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Women in Shared Mobility
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The automotive industry is going through a rapid transformation. Emerging trends in the mobility space are transforming the way vehicles are designed and how people interact with them. The balance of convenience, reliability and price is shifting from owning to using. Hence, car sharing isn't showing any sign of slowdown. But the future of mobility is more than shared—it's autonomous and connected. It's growing at a fast pace, offering innovative solutions to the mobility challenges we face.
This article, written by an Associate member of our Partner Network, Tapkey, looks at the growth of the industry and examines the challenges of key management for fleet managers. Furthermore, it gives an overview of car access solutions available on the market.
To read more articles in our shared mobility trend series, click here.
Shared Mobility On the Rise
Source: https://www.silverpeakib.com/the-future-of-urban-transport/
The shared mobility market started to develop rapidly around 2010. In 2017, there were already around 10 million people using this type of service, and according to a study by Frost & Sullivan, this number will reach 36 million by 2025. The trend towards sharing instead of owning is one of the main reasons why fleet management and car sharing has developed into multi-billion-euro industries.
There are three industries that noticed the changing social trends and entered the car sharing market: car manufacturers themselves, short-term car rental companies and entrepreneurs who saw a chance in the peer-to-peer (P2P) car sharing model. Since new car sales are shifting from private to corporate, it's important to also have a look at the topic of fleet management. By 2021, Deloitte forecasts a share of new car registration of 37% for private and 63% for the corporate channel. This implies an increasing number of corporate fleets and company cars which need to be managed. But managing a fleet is a complex task and involves organizing operations, managing employees, maintaining fleet safety and much more. Of course, there are several challenges fleet managers have to deal with. One of them is managing access to the vehicles and the key management itself.
Key Management: A Challenge For Fleet Managers
Whether you're dealing with a fleet of 50, 100 or even 1000 vehicles, keeping control of your vehicle keys is of utmost importance. In the past, sharing vehicles required a physical handover of keys in most cases, which is especially time-consuming and inconvenient. Taking and returning keys on a constant basis can turn things into chaos really quickly. Just think of the following situations: An employee gets sick but take the car key back home. Someone needs to pick it up, which takes time and creates unnecessary costs. What if the person using a shared vehicle loses the key? Organizing a replacement key is not just time- but also cost-intensive. Mobile access helps fleet managers and car rental operators to optimize their processes and get rid of such unpleasant situations. They can allow access to the vehicle only to "approved" people, restrict time and manage access for different drivers at different locations.
The development of technology is affecting the automotive industry in a great way. Cars are becoming large smart devices with advanced emergency braking capabilities, mapping technology for autonomous driving and better fuel efficiency. But much more: The integration of APIs into automotive systems and applications are experiencing a strong upsurge, particularly access control systems to unlock cars. There are different access control solutions on the market and customers have to search for the one that fits their needs and preferences the best, depending on various variables like ease-of-installation, ease-of-use, cost or functionality. According to Gilbert Hödl, CEO of Tapkey, the requirements of fleet managers, car rental and peer-to-peer car sharing providers are very different.
Retrofit vs. OEM Solutions
Source: https://en.witte.digital
Connected mobility is being rolled out in stages—starting with modern-day cars. But that does not reflect the reality on Europe's roads. The average age of a car is close to 11 years (10,7) and only less than 20% are 4 years old or younger and therefore potentially have connected vehicle features. Car manufacturers often offer connected car technologies as an optional extra, which deters many buyers. This is where retrofitting can be a win-win option. One big part of retrofitting is car access. Car access retrofit means the modernisation and completion of access to existing cars. Even older cars can be equipped with a modern access solution—quickly and at very low cost. There are three different technologies for car access solutions:
Proprietary access technology: Proprietary technology is any combination of processes or systems of interrelated connections that are the property of a company. All the major OEMs have proven to be among the most innovative operators in the car sharing game. When speaking about proprietary access technology, we mean that hardware and software are installed in the car and all processes are integrated into the hardware. It's a complex, high-cost solution, but it brings all the necessary functionality, like GPS tracking, fuel consumption tracking or real-time vehicle tracking. It's perfect for OEM sharing services, like for example ShareNow, a car sharing service operated by the BMW Group and Daimler.
Retrofit access solution connecting to CAN bus: Most of the digital key management systems for cars require a setup in terms of CAN (Controller Area Network system) integration or disassembly of car keys. Electronic control units (ECU) are connected via the CAN bus. In an automotive CAN bus system, ECUs can be the engine control unit, airbags or the access control system for instance. Take Invers as an example. Once integrated, the telematics provide real-time vehicle data and process commands. That's why it's even possible to find out if the car is locked or not.
Retrofit access technology using a key box: The car sharing box by WITTE Digital is a plug-and-play solution for distributed, keyless car access. The unlock mechanism is based on Tapkey's access technology, which was integrated using the open API and Mobile SDK. The physical car key is stored in the car sharing box in the vehicle and it's completely non-invasive with all vehicles available even during installation. It can be installed in less than three minutes and there is no mechanic needed, which means that there are no additional costs for installation. Besides many other solutions, it isn't dependent on internet connectivity. This comes with a high degree of flexibility and helps maintain workflows and processes —be it in the countryside or in a parking garage. Car rental companies, peer-to-peer and free-floating car sharing companies can use the box—independent of car brands (nearly 80% of available cars in Europe). If you want to get more details about your fleet, you can collect telematics data with an additional dongle as well.
To sum it up: Car access retrofit solutions are more affordable, while OEM solutions cost a lot of money. High cost of OEM access solutions prevent majority of drivers from enjoying enhanced safety and a user friendly access experience. Retrofit access solutions tend to be more user-friendly. They can eliminate key management cost and increase security even further. This means maximum ease of use and maximum convenience for drivers. By integrating mobile access, it's even possible to enable delivery of third-party services that complement car sharing solutions, e.g. access to parking at all public transportation locations or trunk delivery by logistics firms.
The market leaders of the future will be those who offer the best technology, the widest range of additional services and the easiest access.
Guest article by Andrea Sandru from Tapkey. Andrea is Content Manager at Tapkey since May 2018. Sharing interesting insights on all aspects of smart access control—that's basically what she does all day. Her range of responsibilities includes: Developing website content, writing blog posts and help center articles and dispatching the monthly newsletter. Furthermore she's responsible for the social media channels like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.
Do you have a specific topic that impacts shared mobility that you'd like to see covered in our trend series? Tell us about it here.
Note: This article has not been endorsed or sponsored by any of the providers mentioned and there is no affiliation between movmi and them.
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EmpowerWISM 2022: Meet the 19 Applicants!
The EmpowerWISM panel of judges have begun the very hard task of choosing the top 5 finalists and winner from this years amazing group of applicants! In case you our new to the EmpoweWISM Pitch, here is a recap:
Our Empower Women in Shared Mobility Pitch is a program dedicated to encouraging and empowering women-led companies within the shared mobility industry. The winning mobility venture (as voted for by our panel of expert judges) will receive a 12 month mentoring package from movmi, a start-up booth at Autonomy Paris and return flights to Paris provided by INVERS.
e received 19 applications in total and wanted to share with you an overview of the entrants. Keep reading to find out the focus areas of each company, where they are located in the world and the women majority of each company!
Global Mobility – Brazil: Mode Choice & Travel Behaviour
with native industry experts to give you an up-to-date look at what's happening on the ground in each country. This month, we are back in Brazil with our partner Humberto Maciel, Founder of OPTAI. In episode two, the panel of experts take a look at how the pandemic affected travel behaviour and mode choice and the challenges public transportation authorities faced in Latin America.
movmi's 12 Top Moments of 2021
As 2021 draws to an end, as a team, we decided to take a look back over the last 12 months at everything we accomplished as a company. In this blog post we will be sharing our top moments of the year, including;
– The projects we've worked on
– The people we spoke to and collaborated with
– Our favourite movmi campaigns and initiatives
Financial Fridays: How on-demand transit help make equitable mobility feasible
Welcome to the final Financial Fridays session of the year! Throughout 2021, this series explored certain key financial aspects of the diverse business models in
EmpowerWISM 2022: Partners & Prizes
We have partnered with some truly exceptional companies to bring our EmpowerWISM Pitch to life this year including. They have supported us by promoting the Empower Women in Shared Mobility Pitch and by offering a few amazing prizes for the winner! Keep reading to find out what those prizes are.
Global Mobility – Brazil: How the Sharing Economy is Present in Cities
Introducing our newest international transportation series; 'Global Mobility.' We firmly believe in the power of community and when it comes to mobility innovation, it's essential
Multimodal Integrations
Electric Moped Share
Electric Bikeshare
Electric Scootershare
©2022- movmi
Developled by: Chase Theory
E-Learning Course "Shared Mobility 101" AVAILABLE NOW!


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Home NEWS News Lead with hope, but panic
Lead with hope, but panic
Thousands join world-wide call for action on climate change
by Dylan Brogan
"The last generation that can really do something" about climate change led a protest in Madison, in solidarity with millions around the world.
Hundreds of students in Madison walked out of class Friday to teach us all a lesson. They rallied outside the headquarters of Madison Gas and Electric (MGE) downtown to protest the utility's use of coal and other fossil fuels. The students — and hundreds of others — stood in solidarity with a global climate strike that brought millions out to the streets from Australia to Zimbabwe on September 20.
Kaleb Olsen, a student at James Madison Memorial, was one of dozens in her class to join the strike. She carried a sign that read "Tell the Truth."
"A lot of older people aren't going to be here when we really see the bigger effects of climate change. We will," says Olsen. "I think it's important to show that our voice matters. Even though I can't vote, I still have an opinion. I live here. I don't want the earth to be destroyed."
At 1 p.m., protesters gathered outside MGE to hear speeches, participate in "climate crisis" art installations, and other activities including face painting and sign making. Some signs took MGE's logo but replaced the acronym with "more greedy energy."
"We trust Bill Nye, climate change is not a lie," chanted the crowd. "The air we breathe is under attack. What do we do? Stand up, fight back."
At 3 p.m., the activists stopped traffic on East Washington Avenue to march to the state Capitol. There, more than 3,000 people watched a livestream of 16-year-old Swedish environmental activist Greta Thunberg speak in New York City in front of 250,000 people.
Elise Gotthardt, a student at Youth Initiative High School in Viroqua, traveled with 14 of her classmates to attend the demonstration.
"Our school is very much into this kind of action," says Gotthardt. "I hope it wakes people up."
The crowd's chant also took aim directly at MGE: "We have the ability to run our own utility."
UW-Madison freshman Max Prestigiacomo helped organize the strike in Madison with the Youth Climate Action Team.
"Madison is one of six flagship strikes around the nation which is really saying something because our population isn't in the millions," says Prestigiacomo. "We want everyone to lead with hope. But also recognize that we should be panicking."
UW-Madison senior Emily Snelson volunteers with the local chapter of the Sierra Club. She sees the global action as a way to put pressure on MGE.
"Even though [MGE] tries to sound like they are really green, they really don't follow that. They greenwash a lot," says Snelson. "Today is a really awesome opportunity to tell the truth about where Madison's power actually comes from. They still rely way too much on fossil fuels and we are here today to encourage them to truly commit to renewables."
Steve Schultz, corporate communications manager for MGE, says the utility takes climate change seriously.
"We share the urgency of those throughout our community who want a more sustainable future. We welcome dialogue and hearing from our customers, and we want to work together with our customers and support all of those who want to take action to create a cleaner future," writes Schultz in an email. "MGE has a goal of net-zero carbon electricity by 2050. This goal is based on leading climate science, the [United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] Report on Global Warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius. This is the same report submitted earlier this week by the young climate change activist Greta Thunberg [during] congressional testimony."
MGE currently sources about 60 percent of its energy from coal-fired power plants located outside of the city (they also burn natural gas, another fossil fuel, in town.) Jason Pasch, a teacher at La Follette, spoke at the rally outside the utility's headquarters. He says MGE's pledge to be "net-zero carbon" by 2050 isn't the same as going "carbon-free."
"Carbon-free is replacing [energy] sources with renewables. Carbon-neutral means they are going to offset the fossil fuels they still will be burning. There is a real difference," says Pasch. "We want people to know that what MGE is doing isn't good enough or soon enough."
Phyllis Hasbrouck, organizer for 350 Madison, says MGE talks a good game but isn't getting the message.
"MGE needs to quickly transition to renewable energy. To be on the safe side, we need to be getting off fossil fuels now," says Hasbrousk. "They like to say they are a 'community energy company.' But this community wants 100 percent fossil fuel-free energy."
Prestigiacomo is also frustrated by lack of action by policymakers. Gov. Tony Evers has pledged to run Wisconsin on 100 percent renewable fuel by 2050. But he says that's "too little, too late."
"Simply put, we are the last generation that can really do something about this. Nobody will be feeling the full force of the climate crisis to the extent that we will. I think that is really driving the huge turnout we see here today," says Prestigiacomo. "But it's not only about the future, this is happening in the present. People are already being displaced. Just look at what's happening with flooding in Madison. This is real."
Despite the global show of force, Dylan Rogers is dejected. The Shabazz City High School sophomore is worried that it might not be "morally responsible to have children in a world that probably won't be around very long."
"Talking about climate change won't solve anything. Something needs to be done. I'm worried about having a future," says Rogers. "It mostly just makes me angry that this kind of event is even necessary. I could be in school studying for my career and things I love doing. Instead I have to be here."
Climate Change Environment Youth Climate Action Team Politics & Activism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This solitaire pendant features a brilliant-cut diamond set with four fine prongs which is attached to a stunning white gold chain. The pendant can also have a ruby, a sapphire or an emerald and comes in several shades of gold. This is a magnificent pendant which reveals the eternal beauty of the diamond. It comes in a case with its certificate of authenticity.


Crawl spaces that you can find at your house . have the ability to create a tremendous influence on the overall value of your house. Unfortunately, most of the homeowners tend to ignore these crawlspaces when they're making repairs for the home. In the event you disregard the crawl spaces, the caliber of air at your house . would negatively be impacted. Therefore, it is extremely very important to you to definitely pay special attention towards crawl space encapsulation.
Usually, the quality of air that you could discover in a crawl space is poor. Poor energy-efficiency, radon gas, mold spores be capable of give life to some variety of issues. Air that can be found within the crawl spaces would eventually get in your living area too. Therefore, you get your crawl space encapsulation raleigh nc you should take necessary steps to handle these issues.
Getting a vapor barrier installed your crawl spaces can be viewed as one of the handiest methods readily available for crawl space encapsulation. The target of putting in a vapor barrier is always to get rid of the evaporation of ground moisture for the air at crawl spaces. If that can be coupled and also a waterproofing system, water and moisture can effectively be eliminated from the crawl spaces, before they cause any issues. Therefore, you won't have to deal with the frustration associated with insects, odors, mold, rust, rod and the process of moisture.
A vapor barrier can effectively resist the passage of air. Once the movement of air in the ground is stopped, your crawl spaces could be turned into semi conditioned spaces. In this situation, a floor would feel warm throughout the winter months. This may allow you to minimize the energy bills too.
It's also been identified that a vapor barrier has the ability to block or slow up the movement of harmful gases by way of a significant extent. When it's of the radon mitigation system, you will be able to minimize the radon levels at your house . within an effective manner.
If you feel that the crawl spaces at your house has to be waterproofed, you should do it without keeping any doubts in your head. However, it might be smart to use a basic understanding about full functionalities you can do in a typical crawl space waterproofing system. It will help you to avoid hassle when you're getting a one installed.
With regards to crawl space waterproofing systems, perimeter drains hold a leading place. The perimeter drain pipe has specifically been developed in to capture a floor seepage and wall of crawl space. It really is combined with a drainage matting, which ensures an improved drainage through the floor from the crawl space. The basement method is powered track of a sump pump. As well as these elements, a dehumidifier may also be used to dry the damp spaces effectively. Therefore, apply for crawl space waterproofing without keeping any doubts in your thoughts.
Like a homeowner, you need to have a clear understanding concerning the importance of crawl space waterproofing too. Encapsulation has turned into a standard home trimming in today's world and the number of homeowners who pay attention towards crawl space encapsulation is increasing together with time.


Despite what the elderly might tell you, the '90s were a particularly odd (read: often bad) time for optical illusions masquerading as entertainment. Take, for example, Magic Eye, the books popularised by N.E. Thing Enterprises that convinced people they were having a good time staring at images distorted to give the impression that they had depth to them.
In its latest bit of reminding you that Captain Marvel is set in the '90s, the movie's Twitter account has posted a series of Magic Eye images that presumably reveal something interesting about the characters, but I couldn't tell you because my eyes are apparently not at all magical. What exactly am I not seeing here?
Captain Marvel hits cinemas on March 8.


The highest approved Bidder shall be the Purchaser. If any dispute arises as to who was the last or highest Bidder,the lot shall be retracted. The Auctioneer can re-offer any disputed Lot at his discretion.
No Bidder shall advance less than the sum to be named by the Auctioneer and he has the right to refuse any bid.
The Seller can place a reserve on any Lot and the Auctioneer shall have the right to bid on behalf of the seller.
The purchaser of each Lot shall give his or her name and Address and pay the whole of the purchase money to the Auctioneer at close of sale, or at any other time as requested by the Auctioneer.
The Lots shall be at the sole risk of the Purchaser, at the fall of the hammer. The purchaser may be required to lay down the whole or part of the purchase price. in default of which the Lot or Lots so purchased shall be put up again and resold.
All statements contained in the Catalogue as to any Lot are made without responsibility on the part of the Vendors or Auctioneers and such statements as to authenticity, genuineness,age,condition or quality of any Lot are statements of opinion and are not to be taken as statements or representations of fact. Intending Purchasers must satisfy themselves by inspection or otherwise as to all such matters and as the physical description of any Lot.
All Lots are sold with faults,imperfections and errors of description;it is recommended that an independent electrician inspects all electrical items. Buyers will be given ample opportunity at viewing times to examine Lots which are to be offered for sale and will be assumed to have done so. They must rely solely on their own skill or judgement as to whether Lots are fit for any particular purpose.
Should the Purchaser wish to insure their property, this is entirely their responsibility from the point of sale, West of England Auctions accept no responsibility, loss or damage of any kind after the point of sale.
If any Purchaser refuses or neglects to comply with these Conditions, the Lot or Lots of such Purchaser, together with the deposit money now paid, shall be forfeited and the Auctioneers shall be at liberty to resell the same in a manner they may think proper and the deficiency, if any, of any such second sale, together with all expenses, shall be made good by the defaulter of this sale.
All wining bids of £19.00 or less will be subject to a charge of £4.00+VAT per individual lot. All wining bids of £20.00 or more will be subject to our standard purchaser commission rate 22% + VAT.


Getting involved in canoeing is easier than you might think.
You don't need to own a canoe, you don't need to have a paddle. All you need is access to your local canoe club.
As GB Canoeing coach Steve Train explains, the activity is incredibly accessible, so if you are looking for a disability sport to sink your teeth into, canoeing could be for you.
Find out all you need to know about canoeing and paracanoeing with this handy guide.


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Iran much better armed, influential than any time in modern history: US general
The current occupant of the White House and his administration face an Iran that is much better armed and more influential than at any other time in its modern history, American weekly magazine The New Yorker says.
According to the publication, the entire US presidents have failed to contain Iran's political influence and military leverage in the West Asia region and that military action frequently floated by US President Joe Biden and his predecessors is no longer an "attractive or effective long-term option."
General Frank McKenzie, head of the US Central Command, has previously analyzed how a conflict with Iran might play out. "If they attack out of the blue, it would be a bloody war," it quoted McKenzie as telling him.
Pointing to lessons learned by the United States in Afghanistan and Iraq, the magazine said a full-scale military campaign by the US would almost certainly trigger a regional war on multiple fronts.
"Iran is now one of the world's top missile producers. Its arsenal is the largest and most diverse in the Middle East," the paper said, citing a Defense Intelligence Agency report.
"Iran can fire more missiles than its adversaries—including the United States and Israel—can shoot down or destroy. Tehran has achieved what McKenzie calls 'overmatch'—a level of capability in which a country has weaponry that makes it extremely difficult to check or defeat," it added.
"Iran's strategic capacity is now enormous. They've got overmatch in the theater—the ability to overwhelm," it further quoted McKenzie as saying.
According to the magazine, Iran now has the largest known underground complexes in the Middle East housing missile programs.
"Most of the tunnels are in the west, facing Israel, or on the southern coast, across from Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf sheikhdoms," it said, referring to Iran's "missile cities".
The Islamic Republic has thousands of ballistic missiles, according to US intelligence assessments.
"They can reach as far as thirteen hundred miles in any direction—deep into India and China to the east; high into Russia to the north; to Greece and other parts of Europe to the west; and as far south as Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa. About a hundred missiles could reach Israel," The New Yorker said.
"Iran also has hundreds of cruise missiles that can be fired from land or ships, fly at low altitude, and attack from multiple directions. They are harder for radar or satellites to detect, because, unlike ballistic missiles, their motors do not burn brightly on ignition. Cruise missiles have altered the balance of power across the Persian Gulf," it said.


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Рігельман Олександр Іванович (*1720 — †23 жовтня (3 листопада) 1789) — історик України, військовий інженер з німецького шляхетського роду, генерал-майор російської армії (з 1771).

Життєпис
Народився в Петербурзі в 1720 р. і рано залишився круглим сиротою. Є вихідцем із німецької дворянської родини. Його батьки прибули до Росії в 1713 році. У 1738 році він закінчив Петербурзький шляхетський корпус. Проходив військову службу в Києві.

Був учасником російсько-турецьких воєн 1739 р. та 1768—1774 рр. В подальшому опиняється на півдні України, де бере участь у розмежуванні кордону Російської імперії та Туреччини. Значну частину свого життя присвятив будівництву, ремонту і реконструкції багатьох фортець.

В 1782 році вийшов у відставку в чині генерал-майора та поселився в родовому маєтку своєї дружини, яка походила з козацько-старшинського роду Лизогубів, в селі Андріївка коло Чернігова і присвятився улюбленій ним науковій роботі, зокрема в царині історії України. Тут він прожив безвиїзно сім років.

Помер 23 жовтня 1789 р., на 69 році життя, і був похований у збудованій ним Михайлівській церкві села Андріївки.

Творчий доробок

Р. — автор «Історії або повіствування про донських козаків» з додатком (17 ілюстрацій і 2 карти; 1778; видана Й. Бодянським в 1846). У 1778 склав «Літописне повіствування про Малу Росію» (ч. 1-4; у 1785-86 переробив і доповнив). Ця праця була вперше повністю видана Й. Бодянським у 1847 в «Чтениях Московского Общества Истории и Древностей». При написанні цієї роботи використав українські козацькі літописи, польські хроніки і мемуари, книгу С. Мишецького «Історія козаків запорозьких», а також власні спостереження та документальні матеріали. Праця Р. з додатком «Список именной всем бывшим в Малой России гетьманам», альбомом (28 портретів та двох карт України) є цінним джерелом з історії України 17-18 ст. Історія України Р. подає повну, систематичну історію від найдавніших часів до 1787. До неї додано також «Особое списание о бывших запорожских казаках», етнографічний опис української людности й 28 малюнків українських типів (у відповідному одязі), виконаних Т. Калинським.

У рукописах залишилися розвідка Р. «Изъяснение о Кизлярской крепости» (1757), збірник планів, карт та ін.

Казус з походженням воєводи С.Разіна
Згідно поширеній версії, Разін народився близько 1630 року в станиці Зимовійській  на Дону у родині заможного козака Тимофія Разі. Те, що та сама станиця через 100 років була зазначена романівськими істориками як місце народження ще одного ватажка повстанців — Омеляна Пугачова, завжди наводила на роздуми щодо достовірності цих відомостей. Зокрема, відразу ж у декількох піснях XVII століття батьківщиною Степана Разіна є Черкаськ. Автором версії про те, що Разін народився саме в Зимовійській станиці є Олександр Рігельман.

Це був час, коли після придушення Повстання Пугачова на Дону знищувалася будь-яка пам'ять про отамана. Його рідна станиця Зимовійська була перенесена на протилежний берег Дона і перейменована в Потьомкінську, будинок, в якому народився Пугачов, був спалений. Намагаючись виправдати таку розправу царського уряду над донською станицею, під час створення «Історії або повіствування про донських козаків» О. Рігельман придумав історію, що в Зимовійській народився також і інший "злодій і боговідступник", а тому станиця, буцімто, цілком справедливо покарана Катериною II. Він знав, користуючись джерелами, про участь С. Разіна у Зимовій станиці (донці називали «зимовими станицями» посольства, що відправлялися на всю зиму до Москви за отриманням платні для Війська Донського). Участь у такому посольстві шанувалася у донців за особливу честь, а його учасники носили почесне прізвисько «зимовієць». Одним з таких зимовійців і був Разін. Тож Ригельман знайшов привід для обґрунтування своєї версії, приписавши Степана Тимофійовича до уродженців станиці Зимовійської.

Доктор історичних наук, професор Ростовського держуніверситету А. П. Пронштейн, аналізуючи на основі великої кількості документів історію виникнення донських козачих містечок в XVI - XVII століттях, писав: «До числа новопосталих до 1672 р містечок відносяться Тішанскій, Перекопський, Ново-Григорівський, Старо-Григорівський, Нижній Чир, Кобилкін, Зимовійко... ». Таким чином, станиця Зимовійська виникла у 1672 році, і відомості про її існування до цього року цілком відсутні. Відповідно, Степан Разін, який народився близько 1630 р., походити зі станиці, яку було засновано лише у 1672 році, просто не міг.

Родинні зв'язки
 Син — Аркадій, чернігівський повітовий маршал (1815—1818), допомагав історичними матеріалами Д. Бантиш-Каменському.
 Внук — Микола Аркадійович Рігельман, був членом Київської Археографічної Комісії і разом з І. Самчевським редагував виданий Комісією Літопис С. Величка.

Див. також
 Засновникам фортеці Димитрія Ростовського

Джерела та література
 П. М. Сас. Рігельман Олександр Іванович //

 Олександер Оглоблин «ОЛЕКСАНДЕР РІҐЕЛЬМАН»
 Рігельман О. І. //

 Олександр РІГЕЛЬМАН. «Літописна оповідь про Малу Росію та її народ і козаків узагалі». – К. «Либідь» 1994.(Рігельман, Олександр Іванович. Літописна оповідь про Малу Росію та її народ і козаків узагалі. – Київ: Либідь, 1994. – 767 с. – (Пам'ятки історичної думки України).)

Посилання

Примітки

Українські історики
Військові інженери
Донці
Німці

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We're completely chuffed to announce that Katté & Co has been named a finalist in not one, but TWO categories for the 2016 RAR Digital Awards.
We're especially proud of this because the RAR Digital Awards are unique in that they reward the best performing agencies in the country, as voted for by clients. So thanks to our lovely clients for being so great!
Good luck to us and thank you again to our clients!
For more info see the RAR Digital Awards website.


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Ein Double Albatross ist im Golfsport ein Score von vier Schlägen unter Par, was nur in Form eines Hole-in-one auf einem Par-5-Loch oder zwei Schlägen bei einem Par-6-Loch gelingen kann, jedoch wurde bisher ein einziges Mal ein Double Albatross an einem Par 6 gespielt. Es ist umstritten, ob dieser Begriff (sowie die gelegentlich ebenfalls verwendeten Triple Eagle oder Condor) tatsächlich allgemein gebräuchlich ist.

Solche scheinbar unmöglichen Schläge kommen nur äußerst selten vor, wobei bestimmte Platzbedingungen wie starke Doglegs, abschüssige Fairways und Rückenwind vonnöten sind.

Beispiele

 Der erste Schlag dieser Art wurde 1962 bekannt. Ein Amateur namens Larry Bruce tätigte ihn mit seinem Driver auf einem 432-m-Dogleg rechts Par 5 im Hope Country Club in Arkansas.
 1995 gelang es dem Pro Shaun Lynch im Teign Valley Club in Christow, England mit einem 3er Eisen. Auf Loch 17, einem 430-m-Par-5 mit einem starken Dogleg und einem Hang zum Green hin, schlug er über ca. 20 m hohe Bäume und Hecken, erreichte den Hang und der Ball rollte zum Green hin und ins Loch.
 Im Jahr 2002 spielte der Golfer Mike Crean auf dem 466-m-Par-5-Loch im Green Valley Ranch Club in Denver ebenfalls den Double Albatross. Auf dieser schnurgeraden Bahn gelang ihm ein ungewöhnlich weiter Drive, er erreichte das Green und der Ball fiel ins Loch.
 Am 3. September 2007 gelang es dem erst 16-jährigen Jack Bartlett auf dem 17. Loch, einem 467-m-Par-5-Loch, des Royal Wentworth Falls Country Club in Australien einen Condor zu spielen.

Einzelnachweise

Golf


Hitler, as a great leader of his country was not a great Commander. He had several blunders that ultimately led to his defeat. One of the major blunders that Hitler made was allowing the British to escape from Dunkirk. This gave the British army the boost it needed to win the war. Before the escape from Dunkirk British citizens thought the worst for its country.
After the British were not able to defend France any longer, they had to fall back into a port on the Atlantic called Dunkirk. Instead of releasing the Panzers to garantee the the extermination of the British, Hitler ordered their halt and ordered that the Luftwaffe strafe the channel. Hitler was convinced by one of his generals that the air fleet can handle the job, which was another great blunder of Hitler. If Hitler would have took advantage of his ground forces and sent them into Dunkirk, it would have thwarted the attempt of the escape and possibly change the outcome of the war. While Hitler turned and focused on the Russians, Britain took advantage of his neglection. They sent of thousands of water transport ships to bring home tens of thousands soldiers hoem each day until it was entirely evacuated.


Atticus Bookstore Cafe has been an independent New Haven institution since 1976. Having originally started the business as a bookstore, in 1981 owner Charles Negaro was determined to have a cafe like those he has visited in Europe. And presto... here we are decades later combining nourishment for both mind and body. We pride ourselves on quality. Quality of the books and merchandise chosen to offer for purchase, quality of the meals served in our cafe, quality of the staff that connects with our customers. We spend our workdays, and sometimes our personal time, thinking about and discussing what we can present to those who choose to walk through our doors again and again. We pride ourselves on the shared experience. In short, we care.


Members from the 18th Aggressor Squadron (AGRS) are back on the road again for COPE North 2019 (CN19), a field training exercise at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, scheduled for Feb. 18 through March 8. More than 2,000 U.S. military members, approximately 850 service members from the Japan Air Self-Defense Force and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and nearly 100 aircraft from 21 flying units will participate in CN19.
Innovation is woven into the history of the U.S. Air Force. From humble roots in a bicycle shop in Ohio to the creation and employment of advanced air frames, U.S. Airmen have consistently thought of new ways to get the job done. In the spirit of the Air Force's innovating heritage, the 354th Fighter Wing is accepting proposals for this year's Pioneer Funds program.
Eielson hosted senior leaders from Air Combat Command and Pacific Air Forces during a symposium to discuss the future of the Joint Pacific Alaska Range Complex (JPARC), Feb. 12 - 13, 2019. The JPARC is a range with approximately 65,000 square miles of airspace, 2,490 square miles of land and 42,000 square nautical miles of sea and airspace in the Gulf of Alaska. The range provides a realistic training environment and allows units to train for full spectrum engagements, ranging from individual skills to complex large-scale joint engagement.
The 354th Fighter Wing hosted its first-ever Spouse Symposium, gathering more than 100 spouses from across the base Feb. 13-14, 2019. The event aimed to provide military spouses tailored resiliency training through two days of interactive discussions, guest speakers, and activities designed to encourage attendees to connect with each other and build support networks in order to cope with the challenges of military life.
At the 2018 Air, Space and Cyber conference, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David Goldfein announced the Year of the Defender, placing a focus on key defender capabilities such as increasing security and lethality, modernizing weapon systems, and preparing base defense for near-peer threats. Col. Benjamin Bishop, the 354th Fighter Wing commander, and Chief Master Sgt. Joshua Hurt, the 354th FW command chief, experienced life as a defender here at Eielson. Bishop and Hurt implemented force protection measures at the base gate, and gained some insight into how their defenders are innovating training to ensure readiness and decrease vulnerabilities.
Last week the 354th Civil Engineer Squadron fire department became the first in the Department of Defense to have both pump and driving simulators. The use of these two items together will allow Eielson firefighters to train in a new and innovative way.
Since 1956 the U.S. Air Force food services staff have been recognized through the John L. Hennessy Awards program. This year an Airman from Eielson Air Force Base was recognized for her superior performance, work ethic and overall culinary skill. Airman 1st Class Guadalupe Estrada, a 354th Force Support Squadron food services apprentice, was awarded the Hennessy Traveler Award, considered the highest level of achievement by those in the dining facility.


Do you love dogs? Do you love craft beer? Well, so do we, which is why we combined our two favorite things in the world into one space!
Barley Labs is a dog-focused bottle & gift shop in the South Square area of Durham. We have 16 beers on draft, bottled beer and growlers to go, and dog and beer lover gifts/accessories. We also have dog toys/mats for your pups to enjoy while on site and leash ties throughout the space.
Sit, stay, and sip with us!


text:
Motelmexicolabali.com
Do samurai still do seppuku?
27/07/2022 27/07/2022 Eleanor O'Neill Recommendations
When did Japanese stop seppuku?
How do I activate Seppuku?
How much damage does Seppuku do?
What is seppuku (or Haru-Kiri)?
What is the history of seppuku?
How did the samurai commit seppuku?
The most common form of seppuku for men was composed of the cutting of the abdomen, and when the samurai was finished, he stretched out his neck for an assistant to sever his spinal cord….Seppuku.
Romanization Seppuku
Seppuku was legal and used as a form of capital punishment from the 15th century until its abolishment in 1873.
Who commits seppuku in The Last Samurai?
General Hasegawa
In The Last Samurai (2003), General Hasegawa committed seppuku with the help of Katsumoto when he lost a raid against a tribal rebel group. In Ronin 47 (2013), the movie ended with all 47 Ronins committing the same act. The former is suicide; the latter is capital punishment.
Players will perform "Seppuku" by stabbing themselves in the stomach, which in turn adds Blood Affinity to their Melee Armament. Players can find the Seppuku Ash of War in Elden Ring at the snow area of the map called Mountaintops of The Giants.
The blood loss inflicted upon yourself can activate the effects of the White Mask and Lord of Blood's Exultation, granting you a very powerful 30% damage increase immediately.
Does Seppuku work on both weapons?
How to use the Seppuku Ash of War. This may sound silly, but Seppuku is a little complicated. While you can just use one of them, the secret trick to this build is activating it on both your katanas at the same time. To do this, you'll have to start by two-handing your left katana, and then using Seppuku.
While martial suicide is a practice found in a lot of cultures, the act of seppuku, or ritual self-disembowelment, is peculiar to Japan. The earliest known acts of seppuku were the deaths of samurai Minamoto Tametomo and poet Minamoto Yorimasa in the latter part of the 12th century. Seppuku is known in the west as hara-kiri.
The earliest known acts of seppuku were the deaths of samurai Minamoto Tametomo and poet Minamoto Yorimasa in the latter part of the 12th century. Seppuku is known in the west as hara-kiri. However, the term seppuku is considered a more elegant usage.
Was seppuku the most honorable form of death?
Samurai revered seppuku as the most honorable form of death. Here, for the first time in English, is a book that charts the history of samurai suicide from antiquity to modern times.
Contrary to popular belief, the ritual of seppuku for a samurai did not technically involve suicide, but inflicting fatal injury, leaving the kaishakunin to strike the death blow. The kaishakunin needed to strike the samurai's neck hard enough to sever the spine but also delicate enough to still leave the head attached.
How much does a new Segway cost?
How do you get to Ordos sanctuary?
What makes a clay boat float? 02/11/2022
Historical Background Of Teenage Pregnancy (Essay Sample) 26/04/2019
Essential Guidelines a Leadership Essay Writing 08/05/2019
MLA Essay Format Quick Guide 11/05/2019
How to Choose Good Classification Essay Topics 14/05/2019


We love the juxtaposition of the industrial iron base with the elegant and decorative top made of solid wood that has been scored and then clad in brass sheet. This brass surface will patina over time.
Dimensions : H: 18.5" Dia: 38"


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Hey everyone! This year looks to be a super fun one and I can't wait to implement some great changes in our clothing lineup! We are bringing in Big Star Jeans, Miss Me Denim, SHAE knits and BB Dakota this spring so look out! Also on the agenda are more parties, sales and extra store hours. It is going to be so much fun!
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A form of Hatha Yoga that has an emphasis on detail, precision and alignment in the performance of posture (asana) and breath control (pranayama). The development of strength, mobility and stability is gained through the asanas. Iyengar Yoga often makes use of props, such as belts, blocks, and blankets, as aids in performing asanas . The props enable students to perform the asanas correctly, minimizing the risk of injury or strain, and making the postures accessible to both young and old.


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Members-only unionism, also known as minority unionism, is a model for trade unions in which local unions represent and organize workers who voluntarily join (and pay dues) rather than the entire workforce of a place of employment. In such a model, a union election is not held by the entire workforce to determine whether a majority wishes for the workforce to be represented by a local branch of a national union, but a union can nonetheless exist to support members who pay dues.

While majority unions tend to possess and guard collective bargaining rights, minority-union members may be organized by the union to privately file group-presented grievances to management. The ability of such unions to meet on workplace grounds also relies upon the discretion of management.

Advantages and disadvantages
Members-only unionism allows members and organizers to operate under the radar of management, especially in regions rife with anti-union sentiment. It also allows for other activist and organizing models to be tried by a minority local union.

A disadvantage of this model is that businesses may not recognize a minority union as a collective bargaining agent for employees who are members. Strikes and pickets are likely not possible for minority unions, meaning that answers to grievances filed by members rely entirely upon the discretion and timing of management.

United States
Marvit and Schriever wrote about the history of members-only unions in the United States, and how the model fell into near-obscurity after the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. The writers covered a number of examples of minority unions, including the Texas Workers Alliance (an independent local in San Antonio, Texas) and CAAMWU of United Electrical workers in Nash County, North Carolina.

A more recent example of a minority union is UAW Local 42, which was formed in July 2014 at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Despite a failed unionization vote at the plant, Volkswagen recognizes members who have joined the local. After the close vote against the UAW, Volkswagen announced a new policy allowing groups representing at least 15% of the workforce to participate in meetings, with higher access tiers for groups representing 30% and 45% of employees. This prompted anti-UAW workers who opposed the first vote to form a rival union, the American Council of Employees. In December, 2014 the UAW was certified as representing more than 45% of employees.

References

Trade unions


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Brazil: people who watch TV three or more hours per day 2017, by age
This statistic shows the results of a survey carried out in 2017 to find out about consumers' lifestyles in Brazil. When asked how many hours per day they spent watching TV, 21.8 percent of respondents aged between 18 and 24 years stated that they watched TV for three hours per day or more. On average, 24.6 percent of respondents claimed watching TV three hours or more per day.
Share of population who spend three hours or more per day watching TV in Brazil in 2017, by age group
Brazil, Central and South America
53,034 respondents
The phrasing of the question chosen for this statistic may differ slightly from the original.
The survey was carried out in the capital city of each of the 26 Brazilian states, plus the Federal District of Brasília.
More information about this study's methodology can be found in pages 14 to 25.
Media in Brazil
Advertising spending in the world's largest ad markets 2019
Brazil: paid circulation of selected newspapers 2018
Brazil: internet user penetration 2017-2023
Statistics on "Media in Brazil"
Brazil: value of the entertainment & media market 2014--2023
Value of the media and entertainment market in Brazil 2017-2022, by sector
Growth of the Brazilian media and entertainment spending 2017-2022, by sector
Brazil: leading companies in media & publishing 2017, by revenue
Brazil: companies in news and media sector 2010-2017
Brazil: number of employees in the news and media sector 2010-2017
Media usage in Brazil 2017
Brazil: trust in media 2011-2018
Number of TV households in Brazil 2016-2017
Brazil: households equipped with a TV set 2016-2017
Brazil: time spent watching TV 2008-2017
Brazil: people who watch TV three or more hours per day 2017, by gender
Brazil: number of TV stations 2017-2019
Brazil: most watched TV channels 2019
Brazil: number of pay TV subscriptions 2018-2023
Brazil: number of radio stations 2016-2019
Radio reach in Brazil 2018, by city
Brazil: time spent with the radio 2017-2018
Time spent with radio in Brazil 2018, by city
Global radio music listeners in selected countries 2018
Brazil: most played songs on the radio 2018
Latin America: leading digital radio brands 2019, by active sessions
Brazil: newspaper circulation 2007-2018
Brazil: paid circulation of selected print newspapers 2018
Brazil: digital subscriptions of selected newspapers 2018
Number of solely digital newspaper subscribers worldwide 2018
Brazil: newspaper penetration rate 2018, by frequency
Brazil: newspaper penetration rate 2018, by gender
Brazil: magazine circulation 2007-2018
Brazil: magazines with largest circulation 2018
Brazil: magazines 2018, by digital circulation
Brazil: magazine and newspapers reach 2018
Brazil: magazine readers 2018, by gender
Brazil: magazine readers 2018, by age
Brazil: number of internet users 2017-2023
Brazil: share of internet users 2017, by age
Brazil: number of internet users 2019, by device
Brazil: web traffic share 2019, by device
Most-visited online properties in Brazil 2018
Brazil: user share of leading social networks 2018
Brazil: number of Netflix subscribers 2011-2023
Brazil: leading offline news brands 2019
Brazil: leading online news brands 2019
Brazil: news consumption frequency 2018
Perceived accuracy of media reports worldwide 2017
Public opinion of media reports on important news events worldwide 2017
Latin America: digital news misinformation concerns 2018, by reason
People who have wrongly believed fake news worldwide 2018
Brazil: advertising expenditure 2014-2023
Advertising spending in Brazil 2018, by medium
Brazil: digital ad investments 2015-2018
Brazil: digital ad spend 2017, by format
Mobile ad spend in Brazil 2019-2023
Ad spend per person in Brazil 2015-2021
Leading mobile ad markets worldwide 2018, by ad spend growth
Brazil: people who watch TV three or more hours per day 2017, by education level
Television viewers in Italy 2018, by macro region
Italy: most discussed talent shows on Twitter 2015, by number of tweets
Audience share of TV channel Real Time in Italy 2018, by time of day
Audience share of TV channel Italia 1 in Italy 2018, by time of day
Italy: audience share of TV channel Rai Sport 2 in 2017, by time of day
Daily audience of local television stations per month in Molise Italy 2019
Audience of local television stations per month in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy 2019
Adults watching TV in free time in England 2017/18, by age
Planned TV viewing habits during primetime hour in the U.S. 2004-2015
Top 10 primetime TV programs in the U.S. 2018
Number of daily linear TV viewers in China 2012-2017
TV viewers use of music streaming services in Australia 2018, by TV network
Number of households that used video on demand for children's programs in the U.S. 2018 to 2020
Access to TV voice search in North America Q3 2017
People that used video on demand to watch free movies in the U.S. 2018, by age
Disney Channel viewers reached quarterly in the United Kingdom (UK) Q1 2012-Q3 2019
Countries with largest number of pay TV households 2021
ITV family share of viewing in the United Kingdom (UK) 2009-2018
Number of households that used video on demand for children's programs in the U.S. 2018 to...
Media in Brazil Automotive Industry in Brazil Brazil Internet usage in Brazil Advertising industry in Brazil
Ministério da Saúde (Brazil) (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde). (July 20, 2018). Share of population who spend three hours or more per day watching TV in Brazil in 2017, by age group [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 19, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/756147/time-spent-watching-tv-age-brazil/
Ministério da Saúde (Brazil) (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde). "Share of population who spend three hours or more per day watching TV in Brazil in 2017, by age group." Chart. July 20, 2018. Statista. Accessed January 19, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/756147/time-spent-watching-tv-age-brazil/
Ministério da Saúde (Brazil) (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde). (2018). Share of population who spend three hours or more per day watching TV in Brazil in 2017, by age group. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 19, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/756147/time-spent-watching-tv-age-brazil/
Ministério da Saúde (Brazil) (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde). "Share of Population Who Spend Three Hours or More per Day Watching Tv in Brazil in 2017, by Age Group." Statista, Statista Inc., 20 Jul 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/756147/time-spent-watching-tv-age-brazil/
Ministério da Saúde (Brazil) (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde), Share of population who spend three hours or more per day watching TV in Brazil in 2017, by age group Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/756147/time-spent-watching-tv-age-brazil/ (last visited January 19, 2020)


text:
Mass Composition Studies of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
José Bellido, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
\address
Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, USA 111Currently at: Physics Department, The University of Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
\abstracts
The determination of the mass composition of the highest energy cosmic rays is one of the greatest challenges in cosmic ray experiments. The highest energy cosmic rays are only detected indirectly because of their very low flux. Using the atmosphere as a large target, Air Fluorescence Detectors are capable of tracing the evolution of the size of the Extensive Air Shower through the atmosphere (the shower longitudinal profile). The analysis of the characteristics of the detected longitudinal profiles is currently the most reliable way for extracting some information about the primary cosmic ray mass composition. In this proceeding, I will describe in some detail the Pierre Auger elongation rate studies, and I will show the potential for mass composition studies using the surface and the fluorescence detectors information as part of a single analysis. The interpretation of the current data with regard to mass composition, relies heavily on high energy hadron interaction models. Using standard hadron interaction models, the data suggest that the composition becomes lighter up to about 2 × 1018 eV and above that it becomes heavier again. This apparent change in the mass composition at 2 × 1018 eV seems to be correlated with a spectrum index change in the observed energy spectrum.
Energetic cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere initiate a cascade of secondary particles known as an Extensive Air Shower (EAS) that travels near the speed of light. The number of particles existing in the EAS changes as it evolves throught the atmosphere. The EAS can be considered to be composed of hadrons, muons and an electromagnetic component. Each of these components evolve differently through the atmosphere.
The number of particles in the EAS (or shower size) as a function of the atmosphere slant depth is called the shower longitudinal profile. Most of the EAS energy is dissipated through the electromagnetic component (where Ne is the number of e±). Therefore, the shower size (Ne) increases until the average energy of the e± in the EAS is about the critical energy (Ec=81 MeV). The critical energy is when the rate of energy loss due to collisions and ionization begins to exceed that due to radiation. This happen when the energy of e± is smaller than the energy lost by ionization (2.2 MeV/g/cm2) after traveling one radiation length (37 g/cm2 in air). A radiation length is the grammage path length required so that the energy of e± is attenuated by the factor 1/e due to bremsstrahlung radiation. Photons attenuate to 1/e due to pair production within a similar grammage path length [1] .
The slant depth at which the longitudinal profile reaches its maximum is called Xmax and this is the main shower parameter used to extract information about the mass composition of the primary cosmic ray.
The EAS initiated by a higher energy cosmic ray has more energy to dissipate, so it takes longer for the particles to reach the critical energy. Therefore, for a given composition, the average Xmax should increase as a function of the cosmic ray energy. On the other hand, heavier nuclei can be considered as the superposition of many nucleons. For an iron nucleus with energy E, each nucleon would have energy E/56, and the superposition of 56 lower energy subshowers will reach Xmax earlier (higher in the atmosphere). In the superposition model, because each nucleon has a smaller energy, secondary pions reach sooner (than a single nucleon with energy E) to lower energies where they can decay to muons instead of transfering energy to the electromagnetic cascade [1] . Then heavier nuclei will produce more muons than lighter nuclei and they will also reach Xmax higher in the atmosphere (smaller Xmax). Figure 1 shows the expected shower profiles for proton and iron showers according to MC simulations.
Figure 1: Individual longitudinal shower profiles for 1019 eV proton (solid black lines) and iron (dashed red lines) vertical showers according to MC simulations2.
Proton and iron showers not only have their average Xmax values at somewhat different slant depths, but also their Xmax fluctuations are different. Figure 2 shows the distribution of Xmax for fixed-energy proton and iron showers according to MC simulations. Iron showers have a norrower distribution.
Figure 2: Expected distributions for Xmax for 1018 eV proton and iron showers according to MC simulations using the QGSJET model for high energy hadron interactions.
Experimentally, there are some issues when measuring the muon abundance. The muon abundance is only measured at ground level (where the ground particle detectors are deployed). The relative abundance of muons at the ground is therefore also dependent on the particular zenith angle of the shower. Another issue is that, depending on the relative location of each ground particle detector, they will sample the muon content at different ages of the shower development (except for vertical showers). Furthermore, efficiently separating the muon content from the electromagnetic signal requires more complex detector systems (i.e. detectors buried underground). However, fluorescence detectors have the capability to track the shower development through the atmosphere and Xmax is measured with good accuracy. In this proceeding I will focus on mass composition studies based on Xmax observations with the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
2 Shower Reconstruction and Resolution on Xmax
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid cosmic ray detector [3] . It uses ground particle detectors to sample the shower cascade particles at the ground and also fluorescence detectors to track the shower development through the atmosphere. Figure 3 shows the layout of the the ground detectors (or stations) and the layout of the fluorescence detectors . There are 1600 stations spaced by 1.5 km and covering a total area of about 3000 km2. There are also four fluorescence detectors (Los Leones, Los Morados, Loma Amarilla and Coihueco) located at the edges of the array and overlooking the array as indicated in figure 3.
Figure 3: Layout of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Each fluorescence detector is a building that contains six telescopes. Each telescope uses a spherical mirror to focus the light onto a camera. The camera is formed by 440 hexagonal PMTs (or pixels) and the angular size of each pixel is 1.5∘. The total field of view of the camera is approximately 28∘ elevation by 30∘ azimuth [3] .
Figure 4 shows an example of a EAS seen by the fluorescence detector and also detected by the ground array (hybrid event). The figure on the left (fig. 4) shows the shower track crossing through the camera field of view. The figure on the right shows the shower axis landing on the surface array, the larger circles show the stations triggered by the shower.
Figure 4: On the left: Example of a Cosmic Ray seen by the Fluorescence Detector. On the right: The same event seen in 3D. The dots denote the location of the surface detectors and the larger circles are for the stations that were triggered by this event.
The uncertainty in the reconstructed shower geometry is much smaller for hybrid events. The time and location information from the station closest to the shower core is a powerful constraint on the reconstructed shower geometry. On average, the uncertainty in the hybrid reconstructed arrived direction is about 0.6∘ [4] . For mass composition studies we use only hybrid events (events that triggered only the FD have a poorer geometry resolution, and therefore, poorer Xmax resolution).
Once the shower geometry is determined, the shower longitudinal profile is estimated. The longitudinal profile can be estimated as Ne (shower size) or as dE/dX (deposited energy) as a function of slant depth. In the Pierre Auger Observatory we estimate dE/dX as a function of slant depth [5] . Figure 5 shows the reconstructed longitudinal profile for the same event shown in figure 4. The integral of dE/dX provides the total energy that is deposited in the atmosphere (Etot), and the total energy contained by the primary cosmic ray is obtained after a correction to account for the missing energy (energy that is not dissipated in the atmosphere). The missing energy correction is both model dependant and primary mass composition dependant. The range of this correction is about 10% [6, 7] .
Figure 5: Reconstruction of the shower profile from the event seen in figure 4.
The function used to fit the observed longitudinal profile (red line in figure 5) is the Gaisser-Hillas function [8] , shown in equation 1. It has four free parameters: Xmax, (dE/dX)max (or Nmax when the longitudinal profile is in terms of Ne), λ and X0. Xmax is the slant depth where the shower reached its maximum size, and (dE/dX)max is the energy deposited at Xmax. The other two parameters λ and X0, are shape parameters. λ relates to the width of the profile and X0 to the start of the profile. Even though X0 relates to the start of the profile, it is not to be interpreted as the depth of the first interaction, since it often takes negative values when fitting simulated showers and also real showers.
dE/dX=(dE/dX)max(X−X0Xmax−X0)Xmax−X0λeXmax−X0λ (1)
The uncertainty in the reconstructed Xmax in a given event depends on how large a fraction of the profile is seen by the FD, and whether Xmax is inside this fraction of the profile. We use MC events to estimate the uncertainty in the reconstructed Xmax as a function of the observed grammage length. Figure 6 (plot on the right) shows the uncertainties for showers with Xmax bracketed222Xmax bracketed means that the reconstructed Xmax is within the fraction of the profile seen by the FD (solid circles), and for not bracketed showers (solid triangles). For a cross check of the Xmax uncertainty estimates we selected real showers where the entire profile is seen by the FD (like the one shown in figure 5). The uncertainty in the reconstructed Xmax is small (< 20 g/cm2) for such showers. This reconstructed Xmax is considered as the true value, a new Xmax reconstruction is performed (basically a new fit to the Gaisser-Hillas function) but this time using only a smaller fraction of the observed profile, but still with Xmax within this fraction (left plot in figure 6). The uncertainty of the reconstructed Xmax estimated using real showers is shown with open circles in figure 6. It is consistent with the Xmax uncertainty estimated using MC events.
Figure 6: Estimated resolution on the reconstructed Xmax as a function of the observed grammage length (plot on the right). The plot on the left shows the start (minimum depth) and the end (maximum depth) of the fraction of the shower profile seen by the FD (region with data points).
For mass composition analysis we want to use only showers where Xmax is reconstructed with an uncertainty smaller than 40 g/cm2. This small uncertainty is achieved by rejecting showers with grammage length smaller than 320 g/cm2 and showers with Xmax not being bracketed. The average uncertainty in the reconstructed Xmax is about 20 g/cm2 when applying these cuts. High energy showers more often land further away from the FD (compared with low energy showers) and because of the FD limited field of view (see fig. 7) they have larger observed grammage lengths on average. Thefore, the average uncertainty in their reconstructed Xmax is slightly smaller (than those for lower energy showers).
3 The Mean Xmax and the FD limited Field of View
The FD has a limited field of view in elevation ranging from about 2∘ to 30∘, introducing a bias in the distribution of Xmax from the observed showers. This bias is amplified by demanding that Xmax be within the observed profile ( Xmax bracketed). The reason for this bias in the Xmax distribution is because many showers landing close to the FD will have their Xmax outside (above) the field of view (see fig 7) and the observed profile will not have a bracketed Xmax or the shower will simply not be detected. As a result the mean Xmax will appear to be larger (deeper). A similar bias happen for high energy showers. High energy showers develop their Xmax deeper in the atmosphere, then for some vertical (or near vertical) showers Xmax will be below the ground (see fig 7), therefore rejected from the analysis. In this case the mean Xmax appears to be smaller (shallow).
Figure 7: Diagram showing the possible bias in the estimated ⟨Xmax⟩ due to the limitted field of view of the Auger fluorescence detector.
In order to avoid the bias in the estimated mean Xmax, showers with specific geometries relative to the FD are rejected. To identify the optimum shower geometries to be used for determining the mean Xmax (⟨Xmax⟩) values, we introduced the parameters Xup and Xlow. These parameters are the lower and upper limits of the slant depth along the shower axis that is inside the FD field of view. These limits may be defined at where the shower axis intercepts the FD field of view limit or where the shower axis intercepts the maximum distance that a shower with energy E is still detectable (as shown in figure 8).
Figure 8: Diagram showing the definition of Xlow and Xup. Xlow and Xup are the lower and upper limits of the slant depth along the shower axis that is inside the FD field of view.
The basic idea is that Xlow has to be shallow (small) enough, and Xup has to be deep (large) enough to guarantee that Xmax will be within the field of view. Notice that the values for Xlow and Xup depend only on the geometry of the shower and not on the particular depth of the shower profile (but it does also depend in the overall distribution of shower profile depths). In order to determine the optimum ranges for Xlow and Xup as a function of energy we use real data. Figure 9 shows the mean Xmax as a function of Xlow (plot on the left) and Xup (plot on the right) for different energies. The arrows in figure 9 indicates where the fitted functions start to deviate from being flat and this defines the limit values for Xlow and Xup. The flat region is the unbiased one.
Figure 9: The mean Xmax values are plotted as a function of Xlow and Xup for each energy range. The limits for the accepted Xlow and Xup values (at each energy range) correspond to the values where the fitted functions start to deviate from being flat. For didactic purposes, the mean Xmax values are offset by 75 g/cm2 consecutively.
4 Checking the Anti-Bias Cuts with MC Data
It is possible to check the performance of the cuts applied to Xlow and Xup using MC data. We have simulated MC showers and pass these showers through the detector simulation, where the FD and the SD components are simulated in detail [9, 10] . We then reconstruct all triggered MC showers in the same way as real showers. The input compositions for the MC simulation are pure iron, pure proton, and a mixed composition of 50% iron and 50% proton.
Figure 10: Reconstructed mean Xmax as a function of energy for MC generated data (solid symbols). The open symbols indicate the true mean Xmax from the MC input. The simulated primary compositions are proton (squares), iron (circles) and a proton/iron mixed composition (triangles).
Figure 10 shows that the reconstructed mean Xmax are consistent with the mean Xmax from MC inputs. This indicates that the cuts applied on Xlow and Xup efficiently removed the bias in Xmax. The minimum energy where the mean Xmax can still be measured (without being biased) is just above 1017.5 eV. The limits for Xlow and Xup are not the same for all compositions. For each composition we need to follow the procedure described in the previous section. This is because the limits for Xlow and Xup depend on the particular range of the observed (or simulated) Xmax values.
We also confirm the stability of the Xmax distributions with respect the quality cuts and the cuts on Xlow and Xup. This is of particular interest since the fluctuations in Xmax are sensitive to primary mass composition. Figures 11 and 12 show the distributions for Xmax for proton and iron primaries respectively. The solid lines indicate the reconstructed distributions and the dotted lines indicate the MC input distributions, both distributions are consistent, so the quality cuts and the cuts on Xlow and Xup are not biasing the Xmax distributions.
Figure 11: Distributions for proton showers at different energy ranges (see caption in figure 12).
Figure 12: Distribution for iron showers at different energy ranges according to MC simulations. The solid (black) lines show the reconstructed Xmax distributions, and the dotted (red) lines show the MC input Xmax distributions (using to the QGSJET01 model).
5 Results and Discussion
Figure 13 shows the reconstructed mean Xmax as a function of energy as measured with the Auger data [11] . The blue and red lines are the expected mean Xmax values for iron and proton showers respectively for different hadronic interaction models.
Figure 13: Auger results for the Mean Xmax measurements as a function of energy11.
The rate that the mean Xmax increases per decade in energy is known as the elongation rate. For a pure composition the expected elongation rate is model dependent and it is about 50 g/cm2/decade (as shown with blue and red lines in figure 13). The plot on the left in figure 14 shows a linear fit to the data (⟨Xmax⟩=A+D10×lgE). The slope of this fit (D10) corresponds to the measurement of the elongation rate (D10=54±2 g/cm2/decade). However, the χ2/Ndf of the fit (24/13) suggest that a straight line may not be the best fit for the entire energy range. The probability that the data will follow a single line is smaller than 3%. The plot on the right in figure 14 shows that a broken line fits better the data. The probability that the data follows a broken line is 63%. The break point according to the fit is at about 2 EeV. The elongation rate below and above 2 EeV is 71 ±5 g/cm2/decade and 40 ±4 g/cm2/decade respectively [11] . The uncertainties in the elongation rate measurements come from the fit and do not take into account the systematic uncertainties on the measured mean Xmax values. The systematic uncertainties in the estimated mean Xmax are larger at lower energies. Below 1 EeV the systematic uncertainties are smaller than 15 g/cm2 and above 1 EeV they are smaller than 12 g/cm2.
Figure 14: The plot on the left shows a fit to a single line. The plot on the right shows a fit to a broken line11.
If the hadron interaction models were entirely correct, we would interpret the large elongation rate result for the energy region below 2 EeV (71 ±5 g/cm2/decade) as a mixed composition that is becoming lighter with energy, and the small elongation rate result for the energy region above 2 EeV (40 ±4 g/cm2/decade) as a mixed composition that is becoming heavier with energy. However, this sudden change in the elongation rate at 2 EeV may be the result of a high energy hadronic interaction property (instead of a composition change).
Interestingly the energy spectrum presents a change of spectral index at about 2 EeV. This feature in the energy spectrum is known as the ankle. Figure 15 shows the residuals of the measured cosmic ray flux with respect to a cosmic ray flux with a spectrum of the form ∝E−2.6 (black symbols). A spectral index of 2.6 corresponds to the one measured between 2×1018 eV and 3×1019 eV [12] , that is why the residuals curve is flat within this region. Outside these energy ranges the measured cosmic ray energy spectrum has a larger spectral index. In the same plot (fig. 15) we show (with red symbols) the residuals of the mean Xmax with respect to a linear function (in lgE space) that corresponds to the best fit to the elongation rate data below 2 EeV (see figure 14, plot on the right). Notice that both residual plots are consistent with a feature at 2 EeV. Unfortunately there is not yet enough hybrid data to see whether the elongation rate plot has another feature at 3×1019 as the energy spectrum does.
Figure 15: Comparing the features observed in the energy spectrum12 against the features observed in the elongation rate measurements11.
The consistency between the features observed in the energy spectrum and in the elongation rate at 2 EeV suggests that both features have the same origin. Unfortunately, this evidence is not enough to distinguish between a mass composition change or a hadron interaction physics change. However, the consistent features in the energy spectrum and in the elongation rate give us some confidence that the feature observed in the elongation rate is a real effect and not an artifact due to any detection or reconstruction bias.
So far the Pierre Auger collaboration has only presented mass composition studies using the mean Xmax information. New studies of the elongation rate and also studies of the Xmax fluctuations should be released soon. As already mentioned earlier in this proceeding, the fluctuations on Xmax are also sensitive to mass composition. In this new study, the systematic uncertainties on the measured mean Xmax values may be slightly reduced and the statistics will be larger, allowing us to go up in energy to about 5×1019 eV with small statistical uncertainties.
In addition to the Xmax measurements obtained from the FD, there are other parameters obtained with the SD that are currently being studied. The shape of the traces observed in the PMT located in the tanks (figure 16) and how they change as a function of the azimuth around the shower axis is correlated with the muon abundance, and therefore with the primary mass composition (as discussed in section 1). A commonly used parameter to characterize the shape of the PMT traces is the rise time [13, 14, 15] . The rise time is the time that the traces take to collect 10% to 50% of the total signal (see figure 16). Muons usually travel with the leading edge of the shower front, while the electromagnetic component can have some delay depending on how far from the shower axis is the sampled station. So, a smaller rise time means a larger muon abundance. It was also found that, except for vertical showers, the variation of the rise time around the shower axis is also sensitive to the mass composition (asymmetry studies). The ratio between the signal arriving earlier (within the first 600 ns) over the signal arriving later (signal arriving after 600 ns) is another measurement of the muon/electromagnetic ratio (we called this ratio the shape parameter). For stations that are not so close to the shower axis, when a muon is detected, it generates a quite distinguishable peak. Another technique studies the peaks (or bumpiness) on the traces to estimate the muon contribution to the total signal.
Figure 16: Example of a trace recorded by one PMT located in a surface detector. The arrows indicate the time interval between the arrival of 10% and 50% of the integrated total signal.
The hybrid detection provides an enormous potential for mass composition studies that has not yet been fully exploited. Each of these parameters (rise time, asymmetry studies, shape parameter and muon abundance) may provide an independent measurement of the mass composition with independent sources of systematics, and since all these parameters were extracted from a common event, a multiparameter analysis of the mass composition may also be possible.
We have presented the latest Auger results regarding the mass composition studies [11] . According to standard hadronic interaction models and the current elongation rate results, the cosmic ray composition is a mixed composition that is becoming lighter with energy up to 2 EeV. Above 2 EeV the cosmic ray composition changes its trend and starts to become heavier with energy (see figure 14 plot on the right). The mass composition breaking point at 2 EeV correlates with a change in the spectral index of the cosmic ray energy spectrum (figure 15).
There is not a unique interpretation for the breaking point in the elongation rate data. It may be that the breaking point is not related with a mass composition change, but with a change in hadronic interaction physics. A sudden change in the hadronic interaction physics would have an effect on the expected signal at the ground for a given shower energy. This would cause a systematic error in the reconstructed shower energy. Therefore, an artificial break in the energy spectrum could arise due to a sudden change in the hadronic interaction physics.
There have been previous studies of the elongation rate by other fluorescence detectors [16, 17, 18] . Figure 17 shows that there are some systematic differences at lower energies (below 2 EeV) among different experiments, but for higher energies all the experiments are consistent within their uncertainties. Above 2×1019 eV the other experiments run out of statistics, and Auger has still some more measurements. The last two energy bins (in the Auger data) suggest a trend towards heavier composition (according to standard hadronic interaction models).
Figure 17: Comparing the mean Xmax measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory with previous measurements16,17,18.
The author wish to thanks to the organizers of the XXth Rencontres de Blois 2008 "Challenges in Particle Astrophysics" for their invitation to present this work.
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Wednesday, May 16, 2018 • 2 Sivan 5778 - 6:30 PM - 8:30 PM - Pigskin Brewing Co.
Wednesday, April 19, 2017 • 23 Nisan 5777 - 6:30 PM - 8:30 PM - Platform Beer Co.
You've heard the joke, but this time it's for real! Join members of the Tifereth Israel community and Rabbi Alex Braver for a drink and schmoozing in a relaxed casual atmosphere. They will be making the rounds of some of Columbus's most popular gathering places. This month we'll get together at Platform Beer Co. (408 N. 6th Street, Columbus, 43215) on Wednesday, April 19, at 6:30 pm.


Generally the fastest way to reach us is by email.
Firebelle Productions also offers technical writing and editing services.
Note: I am currently managing Firebelle Productions part-time while working as a paralegal for the Abronson Law Offices in Los Gatos, California. So generally, the best way to reach me on the weekdays is by email. I monitor email during the day and can call customers if needed.


Find 50 great days out with your kids and families in Surrey. It is a beautiful county and ideal for one of your days out, just a short drive from London. but with lovely countryside including the North downs with fantastic walks and plenty of things to do for everyone. There are many attractions including historic houses and gardens as well as attractions for all the family. Why not try your hand at horse riding, we have several places for your day out.
If you fancy climbing then why not try Craggy Island which has 2 centres and great instructors. Surrey is my home county and I think its great.
There is always something fun to do at the Museum of Farnham!
It is a great place to spend a rainy day or have a picnic in the garden when the weather is fine. Monthly Museum club. School visits.
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Team up with the family and go tenpin bowling in Croydon. Cosmic Bowling with flashing lights, Unlimited Bowling and other enertainments are also available.
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We hold regular Junior Medal Competitions each month and eight Major Competitions with trophies throughout the year. Full junior membership is £75 for the year.
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Head for Box Hill, Leith Hill and Ranmoor Common for some lovely walks. Days out in the open air.
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Friendly museum allow all ages to get involved. Regular junior workshops, family events and a range of activities!
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Park Hill Recreation Ground is a charming 15 acre park and offers plenty to do, including tennis, a children's playground and history to explore.
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For a creative day out drop in to one of our family workshops and explore Croydon's history in our engaging galleries!
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Theatre fans will love The Yvonne Arnaud Theatre. Either choose to watch the shows or take part in the youth theatres workshops and events.
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A safe way to give your kids a taste of motoring before they're 17. There's also a host of legendary cars to see and heritage to discover.
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Choose from a wide selection of bisque in studio or make it mobile and we can come to you! We do: drop-in visits/ bookings!
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It's Wild. It's in a Wood. It's a Treetop Adventure!
Learn to run and have fun!
Croydon Harriers welcome new members of all ages and abilities. Join in weekly running sessions or join the Athletics Academy for coaching in a range of athletic disciplines.
Your kids will have fun with us painting their own pottery, we also do kids parties. A great way to spend a day!
There's so much to do you won't know where to begin!
The Tandridge Trust centres offer an incredible variety of activities to keep the entire family entertained, from swimming and toddler fun, art and sports clubs, to signing and even gardening!
Great for families - French Brothers run boat trips on the River Thames in Berkshire and Surrey. Choose from a short return trip or a full-day cruise.
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Over 30,000 sq. ft, huge range of play equipment & activity zones. 'Pod' Pizzeria restaurant and internet / chill-out areas.
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Activities include traditional Galloping Horses, Swing Boats, Chair-o-Planes, Big Wheel, two Steam Railways, and much more!
Paintball & Laser Tag parties for kids!
Fun, safe & guaranteed to get your heart beating, Campaign Low-impact Paintball & Laser Tag is for all the family. Dodging paintballs, getting zapped, crawling through undergrowth!
Children can be creative here painting pottery.
There are a huge selection of pieces to choose from, including gifts & seasonal items. Birthday Parties.
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The carbonate ion (CO3) has a valency of -2 and forms compounds with sodium (Na), which has a valency of +1, and calcium (Ca), which has a valency of +2. The resulting compounds are sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The former is known as soda ash or washing soda, and the latter, known as calcite, is a primary component of chalk, limestone and marble. Both are very common compounds. Although calcium carbonate, which comprises 4 percent of the earth's crust, is the winner in this category. Both are white powders with many uses, but they have some key differences.
Sodium carbonate has a higher pH than calcium carbonate and is more soluble. It's commonly known as soda ash. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in chalk, marble and limestone.
Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in a number of raw forms, including marble, chalk, limestone and the shells of sea creatures. The primary raw sources of sodium carbonate are trona ore or the mineral nahcolite, a raw form of sodium bicarbonate. Processors heat these materials to derive sodium carbonate.
The refinement process is a 7-step one, and the end result is known as synthetic soda ash.
Both sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate are basic. In a 10 milli-molar solution, the pH of sodium carbonate is 10.97 while that of calcium carbonate is 9.91. Sodium carbonate is moderately soluble in water and is often used to raise the pH in swimming pool water. Calcium carbonate has very low solubility in pure water, but it will dissolve in water that contains carbon dioxide which has dissolved to form carbonic acid. This propensity to dissolve in rainwater is responsible for the erosion that has shaped limestone cliffs and caves the world over.
Industry depends on calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate for a number of uses. Glass manufacturers use sodium carbonate as a flux because when you add it to the silica mixture it lowers the melting point. Around the house, its most common uses are for water softening, swimming pool sanitation and fixing dyes.
The main uses for calcium carbonate are in the construction industry, where it is used as a mortar additive and a primary component in drywall and joint compound. Paint manufacturers use it as a paint pigment, and gardeners use it as a fertilizer to raise the pH of soil. You may even have some calcium carbonate in your medicine cabinet, because it's an effective antacid and calcium supplement.
Industrial Minerals Association of North America: What is Calcium Carbonate?
Industrial Minerals Association of North America: What is Soda Ash?
Deziel, Chris. "Difference Between Sodium Carbonate & Calcium Carbonate." Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/difference-sodium-carbonate-calcium-carbonate-5693285.html. 19 April 2018.


We regularly ask parents and carers for their input on many of the policies implemented in school. This policy reflects the opinions of those who have responded to our most recent parent survey. Last update November 2018.
At Bewsey Lodge Primary, we believe that homework should be meaningful, useful and enjoyable. It should offer engaging tasks which challenge and deepen thinking and also develop skills from across the curriculum. For some, homework is a time when the child enjoys completing tasks by themselves; for others, homework can mean family time and working with someone who can help them deepen their understanding. We understand that some children have time consuming activities/hobbies which they take part in before and after school and that each family is different. We have therefore tried to be creative in the way we offer homework whilst maintaining some structure in the development of the Basic Skills.
Children are given a reading book and they are expected to read at home, with an adult, at least 3 times per week.
Children are given a reading book and they are expected to read at home, with an adult who should record it in their reading record, at least 3 times per week. They also have spellings to practice with an adult which are linked to Read Write Inc Phonics.
Children are expected to read every night this should be recorded in their reading record by an adult. Older children may prefer to read alone however they should still have this recorded by an adult. Children also receive weekly spellings linked to their spelling level, which they should learn in preparation for a weekly test.
Children are occasionally offered work to take home and complete with an adult which links to the work they have been doing in school.
In the last week of each half term, a homework information sheet will be sent home giving the details of 12 different tasks which can be completed during the holiday and throughout the following half term. The tasks are usually linked to the class topic but maybe linked to current affairs or a special event in the calendar. They will range in challenge and curriculum focus. All completed tasks should be brought into school on the last Monday of the half term; a date which will be printed on the information task sheet. Homework will be marked in that final week. For every completed task the child will receive 5 diddi-dots – diddi-dots are collected by children in school and can be exchanged for prizes. In addition, all classes offer times tables practice sheets which children can take home to work through at their own pace.
During the Spring term, teachers in years 2 and 6 will offer additional SAT practice homework. It is highly recommended that this work is completed but it is optional.
Reflection Time is a quiet place where children can complete any un-finished 'non-negotiable' homework with the support of an adult if required. Reflection Time can also be used for children who have not completed tasks in lessons or those who need to reflect on choices they have made during the school day. Reflection Time is available daily in a Key Stage 2 classroom.
If parents request it, age appropriate homework can be arranged in English and Maths. Answer booklets will also be supplied so that parents/carers can fully support and mark their child's work at home.
Occasionally teachers may send extra home to support learning or to help children consolidate their understanding.


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Pasirtangkil is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Lebak van de provincie Banten, Indonesië. Pasirtangkil telt 3911 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

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