
"We can't worry about who's injured," Cattermole said. "We are what we are and [we're] capable of doing better."
Freshman Jordan Schult made her second appearance of the season on vault, significantly improving from last week's meet against Boise State. Schult scored a 9.800 compared to her 9.475 the week before. After a tough routine on beam, she came back with good performance on floor, scoring a 9.625.
Senior captain Natalie Pickard led the way in the Cougars' first event of the night, with the judges awarding her a 9.825 on vault. After the first rotation, it seemed like BYU would make a strong showing in the meet. Four of the six gymnasts competing on vault for BYU scored a 9.725 or higher. Sophomore Raquel Willman, BYU's sole all-around competitor, scored a 9.750 on vault.
BYU's next event was bars. Pickard was awarded for her performance with a score of 9.825 and Willman was on track for a great night as well, scoring a 9.775.
Things continued going well for Willman as she scored a 9.725 on beam, leading the team in that event along with senior Krysten Koval who also scored a 9.725.
However, Willman struggled on floor, scoring only a 9.000. Senior Mickell Merrell scored 9.725 on floor, leading the team in that event. The next highest score for BYU was Schult's 9.625.
Cattermole said he could not remember the last time the team had such a bad night on floor. It is usually one of BYU's strongest events. Friday, the team scored a 47.050 while its season high is 48.800.
So despite some strong performances by individuals, the team as a whole had an off night, one that was filled with falls and stumbles in all the events. No single event was very strong for the Cougars. Cattermole even described falling as contagious. Once one person goes down, suddenly it seems to go through the whole team and everyone gets "caught in a downward spiral," he said.
Senior Jennifer Lezeu said the team has done well in practice and just needs to transfer that over to competition.
"You just can't think about the mistakes," Lezeu said. "We need to go back in the gym and get motivated and excited."
Now 1-4 on the season, BYU next travels to the University of Arizona for a meet on Feb. 17.
brad cattermole
byu women's gymnastics
Jennifer Lezeu
natalie pickard
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Opinion editor Anna Wendt loves writing about all things sports and YouTube. Beyond being a sports and YouTube junkie, she loves cooking, longboarding and wearing plaid.


DAYTON, OHIO (April 12, 2016) – On Sunday, April 24, 2016 at 5 p.m., Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra (DPO) musicians will travel to Calvary Missionary Baptist Church, 2067 North Gettysburg Avenue, Dayton, OH to celebrate the human spirit through the universal medium of music with its first Stained Glass Series Concert of the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance 2015-2016 Ascend Season. The year's Stained Glass Concert Series will welcome guest conductor Isaac Selya, Founder and Artistic Director of Queen City Chamber Opera in Cincinnati, OH. Each of the three concerts will feature vocal soloist William Henry Caldwell and the host church choir for an uplifting musical experience. Dayton Philharmonic Artistic Director Neal Gittleman will serve as the Master of Ceremonies at each of the Stained Glass Concerts this season. The concerts are free and open to the public with no ticket required. DPAA Associate Sponsor of the 2015-2016 Stained Glass Concert Series is CareSource.
The first Stained Glass Series Concert on April 24 will close with an inspiring piece entitled "Trust Me," written by Richard Smallwood and performed by the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra musicians and the Calvary Missionary Baptist Church Choir, under the leadership of Calvary's Minister of Music Joshua Washington.
For more information on this April 24 Stained Glass Concert, please call the Calvary Missionary Baptist Church at (937) 279-0580 or the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance at (937) 224-3521. For more information on the 2016 Stained Glass Series, visit www.daytonperformingarts.org/15-16/stainedglassseries.