Pushing conventions, breaking communication barriers and bridging connectivity – these are the building blocks of leading mobile technology enabler, MACROKIOSK. These core elements may just as easily describe their new Kuala Lumpur workspace, which is fondly referred to as The Space and accommodates a 170-strong team - and counting - since 2014.
Housed on the entire third floor of Tower B at The Troika KLCC, a multiple award-winning development by world-renowned architecture firm Foster + Partners, The Space appears to possess the innate design language very much similar to the building in which it resides – a part coincidental and part deliberate measure that bodes well for the entire look and feel of The Space.
The Space is built upon the five elements that governs the business model of MACROKIOSK – functional, engaging, collaborative, creative and innovative – where the essence of powering connectivity is interwoven into its design approach. Spearheaded by MACROKIOSK's internal workspace design team in collaboration with a local interior design and built company, The Space is a continuity of a branding exercise to streamline the workspace design concept of each and every one of MACROKIOSK's 13 offices.
To get a full grasp of the entire workspace, one must first have a basic understanding of the building's design itself. The Troika KLCC comprises a twisting geometry of three towers that combine residential, offices and retail within a single development. The unique structural system that supports stacked blocks offers an optimized view of the surrounding city skyline, whereas a verdant central courtyard lies in the belly of the development.
The atypical structure results in an unconventional horseshoe or U-shaped layout that highlights the span of MACROKIOSK's 18,000 square feet workspace, which is filled with uncommon room shapes and awkward corners that are cleverly transformed into functional spaces. Thanks to the circular design of the building, there is something different to refresh the visual palate at every turn and corner.
The building's facade bears a distinct characteristic and decidedly monochromatic palette that are seamlessly integrated into The Space, the latter which is coincidentally similar to MACROKIOSK's official theme color of gray, black and white. This striking triptych lends a stylish and high-tech look and feel to The Space, while highlighting MACROKIOSK's commitment in technological investment and a corporate culture that centres on transparency.
Upon exiting from the elevators, one steps directly into The Space's private lobby and is greeted by a massive web of steel sculpture – meticulously handcrafted and installed by a local sculptor – that becomes a backdrop to the company's signage.
The private lobby marks the beginning of a series of common areas identified as EtC, which stands for Engagement & Collaboration that also comprises a reception lounge and three enclosed breakout spaces named "A", "B" and "C". The pathway leading towards other parts of the EtC are flanked by walls that depict the identity of MACROKIOSK as a trailblazer and indicate its strong presence in 13 countries / regions.
One arrives next at the SPACEBAR, an ingenious name taken after the horizontal bar on a keyboard, which is essentially a fully-functional bar that provides all-day free food and beverages with a selection of breakfast and afternoon tea served daily. Situated at the opposite end of the SPACEBAR is The Garage, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the stereotypical beginnings of many successful IT companies. Equipped with custom-made steel gates and audio visual facilities, The Garage is generally used for training and doubles as an extended space from the Grey Area for having meals or working. Occasionally, The Garage is used to host engagements such as movie nights.
Here at The Garage, one is given a first glimpse into the lush central courtyard that grants a different ambiance depending on the time of the day. Through the large glass windows, one is also offered a vantage point of The Space right up to the far end of the circular layout which indicates the 192-metre mark from the main entrance.
EtC extends to three additional enclosed breakout spaces "X", "Y" and "Z" followed by the The Stage, the single largest enclosed space where anyone who uses it is required to perform. These functional spaces are linked by an open space named AREA 31 that caters to town hall meetings, parties and launches.
Beyond this point is where the official workspaces begin. Individual workstations are meticulously planned around an open spatial layout occupied by 120-degree work desks for optimized comfort and efficiency. Each of the 10 rooms for the management is uniquely angled and no two spaces are symmetrical in the entire workspace. Breakout pods that are segregated with brightly coloured carpets and seats are planned around the space as open meeting areas. Also available is a dedicated bicycle parking post, which makes cycling to work a viable option for the cycling enthusiast.
Tucked into a corner are two purpose-built rooms, Outpost and The Den. The former serves as a video and teleconferencing room in the likes of a military command post and the latter is designed as a cozy enclave for quiet repose, brainstorming or even catching a power nap in one of the swivel nap pods.
Moving along The Space, one would pass through The Bridge, which offers plenty of breakout spaces including a patio illuminated by ample natural lighting and comes with artificial grass, ledges with high stools and even a bespoke MACROKIOSK version of a phone booth for making and receiving phone calls in privacy. The novelty of The Bridge is complemented with a solitary piece of wood, which once belonged to an old bridge in an indigenous village, along with numerous object d'arts that feature as focal points on the walls. Across The Bridge are more workspaces, breakout pods and a chair-less enclosed breakout space for quick huddles.
Reflecting MACROKIOSK's propensity for embracing efficiency and sustainability in its business practices, every area in The Space's layout is positioned to leverage on the expansive glass windows for natural lighting to enhance visibility while reducing energy consumption. In addition, the workspace uses zero-VOC paints, flooring made of recycled materials, low voltage lighting and an air-conditioning system that runs on chilled water. MACROKIOSK's investment into The Space's IT infrastructure is ahead of the curve with CAT6 network cabling at its core alongside redundant power and bandwidth supplies. The Space also houses a 24/7 support operation centre and an off-site data centre aptly named "TEXT LAB" in addition to MACROKIOSK's main data centre located in Cyberjaya.
Upon reaching this point, one would have walked 192 meters from the entrance, as indicated on the wall. From here, one can either visually indulge in the tranquil ambiance of the courtyard, or trek 192 meters back to where you started and have your journey around The Space come full circle.
There are job openings across all our offices. Find out more here.


Seismo-lineament analysis of selected earthquakes in the Tahoe-Truckee area, California and Nevada.
Focal mechanism solutions from 29 M≥3 earthquakes recorded between 1966 and late 2009 in the Tahoe-Truckee area, California and Nevada, were used to establish a preliminary spatial correlation between these earthquakes and faults. In previous studies, only the 1966 Truckee earthquake (M 6) had been correlated with a fault: the Dog Valley fault. The most recent events on other Quaternary faults in the area were previously attributed to the mid-Holocene to Pleistocene. In this study, preliminary spatial correlation has been described between one or more earthquakes and the Dog Valley fault zone, Polaris fault, West Tahoe fault, North Tahoe fault, Incline Village fault and the hypothetical Agate Bay fault. Two additional trends are defined by seismo-lineaments and geomorphic indicators of possible faulting, and might encompass previously unrecognized seismogenic faults. This area is subject to earthquakes on north-striking east-dipping normal faults, northwest-striking dextral faults and their conjugates -- northeast-striking sinistral faults.


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Home Religion
Oluwo's 'expensive' royal wedding and a future foretold
in Religion
By Busuyi Mekusi
Existing historiographies are very informatively unequivocal about the various pathways humanity has travelled in the course of evolution and civilization. As times and seasons eclipse, different notable changes get added to ways and manners respective societies carry themselves, and structure their norms, modes, cultures and traditions. One of the human tropes that have been subjected to variations and moderations, overtime, is marriage. The traditional institution in Yorubaland has witnessed many colourations, with the occupation of the stool politicised beyond democratisation, and monetised far above the place of divinity. This is not to suggest that the traditional method of selecting a king was insulated from manipulations. However, just like the bastardisation witnessed in Nigerian variant of constitutional democracy, Ifa is now made to 'play-sing' the tunes dictated by pound sterling or dollar. With the new characterisations of royal personages, the recent intention of the Oluwo of Iwo to marry a Princess from the Ado Bayero dynasty is definitely more than a royal handshake.
Marriage remains the union of any two people, to the exclusion of all others, in the real sense of the word, but most African traditional societies allowed men to practice polygamy, with the man privileged to marry more than one wife. Also, concubines line the sideways, depending on socio-political and economic buoyancies of the beneficiary. Kings are believed to have the licence to marry as many wives as possible, as part of the enrichment of the palace, or mere fulfilment of emotional desires. The Alaafin of Oyo is still an 'old striker', and the Ooni of Ife is youthfully 'yarning' in the palace. This is not to say that some women, in such a dispensation, are insulated from flirtatious relationships and multiplicity of sexual escapades. For this reason, some women would get a man, other than their husbands, to father children through them, while under the roof of their husbands. The 21st century liberalisation of spaces has increased the tendency of complicated paternity, with DNA being the most reliable evaluative instrument to determine where one really stands in terms of legitimacy.
The instructive and impactful influence of parents on who their children and wards should marry was almost non-negotiable in pre-western civilization in a country like Nigeria. This parental control was enormously absolute that recommendations on whom a child would marry were done independent of the suitors, even in cases where they would not have met before. In most cases, and beyond any consideration given to the interest of the players, women were then betrothed for the purpose of economic survival and socio-political placement of the parents, just like what Ananse does with Anansewa in Efua Sutherland's The Marriage of Anansewa. Often times, commoditised women live within their forced marital spaces as conquered slaves and pawned servants. It must be stated, very clearly, however, that the right to choose presented by the new regime is relatively more complicating, as separation and divorce are now alternatives desired.
With the Bible remaining one of the reliable explanations that tend to help unmask the 'myths' about human evolution, the templates established for marriage at the very beginning emphasised marriages between people with filial relationships, as restrictions were placed on marriages with people outside a definable family or clannish nucleus. Specifically, In Genesis 24, Abraham put his eldest servant on oath not to take a wife for his son, Isaac, from the daughters of Canaanites, where he dwelt, but that he would go to his country and kindred instead. Isaac repeated this format in Genesis 28, when he charged his son, Jacob, not to take a wife from Canaan, but that he must go marry one of the daughters of Laban, his mother's brother and uncle. The identifications and distinctions both Abraham and Isaac embarked on are indicative of the changes that have occurred in the process of individual and group engagements, associations, and orientations, and would ordinarily be redundant when viewed against the backdrop that the human race, as enunciated in the Bible, started with the commonality of Adam and Eve.
As human beings continue to move away from the 'centre' of human evolution, particularly in quest for spatial control and ownership, achieved more by aggressions and usurpation, the old thin socio-cultural and economic lines get widened by the desperation pushed by exclusiveness and bifurcation. For every 'we' there is an 'other'/'them' that must be disadvantaged or overridden for the purpose of massaging the egos of the seemingly advantageous. The 'others' created by indices such as religion, capitalism, etc., are at daggers-drawn, with a firm hold on the jugular of the patently vulnerable 'we'.
Movements across borders for the purpose of the Atlantic Slave Trade, explorative voyages by Europeans, missionary ventures by Arabic and Christian groups from one location to another raised new frontiers and created new hiccups. These movements were not excluding of intra dealings in a country like Nigeria, where tribal wars and family dissents got some to migrate to new spaces, for self actualisation. The notable history of the Fulani is central to contemporary engagements in Nigeria, as it borders on politico-economic factors and influence. The Fulani are believed, according to Britannica, to be "a people of obscure origins" whose expansion started in Senegal in the 14th century, through Macina in the 16th century, and settlement in Adamawa (northern Cameroon) in the 19th century.
Their pastoral life took Usman dan Fodio in the 1790s to the northeast of Sokoto where he quarrelled and rebelled against the Hausa kings who he accused of being a little more than pagans. With support from Hausa commoners and Fulani pastoralists, he waged the Jihad (holy war) through Hausaland, Nupe and Yorubaland to the south, with the northern part of Oyo invasion signalling the usage of the emirate of Ilorin in the northeast as the base for the spread of Islam among the Yoruba. Successively, the recession of this empire aided the commencement of British control in the late 19th century of what was later designated as Northern Nigeria. The dispersal of the Fulani across West Africa remains a boil on the buttock.
The half-castes that the sexual intercourse between whites and blacks in America and South Africa raised are predominantly staging a revolt against hypocritical preservation of whiteness. One is not left in doubt of the ascendancy to political placements that marriage and birth could offer elements outside to a preserved throne or office. As the Buckingham Palace continues to struggle with the invasions of royalty, as it relates to King Edward VIII and a divorced American woman, Diana and Prince Charles (James Gilbey), Prince Andrew who was stripped of his royal patronage, and recently Prince Harry and Duchess Meghan, the presidency of Barak Obama, and Vice Presidential position of Kamala Harris are pointers to how cross-racial marriages could cede political positions to formerly racially excluded individuals or their offspring.
Oba Abdul-Rasheed Adewale Akanbi, the Oluwo of Iwo, has been in the news a couple of times for the not-so-pleasant reasons. Apart from his uncommon approach to the stool in terms of being just himself, a youth full with exuberances, he has also cut a niche for himself by openly associating with the Fulani/Hausa northerners, amidst the volatility precipitated by alleged Fulani killer-herders that are believed to be behind most of the maiming, kidnapping and killings in south-western Nigeria, that led most states in the region to ban open grazing and emplace the Amotekun Corps as complementary outfit to wrestle criminality down in the region. Oba Akanbi had said he adopted the title of Emir, which he claimed was an Arabic equivalence of English king, as a metaphor, to deride the disunity among Yoruba Council of Obas, as against the bond he said existed among northern Emirs, stressing the need to change the past for a better present and future. The Oba has also complemented his decision with the adorning of the Turban and flowing robe as well as the South-Eastern Igwe attire at different times.
Beyond the request of expensive expenditure support of N20, 000.000.00 (twenty million) naira only made by Oba Akanbi to the Governor of Osun State, who is struggling to lift the people out of poverty, his decision to have children through a Kano emirate princess is an abridgment of the trajectories leading to the ascendancy of the Fulani to the royal stool of Iwo, which could not be achieved through the brutalisation of either Jihad or killer-herders. Either we like it or not, cultural dynamism is taking its tolls on traditional institution in Yorubaland, as seen in the open Islamic burials given recently to the Soun of Ogbomoso and the Olubadan of Ibadan. Definitely, Oluwo's decisions are a future foretold!
Social Data For Ondo
LG boss moves to boost Council's IGR
LG boss moves to boost Council's IGR
Ace photojournalist, Remi Aye, laid to rest

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Q: PLSS shapefiles - alternative to geocommunicator.gov? The BLM's website geocommunicator.gov is down and I'm wondering if anyone knows of a second source for PLSS shapefiles.

A: The state BLM office pages often have a version of the data. Colorado for example. However I've found that version may or may not match the one on Geocommunicator - as the data stewards the state version may be more up to date / recently revised (and I've seen the reverse too, where the communicator version was more recent than the state's). This page lists some of the offices, but note the links aren't all current/working (the Colorado one went to a broken GCDB page). It might be faster to just Google "[your state] blm gis data".
This assumes you specifically want the CadNSDI shapefiles, and all the details and attributes that go with them. If you just want a township/section grid, http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/ has that data at the county level (as in, even if you get it by state, you'll still get one file for each county). If you're only looking for one county, county websites/GIS department downloads sometimes provide township and or section level data. I can't recall seeing any source other than CadNSDI that had sub-section level data though.

A: Like Chris W mentioned,  http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/, is another resource option for PLSS data. IIRR NRCS pulls a copy from Geocommunicator/BLM, stores and distributes it through the datagateway.
Couple things to note, on the datagateway main page, don't use the PLSS download link to the left under browse by subject. It's take you to the geocommunicator page.
Rather, click on the green order button. Go through the various menus to order the data.
The public doesn't need a log in for some of the data housed there. PLSS being one of them.

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'The Sopranos' Is Coming Back, and So Is Its Famous Strip Club
The club that housed the Bada Bing is back in business.
by Alex Norcia
The Satin Dolls club. Photo via AP Photo/Tim Larsen
The great state of New Jersey is having a resurgence. First, it got rid of Chris Christie and voted in the billionaire Democrat who's promised to legalize weed as quickly as possible. Then, a few months ago, we learned that the cast of Jersey Shore (well, most of them) would be taking a family vacation to Miami, after years of depriving us of their drunken antics. Next, we found out that there's going to be a Sopranos prequel. (My dad, for one, is very excited.)
And now, to top this all off, the Satin Dolls gentlemen's club, the real-life Bada Bing from David Chase's mob drama, has reopened its doors after closing them in January, NorthJersey.com reports.
While the Bada Bing was the location of many key moments in The Sopranos—like when Tony and Paulie Walnuts decide to have Big Pussy whacked, or when Johnny Sack says he won't murder Ralph for making a fat joke about his wife—the actual Satin Dolls has a modern-Mafia tale all its own.
According to NorthJersey.com, an unnamed manager said that the go-go bar got back in business just two weeks ago. Before that, in January, state authorities had closed it down because Anthony Cardinalle—an alleged Genovese crime family associate convicted of racketeering—owned the liquor license, and they demanded that he sell or transfer it for the place to remain up and running. That's now, apparently, happened: An entertainment company in Parkland, Florida, is partnering up with Vincent Martin, a local town councilman, to snag the license.
It's unclear if Satin Dolls will continue to be a strip club, but NorthJersey.com does note that the signs advertising it as a "gentlemen's club" are still outside, and people seem to be carrying boxes in and out, which is evidence that, in the very least, they know how to transport things.
One can only hope, though, that this New Jersey landmark follows in its great tradition, but until then, all we can do is wait—for the dancers to return, for Tony's dad to riot in Newark, for Snooki and Deena to fall over once again, for me to finally be able to legally smoke a joint on my mom's porch while I listen to Thursday.
Good things lie ahead: Jersey's back, baby.
Follow Alex Norcia on Twitter.
vgtrn


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2010 Nashville Flood Facts And Photos
Franklin / Nashville Basics, Travel
The Nashville flood was unprecedented and the first of its kind for this area.
Around here, they call it the 1000-year flood.
The 2 days of constant rain and flooding which took place on May 1-2, 2010 in Nashville Tennessee broke all kinds of records:
It was the most rainfall in 2 days in Nashville's history.
Rivers throughout Middle Tennessee crested at record high levels, exceeding previous highs by as much as 14 feet.
It was one of the largest U.S. floods in the last 100 years, based on damages and fatalities.
Nashville Flood Facts
The Cumberland River flooded quickly after the weekend's storms dumped more than 13 inches of rain in Nashville over 2 days. That nearly doubled the previous record of 6.68 inches of rain that fell in the wake of Hurricane Fredrick in 1979.
The Cumberland River in Nashville peaked at 8 feet past flood level (flood stage is 40 feet).
The Harpeth River in Franklin peaked at 5 feet past flood level (flood stage is 30 feet).
Several existing Nashville weather records were broken with these new record rainfalls:
Most precipitation in 6 hours: 5.57 inches of rain, May 2, 2010
Most precipitation in 12 hours: 7.20 inches of rain, May 2, 2010
Most precipitation in 24 hours: 9.09 inches of rain, May 1-2, 2010
Most precipitation in 1 calendar day: 7.25 inches of rain, May 2, 2010
Most precipitation in 2 calendar days: 13.57 inches of rain, May 1-2, 2010
Most precipitation in 1 month: 16.43 inches of rain, May, 2010
My View Of The Nashville Flood
We live 30 miles due south of Nashville in a little town called Spring Hill, Tennessee.
We also have a home that we rent out (where we used to live) in Franklin, Tennessee — which is 20 miles due south of Nashville.
We also have 5.24 acres of land in Leiper's Fork, Tennessee — which is 25 miles south of Nashville — where we intend to build a log home some day.
None of these is located in a flood zone. All are located in Williamson County Tennessee. (Nashville is in Davidson County Tennessee.)
I was home alone while hubby was out of town on business. I was definitely concerned about all 3 of our properties.
Since I could see firsthand how bad the flooding was at my home in Spring Hill, I could only imagine how bad it must be 10 miles closer to Nashville in Franklin. And the local news was showing me how incredibly bad things were in Nashville!
Turns out:
The town of Franklin got hit worse than our Franklin house itself did. There was little to no water damage to any of the home in our neighborhood, but the Harpeth River runs right through downtown Franklin, so many areas surrounding us were severely flooded.
Our Spring Hill house is right on a (normally almost dry) creek. The flood waters got very close to our house, but not in it. A few homes in Spring Hill flooded.
And the road to our Leiper's Fork property completely washed away, leaving nothing but mud and debris where the asphalt once was. As a result, there was no physical way for 4 of us homeowners to reach our properties. (Three have houses there; we just have land. The houses were not damaged from the flood waters.)
Below are photos that I took of all 3 locations before, during, and after the Nashville flood…
Spring Hill Tennessee Flood Photos
The worst part about the flooding at our Spring Hill house was the fact that rushing water was coming at us from 2 directions.
In the one photo (below), you can see how there's a runoff area that starts at the neighborhood up the hill from us, runs into a ditch between 2 homes, and dumps into the creek next to our home. Plus, the creek itself serves as the hub for all the water runoff from our own neighborhood. As a result, fast-moving water was coming directly toward our house for 2 days straight. As the rain would lighten up, the water would recede… slowly. Then as the water would start to fall harder again, the water would rise again… quickly. This went on for 2 days. I don't think it ever completely stopped raining during that time.
My first concern was that we might lose our fence. My second concern was the fact that the water got so close to the house in our backyard that we could have some flooding into our crawlspace.
The rushing water was massively powerful, so anything that was floating in the creek (like sticks, logs, leaves, and small trees) got pushed forceably against our fence in the area where the 2 directions of run-off water met. That area of the fence began to bow significantly as more things got hung up there by the water's force.
Every couple of hours, I ventured out there (wading in water that was up to my thighs) and used a shovel to push all of the built-up debris away from the outside of our fence, in hopes that it would travel on downstream.
I actually like the challenge. But it was pretty scary at times too. We didn't lose the fence. But it is now permanently bowed in the spot where the heavy debris had pushed up against it for 2 days.
Video #2 Historic Nashville Flood: Spring Hill Flooding Tn 6 PM Sunday May 2 2010
Thompson Station Crowne Pointe Subdivision Flood May 2010
Leipers Fork Tennessee Flood Photos
In nearby Leiper's Fork, we were quite surprised as we were driving to our property to check on things to find that the entire road leading up to our property had been completely washed away.
Before the flood, there was a large retention pond on one side of the road and nothing but woods on the other side of the road. At the bottom of the hill in those woods, 2 creeks meet up, supplying water to Lick Creek. Those creeks are normally very very low, and only after a rain can you hear water trickling over rocks and sticks as the water flows downstream.
FEMA came out to inspect it the day after we called them. Unfortunately, FEMA denied us coverage — because we don't actually reside there. So we had to pay for our portion of the road repair, but FEMA helped the other homeowners in a small way with their portion of the road repair.
Leipers Fork flooding:5-1-10
Franklin Tennessee Flood Photos
Our Franklin home sustained absolutely no damage. There's a creek that runs behind the home, but it didn't pose any danger throughout the 2 days.
Other parts of Franklin, however, were terribly affected by the Nashville flood. Some lost their homes and businesses altogether, while others worked with FEMA and local volunteers to get their homes and businesses back to normal.
Aerial View of Franklin Tennessee Flood May 3, 2010
Franklin Flood Footage
Franklin TN Flooding 05-02-10
Flooding.m4v
Franklin TN Floods, May 2nd, 2010 (still pics)
The Day After - Nashville, TN Flooding 05-03-10
Nashville Flood Photos
Nashville and various suburbs got hit the worst. Hundreds of Nashville homeowners and business owners lost everything. Several downtown businesses were flooded as well.
These are mostly photos that I took of the TV screen, as I was in Spring Hill and the news was reporting on flooded areas all over Nashville. I was constantly texting the photos to Jim who was out of town at the time. The videos that follow are some of the best I've found online from others who reported on the Nashville flood.
Nashville Flood From Helicopter - Sub Station - May 2, 2010 12:10PM
The Nashville Flood Brought People Closer
The best part about living in Nashville is this: the residents of Nashville always pull together to help one another!
No matter what the crisis is… without hesitating… or complaining… or waiting for someone else to be in charge of things… Nashville residents come together on their own to help their fellow neighbors pull through a crisis. And this was never more evident than with the 2010 Nashville Flood Relief.
Why? Because we are Nashville.
After devastating floods hit Nashville on May 1st, 2010, the city banded together with little coverage from the national media and helped one another. — We Are Nashville
nashville flood ~ what you didnt see!
Even More About The Nashville Flood
Pictures Of Nashville Under 10 Feet Of Water
The Big Picture: Flooding In Nashville Tennessee
Nashville Flood Photos On Flickr
Why The Media Ignored The Nashville Flood
Pictures of The Cumberland River Flooding Nashville
Nashville Flood Recovery Facts
Categories Franklin / Nashville Basics, Travel Tags Franklin Neighborhoods, Historic Stuff, House Shopping And Real Estate, Leipers Fork TN, Photos Of Franklin And Nashville, Roads And Driving, Spring Hill TN, Tornadoes And Weather
Videos + Review Of Sixth Avenue Skatepark In Nashville
Nashville Nightlife & Pub Crawls: The Best Downtown Nashville Bars And Honky Tonks


An introduction to the research skills and knowledge necessary to retrieve family history information and access family history related primary source records, by the use of the internet. Designed for those wishing to continue family research using the internet. This course offers an opportunity to further develop skills in a supportive environment.
Basic introduction to techniques for use within the family only. Techniques to include back, neck, shoulders, arms, scalp and face massage. Use of selected aromatherapy oils for scalp and face massage.


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Under Armour's Q2 Revenues Jump 34 Percent
24 Jul Under Armour's Q2 Revenues Jump 34 Percent
Posted at 11:45h in Home, Latest News by Andy Polk
Under Armour, Inc. reported revenues increased 34 percent in the second quarter of 2014 to $610 million compared with net revenues of $455 million in the prior year's period. Net income in the second quarter of 2014 of $18 million was unchanged compared with the prior year's period, largely reflecting the planned timing of marketing and innovation expenses. Diluted earnings per share for the second quarter of 2014 were 8 cents, unchanged from the prior year's period.
Wall Street's consensus estimate had been 7 cents a share.
Second quarter apparel net revenues increased 35 percent to $420 million compared with $310 million in the same period of the prior year, driven by expanded offerings in categories such as golf, outdoor, running, training, and women's studio. Second quarter footwear net revenues increased 34 percent to $110 million from $82 million in the prior year's period, led by new introductions in running. Second quarter accessories net revenues increased 18 percent to $60 million from $51 million in the prior year's period, primarily driven by headwear. Direct-to-Consumer net revenues, which represented 31 percent of total net revenues for the second quarter, grew 38 percent year-over-year. International net revenues, which represented 8 percent of total net revenues for the second quarter, grew 80 percent year-over-year.
Kevin Plank, Chairman and CEO of Under Armour, Inc., stated, "The broad-based momentum that we have been experiencing recently showed no signs of stopping during the second quarter. While we continued to add more dimension to our largest growth driver in Apparel, we were particularly encouraged by the brand response we are seeing in both our Footwear and International businesses. From our latest pinnacle football cleat, the Highlight ClutchFit, to the successful SpeedForm running initiative, our footwear is clearly resonating with consumers and we are well positioned to expand these platforms in the seasons ahead. In International, we are executing in all regions and are proud of key second quarter milestones such as our initial product launch in Brasil and partnering with key distributors to open the first Brand House stores in Panama, the Philippines and Singapore."
Gross margin for the second quarter of 2014 was 49.2 percent compared with 48.3 percent in the prior year's quarter, primarily driven by favorable year-over-year sales mix and product margins. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 43.5 percent in the second quarter of 2014 compared with 41.2 percent in the prior year's period, primarily driven by the timing of marketing expenses and investments in product innovation. Second quarter operating income increased 7 percent to $35 million compared with $32 million in the prior year's period.
Cash and cash equivalents increased 34 percent to $300 million at June 30, 2014 compared with $224 million at June 30, 2013. Long-term debt including current maturities increased to $197 million at June 30, 2014 compared with $55 million at June 30, 2013. In May 2014 the company closed on a $150 million term loan and paid off $100 million drawn on the company's revolving credit facility. Inventory at June 30, 2014 increased 35 percent to $662 million compared with $491 million at June 30, 2013.
Updated 2014 Outlook
The company had previously anticipated 2014 net revenues in the range of $2.88 billion to $2.91 billion, representing growth of 24 percent to 25 percent over 2013, and 2014 operating income in the range of $331 million to $334 million, representing growth of 25 percent to 26 percent over 2013. Based on current visibility, the company expects 2014 net revenues in the range of $2.98 billion to $3.0 billion, representing growth of 28 percent to 29 percent over 2013, and 2014 operating income in the range of $343 million to $345 million, representing growth of 29 percent to 30 percent over 2013. The company currently anticipates an effective tax rate of approximately 40.5 percent for the full year, compared to 37.8 percent for 2013, and fully diluted weighted average shares outstanding of approximately 218 million for 2014.
Plank concluded, "The enhanced visibility and execution of both our Footwear and International growth engines during the first half of 2014 gives us greater conviction in achieving our full year financial targets. At the same time, we are better positioned to broaden our consumer reach this quarter as we launch new relationships with the U.S. Naval Academy, the University of Notre Dame, as well as the Cruz Azul Fútbol Club in Mexico. In addition, this month we are launching our second Brand Holiday of 2014, our first global campaign dedicated to women and one that will reinforce our commitment to build out this important growth driver. We are also extremely excited with our progress in Connected Fitness, where we just surpassed 27 million users and are adding nearly one million new users each month, as well as forging relationships that will empower this community in the years ahead."


Microsoft's Deis releases Draft that makes it easy for developers to build applications that run on Kubernetes. Draft does this by providing tools and simplifying steps required to build for Kubernetes. If your enterprise has looked at containerization, docker, kubernetes before and looked and looked, this latest tool might very well nudge you to take the dive!
As Draft's github account indicates, it targets the "inner loop" of a typical developer workflow: right when they are building an app and hacking code but before code is committed to a version control repository. At this time, applications written in six languages – Python (Newstar's favorite language), Java, Go, Node.js, Ruby, PHP- are supported.
Running the draft create command will result in Draft creating a dockerfile and and Kubernetes Helm chart for that app.
The draft.toml file contains basic configuration information about the application. See the Draft User Guide for further information and available configuration options on draft.toml.
Next would be invoking draft up to deploy the app to a Kubernetes cluster.
Once successfully deployed, interact with your app to make sure it all works right!
Keep in mind that Draft is experimental at this time but is shaping up to be a useful tool for those who desire to take a dive into the world of containers and Kubernetes but so far did not know how!
While we are in the initial stages of chatbot technology adoption and e-commerce enablement via messaging apps, Retailers and E-Commerce Platforms have the opportunity to make the appropriate strategic bets, that will both protect and grow their brands and customer bases.


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HomeReviewsAlbum ReviewsALBUM REVIEW: CAGE THE ELEPHANT – TELL ME I'M PRETTY
ALBUM REVIEW: CAGE THE ELEPHANT – TELL ME I'M PRETTY
December 22, 2015 Sandra Blemster Album Reviews 0
Somewhere along the line I've missed this band. How so? I must have had my back turned. However I'm glad I've discovered them. Tell Me I'm Pretty is the fourth album from Kentucky based rock band Cage the Elephant. They appeared in 2008 with their self-titled debut which was a success both in the United States and Britain alike. They followed this up with 2011's Thank You Happy Birthday which debuted at number two in the Billboard Top 200 chart and was cited as "One of the best rock albums of the year".
Then 2013's Melophobia was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative album taking them to new heights delivering two Number One singles on the Alternative charts (Come a Little Closer and Cigarette Daydreams). Although classed as rock it's hard to just slot them into this one genre as they seem experimental and diverse in their sound. They are known for wired and frenetic live performances with singer Matthew Shultz having developed a reputation as something of a daring performer. Their vibrancy certainly comes across in Tell Me I'm Pretty. The songs off the album were recorded on the first take to capture the band's onstage live energy (they have toured with the Foo Fighters, Black Keys, Muse and Queens of the Stone Age to name a few) and this album was produced by the Black Keys very own Dan Auerbach who plays guitar and keyboards on it.
The album is reminiscent of 60s garage pop/glam rock and a bit of 70s punk all rolled into one yet still manages to sound unique and retain its own stamp on it. Cry Baby has rumbling guitars and is all the above going on a date with the Rolling Stones and the Shadows! It's instantly likeable and appealing. On Mess Around the guitar and drums immediately bring to mind the B52s (coincidentally the B52s had a track Dance This Mess Around). This is effervescent and catchy and sounds like a summer hit and instantly makes you want to dance. Sweetie Little Jean is also very 60s and tells the tragic story of a childhood friend who was abducted and murdered and has a stomping drum beat. Too Late to Say Goodbye was inspired by Bonnie and Clyde and sounds like a 60s MGMT. In Cold, Cold, Cold Matt sings of a dark period in his life.
This evokes the Rolling Stones again with its shimmery tambourine yet distinctly remains their own song "Doctor can you help me 'cause something don't feel right" and has a foot-tapping quality to it. Trouble and That's Right echo Marc Bolan with their glam rock feel and vocal "We'll stay up all night, waiting for the sun to shine" (and I love the woo-ee-ooes on Trouble) whilst How Are You True is eloquent and evocative, full of longing with acoustic guitar. Punchin Bag is very 60s inspired again with another of those stomping drums and is catchy despite its serious lyrics "I'm not your punchin bag" and Portuguese Knife Fight conjures up a showdown in a graphic novel. It's very Peter Gunn theme!
Despite echoes of other bands and genres, (which is no bad thing) in Tell Me I'm Pretty, Cage the Elephant still sound like their own band as their individuality and energy shines through in this album with its eloquent song-writing, catchy hooks and quirky edge.
If you want to experience their energy for "real" though they are touring in February next year.
TELL ME I'M PRETTY
A Conversation with Godfather of Punk TERRI HOOLEY
TRACK OF THE DAY: SHELTER – THIS MUST BE LOVE
INTERVIEW: MATT SHULTZ from CAGE THE ELEPHANT
February 21, 2016 Sandra Blemster Interviews 0
I'm sat backstage at the 02 Ritz in Manchester whilst various roadies pass by up and down the stairs. I'm waiting to interview Matt Shultz, lead singer of Kentucky based Cage the Elephant whose fourth […]
CAGE THE ELEPHANT – share new 'unpeeled' video ahead of intimate acoustic show at London's Union Chapel tonight
July 10, 2017 Mark Millar News, New music, Videos 0
Cage The Elephant have shared the live music video for "Sweetie Little Jean". Originally featured on their GRAMMY® Awards winner album 'Tell Me I'm Pretty', the stripped down version of the song is featured on […]
CAGE THE ELEPHANT Debut 'Broken Boy' Featuring IGGY POP – Listen Now
January 23, 2020 Mark Millar Gigs, New music, News 0
Today, Cage The Elephant share a new version of their song "Broken Boy," featuring Iggy Pop. The track finds the godfather of punk singing a verse and contributing backing vocals to the opening song off […]
NEW PAGANS announce debut album 'The Seed, The Vessel, The Roots and All' – out March 19th @NewPagansBand @bsmrocks xsnoize.com/new-paga…


Happy rose Day 2018: – Here we are going to share best rose Day wishes, Quotes, SMS, and messages for Happy rose Day 2018 which you can share with your girlfriend, boyfriend, husband, wife. friends, family or lover and wish them happy rose day.
Rose Day is the 1st of the valentine day week which falls on 7th February every year. Lovers exchange rose with each other to express how they feel about each other. As it's first day of the Valentine's Day week lovers welcome this day great love.
You can also read our earlier shared article Rose Day Images, Rose Day Pictures, Rose Day Photos and Rose Day Wallpapers in HD.
Wonderful Combinations in this world… Heart & Beats, Night & Moon, Music & Songs, Roses & Love, Fish & water, My message & Your SMILE..!
24 hrs make a lovely day, 7 days make a lovely week, 52 weeks make a lovely year and knowing a person like me will make your life lovely. Have a lovely Rose Day n life.! Happy Rose Day!
A Rose Doesn't Means For Proposing Love. It Also Means Rare Ones Supporting Entire Life Happy Rose Day!
There is no feeling more than comforting and consoling that knowing you are right next to the one you love. Happy Rose Day my love!
A rose is not just a flower but a symbol of true love. It shows that true love never ends. Wish you happy rose day!
Happy Rose Day 2018! I am sending red roses to my dream girl just to let you know that you are as precious to me as flowers are to bees.
The one who is precious to me.. I wish her very very very special Rose Day 2018.
Happy Rose Day, There is only one gift that I want from you and that is your smile. May you always keep smiling. !
This rose day I wish that all the thorns on the path of your life be vanquished and your life path be filled with petals of love, friendship, and blessings.
HAPPY ROSE DAY! My eyes are blind without your eyes.See, just like a rose without color, so always be in my life..!
Happy Rose day, Sending you a bunch of roses on this day to express my love for you which is as deep, pure and beautiful.
don't touch them with harsh words!
Happy Rose Day for Couples, Happy Rose Type day for all Singles.
Even if love is full of thorns. I 'd still embrace if for I know that in between those thorns, there is a rose that's worth all the pain. Happy Rose Day.
You're responsible, forever, for what you have tamed. You're liable for your rose.
Above we tried to share wishes, quotes, SMS and messages for rose Day 2018 which you can share with your girlfriend, boyfriend, husband, wife and lover to celebrate rose Day.


With so many different options, how do you know which food to pick for your pet? You can start by looking at all the bags at your local pet store. However, it is crucial you understand the meaning of the pet food companies' lingo. You may be surprised by some of the companies' common marketing gimmicks which are essentially "little white lies."
The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is the group responsible for definitions of ingredients, setting the rules for labels, and providing standards for healthy pet food. AAFCO establishes the nutritional standards for complete and balanced pet foods. It is the pet food company's responsibility to formulate their products according to the AAFCO standard. AAFCO does not have the ability to enforce these rules! It is the state feed control official's responsibility to regulate pet food to ensure that the laws and rules established for the protection of companion animals and their custodians are complied with, so that only unadulterated, correctly and uniformly labeled pet food products are distributed in the marketplace and a structure for orderly commerce. AAFCO is like the law-maker, and the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets is like the police. Just like people who drive over the speed limit but don't always get caught, some pet food companies may not always follow the rules and don't always get caught.
Comparing and evaluating different pet food diets is very difficult. The massive amount of information and misinformation about pet foods online, in books and publications, and elsewhere has led to much concern and confusion by pet owners. Many online sources, books, magazines and journals that offer pet food advice are not based on scientific articles or medical journals. Their advice and reviews are based on opinions only, not on scientific facts or only use partial facts. These reviews are often based on food myths and advertizing hype. Do not believe information is true because it is on the Internet or has been published. And remember, most people selling food do not have any formal education in nutrition.
The main label should indicate the name of the brand and/or manufacturer (these are not always one and the same), the name of the food (product name), and the type of pet for which this food is indicated.
Some bags have nutritional claims orhealth claims on the front, where a company may claim or suggest special benefits of their food.AAFCO states that the only claims allowed on a label must relate to the intended use of the product as providing taste, aroma, or nutritive value of the food. Other claims are considered to be drug claims. Drug claims are unacceptable on an animal feed label. Examples of drug claims include "reduces inflammation", "cures cancer", or "improves joint function".The only rule for these claims states that they cannot be false or misleading.
A claim that something is "human-grade" or "human-quality" simply implies that the ingredient or food is edible for people in legally defined terms. The terms "human-grade" or "human-quality" have no legal definition. Thus, for all practical purposes, the term "human-grade" means the product is to be eaten by people. For pet food, AAFCO has declared that using the term "human-grade" is "false and misleading". A single or a couple ingredients cannot be called "human-grade" in a pet food. For a product to be human edible, all ingredients in the product must be human edible and the product must be manufactured, packed and held in accordance with federal regulations for human food. If these conditions do not exist, then making an unqualified claim about ingredients being human grade misbrands the product.
The food labels "premium", "ultra premium", "natural" or "holistic" currently have no legal meaning.
"Organic" refers to the processing of a product, not the quality of the product.
"(Name of product) is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles for Maintenance."
"Animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiate that (name of product) provides complete and balanced nutrition for maintenance."
The difference is that version A above looks at just the nutrient profiles to say what the food contains. For example the diet has X amount of protein, Y amount of fat and Z amount of carbohydrates.
Version B is not necessarily better, but it states that the food has actually been fed to a minimum of 8 animals for a minimum of 26 weeks in order to pass for a maintenance diet. For a growth diet the trial must only last for 10 weeks using 8 dogs.
Interestingly, some manufacturers with a family of similar diets can get away with doing a feeding trial on only one diet while still applying the nutritional adequacy statement to their other similar diets.
Growth for growing puppies and kittens. This also includes lactation, so a nursing mom and pups can eat the same food for a time.
All Life Stages means that it has met the growth requirements, but can be fed in a lesser amount for maintenance. Keep in mind that a food for All Life Stages will be high in calories and can be too much for some adult pets, ultimately causing them to gain weight.
AAFCO does not have any rules for breed or size differences. These diets may or may not be different from any other growth or maintenance diets. Some companies have invested time and research to specially formulate their diets to meet the needs of certain breeds or sizes of dogs. An example is a large breed growth diet that is truly formulated to meet the special needs of the large breed growing puppy. While Company A's research has guided their diet formulation, another company, Company B, can market a diet for large breed puppy growth that is nothing more than their growth or all life stages diet in a different package. Unfortunately you cannot tell the difference by only looking at the labels on the bag. There is not any way of knowing which company is producing the better diet without knowledge about the food companies, and calling and asking the companies for their published research and information about their diets.
AAFCO also does not have any standard regulations specially made for senior pets. Thus, many senior diets are really just maintenance or all life stages diets with (or even without) adjustments made by the manufacturer, and labeled for senior pets.
Unfortunately many diets are marketed and sold with inferred benefits, but without any research to support their misleading statements. Preferred diets are produced by reputable companies that are performing quality research that drives the development of their pet diets.
Next in the series we will discuss food ingredients and diet myths!


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Business Council announces new code to speed up payments to small business suppliers
Media Releases Regulation Economy Media releases - 2017
The Business Council is developing a national voluntary industry code that would ensure small business suppliers are paid within 30 days of issuing a correct invoice.
The industry-led initiative is recommended in the Business Council's submission to the Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman's inquiry into payment times and practices.
The Business Council wants to develop such a code in partnership with the Ombudsman and other industry associations, particularly those representing smaller businesses.
The Ombudsman's inquiry is considering a range of possible measures to address problems with late payment of invoices and lengthy payment terms, which are sometimes up to 120 days.
Business Council chief executive Jennifer Westacott said the voluntary code would provide a framework for better relations between small and large businesses.
"Large, medium and small businesses are deeply connected, meaning the long-term success of one depends on the success of the other, as does Australia's overall prosperity," Ms Westacott said.
"Our research shows activity between large, medium and small businesses is already worth $520 billion a year, so when we work together more productively, it will not only benefit us, it will benefit the Australian economy as a whole.
"Although average payment times have fallen across the economy, many small businesses still report that they are facing unsatisfactory delays in payment.
"It can be tough on small business owners when payment terms are unduly extended or a purchaser pays late. Those effects flow on to the rest of the community because it makes it harder for them to grow.
"A voluntary, industry-led effort to drive change in payments culture and practices should be given time to work before any consideration of regulation, which would impose extra costs on all business and taxpayers.
"We need a culture of cooperation, not compliance."
In signing up to the code, companies would commit to: prompt and on-time payment of small business suppliers; clear guidance to suppliers about the company's payment procedures; working with suppliers to improve payments and invoicing procedures, including through use of technology; fair and accessible dispute resolution processes, and reporting on performance against the code.
The code will be finalised in consultation with industry and government and will learn from similar approaches in the United Kingdom, United States and other jurisdictions.
Peter Strong, chief executive of the Council of Small Business Australia, which represents over 350,000 small businesses through its association members, said: "The relationship between businesses of all sizes is normally good but there is a real problem in payment times that needs to be addressed and I congratulate the BCA on this initiative. Only time will tell how well it works but given our mutual needs for simplicity of regulation and changes to company tax we have confidence in getting change."
Ms Westacott said many large companies were already leading the way by adopting policies and technologies to pay small business faster. For instance, BHP Billiton entitles small businesses to be paid within 30 days. These practices need to become more widespread.
"We believe the code will raise awareness of the importance of prompt payment and lead to widespread, demonstrable improvement in payment times and practices," Ms Westacott said.
Submission to the Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman Inquiry into Payment Times and Practices


Every Monday and Thursday evening at 7pm there is an introduction to Buddhist meditation, held in the London Diamond Way Buddhist Centre. Before the evening starts, we usually have a cup of tea in the lounge, and then go through to the meditation hall. A Diamond Way teacher will give a short introductory talk about a Buddhist topic, and take any questions that people might have. Then they will guide the meditation.
This Buddhist meditation class is suitable for beginners who have no experience of meditation, because it's guided, and everything is explained. The meditation on the 16th Karmapa that we use is also suitable for experienced practitioners.
You don't need to book for the meditation class – just turn up. Doors open 7pm; we start at 7:30 sharp. You don't need any preparation for the class. Meditation cushions are provided; do let us know if you will need a chair instead.
The Introduction to Buddhist Meditation evenings are free of charge. The Buddhist centre is a charity, and you are welcome to leave a donation. If you like these evenings and decide that you want to take your meditation practice further and to support the centre, you can speak to someone in the centre about becoming a member.
The London Diamond Way Buddhist Centre is in Zone 1. For instructions on how to get here, see the page How to find the Buddhist centre.


These three Fine Art Photographs are available as a print on archival paper triptik matted and/or framed.
PRINT ORDERS: come matted and/or framed. Printed on archival photo paper and heat pressed on acid free mat board, then matted with a triptik mat and signed by Pat Toth-Smith. All print sizes are approximate due to custom cropping for the best image presentation. All framed photos are sent with either acrylic or regular glass, framed in a mat black custom painted black frame. Rustic recycled wood frames are also available. (the recycled rustic wood frames may have some weather damage visible) e-mail sales@tothsmithphotography.com to request a rustic wood frame after ordering.


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Acute Affective Responses and Frontal Electroencephalographic Asymmetry to Prescribed and Self-selected Exercise
Eduardo Lattari1, Eduardo Portugal2, 3, Renato Sobral Monteiro Junior4, Bruno Ribeiro Ramalho Oliveira2, Tony Meireles Santos5, Gioia Mura6, Federica Sancassiani6, Eric Murillo-Rodriguez7, 11, Oscar Arias-Carrión8, 11, Henning Budde9, 11, Nuno Barbosa Rocha10, 11, Sérgio Machado1, 11, *
1 Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil; Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, IPUB/UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
3 Neuroscience Laboratory of Exercise, UERJ, RJ, Brazil
4 Doctoral Program in Neurology - Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
5 Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
6 Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
7 Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México
8 Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Secretaria de Salud México DF, México
9 Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Pedagogy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania
10 Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Allied Health Sciences, Portugal
11 Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
Revision Received Date: 19/8/2016
Full-Text HTML Views: 810
Abstract HTML Views: 738
© Lattari et al.; Licensee Bentham Open
open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
* Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Tel: +55 21 35817890; Fax: +55 21 35817890; E-mail: secm80@gmail.com
Our goal was to compare affective responses and frontal electroencephalographic alpha asymmetry induced by prescribed exercise (PE) and self-selected exercise (SS).
Twenty active participants underwent a submaximal exercise test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Participants enrolled a cross-over randomized study where each participant completed three conditions: PE (50%PVO2max), SS and Control. The electroencephalography was performed before and after exercise. The feeling scale, felt arousal scale and heart rate were recorded before, during and after each condition. The ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during and after each condition.
The heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion showed higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to controls, with no differences between the PE and SS conditions. For the feeling scale, the SS presented higher values compared to the PE and Control conditions. The felt arousal scale presented higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to control. There was no interaction between condition and moment, or main effect for condition and moment for frontal alpha asymmetry (InF4-InF3).
The SS provided better affective responses compared to PE, thus can consider self-selected intensity as an appropriate option. In general, no frontal alpha asymmetry was seen due to an exercise intervention.
Keywords: Affective response, Frontal EEG asymmetry, Prescribed exercise, Self-selected exercise.
Affect is the central component of all valences, positive or negative, including emotions and mood states as well as pleasure, displeasure, stress, relaxation, fatigue, energy, among other [1]. Exercise is known to promote positive affective responses, decreasing state anger, anxiety, and tension, while increasing vigor and pleasure [2, 3]. Several factors may influence affective response during exercise (e.g. intensity and duration) [4, 5]. Previous reviews and meta-analyses showed that exercise sessions performed at low to moderate intensities are related to positive affective responses [4-6]. According to Ekkekakis and Petruzzello, exercise intensities near the ventilatory threshold may provide positive affective responses [4]. Reed and Ones reported that the intensity range to provide positive affective responses should be between 15%-39% of oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) and the lactate threshold [5]. On the other hand, it seems that exercise sessions performed at intensities above the lactate threshold are associated with a reduction in affective responses [7].
One of the physiological measures that could explain the pattern of affective responses is electroencephalography (EEG). Specifically, the frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry measurement has been further investigated for this purpose [8-10]. This frontal asymmetry, particularly postulated within the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz), is the main cornerstone of Davidson's model [11]. The activity in the alpha frequency band is negatively related to the activity of the underlying cortex as increased alpha power is associated with lower cortical activity [12]. The alpha activity in the frontal regions is used to compute an asymmetry index (F4-F3) for determining activity on the left versus right frontal cortex [11].
The model proposed by Davidson et al. [11] demonstrates that negative affective responses were associated with higher activation of the right frontal cortex and positive affective responses were associated with higher activation of the left frontal cortex. It has been shown that frontal EEG asymmetry evaluated at rest before an exercise session can predict the affective responses after exercise [8, 9, 13, 14]. However, other studies found no relationship between frontal EEG asymmetry and affective responses [10, 15, 16]. The incongruent results could be explained by the effects of different intensities used in these studies [15, 16].
In the context of exercise intensity, previous studies discussed the benefits of self-selected exercise for affective responses [17-19]. The comparison of prescribed (PE) and self-selected (SS) exercise using appropriate scales to measure affective responses may contribute to these controversial results in the literature. Moreover, frontal EEG asymmetry measured at rest (pre-exercise) and after exercise can contribute to a better understanding of the possible exercise-induced effects in cortical activity which underlie psychological changes.
The objective of this study was to compare affective responses and frontal EEG asymmetry induced by PE and SS exercise sessions. The hypothesis is that the improvement of affective responses would be achieved after the SS exercise. We postulate that the SS condition would result in a right-ward asymmetry, with higher alpha power in the right prefrontal cortex in comparison to the left prefrontal cortex after exercise.
Young healthy individuals (n = 20), right-handed, physically active for at least the last 3 months (aerobic exercise 3 times per week) and who did not have any mental, neurological, and musculoskeletal disease were recruited. Participants classified with moderate or high risk for cardiovascular disease and who were taking any medication as well as smokers were excluded from the study [20]. Participants were instructed not to drink alcohol or caffeine 24 hours prior to the tests. Each participant signed the informed consent form, and the experiment was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Gama Filho University (number 172.2011).
The participants underwent four visits to the Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory at Gama Filho University. On the first visit participants signed a consent form, responded to the Risk Stratification questionnaire and underwent anthropometric measurements. Then resting heart rate (HRrest) was measured after six minutes in the supine position. Later, a submaximal test was performed using a cycle ergometer to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximum power at VO2max (PVO2max) [21]. In subsequent visits, participants were allocated to a control condition (CON) without exercise, and two aerobic exercise sessions (PE and SS). Random numbers were generated by an independent researcher through an Excel spreadsheet. There was an interval of 48-72 hours between each condition. Before and after each condition, the EEG, heart rate, feeling scale, and felt arousal scale were recorded. During and after each condition, heart rate, feeling scale, felt arousal, and ratings perceived exertion were recorded. All assessments were completed by the same evaluator, previously trained in the procedures applied.
Participants' body mass and height were measured (Filizola model 31, Filizola S.A., São Paulo, Brazil). Skinfolds were measured with a skinfold caliper (Sanny®, American Medical of Brazil Ltda., São Bernardo do Campo, SP). The procedures for verification of body mass, height and skinfolds followed the methods proposed by ISAK [22]. The body density and body fat percentage were calculated according to the equation of Jackson and Pollock and Siri, respectively [23, 24].
Estimation of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)
The VO2max was estimated by a submaximal protocol on a cycle ergometry, according to Swain et al. [21]. The cadence was maintained at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) throughout the test and the initial load (kg) was adjusted according to body weight. The increments were applied until approximately 55% of the heart rate reserve (HRR) was reached. From this moment, the work load was maintained for 6 min and then the test was finished. The estimation of VO2max and PVO2max was performed according to Swain et al. using the equation for metabolic cycle ergometry of ACSM [20, 21].
Heart Rate and Ratings of Perceived Exertion
Heart rate was measured by a heart rate monitor (Polar RS 400, Polar® Electro, Finland) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed using the Borg's Scale (CR-10) with scores ranging from 0 (Nothing at all) to 10 (absolute maximum) [25].
Affective Responses
A dimensional perspective was applied to represent affective responses. Thus, the mean of two scales for the assessment of Valence and Activation were plotted on the Circumplex Model suggested by Ekkekakis [26]. The evaluation of affect was performed using the Feeling Scale (FS) and the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS). The FS is a measure of pleasure and displeasure scored between -5 (Very bad) and +5 (Very good), where the point 0 is categorized as "neutral" [27]. The FAS is a measure of arousal state scored between 1 (Low arousal)" and 6 (high arousal) [28]. To answer each scale, the participants were instructed to report how they felt at the exact time of measurement.
EEG Data Reduction and Analysis
The EEG signal was recorded by Braintech 3000 (EMSA-Medical Instruments, Brazil) of 20 channels. The system uses an analog to digital converter board (A/D) with 12-bit resolution. The EEG undergoes 0.01 Hz analog filtering (high pass) and 100 Hz (low-pass), being sampled at a rate of 240 Hz. We used a digital notch filter 60 Hz and high-pass filters also on 0.1 Hz and low pass at 50 Hz (Butterworth class 2).
Twenty monopolar electrodes were placed in the frontal areas (Fp1, Fp2, Fz, F3, F4, F7 and F8), central (Cz, C3 and C4), temporal (T3, T4, T5 and T6), parietal (Pz, and P3 P4) and occipital (Oz, O1 and O2) according to the International System 10/20 protocol [29]. Two other electrodes (A1 and A2) were positioned in the earlobes with reference function (bi-auricular). The impedance levels of each electrode were between 5 and 10 KOhms (KΩ). The resting EEG was recorded with eyes closed for 8 minutes. All subjects were instructed to avoid any movement, scanning of the eyes and tongue sweep.
A visual inspection of the data to remove artifacts epochs was performed using a rejection criterion of ±100 µV on any channel, in order to exclude blinks, eye movements, and movement related artifacts from the analyses. In addition, the estimation of signal components by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was applied to minimize artifacts, such as sweating and muscle tension. After visual inspection and application of ICA to remove possible artifacts, EEG signals were processed on Matlab 5.3® software (The Mathworks, Inc.), using a software developed at the Brain Mapping and Sensory-Motor Integration Laboratory (UFRJ). This software extracted data relevant to the experiment. A classic Power Spectral Density (PSD) estimator was used (i.e. based on the squared absolute value of the Fourier Transform) for artifact-free 1-s EEG epochs (spectral resolution: 0.25 Hz) with Hamming windowing.
The log transformation was applied (natural log ln) on the power values, since the power of the EEG does not have a normal distribution between subjects. This procedure results in a near normal distribution. EEG data was used to compute cortical asymmetry according to the Davidson hypothesis [11]. The basic mathematical calculation to compute the asymmetry was computed for alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) expressed by the equation: Asymmetry = InF4- InF3.
Experimental Sessions
Subjects were submitted to a control condition (CON) without exercise and two conditions of aerobic exercise (PE and SS) performed on a cycle ergometer, with condition sequence being randomized for each participant. PE was performed at 50% of PVO2max, 60 rpm and total duration of 20 minutes. Participants were instructed by the researcher to keep the rpm and predetermined load. SS subjects were free to choose load and rpm at any time. The subjects knew at all times which load and rpm they were using during exercise. It was up to each individual to establish the most appropriate strategy ("PACE") during the 20 minutes. In the SS condition, the researcher did not interfere in the choice of both load and rpm. In the CON condition participants remained seated comfortably in a chair. Any interaction with participants was avoided to minimize the risk of changes on affective responses. Participants were not informed at what time the affection and physiological measures would be verified during and after exercise, since prior knowledge could lead participants to change the setting of exercise on SS condition.
Before the start of each session, the subjects were asked to remain seated in a comfortable chair, and then, after manual placement of the electrodes according to the International System 10-20, the subjects underwent an EEG examination lasting eight minutes. The resting EEG was recorded with eyes closed for 8 minutes before and after the conditions. All subjects were instructed to avoid any movement, scanning of the eyes and tongue sweep. In addition, heart rate was measured and participants were asked to answer the FS, FAS. Heart rate, FS, FAS and RPE assessment procedures were completed every 6 minutes during the experimental conditions (D6, D12, and D18), immediately after exercise (P0) as well as 10 and 20 minutes post-exercise (P10 and P20). After the experimental conditions, EEG recording had a slight delay so that researchers could place electrodes (average of eleven minutes).
Data normality and heterogeneity was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and the Levene test, respectively. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine whether condition (CON x PE x SS) and moment (Pre x D6 x D12 x D18 x P0 x P10 x P20) had significant effects on HR, FS, and FAS. For ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine whether condition (CON x PE x SS) and moment (D6 x D12 x D18 x P0 x P10 x P20) had significant effects. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine whether condition (CON x PE x SS) and moment (pre-exercise x post-exercise) had significant effects on Frontal Asymmetry in the alpha frequency band (InF4-INF3).
Post-hoc analysis using the Bonferroni test was used to determine the specific differences between the conditions and moments for the dependent variable. If sphericity was violated on any of the repeated measures ANOVAs, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used. All the analysis were completed using the statistical package SPSS version 17 for Windows, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.
Another factor considered in the analysis was inter-individual variability in affective responses. To assess inter-individual variability, a descriptive analysis was performed using percentage values for changes in FS responses from pre-exercise to during exercise (D18).
Table 1 presents data on the characteristics of the participants.
Table 1. Descriptive analysis of the participants (mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values).
Age (anos) 26.5 ± 3.8 22 33
Weight (kg) 76 ± 10 55.5 93
Height (cm) 175.6 ± 7.1 164 189
Fat (%) 14.4 ± 5.7 5.4 30
Fat weight (kg) 11.3 ± 5.6 4.3 27
Fat-free mass (kg) 64.7 ± 7.3 51.1 75.5
VO2max (ml.kg.min-1) 37.9 ± 6.6 31.7 56.1
HR and RPE
There was a significant condition by moment interaction in HR (F (12, 192) = 40.218; p≤0.0001). There were significant main effects for condition (F (2, 32) = 59.811; p≤0.0001), with higher values in the SS (103.6±4.4 bpm) and PE (105.5±2.4 bpm) conditions compared to CON (F = 67.1±2.2 bpm) (p≤0.0001). There were significant main effects for moment (F (6, 96) = 200.72; p≤0.0001). During the PE and SS conditions there was an increase in HR, followed by a return to resting values 20 minutes after exercise (D20) (Fig. 1).
Fig. (1). Heart rate pre, during, and after the conditions.
Legend- Between condition differences: * - different from self-selected and prescribed. Within condition differences (only for self-selected and prescribed): † - different from all; ‡ - different from Pre, D6, P10 and P20.
There was a significant condition by moment interaction in RPE (F (10, 180) = 14.289; p≤0.0001). There were significant main effects for condition (F (2, 36) = 42.960; p≤0.0001), with higher values in the SS (1.9±0.2) and PE (2.4±0.2) conditions compared to CON (0.1±0.1). There was no significant difference between PE and SS for the RPE (p=0.39). There were significant main effects for moment (F (5, 90) = 41.801; p≤0.0001), as shown in Fig. (2).
Fig. (2). Ratings of perceived exertion during and post conditions.
Legend- Between condition differences: * - different from self-selected and prescribed. Within condition differences (only for self-selected and prescribed): † - different from D12, D18, P10 and P20; ‡ - different from D6, P10 and P20; § - different from P10 and P20; || - different from D6, D12, D18 and P0.
FS and FAS
There was not a significant condition by moment interaction in FS (F (12, 228) = 1.083; p=0.375). There were also main effects for condition, (F (2,38) = 5.902; p=0.006) as the SS condition (2.7±0.2) showed higher values than the PE (1.7±0.2; p≤0.01) and CON condition (1.9±0.3; p≤0.01). There was no significant difference between the PE and the CON condition (p=1.0). There was no main effect for moment, (F (6, 114) = 1.415; p=0.215). The result of FS can be seen in Fig. (3).
Fig. (3). Feeling Scale pre, during, and after the conditions.
Legend- Between condition differences: * - different from control and prescribed.
Fig. (4). Felt Arousal Scale pre, during, and after the conditions.
Legend- Between condition differences: * - different from self-selected and prescribed. Within condition differences (only for self-selected and prescribed): † - different from D6, D12, D18 and P10; ‡ - different from D18, P10 and P20; § - different from Pre, P10 and P20; || - different from Pre, D6, P10 and P20.
There was a significant condition by moment interaction in FAS (F (12, 228) = 14.972; p≤0.001). There were significant main effects for condition (F (2, 38) = 26.668; p≤0.001), as PE (3.2±0.1) and SS (3.0±0.2) showed higher values for FAS that CON (1.7±0.2) condition (p≤0.001). There were significant main effects for moment (F (6, 114) = 33.650; p≤0.001). In both experimental conditions (PE and SS), there was an increase in the activation during the execution of the exercise (D6, D12 and D18) compared to CON condition. These results are shown in Fig. (4).
The affective responses were also represented using the circumplex model suggested by Ekkekakis [26] (Fig. 5).
Fig. (5) goes here.
Fig. (5). Circumplex model for each condition (Control, Prescribed and Self-selected) in before, during (D6, D12, and D18) and post exercise (P0, P10, and P20).
In the CON condition, subjects remained in the lower right quadrant, which represents a positive affect deactivation. In the exercise condition (PE and SS), the subjects remained within the positive affect quadrant during exercise and returned to the lower right quadrant (positive affect deactivation) after the exercise ended.
Inter-individual Variability
To assess individual variation in psychological responses between each condition, a descriptive analysis was performed using percentage values as described in Table 2.
Table 2. Interindividual variability in FS responses.
Prescribed
Self-selected
Number 9 11 5
% change 45% 55% 25%
Number 7 6 4
Number 4 3 11
Frontal Asymmetry (InF4-InF3)
There was no significant condition by moment interaction (F (2, 38) = 0.515; p=0.6), or main effects for condition (F (2, 38) = 2.345; p=0.11) and moment (F (1, 19) = 2,207; p = 0.15) in alpha frontal asymmetry (InF4-InF3).
The aim of this study was to compare affective responses and frontal EEG asymmetry induced by PE and SS exercise sessions.
The literature has consistently demonstrated that high intensity exercise (above ventilatory threshold) generates affective responses reduction [7, 18, 19, 30]. However, findings comparing affective responses between PE and SS exercise have been somewhat inconsistent in the literature. Lind et al. [19] compared a 20 minutes PE protocol using the treadmill with an intensity 10% higher that the SS exercise session. In the PE condition there was a decrease in pleasure while this outcome was stable and positive during the exercise on the SS condition. However, previous studies comparing PE and SS with the same intensity showed no significant differences for affective responses between both conditions [30-32]. A meta-analysis also showed no differences in affective responses between PE and SS exercise performed at the same intensity [33].
Considering that there was no difference in exercise intensity between the experimental conditions (PE and SS), it is assumed that intensity was not the predominant factor for explaining the positive emotional responses found after the SS condition in our study. According to Ekkekakis, cognitive factors are crucial to the emotional response generated from low intensity exercise [7]. This pattern is described by the dual-mode theory which states that the lactate or ventilatory threshold is the mediator for affective response. Although the mechanisms for this pattern are not well established, previous studies detected this pattern through correlations between Feeling Scale and cognitive and physiological variables in different exercise intensities [7]. There is greater inter-individual variability in affective responses when exercise intensity is below and on the lactate threshold [17, 18, 34]. For example, in the study by Parfitt et al. positive changes were found in the SS condition, with 92% of subjects showing increases in positive affect during exercise, while only 8% remained unchanged [17]. In our study, 55% displayed increases in positive affect, 30% decreased and 15% remained unchanged.
No changes in the EEG frontal asymmetry were observed in our results. The hypotheses that the SS condition would result in a right-ward asymmetry, with higher alpha power in the right prefrontal cortex in comparison to the left prefrontal cortex after exercise was not observed. For Coan and Allen [35] frontal EEG asymmetry appears to serve as an individual difference variable related to emotional responding, and a state-dependent concomitant of emotional responding, consisting in a electroencephalographic measure of trait and state. There is the possibility of exercise inducing changes in emotional state and concomitant changes in frontal asymmetry. There are studies establishing the predictive role of frontal asymmetry on exercise responses [14, 15]. However, the ability of exercise to induce changes in frontal asymmetry remains unclear.
Petruzzelo & Tate showed that frontal asymmetry predicted positive affect immediately after exercise; using intensities close to the ventilatory threshold (70% of VO2max) with no significant results were seen in the control or 55% conditions [14]. In the 70% exercise condition, greater relative left frontal activation pre exercise predicted increased positive affect and reduced state anxiety post exercise [14]. These findings suggest a dose-response intensity effect, and support the idea that exercise is an emotion-eliciting event, and affective responses seem to be mediated in part by differential resting levels of activation in the anterior brain regions. However, the optimal intensity needed to elicit a positive affective response is controversial, and in addition, the mechanisms underlying such a response are unclear. For example, in the study by Woo et al. frontal EEG asymmetry and self-reported vigor scores following exercise at all three intensities (45%, 60% and 75% VO2max) were significantly elevated compared to those observed following rest [15]. The results suggest that aerobic exercise bouts executed at varying intensities induce a similar affective response during the recovery period.
The influence of acute bout of SS aerobic exercise was investigated as possible mediator this relationship with affective responses to an and resting brain activation [10]. Participants walked on a treadmill for 10 min and were free to adjust the treadmill speed to using the buttons on a control panel in two separate occasions and followed identical procedures each time. Affective responses were recorded pre, immediately postwalk, and 15 min postwalk. Baseline EEG was recorded before of walk, and heart rates, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded on the 5th and 10th (final) minute of the walk. Resting frontal EEG asymmetry was unable to predict postwalk affect (i.e. state anxiety, energetic or tense arousal) either immediately or at 15-min postwalk. There were correlations between the days (first and second day) for heart rate (day 1/5-min, = 95.1±14.7 and day 2/5-min= 96.6±14.1, r=0.72; day 1/10-min, = 99.3±19.0; day 2/10-min= 99.1±18.2, r=0.81), and RPE (day 1/5-min, = 8.6±1.5 and day 2/5-min= 8.8±1.8, r=0.64; day 1/10-min, = 9.6±2.2 and day 2/10-min= 9.6±2.4, r=0.78) all times recorded. The exercise intensity was approximately 20% of heart rate reserve (99.3±19.0), which is slightly below that seen in our study (103.6±4.4 bpm). These findings indicate that there may be important dose-dependent differences in the processes underlying the generation of exercise-associated affective responses
One major limitation of this study is the lack of information regarding participants' physical activity levels. The participants' aerobic fitness was mediated this relationship with affective responses to an acute bout of aerobic exercise and resting brain activation [13]. Resting EEG asymmetry predicted positive affect post exercise only in subjects with aerobic fitness high levels. It was also shown that subjects with relatively greater left frontal activation had significantly more energy (i.e., activated pleasant affect) following exercise than subjects with relatively greater right frontal activation. Subjects with relatively greater left frontal activation had significantly more energy (i.e., activated pleasant affect) following exercise than subjects with relatively greater right frontal activation. This could play a huge role in affective responses. The greater enjoyment associated with high-intensity interval running was seen in recreationally active men [36].
SS was more effective to induce positive changes in the affective state. Public health practitioners can consider self-selected intensity as an appropriate option. The hypothesis of frontal asymmetry being present after the SS condition has not been confirmed. Perhaps the asymmetric state of the frontal cortex may reflect a trait feature, since no change has occurred in frontal asymmetry following any condition. Future research should further examine how frontal asymmetry is associated with emotional changes during and after workout. Better understanding between frontal asymmetry, exercise and affection can help provide practical recommendations regarding exercise prescription.
ACSM = American College of Sports Medicine
Bpm = Beats per minute
CON = Control
CR-10 = Borg's Scale
EEG = Electroencephalography
FA = Fourier analysis
FAS = Felt Arousal Scale
FFT = Fast Fourier Transform
FS = Feeling scale
HR = Heart rate
HRrest = Resting heart rate
HRR = Heart rate reserve
ICA = Independent Component Analysis
PE = Prescribed exercise
PVO2max = Maximum power associated with VO2max
RPE = Ratings of perceived exertion
Rpm = Revolutions per minute
SA = Spectral Analysis
SD = Standard deviation
SS = Self-selected
VO2max = Maximal oxygen consumption
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the financial support.
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While it's yet to be confirmed that Batman v Superman actress Christina Wren's 'Carrie Ferris' might actually be a version of Carol Ferris, it's been speculated ever since her introduction in Man Of Steel. There's definitely similarities between the characters and if she does indeed turn out to be a version of the character, the actress is totally up for making an appearance in the upcoming Green Lantern Corps film. While speaking with ComicBook.com, Wren had the following to say on the possibility.
Yes! Yes! Like, absolutely! I mean, super-huge fan. Would die to be a superhero. My whole childhood growing up, I wanted to be a superhero and we didn't really have the female superheroes who were in the limelight at the time….To get to grow up and do that would be really a dream come true, but I'm waiting as much as anyone else.
Would you be up for seeing Wren make an appearance and possibly become Star Sapphire in the DCEU? Let us know what you think in the comments section below.
She certainly has the looks for it. I wasn't to big a fan of her in Man of Steel just cause of that horrible line at the end of Superman being hot but it would be cool to see.
It's quite a bit smarter than your dialog, but yes. Horrible.
Ah-yuck-yuck-yuck, dat wuz a gud one, hoss. You shol'is quick on yo' clod-hoppers there, buddy-ro.
Judging by the looks of both you guys in your profile pics, I'm guess no woman has told either of you that you were hot, so I'm thinking that's where your contempt fr this one line comes from.
That sound "smart" enough for you?
Ha! Of course you went there. You could be a writer for these awful Snyder DC movies, seriously.
Yep, but it sounds like you're mad that you can't, Mr. "journalist underachiever".
That's right, I read your profile, & your comments history. You're just a DC-hating, Marvel cult-worshipping Zombie, that thinks he's the funniest & smartest guy in the room.
I'd tell you that it's a news flash that you're not, but something tells me that you been told that many times already.
So here's a suggestion: Hows about you take your dry one-liners, & your oh-so-well coordinated hipster glasses, & your asymmetrical face, & hit the showers. You're done, my son.
Or, we can continue to have a go at it. I can do this all day, can you? Makes no diff to me.
I mean, compared to you, anybody is the smartest guy in the room. That's not much of an accomplishment.
Wow, you're more terrible at this than I thought. Clearly not worth me brow-beating you to death.
Be thankful Im letting you live (for now).
I cringe every time I hear that line in Man of Steel. Maybe its just me.
Yes, absolutely would love to see her in the role.
She was in BVS, so it just seems like the next logical step.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The highly stratified region of the atmosphere above the troposphere extending from about 10 km (ranging from 9 km in high latitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average) to about 50 km.
Among other gazes, the stratosphere contains small amounts of gaseous ozone (O3), which filters out about 99 percent of the incoming harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Most commercial airline flights operate at a cruising altitude in the lower stratosphere.


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