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Rosalba Lanciotti
University of Bologna, Italy
Wei Shi
North Carolina State University, United States
David Gramaje
Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences (ICVV), Spain
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Original Research ARTICLE
Front. Microbiol., 14 December 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02515
Evaluation of Fungal Growth on Olive-Mill Wastewaters Treated at High Temperature and by High-Pressure Homogenization
Francesca Cibelli, Antonio Bevilacqua, Maria L. Raimondo, Daniela Campaniello, Antonia Carlucci, Claudio Ciccarone, Milena Sinigaglia and Maria R. Corbo*
Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Reuse of olive mill wastewaters (OMWWs) in agriculture represents a significant challenge for health and safety of our planet. Phytotoxic compounds in OMWW generally prohibit use of untreated OMWWs for agricultural irrigation or direct discharge into surface waters. However, pretreated OMWW can have positive effects on chemical and microbiological soil characteristics, to fight against fungal soil-borne pathogens. Low amounts of OMWW following thermal (TT-OMWW) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH-OMWW) pretreatments counteracted growth of some of 12 soil-borne and/or pathogenic fungi examined. With fungal growth measured as standardized change in time to half maximum colony diameter, Δτ, overall, HPH-OMWW showed increased bioactivity, as increased mean Δτ from 3.0 to 4.8 days. Principal component analysis highlighted two fungal groups: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rosellinia necatrix, with growth strongly inhibited by the treated OMWWs; and Aspergillus ochraceus and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, with stimulated growth by the treated OMWWs. As a non-thermal treatment, HPH-OMWW generally shows improved positive effects, which potentially arise from preservation of the phenols.
Phenols, long chain fatty acids and other phytotoxic and inhibitory compounds are the major constituents of olive-mill wastewater (OMWW); however, the exact composition of OMWW is greatly variable and relies upon some factors like region of production process, milling conditions (Niaounakis and Halvadakis, 2006).
Phenols and other compounds limit the use of OMWW in agriculture, as they could affect the chemical and physical traits of soil (porosity and pH) and the germination of seeds (Marrara et al., 2002; El Hadrami et al., 2004; Mekki et al., 2006). Moreover, OMWW, when discharged directly into surface waters, can discolor streams and rivers (Niaounakis and Halvadakis, 2006).
However, OMWW can be also a valuable source for many purposes (production of fertilizers, recovery of antioxidants, and production of biopolymers, biogas and animal feed) (Morillo et al., 2009). In a recent study, Disciglio et al. (2015) investigated the effects of irrigation with treated agro-industrial wastewater on soil and fungal populations. Compared to groundwater, wastewater had significantly higher electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium adsorption ratios, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand over 5 days, ammonium–nitrogen, and phenol, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate and chloride contents. Most of these characteristics were significantly higher also in the wastewater-irrigated soil. During the tomato cultivation, there were significant shifts in the composition of the soil microbial community. Saprophytic species increased in the wastewater-treated soil, while plant pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum, progressively decreased.
Other studies have reported that when the high content of organic matter in wastewater (compared to fresh water) decomposes in the soil, this can increase the population of saprophytic fungi. Some of these can act as antagonists of soil-borne plant pathogens, such as Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., and Aspergillus spp. (Manici et al., 2004). Thus, the use of treated agro-industrial wastewater can provide great benefits to agriculture as well as to environmental recovery, because the use of intensive agricultural systems can lead to a major build-up of soil-borne plant pathogens, as reported by Garibaldi and Gullino (1995). Lops et al. (2008) showed that milling waste could be effective in the control of some fungal diseases and for plant growth. This was believed to arise through the polyphenolic compounds that it contains, which can be useful against fungal soil-borne pathogens that cause root rot.
The use of OMWW in agriculture also pose the problem of a preliminary treatment due to the high level of the naturally occurring microbiota (Sinigaglia et al., 2010). Thermal treatment could be a possible approach, but it could also result in some undesirable physico-chemical changes, like phenol degradation. Thus, non-thermal technologies have been proposed to provide cold pasteurization, which would reduce this heat damage. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and high hydrostatic pressure are promising non-thermal technologies that are particularly suitable for continuous production of liquid foods while limiting thermal damage (Xi et al., 2009; Suárez-Jacobo et al., 2010; Calligaris et al., 2012; Varela-Santos et al., 2012; Velázquez-Estrada et al., 2013; Amador-Espejo et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2014; Wibowo et al., 2015).
The focus of this study was on OMWW as a tool to control and/or inhibit soil-borne fungi in agriculture. The OMWW was initially treated and stabilized to reduce the naturally occurring microbiota to acceptable levels. The two approaches used here were conventional thermal treatment (TT-OMWW) and HPH (HPH-OMWW), to determine whether these different approaches act on bioactivities in different ways.
Olive-Mill Wastewater Collection and Testing
The OMWW used in this study was collected from a local olive mill in the province of Foggia (southern Italy) that operated using both continuous and traditional oil extraction methods. Thus, this OMWW was a mixture of the wastewaters from both of these extraction methods. It was subjected to pH and phenolics determinations using the methods described by Bray and Thrope (1954). Moreover, proteins and reducing sugar were assessed as respectively reported by Bradford (1976) and De Clerk (1963, Fehling method).
Olive-Mill Wastewater Treatments
In order to obtain TT-OMWW used in this study, OMWW was diluted in agar and sterilized at 121°C for 20 min.
In order to obtain the HPH-OMWW, OMWW was filtered through Miracloth paper (Calbiochem, Germany), and processed using a high-pressure homogenizer (PANDA 2K; Niro Soavi s.p.a., Parma, Italy), at 150 MPa. The homogenizer was a two-valve device. The first valve (a ball valve, indicated by the manufacturer as the "main valve") worked at a maximum pressure of 150 MPa and was used for the homogenization. The second valve was designed for emulsion preparation and micronization treatment, and worked at a maximum pressure of 15 MPa. In the present study, the HPH was performed only through the main valve. Before each treatment, the equipment was cleaned with sterilized distilled water at 70°C, and cooled with sterilized distilled water to obtain an exit temperature of the samples of < 35°C.
Twelve reference fungal species from a fungal pool assayed on different OMWWs in a previous study (Bevilacqua et al., 2017) were used to examine their growth on TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW in the present study. Information about these fungal species is given in Table 1, which were: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., F. oxysporum E. F. Sm. & Swingle, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Ajello, Georg & C. J. K. Wang) W. Gams, Crous & M. J. Wingf., Penicillium italicum Wehmer, Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Aspergillus ochraceus G. Wilh., Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Trichoderma sp. Pers., Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill., and Diaporthe amygdali Udayanga, Crous & K. D. Hyde.
Table 1. Details of the fungal species used in this study.
Growth Rates on the Treated Olive-Mill Wastewater Minimal Media
Fungal growth was initially assessed in a minimal culture medium using TT-OMWW as the only source of nutrition. The TT-OMWW was diluted in distilled water containing 15 g L−1 agar (Agar Technical n.3; Oxoid Ltd., UK) to three final concentrations: 5, 10, and 15%. These media were sterilized at 121°C for 20 min (as the thermal treatment), and then poured into sterile 55-mm-diameter Petri dishes. The fungi were aseptically inoculated using 2-mm mycelium plugs cut from the colony margins of 7–10-day-old cultures of the target fungi in Petri dishes, with each assay run in triplicate.
Similarly, the fungal growth was assessed in a minimal culture medium using HPH-OMWW as the only source of nutrition. The HPH-OMWW was also diluted in distilled water containing 15 g L−1 agar (Agar Technical n.3; Oxoid Ltd., UK) to the same three final concentrations: 5, 10, and 15%. These media were poured directly into sterile 55-mm-diameter Petri dishes. The fungi were inoculated as described above, with each assay run in triplicate.
The media inoculated with TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW were then incubated at 23 ± 2°C in the dark. The control cultures that used PDA as the positive control were prepared and incubated in parallel.
The colony diameters were measured and compared with those of the PDA control plates at intervals of 48 h over 21 days, to determine the radial growth of these fungi under these minimal growth conditions with TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW as the only sources of nutrition (Carlucci et al., 2012).
Statistical Analysis and Modeling
The experiments were performed in triplicate. Fungal growth was modeled using a logistic equation as modified by Dantigny et al. (2011), and given in Equation (1):
D=Dmax1+exp[k(τ-t)]
where D is the diameter of the fungal colony at the chosen time, Dmax is the maximum diameter of the fungal colony (here set as 55 mm; i.e., the diameter of the plates), k is the rate of fungal growth (mm day−1), τ is the time to attain half Dmax (days), and t is the chosen time of the analysis (days).
The differences among the fitting parameters from OMWW at different concentrations were assessed through one-way ANOVA; the test of Tukey was used as the post-hoc test (P < 0.05) (Statistica for Windows).
Data fitting was performed using the Statistica for Windows software (version 12.0; Statsoft, Tulsa, OK, USA), with a least-squares approach. After this primary modeling step, secondary modeling was performed. Before this step, τ was standardized as given in Equation (2):
τ=τOMW-τc
where τOMW and τc are the τ values from the media supplemented with TT-OMWW or HPH-OMWW and from the control medium with PDA, respectively. A positive Δτ indicates inhibition of fungal growth due to the TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW, whereas a negative Δτ indicates that the fungal growth was promoted.
This Δτ was then used as the dependent variable to run multi-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). The categorical predictors (i.e., independent variables) were the treatment (TT-OMWW, HPH-OMWW) (T), the amount of these OMWWs additions (5, 10, 15%) (A), and the fungal species assayed (F). Such multi-factorial ANOVA offers two kinds of outputs:
• A table of standardized effects that shows the Fisher-test factors and significance of the individual (i.e., F, A, T) and interactive (i.e., F*A, T*A, F*T, F*T*A) effects of the predictors.
• Hypothesis decomposition graphs that show the correlation of each predictor or interactive effect vs. Δτ.
As the final step, Principal Component Analysis (Statistica for Windows) was run using the Δτ from the TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW analysis, with the media supplemented with 5–15% of each treated OMWW.
The equation of Dantigny et al. (2011) satisfactorily fitted all of these datasets, with regression coefficients that ranged from 0.937 to 0.999.
Table 2 gives the fitting parameters from the equation of Dantigny et al. (2011) for the 12 fungi tested here. These fungi showed different trends, mainly on the basis of their saprophytic and parasitic roles. A first group comprised L. theobromae, Pm. parasiticum, and D. amygdali, which are trunk disease pathogens of several fruit trees (Mostert et al., 2006; Diogo et al., 2010; Carlucci et al., 2015a,b). On the 15% OMWW-supplemented agars, these three fungi generally experienced an increase in τ (TT-OMWW, 3.26 ± 0.05 days to 14.26 ± 0.71 days; HPH-OMWW, 5.07 ± 0.25 days to 14.04 ± 0.06 days), with some exceptions: D. amygdali was not affected by TT-OMWW, while HPH-OMWW promoted increased τ in Pm. parasiticum only at 15%, but it showed τ level lower than positive control in 5–10% HPH-OMWW and TT-OMWW. C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata are the causal agents of anthracnose and black spot disease on olive drupes (Moral et al., 2008; Talhinhas et al., 2015), and these fungi were affected by both TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW, where τ ranged from 3.03 ± 0.03 days (5%) to 16.32 ± 0.04 days (15%), and from 6.81 ± 0.12 days (5%) to 22.0 ± 0.10 days (15%), respectively. F. oxysporum is a soil-borne fungus, and it was not affected by TT-OMWW at 5%. Similarly, the growth of Trichoderma sp. was not influenced by TT-OMWW, while on HPH-OMWW, τ increased from 2.93 ± 0.17 days (5%) to 15.95 ± 0.01 days (15%). S. rolfsii and R. necatrix are severe soilborne fungal pathogens of horticultural crops and fruit trees, respectively, as reported by Lops et al. (2008) and Carlucci et al. (2013), and their growth was inhibited by 10 and 15% TT-OMWW.
Table 2. Fungi grown on the laboratory media supplemented with either thermal-treated or high-pressure homogenized OMWW.
A second group experienced different trends for τ, where this was lower than the PDA positive control. A. ochraceus was characterized by lower τ on the media containing 5% and 10% TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW, and it was inhibited only with the 15% TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW, as seen by the increased τ to 22.21 ± 0.60 days and 15.89 ± 0.01 days, respectively, as well as Pm. parasiticum. A similar situation was seen for A. niger, which used the phenolic compounds of TT-OMWW for its growth more so than HPH-OMWW.
Although Table 2 offers an interesting overview of the growth kinetics of these fungi with TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW, the fitting parameters for these different fungal species could not be simply compared. Thus, the τ values were standardized to provide Δτ, in terms of their increases/decreases compared to the PDA positive control. Then, these Δτ were used to run multi-factorial ANOVA according to three different independent factors: the fungus (F), the percentage (amount) treated OMWWs added (A), and the OMWW treatments (T). Table 3 shows the statistical analysis and F-values for both of these individual and the interactive terms. These data indicate that Δτ was mainly affected by the amount of treated OMWWs added, followed by the fungal species, and finally by the OMWW treatments. For the interactive terms, the most significant effect was for the fungi versus OMWW treatment interaction (F*T).
Table 3. Multifactorial ANOVA run on the parameter Δτ (prolongation of τ with reference to the PDA positive control; days).
Another output of the multi-factorial approach is the decomposition of the trend of each factor, with this data shown in the hypothesis decomposition graphs (Figure 1). These show the quantitative effects of each independent factor. In terms of the fungal species (Figure 1A), some of these can be strongly inhibited by these OMWWs, such as C. gloeosporioides, S. rolfsii and R. necatrix (Figure 1A, Cgd, Sri, Rnx). The analysis defined their Δτ in the range from 8 to 10 days, thus indicating that their growth can be delayed by 8–10 days in comparison with their growth on PDA. Other fungi, such as Pm. parasiticum and A. ochraceus (Figure 1A, Pmp, Aoc), showed a lower Δτ, thus suggesting that their growth was not affected by these treated OMWWs.
Figure 1. Effective hypothesis decomposition of the multifactorial ANOVA. Effects of fungi species (for numbers, see Table 1) (A), and amount added (B) and treatment (C) for thermal-treated OMWW (T) and high-pressure homogenized OMWW (HPH). Vertical bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The F-test and relative degrees of freedom are given at the top of each panel.
Figure 1B shows the quantitative effects of the amount of treated OMWW added, where, as expected, increasing the amounts of TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW in the minimal media resulted in a general delay of fungal growth. Finally, the effects of the high-temperature and HPH treatments might increase or decrease the effects of TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW on the fungal growth (Figure 1C). Here, the HPH-OMWW promoted increased bioactivity of the OMWW, with increased mean Δτ from 3.0 days to 4.8 days. This relies only on the effects of the OMWW treatment, and is independent of the other two factors (i.e., fungal species, amount of treated OMWW added).
As a final step, a multivariate approach was carried out to group the different fungal species and to select the most suitable ones for further studies. Δτ from the media supplemented with TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW were used as the input values for this Principal Component Analysis, with the outputs illustrated in Figure 2A (variable projection) and Figure 2B (case projection).
Figure 2. Principal Component Analysis run on Δτ values. (A) Projection of variables. Codes indicate percentage addition of thermal-treated OMWW (T) and high-pressure homogenized OMWW (HPH). (B) Projection of cases. For fungal species, see Table 1.
The PC1 and PC2 factors accounted for 84.73% of the total variability (Figure 2A). Here, variables 5-T, 10-T, 5-HPH, and 10-HPH (i.e., Δτ for the 5% and 10% TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW media) were mostly related to PC1 (correlations, 0.814–0.885), while variables 15-T and 15-HPH showed similar correlations to both PC1 and PC2 (0.612–0.671).
This principal component analysis highlighted two groups for the fungal species (Figure 2B). The first was in quadrants II and III and comprised C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, S. rolfsii, and R. necatrix, the growth of which was strongly inhibited by the addition of the OMWWs. This group is not homogeneous, because on the media containing 15% treated OMWWs, some differences were seen. Here, S. rolfsii and R. necatrix were more affected by 15% TT-OMWW, while C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata were more affected by 15% HPH-OMWW.
The second group of fungal species was in quadrant I, and included A. ochraceus and Pm. parasiticum. These two fungi were resistant to the treated OMWWs, and showed negative Δτ (i.e., stimulation of fungal growth by treated OMWWs). Finally, there is the remaining miscellaneous group that included the fungi with variable trends: L. theobromae, F. oxysporum, P. italicum, A. niger, Trichoderma sp., and D. amygdali.
As a last step, some preliminary chemical analyzed were done on OMWW. The control batch had a value of phenols of 11.25 ± 0.77 g L−1; this parameter increased to 16.34 ± 0.32 g L−1 in TT-OMWW, whereas it was at 10.99 g L−1 in HPH-OMWW. The Folin's method only assesses the total amount of phenols; however, this preliminary result could suggest a possible degradation of complex phenols because of the thermal treatment with an increase of the total phenolic compounds.
This process probably did not occur in HPH-OMWW, as the amount of phenols was not significantly different from the untreated batch. The content of proteins was at 373.05 ± 9.43 μg mL−1 and was not affected by the kind of treatment.
In recent years, several studies have evaluated OMWWs in different sectors, including agriculture, bioenergy production, bioconversion, and extraction of the valuable phytochemical compounds in OMWWs (Christodoulou et al., 2008; El Hajjouji et al., 2008; Ntaikou et al., 2009; Dermeche et al., 2013). To date, various physicochemical, biological, and combined technologies have also been applied to OMWW residues, to reduce their pollutant effects, including precipitation, coagulation, extraction, sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption on active carbon, chemical and advanced oxidation, centrifugation and ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation processes and ultrafiltration, fungal pretreatment, and anerobic digestion and ultrafiltration (Jaouad et al., 2016). The most suitable treatment for these OMWWs and their residues on any large scale appears to be the conventional activated sludge process (Sipma et al., 2010). The activated sludge processes produce a large amount of excess sludge, which may cause a serious of environmental and health issues (Zhang et al., 2009; Luo et al., 2013). However, application of this kind of treatment to biodegradation of OMWWs might not be effective because the phenolic compounds present can inhibit the microbial metabolism of the sludge. Aerobic biological treatments using different microorganisms, including fungi (Dias et al., 2004) or bacteria (Knupp et al., 1996), are widely used and environmentally friendly.
The present study addresses the use of OMWW in agriculture to control fungal growth, with the second aim to determine the effects of two initial treatments on the bioactivities of the OMWW. Based on these data, the tested fungal species generally followed two trends. The first was for an increased τ for either the TT-OMWW or HPH-OMWW media. This indicates that these TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW can have positive effects in the control of these fungal pathogens, through their polyphenols content.
HPH pretreatment can improve the sludge anaerobic digestion, above all if combined with an alkaline pH (Fang et al., 2014); pressure and number of cycles influence the effect of HPH, as they both improve sludge disintegration (Zhang et al., 2012). At high pressure and with repeated HPH-cycles, the disintegration degree and soluble chemical oxygen demand increased, thus resulting a release of organic matter (Fang et al., 2015).
Eight of the 12 fungi investigated here showed major slowing of their growth on HPH-OMWW: L. theobromae, D. amygdali, C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. oxysporum, Trichoderma sp., S. rolfsii, and R. necatrix. These data are in agreement with Telles et al. (2017), who studied the profiles of phenolic compounds and their relationships with the defense mechanisms of bean against fungal contamination and the amylase inhibitory activity from fungi. They reported that the phenolic compounds could potentially inhibit fungal attack and/or prevent aflatoxin production in bean. Moreover, plant defense against fungal infection is influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors, such as the phenolic composition of specific plant tissues, which can prevent pathogen attacks (Mendes et al., 2013). The aromatic ring of phenols, along with –OH groups, play a major role in plant defense mechanisms (Richardson, 1980; Guajardo-Flores et al., 2013; Ramírez-Jiménez et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015). Lambert et al. (2012) studied the antifungal role of phenols against grapevine wood decay against trunk disease fungi and found that hydroxystilbenoids and vitisin A and B significantly inhibited fungal growth, except for Pm. aleophilum and Pm. parasiticum.
Altintas et al. (2013) assessed the composition and the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Origanum essential oils. Thymol and carvacrol were the major components of this oil and exerted a significant effect on strawberry anthracnose-causing fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, and C. gloeosporioides using the direct overlay bioautography assay. Thymol demonstrated antifungal activity and produced growth inhibition of Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton in experimental conditions, such as D. amygdali in our research. They suggested that fungi (and many other organisms) do not always respond to chemical agents in a concentration-dependent manner. Mean fungal growth of thymol and carvacrol tested separately and mixed together indicated that these phenolic compounds are not good natural fungicides, while the bioassay data indicated that thymol and carvacrol may act more as growth suppressive compounds in the plant and not as fungitoxic defense compounds against invading pathogens.
Other researchers have found that phenolic compounds can inhibit Alternaria spp. (Brenes et al., 2011); F. oxysporum (Patel and Saraf, 2017); Trichoderma sp. (Zheng et al., 2017); R. necatrix (Lee, 2000).
For the antifungal effects of OMWWs, the data from the present study are in line with the findings of Lops et al. (2008) for S. rolfsii, the causal fungal agent of collar rots as soil-borne pathogens of horticultural crops.
The second trend that was recorded in the present study was showed for A. ochraceus and Pm. parasiticum, which experienced decreased τ when grown on both TT-OMWW and HPH-OMWW at 5% and 10%. This defines a positive effect of the phenols on fungal growth, as previously reported by Bevilacqua et al. (2017). Martínková et al. (2016) reported that new promising wild-type producers have emerged of the enzymes for the degradation of phenols in model mixtures or real wastewaters and a number of recombinant strains were also constructed, based mainly on yeasts or Aspergillus strains as hosts, indeed a variety of processes were proposed at the lab scale for using these fungi and their phenol oxidases in the bioremediation.
Not ligninolytic Aspergillus species colonize soils and sediments contaminated with toxic chemicals. Thus, they could be goof tool for the bioremediation, because of their nonylphenol metabolism. The removal of nonylphenol by A. versicolor from waste and water pollutants can be used in bioreactors or on large-scale in sewage treatment plants where the fungus can be used as an inoculum for bioremediation processes (Krupinski et al., 2014).
In the same way, Sivasubramanian and Namasivayam (2015) developed a microbial consortium consisting of five phenol-degrading strains isolated from environmental source. The consortium could degrade 99% of 1,000 mg L−1 phenol after 72 h incubation with a biomass increase from 2.6 × 107 to 4 × 1012 CFU mL−1. Characterization of the members revealed that consortium consisted of Candida tropicalis (1.2 × 105 CFU mL−1), Aspergillus fumigatus (1.1 × 105 CFU mL−1), Candida albicans (3.0 × 103 CFU mL−1), Candida haemulonis (2.6 × 103 CFU mL−1) and Streptomyces alboflavus (1.1 × 105 CFU mL−1).
Another interesting finding in the present study was the different effects of the thermal treatment and HPH on the antifungal activities of these OMWWs. The statistical analysis suggests stronger bioactivity for HPH-OMWW, potentially due to preservation of the phenols through the treatment, as indicated by Varela-Santos et al. (2012).
The production of OMWW is seasonal, and in October to December, large volumes of OMWW are produced. These are strongly contaminated by a composite microbiota of bacteria, yeast, and fungi (McNamara et al., 2008), and storage of OMWW at room temperature or under refrigeration generally results in degradation of the phenolic compounds (Sinigaglia et al., 2010). Therefore, OMWW should be initially treated before storage, to assure longer use and bioactive potential. This study represents the first report on the evaluation of the effects of different stabilization approaches carried out for the OMWW raw material, where HPH appears to be a promising way forward. However, the results here and the effects of TT-OMWW on some of these fungi suggest that the effects of OMWW, as well as the influence of the initial treatments, also depend upon the fungal species. Indeed, some of these fungi were strongly affected by TT-OMWW, which thus suggests that the decomposition metabolites that originate from the thermal treatment might also have roles in the antifungal activity of TT-OMWW.
In conclusion, the disposal of OMWW represents a challenge for the environment, although it might also be an opportunity. This study addressed the use of low amounts of OMWWs, which can be used to counteract the effects of some soil-borne and/or pathogenic fungi in agriculture, including L. theobromae, Pm. parasiticum, D. amygdali, C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. oxysporum, Trichoderma sp., S. rolfsii, and R. necatrix. In addition, two initial treatments of OMWW (temperature, HPH) were studied to determine whether they influence the bioactivities of the resulting OMWWs. These data suggest general improved benefits following HPH, as probable positive effects of the phenols, although there are some exceptions to this generalized statement.
MC, MS, AC, and AB: conceived this study; FC, MR, DC, and CC: performed the analyses. AB and MC: performed the statistical analyses; FC and AB: wrote the paper; MC: funded the research; All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.
The research was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) through the grant ECO_P4 Promotion of ECO-friendly processes for the enhancement of quality of Apulian food productions (PON02_00186_2866121) (P.O.N. RICERCA E COMPETITIVITA' 2007–2013 per le Regioni della Convergenza—Avviso n. 713/Ric. del 29/10/2010—Titolo II—"Sviluppo/Potenziamento di DAT e di LPP").
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: fungi, high-pressure of homogenization, thermal treatment, olive mill wastewater, antifungal activity
Citation: Cibelli F, Bevilacqua A, Raimondo ML, Campaniello D, Carlucci A, Ciccarone C, Sinigaglia M and Corbo MR (2017) Evaluation of Fungal Growth on Olive-Mill Wastewaters Treated at High Temperature and by High-Pressure Homogenization. Front. Microbiol. 8:2515. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02515
Received: 13 October 2017; Accepted: 04 December 2017;
Published: 14 December 2017.
Rosalba Lanciotti, Università di Bologna, Italy
Wei Shi, North Carolina State University, United States
David Gramaje, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Spain
Copyright © 2017 Cibelli, Bevilacqua, Raimondo, Campaniello, Carlucci, Ciccarone, Sinigaglia and Corbo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Maria R. Corbo, mariarosaria.corbo@unifg.it
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text:
Q: How to compare multiple proportions between multiple groups I measured prey capturing success (=proportion of successful captures divided by the total number of prey captured) in four fish species (species 1: n=19, species 2: n=18, species 3: n=4, species 4: n=3) and would like to compare the prey capturing success between the four species. However, as there might be an individual effect within species (some fish might be better due to slight differences in morphology) I do not think one can simple sum everything up and compare four values (proportions). Therefore I want to know if it is possible to compare multiple proportions between the four species. Note that the proportions do not show a normal distribution within the species.
Many thanks in advance!

A: As I understand it, you have multiple individual fish within each species.
Each individual caught a certain proportion of prey.
You want to model the success rate as a function of species, accounting for the fact that there were multiple individuals in each species, and each individual varied in ability.
If so, there are, I think, three main approaches:
1) A nonlinear multilevel model, with species at one level and individual fish at another.
2) GEE (generalized estimating equations).
3) Accounting for the clustering with a sandwich estimator.
My own experience is mostly with 1) which replace the usual logistic regression equation:
$\mathrm{logit}(Y) = BX$
with
$\mathrm{logit}(Y) = BX + u_{ij}$
where $u_{ij}$ is the effect at level 2
The difference between (1) and (2) is that (1) is a conditional model and (2) is a marginal model. (3) is an attempt to deal with the clustering by making the variance estimation robust.
More resources:
Multilevel modeling for binary data on (1)
GEE analysis of clustered binary data on (2) (looks good from the abstract, I haven't read it)
This thread here on SE about the difference
I did see a paper on (3) at a Northeast SAS Users Group; Google finds it, but the link seems to have deteriorated (or it might be my internet connection that has).

A: You can test this with ANOVA after angle-transforming data Sin(sqrt(x)).
However, there might be too few cases in species 2 and 3.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you get a chance would you mind checking vin: WF0DP3TH9H4120994 for the fsa, on etis is says "Outstanding Field Service Actions: no campaign messages found"
Last edited by Zellhound; 04-04-2019 at 10:49 AM.
@Zellhound , that VIN you were asking about, WF0DP3TH9H4120994? The HG was replaced on 28MAR2018 at Gervais Inc in Ayer, MA with 12171 miles on the odometer.


text:
Q: what's the difference between did and was doing? Here are examples of the sentences.  What is the difference between them?
They seem to be almost the same to me so I don't exactly understand the difference.

We worked from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm yesterday.
  We were working from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm yesterday.
When we came home, she talked with her friends.
  When we came home, she was talking with her friends.
I slept when the cat came in through the window.
  I was sleeping when the cat came in through the window.

A: Here is an example I like to use with my students.
Sarah says, "I was doing my homework and my friend called."

Rachel says, "I did my homework and my friend called."
This means that Rachel finished her homework, but Sarah did not finish her homework. The "was doing" means that something was still going on, that it was interrupted or that it never finished.
For my info, you could see englishpage.com's article on this topic.

A: "We worked from 9 am to 5 pm yesterday" implies that work only took place from 9-5, but "we were working from 9:00 to 5:00 yesterday" implies that, in addition to having worked from 9-5, work may have also been taking place before and/or after the period of 9-5.

A:
We worked from 9 am to 5 pm yesterday.

is best as a simple statement of fact. But you could use:

We were working from 9:00 to 5:00 yesterday. Around 1:00 the power went out.

if you are describing other things that were going on at that time.

When we came home, she was talking with her friends.
  I was sleeping when the cat came in through the window.

are best. Since you are describing activities occurring in the present (based on your narrative) she was talking and the cat came in, you should keep the same tense in the other phrase.


Momentum measures the rate at which users are interacting with your brand. Users who are interacting more than usual with your brand will have a higher score.
It's easy to confuse how momentum and recency differ, but they are actually very different. Universally speaking, we've found them to have a 5% correlation. Recency measures absolute recency of activity, but just because a user has recent activity, doesn't mean they're not at risk of churning.
If a user maintains a constant rate of activity, their momentum score will be 50. If they are more active than they used to be, their momentum will be greater than 50, and might warrant a loyalty offer. If they are less active than they used to be, their momentum will be less than 50, and might warrant a win-back campaign.


text:
Q: Why this async function blocks the processing? I'm trying to understand async/await and read some articles about it, but I'm still having difficulties to understand some scenarios.
Here I have a code that blocks the processing (note I'm not using await to wait for the response):

async function myAsyncFunction() {
    console.log("myAsyncFunction started");
    return new Promise(resolve => {
        sleep(5000);
        console.log("myAsyncFunction finished");
        resolve("myAsyncFunction value");
    });
}

function myNormalFunction() {
    console.log("myNormalFunction started");
    sleep(2000);
    console.log("myNormalFunction finished")
    return "myNormalFunction valiue";
}

//Just a function to real block the thread
//Relax, I'll not use it in production
function sleep(delay) {
    var start = new Date().getTime();
    while (new Date().getTime() < start + delay);
}

async function main() {
    const ar = myAsyncFunction();
    const sr = myNormalFunction();
}

main();

The output of this code will be:
myAsyncFunction started
myAsyncFunction finished
myNormalFunction started
myNormalFunction finished

...and I was expecting
myAsyncFunction started
myNormalFunction started
myNormalFunction finished
myAsyncFunction finished

If the purpose of an async function is not block the caller returning a promise, why on this example it's not working? Is there a way to make it work?
Thanks


The Advent Vespers service will start at 4:30 p.m. in Our Lady Queen of Peace Chapel between St. Scholastica Monastery and Tower Hall. This contemplative service is conducted partially in candlelight and features performances from the St. Scholastica choirs. The service will be immediately followed by the Christmas tree lighting event at about 5:15 p.m. in front of Tower Hall's main entrance. In a time-honored tradition, participants will proceed from the chapel to Tower Hall carrying lit candles. St. Scholastica President Colette Geary will lead a countdown to the tree lighting, followed by everyone singing Christmas carols led by the choirs. Guests will have a chance to enjoy cookies and hot chocolate in the Tower Hall foyer. The event is sponsored by the Student Alumni Association. Both the Advent service and the tree lighting are free and open to the public.
The University of Wisconsin-Superior Music Department presents its 21st annual Season of Song concerts, featuring audience carols and holiday favorites. The UWS choruses will perform works by J.S. Bach, Michael Praetorius, Ivo Antognini, Guillaume Dufay, and Sergei Rachmaninoff, with the UW-Superior Orchestra performing movements from Arcangelo Corelli's Christmas Concerto.


JMC fellow William Anthony Hay reviews Patrick Griffin's book The Townshend Moment: The Making of Empire and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century in the Claremont Review of Books.
But as the partnership's terms changed, imperial patriotism faded. A disillusioned Franklin complained in 1767 that "every man in England seems to consider himself as a piece of a sovereign over America; seems to jostle himself into the throne, and talks of our subjects in the same colonies." Rather than sharing in the war-forged empire, Americans watched as longstanding practices of self-government were challenged by British efforts to standardize imperial structures under their more direct control. Colonial opposition initiated an escalating cycle of resistance that led to the shots heard around the world at Lexington and Concord.
While many historians consider the Stamp Act the turning point, Patrick Griffin, a Professor of History at Notre Dame, locates the pivotal moment in the ascendency of George and Charles Townshend. The brothers pursed an imperial reform program in Ireland and the American colonies that attempted to make them provinces of a Greater Britain. In The Townshend Moment: The Making of Empire and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, Griffin explores the forces that drove imperial reform and the reactions to it, by taking seriously the ideas and principles that informed the political culture. He concludes that, in effect, the attempt to impose order on the complex, organic, colonial system brought revolution.
William Anthony Hay is an Associate Professor of History and Director of the College of Arts & Sciences Institute for the Humanities at Mississippi State. He specializes in British History and International Relations since the eighteenth century. Elected a fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 2009, Hay is a past-president of the Southern Conference on British Studies. Along with research grants from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation and the Earhart Foundation, he has held fellowships at the Lewis Walpole Library and Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University and the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan.
Hay is currently writing a book tentatively entitled King George's Generals: Strategy, Policy and Britain's War for America, 1763-1781. Boydell & Brewer will publish Hay's latest book Lord Liverpool: A Political Life in Spring 2018. His first book The Whig Revival, 1808-1830 (Palgrave: 2005) examines the political realignment that brought the Whigs to power in 1830 through an alliance with provincial interests. Hay writes regularly for publications including the Wall Street Journal, National Interest and Literary Review. Before coming to Mississippi State, Hay directed a program on European politics and U.S. foreign policy at Foreign Policy Research Institute. Hay received his Ph.D. Modern European and International History from the University of Virginia in 2000.


For a long time allotment gardening was widely seen as the preserve of older men in flat caps (remember Arthur and his allotment in Eastenders? ), as a place to potter about and sit in their sheds. However, as food prices continue to grow higher and higher, and more and more modern housing developments are created without any private gardens, more and more people are getting in to allotment gardening.
Allotment gardening is a great and cheap way to have access to your own plot of land for growing fruit and vegetables (approximately £50 a year for a standard sized plot); the allotment community is friendly and sociable and keen to share knowledge and swap seeds; and it's a relaxing and fairly stress-free hobby (as long as slugs don't attack!).
It seems that with a bit of planning and forethought allotments can look good as well as being practical (although it does help if you have some stellar carpentry skills to create that shed!).
Whilst browsing the internet, it also struck me that developers are cottoning on to the fact that people want access to garden space. These modern allotments at Saxton in Leeds are a great example of developers incorporating allotments into modern flat developments. Although the plots are small there is still plenty scope for growing a variety of different vegetables, and I have the say the multi-colour sheds are very aesthetically pleasing. Who wouldn't want to be out at their allotment on a gloriously sunny day?
I know they aren't the biggest of plots, but it's given me all sorts of allotment ideas – a brightly coloured shed and some raised beds for starters!
All fired up and wanting your very own allotment? The best bet is to contact your local council, however the National Allotment Society may also be a useful port of call.
However, I'm not wanting to burst your bubble, but in case you weren't aware, there is a terrible problem of supply and demand, in that there are often huge waiting lists for allotment spaces. In some parts of Edinburgh alone there are 9 year waiting lists, and sadly, from what I am aware of, the Council is doing very little to help free up more land for allotments. In many places up and down the country allotments have even been sold off to developers.
You might be wondering what you can do about this? There is an online petition that you can sign that calls for the Government to introduce and implement a new allotment strategy to help improve the current provision and increase the number of allotments available to meet demand. You can sign it here – it's open until 18th January 2014 and needs at least 20,000 signatures so please spread the word.
I have heard of some areas of the country where there are allotments ready and waiting for occupiers, so it may be that you are one of the lucky few, but in any case, sign the petition for all of us less privileged!


text:
LaBuda, Judith 2020 Evaluation
Twentieth Judicial District - District Judge
Honorable Judith L. LaBuda
The Twentieth Judicial District Commission on Judicial Performance unanimously agrees by a vote of 10-0 that Judge Judith L. LaBuda MEETS PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.
During her current term, Judge LaBuda has presided over criminal, civil, family law, probate, and mental health matters in Boulder County, Colorado. Judge LaBuda is detail oriented, especially in complex matters, and she comes to court prepared. Her written decisions are clear, concise and well-written and reflect her knowledge of the law and straightforward communication style. In response to some attorney's complaints that she is sometimes short with litigants and juries because of her desire to manage an efficient courtroom and move cases along, she has improved, and strives to further improve, her judicial demeanor. She attends seminars and trainings offered to help ensure equal treatment to all defendants in criminal cases. In her recent criminal docket rotation Judge LaBuda has presided over a number of high-profile cases. She participates in community service by serving on the Boulder Bar Association Board of Directors, participating on the board of Charities Within Reach, a non-profit organization that supports an orphanage she founded in Thailand, and teaching about government in local schools.
The Performance Commission interviewed Judge LaBuda, observed her in court or listened to recordings of her court proceedings, read opinions she has written, solicited and received comments from the Boulder District Attorney and the co-chairs of the Boulder Criminal Defense Bar, and reviewed performance survey responses from attorneys and non-attorneys who had been in Judge LaBuda's courtroom. Among the survey questions was "based on your responses to the previous questions related to the performance evaluation criteria, do you think Judge LaBuda meets judicial performance standards?" Of the 32 attorneys responding to the survey, 72 percent answered yes, 25 percent answered no; and three percent had no opinion. Of the 56 non-attorneys responding to the survey, 97 percent answered yes, and three percent had no opinion. Overall, Judge LaBuda is a hardworking, compassionate judge who loves the law and constantly works to improve.
Judge LaBuda was appointed to the Boulder District Court in May 2012. Prior to her appointment she was a Senior Assistant Attorney General, representing the State Personnel Board and the Division and Commissioner of Insurance. Judge LaBuda was a trial attorney in private practice from 1992 to 2009, where she practiced both in state and federal court. Her practice focused on family law, employment law and disability law. Judge LaBuda earned her law degree from the University of Colorado in 1992, where she graduated Order of the Coif. She received a master's degree in behavioral disabilities/rehabilitation counseling psychology from the University of Wisconsin- Madison in 1981 and a bachelor's degree in Rehabilitation Education in 1980. She practiced in the field of rehabilitation counseling for 10 years prior to receiving her law degree.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Facing COVID-19 and climate threats, Nairobi ramps up green efforts
by Wesley Langat | Thomson Reuters Foundation
Friday, 14 August 2020 02:00 GMT
Peter Njeru, who once lived in Michuki Memorial Park, helps build a walkway in the rehabilitated green space in central Nairobi, July 29, 2020. Thomson Reuters Foundation/Wesley Langat
The African city is improving parks, adding urban forests, building more sidewalks and improving drainage to avoid floods
By Wesley Langat
NAIROBI, Aug 14 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Peter Njeru used to live in central Nairobi's rundown Michuki Memorial Park because he had nowhere else to go. Now the 28-year-old is restoring and guarding the green space, one of about 200 jobless former park residents hired to help with the work.
"This park was my home with other street families, though people were dumping here illegally," he said, noting that he used to collect and sell plastic bottles and metal scraps to buy food.
But after being evicted in 2017, he was hired for a few months to help clear trash in the park - and began guarding it in his spare time.
Now he has a full-time job keeping clean the once trash-choked Nairobi River that runs through the green space, earning enough to rent a house for himself and his family.
Kenya's capital city is one of the fastest-growing in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the United Nations, and more people, trash and homelessness have taken a toll, along with new challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic.
But a government effort to better protect and restore parks in the city - particularly along the Nairobi River - is now having a significant payoff, not just in jobs but in green spaces to beat the heat and cope with virus restrictions, backers say.
The effort is part of a broader push to expand green infrastructure in Kenya's capital, including ensuring widened road corridors have good sidewalks and drainage to prevent flooding, as well as more trees.
Passersby walk near a section of newly build pedestrian walkway along Kenyatta Avenue in the center of Nairobi, July 29, 2020. Thomson Reuters Foundation/Wesley Langat
Maurice Kavai, an environmental compliance officer with Nairobi City County government, said such changes, including better water service and waste management, will help residents cope not just with the coronavirus crisis but with worsening climate change impacts and future pandemics.
Already it's improving air quality and making the city a more pleasant place to work, said Loyd Ngere, a carpenter who sells wood furniture near expanded sidewalks along the road to Ngong.
The roadside is much less dusty, he said, and "my wares are visible to customers who often pass by because many people prefer walking due to good and safe pedestrian sidewalks".
The effort to improve Michuki Memorial Park began in March, when the government allocated 30 million Kenyan shillings ($278,000) to rapidly rehabilitate the park to create more green space for social distancing, said Julius Wanjau, who runs Nairobi's central business district.
"Early this year, the place was a criminal hideout, a (space for) illegal charcoal dealing, a dumping site, a home to many street families in Nairobi," he said, with evicted families continuing to move back into the park.
But since the park was again cleared, 1,200 tons of garbage removed, and other improvements made, "now the place is clean with cool air and you can even find fish in the Nairobi River, which were never there before", Wanjau said.
By asking former residents of the park what they wanted to see change, and giving them priority doing casual work to improve it, the project has also created what Wanjau calls "ambassadors" for the green space, committed to protecting it.
"They understand this place," he said.
Woodworker Loyd Ngere and a colleague display their wares near a new pedestrian walkway along Ngong Road, Nairobi, July 29, 2020. Thomson Reuters Foundation/Wesley Langat
The timing of the work also has, coincidentally, helped cushion many of the city's most vulnerable families economically through the city's pandemic lockdown, providing work as other jobs dried up.
Phillip Dinga, who works for the C40 alliance of cities pushing for climate action and advises Nairobi officials, said the kind of changes Nairobi is making are crucial across Africa, both to cater for swelling urban populations and cut disaster risks.
Carrying out such work is a good way to use government spending to spur economies trying to recover from the COVID-19 economic slowdown as well, he said.
"We want to transition Nairobi to a world-class resilient city," he said, including with air quality that meets World Health Organization standards.
Nairobi is moving towards that both by installing air quality monitors and working to make non-motorised transport - such as walking and cycling - easier and more pleasant, Dinga said.
A view of a rehabilitated grassy area in Michuki Memorial Park, Nairobi, July 29, 2020. Thomson Reuters Foundation/Wesley Langat
Clement Ngoriareng, of the Kenya Forest Service, said his agency and others also are trying to identify more open spaces in the city that could be managed as urban forests to provide cooling, fresh air and recreation spaces.
Chris Kiptoo, principal secretary in the Ministry of Environment and Forest, said green, environmentally smart policy was key to both making cities more liveable and recovering effectively from the virus slowdown.
"The solutions lie with us," he said during an online event, particularly in terms of finding "a deal that balances nature and people".
Kenya's push to harvest rainwater has a new payoff: battling coronavirus
Kenya's floods uproot families, complicating coronavirus fight
As coronavirus steals jobs, urban Kenyans look to their rural families
(Reporting by Wesley Langat ; editing by Laurie Goering : (Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters. Visit http://news.trust.org/climate)
Adapting to Climate Change
Food General
Big brands call for global pact to cut plastic production


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Critical Mass Cyclists Hit The Streets Christmas Day
Filed Under:Allapattah, Bike Ride Miami, Brownsville, Critical Mass, Critical Mass Miami, Downtown Miami, East Little Havana, Giovanna Maselli, Government Center, Grapeland Heights, Little Haiti, Miami Beach, North Bay Village, North Beach, Overtown, Wynwood
(Source:LIONEL BONAVENTURE/AFP/Getty Images)
Follow CBSMIAMI.COM: Facebook | Twitter
MIAMI (CBSMiami) — Critical Mass cyclists will be hitting the streets of Miami on Christmas Day.
The ride, which takes place every last Friday of the month, is an event that draws thousands of cyclists through several neighborhoods, usually causing some traffic congestion in certain areas.
The ride starts at 7:15 p.m. from the Government Center on 150 NW First Street.
Cyclists will take a ride through Little Havana, West Flagler, Coral Gables, Miracle Mile, Coral Way, Shenandoah, The Roads, Brickell, and Downtown
This ride's total distance is about 13 miles.
The Critical Mass movement started in order to raise awareness for the rights and the safety of cyclists and to have drivers respect cyclists and share the road with them.
Click here to view a map of the ride.
For those opting to drive in those areas around the ride time, click here for the latest traffic information.


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Survival benefit of higher fraction dose delivered by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 10 cm in size
Su F, Chen K, Liang Z, Qu S, Li L, Chen L, Yang Y, Wu C, Liang X, Zhu X
2019 Cancer Management and Research
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A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2022; you can also visit the original URL. The file type is text/html.
Fang Su*, Kaihua Chen*, Zhongguo Liang, Song Qu, Ling Li, Long Chen, Yunli Yang, Chunhua Wu, Xia Liang, Xiaodong ZhuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workObjective: Even in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), patients are often ineligible for surgical resection, transplantation, or local more » ... ion due to advanced cirrhosis, donor shortage, or difficult tumor location. To compare the safety and efficacy of different fractions on the survival of patients with tumors smaller than 10 cm in size, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients ineligible for curative therapies were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT).Methods: A total of 198 HCC patients who had tumors smaller than 10 cm and were not eligible for surgical resection or local ablation therapy received 3DCRT. Participants were separated into two groups. The treatment for Group A (n=111) was a median total dose of 53 Gy with a fraction of 2.5–4.9 Gy given three times a week, while treatment for Group B (n=87) was a median total dose of 52 Gy with a fraction of 5.0–7.0 Gy given three times a week. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted, and after the PSM, 81 pairs of patients arose. The Kaplan–Meier method was adopted to analyze overall survival; multivariate analysis was applied to identify the prognostic factors of survival.Results: The median follow-up time was 19.7 months (ranging from 1 to 186 months). The median survival for Group A patients versus Group B patients was 14.4 versus 24.8 months (P=0.003), respectively. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 57.7%, 30.6%, and 18.9% for Group A patients and 73.6%, 43.7%, and 33.3% for Group B patients, respectively (P=0.009). In addition, the results in the PSM model appeared to be similar between the two groups. After PSM, the association between four independent p [...]
doaj:e629438456124813bfc82133560d1385 fatcat:idsszhoe6rb37j5rlmn6b3egny
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Su F, Chen K, Liang Z, Qu S, Li L, Chen L, Yang Y, Wu C, Liang X, Zhu X. "Survival benefit of higher fraction dose delivered by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 10 cm in size." Cancer Management and Research (2019) 3791-3799


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Rusty Glover
Tips | Recommendations | Reviews
How To Apply For Welfare In Alabama?
Jorge Frazier
In order to apply for this position, you will need to print out an application, fill it out, and either hand-deliver it or submit it to your local Department of Human Resources. The application is hosted on the website of the Alabama Department of Human Resources and can be accessed there.
Can you apply for welfare online in Alabama?
How much do people in Alabama get from the TANF program? # – The amount of money you receive from assistance in Alabama is mostly determined by the income and number of people in your family. One of the least generous TANF payments in the US is provided by the state of Alabama, which provides a maximum of $215 per month to support a family of three.
Because of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Alabama decided to provide all TANF families with a "Emergency Health Preparedness Allowance" of $400 per month for three months. This sum is approximately double the highest amount that may be received through the program on its own. In person submission of an application for the Family Assistance (FA) Program is required and can be done so at the Department of Human Resources in the county in which you reside.
Make use of this map to locate the person to contact at the DHR office in your county. Please contact me at (334) 242-1310 for any other information. OneAlabama is the online application site for Alabama's public assistance, including Family Assistance.
How long can you be on welfare in Alabama?
Eligible families will be able to receive monetary assistance from the Family Assistance Program in accordance with 45 CFR 260.31 on a time limited basis (the time limit is 5 years), in accordance with the provisions found in section 408, Part A, Title IV of the Social Security Act (and supportive services to help families transition into self-sufficiency), consistent with the requirements set forth in the Family Assistance Program.
See also: How To Redeem Property After Tax Sale In Alabama?
What is cash assistance in Alabama?
Temporary Cash Assistance The Family Assistance Program offers temporary cash assistance for basic needs to low-income families with children under the age of 18 or under the age of 19 if the child is enrolled full time in an equivalent level of vocational or technical training. This assistance is provided to families with children regardless of the child's age.
What qualifies you for welfare in Alabama?
In order to be eligible for Alabama Family Assistance, you must be a resident of Alabama and either a citizen of the United States, a legal resident of the United States, or a qualifying immigrant. You must be jobless, underemployed, or have a very low income, and both of these conditions must apply.
Who is eligible for TANF?
You must be jobless, underemployed, or have a very low income, and both of these conditions must apply. In addition to that, you must be any of the following: Have a child who is under the age of 18 or who is younger than that. Be pregnant, or.
How long can you be on TANF in Alabama?
In the state of Alabama, the required amount for a household of three is $215 per month. To be considered eligible, a family must have a kid under the age of 18 (or 19 if they are still enrolled in school) who is either a citizen of the United States or an immigrant who is legally qualified.
How do I apply for foodstamps?
Get in touch with the SNAP office in your area if you want to submit an application for food stamp benefits or learn more about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). On the USDA national map, you can locate local offices as well as links to applications for each state.
See also: When Does Deer Season Start In Alabama?
You may also find listings for local offices in the sections of the phone book devoted to state and municipal governments. The location of the office ought to be specified as "Food Stamps," "Social Services," "Human Services," "Public Assistance," or any term of a like nature. You may also contact the SNAP helpline numbers listed for your state.
The vast majority of them are free-of-charge. Application forms may be obtained from each state individually. If the form for your state is not currently available online, you will need to get in touch with the SNAP office in your area in order to make a request for one.
Please refrain from calling the USDA or HHS headquarters; applications are only accepted and eligibility is determined at the state level.
The Food and Nutrition Service program of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is in charge of the administration of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, often known as SNAP.
The content that was produced by the Digital Communications Division (DCD) The content was most recently reviewed on April 16th, 2020.
You may also find listings for local offices in the sections of the phone book devoted to state and municipal governments.
The location of the office ought to be specified as "Food Stamps," "Social Services," "Human Services," "Public Assistance," or any term of a like nature.
You may also contact the SNAP helpline numbers listed for your state.
See also: How Many Gas Pumps At Buc Ee'S Leeds Alabama?
Please refrain from calling the USDA or HHS headquarters; applications are only accepted and eligibility is determined at the state level. The Food and Nutrition Service program of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is in charge of the administration of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, often known as SNAP.
How Much Does It Cost To File Bankruptcy In Alabama?
How To Make A Will Alabama?


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Shown in Picture: Montecarlo 52" Prairie Ceiling Fan Model 14PRR52BSD in Brushed Steel with Washed Grey/Silver reversible blades.
UL Listed for Damp Applications: The 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel is UL Listed for Outdoor Damp Locations, which means the fan is rated for indoor or outoor use in covered areas where there is excessive moisture, but not direct exposure to rain or sprinklers. It's great for fully covered patios and porches or screened enclosures. All outdoor ceiling fans can also be installed inside your house, so they are also great for bathrooms and laundry rooms or any other room inside your home.
The downrod included with the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel ceiling fan is 6", which puts the blades 13" from the ceiling. Here are the Minimum Ceiling Heights required for each downrod available for this fan. Each length will put the fan blades 7 feet from the floor, so if you want your fan blades higher than 7 feet, choose a shorter downrod to fit your needs.
How does the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel Compare to the Average Ceiling Fan?
With a Quality Rating of 5, the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel is among the finest quality ceiling fans made. It will run smooth and quiet without wobbling or making noise and you can let it run 24 hours a day for years on end without any worries of the motor burning out.
A Wind Speed Factor of 2.9 MPH gives this fan a Breeze Rating of 3 out of 5. This is rather average when it comes to ceiling fans, so you will feel some cooling breeze, but don't expect the 52" Prairie to blow your socks off. Aside from Quality, which accounts for smooth quiet operation and durability, the amount of wind-chill a fan can provide to cool you off is the most important consideration.
5003 CFM is pretty much average, so don't expect a super strong breeze from this fan. However, most people are used to average ceiling fans, so if you have never experienced a fan more powerful than this, you may be satisfied with the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel. The 2.9 MPH wind speed is a little lower than you might expect with such a high airflow. The wind speed tells you how much breeze you can expect to feel when you are beneath the fan. Due to the blade span of this fan, the actual concentration of airflow is spread over a larger area, so the ultimate cooling effect is a little less than some fans with smaller blade spans. This is a compromise that you may be willing to accept if the actual area where you spend your time is further away from the center of the fan, which is why you may consider a larger fan such as this one. In this case the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel will allow you to raise your thermostat by 1 or 2 degrees, which will still help you save additional money on your cooling bills (if you have AC).
25 Watts per hour is "Extremely Low", which is fantastic because the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel will cost almost nothing to operate compared to other ceiling fans. Use the calculator below to estimate just how much it will cost to operate this fan in "Your home".
Basic Help: Our operational cost calculator estimates how much it will cost to operate the 52" Prairie Windmill Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel ceiling fan. By default, the calculator assumes that you will leave your fan running 24 hours a day for the entire year (which is not very likely to be accurate), so you will want to change the hours and days to be more in line with how often you think you will use the fan. The calculator also defaults to the average cost per kWh of electricity in the USA. You can change this to use the average cost of electricity in your state, although this may vary widely from city to city. For the most accurate calculation, manually enter the actual cost/kWh shown on your utility bill. The wattage of the fan is already included (if it is known), but you can change it if you wish to see how the wattage affects the cost.


A suburban Dallas teenager accused of planning a mass shooting at a mall inspired by the Islamic State terror group has been charged with terrorism. Federal investigators said Matin Azizi-Yarand was planning to attack Stonebriar Centre in Frisco later this month.
Law enforcement officials say Azizi-Yarand had sent more than $1,400 to others for the purchase of weapons and body armor. Authorities allege that he was planning to carry out the attack in mid-May. Officials say the teen also planned to "disseminate" a "Message to America" explaining the motives behind the alleged plot.
Azizi-Yarand talked online with undercover FBI confidential sources about his desire to either "make Hijrah [a Muslim term meaning to travel to a more desirable place]," or to conduct a terrorist attack within the United States, according to court documents. He talked about the number of people he could kill by simply firing into the crowd and possibly setting stores on fire, according to the affidavit. "I'd actually like to make a cop surrender and drop his gun // Then douse him with gasoline and burn him // record it," the affidavit states Azizi-Yarand said.
"Sadly, we have heard a lot about terrorism in the media, and it has become a concern in our lives. This case exemplifies the wide reach terrorist groups have through social media and other means to radicalize others in communities across our country. But more importantly, it demonstrates the high level of collaboration that exists between law enforcement agencies to prevent such plots from being carried out," said Plano Police Chief Gregory W. Rushin said.
Azizi-Yarand planned to launch the mass shooting attack during the holy month of Ramadan so as not to kill Muslims, according to the affidavit. This also noted that he planned to wait until his 18th birthday so he could legally purchase a rifle.
Azizi-Yarand, a student at Plano West High School, is being held on bonds that total $3 million.
In today's world, terrorism has become a global threat affecting nations worldwide. ISIS's reach extends like a poison across nations. In addition, its spread goes towards the young people, easily influenced. Today, terrorist groups recruit young people through Social Media. Their tactic is to make the younger generation be a part of a bigger cause. Now you can see in the media almost every week a new mass shooting, inspired by ISIS, somewhere in the world.
Law enforcement and counterterrorism agencies face a wide variety of challenges in their mission to keep nations and citizens safe from terrorist. The investigative means at their disposal are not always efficient in results and use. Take, for example, a polygraph test. Will it work in the absence of a lie? No. Can it be passed by criminals? Yes, as it has been proven in the past. How about the DNA testing? It only works if DNA is found at a crime scene. In addition to this, it's no easy task for specialized law enforcement to properly check every person stepping over a nation's borders. How can they distinguish for sure between an innocent and a mass shooting terrorist?
Even more so, terrorists are taking full advantage of the advancements made in communications and technologies to serve their plans. Now, they're more and more inventive regarding how they perpetuate their evil plans.
So how can law enforcement step up to the challenge and fight against the terrorist threat across the globe?
In today's world, technological advancements seem to offer new, innovative and unique solutions to a variety of needs. iCognative developed by Brainwave Science brings investigative solutions to a new level, being able to distinguish between innocents and suspects. The unique system behind it relies on information stored in the human brain, even long after an event has occurred.
This new investigative tool is useful in more than one discipline, such as Law Enforcement, Border Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterintelligence, providing invaluable results for investigative officers across the globe.
iCognative can be successfully used to investigate the case of Matin Azizi-Yarand and the case of his mass shooting plans. With its use, law enforcement can conduct a case on the suspect, any witness or person of interest relevant to the case.According to the affidavit filed in the court, 'Azizi-Yarand allegedly told the agent and the FBI source that he had two other men who were "serious about this," but he was waiting until he turned 18 so that he could buy guns. Azizi-Yarand's birthday is in November. iCognative test can very well support investigators in finding out who these two other men are.
It only takes 15 minutes to build a test case. For this, we need to gather the confidential information that only the investigative agent knows and that is relevant only to the suspect. Every known probe, in this case, will be input into the system as stimuli. Let's consider the information we already have on the case: the target of the mass shooting plan – Stonebriar Centre in Frisco; the exact date, the sum spent for the purchase of weapons and body armor – $1,400; the method the suspect could kill people – firing into the crowd or setting stores on fire; the rifle he wanted to purchase. All this information will be input into the system, in the available form, as pictures or words.
Once the iCognative test starts, all this information will be displayed (as stimuli) on a computer screen. If this information is present in the suspect's brain, the system will catch that "aha" moment, through a tiny positive potential released by the suspect's brain. At the end of the approximately 45 minutes test, the system behind iCognative will determine within a fraction of a second, if the information connected to the mass shooting plans is present in the brain or not, with 99.9% accuracy.
The use of iCognative in the case of Matin Azizi-Yarand can aid specialized law enforcement put him behind bars and discover more terrorist connections and possibly even the terrorist masterminds. With this unique technologized security solution, law enforcement worldwide can better fight against the terrorist threat on the rise.


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Rowing News
Rower of the Year
Displaying items by tag: Refit H&W Belfast
Ship Strapline for Stena Europe A First for Irish Sea Ferry Fleet
#ShipStrapline - Stena Europe may be the oldest ferry in the operator's Irish Sea fleet of seven ships, but the 1981 built vessel has emerged fresh from dry-docking as the first to sport a new livery strapline, writes Jehan Ashmore.
The ferry operating the Rosslare-Fishguard route now has large 30-foot 'blue' lettering emblazoned on the hull with the words: 'Connecting Europe for a Sustainable Future'. Accompanying the strapline on either sides are overlapping waves painted in shades of 'green'. The strapline is to reflect Stena Line's commitment to becoming a more sustainable and environmentally friendly company, a key aspect of the company's future business strategy.
The external livery work on Stena Europe was carried out during a refit at Harland & Wolff shipyard. The work in Belfast was managed by Stena Line's group sister company, Northern Marine Ferries as part of an ongoing £7m fleet refit programme. A fleetmate, Stena Lagan is currently at H&W for a refit while off duty from the Belfast-Birkenhead (Liverpool) route. Taking her place is Stena Horizon which in turn has been displaced from Rosslare-Cherbourg service by relief ferry Stena Nordica, see related report.
Ian Davies, Stena Line's Trade Director (Irish Sea South) commented: "We are delighted that one of our vessels has become the first Stena Line ship on the Irish Sea to promote our new company strapline which graphically reflects our increasing commitment to become a more sustainable and environmentally friendly company.
In addition to the exterior upgrades of the Stena Europe work was carried out on bow thrusters, rudders and main shaft seals under the water line. Additional upgrades applied to the galley, bar and crew accommodation.
To accommodate the increasing demand from the freight transport industry, Stena Line also increased the height to an area of the Stena Europe's cargo deck.
The height clearance is 4.65m which is to handle all trailer height variations. This has allowed access to high top trailers, a key requirement of more freight customers operating between the UK and Ireland and for the company to expand the business in 2017.
New Stena Strapline
Refit H&W Belfast