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West Okoboji Lake (sometimes known as West Lake Okoboji) is a natural body of water, approximately  in area, in Dickinson County in northwestern  Iowa in the United States. It is part of the chain of lakes known as the Iowa Great Lakes. The area was long inhabited by the Santee or Dakota Sioux. The Dakota-language name for the lake was Minnetonka, meaning "great waters".

The cities of Arnolds Park, Okoboji, West Okoboji, and Wahpeton sit on its shore. Okoboji was derived from the Dakota name for the lake, and Wahpeton was the name of one of the major historic Sioux bands in the nineteenth century. Today the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux are a federally recognized tribe.

Geography
The lake's maximum depth is , making it the deepest lake in Iowa and second in size only to Spirit Lake. The mean depth is . The drainage area of the lake is approximately .

Recreation
The depth of the lake makes it a popular regional destination for motor boating, water skiing, sailing, and swimming. The lake is also a popular fishing destination in the region. The main catches in the lake are yellow perch, bluegill, and walleye. It also contains significant populations of smallmouth bass, northern pike, muskie, crappie and white bass, black bass.

Blue Water: Myth or Fact?

For nearly a century a myth has circulated that West Okoboji is one of only three blue water lakes in the world, the others being Lake Geneva in Wisconsin (sometimes referenced as located in Switzerland) and Lake Louise in Canada.  Articles stating various versions of this erroneous information as fact have appeared in the Spencer Daily Reporter  and in the Des Moines Register as recently as 2009, and appear in other tourist publications and websites.

There is no scientific basis to this assertion and it likely originated with some early "boosters" of Dickinson County.  Still, it raises the question as to where the idea originated from, and why Lake Geneva and Lake Louise are often mentioned as the other two lakes.
Dr. John Schalles has taught limnology at Iowa Lakeside Laboratory, a biological field station located on the shores of Lake West Okoboji, for several decades and has become very familiar with the myth having heard it from his students and local community members. "Folks try to persuade me this information was first published in a National Geographic article, but I have found no record of it."

Dr. Roger Bachman, another nationally recognized limnologist, agrees and says the Society denies it ever made such a ranking.  "While the term 'blue water lake' is not a scientific term, it is a fact that lakes and oceans with exceptionally pure waters like Lake Tahoe, Crater Lake, Lake Superior and the Sargasso Sea appear blue to the eye. When sunlight penetrates these waters the wavelengths (colors) of light are absorbed more strongly than blue, so that more of the blue remains to be scattered back out of the water surface."

Schalles has a theory, however, as to how the myth originated, in particular the association of West Okoboji and Lake Geneva as similarly unique lakes. In the early twentieth century E. A. Birge and Chancy Juday, two scientists today known as founders of the study of North American limnology, conducted studies on numerous lakes in the Midwest, including East and West Okoboji.  In one publication, the authors make frequent comparisons between measurements taken at Lake West Okoboji and Lake Geneva in Wisconsin.  Schalles wonders if these studies could have been the basis for the claim of the similarity between the two lakes, possibly struck by the fact that their local lake was being compared to one of the most famous lakes in the world, or perhaps thinking that this comparison (even if they had the information wrong) was a great way to impress folks and bring in more visitors.

Regardless of the fact, there is no scientific basis that West Okoboji is a blue lake, scientists and non-scientists alike concur the lake has exceptional water quality and color for a lake in its region. In fact, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources has given West Okoboji and its watershed a special designation as an Outstanding Iowa Water.

See also
 Big Spirit Lake
 East Okoboji Lake

References

Non-cite template citations
1. Birge, E.A., and C. Juday. 1920. A limnological reconnaissance of West Okoboji. University of Iowa Studies of Natural History. 9(1) 3 – 56.
2. wpl-reference.pbworks.com/w/page/12420954/Iowa%20Lakes%20-%20blue%20water
3. www.iowadnr.gov/InsideDNR/RegulatoryWater/WaterQualityStandards/Antidegradation.aspx
4. Wild Wednesday, Iowa Lakeside Laboratory, July 3, 2013

External links
Iowa Department of Natural Resources site on East Okoboji Lake
University of Iowa site on West Okoboji Lake chemistry
U.S. Geological Survey site on West Okoboji Lake current temperature
Okoboji Underwater Photography Documentary produced by Iowa Public Television

Bodies of water of Dickinson County, Iowa
Lakes of Iowa

ht:West Okoboji, Iowa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Season 0/1
Comic Book Season (2)
Video Game Season (4)
Wrestler Season (6)
Batman Season (7)
The Vault - Season 8
Patron's Choice
Daredevil Season 2
Horror Sequels in Space!
Bunny Metal
Join David, Ian, and Dylan as they jump headlong into season 5 of the Darkest Timeline through our season starting mainstay Nick Cage! This week we watched that thriller about an iffy magician that can see two minutes into the future, unless caveats happen, Next (2007)! Can't say we didn't enjoy this one on some level. In any case it stars Nicholas Cage, Julianne Moore, Jessica Biel, Thomas Kretschmann, Tory Kittles, and Peter Falk.
You may be unaware, but the original script for the film was loosely based on the science fiction short story "The Golden Man" by Philip K. Dick. That original script was a far cry from what we ended up with in this film, although subsequent drafts brought it further and further away from the original Philip K. Dick story, so this movie can barely hold that title, but, you know, Hollywood.
Thankfully the draft dealing with a DHS agent's search for unconventional assets in the war on terror (with the DHS itself being an unregulated power-machine), focusing his search on the precognitive mutant Chris, didn't happen. Probably would have been a downer.
See you NEXT week. I'm a terrible person.
Your browser does not support the audio tag, which is really weird.
Join Ian, Dylan, and Brett as they continue with child-like eyes into Season 5 by watching 2009's CG animated Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson vehicle that he didn't actually want anything to do with at first and should have stuck to his guns about. That's right, we reviewed Planet 51! At least the animators worked hard during production, and Dwayne tried his best, but I can't really say anything about anyone else. If you do happen to watch this movie, best to watch it on mute and just enjoy how good it looks, cause everything else is just a waste of your valuable time. It stars Dwayne Johnson, Jessica Biel, Justin Long, Gary Oldman, Seann William Scott, and John Cleese.
Someday we're going to have to stop doing this to ourselves, but today is not that day. If we can take solace in one thing, it's that we're not having as bad a time as The Rock was while he was doing this movie. He'd never done voice work before, and there weren't any voice actors in the cast that he could ask for advice, and we were punished for it. But I don't blame dear old Dwayne, I love most of his movies. This is the fault of the producers, and probably the writer.
See you next week. No puns today.
Join Ian,Dylan, and special guest (their Dad) John as they look into the eyes of 2013 far more faithful adaptation of the G.I. Joe Franchise than it's 2009 predecessor and refuse to blink. That's right, we reviewed G.I. Joe: Retaliation! I like to call this kind of movie an "apology sequel". It's the movie that happens when the previous film isn't good but still somehow makes enough to warrant a sequel, but they try to make it better because Hell froze over and and executive actually paid attention to critiques of the original. Thus: no super suits. You know, the treatment the second Michael Bay Ninja Turtles movie should have had, but didn't. In any case, Retaliation stars Dwayne Johnson, D. J. Cotrona, Adrianne Palicki, Ray Stevenson, Bruce Willis, Byung-hun Lee, Ray Park, Jonathan Pryce, Arnold Vosloo, and Channing Tatum. That's a lot of people.
I'm not saying this movie was perfect by any stretch of the imagination, it was even reviewed worse than the first film by some outlets, but it was our opinion here that it was a much better adaptation of the source material than the first one, and sometimes that's all you can ask for.
See you next week.
Join Ian, Dylan, and Brett for the fourth episode of season 5 that should have aired nearly a month ago, but we had to put it on hold to wait for Brett to get back from Chicago since he had dibs on it, yes, Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever (2002), which stars Antonio Banderas and Lucy Liu as the titular Ecks and Sever.
It usually takes a lot to get critics to agree, but this film sports a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes, so I guess it really only takes about 91 minutes, assuming they stayed for the credits. But yeah, this film just shouldn't have been a thing.
Fun fact: two video games came out of this movie being a thing: 2001's "Ecks vs Sever"; an FPS for the GameBoy Advance which didn't follow the same story, since it was made before the film went into production. And 2002's "Ballistic: Ecks vs Sever", also an FPS for the GBA, but did follow the film's story.
Here's where the facts get fun.
Both games were very well received, with the first game being called "the best GBA first person shooter to date" and "one of the best four player games made yet for the Game Boy Advance". How many games based on movies can you name that did that much better than the film they were based on?
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the fifth episode of season 5, where they reviewed the film that asked the question; Can action movies be boring too? And found the answer was "Yes". 1995's Assassins! It stars Sylvester Stallone, Antonio Banderas, and Julianne Moore. And let me tell you, two out of the three of them were passable in the film. You'll have to listen to the podcast to figure out who. Or you could watch the movie, but I don't recommend that course of action. It's not a thing for the faint of heart.
Wait, I had that wrong. This is the perfect movie for the faint of heart. That's just how boring it is. Have fun. Meanwhile, what happened to episode four? Well, it's coming out in a few weeks. Our recording schedule was a touch atypical.
In any case, this is one of only two films that Antonio Banderas and Sylvester Stallone have done together to date. This was the first, and the second was 2014's Expendables 3, which naturally lightly references this film. Also, we're doing it next week, if you bothered reading the "Next Week" section on the home page. Bet you can't wait for that. Neither can I, but I don't have to since we recorded it a week ago.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the sixth episode of season 5, where they review a film that was pulled straight out of the 1980's and shoved down our throats with much violence: The Expendables 3! And here's a list for you: the ensemble cast features Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Antonio Banderas, Jet Li, Wesley Snipes, Dolph Lundgren, Kelsey Grammer, Randy Couture, Terry Crews, Kellan Lutz, Ronda Rousey, Glen Powell, Victor Ortiz, Mel Gibson, Harrison Ford and Arnold Schwarzenegger. For real; wow.
I won't say it's a perfect movie, but I am going to say that it probably didn't deserve the rating that it got. There were some really good performances in this film, but I won't say anything more since that would just ruin the podcast for everyone.
Unfortunately, this was the first Expendables movie that didn't end up with an "R" rating, instead being rated "PG-13" by the MPAA, which was a decision that didn't sit well with most fans, myself included. I feel the action would have been elevated to a whole new level with a simple change of rating, although I suppose it really goes the other way around: violence before rating. I feel like that sounds weird.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the seventh episode of season 5, where they review a film that none of them actually understood the deeper character plots of because they'd only ever seen one or two episodes of the show it was based on. That's right, they watched "Entourage" (2015), which stars Kevin Connolly, Adrian Grenier, Kevin Dillon, Jerry Ferrara and Jeremy Piven. Also there are a ton of celebrity cameos. I'm not going to say that this movie shouldn't have been made, all the critics already said that, so it's a bit of a moot point.
Sick burn. I'm out.
Okay I'm back since this is only half done and I don't get paid for incomplete work. Or complete work for that matter. Anyway, it may interest you to know that the scene in the end of the movie that takes place at the Golden Globe Awards was actually filmed on the red carpet at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards. In no world a spoiler alert: they win in the end. It's Entourage. What do you want.
Ironically, in real life, this movie won nothing at the Golden Globes. In fact, it wasn't even nominated for anything. Geez, talk about expectation vs reality.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the eighth episode of season 5, where they review a western that could have done without a framing device of any kind, or most of the weird magic stuff that may or may not have even happened (they're really inspecific about that kind of thing). That's right, we watched "The Lone Ranger" (2015), which stars Armie Hammer and Johnny Depp, with William Fichtner, Barry Pepper, Ruth Wilson, James Badge Dale, Tom Wilkinson and Helena Bonham Carter in supporting roles. Now there's a cast list that Tim Burton wouldn't mind.
Anyway, it may interest you to know that this was the first theatrical Lone Ranger film in 32 years. Maybe they should have waited a little longer? Yes? I believe that's a yes.
Also, at one point in 2002, Tonto was almost the female love interest, which, I admit whole heartedly, probably would have made a better film, and I'm actually surprised that it isn't a comic book yet. Seriously, someone needs to get on that. For that matter, there was a Green Hornet comic where Kato was a girl for God's sake! Get your inclusiveness together Hollywood, you're being left behind.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan as they review a strangely comedy-esque take on a serious hero of a 1930's radio serial, that was previously successfully adapted into a television show in the 60's. Yes, we watched 2011's "The Green Hornet", starring Seth Rogen, Jay Chou, Christoph Waltz, Edward James Olmos, David Harbour, Tom Wilkinson and Cameron Diaz.
I really like The Green Hornet, not this movie, which I still like, just not like-like. But at the very least I like the idea of The Green Hornet; a hero who everyone thinks is a villain. Definitely a stroke of genius on the part of his creators, George W. Trendle and Fran Striker. No mean feat for something to work well enough to be around for more than eighty years after it's inception.
Yeah, he's been around since 1936. That's three years longer than Batman, and I think it's a shame that he doesn't get as much respect as his bat-themed contemporary. Sure, he's had off-and-on comic book outings since 1940, but they've been with six different comic publishers over the years, so it's impossible to keep it consistent, since there's no single continuity. Right now Dynamite Entertainment owns it, and I think they've been doing a pretty good job.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan as they review the film that many critics simply brushed off as a clone of Terminator 2, but really offers much much more. Yes, we watched 1992's "Universal Soldier", starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, Dolf Lundgren, Ally Walker, Ed O'Ross, and Jerry Orbach.
It really didn't help that the trailer reused music from Terminator 2, but plot-wise it was much more similar to Robocop, which had come out in 1987. Although it makes sense that critics would more readily compare it to Terminator 2, since that came out in 1991, just one year before this film. Wow, they really had some great timing.
Along a completely separate line of inquiry that I'm willing to bet you didn't see coming; all the Vietnam scenes were filmed on a golf course. I suppose that makes those scenes make a little more sense.
I kid.
But seriously, I would never want to golf there. Talk about hitting a ball into the rough. Shank a ball into that forest and you're never going to see it again. Good luck dying on your journey to find it.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan as they review the film that put He-Man on the map... well, a map at least. Specifically a map of glorified toy commercials that were adapted for the big screen and were subsequent box office bombs. Yes, we watched 1987's "Masters of the Universe" starring Dolph Lundgren, Frank Langella, Courtney Cox, James Tolkan, Christina Pickles, Meg Foster, and Robert Duncan McNeill.
Of course, like many films that do for crap when they come out, Masters of the Universe is now regarded as something of a cult film. I get how it happened, but I don't think I've ever met anyone who was adamant to the point of insanity that I see, and enjoy, Masters of the Universe. Maybe I just don't get out as much as I should.
Then again, it could be that I'm the only one who's not crazy, cause everyone who says that is right about whatever they're talking about. Unless I liked the movie... Did I like the movie? I'm not telling.
If you would like to know how we felt about the movie, then you've come to the right place, just press that play button down below.
Join Ian Dylan, and David as they review a film that, how to put it delicately, was not received well during its original theatrical run. Or any subsequent run for that matter. In fact, it currently sports a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes. That's Right, we watched 1989's "Second Sight" starring John Larroquette, Bronson Pinchot, Stuart Pankin and Bess Armstrong.
Try as I might, I just couldn't find anywhere that listed how much this movie cost to make, but I'm willing to bet that it cost more than $5.3 million, which is how much it made in theaters. A little less than half of that was during opening weekend, so it didn't even start out well, or even okay. Even during its initial run, the film still received mostly negative reviews, with one saying that it "is utterly lacking in either charm or wit".
I'd say that it really depends on the kind of charm and wit you're looking for and what your personal definition of "charm and wit" is. Mostly the latter, or if I'm being honest, entirely the latter.
Like many movie we do, this is not for everyone.
Join Ian, Dylan, and David for the 13th episode of Season 5 where they review a film that really really tried to be one of those fun movies that are built wholly on misunderstandings. The only problem is that those are hard to come by, and this isn't one of them. Yes, we watched 1992's "Blame it on the Bellboy" starring Dudley Moore, Bryan Brown, Patsy Kensit, Richard Griffiths, Andreas Katsulas, and featuring Bronson Pinchot as the titular bellboy.
This movie fails in a great many areas, but the one thing this movie does not fail at is being an intricately crafted comedy of errors predicated on a mass misunderstanding, it merely fails at being as good or entertaining comedy of errors predicated on a mass misunderstanding. Call me crazy, but I think that it's just a smidge important that the movie ends up either good or entertaining. It doesn't even have to be both. I still wish it was both.
Then again, if it was either good or entertaining it would never have made its way onto our radar, and we would have been stuck watching some other awful Bronson Pinchot movie, like Quest for Camelot or something.
Join David, Ian, Dylan, and Adam for their review of a film that could have been a better movie, in fact, there was a better movie, this just happens to be the sequel to it, which is really unfortunate. For us at least. We all really wished we were watching the first one the whole time. But yes, we watched 1991's "F/X2: The Deadly Art of Illusion" starring Bryan Brown and Brian Dennehy.
Here's a gap for you: the original F/X from 1986 has a Rotten Tomatoes score of 86% while F/X 2, released just 5 years later, has a rating of 31%. A rating rightfully earned if you ask us. But apparently, 5 years was just enough time to forget how to make a decent film. Successful low-key burn marked down for me. Self-five *slap*. And that's not sad at all.
Here's another sad thing, F/X2 debuted at No. 1 in the box office on its first weekend, but only grossed $21.1 million during the entire run. That's so bad that, to this day, they have never released how much this movie cost to make.
Just watch, by the time I upload this someone, out of thin air, is going to release the budget.
Join David, Ian, Dylan, and Adam for the sixteenth episode of Season 5; their review of a comic adaptation that they didn't get around to back in season 2, which is probably for the best... Yes, that amazing comic written by the magician himself (yes I said "magician", look it up, it's true), Alan Moore, 2003's "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" starring Sean Connery, Naseeruddin Shah, Peta Wilson, Tony Curran, Stuart Townsend, Shane West, Jason Flemyng, and Richard Roxburgh.
An amazing and expertly crafted comic series that is a completely mesmerizing read. Sadly the movie can not have nearly so great a review. I won't spoil exactly what we thought of the movie (even though I just kind of did) cause I want you to listen to the podcast. But, suffice to say, if you take any point within the first Volume of the comic that shines and compare it to whatever drivel Hollywood spat onto the screen, I think you should find it lacking a great deal. I may have gotten a bit pretentious there...
In any case, I can't really recommend this movie to you, but you might find it passable if you've never read the comic.
Join David, Ian, Dylan, and Adam for the 17th episode of season 5, where they review a film that puts the smolder in "don't make Dracula smolder, it's a mistake". Or am I being too on the nose again? I'll try to be coyer. -a film that answered questions about the Dracula mythos that people usually never ask if they want to have a good unencumbered time with a horror movie. Yes, we gazed in wonder at the gothic beauty that was 2000's creatively named "Dracula 2000" starring Gerard Butler, Christopher Plummer, Jonny Lee Miller, Justine Waddell, Omar Epps, Colleen Fitzpatrick, and Jennifer Esposito.
Now, I don't want to ruin the movie for anyone who hasn't seen it, or doesn't want our podcast opinions ruined for them in an arguably pointless written spiel that I'm not sure anyone has ever actually read, so I'll have to make this brief. Commercially this movie didn't do well, making $47.1 million off a $54 million budget will get you that assessment. It also did very poorly critically, hence the fact that we covered it at all. So, made nothing and no one liked it but it still has two sequels written and directed by the creator and director of this film. I hope that one day someone loves you as much as Patrick Lussier loves Dracula.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the 18th episode of Season 5, where they review 1998's extremely low budget not-nearly-as-good if-you-can-avoid-it-don't-bother alternative to the 1999 Mummy Movie; "Tale of the Mummy" (otherwise known as "Talos - The Mummy" in most places in the world) starring Jason Scott Lee, Louise Lombard, Sean Pertwee, Lysette Anthony, Michael Lerner, Jack Davenport, and featuring Christopher Lee as one of the first guys to die in the movie, in one of the most wasted appearances of a prestigious named actor in the history of film.
As I said above, this movie was not in fact some morons low-budget answer to Universals 1999 "The Mummy" film, it was just some morons attempt at a send-up of the Hammer films of old that just happened to coincide with Universal rebooting their own Mummy series of old. What wonderful happenstance that only ended up with one of the series standing tall, and it's not the one we're doing today. Hell, Universals "The Mummy" wound up with two sequels and five spin-offs, one on which is coming out later this year (That would be the FIFTH Scorpion King Movie). Universal rebooted The Mummy again in 2017, but the spin-off of the 1999 Mummy is still going. Food for thought.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the 19th episode of Season 5, where they review 2002's classic that really had no business having low enough ratings to make it onto this show in the first place. A movie that audiences apparently liked more than twice as much as critics, which I guess I can understand in a way. Yes, "Equilibrium" starring Christian Bale, Emily Watson, Taye Diggs, Angus Macfadyen, Sean Bean, Matthew Harbour, and William Fichtner. Absolutely no extra points to anyone who can guess what Sean Bean's role leads to very very early in this film, as if "points" is something we do.
If you guessed "appreciated literature" then I'll give you half an imaginary point. But to the film. This movie is one of those cases where the critics and audience just can't agree. We've seen this kind of thing on the podcast before, but for the life of me I just can't remember what movie(s) it came up for. In any case, the critics (on Rotten Tomatoes) gave the film a 38%, which is classified as "rotten". However, the audience score is a much more reasonable 81%. I think, but I really can't be sure, that we actually go over why that is in this podcast. It really has all just become a blur.
Join David, Ian, and Dylan for the 20th and final episode of Season 5, where they review 2006's midriff montage with a tragically overexposed film stock and not nearly enough logical plot to go around. A film that couldn't be bothered to make any kind of sense. Yes, we watched the dumb hot sister of 2002's "Equilibrium"; "Ultraviolet", written and directed by the same guy and starring Milla Jovovich, Carmeron Bright, Nick Chinlund, William Fichtner, and featuring a whole quarter of Milla Jovovich's height as her midriff. The hardest working midriff in Hollywood, they call it. What total creeps they are, those Hollywood types.
I guess you could also call me a creep, since I'm the one bringing up her midriff multiple times in this small description of the film, and I live in Los Angeles, but I'm only bringing it up because we talk about it a lot during the podcast. Not the best argument, I guess, unless I'm just trying to say that we're all creeps. Anyway, this movie isn't about vampires, no matter how much evidence is put forth to the contrary, don't believe a word of it. I don't care if they have an aversion to sunlight, fangs, and need blood to survive (via transfusion, of course, you monster); they're not vampires. See you next week.
All content herein, thereupon, or around-and-about ©2012-2017 Bunny Metal Entertainment & bunnymetal.com unless stated otherwise.
All Film Posters are © of the respective owners - IMDb logos and scoring © imdb.com, Inc - Metacritic/Metascore © CBS Interactive Inc. - Rotten Tomatoes/Tomatometer ® Fandango. All Rights Reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bird records listed below, mostly relating to scarce migrants, have been submitted by the website compilers to the Irish Bird Report. Any further records from 2002 or other years would be welcome. Latest update 23 Sept 2004.
* = species on the list considered by the Irish Rare Birds Committee @1 January 2002 (records provisional pending full submission to and acceptance by the IRBC).
" 1 adult Tramore boating lake 06-Nov-02 2002 same bird since Sept 1991!


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El Parque Nacional Auyuittuq es un parque nacional situado en la isla de Baffin, en la península de Cumberland, en la región de Qikiqtaaluk en Nunavut, Canadá. Cuenta con muchos terrenos para el desarrollo de la vida silvestre del Ártico, como los fiordos, glaciares y campos de hielo. Aunque el parque Auyuittuq se estableció en 1976 como un parque nacional de reserva, pasó a ser un parque nacional en 2000.

Poca vegetación se puede encontrar en el Parque Auyuittuq, aunque las plantas que allí se encuentran van desde las flores, como las Montañas Avens, campion y papaver; hasta arbustos como el abedul enano Saxifrage, el sauce ártico y el brezo. Muchas de las plantas en el Parque Auyuittuq crecen en grupos para crear sus propios microclimas cálidos para sobrevivir a las duras condiciones del Ártico.

Debido a la excepcional vegetación, la fauna es muy escasa. Sólo hay doce especies de mamíferos que viven en el Parque Auyuittuq, como, por ejemplo, lemmings, liebres árticas, armiños, osos polares, zorros árticos y caribúes.

Los pueblos más cercanos son Qikiqtarjuaq y Pangnirtung. Los visitantes que deseen entrar en el parque están obligados a inscribirse en la oficina del parque o en las localidades de Pangnirtung o Qikiqtarjuaq y asistir después a una sesión de orientación.

Son bien conocidos los picos del Monte Asgard con 800 metros de altitud en su cima y el Monte Thor con 1250 metros.

Galería

Véase también
 Áreas naturales protegidas en Canadá

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del parque

Auyuittuq
Naturaleza de Nunavut
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1976
Canadá en 1976
Isla de Baffin


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Home » Georgia Plumber Helps Wounded Soldier's Family
Georgia Plumber Helps Wounded Soldier's Family
The Wishmakers program and its group of highly rated service pros steps in to help a soldier's family in need.
Adele Lester of Ellenwood, Ga., tries out her new Pekoe kitchen faucet while GreenPlumber Nick Marine watches her reaction.
WhenAdele Lestersent her 23-year-old son, Specialist
Walter Lester, off to war, she hoped it wouldn't be the last time she would see him. Her worst nightmare nearly came true, though, when she received a call that Walter was involved in a roadside bomb attack in Afghanistan. He was seriously injured but was the only one of his five-member company to survive.
The soldier's mother, a 50-year old Ellenwood, Ga., resident, now spends her time traveling back and forth from her home in Atlanta to Washington, D.C.'s Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
"Ms. Lester has spent so much time taking care of others that she hasn't had a chance to take care of the little things around the house," saysAngie Hicks, founder of Angie's List. "That's where the Wishmakers program and its group of highly rated service professionals step in to help those in need."
Nick Marine, owner of Marietta, Ga.-basedMarine Plumbingand a certified GreenPlumber, jumped at the chance to help a wounded warrior. Marine, a retired U.S. Navy Senior Chief, agreed to donate his services to replace Lester's kitchen sink and install a garbage disposal, a small luxury she has never had.
"There was never a question in my mind as to whether or not I was going to help out," Marine says. "I'm always privileged to help those in need."
The professionals who donated their time to fix up Adele Lester's kitchen were all veterans. Pictured are (from left to right): Tony Little; Adele and her grandson; Adam Rotter; Tony Blanca; and Nick Marine.
To complete the job, Marine called in reinforcements from American Standard, which donated the sink and fixtures, and InSinkErator, which provided the garbage disposal.
"The best part is making life a little easier for Adele during this most trying time," says American Standard CEODon Devine. "We are thankful for her son's service to our nation."
Adele Lester's caretaking didn't stop with her own children. Her mother and disabled brother currently live with her, and she recently made room in her home for Walter Lester's two small children, a toddler and an infant. She is now the guardian of the children so her daughter-in-law can be by Walter's side.
"Adele has always put others' needs ahead of her own,"Vicki Lesterwrote when she nominated her sister for theAngie's List Wishmakers program. "As a single woman, she adopted three teenage boys, including Walter, from Atlanta's foster-care system. She is always the first to help when it is needed. She does it with a smile on her face and never expects anything in return."
Since 2004, Angie's List, a provider of consumer ratings on local service companies, has partnered with its service providers to grant wishes across the country. Nominations are accepted via e-mail atWishmakersRequests@angieslist.com.
Photos courtesy of American Standard
Contact Plumbing & Mechanical
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II NOTES FREE DOWNLOAD
EducationNOTESTEACHING MATERIALS
By Techmaster On Dec 7, 2022 0
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
ALKANOLS
Alkanols belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula R-OH and thus -OH is the functional group .The first ten alkanols are listed below;
Alkanols like hydrocarbons (alkanes/alkenes/alkynes) form a homologous series where:
All members conform to the general molecular formula CnH2n+1OH (Generally represented as R-OH, where R is an alkyl group)
All members have –OH as the functional group
Each member differ by –CH2 group from the next/previous
They show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting points.
They have similar chemical properties.
Nomenclature of alkanols
Alkanols are named by using the following basic guidelines:
The prefix of alkanols are similar to those of alkanes but the suffix is "ol"
When naming branched alkanols, identify the longest carbon chain to get the "parent name"
Number the chain such that the carbon to which the -OH group is attached takes the lowest number possible
Identify the type and position of the side branches
Isomerism is the existence of compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
Positional isomerism results from the change in the position of the functional group(-OH group in alkanols) while structural isomerism results from the addition of a branch(substituent) to a straight chain alkanol.
Alkanols exhibit both structural and positional isomerism. Because of this, they can be categorized as primary, secondary or tertiary alkanols
Primary alkanol(1o) – Alkanol where the hydroxyl group(-OH) is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to one other carbon atom e.g. butan-1-ol
Secondary alkanol(2o) – Alkanol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two other carbon atoms e.g. butan-2-ol.
Tertiary alkanol(3o) – Alkanol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three other carbon atoms e.g. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
Practice examples
Isomers of propanol(C3H7OH)
H OH H
H – C – C – C – H propan-2-ol
H H H
H – C – C – C – OH propan-1-ol
Isomers of butanol(C4H9OH)
H – C – C – C – C – OH
Butan-1-ol
H OH H H
H – C – C – C – C – H
H CH3 H
H – C – C – C – H 2-methylpropan-2-ol
Isomers of pentanol(C5H11OH)
H – C – C – C – C – C – OH pentan-1-ol
H OH H H H
H – C – C – C – C – C – H pentan-2-ol
H CH3 H H
H – C – C – C – C – H 2-methylbutan-2-ol
H CH3H
HO – C – C – C – H 2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol
2,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol
H H CH3 H
1,2-dichloropropan-2-ol
H Cl H
HO – C – C – C – H
Cl H H
Ethan-1,2-diol
OH OH
H – C – C – H
H – C – C – C – H
Laboratory preparation of alkanols
Fermentation is the reaction where sugar is converted to alcohol/alkanol using enzymes (biological catalysts) in yeast. Fermentation involves three processes:
Conversion of starch to maltose by the enzyme diastase
Hydrolysis of maltose to glucose by the enzyme maltase
Conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon (IV) oxide gas using the enzyme zymase
C6H12O6(aq) 2 C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
(glucose) (ethanol)
At concentrations greater than 15% by volume, the ethanol produced kills the yeast enzyme thus stopping the reaction. To increase the concentration therefore, fractional distillation is done to produce up to 100% pure ethanol.
Laboratory preparation of ethanol by fermentation of glucose
Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure below.
Calcium hydroxide (lime water) reacts with carbon (IV) oxide produced during the fermentation to form insoluble calcium carbonate and water. Thus a white precipitate formed dissolves to a colourless solution later.
Excess carbon (IV) oxide produced reacts with the insoluble calcium carbonate and water to form soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate (colourless solution).
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) ® CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
H2O(l) + CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) ® Ca(HCO3) 2(aq)
The product of fermentation is then distilled at about 78oC in a set-up as shown in the figure below. A colourless liquid with a characteristic smell is obtained.
Physical Properties of Alkanols
Alkanols have a characteristic pleasant smell and taste
Alkanols are neutral compounds that have no effect on both blue and red litmus papers
The table below summarizes some physical properties of alkanols;
Alkanol Melting point
(oC) Boiling point
(oC) Density
gcm-3 Solubility in water
Methanol -98 65 0.791 soluble
Ethanol -114 78 0.789 soluble
Propan-1-ol -126 97 0.803 soluble
Butanol -90 117 0.810 Slightly soluble
Pentanol -79 138 0.814 Slightly soluble
Hexanol -52 157 0.815 Slightly soluble
Heptanol -34 176 0.822 Slightly soluble
Octanol -15 195 0.824 Slightly soluble
Nonanol -7 212 0.827 Slightly soluble
Decanol 6 228 0.827 Slightly soluble
Ethanol is miscible in water. The alkyl group is insoluble in water while –OH functional group is soluble in water because ethanol and water are polar compounds.
Solubility of alkanols decreases with increase in molecular mass. As the molecular chain becomes longer, the molecule becomes less polar.
Melting/boiling point
The melting and boiling point of alkanols increase with increase in molecular mass.
This is because the intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules become stronger.
The densities of alkanols increase as their molecular masses increase because the intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules also increase. This reduces the volume occupied by the molecule as it increases their mass per unit volume (density).
Chemical Properties of Alkanols
Reaction of alkanols with air(Combustion)
Pure ethanol burns with an almost colourless non-smoky blue flame to form carbon (IV) oxide (in excess air/oxygen) or carbon (II) oxide (in limited air) and water. Ethanol is thus a saturated compound like alkanes.
C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g) ® 3H2O(l) + 2CO2(g) (excess air)
C2H5OH(l) + 2O2(g) ® 3H2O(l) + 2CO(g) (limited air)
2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) ® 4H2O(l) + 2CO2(g) (excess air)
2CH3OH(l) + 2O2(g) ® 4H2O(l) + 2CO(g) (limited air)
Reaction of alkanols with metals
When a piece of reactive metals (potassium, sodium and calcium) is placed in a test tube containing ethanol the following observations are made;
Slow effervescence/fizzing/bubbles
Colourless gas slowly produced that extinguish a burning splint with explosion/"pop" sound
Colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper blue but does not affect a blue litmus paper
Sodium/potassium/calcium reacts slowly with alkanols to form basic solution called alkoxides and hydrogen gas.
Metal + Alkanol ® Metal alkoxide + Hydrogen gas
2M + 2R-OH ® R-OM + H2
Sodium metal reacts with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide
2CH3CH2OH(l) + 2Na(s) ® 2CH3CH2ONa(aq) + H2(g)
Potassium metal reacts with ethanol to form potassium ethoxide
2CH3CH2OH(l) + 2K(s) ® 2CH3CH2OK(aq) + H2(g)
Potassium metal reacts with propanol to form potassium propoxide
2CH3CH2CH2OH(l) + 2K(s) ® 2CH3CH2CH2OK(aq) + H2(g)
Sodium metal reacts with butanol to form sodium butoxide
2CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(l) + 2Na(s) ® 2CH3CH2CH2CH2ONa(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction of alkanols with alkanoic acids (Esterification)
The set-up below is used to carry out the reaction between alkanols and alkanoic acids in the presence of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid.
Alkanols react with alkanoic acids to form a group of pleasant-smelling compounds called esters and water. This reaction is catalyzed by concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid in the laboratory.
alkanol + alkanoic acid ester + water
Esters derive their names from the alkanol first then alkanoic acids. The alkanol "becomes" an alkyl group and the alkanoic acid "becomes" alkanoate hence alkylalkanoate e.g.
ethanol + ethanoic acid ethylethanoate + water
ethanol + propanoic acid ethylpropanoate + water
ethanol + methanoic acid ethylmethanoate + water
ethanol + butanoic acid ethylbutanoate + water
propanol + ethanoic acid propylethanoate + water
methanol + ethanoic acid methylethanoate +water
During the formation of the ester, the "O" joining the alkanol and alkanoic acid comes from the alkanol.
C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)
Ethanol Ethanoic acid ethylethanoate water
C2H5OH (l)+ CH3CH2COOH(l) CH3CH2COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)
Ethanol Propanoic acid ethylethanoate water
CH3OH (l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Methanol Ethanoic acid methylethanoate water
CH3OH (l) + CH3CH2COOH(l) CH3CH2COOCH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Methanol propanoic acid methylpropanoate water
C3H7OH (l) + CH3CH2COOH(l) CH3CH2COOC3H7(aq) +H2O(l)
Propanol Propanoic acid propylpropanoate water
Reaction of alkanols with oxidising agents (Oxidation)
Both acidified KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 are oxidising agents (add oxygen to other compounds). They oxidise alkanols to a group of homologous series called alkanals then further oxidise them to alkanoic acids. The oxidising agents are themselves reduced hence changing their colour:
Purple KMnO4 is reduced to colourless Mn2+
Orange K2Cr2O7 is reduced to green Cr3+
Alkanol + [O] ® alkanoic acid
R1-OH + [O] ® R2-COOH
NB;
The [O] comes from the oxidising agents acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7
The pH of alkanoic acids show they have few H+ because they are weak acids
Ethanol + [O] ® Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2OH + [O] ® CH3COOH
methanol + [O] ® methanoic acid
CH3OH +[O] ® HCOOH
Propanol + [O] ® Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2OH + [O] ® CH3 CH2COOH
Dehydration of alkanols
Dehydration is a process where a dehydrating agent removes water from compound/substances. Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid dehydrates alkanols to the corresponding alkenes at about 180oC i.e.
alkanol alkene + water
CH3CH2OH(l) CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O(l)
ethanol ethene + water
CH3CH2CH2OH(l) CH3CH=CH2 (g) + H2O(l)
propanol propene + water
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(l) CH3CH2C=CH2 (g) + H2O(l)
butanol butene + water
Uses of some alkanols
Methanol is used as industrial alcohol and making methylated spirit
Ethanol is used:
As alcohol in alcoholic drinks e.g. beer, wines and spirits.
As antiseptic to wash wounds.
In manufacture of vanishes, ink, glue and paint because it is volatile and thus easily evaporates.
As a fuel when blended with petrol to make gasohol.
Most alkanols are used as solvents and starting materials in numerous industrial processes
Methanol is poisonous; when ingested, it causes instant blindness and liver damage. It kills the consumer within hours, if taken in large quantities.
Prolonged intake of ethanol causes loss of co-ordination. It damages vital organs like the liver and kidneys thus causing physical and mental illnesses
ALKANOIC ACIDS (CARBOXYLIC ACIDS)
Alkanoic acids belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 COOH and thus -COOH as the functional group .The first ten alkanoic acids include:
Alkanoic acids, (like alkanols /alkanes/alkenes/alkynes) form a homologous series where:
All members conform to the general molecular formula CnH2n+1COOH (Generally represented as R-COOH, where R is an alkyl group)
All members have –COOH as the functional group
They show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting points
They have similar chemical properties(since they are acids they show similar properties with mineral acids)
Nomenclature of alkanoic acids
Alkanoic acids exhibit both structural and position isomerism. The isomers are named by using the following basic guidelines
The names of have prefixes similar to those of alkanes but have suffixes ending in -noic acid
Identify the longest carbon-carbon chain to obtain the parent name.
Number the chain such that the carbon to which the -COOH group is attached to has the least value possible
Identify the type and position of the side group branches.
Name the following compounds:
H CH3 O
H – C – C – C
H H OH
H H H O
H – C – C – C – C
H H H OH
H H H H O
H – C – C – C – C – C
H H H H OH
H H CH3 O
H CH3 OH
HO O
C – C
O OH
Laboratory preparation of alkanoic acids
Alkanoic acids can be prepared by adding an oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7) to the corresponding alkanol then warming. The set-up below may be used;
The mixture obtained in the set-up above contains the oxidising agent, water and ethanoic acid. It is distilled at 118oC to obtain pure ethanoic acid. The oxidation of alkanols to alkanoic acids can be represented by the general equation below;
RCH2OH + [O] RCOOH
(alkanol) (alkanoic acid)
Ethanol on warming in acidified KMnO4 is oxidized to ethanoic acid.
CH3CH2OH + [O] CH3COOH
(ethanol) (ethanoic acid)
CH3CH2 CH2OH + [O]CH3COOH
(propanol) (propanoic acid)
Physical properties of alkanoic acids
Alkanol Melting point (oC) Boiling point (oC) Density(g/cm3) Solubility in water
Methanoic acid 8.4 101 1.22 soluble
Ethanoic acid 16.6 118 1.05 soluble
Propanoic acid -20.8 141 0.992 soluble
Butanoic acid -6.5 164 0.964 soluble
Pentanoic acid -34.5 186 0.939 Slightly soluble
Hexanoic acid -1.5 205 0.927 Slightly soluble
Heptanoic acid 3 223 0.920 Slightly soluble
Octanoic acid 11 239 0.910 Slightly soluble
Nonanoic acid 16 253 0.907 Slightly soluble
Decanoic acid 31 269 0.905 Slightly soluble
It can be noted that:
Melting and boiling point decrease as the carbon chain increases due to increase in intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules requiring more energy to separate the molecules.
The density decreases as the carbon chain increases as the intermolecular forces of attraction increases between the molecules making the molecule very close reducing their volume in unit mass.
Solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases as the soluble –COOH end is shielded by increasing insoluble alkyl/hydrocarbon chain.
Like alkanols, alkanoic acids exist as dimmers due to the hydrogen bonds within the molecule
Chemical properties of alkanoic acids
All alkanoic acids dissociate to releases the H+ ions at the functional group in -COOH to form the alkanoate ion(R–COO–)
R-COOH(aq) ⇌ R-COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
Alkanoic acids are weak acids that partially/partly dissociate to release few H+ ions in solution. Thus the pH of their solutions lies between 4 and 6.
CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
(ethanoic acid) (ethanoate ion)
CH3 CH2COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3 CH2COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
(propanoic acid) (propanoate ion)
Reaction with metals
Metals higher in the reactivity series displace the hydrogen in all acids to evolve/produce hydrogen gas and form a salt
Alkanoic acids react with metals to form salt (alkanoates) and hydrogen. Hydrogen extinguishes a burning splint with a pop sound/explosion. Only the "H" in the functional group -COOH is /are displaced and not in the alkyl hydrocarbon chain.
alkanoic acid + metal ® alkanoate + hydrogen gas
Generally;
For a monovalent metal with monobasic acid
2R-COOH + 2M ® 2R-COOM + 2H2(g)
For a divalent metal with monobasic acid
2R-COOH + M ® (R-COO) 2M + H2(g)
Calcium reacts with ethanoic acid to form calcium ethanoate and produce hydrogen gas.
2CH3COOH(aq) + Ca(s) ® (CH3COO) 2Ca(aq) + H2(g)
(ethanoic acid) (calcium ethanoate)
Magnesium reacts with ethan-1,2-dioic acid to form magnesium ethan-1,2-dioate and produce hydrogen gas.
HOOC-COOH + Mg ® (OOC-COO)Mg + H2(g)
(ethan-1,2-dioic acid) (magnesium ethan-1,2-dioate)
Reaction with hydrogen carbonates and carbonates
All acids react with hydrogen carbonates/carbonates to form salt, carbon (IV) oxide and water.
Carbon (IV) oxide forms a white precipitate when bubbled through lime water and extinguishes a burning splint.
Alkanoic acids react with hydrogen carbonate/carbonate to form salt (alkanoates), water and carbon (IV) oxide.
alkanoic acid + hydrogen carbonate ® alkanoate + water + carbon (IV) oxide
alkanoic acid + carbonate ® alkanoate + water + carbon (IV) oxide
CH3COOH (aq) + NaHCO3(s) ® CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(ethanoic acid) (sodium ethanoate)
2CH3COOH (aq) + Na2CO3(s) ® 2CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Esterification (Reaction with alkanols)
Alkanols react with alkanoic acid to form pleasant-smelling compounds called esters, and water. The reaction takes place in the presence of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid catalyst. Each ester has a characteristic smell derived from the many possible combinations of alkanols and alkanoic acids.
alkanoic acid + alkanol ester + water
R1-COOH + R2-OH R1-COO-R2 + H2O
Esters are alkylalkanoates derived from alkanol(alkyl group) and the alkanoic acid (alkanoate)
During the formation of the ester, the "O" joining the alkanol and alkanoic acid comes from the alkanoic acid.
Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester ethylethanoate and water.
C2H5OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COO C2H5(aq) + H2O(l)
Ethanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester ethylpropanoate and water.
C2H5OH(l) + CH3CH2COOH(l) CH3CH2CO C2H5(aq) +H2O(l)
Methanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester methylethanoate and water.
CH3OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOCH3(aq) +H2O(l)
Methanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester methylpropanoate and water.
CH3OH(l) + CH3CH2COOH(l) CH3CH2COOCH3(aq) +H2O(l)
Detergents are substances that improve the cleaning power of water. Detergents are able to dissolve substances which water cannot e.g. grease, oil or fat, and be washed away after cleaning. There are two types of detergents; soapy detergents and soapless detergents
Soapy detergents
Soapy detergents, usually called soap, are salts of long chain alkanoic acids. The common soap is sodium octadecanoate. It is derived from reacting concentrated sodium hydroxide solution with octadecanoic acid i.e.
Sodium hydroxide + octadecanoic acid ® Sodium octadecanoate + water
NaOH(aq) + CH3 (CH2) 16 COOH(aq) ® CH3 (CH2) 16 COO – Na+(aq) +H2 O(l)
Soapy detergents can thus be represented as;
R-COO–Na+ where R is a long chain alkyl group
Soapy detergents are more often made by reacting concentrated alkali with esters from (animal/plant) fat and oil. The process is called saponification. During saponification, the ester is hydrolyzed by the alkali to form sodium salt (soapy detergent) and glycerol(propan-1,2,3-triol)
Fat/oil + sodium hydroxide ® sodium salt + glycerol
(ester) (soap)
Fats/oils are esters with fatty acids in their structure as shown in the example below;
When boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution the following reaction takes place;
Ester Alkali Glycerol Sodium octadecanoate (soap)
During this process a little sodium chloride is added to precipitate the soap by reducing its solubility. This is called salting out.
The mode of action of soapy detergent
Soapy detergents are made of a non-polar alkyl/hydrocarbon tail and a polar -COO–Na+
non-polar tail polar head
CH3(CH2)16 -COO–Na+
The non-polar tail(R) is hydrophobic(water-hating); it does not dissolve in water while the polar head(-COO–Na+) is hydrophilic(water-loving)
Thus the non-polar tail dissolves in organic matter like grease and dirt. The polar tail on the other hand, dissolves in water.
Through mechanical agitation/squeezing/kneading, some grease is dislodged of the surface of the garment with the tail end. It is immediately surrounded by more soap molecules. It floats and spreads in the water as tiny droplets that scatter in form of emulsion making the water cloudy and shinny.
It is removed from the garment by rinsing with fresh water. The repulsion of the soap head ensure the droplets do not mix.
Once removed, the dirt molecules cannot be re-deposited back because it is surrounded by soap molecules.
Advantage soapy detergents
Soapy detergents are biodegradable. They are acted upon by bacteria and rot. Thus they do not cause environmental pollution
Cheaper than soapless detergents
Disadvantages of soapy detergents
They are made from fat and oils which are better eaten as food than make soap
Form insoluble precipitates with hard water called scum. Scum is insoluble calcium/magnesium octadecanoate salt. This causes wastage of soap
2C17H35COO– Na+(aq) + Mg2+/Ca2+(aq) ® (C17H35COO– )2Mg2+/Ca2+(s) + 2Na+(aq)
Soapless Detergents
The carboxylate group in the soapy detergent is replaced by an alkyl sulphonate group in the soapless detergent.
Soapless detergents are prepared by the following steps;
The reaction of a long, straight-chain alkene, such as dodecene, with benzene to get an alkylbenzene(dodecylbenzene).
Benzene + dodecene ® dodecylbenzene
C6H6 + CH3(CH2)9CH = CH2 ® C6H5(CH2)11CH3
The alkylbenzene is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid to give an alkylbenzene sulphonate group
Dodecylbenzene + sulphuric (VI) acid ® dodecylbenzene sulphonate + water
C18H30 + H2SO4 ® C18H29SO3H + H2O
The sulphonate is neutralized with sodium hydroxide to get sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate, the detergent itself.
Dodecylbenzene sulphonate + sodium hydroxide ® sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate
C18H29SO3H(aq) + NaOH(aq) ® C18H29OSO3Na(aq) + H2O(l)
(soapless detergent)
Soapless detergents can also be prepared starting with long chain alkanols as shown below;
Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid with a long chain alkanol e.g octadecanol, to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate
R–OH + H2SO4 ® R-O-SO3H + H2O
The alkyl hydrogen sulphate is then neutralized with sodium/potassium hydroxide to form sodium/potassium alkyl hydrogen sulphate, the detergent.
R-O-SO3H + NaOH ® R-O-SO3–Na+ + H2O
The mode of action of soapless detergents
The action of soapless detergents is similar to that of soapy detergents. The soapless detergents contain the hydrophilic head and a long hydrophobic tail. Soapless detergents are of the general structure shown below;
R-C6H6 or CH3(CH2)16-C6H6 – OSO3– Na+
The tail dissolves in fat/grease while the polar/ionic head dissolves in water. The tail sticks to the dirt which is removed by the attraction of water molecules and the polar/hydrophilic head by agitation/rubbing
The suspended dirt is then surrounded by detergent molecules and repulsion of the anion head preventing the dirt from sticking on the material garment.
The tiny droplets of dirt emulsion make the water cloudy. On rinsing the cloudy emulsion is washed away.
Advantages of soapless detergents
Do not form scum with hard water
Are made from petroleum products but soap is made from fats/oil for human consumption
Disadvantages of soapless detergents
Soapless detergents are non-biodegradable unlike soapy detergents.
They persist in water during sewage treatment by causing foaming in rivers, lakes and streams leading to marine/aquatic death
Are expensive to buy
Polymers are giant molecules formed when small molecules, called monomers, join together at high temperatures and pressures. This process is called polymerization.
Natural polymers are found in living things (plants and animals) and they include: proteins/polypeptides making amino acids in animals, cellulose that make cotton, wool, paper and silk, starch that come from glucose, fats and oils and latex in rubber trees.
Synthetic polymers and fibres are man-made. They include: polyethene, polychloroethene, polyphenylethene(polystyrene), terylene(dacron), nylon-6,6 and perspex(artificial glass)
There are two types of polymerization i.e. addition polymerization and condensation polymerization
Addition polymerization
Addition polymerization is the process where a small unsaturated molecules (monomer) join together to form a large molecule without formation of any other products.
Addition polymers are named from the monomer making the polymer and adding the prefix "poly" before the name of monomer to form a polymer
During addition polymerization the double bonds in monomers break and bond to the next via a single carbon-carbon bond.
Examples of addition polymerization
Polyethene
H H H H H H H H
C = C + C = C —–C —-C—C—C—— or
Ethene Ethene (Polyethene)
(monomer) (monomer) (polymer)
Polychlorethene
C = C + C = C —–C —-C—C—C——
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
Chloroethene Chloroethene Polychloroethene(polyvinyl chloride)
Polyphenylethene
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
phenylethene phenylethene Polyphenylethene(polystyrene)
Polypropene
C = C + C = C —–C —C—C—C——
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
Propene Propene Polypropene
Polytetrafluorothene
F F F F F F F F
Tetrafluorothene Polytetrafluoroethene(Teflon)
(monomers) (polymer)
n C = C ——C—-C——–
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 n
2-methylpropenate/ polymethylmethacrylate (perspex)
methylmethacrylate (monomers) (polymer)
Since addition polymers are formed by many identical monomers, its relative molecular mass is a multiple of the relative molecular mass of each monomer.
Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the following relationship:
Number of monomers (repeating units) n = Relative molecular mass of polymer
Relative molecular mass of monomer
Worked Examples
The polymer has a general structure as shown below;
| | n
CH3 H
If its relative molecular mass is 18900, calculate the value of n (H = 1, C = 12)
M. M. of monomer = (12×3) + (1×6) = 42
n= = 450
Polyvinyl chloride is formed by polymerization of the monomer shown below;
C = C
H Cl
The polymer formed has a relative molecular mass of 50000. Calculate the monomer units, n used to make it. (H = 1, C = 12, Cl = 35.5)
M. M. of monomer = (12×2) + (1×3) + 35.5 = 62.5
No. of monomers, n = = 800
Condensation polymerization
Condensation polymerization is the process where two identical or different monomers join together to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule like water or ammonia.
The monomer(s) have functional groups at both ends to allow the molecules to join up in both ends.
Examples of condensation polymers
Starch (glucose + glucose = starch + water)
HO – C6H10O4 – OH + HO – C6H10O4 – OH HO – C6H10O4 – C6H10O4 + H2O
Protein (Amino acid + Amino acid = Protein + water)
O H H O H H O H H O H H
|| | | || | | || | | || | |
HO – C – C – N – H + HO – C – C – C – H HO — C – C – N – C – C – N –H
Nylon-6,6 (hexane-1,6-dioic acid + hexane-1,6-diamine = nylon-6,6 + water)
Polyester (terephthalic acid + ethan-1,2-diol = polyester + water)
Natural rubber is obtained from the sap of Heavea brasiliensis tree found in areas of South America, West Africa and South East Asia. The sap of the rubber tree is called
Latex is coagulated using an acid to form a polymer made up of 2-methylbut-1,3-diene /isoprene (CH=CCH3CH=CH2)
Isoprene polymerises as shown below;
H CH3 H H H CH3 H H H H H CH3 H
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
C = C – C = C + C = C – C= C C – C = C – C = C – C
H H H H H CH3 H H
(isoprene/monomer) (poly-isoprene/rubber)
Natural rubber is usually soft hence must be hardened to make it more useful. This is done by heating rubber with sulphur in a process called vulcanization.
Cross-links of sulphur atoms form between polymer chains reducing the double bonds in the rubber.
Synthetic rubber can also be obtained by polymerization of various monomers e.g. styrene-buta-1,3-diene, 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene etc.
Advantages of synthetic polymers and fibres
They can be made to desired shapes easily
They are stronger
They are lighter
They are less affected by chemicals e.g. acids, alkalis, water and air
They are less expensive
Disadvantages of synthetic polymers and fibres
Some of them burn to give off poisonous fumes such as hydrogen cyanide and carbon (II) oxide
They are not biodegradable, thus cause massive environmental pollution
Some of them burn more readily than natural, thus are fire hazards
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The film was shot entirely in 360° 4K video on location in Matera, Italy, the ancient village that was also the setting for "Passion of the Christ." Producers promise a you-are-there VR experience for the entirety of Jesus's life and death, from his baptism to the Sermon on the Mount, and from the Last Supper to his crucifixion.
The 80-minute film will be available on iOS, Android and premium VR platforms including Google Cardboard, Oculus Go, and Oculus Quest.
Jesus VR – The Story of Christ. This is the most powerful story of all time and virtual reality is the perfect way to tell it! Available for download on iOS and Android now! Works with any Smartphone headset viewer. The full Jesus VR Experience, featuring custom branded glasses and movie available as well.


We don't think big enough. This is one of our largest failings. We have global environmental problems that we are mostly attempting so solve with small measures — the situation is conspicuous in Canada where its national government has been unresponsive to international pressures to address climate change, and where the solutions to such problems have been left to the initiatives of individual provinces, cities and municipalities.
Nations, of course, have been willing to gather their military power to fight a common enemy. "Coalitions of the willing" or similarly named amalgamations of power have been recently arranged for conflicts in Ukraine, Libya and now to combat the perceived threat of ISIS in Iraq and Syria. And the world's entire economic system is expanding and reconfiguring to accommodate and exploit global resources, markets and consumers. Numerous free-trade agreements between groups of countries attest to this international thinking. Corporations have long been planning beyond the limits of national boundaries, a trend explored by Chrystia Freeland in "How They See Us" (Globe and Mail, Oct. 27/12).
"For most of the 20th Century," Freeland writes, "those at the top needed everyone else. This is the Henry Ford paradigm: his workers needed to earn enough to buy his cars. Today, that connection has become more fragile: capitalists can — indeed, they must — find labour and markets wherever in the world they are cheapest and most profitable.
Other comments from the chief financial officer of a large US technology company makes a similar contribution to this style of thinking. "We demand a higher paycheque than the rest of the world," he said. "So if you're going to demand 10 times the paycheque, you need to deliver 10 times the value. It sounds harsh, but maybe people in the middle class need to decide to take a pay cut." In corporate thinking, even essential social structures and fundamental ethical values are expected to bend to the imperative of ever-higher profits.
A version of this corporate thinking is needed to solve our global environmental problems. The evolving crisis is caused by innumerable local affronts — from the emissions of individual cars to the clearing of tropical forests to grow palm oil — but we still lack the globally integrated regulations to correct the situation. National governments have been reluctant to submit to the mandatory measures that would be enforceable by international law. The Kyoto Accord attempted to do this, with only partial success because not all countries took their commitments seriously, and compliance was not enforced by serious punishment. Canada signed and then reneged on its legally binding Kyoto obligations — obligations it could have met if it had tried, according to Professor Mark Jaccard of Simon Fraser University. Not only was this unfortunate for the global climate but it set a disquieting precedent for the authority of future UN agreements. While Canada is willing to go to war rather than "let down its allies", it's not willing to meet its emission obligations to the entire planet.
So we have the political interests of individual nations that don't mesh with the solutions to global environmental problems. The family of humanity does not yet speak with one voice, even though every one of its members lives on the same Earth. The United Nations, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the entire world community of scientists are all attempting to broaden the scope of the environmental conversation to fit the size and urgency of the challenges. Environmental groups such as Greenpeace, the World Wildlife Fund and internet organizations such as 350.org and Avaaz are all functioning at an international level. The reluctance of national governments to think and act globally is strangely anachronistic considering that this expansive thinking already permeates finance, economics, corporations, communication, travel, entertainment and sports.
The prognosis for continued global environmental deterioration suggests two broad options. Individual nations can continue to bicker and feud in chaotic response to the escalating effects of progressive ecological breakdown. Alternately, national governments can accept that their principal environmental threats are rooted in causes too large and complex to be solved by small, ad hoc measures, and that, by necessity, they will have to collaborate and co-operate.
This optimistic option is coming — inevitably, sooner or later, willing or not. The cumulative effect of local ecological damage is now becoming structural, too pervasive and complicated to be solved without an internationally integrated approach. On a single planet with one biosphere, individual nations will eventually discover that their interests are inseparable from those of every other nation. At this point — if it is not too late — we can start thinking and acting globally.
The large thinking needed to address the reality of our environmental problems will necessitate a wholesale reconfiguration of our global civilization. Politics, economics and diplomacy will become increasingly complex, stressful and difficult. The alternative will be worse.


text:
Гофштеттен-Флю () — громада  в Швейцарії в кантоні Золотурн, округ Дорнек.

Географія
Громада розташована на відстані близько 60 км на північ від Берна, 30 км на північ від Золотурна.
Гофштеттен-Флю має площу 7,5 км², з яких на 14,8% дозволяється будівництво (житлове та будівництво доріг), 40,3% використовуються в сільськогосподарських цілях, 44,8% зайнято лісами, 0,1% не є продуктивними (річки, льодовики або гори).

Демографія

2019 року в громаді мешкало 3209 осіб (+5,7% порівняно з 2010 роком), іноземців було 17,9%. Густота населення становила 427 осіб/км².
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 20,3% — особи молодші 20 років, 58,5% — особи у віці 20—64 років, 21,2% — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Було 1325 помешкань (у середньому 2,4 особи в помешканні).
Із загальної кількості 523 працюючих 30 було зайнятих в первинному секторі, 168 — в обробній промисловості, 325 — в галузі послуг.

Примітки

Громади Золотурну


DHL Express has teamed up with convenience store chain Circle K to extend its On Demand Delivery service to more than 300 Circle K stores across Hong Kong.
"True to our promise of delivering service excellence, this partnership has expanded DHL Express' delivery network to more than 600 touchpoints. The familiarity and convenience of Circle K will help enrich the connections we have with our customers as well as ensure we stay on top of their evolving needs," said Herbert Vongpusanachai, Senior Vice President, Managing Director, DHL Express Hong Kong and Macau.
"The growth of online shopping has fuelled the need for greater delivery offering. On Demand Delivery provides an intuitive and flexible delivery option that customers can be in control of. With this service, we offer local consumers a hassle-free international online shopping experience whilst supporting retailers around the world to reach their customers reliably and punctually," he added.
Since its launch in 2016, DHL Express's On Demand Delivery service has provided greater flexibility to both shippers and receivers. Receivers are proactively notified via email or short-messaging system (SMS) about a shipment's progress.
A user-friendly mobile-optimised website allows them to choose from a selection of flexible delivery options including redirecting their delivery to a DHL service point or nearby convenience store. DHL Express couriers will be notified of these delivery preferences in real-time, ensuring shipments are delivered at the right time, to the right place and at the utmost convenience to the customer.
DHL Express has added a new feature — Courier Time Window — which will send an SMS reminder to receivers on the day of delivery to alert them to a specific timeframe when they can expect their delivery. Receivers can request for changes in delivery time and location to avoid a missed delivery if they are on the move.
"Circle K is committed to making our customers' lives easier. This new partnership with DHL Express allows us to serve our customers better by offering them the chance to be in control of the last mile fulfillment service of their online shopping experience, so that they can pick up their parcels any time, from any nearby Circle K outlets," said Krystie Tang, General Manager, Marketing & Purchasing, Circle K.


text:
Tagged: genealogy
The Allure of Libraries
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Is That You, William? How Do You Know When You're On The Right Track?
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I am the only biological child in my family, but my parents adopted five children once I was in college. Whenever I think about genealogy, I think about them. Of course, they are an...
Family History / Family Tree / Records Research
Real strategies for overcoming that brick wall
Both novice and experienced family historians have likely encountered a common obstacle while researching their histories: hitting a brick wall. You may discover that family records were destroyed, lost or simply unavailable; information...
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Genealogy research: knowing when it is time to call in a professsional
Despite the abundance of resources available online and in records depositories, there are some situations which might require the assistance of a professional genealogist. There are many professional genealogists who are adept at tracking...
Family Stories / Genealogy
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The cover story of a recent edition of Sports Illustrated begins: "Aaron Levi wanted to know who he was, where he came from, where he belonged. From an early age he had questions about...
Family History / Genealogy / Records Research
Using various land records to unlock clues about our ancestors
Valuable information can be gleaned from analyzing your ancestor's land records. In addition to vital historical facts, these records also give context to your family's status, lifestyle and migration patterns. And with 90%...
Family Tree / Genealogy / Records Research
Jewish genealogy and the search for roots near and far
Previously, I discussed the challenges encountered by African-Americans searching for ancestors who pre-date the Civil War and strategies for accessing both basic and more detailed information about this time period. Similarly, genealogical research for...
Family History / Family Tree / Genealogy
Family History in New England
How Family Trees Grew in America Early genealogy in America was an extension of the European quest for verification of aristocracy, heraldry, and legitimacy. Tracing one's genealogical roots in colonial America was seen as...


text:
- Hivemind 22m
a Mench 1h Doing a bit of everything.
Serial numbers for cameras?
Which camera is mine? So fucking mamy cameras...
Just a thought that has crossed my mind, why not add serial numbers on cameras, so one would easily figure out whose cameras they belong to, for many kinds of reasons, such as extortion, or 'tax'. Or need them uninstalled, or spray them.
By Beepboop at Dec 1, 2021 11:12 AM
I think the reason cameras do not have serial numbers is precisely because of those reasons.
By Pavane at Dec 1, 2021 11:12 AM
Yep, but it can get confusing pretty quickly whenever there are multiple cameras in one spot, so... hence why I think it's necessary.
Hire competition. There are IC means to detect some of this stuff.
By crashdown at Dec 1, 2021 11:14 AM
Cameras and other sensors get labels, are they not showing up?
By Johnny at Dec 2, 2021 8:01 AM
The camera object number shows up on devices such as the wiring hub, but not when the devices are inspected on the street.
By Rhicora at Dec 2, 2021 8:02 AM
I think they meant numbers on the physical items. So when you are looking at six cameras all placed at a busy intersection you can know that the owner of 1-234298-22 paid their tax and the rest didn't so you can tear down all of them but that one. As an example.
By Grey0 at Dec 2, 2021 8:03 AM
I'm not opposed to this; the above example is already done by multiples number which doesn't make a whole lot of sense. Cameras are meant to be fairly anonymous but a randomly generated serial number that can be found out on close inspection (or with a security analyzer, to give techs a further line of work?) is a decent compromise.
There is a relatively unused item that I would add this feature too I.E. When scanning the camera it reveals the hard coded Grid Hardware ID. My only request is that in be done in hexadecimal and correspond with future grid (pseudo ipv6) addresses in some scope.
By ReeferMadness at Dec 2, 2021 8:50 AM
This has been added to the cameras description. I see no reason that finding this information would require special tools or skills at this point. Simply showing up and finding it should be enough. This may change in the future, but for now, this should solve the issues described about not knowing which camera is which-- which should be obvious from where they are positioned in the room, what they look like, etc.
By Slither at Dec 27, 2021 8:51 AM


Over the course of their twenty-one-year career, Okkervil River has released nine albums that have given frontman Will Sheff a reputation as one of the greatest working songwriters in the country. As Sheff and his shifting lineup of players have traveled the world many times over, theyve made fans ranging from Lou Reed to Barack Obama and been praised by outlets from the New York Times to NPR to Pitchfork, who called Sheff One of indie rocks most ambitious thinkers. 2019 will see Okkervil Rivers two-decades-plus trek around the globe captured and anthologized in A Dream in the Dark, a 12-album live series that follows the group from their shaky and earnest beginnings to their sweat-soaked barnstorming rock club days, and from big festival sets into mellow acoustic improvisations. Along the way, A Dream in the Dark presents an alternate history of Okkervil River through the lens of their concerts instead of their albums, drawing from a deep well of recordings catalogued by Sheff and by fans throughout the years. Each installment of this sprawling digital series will come with detailed liner notes including essays and journal entries from the time, interviews with band-members past and present, profiles and collaborations with Okkervil River fans, and copious archival photographs. To coincide with A Dream in the Dark, Okkervil River will be hitting the road this summer in a stripped-down trio lineup in a reprise of their popular Rarities & Requests touring format, where theyll be playing stretched-out and often highly spontaneous requests-only shows in intimate listening-room venues.
Okkervil River: With their unique name and even more distinctive sound, Okkervil River is hoping to hit it big with their sixth release. The album, "I Am Very Far," will be released this May, 2011. Okkervil River tour dates have been scheduled at over 25 international dates this Summer, 2011.
The band formed in Austin, Texas during the late '90s, but has its origins at a New Hampshire boarding school. The original group featured frontman Will Sheff, Zach Thomas on bass, and Seth Warren on drums. They self-released the "Bedroom EP" in 1998 and a sophomore EP entitled "Stairs Too Small to Use," in 1999. The sophomore set caught the attention of producers at the SXSW music festival and they were added to the 2000 lineup.
The SXSW festival garnered them Indie cred, and they were approached by independent imprint, Jagjaguwar, for a recording contract. The label released their debut LP, "Don't Fall in Love with Everyone You See," in 2002. The band was invited back to perform at SXSW the same year and then recorded their sophomore LP, "Down the River of Golden Dreams," in San Francisco which was released in 2003. Okkervil River tour dates were booked on a national tour and they added a new drummer and a keyboardist to their lineup.
The band reached critical success and limited commercial success with their third release, "Black Sheep Boy." The album's title was taken from folk-singer, Tim Hardin's '60s hit of the same name, and was received warmly by critics across the board. Released in 2005, the album was ranked as Pitchfork Music's 176th best album of the 2000s and secured them a major label deal with Virgin/EMI for their European releases. They quickly released their fourth album, "The Stage Names," in 2007 which debuted at #62 on the Billboard 200. They topped this success with their fifth album, "The Stand Ins" which debuted at #42 in 2008. Since then, the Okkervil River concert schedule has kept the band quite busy, as have other side projects.
In 2009, Okkervil River concert dates were scheduled nationally and they booked performances on the late shows of David Letterman and Jimmy Fallon. Frontman, Will Sheff has also kept busy recording solo material and working on albums for other musicians, most notably for Norah Jones. Sheff and Meiburg also found time to release six albums under the moniker, "Shearwater," which also received critical success within the indie-folk-rock scene.
With their side projects on hold, Okkervil River will be returning with a new album and a global tour this May, 2011. Their sixth album, "I Am Very Far," will be released on May 10, 2011 and will feature eleven new tracks. The 2011 Okkervil River concert schedule will kick off in North Carolina on May 16th, and the band is scheduled to perform at 26 dates throughout North America and Europe throughout the summer. Okkervil River has been working hard at perfecting their folk-rock sound for over a decade. Make sure you support them while they are on tour; Use Eventful as your source for Okkervil River tour dates and venue information.


Gangluff and Charton hold the patent on the C & G Tree Planter. It is a heavy duty seedling planter which is towed by a dozer or a large farm tractor. This seedling planter is of extreme reliability, safety, maneuverability and stability. It can be used satisfactorily in rocky soil and on steep slopes. The seedling feeder system spaces the seedlings accurately and securely at the desired locations in the furrow. This heavy duty seedling planter enables the operator to control the degree of compaction of the furrow, contributes to the improved growth of the seedlings, and it affords a high degree of safety and comfort for the operator.
New Planter Prices $17,700 plus taxes and/or shipping when applicable. This price is subject to change.


Lounging and Snacking. Does a weekend get any better?
Oh man. Don't worry about the paint! I think it is best to focus on how great it looks now and chuck it up a very understandable mistake for a lady who simply loves the color green. The ideas for the office look fantastic.
I do completely understand the frustration of finally getting something started and then actually feeling accomplished, only to have it be a big ol' waste of time. Too often blogs only show the awesomeness of DIY. Kudos to you for sharing the more bummer moments, too!
Well, my dearest Brinie (and husband Rob) joined me this weekend and we had a very relaxing, hilarious weekend. After we caught up over the longest, most relaxing morning at home that I have had in ages (homemade brunch included!), we decided to make it a bit of food-centric weekend that included a trip to Shake Shack, a late afternoon cookie snack that almost spoiled dinner (pizza) and a good ol' fashioned NYC brunch.
A note on Levain: Seriously awesome. They are the size and shape of a hockey puck... but for some reason that alludes burnt and/or dried out connotations. These are niether. They are seriously so, so, so gooey and delicious. I actually have to stop writing about it because it is making me want another. YUM.
Sorry to keep this post kinda short. I am fighting a nasty cold and am signing out to return to my Puffs, Earl Gray tea and sweatpants.
That's right! We're going to the beach! This March, we're headed with Dukester to Miami to celebrate our 30th birthdays! Ahhhh!
We thought planning a fun trip to celebrate the big 3-0 would be a good way to look forward to leaving our 20s behind, instead of freaking out about it (as we want to do).
We're thinking the trip will be kinda like this... but if Kim was there and they were a leeeeetle paler.
BUT... we need your help! That's right, we're Phone-A-Friending our readers for suggestions on what to see, where to eat and where to play.
We've already booked our flights and found a rad hotel (thanks, Laura E!) but we gotta know your favorite hot spots for sun, shopping, dancing, drinking and eating! Oh, and where we can pick up some emergency aloe. You know, just in case.
Comment below with your suggestions!
PS... this is our hotel. Ha!
Hope you had a great weekend. Go Pats! I mean, someone told me they won!
Ok, so it's time for Living Room Update #2,768. This one, shockingly, does not involve a single thrift store!
So, as I've mentioned before, we wanted to hang something over the sofa. It is pushed up against this very long wall that is totally intimidating. The first idea was to do a gallery wall, since we've had that above our sofas in the past and loved it. But since the wall is so big and the ceilings are so tall (not complaining!), I thought that the little collected look of a gallery wall might feel kinda underwhelming.
For all three prints, we used a photograph of a sunset that Nick took at my brother's wedding. The photo on the far left is the original, and for the other two Nick altered the exposure in Photoshop. What's cool to us is that there is a gradient vertically on each photograph, but also a gradient across all three.
I wish the Ribba frames had less glare, but overall we are really happy with the result. It seems to round things out in the room.
So here is my updated list, it feels really good to be almost (though never really) "done"!
Purchase bookshelf for next to the "Eames" Lounger (something low and not too big...). UPDATE: We got one and we'll let you know more about it soon!
Hang art around the desk area.
PS: Check out my Living Room Updates throughout the past year here, here and here.


text:
'use strict';

const FlowParser = require('../../index.js');
const {parseFile} = require('../../../utils.js');
const fixtures = require('../__test_fixtures__/fixtures.js');
const failureFixtures = require('../__test_fixtures__/failures.js');
jest.mock('fs', () => ({
  readFileSync: filename => {
    // Jest in the OSS does not allow to capture variables in closures.
    // Therefore, we have to bring the variables inside the closure.
    // see: https://github.com/facebook/jest/issues/2567
    const readFileFixtures = require('../__test_fixtures__/fixtures.js');
    const readFileFailureFixtures = require('../__test_fixtures__/failures.js');
    return readFileFixtures[filename] || readFileFailureFixtures[filename];
  },
}));

describe('RN Codegen Flow Parser', () => {
  Object.keys(fixtures)
    .sort()
    .forEach(fixtureName => {
      it(`can generate fixture ${fixtureName}`, () => {
        const schema = parseFile(fixtureName, FlowParser.buildSchema);
        const serializedSchema = JSON.stringify(schema, null, 2).replace(
          /"/g,
          "'",
        );
        expect(serializedSchema).toMatchSnapshot();
      });
    });

  Object.keys(failureFixtures)
    .sort()
    .forEach(fixtureName => {
      it(`Fails with error message ${fixtureName}`, () => {
        expect(() => {
          parseFile(fixtureName, FlowParser.buildSchema);
        }).toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot();
      });
    });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You can earn a 5% commission by selling Dragonquest (Dragonriders of Pern (Pb)) on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!


Valerie Traan Gallery in Antwerp is not just a gallery. Owner Veerle Wenes converted her home into a gallery for the artists she represents. She has a beautiful open and light gallery space, where also the private home is a part of the gallery. All rooms can be seen as part of an everchanging set-up. Even bathroom and bedroom have customized artwork. So clients interested can look at objects and artwork not just in the gallery but also in her home.
She represents artists and designers as Studio Simple, Sophie Lachaert&Bert D'Hanis, Bram Boo, Diane Steverlynck, Magnum photographer Harry Gruyaert, Raw Color and also creative couple Muller-Van Severen.


text:
Inaugural trip, minus the traffic | Raleigh News & Observer
Johnston County
The North Carolina Influencer Series
PolitiFact NC
Stocks Center
Past Times
Happiness is a Warm TV
Opinion Shop Blog
Obits/In Memoriams
Inaugural trip, minus the traffic
Bruce Siceloff - Staff Writer
The original version of this story contained erroneous time references, including those for president-elect Barack Obama's inauguration and the train's departure from Raleigh. Obama will be sworn in as president Tuesday. The train left Raleigh for Washington on Saturday.
Stephan and Kim Jackson of Durham agreed months ago that they must be in Washington on Tuesday to witness the historic inauguration of America's first black president.
But they didn't want to take part in what could be a history-making traffic jam on Interstate 95.
The Jacksons and their daughters, who are African-American, campaigned door-to-door for Barack Obama last year. They were inspired by the struggles of their ancestors.
"This is one of those once-in-a-lifetime events," he said of Obama's inauguration. "A lot of our wanting to go is also to be there for people who have benefited our lives and helped our generation."
That's just what Rupa Redding-Lallinger of Chapel Hill was thinking as she and her husband, Gunther, prepared to board the same rail cars in Raleigh.
Both are physicians. They're paying $600 apiece for the round-trip ride to Washington, and they'll stay in a Maryland motel.
Her father was a civil rights attorney who helped overturn institutional segregation in Delaware, where he was the state's first black lawyer.
"I feel like I'm going there and representing my parents, almost," said Redding-Lallinger, 55. "This would have been so unbelievable for them, and I just want to be there to see it happen."
Democratic congresswomen condemn Trump's racist comments
The head of Common Cause NC testifies at gerrymandering trail
Tennessee gov announces new rural health research center
Trump headlines administration's visits to North Carolina


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If you are about to buy or sell your home but do not have the slightest idea of what to do, then a real estate agent is what you need, this professional offers the information and solid knowledge of a market that you do not know.
It will inform you about the documentation you need, will serve as a link between buyers and sellers, and will guide you on all the steps to follow from the beginning to the end of the purchase or sale transaction.
This point goes hand in hand with the previous one, because if you are a very busy person, a professional in the area of real estate will work while dealing with your affairs. Keep in mind that he will never make decisions for you, on the contrary he will always keep you informed of any new movement he is making.
You can inform him about the price of properties similar to the ones he is selling or the one he is buying. For example, the real estate market in Mérida is varied and for this it has tools that are key and that will serve to advise on the value of real estate.
In negotiations involving high values, such as in the real estate market, one must have additional attention for fraud. Without a specialist intermediary, you will have to interact with several people either to buy or sell and often stick to the unknown.
The purchase or sale of real estate requires a thorough analysis of real estate documentation problems. The agent knows all the measures to instruct his clients in the best way to close an agreement and can avoid legal problems.
The real estate consultants have a large file of pre-qualified clients who know they may be interested in buying a property like yours or know the land or houses that adapt to the budget and the needs they require. If you are going to sell or buy in the state, hire a real estate agent in Merida, because he knows the areas perfectly and will surely help you in what you are looking for.
The above points were only some advantages that a real estate agent offers, but to be fully effective there must be a legitimate interest of both parties from the beginning to the end. Undoubtedly, this person solves life in a process as tedious as it is to buy or sell a house; leave aside worries that only stress you and soon turn to a professional to consolidate your plans.


text:
Florida jail explosion kills 2, injures 100
Damage to the Escambia County Jail is seen after an explosion in the facility Thursday, May 1, 2014, in Pensacola, Fla. Two inmates were killed and more than 100 others were injured in the explosion according to an Escambia County spokeswoman. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
PUBLISHED: May 1, 2014 at 10:50 am | UPDATED: September 6, 2017 at 6:36 am
PENSACOLA, Fla. — An apparent gas explosion rocked a jail in the Florida Panhandle late Wednesday, killing two inmates, injuring more than 100 people, and causing the building to partially collapse, according to a county spokeswoman.
The jail is almost completely destroyed, Escambia County Sheriff David Morgan said at a news conference Thursday morning. Not all inmates were yet accounted for, he said, with officials waiting until the building was safe to enter.
County spokesman Kathleen Castro said three inmates were unaccounted for. She said it was possible they had been taken to hospitals.
At the blast site Thursday morning, pieces of glass and brick were strewn about on the ground. The front of the building appeared bowed out, with cracks throughout. Authorities blocked off roads leading to the jail.
"I ain't never heard anything like it," said Rodney Cozine, standing outside his neighboring home, looking at a large gash in the building and piles of debris.
The explosion happened about 11 p.m. CDT at a booking facility at the Escambia County Jail, and as many as 150 inmate and corrections officers were injured, said Kathleen Castro, the county's public information manager.
A couple of blocks from the jail, Ellis Robinson and his family awoke to a loud noise sometime after midnight, their home rattling. "It shook the whole house," he said. "I got up, the dog started barking, people were running up there." He spent the night observing the chaos and watching as inmates were loaded into buses.
About 600 inmates — 200 men and 400 women — were in the building at the time, Castro said. Those with injuries were taken to hospitals and the uninjured to jails in neighboring counties, officials said. Castro said authorities did not yet know the extent of injuries, but local hospitals said some with minor issues had already been released.
One inmate was pregnant, and she was OK after the blast, Castro said.
The Pensacola area was drenched by rains and severely flooded Wednesday as part of a large storm system making its way across the U.S., and Castro said the building was affected. But she said officials did not yet know whether the flooding and explosion were directly related. The generator was running at the time of the blast, but Castro said officials don't believe that was related.
Investigators were on the scene. Castro said the fire marshal would ultimately determine the cause.
The names of the two inmates killed in the explosion weren't immediately released.
Defense attorney Gene Mitchell stood outside police tape at the jail Thursday morning, reviewing dozens of text messages from clients' relatives wondering what happened to their loved ones.
"I have over 20 clients in there," he said. "I've had dozens of calls. Every other call is a family member wanting to know what has happened to a loved one."
He said he hasn't been able to get much information about the inmates. Castro said officials were having trouble notifying families because it isn't safe to enter the jail to access computers and paper records.
John Mone and John Raoux of The Associated Press contributed to this report in Pensacola. Associated Press writer Freida Frisaro in Miami also contributed.


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