text:
Q: Using loops in python-pptx to create multiple slides and writing dataframe to slides I have the below code for creating ppt out of dataframes:
Below is a snippet of the code for 3 slides:
title_slide_layout = prs.slide_layouts[1]
slide = prs.slides.add_slide(title_slide_layout)
slide2 = prs.slides.add_slide(title_slide_layout)
slide3 = prs.slides.add_slide(title_slide_layout)
title = slide.shapes.title
title.text = "Summary Table"
title2 = slide2.shapes.title
title2.text = "New Table"
title3 = slide3.shapes.title
title3.text = "Old Table"

Since i have to create multiple such slides is there anyway to use loops and create multiple slides instead of creating it one by one manually?
Also, I am writing dataframes to slides like this:
df_to_table(slide, df1, left, top, width, height)
df_to_table(slide2, df2, left, top, width, height)
df_to_table(slide3, df3, left, top, width, height)

Is there anyway to loop this too?
Node: My code is working fine without any issues, just want to limit the lines of code for repetitive tasks.

A: Not sure fully but you may try like this:
slide = ["slide" + str(num1)  for num1 in range(1,4)]
df = ["df" + str(num1)  for num1 in range(1,4)]

for i in range(0,3):
    df_to_table(slide[i], df[i], left, top, width, height)

A: This is what functions are for, to abstract some repetative task down to a (function) call:
def add_slide(prs, layout, title):
    """Return slide newly added to `prs` using `layout` and having `title`."""
    slide = prs.slides.add_slide(layout)
    slide.shapes.title.text = title
    return slide

title_slide_layout = prs.slide_layouts[1]
slide = add_slide(prs, title_slide_layout, "Summary Table")
slide2 = add_slide(prs, title_slide_layout, "New Table")
slide3 = add_slide(prs, title_slide_layout, "Old Table")

Your second question is an entirely different question and I recommend you ask it separately. StackOverflow is designed around a one-question-at-a-time format.


text:
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Stories, Weight Loss, confidencepumpup April 15, 2016 chloedfrance, chloe, transformation, weightloss, confidence, stories, success stories
How Chloe Lost 45lbs By Being Kind To Her Body
Everybody starts somewhere. Chloe's starting point was with the PumpUp community. "I created my PumpUp account around the same time that I began my fitness journey," she revealed. "I never committed to my health wholeheartedly. I did very little physical activity and constantly binged on candy and fast food. After school or work, I'd lie around until my day was over."
Needless to say, Chloe made a drastic departure from the way that she used to live. "Thanks to PumpUp, I'm always on my feet!" she said happily. With motivation and support from the PumpUp community, Chloe commits to working out at the gym at least 5 times a week and is sure to incorporate some kind of physical activity into her day. "I love to eat healthy. When I do splurge, I control my portions and know that there are healthier alternatives," she explained. "I try my hardest to be kind to my body every day."
Chloe lost over 45 lbs since August 2014, overcame depression, and lifted herself up. "I never wanted to live life outside my home," she confided. "I used to feel like I'd rather disappear than to have people see me. Every day is still a struggle, but when I think about how far I've come, I remind myself that I'm much healthier and have more control over my life." She beams with positivity and spreads messages of self-love with every post that she shares with the PumpUp community. "On PumpUp, I found a relatable source of positivity and motivation," she enthused. "I wanted to find community of people who were going through similar journeys. I needed a place where I could be completely motivated and feel supported. I definitely achieved that after joining PumpUp."
Chloe's best advice for other PumpUp members is to set realistic goals and to take setbacks with a grain of salt. "At the beginning of my journey, my goal was to work out at the gym at least 3 times a week," she said. "I then reached that goal and added another objective. Now, my goal is to work out at least 6 times a week. It's a learning process. It can be tough, but if you hold yourself accountable, you can do it!" Chloe is her own motivation. She strives to get stronger every day and looks at old pictures to put things into perspective. "Don't fight to be like anybody else," she counselled. "Become to be the best version of you."
Chloe's Favorite Exercise
Cardio is great! I love to run, but when I don't feel like running, I cycle. I also love hiking and that definitely gets my blood flowing. Lifting weights is also really fun for me, I love pushing my limits and seeing how far my body can go before I need to stop. Exercising makes me feel stronger.
More about Chloe
I'm a barista, I love the outdoors and dogs, and I'm passionate about social justice!
Were you inspired by how Chloe lost 45 lbs and gained confidence? Connect with her on PumpUp @chloedfrance.
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How Brenda Became Her Most Confident Self
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Her Marita Reclaimed Her Health After an Ankle Injury
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How Holly Became Happy With Her Body
Stories, confidencepumpup April 20, 2016 veganballerina, holly, confidence, success stories, Stories
How Lisa Controlled Her Emotional Eating
Stories, Weight Losspumpup April 15, 2016 tinker_fit, lisa, weightloss, transformations, success stories, stories, emotional eating


text:
jar, PaulK, Phat, Theodoric (4 members, 57 visitors)
EvC Forum ⇒ Science Forums ⇒ Is It Science? ⇒
On the Origin of Life and Falsifiability
Genomicus
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Originated: 03-08-2016 3:23 AM
Author Topic: On the Origin of Life and Falsifiability
Genomicus Posts Only
Message 1 of 108 (779851)
"In so far as a scientific statement speaks about reality, it must be falsifiable; and in so far as it is not falsifiable, it does not speak about reality," wrote Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Although Popper's notion of falsifiability as the linchpin of a scientific enterprise has been critiqued from inductivist schools of thought (see, for example, Grünbaum, 1976), it has been widely lauded as one of the most significant criteria required of scientific hypotheses (see, e.g., Ruse, 1982). Writes Michael Ruse:
"...a theory must be open to possible refutation. If the facts speak against a theory, then it must go. A body of science must be falsifiable. For example, Kepler's laws could have been false: if a planet were discovered going in squares, then the laws would have been shown to be incorrect."
So we can see that falsifiability as a criterion for truly scientific hypotheses has become well-established within the scientific community, the objections from certain philosophical schools of thought notwithstanding. Indeed, this criterion has been used extensively in the debate over whether intelligent design qualifies as a scientific concept. Though the fires of that debate have now been reduced to barely visible embers – the Intelligent Design Movement has very starkly failed in its attempt to refute the Neo-Darwinian evolutionary synthesis and gain significant traction within the scientific community - the origin of the biochemical complexity which characterizes biological life remains a deeply difficult puzzle to put together.
In the essay that follows, I argue that present abiogenesis models for the origin of biological life on Earth are largely – if not wholly – unfalsifiable, and therefore should not be given the kind of gravitas accorded to legitimate scientific hypotheses. Furthermore, I propose that panspermia – a necessary model for any engineering-based scenarios for the origin of life – is in fact falsifiable and should thus be researched in greater depth than it has been.
However, before I elaborate on the above topic, I will present a brief overview of present origin of life models, providing the necessary backdrop to assess whether models of abiogenesis are properly falsifiable.
The RNA World
The RNA world hypothesis postulates that self-replicating RNA molecules preceded DNA- and protein-based cellular life (Orgel, 2003). Under this model, RNA was the carrier of biological information before the origin of DNA genomes, as well as the catalyst of chemical reactions in the first rudimentary life forms. Thus, in the RNA world, neither DNA nor proteins were necessary for the initiation of Darwinian evolutionary processes.
The ability of polynucleotides to base pair means that replication is relatively straightforward. One polynucleotide string acts as a template from which another is constructed. However, in the absence of a catalyst, such a mechanism of replication is inefficient (Alberts et al., 2002). Thus, in modern cells, the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers is driven by protein enzymes known as polymerases. Efficient self-replication in the RNA world is thought to have resulted from RNA functioning as a catalyst (Pace and Marsh, 1985). The discovery of enzymatic RNA molecules (see, e.g., Kruger et al., 1982), termed ribozymes, added plausibility to the RNA world hypothesis. Many naturally occurring ribozymes have been described, including the peptidyl transferase of the ribosome (Polacek and Mankin, 2005), ribonuclease P (Guerrier-Takada et al., 1983), and the hammerhead (Forster, 1987) and hairpin ribozymes (Fedor, 2000). Artificial ribozymes have also been created through in vitro selection methods. Significantly, Lincoln and Joyce (2009) have been able to construct ribozymes capable of self-sustained replication, despite the lack of proteins. Other studies have reinforced the plausibility of the RNA world. Although RNA is a very complex molecule, Powner and colleagues synthesized pyrimidine ribonucleotides using hypothesized prebiotic molecules (Powner et al., 2009).
Nonetheless, the RNA world hypothesis has been critiqued in numerous scientific papers, and has been described as "a prebiotic chemist's nightmare" (Benner et al., 2012) and "the worst theory of the early evolution of life (except for all the others)" (Bernhardt, 2012). Bernhardt (2012) succinctly outlined many of the problems with the RNA world hypothesis, while offering some possible responses. One of the difficulties with the RNA world hypothesis is the inherent instability of the RNA molecule, which could have prevented the accumulation of RNA molecules in the prebiotic environment (Bernhardt, 2012). Furthermore, the plausibility of prebiotic RNA synthesis has been questioned, and Benner et al. (2012) criticized aspects of the work of Powner et al., 2009. Other dilemmas remain. It is thought by some researchers that only long RNA sequences are capable of catalytic activity (Bernhardt, 2012); one of the most efficient ribozymes created to date is approximately 190 bases long (Bernhardt, 2012). It is difficult to envision how a ribozyme of that length could arise by stochastic assembly. Shorter catalytic RNAs are not unknown, however. Small self-cleaving RNAs can be 50 nucleotides in length, and a study by Vlassov et al. (2005) explored ribozymes with even shorter lengths. A ribozyme that is just 5 nucleotides long has also been isolated in vitro (Turk, 2010).
Further objections to the RNA world hypothesis will be briefly summarized. The metabolic needs of the RNA world may have been greater than the catalytic repertoire of RNA (Bernhardt, 2012); it has been argued that the RNA world makes no reference to a possible energy source (Kurland, 2010); and there is phylogenetic evidence that ribosomal proteins and rRNA co-evolved (Harish and Caetano-Anollés, 2012), with neither component originating first.
On Falsifying the RNA World
Finally, we come to the issue of falsifiability or refutability. In the words of Eugene Koonin (in a review of Bernhardt, 2012), "[t]he RNA World scenario is bad as a scientific hypothesis: it is hardly falsifiable and is extremely difficult to verify due to a great number of holes in the most important parts."
Indeed, one will find it a rather perplexing task to imagine an experiment that would falsify the RNA world scenario. It should be noted that the RNA world hypothesis attempts to provide an answer to a historical question; namely, how life on Earth arose. As such, no amount of evidence for the plausibility of the RNA world hypothesis will be able to establish the historical accuracy of that hypothesis. Yet much (if not most) of the evidence for the RNA world hypothesis merely strengthens its plausibility. For example, observations which demonstrate that RNA can catalyze its own replication say nothing about whether self-replicating RNA was indeed historically the precursor to modern cellular life.
I will finish this section with the following question for the reader to ponder: what experiment, if any, would falsify the RNA world scenario? If no experiment – or series of experiments – could reasonably falsify the RNA world model, then any notions as to its validity as a scientific hypothesis must be heavily scrutinized.
Metabolism First
Metabolism first models propose that autocatalytic metabolism arose prior to self-replicating nucleic acids. The metabolism of virtually all modern life forms is based around the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, and it has been asserted that a reverse TCA cycle could result in an overall autocatalytic reaction (Morowitz et al., 2010). Under such a scenario, autocatalytic reactions form the basis of self-replicating systems from which Darwinian evolution could proceed. The reaction system could be improved by the addition of a protein enzyme.
In a landmark publication, Günter Wächtershäuser (1988) suggested that the first life forms – named "pioneer organisms" – evolved in hydrothermal vents under high temperatures. These primal organisms possessed catalytic transition metal centers which were involved in the catalysis of carbon fixation pathways. This allowed the production of small organic molecules. Under this model, a primitive metabolism was thereby manifested early in the evolution of life.
Compartmentalization of the metabolic systems would result in the first cells. Gradual evolution of these cells (e.g., the evolution of nucleic acid replication) would then follow, ultimately producing the last universal common ancestor from which modern life diversified.
The crucial difference between metabolism first and the RNA world hypothesis is that in the former model protein enzymes arise before the appearance of nucleic acid replicators. Several observations have been cited as support for the metabolism first hypothesis. The core metabolic reactions of prokaryotic autotrophs are quite similar to the chemistry of H(2)-CO(2) redox couples that is harbored by hydrothermal vents, suggestive of Wächtershäuser's (1988) model. Further, the possibility of a reverse TCA cycle has been established by Buchanan and Arnon (1990).
Yet there is a large body of data that casts doubt on the validity of the metabolism first models. Pross (2004) argues that "there is no substantive evidence for a 'metabolism first' mechanism for life's emergence." Moreover, there is a lack of evolvability in autocatalytic metabolic networks (Vasas et al., 2010), and Orgel (2008) pointed out that the occurrence of metabolic cycles on the prebiotic earth is implausible.
On Falsifying Metabolism First
Like the RNA world scenario, it becomes a challenging ordeal to imagine what kind of experiment would refute the metabolism first model. And if no amount of experiments can falsify such a model, should it really be treated as a strictly scientific hypothesis? While exhaustive work has been conducted on assessing the plausibility of metabolism first, little has been done to root this model in the reality of biological history.
The Panspermia Model
Terrestrial life may not have originated on Earth, but could have instead originated elsewhere in the universe before being transported to Earth from outer space. Although this concept, known as "panspermia," does not enjoy widespread support from the scientific community, a number of publications have viewed it favorably. The panspermia hypothesis is attractive because life would have more time to originate than if life evolved on Earth. Over the years, most of the major difficulties with panspermia have been refuted (Rampelotto, 2010), and tentative evidence in favor of panspermia has grown. For instance, there is some geologic evidence that genes encoding Aib-polypeptides were one of the driving forces behind species extinctions during the K/T transition, and that these genes were from cosmic pathogens that infected the earth's biosphere (Wallis, 2003).
Mechanisms for the interstellar transport of microbial organisms have been extensively discussed. For instance, microcosms consisting of meteorite interiors provide an effective medium for panspermia (Mautner, 2002). A variety of material is now known to move naturally throughout the solar system and it is accepted that rock fragments can be ejected from and exchanged among planetary surfaces (Melosh, 2003), so there is no fatal difficulty with the transport of microbial cells from one planet to another.
Unlike the RNA world and metabolism first hypotheses, panspermia does not address the initial origin of biological life; instead, it merely explains where terrestrial life may have come from. While panspermia does give more time and chemical resources for life to evolve, it fails to furnish a mechanism for the origin of the biochemical complexity that is at the heart of life.
However, I argue that although panspermia only addresses how life emerged on Earth, it is in fact a properly falsifiable scientific hypothesis.
On Falsifiability and Panspermia
Natural – that is non-directed – panspermia is inherently falsifiable. Most plausible panspermia scenarios involve lithopanspermia, wherein highly resilient biological cells are housed in meteorites which splash down on planetary surfaces. These meteorites provide protection from the enormous amount of heat generated during ejection from a planet and subsequent landing on another planet. They also protect against the vacuum of space, which would otherwise desiccate any microbes wafting through the vastness of space. They do not, however, offer complete protection against radiation (which largely consists of high-energy protons). Thus, any microbes transported through space to another planet via meteorites must have molecular machinery which protect them from radiation.
Both hyperthermophile Archaea and bacteria like Deinococcus radiodurans and B. subtilis have high radiation resistance. There are several molecular mechanisms behind the extraordinary radiation resistance of microbes like D. radiodurans (see Krisko and Radman, 2013):
(1) Redundant antioxidant pathways and an abundance of metabolites leads to low production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in a radio-protective effect.
(2) A high degree of proteolytic efficiency means that microbes can quickly rebuild their proteins during recovery from exposure to ionizing radiation.
(3) With as many as 90 ABC transporters utilized for peptide and amino acid uptake, D. radiodurans can – again – quickly rebuild protein components after exposure to radiation.
In short, D. radiodurans (as well as other radiation-resistant microbes) house a relatively large number of genes which code for catabolic enzymes and unique molecular pathways; these enzymes are responsible for protection against radiation by virtue of their production of small antioxidant molecules.
What does all this mean? It means that for panspermia to take place, microbes must be more than mere cell membranes with a sprinkling of protein parts. No – they must be relatively complex organisms with sufficient molecular machinery (and therefore genes) to protect against radiation. When this is taken into consideration, it is plain to see that panspermia becomes remarkably easy to falsify:
If it could be demonstrated that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) was a population of very simple cells that did not have the necessary protein parts to survive extensive radiation, then non-directed panspermia will have been effectively falsified.
That this is a viable approach to falsifying panspermia has been borne out in the scientific literature; for example, the panspermia scheme has been criticized by Di Giulio (2010), who argued that life has passed through progenotic stages (that is, stages where life was not able to survive transport through space) and that this was evidence against panspermia. Di Giulio (2010) noted that the existence of split tRNA genes in Nanoarchaeum equitans suggests that tRNA molecules evolved through the assembly of two hairpin structures and that these split genes are ancient, indicative of a progenotic LUCA. An initial phylogenetic study of N. equitans concluded that N. equitans is a basal archaeal lineage – representing a novel archaeal kingdom, termed Nanoarchaeota (Waters et al., 2003). The tRNA split genes in N. equitans could therefore have been ancestral and ancient. If this were the case, it would be strong molecular evidence against the panspermia hypothesis. However, a subsequent and more thorough phylogenetic analysis found that N. equitans nests within the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota, and is probably related to Thermococcales (Brochier et al., 2005). Thus, the current phylogenetic evidence indicates that N. equitans is not a basal archaeal lineage, and consequently the thesis that the tRNA split genes in N. equitans are ancient is of dubious merit. Based on the phylogenetic positioning of N. equitans in the archaeal tree of life, it is logical to conclude that the tRNA split genes in N. equitans are a relatively recent innovation (and evidence from tRNA gene introns support this), and not the relics of a progenote world.
Another possibility for the refutation of the panspermia hypothesis emerged with T. Cavalier-Smith's 2006 paper, "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses" (Cavalier-Smith, 2006). In this paper, Cavalier-Smith used the classical transition analysis approach employed in paleontology and applied it to molecular systems in an attempt to root the tree of life. Transition analyses, in principle, are able to root phylogenies in this way: by finding characters that could only have evolved in one direction (for instance, reptile legs evolving into wings is far more plausible than the reverse for mechanistic reasons), these characters polarize the phylogeny under consideration.
Based on a number of such character polarizations among prokaryotes, Cavalier-Smith concluded that the LUCA "was more primitive than other eubacteria in probably lacking lipopolysaccharide, hopanoids, cytochrome b, catalase, the HslV ring protease homologue of proteasomes, spores, the machinery based on outer membrane (OM) protein Omp85 used by more advanced negibacteria to insert outer membrane proteins, type I, type II, and type III secretion mechanisms, and TonB-energized OM import systems."
In other words, if these transition analyses are correct, then the LUCA would have lacked a good deal of molecular machinery. Of particular importance it would have lacked efficient proteases like the HslV ring, and efficient proteases are needed by radiation-resistance microbes. Although Cavalier-Smith did not set out to refute the notion of panspermia, this study had the potential to do so.
However, his tree polarizations based on molecular transition analyses are refuted by rigorous molecular phylogenies. For example, he argued – based on transition analyses – that the TonB system first emerged in gram-negative bacteria, when later phylogenetic work by Marmon (2013), using maximum-likelihood methods combined with statistical analysis of GC-content of various bacteria phyla, indicated that the TonB system first arose in a gram-positive phylum – upending Cavalier-Smith's transition analysis.
After a brief survey of current origin of life models, I have argued the following:
(1) Both the RNA world and metabolism first scenarios for the origin of life are largely unfalsifiable, arguably moving them beyond the purview of proper scientific hypotheses. Most work on these models consists of establishing their plausibility, rather than their historical actuality.
(2) The panspermia hypothesis is falsifiable based on the fundamental requirement that microbes traveling through space be resistant to galactic cosmic rays. This requirement, in turn, necessitates the presence of particular protein parts that the LUCA would not have required had it emerged on Earth.
(3) At present, the panspermia hypothesis has yet to be effectively falsified – and attempts to do so do not have merit when seen under the light of more recent advances in molecular phylogenetics.
A word of caution: the reader may be inclined to believe that I am dismissing the value of abiogenesis models outright. Far from it! I am, instead, adding a critical voice to the current methodological bent of most origin of life studies with the hopes that future research will ground such studies in historical reality rather than mere plausibility. Furthermore, if panspermia is a more proper scientific hypothesis than the RNA world or metabolism first scenario, as I have argued here, then it makes sense that the panspermia model should be investigated with more depth.
Addendum: See Message 107.
Popper, K., 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery, p. 316.
Grünbaum, A. 1976. Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality? Karl Popper Versus Inductivism. Volume 39 of the series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, pp 213-252.
Ruse, M., 1982. Creation Science Is Not Science. Science, Technology, & Human Values. Vol. 7, No. 40, pp. 72-78.
Orgel, L.E., 2003. Some Consequences of the RNA World Hypothesis. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere.
Alberts, B., et al., 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition, The RNA World and the Origins of Life.
Pace, N., Marsh, T., 1985. RNA catalysis and the origin of life. Orig Life Evol Biosph.
Kruger, K., et al., 1982. Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena. Cell.
Polacek, N., Mankin, A., 2005. The ribosomal peptidyl transferase center: structure, function, evolution, inhibition. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol.
Guerrier-Takada, C., et al., 1983. The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Cell.
Forster, A., 1987. Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNAs of a virusoid and a structural model for the active sites. Cell.
Fedor, M., 2000. Structure and function of the hairpin ribozyme. Journal of Molecular Biology.
Lincoln, T., Joyce, G., 2009. Self-sustained Replication of an RNA Enzyme. Science.
Powner, M., et al., 2009. Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions. Nature.
Benner, et al. Asphalt, Water, and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Ribose, Ribonucleosides, and RNA.
Bernhardt, 2012. The RNA World: the worst theory of the early evolution of life (except for all the others).
Vlassov, et al., 2005. The RNA world on ice: a new scenario for the emergence of RNA information.
Turk, R., 2010. Multiple translational products from a five-nucleotide ribozyme. PNAS.
Kurland, C., 2010. The RNA dreamtime: modern cells feature proteins that might have supported a prebiotic polypeptide world but nothing indicates that RNA world ever was.
Harish, A., Caetano-Anollés, G., 2012. Ribosomal history reveals origins of modern protein synthesis. PloS One.
Morowitz, H., et al., 2010. Ligand field theory and the origin of life as an emergent feature of the periodic table of elements. Biol. Bull.
Wächtershäuser, G., 1988. Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism. Microbiol Rev.
Buchanan, B., Arnon, D., 1990. A reverse KREBS cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last. Photosynth Res.
Pross, A., 2004. Causation and the origin of life. Metabolism or replication first? Orig Life Evol Biosph.
Vasas, V., et al., 2010. Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life. PNAS.
Orgel, L.E., 2008. The implausibility of metabolic cycles on the prebiotic Earth. PLoS Biol.
Rampelotto, P. H., (2010). Panspermia: A promising field of research. In: Astrobiology Science Conference. Abs 5224.
Wallis, M., 2003. Cosmic Genes in the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Astrophysics and Space Science.
Mautner, M., 2002. Planetary resources and astroecology. Planetary microcosm models of asteroid and meteorite interiors: electrolyte solutions and microbial growth--implications for space populations and panspermia. Astrobiology.
Melosh, H., 2003. Exchange of meteorites (and life?) between stellar systems. Astrobiology.
Krisko, A., Radman, M., 2013. Biology of Extreme Radiation Resistance: The Way of Deinococcus radiodurans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.
Di Giulio, M., 2010. Biological evidence against the panspermia theory. Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Waters, E., et al., 2003. The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
Brochier, C., et al., 2005. Nanoarchaea: representatives of a novel archaeal phylum or a fast-evolving euryarchaeal lineage related to Thermococcales? Genome Biol.
Cavalier-Smith, T., 2006. Rooting the tree of life through transition analyses. Biology Direct.
Marmon, L., 2013. Elucidating the origin of the ExbBD components of the TonB system through Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
Edited by Genomicus, : No reason given.
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03-08-2016 10:40 AM Reply to: Message 1 by Genomicus
I've got a busy day ahead of me and won't be able to review this long proposal quickly. Could a couple members review this proposal and post me PM's if they think it's promotable? And if it is, does it belong in Origin of Life or Is It Science?? And if it isn't what needs to change. Thanks.
Message 1 by Genomicus, posted 03-08-2016 3:23 AM Genomicus has not yet responded
Thread Copied from Proposed New Topics Forum
Thread copied here from the On the Origin of Life and Falsifiability thread in the Proposed New Topics forum.
03-08-2016 11:00 PM Reply to: Message 1 by Genomicus
There are a number of problems with this post, of which the most obvious is this:
No, you'd need to demonstrate that of FUCA, not LUCA. Do you have any ideas how we could do that?
Message 1 by Genomicus, posted 03-08-2016 3:23 AM Genomicus has responded
Message 7 by Genomicus, posted 03-09-2016 8:25 AM Dr Adequate has responded
"In so far as a scientific statement speaks about reality, it must be falsifiable; and in so far as it is not falsifiable, it does not speak about reality," wrote Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
I don't agree with Popper about that, but I'll avoid the technicalities.
I agree that assertions about origin of life (OOL) are usually not scientific conclusions. Mostly, they are speculative hypotheses. However, that's not a criticism. A lot of science starts with speculative hypotheses.
OOL is particularly difficult, and possibly we might never have a clear conclusion.
Finding other planets with life would be interesting and might give insight. But the distances to such planets might make this difficult.
Fundamentalism - the anti-American, anti-Christian branch of American Christianity
Message 8 by Genomicus, posted 03-09-2016 8:31 AM nwr has acknowledged this reply
PaulK Posts Only
03-09-2016 1:03 AM Reply to: Message 1 by Genomicus
I'll agree with nwr that falsifiability is not of overriding importance in this case - a minor advantage in falsifiability is not really that big a deal. Both abiogenesis models potentially offer more explanatory power and are more parsimonious. I'd suggest that Lakatos' ideas about research programs are also highly appropriate.
Further I find the difference in falsifiability overstated. First the comparison is between general models and a feature of some panspermia models - albeit ones which are arguably more plausible. Second, the objections raised against the models do suggest that there are potential paths to effectively falsify them - the weight of problems can be sufficient to reject a broad hypothesis even if there is no clear proof against it.
Finally, the call for a more historical approach is not really justified, nor the call to put more effort into panspermia. Both are more dependent on other factors that are not addressed. In the first, the availability of evidence, and in the second concrete and promising research proposals.
Message 9 by Genomicus, posted 03-09-2016 8:43 AM PaulK has responded
03-09-2016 8:25 AM Reply to: Message 4 by Dr Adequate
No, you'd need to demonstrate that of FUCA, not LUCA.
Well, not exactly, unless you can provide strong reasons to suspect that the initial "seed" population of microbes would be under strong selective pressure to lose these genes necessary for radiation protection. Some of these genes are very basic to cell survival once incorporated in a cell's genome and overall architecture. I see little reason to suspect that such an initial population -- occupying a wide range of niches and diversifying -- would begin losing these rather useful genes (proteases, ABC transporters, etc.). The argument to the contrary starts looking awfully ad hoc, as there are sound biological reasons for subscribing to the notion that such genes would be conserved from the FUCA to the LUCA.
Message 4 by Dr Adequate, posted 03-08-2016 11:00 PM Dr Adequate has responded
03-09-2016 8:31 AM Reply to: Message 5 by nwr
Yes, speculative models are of considerable value in driving exploratory science further. This is not -- in itself -- a criticism. However, there is much focus in current OOL research on establishing the biochemical plausibility of abiogenesis models, instead of hunting for clues that these models are grounded in historical reality. Contrast this with panspermia, where much of the evidence is of a historical nature rather than a focus on mere plausibility.
Finding other planets with life would be interesting and might give insight.
Certainly. If such life consisted of DNA or RNA genomes, then this would shed a great deal of light on the origin of life on Earth. For starters, we'd actually have a tangible outgroup with which to root the terrestrial tree of life.
Message 5 by nwr, posted 03-08-2016 11:59 PM nwr has acknowledged this reply
Message 27 by caffeine, posted 03-10-2016 2:43 PM Genomicus has responded
03-09-2016 8:43 AM Reply to: Message 6 by PaulK
I'll agree with nwr that falsifiability is not of overriding importance in this case - a minor advantage in falsifiability is not really that big a deal.
And why is it not of significant importance in this case? How do we determine which cases falsifiability should be of importance, and which cases it should not be?
Both abiogenesis models potentially offer more explanatory power...
and are more parsimonious
Maybe, but only if we operate under the notion that the relative rapid emergence of biological life on Earth is reasonable. A model is more parsimonious because it includes as few unnecessary steps as possible, but a case can be made that the extra time and chemical resources afforded by the panspermia model means that it doesn't add a purely unnecessary step.
Further I find the difference in falsifiability overstated. First the comparison is between general models and a feature of some panspermia models - albeit ones which are arguably more plausible.
And that's the key insight: that the falsifiability of panspermia is based on a model that's been demonstrated to be physically possible. Sure, we can conjure all sorts of rather implausible panspermia models (or for any other scientific notion), but that's not exactly a valid argument against the falsifiability of panspermia, is it?
Second, the objections raised against the models do suggest that there are potential paths to effectively falsify them - the weight of problems can be sufficient to reject a broad hypothesis even if there is no clear proof against it.
So which experimental lines in particular do you believe have been carried out that could potentially falsify the RNA world scenario or metabolism first model for the origin of life?
Finally, the call for a more historical approach is not really justified, nor the call to put more effort into panspermia. Both are more dependent on other factors that are not addressed.
In the first, the availability of evidence...
At what point do you conclude that a model's incapacity to generate historical evidence is reflective of the fact that it is not, in fact, historically accurate?
... and in the second concrete and promising research proposals
Well, it could be argued that this is a symptom of the fact that a relatively small amount of effort has been put into investigating the notion of panspermia. Why do you think there has been a lack of promising research proposals for panspermia?
Message 6 by PaulK, posted 03-09-2016 1:03 AM PaulK has responded
Message 10 by PaulK, posted 03-09-2016 9:13 AM Genomicus has responded
And why is it not of significant importance in this case? How do we determine which cases falsifiability should be of impo
Because we are talking about broad models - and because panspermia doesn't seem a lot more falsifiable.
A working model of abiogenesis seems to be at least potentially more general than a model which only deals with the question of how life arrived on Earth.
That seems a weak argument. Panspermia may offer more time - although that in itself requires assumptions - but it certainly adds in the extra step of getting life from it's putative source to Earth.
And that's the key insight: that the falsifiability of panspermia is based on a model that's been demonstrated to be physically possible
I think you mean that it is the fatal error in your argument. Panspermia is a whole family of models - even directed panspermia is - just as the RNA world and metabolism-first are. Falsifying one of the models doesn't falsify all of them.
So, following your "key insight" lead you to fail to show that panspermia or even directed panspermia were falsifiable.
I never claimed to know of any. Rather I refer you to the list of objections in your own post and point out that if they prove too intractable or sufficient additions objections arise the RNA World, for instance, would be effectively falsified (or in Lakatos' terms it would become a degenerate research program and eventually abandoned)
And another misreading. In fact I hold that the ability to make historical enquiries is dependent on the availability of evidence
The first objection does not work, If there are ways the effort could usefully be spent there wouldn't be a problem. If there aren't, then there is nothing to spend the effort on. And that is true regardless of whether prior effort has been spent or not,
And I am not making any claims about the existence of research proposals, merely pointing out that the availability of such proposals is a far more important issue than anything you have raised with regard to actually doing research.
Message 14 by Genomicus, posted 03-10-2016 7:06 AM PaulK has responded
Well, not exactly, unless you can provide strong reasons to suspect that the initial "seed" population of microbes would be under strong selective pressure to lose these genes necessary for radiation protection.
On the contrary. Someone who wished to falsify the proposition that FUCA traveled through space, only by referring to evidence that LUCA would not have been able to, must show for certain that the requisite genes could not have lost between FUCA and LUCA --- over a period of time, and under conditions, of which we know nothing. He would have to demonstrate the existence of a strong, indeed inexorable, selective pressure to retain these genes under these unknown circumstances. Which hardly seems likely, since most bacteria don't have them.
This is just the nature of falsification. One requires an experimentum crucis which, if it turns out a given way, will disprove the hypothesis.
Edited by Dr Adequate, : No reason given.
Message 32 by Genomicus, posted 03-13-2016 7:14 AM Dr Adequate has responded
Well panspermia does admittedly remove a lot of steps. But only by leaving them behind on Planet X, where abiogenesis took place ...
Message 33 by Genomicus, posted 03-13-2016 7:18 AM Dr Adequate has not yet responded
Pressie
From: Pretoria, SA
Pressie Posts Only
Genomicus writes:
Indeed, this criterion has been used extensively in the debate over whether intelligent design qualifies as a scientific concept.
Nope. There's no debate at all. Intelligent design is not science. ID is the opposite of science. No debate about that in scientific circles.
Edited by Pressie, : No reason given.
Message 16 by Genomicus, posted 03-10-2016 7:17 AM Pressie has responded
03-10-2016 7:06 AM Reply to: Message 10 by PaulK
Umm, the theory of universal common descent is a fairly broad model, and it's perfectly falsifiable (Karl Popper argued otherwise, but I don't find his argument particularly compelling). Is it your position, then, that the broader a model is, the less falsifiable it needs to be?
This was in regard to explanatory power. Which, in pragmatic terms, means the capability to (1) generate useful, testable predictions, and (2) connect a broad range of seemingly unrelated observations under one explanatory umbrella. So why do you think that models of abiogenesis would outperform panspermia with regards to the above two points?
1. It would not require assumptions; the thesis that panspermia offers more time is tied to the available evidence we have that indicates that there was a relatively large number of already habitable planets at the time of Earth's origin about 4.5 Ga.
2. You are correct in stating that panserpmia adds in the extra step of getting biological life from a putative source to Earth. But then again, many subsets of abiogenesis models invoke an extraterrestrial source for life's putative organic precursor molecules. Further, if the origin of life outside of Earth is much more realistic instead of an origin of life within Earth, then this additional step the panspermia model adds is not unnecessary -- and therefore does not make the panspermia model particularly less parsimonious than the RNA world or metabolism first scenarios.
This doesn't address my argument that conjuring all sorts of speculative panspermia models isn't exactly a fair way to test the falsifiability of actually plausible panspermia hypotheses.
Okay. So you don't know how the RNA world model could be definitively falsified.
(Note: you may wish to add a citation for the specific piece by Lakatos you're referring to)
And another misreading. In fact I hold that the ability to make historical enquiries is dependent on the availability of evidence.
So why is the panspermia hypothesis better at generating evidence of a historical nature in contrast to the RNA world and metabolism first models?
The first objection does not work, If there are ways the effort could usefully be spent there wouldn't be a problem.
That's not necessarily true, though. There can be a priori biases against investigating panspermia based on conformity to scientific orthodoxy.
So what, in your view, is the reason for a lack of panspermia research proposals relative to abiogenesis models?
Message 10 by PaulK, posted 03-09-2016 9:13 AM PaulK has responded
03-10-2016 7:16 AM Reply to: Message 14 by Genomicus
Germonicus writes:
The first forms of life, as we know it, all were forms of prokaryotes. You're most welcome to start digging, instead of writing stuff on the net.
Message 14 by Genomicus, posted 03-10-2016 7:06 AM Genomicus has responded
Message 34 by Genomicus, posted 03-13-2016 7:21 AM Pressie has not yet responded


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Post Malone gifts 10K pairs of his hyped Crocs to healthcare workers
In partnership with Crocs and nonprofit Musicians on Call.
Kurt Krieger - Corbis/Corbis Entertainment/Getty Images
Maya Ernest
Somewhere between the pandemic and the "rigged" election, Crocs unassumingly made their way into mainstream fashion. The rubber slippers slowly amassed an A-list fan club, later collaborating with stars like Justin Bieber and Bad Bunny. No celebrity, however, is a bigger Croc fan than Post Malone, who's now sharing his (Croc) wealth with healthcare professionals.
As a rockstar, Posty is used to long days spent rehearsing or touring. But with the pandemic canceling music events and exhausting healthcare workers' days even more than before, the artist has decided to share some of his comfort. About 10,000 pairs of his "Duet Max Clog II" will be distributed to frontline workers around the country, giving them a little more everyday ease — or cash, should they choose to resell the coveted Crocs.
Charitable Crocs — Other than being the unofficial face of Crocs, Post Malone has another connection here. The artist has been working with nonprofit Musicians on Call (MOC), which brings live and recorded music to the bedside of patients in health care facilities. While it doesn't look like Posty himself will be putting on a show, MOC and the Crocs brand are helping him distribute his custom Crocs.
Brynn Marr Hospital & Musicians On Call
"The stress of the pandemic on staff in all areas of the hospital has been unrelenting and we have been doing what we can to continue bringing them the joy of live music," MOC president and CEO Pete Griffin said in a statement. "We are so grateful to Post Malone and Crocs for joining us in providing even more relief when they need it the most through this generous donation. Thanks to them, caregivers at 70 hospitals nationwide will have the added support of their Crocs to help them through their day."
Host Malone — There's no better Croc collaborator to lead this project. Posty could very well be credited with starting the entire Croc movement. As one of the brand's first VIP collaborators, the artist classified the shoe as an effortless streetstyle staple.
Post Malone x Crocs
The Duet Max Clog II marks Malone's fifth collaboration with the company. Released just last December, the shoes originally ran for $60, and like proceeding pairs, sold out in minutes. Fans couldn't get enough of the unisex clog, featuring a black and pink colorway, chunky outsole, adjustable backstraps, and Post Malone-branded Jibbitz and lanyard clips.
It's unclear if frontline workers will receive Posty's Jibbitz alongside their Crocs, or if they'll have to accessorize with their own. Either way, they've got a powerful shoe on their hands (or rather, feet). The Duet Max Clog II is reselling for up to $200, making it possible for owners to make a profit off of Posty. But whether healthcare workers value the shoe for its comfort or its capital, we hope it brings a little more cushioning to their everyday life. It's well-deserved.


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Top 10 Football Skills Tricks and Who Invented Them
Sam Tighe@@stighefootballTwitter LogoWorld Football Tactics Lead WriterNovember 29, 2011
Football is full of magical moments. The best teams attract the most fans because people want to watch quality football.
There have been some unbelievable players who have graced the game over the years and some have left their mark on the sport by using a signature move.
Many of these tricks are performed by kids as they grow up and eventually professionals in official match ups.
Some are integral to the sport and a player's skill set, but some are just outrageous. Click on the videos to view some of the most iconic moves in the game.
Enjoy the slideshow!
The Maradona
The Maradona Turn is something every young kid practices because it is usable whilst mucking around in the park.
There aren't many opportunities to use this in a game, but it represents one of the most popular moves in the sport.
The video shows a Maradona turn executed perfectly in a high-pressure game situation.
The Cruyff Turn
Pure brilliance!
Every time I try this, I fall over. Standard.
It's tough to perform this without clipping the ball on your standing leg, but with practice it is another move that can be used practically in a match.
The Ronaldinho Gaucho Snake
The snake or 'Elastico' is an incredibly difficult move to pull off. It's perhaps the hardest in football.
A few players may have performed the move before Ronaldinho, such as Rivelino or Zinedine Zidane, but the current Flamengo play-maker has utilised it more than anyone else.
There's no shortage of evidence, as the featured video will offer you plenty of examples. Trying this in a game is bold.
The Ferenc Puskas Pullback
Ferenc Puskas is widely regarded as the best Hungarian ever to play football and he created a move called the "Pullback V" during his time on the pitch.
The move is now commonly used with ease at all levels in association football and has become a must-have asset in a player's game.
The video featured is a tribute to the Real Madrid legend, but skip to 0:40 if you only wish to see the Pullback V in use!
The Juan Roman Riquelme Move
You don't see this move often. Why?
Because it's incredibly difficult to pull off and is only attempted by the most talented of players.
Juan Roman Riquelme was one of the most skilled players ever to have graced the game of football and his technically gifted set of feet dreamt this one up.
Outrageous, isn't it?
The Robinho Pullback
Another difficult one, but doesn't it look easy when Robinho does it?
This move works great in tight spaces, if you've got the balance and agility to match.
The Scissor Kick
The Peruvians, the Chileans, the Brazilians and the Italians all lay a claim to it.
Pele was the most famous player to use it and made the world sit up and notice the move.
It is one of the most difficult things to do in football considering you're off balance and upside down.
The video shows David Villa executing a bit of an acrobatic beauty for former club Valencia.
Jay-Jay Okocha and the Rainbow
There is some confusion over the inventor of the rainbow, but Jay-Jay Okocha certainly established it in competitive football.
The featured video shows Okocha performing the rainbow early on. It also shows him performing some of the other skills mentioned in this article, so it's worth a watch.
I whole-heartedly apologise for the horrendous music the uploader chose to accompany this footage.
The Step-over
Who invented the step-over?
I'm tempted to say Francesco Totti, but I'm not sure.
If anyone has perfected the over-use of step-overs, it would be Cristiano Ronaldo or Robinho.
The video shows how to confuse both the opponent and the spectator with quick feet.
Kerlon and the Seal Dribble
Not fully endorsed yet, but not exactly un-attempted, is the seal dribble.
Pretty much the sole reason Internazionale signed him, Kerlon was able to run for several yards whilst balancing the ball on his forehead, softly heading it to himself.
It got so frustrating that eventually people just started elbowing him in the head. Poor guy.
Share your thoughts and experiences with these tricks and others I may have missed.
I couldn't find any good footage of the classic Stanley Matthews cut and it's quite similar to the Elastico by Ronaldinho so it wasn't included on the list.
Follow me on twitter! @stighefootball


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10 May, 2019 - 16:57 Ed Whelan
Enchanting Hidden 'Sphinx' Chamber Discovered At Nero's Golden Palace
Rome continues to be a rich source of archaeological discoveries. Archaeologists have just announced the discovery of a spectacular underground chamber that was once part of the Domus Aurea palace built by the notorious Emperor Nero. The 2000 year-old room is expected to help experts to better understand the Domus Aurea that once dominated the heart of the city when it was at the zenith of its power, as well as the art of the period.
Restoration project uncovers room by chance after 2000 years
The find was made by Italian archaeologists who were working at the Colosseum archaeological park. This is a heritage park in the heart of the ancient city that contains some of the most famous Roman remains such as the Colosseum, the site of gladiatorial games . There is also the Arch of Constantine and the Forum, at the site.
The experts were working on a restoration project chanced upon the chamber when they spotted an opening in the wall. To their amazement, they had stumbled upon a 15 feet (5 m) high underground chamber. The long-forgotten room, which was built in a barrel vault design with an arched roof, was once connected to the massive Domus Aurea.
The underground chamber has an arched roof and is highly decorated. ( Ufficio Stampa Parco Archeologico del Colosseo )
Nero's Domus Aurea
This was a vast palace that was built by the depraved Emperor Nero (37-68 AD) who killed his mother and many others. It was built in the aftermath of the great fire of 64 AD, that some at the time believe was deliberately set by the Emperor .
The Domus Aurea was the largest palace ever seen in the city and allegedly had revolving dining rooms and extensive gardens. The palace was adorned with statues and works of art and it became known as the 'Golden House'.
After the fall of Nero in 68 AD the palace was partially demolished, and it was later built over by Trajan and remained concealed until it was re-discovered by archaeologists.
Roman frescoes
The underground chamber was 'decorated with colorful animal frescoes' according to the Independent. Among the paintings on the walls were those of panthers and birds. In one fresco a panther is shown attacking an armed man, and this may be a depiction from the Roman Games when men regularly fought wild animals.
Fresco of an armed man being attacked by a panther. (Ufficio Stampa Parco Archeologico del Colosseo )
The Independent also reports that the 'frescoes also feature garlands of flowers, leaves and fruit in line with architectural motifs of the time'. Many of these frescoes are similar to the style of painting found at Pompeii.
In particular, there are many mythological images painted on the walls. There are many vivid images of centaurs, who are shown as armed. There are also representations of mythical sea creatures . One fresco shows a full-length portrait of the rural god, Pan. All of the images are remarkably well-preserved and their original colors are still vivid and bright.
Steamy Fresco Discovered In Pompeii Bedroom Depicts The Seduction Of Queen Leda By A Swan
Ancient Roman Tunnel from Gladiator Training School to Colosseum set to be Revived
Ruthless Rulers Did Dark Deeds Right From the Founding of Rome
Armed centaur fresco. (Ufficio Stampa Parco Archeologico del Colosseo )
The chamber has one particularly fine example of a Sphinx, in a crouching position. This was the winged mythical beast that was very popular in classical art. This image so impressed the restoration team that they agreed to call the chamber the 'Sphinx Room'.
Immense artistic and archaeological value
The Telegraph quotes Prof. Alfonsina Russo, the director of the archaeological park as stating that the room has "immense artistic and archaeological value". The frescoes were probably painted by local master craftsmen. According to Alessandro D'Alessio, curator of the Domus Aurea, the frescoes "were probably painted by imperial Roman craftsmen between 65 AD and 68 AD", reports the Telegraph.
Much of the chamber is still concealed by dirt and debris and it appears that the chamber was deliberately filled in at one point and this helped to preserve the paintings. There are hopes that the chamber can be cleaned and fully restored within twelve months. However, more work may not be possible because it may destabilize the site and the palace.
The room of the Sphinx is providing new insights into the famous Domus Aurea of Nero. The frescoes found are masterpieces of Roman art and the chamber once restored will undoubtedly become a major tourist attraction. There are almost certainly more masterpieces of Roman art to be found here and the room may even reveal more about the reign of Nero, once the chamber has been stabilized.
Top image: Underground chamber at Nero's Palace dubbed 'Sphinx Room' Source: Ufficio Stampa Parco Archeologico del Colosseo
By Ed Whelan
Ed Whelan
My name is Edward Whelan and I am from Limerick in the Republic of Ireland. I have a lifelong love of history and have been fascinated by the subject from an early age. I attended the University of Maynooth 2003-2008... Read More
23 August, 2018 - 18:50 ashley cowie
Priapus Fresco Tips the Scales in Pompeii
An archaeological dig at a prestigious residence on the slopes of Regio V, overlooking Via del Vesuvio in Pompeii , has unearthed "in elegantly decorated rooms" a fresco of Priapus, a god of Graeco-...
Read more about Priapus Fresco Tips the Scales in Pompeii
6 August, 2018 - 22:51 Ed Whelan
House of Visual Delights Discovered in Pompeii
The director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park, Massimo Osanna has announced another momentous discovery at the ruined city. Archaeologists have unearthed a house that belonged to a member of the...
Read more about House of Visual Delights Discovered in Pompeii
Race to Recover Elaborate Ancient Roman Mosaics Unearthed in France
A team of archaeologists has recently discovered the ruins of an opulent 5th-century Roman palace in Auch, a commune in southwestern France. The team claims to be eager to excavate the site as they...
Read more about Race to Recover Elaborate Ancient Roman Mosaics Unearthed in France


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Jenny Lynn Larocque was last seen on September 27 in Williams Lake, but her dog and vehicle were found near Ashcroft earlier this week. Photo: Prince George RCMP.
Search ramps up for B.C. woman after dog, car found near Ashcroft
Jenny Lynn Larocque's vehicle and dog were found in Venables Valley, but there is no sign of her
Barbara Roden
Oct. 21, 2017 12:00 p.m.
The search for a missing Prince George woman is centred in the area around Ashcroft, after the woman's car and dog were found in the Venables Valley area south of town earlier this week.
About 50 search and rescue members from across the province are looking for Jenny Lynn Larocque, 61, was last seen in Williams Lake on Sept. 27.
She was believed to be travelling south to visit relatives in Hope or Chilliwack. Laroque was reported missing on Oct. 3.
On Oct. 15, Prince George RCMP were notified that Larocque's Great Dane/Brindle Mastiff dog had been located in the Venables Valley area. The dog had suffered minor injuries, but otherwise was in good health.
On Monday, Oct. 16 an RCMP Air Services helicopter and a Police Dog Service Team attended the area and began a search with the assistance of Kamloops Search and Rescue (KSAR).
Larocque's vehicle, a dark blue 2014 Jeep Compass, was located later that day, stuck on a rural road, but Larocque was not located.
READ MORE: Search for missing B.C. man a race against winter weather
READ MORE: Searchers from across BC seek Frances Brown north of Smithers
KSAR, as well as other search and rescue teams from the region, are continuing the search for the missing woman.
Alan Hobler, manager of KSAR, says that they have put the call out to every search and rescue team in the area, and will probably expand the call to the south coast and the Lower Mainland.
Hobler explains that they cannot use non-trained volunteers in the search because of the challenging terrain and hard-to-access areas in the region being searched.
"We're going to have a lot of resources out there. We have a drone out, the RCMP is probably going to be out, we have the big search and rescue helicopter from Vernon out as well, and we're going to be using their heli-winch operation to get searchers into the locations where we want them searching."
Larocque is described as a Caucasian female, 5'3", about 99 lbs., with green eyes and brown hair.
Anyone with information about Larocque or where she might be is asked to contact the Ashcroft RCMP at 250-453-2216, Prince George RCMP at 250-561-3300, or Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-8477 or online at www.pgcrimestoppers.bc.ca.
Regional district and city hoping to curb bad recycling behaviours
COLUMN: Just because you're stupid doesn't mean you're stupid


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Federico Barba (Roma, Italia, 1 de septiembre de 1993) es un futbolista italiano que juega como defensa en el Pisa S. C. de la Serie B.

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HOME > OUR WORK > PRIORITIES > ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Mobilizing Africa's unemployed and underemployed youth is the key to the continent's economic growth and stability. AYM works to mobilize marginalized youth through education, training, and employment and creates entrepreneurial opportunities to help move communities away from poverty, disease, and hunger. AYM aims to establish personal empowerment and community resilience by energizing the continent's youth population, its most critical resource in the reversal of social and economic stagnation.
Our mission is to educate and employ youth in agribusiness, ecotourism, technology, and the creative arts to energize the continent's youth to promote food security, health, literacy, infrastructure, as well as social and political stability.
At the end of the day, our impact must be the number of young people with gainful employment through AYM's program designs and implementation as well as the number of ongoing businesses established for or by the youth in the communities where we operate.
Bonthe District Youth Vegetable Team in Jong Chiefdom.
Entrepreneurship is at the core of AYM Program Design. The organization will always seek financial support from well-wishers and donors. But, its future as an economic institution for the social good, lies in a solid business plan that would generate continuous funding from multiple sources to keep its programs viable and sustainable.
To achieve this goal, the organization's flagship priority is the AYM Social Enterprise and Business Incubator Center in Mattru Jong, Sierra Leone. The center serves as a model for educating youth about business concepts and creating employment in the community for possible replication in other areas in Africa.
The AYM Social Enterprise and Business Incubator Center generates its own funding through the micro businesses that we operate such as the 24-hour cell phone charging services, sale of cold soft drinks and water, motorcycle and vehicle battery charging and internet services. It is the only venue in the entire Bonthe District with 24/7 electricity using solar, wind and diesel. We are currently in the final stages of planning the implementation of satellite internet to replace cellular internet. This will greatly enhance our technology program and enable further ITC training for our youth.
There are currently, 7 full-time employed youths at the Social Enterprise Center as follows: 1 Site Manager, 2 Loss Prevention Specialists, 3 Customer Service Specialists and 1 Community Liaison Officer complemented by 250 trained youth volunteers awaiting job placements. Salaries for the employed youths are derived from the business activities at the Enterprise Center. The success of this project will be determined by AYM-SL employing and adding to its salaried roster 25 more youths by the end of December, 2014; 50 by July 2015 and, 40 by the end of December 2015 for a total payroll of 122 youths by the end of December 2015. Employment and vigorous cross training will be the hallmark of AYM's youth recruitment and retention processes in the job programs.
AYM Sierra Leone Social Enterprise Center and Business Incubator.
According to the United Nations, here are the hard facts on Sierra Leone:
60 percent of young women and men between the ages of 14 to 35 are unemployed, which is among the highest in West Africa.
Sierra Leone's youth are living on less than US $2 per day.
80 percent of the country's youth population is unable to earn enough to lift themselves and their families above the US$2 per day poverty level.
Less than 50 percent of young workers in Sierra Leone receive payment for their labor, compared with two-thirds of adults. In addition, most private companies pay between US$30 to 37 per month as a basic salary, reaching US$58 to 70 at the top supervisory levels.
Women are particularly vulnerable when it comes to education and job opportunities.
9.5 percent of adult women have reached a secondary or higher level of education, compared with 20.4 percent of their male counterparts. Only five percent of them participate in wage employment.
Half of urbanized youth lack professional skills
Self-employment is the major means of livelihood for the youth population
Twenty First Century African Youth Movement (AYM) partners with a diverse network of global volunteers to build effective youth employment programs to address Africa's unemployed youth. The volunteers bring a wide range of both professional and social experiences to the organization making AYM multi-cultural. We are always on the lookout to join forces with like-minded organizations and individuals to maximize our positive momentum. Join us.
— Og Mandino
"The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have."
— Vince Lombard
"When you come to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on."
— Franklin D. Roosevelt
"Put your heart, mind, and soul into even your smallest acts. This is the secret of success."
— Swami Sivananda
"The pain you feel today is the strength you feel tomorrow. For every challenge encountered there is opportunity for growth."
"The only journey is the one within."
— Rainer Maria Rilke
"I hated every minute of training, but I said, 'Don't quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion."
— Muhammad Ali
"If you don't make the time to work on creating the life you want, you're eventually going to be forced to spend a lot of time dealing with a life you don't want."
— Kevin Ngo
"I am thankful for all of those who said no to me. It's because of them I'm doing it myself."
"Life is what we make it. Always has been. Always will be."
— Grandma Moses
African Youth Movement
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Copyright © 2018, Twenty-First Century African Youth Movement (AYM), Inc., USA. All rights reserved. Developed by Virtual Diplomats
AYM is a 501(C)(3) Nonprofit Organization, EIN 39-1742519. Our mission is to Create Jobs and Employment for Youths in Africa!


The ALI CERTIFIED Atlas 18,000 lb capacity heavy duty two post lift meets the highest European and American Lift Institute standards.
This electro-hydraulic lift features the finest design, engineering, and manufacturing that has made the Atlas brand a globaly recognized stamp of quality. Includes safety lowering valve, mechanical safety latch, synchronization cables, and high quality steel to ensure a safe and powerful lift system. Arms, adapters, and carriages are usually the first components to show excessive signs of wear on a low quality lift. Atlas takes important steps to ensure that our components stay working correctly and safely for years to come.
Concrete Requirement 6" with 3000 psi.


This revision of a widely popular handbook offers practical strategies mentors can put to use easily and effectively "as is," or tailored to their own particular situations. It begins by defining "mentor" and reviewing the current research. The next chapters provide practical overviews of observation techniques, examples of how each technique could be used, vignettes of the technique in action, questions to encourage collaborative reflection, and "Toolbox Tips" to offer strategies. Following are chapters addressing the link to standards, professional development and several mentoring "points of view." The last chapter summarizes mentoring and offers a calendar of possible topics.
Teacher's edition of language arts textbook.
Many higher education organizations are pressing ahead with the development of online education programs and, in so doing, are confronted with the multiple challenges of a new paradigm for course design, operations management, student and faculty support, and the measurement of learning outcomes. At the same time, a few universities offering Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are stealing the headlines. MOOCs may seem attractive and certainly are sensational, but they do not in and of themselves offer a practical foundation or business model for the provisioning of asynchronous learning experiences within a higher education setting. As a more measured starting point, this volume serves as a practicum for those who wish to develop a viable online program within their own institutions.
Through a comprehensive collection of articles and case studies, The Online University provides a hands-on approach to the design, development, deployment, and management of higher education online course offerings. The volume begins with a series of chapters devoted to the online educational process. The technique section that follows drills down on a variety of core practices, including course design and construction, assessment, and teacher/student interaction. In so doing, Dr. Richard M. Kesner, an executive professor of MIS at Northeastern University, has brought together an accomplished team of online learning practitioners who share with the reader what they have learned and done. Those who are already involved in online education will find this volume useful in providing them with new ideas about how to extend and improve their current efforts. For those who are just engaging with the subject of online learning for the first time, this volume will offer a solid foundation of guidance, practical examples, and seasoned experience to draw upon as they move forward.
A volume in the series: Adult Education Special Topics, Research & Practice in Lifelong Learning, Series Editor: Kathleen P. King Women's lives are often written on our bodies. Yet very little is made of the impacts of embodiment for women in literacy education, both learners and professionals. This volume presents the writings of 26 contributors-teachers, students, and administrators-who examine the rich terrain of personal and professional experiences related to whole person engagement in learning and teaching. These writings provide a compass to guide readers through the bodily landscapes, mindful flights, willful spirits, and emotional embraces. Written with the same desire to open minds, hearts and practices to new understanding, this book builds on the successful style of Empowering Women through Literacy (2009). This new volume appeals to all readers, as the essays, poems, and investigations woven through its pages challenge us to consider the emBODYment of women's learning. Join us on the journey as we travel across many arenas and discover significant ways to comprehend and support best practices in teaching and learning, especially for women.


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Senators clash over coronavirus mask protocol: 'There clearly isn't much interest in this body in public health'
By Shannon Larson Globe Staff,Updated November 17, 2020, 7:14 a.m.
Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown on the Senate floor on Monday evening.CSPAN
In an exchange that went viral Monday night, Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown took to the Senate floor, with his opening remark being not a political statement, but a request asked of his colleague, Alaska Senator Dan Sullivan. "I'd start by asking the presiding officer to please wear a mask as he speaks."
Brown, a Democrat, acknowledged that he didn't have the power to tell his Republican colleague "what to do" in regard to adhering to the coronavirus safety measure before he was interrupted by Sullivan.
"I don't wear a mask when I'm speaking like most senators," Sullivan tersely responded. "I don't need your instruction."
The rift, emblematic of the nation's deep divides over how to best respond to the coronavirus pandemic — even as cases surge at alarming rates nationwide — continued, with Brown offering a bleak assessment of the overall situation.
"I know you don't need my instruction, but there clearly isn't much interest in this body in public health," Brown retorted.
Brown continued, taking aim at President Trump's response to the public health crisis and the actions of GOP senators.
.@SenSherrodBrown: "I'd start by asking the presiding officer to please wear a mask as he speaks..."@SenDanSullivan: "I don't wear a mask when I'm speaking, like most Senators...I don't need your instruction." pic.twitter.com/WQH04hCD53
— CSPAN (@cspan) November 17, 2020
"We have a president who hasn't shown up at the coronavirus task force meeting in months," Brown said. "We have a majority leader [Kentucky Senator Mitch McConnell] that calls us back here to vote on an unqualified nominee. And at the same time, to vote for judge after judge after judge, exposing all the people who can't say anything, I understand, the people in front of you and the presiding officer and expose all the staff here."
At least one person is shown in the clip standing in front of Sullivan's chair during the incident.
Brown added: "The majority leader just doesn't seem to care."
Admiral Brett Giroir, a physician and member of the White House coronavirus task force, confirmed reports that Trump had not attended a meeting in at least five months while appearing on ABC's "This Week" Sunday, saying "that's true."
"I'm not concerned that the president doesn't attend — the vice president is there," he said.
JUST IN: Adm. Brett Giroir confirms Washington Post report that Pres. Trump has not attended a coronavirus task force meeting in at least five months, saying "that's true."
"I'm not concerned that the president doesn't attend—the vice president is there" https://t.co/n1MpoXGwpW pic.twitter.com/FkWhBBTZJY
— This Week (@ThisWeekABC) November 15, 2020
President-elect Joe Biden Monday warned of dire consequences if President Trump and his administration continue to delay a peaceful transfer of power. The White House has refused to coordinate with Biden and his transition team on the coronavirus pandemic, and have blocked the incoming president from attending briefings on national security issues and vaccine plans.
"More people may die if we don't coordinate," Biden said during a news conference in Wilmington, Delaware.
While speaking on the floor, Brown addressed the results of the presidential election.
"The American people sent a clear message in this election. They voted for stability," Brown said. "They rejected an administration that has failed them in the middle of a public health crisis and an economic crisis. People want a government that works for them and is on their side."
Biden has already assembled a coronavirus task force made up of physicians and health experts, and he outlined his plan to ease economic inequity amid the pandemic Monday.
Mask-wearing orders have been a divisive issue throughout the pandemic. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently said in a scientific brief that a cloth mask may also protect the individual wearing it, and not just those around them. And the nation's top infectious disease expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci, has also said that a lockdown can be prevented if people double down on both social distancing and wearing masks.
Shannon Larson can be reached at shannon.larson@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @shannonlarson98.


Google is the most important tech companies in the world, depending on who you ask.
Between YouTube, Google search and Gmail, the Mountain View, Calif.-based company created, owns and operates much of what we have come to expect from the use of the Internet. Influence of the company is so great that the name is a verb – "Could you googled a good restaurant for tonight, honey"And that's why it's such a huge big deal that Google pushes into virtual reality with one of its most important services: YouTube.
The company said participants in the annual I / O developer conference on Thursday that the public could 360 degree upload videos to YouTube from this summer. In addition, a VR-ready version of YouTube will be in the not too distant future in app form.
Setting clear: the world's most popular video platform will move into virtual reality.
This is a much more important reason to move than any of the video game and film applications that we've seen so far for VR, and the reasons should be clear: cat videos.
That's no joke. People are much more interested in watching cat videos – and other stuff on YouTube – as they are still in the most popular video games.
For comparison, extremely popular (and free) game "League of Legends" has some 27 million players. YouTube has "over 1 billion" users.
Joking aside, imagine: you buy an inexpensive 360-degree video camera, warm family memories with him you take those moments to private YouTube account your family share. Watching the videos is like it all over again. And not just in a nostalgic way; with 360 degree video and a VR headset, you're there.
With Google's "Jump" system, that's all possible. "Jump" is the initiative Google has visible today offers a turnkey solution for turning 360 degree video on YouTube material. Think of it this way: there is an easy way for complex video easily be turned and distributed, for playback on VR headsets. There is a standardization for the filming, distribution and display 360 degree video.
Sounds boring, right? It is! It's the boring details behind a massively important initiative of one of the – if not "the" – the most important tech companies in the world.No VR headsets to buy now. You could build a version of Google's board headset, or buy one of the many versions of it on Amazon from other manufacturers. But that's not the point.
In the next 12 months, a variety of VR headsets will launch from different companies. The "killer application" is not a dogfighting space shooter for the mainstream, and it will not be a puzzle game. There will be applications such as YouTube and Netflix.Google has been working on this future, and that's huge.