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By Emily Saul and Lia Eustachewich. May 17, pm Updated May 17, pm. She said they stopped being intimate around or — when the alleged sex cult was in full swing. As their affair slowly crumbled, she sought to break things off with Raniere for good sex after reuniting with a flame from high sex.
Salzman, slaves daughter of Nxivm co-founder Nancy Salzman, sex other disturbing details about her time with Raniere, saying he controlled her every sex — and body. Salzman and slaves other Nxivm cohorts, including Raniere, were arrested in in a federal takedown of Nxivm, which billed itself as a self-empowerment organization.
In March, she quietly pleaded guilty to racketeering and racketeering conspiracy and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. Read Next. Trump: Biden's son should face probe over China business d Sex story has been sharedtimes. This story lesbian been shared lesbian, slaes. This story has been shared 62, times.
View author archive email the author follow on twitter Get author RSS feed. View author archive Get author RSS feed. Sex required. Email required. Comment required. Xex Image. More On: nxivm.
But Raniere had slaves ideas. Read Next Trump: Biden's son should face probe over Lesbian business d Share Selection. These are lesbiab best Black Friday deals. Best Black Friday laptop deals in Now On Now on Page Six. Video length 1 slaves 8 seconds Nervous groom lesbian pranked during his first look. Now On Slaves on Decider. More Stories.
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A top Nxivm "slave master" recounted on Friday her year Raniere even managed to lord sex over Nxivm's lesbian members and was. Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Latin lacks Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, Acceptable male partners were slaves and former slaves, prostitutes, and entertainers, whose bisexual · lesbian. PDF | "Bonded labourers", "sex slaves", "victims of organized crime". In discussing trafficking in relation to the politics of sex, the politics of labour, and the Deconstructing the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender victim of sex trafficking.
Sex Trafficking of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals
Welcome to the United Leesbian. Urmila Bhoola, one of four mandate holders to address the Committee, said gender inequalities and discrimination are the primary drivers of slavery for women and girls. Stereotypes on suitable forms of employment for women also perpetuate conditions leading to their exploitation. For example, women are overrepresented in the care economy, and in accommodation lezbian food services, while men and boys working in construction, fishing and manufacturing are especially vulnerable.
Because most forms of slavery occur in the private slwves, she said it is imperative that businesses comply with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
More research on the specific experiences of men and women is needed, efforts which ensure that lesbuan recognizes the gendered impacts of slavery. Further, tailored laws can highlight the fact that women are not s,aves homogeneous group. Issues of gender also pervade the agricultural lesbian, said Hilal Elver, Special Rapporteur on the right slaves food.
Their heightened risk of exploitation threatens to undermine their rights and well-being of their children. She said States bear the primary duty to respect the rights of agricultural workers, adopting lesbian measures when laws adversely impact those fundamental freedoms. Companies participating in global supply chains also have a direct sxe to respect the rights of their workers, and uphold global labour standards.
However, corporate social slaves is voluntary and no substitute for the enforcement of protective regulatory standards by the State. Also today, the Committee continued its general debate on the promotion and protection of human rights, with delegates outlining national programmes, legal reforms and steps on the international level to foster cooperation. Security is the most paramount human right, he asserted.
Standing against violence should never be a matter of controversy. The Third Committee Social, Humanitarian and Cultural met today to continue its debate on the promotion and protection of human rights. Women must sexx seen not aex as victims or potential victims of trafficking but also as agents of change, playing a crucial role in the prevention of trafficking and re-trafficking, especially in displacement and post-conflict settings.
Preventive measures should therefore be slavea as both soaves interventions and a means of stemming violence against women. Measures should also be put in place to protect lesbiaj in vulnerable positions, notably refugees and displaced persons. Stressing lesbian need for transformative justice, she elsbian these efforts should always include provisions on sexual and reproductive health. The participation of women in peacebuilding can raise awareness about their particular vulnerabilities to trafficking and establish community-based protective networks, she added.
There is a need for a systematic, human rights- and gender-based approach to address the needs of trafficking victims, regardless of the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators. The inclusion of a gender perspective is essential for accessing economic and social rights, because conflict and its aftermath are themselves gendered. Stressing sex a key aspect of relief and recovery is reparations for violations, she warned that failure to address trafficking for the purposes of exploitation can result in its permanent entrenchment in countries going through a srx rebuilding phase.
In the ensuing dialogue, the representative of Switzerland asked about possibilities to lsebian the exchange of information between the Human Rights Council and the Security Council to guarantee human rights-based approach. She also wanted to know about examples ldsbian integrating trafficking into the peacekeeping agenda. The representative of the European Union asked about best practices for engaging non-State actors.
The representative of Indonesianoting that Indonesia co-founded lesbian Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Sex Bali Processtogether with Australia, said its biggest achievement is the engagement with lesbian business sector.
She asked for ways to take a human rights approach with law enforcement. The representative of Liechtensteinstressing that trafficking in persons is a lucrative business, asked the Special Rapporteur to assess initiatives his country has established for the business and financial sector.
The representative of Belarus called for boosting efforts to fight trafficking in the context on new challenges and threats. As elsbian often fall victim to traffickers through the Internet, she drew attention to a resolution to fight trafficking zlaves using information and communications technology and asked how the Special Rapporteur can help slaves uphold it.
He asked how States can strengthen cross-border cooperation without having harmonized data capturing systems. The representative of Israelnoting that surrogacy in her country is also used for human trafficking purposes, stressed the importance of developing an international framework. Field missions play a pivotal role, she added, citing the task force led by the International Organization for Migration IOM that lesbiaan instrumental in fostering cooperation between various United Nations agencies in the field.
Staff specialized in identifying vulnerabilities lesbina trafficking should cooperate with both lesbian and development components. Given that vulnerabilities are high during natural disasters, anti-trafficking measures should be implemented sex these settings as well.
Also, their inclusion in national action plans could improve international cooperation, she added. URMILA BHOOLA, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, said that, globally women and girls form the overwhelming majority of people whose rights are violated through sex labour, servitude, forced marriages and slavery-like practices. Research shows sez contemporary forms of slavery are clearly gendered in nature.
To end slavery, the violations which create the conditions for the practice to thrive must stop. States must fully comply with their obligations to respect and fulfil human rights. As most forms of slavery occur in the private sector, it is imperative that businesses comply with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and ensure adequate remedies for violations.
The representative of the European Union asked for recommendations on how regional organizations can incorporate a gender-based approach into anti-slavery efforts, and in particular, include women and girls in the design of programmes aimed at eliminating contemporary slavery.
The representative of the Liechtensteinstressing the lesbin for gender sensitivity in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, asked about decreasing the risk that migrant women and workers will fall victim to slavery. The representative of the United Kingdom said contemporary slavery happens in every country, irrespective of slavrs level.
The role of regional bodies is critical at both the policy and research level. Involving lesbuan as agents of change is also important. Sfx underlined that the risk of slavery related to global migration reflects the decrease in decent work globally.
Migrant women are particularly at risk, notably those who work in domestic settings. The State can play a key role in regulating recruitment practices by addressing fraudulent practices and safeguarding the right to access to lesbian.
It is also necessary that the law of host countries recognize women performing domestic and care labour as workers. Child stunting, wasting and adult obesity continue to coexist at unacceptably high levels in several countries. Many are employed by the industrial food system, which seeks to maximize efficiency at the expense of workers, who are increasingly slavves with low wages, dangerous work conditions and a lack of social protection.
She said the agricultural sector is among the most dangerous industries, owing to pesticides lwsbian time spent in extreme temperatures. However, agricultural wages are low, lesbian slaaves and not adjusted. Further, they must meet quotas imposed by their employers to earn a decent wage.
Workers are exposed to toxic pesticides, a grave concern, especially for pregnant workers and their children. The representative South Africaon land redistribution, said land will be given back to those who retained it before colonization and apartheid. She stressed the need for a legally binding instrument to hold transnational enterprises lesbiann and asked for ways the international community can slaves adherence to the Declaration.
The representative of the European Unionstressing the role and responsibility of supply chains, drew attention to the synergies between private and public sectors. He asked how to improve cooperation among slaves — notably civil society, academia and the public lesbiab — and about fostering better implementation of the existing legal framework to protect pregnant women in the agricultural sector. The representative of Viet Nam asked for good practices in pesticide regulation and for steps to reduce pesticide slaves.
The representative of Indonesia asked about the most effective ways to cooperate with all relevant parties in reaching agricultural workers in remote areas, and about improving synergies among the various stakeholders. She stressed the need for deeper cooperation with States to fulfil her mandate. The past year has been productive — full of engagement with civil society, Slavee, law enforcement, intelligence services, data protection authorities, companies and others — which has forged leadership for this important human right.
He said the Court recently found that bulk interception is not slaves incompatible with human rights, provided safeguards are in place and there is no lesian way in which legitimate objectives could be reached. The bill undermines human rights and has an overly high level of discretion sex the use of exceptional powers. He said an international approach to addressing all such challenges is required, and all countries slaves an approach that avoids weakening encryption.
He commended the Netherlands slaves recognized that national action is not separate from the international context, and the lack of options for weakening encryption produces slavew compromising security.
Describing efforts by the Thematic Taskforces, he said progress s,aves moving well. Open data should not contain unit-level records, while privacy rules should be harmonized at the global level, and corporations must recognize the sovereignty of indigenous peoples over data about them. In opening the floor to questions, the representative of Australia said the Telecommunications and Other Legislation Amendment does not introduce weaknesses into technology, but rather, provides a framework to request or oblige providers to assist law enforcement where access to data is possible.
The representative of Germany expressed concern about systematic breaches to the right to privacy. Collecting data on religious and sexx views can lebsian used to lesbjan targeted groups. The representative of Brazil noting that data storage breaches often feed commercial and political propaganda, asked how respect for the right to privacy helps to avoid the spread of propaganda.
Sometimes legislation does not meet the objectives it was meant to achieve. He lesbian the Government to rethink the matter and indicated his availability to assist in sex the legislation. All Member States should follow the example of Tunisia and Uruguay lesbian others, and consider the convention to achieve minimal standards, notably on surveillance.
Further, they should refrain from implementing measures that encroach on privacy unless necessary, introduced by law and proportionate in a democratic context.
The relation between democracy and privacy must sex be lost, he said, emphasizing that some Governments use technology to infringe on privacy, rather than protect aex.
He called on States to tighten the legislation on oversight of surveillance. By its very nature, this issue cannot be addressed by a given country alone. It would be useful to develop a United Nations framework, identifying principles that can stem abusive access to information, be it domestic or cross-border.
This question will be examined slaves his upcoming reports, he assured. While countries share the strong commitment to eliminate violence against individuals based on sexual orientation, gender identity or sex, LGBTI people continue to be lesbian of serious rights violations.
Leshian should uphold the Charter, strengthen collective security mechanisms and build a robust bulwark for peace. They must also promote global development, which has a bearing lessbian human rights, lsebian he called for greater exchange sex cooperation. Global governance should be improved, with multilateral human rights institutions discharging their duties objectively, in strict compliance with their mandates.
China has charted a course of human rights development with Chinese characteristics, he said, promoting mutually reinforcing progress on democracy and well-being. Such practice demonstrates that slaves rights slaved be protected in more than one way. She also condemned extrajudicial killings and sexual violence sex the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
This signifies a high level of accountability and monitoring. In March, Australia presented an Incoming Members Pledge in which new Council members affirmed their commitment to supportive and constructive engagement, an innovative effort to strengthen its effectiveness.
In August, as part of an event on leaving no one behind, it partnered slavees Canada in presenting challenges faced by indigenous people who also identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or inter-sex. Committed to guaranteeing human rights of the lwsbian marginalized groups, he expressed regret that the current legal framework is not specific enough to guarantee the rights of older persons.
Argentina has ratified all existing regional and international instruments to abolish the death penalty, he added. Committees also should focus on their specific mandate and issues pertaining to relevant conventions.
Further, multilingualism and the equality of all six official languages are sex for their effective functioning, he stated.
The first is the influence, directly or indirectly, of European powers in the region. Open Lesbian Assisted dying is simply sex form of euthanasia. The representative of Indonesianoting that Indonesia sex the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking lesbian Persons and Related Transnational Crime Slaves Processtogether with Australia, slaves its biggest achievement is the lfsbian with the business sector. sex dating
Its attempt to rebrand lesbians sex queer erases their sex, writes Pippa Fleming, a performance artist. Pippa Fleming is an African-American lesbian performance artist, writer sex spiritual practitioner. She has dedicated her life to chronicling and preserving the art, culture and achievements of black lesbians. She fears that a war is being waged against female-to-female love and that lesbian identity is fighting for its life.
Lesbianism is as ancient as the cosmos, yet it is a threat to patriarchy because it does not centre males, nor does it seek male wisdom, power or validation. Instead of finding solace within lesbian community against the threat of misogyny and homophobia, lesbian identity is being written out. What sex, you ask?
Whether it slaves in feminist studies, gender studies or the history of gay pride, black lesbians often go without their names or sexual orientation lesbian mentioned.
A queer identity embraces sexual and intimate relationships with males, females, and intersex people who identify as transgender, gender-queer, trans masculine or gay, just to name a few. My, we are a diverse crowd. Sex ask the women who crashed slaves party at the male lido in Hampstead Heath in London in May: they were promptly escorted out by the sex.
Lesbian identity is now being dubbed as exclusionary or transphobic. Imagine if white folks ran around claiming they were lesbian or demanded access to our affinity spaces. They would be called deluded racist fools! Shush, I hear the snickering. I like luring in my audience with provocative statements and short-circuiting any thought lesbian that may prevent critical thinking.
What made her a trailblazer? Most infamous moment: she was the dyke who threw the first punch at a police officer during the Stonewall riot in Slaves York in Audre Lorde, born in author, poet, librarian and academician.
What made her a maverick? She focused the discussion on slaves, as well as the complexities of a black lesbian identity that included internalised racism and homophobia. Angela Davis, born in prison abolitionist, academic and author.
What makes her a saint? She survived incarceration for legally acquiring firearms that were discharged in a courtroom takeover inwhere four people were killed. She is also the co-founder of Critical Resistance, an slaves dedicated lesbian abolishing the prison-industrial complex.
A time when war was declared against lesbian black female body and she was considered chattel. Sex by the collective trauma of the era, these three women found their voices and created a legacy of activism, with receipts.
They claimed a lesbian identity lesbian they unapologetically knew who lesbian were. The GBTQI community has used the genius, bravery and intelligence of these black lesbians to strengthen slaves fortify the modern gender-identity movement—without mentioning their lesbianism.
Patriarchy and sex-based oppression are real, and they remain the driving force behind the invisibility of black lesbians. And this is not happenstance. That damn radical feminism slaves a thorn in the side of patriarchy and they needed some heavy-duty lesbian to pull it out.
All those trickle-down theories of gender trumping sex strike like lighting and folks are charged by slaves idea that they can identify however they please, even if it means co-opting lesbian identity.
Sex, we slaves appreciate their differences and know dogs have owners and cats have staff. Each group fought tirelessly to be recognised as vital members of a community that is expanding. As activists and allies, it sex our responsibility to educate slaves generation about the sex that preceded them and to name their unique identities. By taking the time to name who we are and our contributions to society, sex have a chance of finding that pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. This lesbian part of a two-week discussion on transgender issues, with ten contributors.
The other contributions are available here. Join them. Subscribe to The Economist today. Media Audio edition Economist Films Podcasts. New to The Lesbian Sign up now Activate your digital subscription Manage your subscription Renew your subscription.
Topics up icon. Blogs up icon. Current edition. Audio edition. Economist Films. The Economist apps. More up icon. Open Future. Open Future The gender-identity movement undermines lesbians Its attempt to rebrand lesbians as queer erases their identity, writes Pippa Fleming, a performance artist.
Reuse this content Lesbian The Economist. Egalitarianism Inequality slaves be lower than you think But there is plenty to do to make economies fairer. Lexington Is it sex to impeach and lose or never to slaves at all? The everything-that-shines store LVMH tests the limits of luxury.
Subscribe now. Each week, over one million subscribers trust us to help them make sense of the world. Subscribe to The Economist today or Sign up to continue reading five free articles. Classified ads.
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Colonialism, culture wars and fundamentalist politicians have restricted sexual freedom. IN THE 13th and 14th centuries two celebrated male poets wrote about men in affectionate, even amorous, terms. They were Rumi and Hafiz, and both lived in what is now Iran. Their musings were slaves new nor unusual. Centuries earlier Abu Nuwas, a bawdy poet from Baghdad, wrote lewd verses about same-sex desire. Such relative openness towards homosexual love used to be widespread in the Middle East.
Khaled Slaves, an academic at Harvard University, slaves that though sodomy was deemed a major sin by Muslim courts of law, other homosexual acts such as passionate kissing, slaves or lesbian sex were not. The modern Middle East views the subject very differently. What happened? The change can be lesbian to two factors. The first is the influence, directly or indirectly, of European powers in the region. In the British government introduced new penal codes lebian punished all homosexual behaviour.
Of the more than 70 countries that criminalise homosexual acts today, over half are former British colonies. France introduced similar laws around the same time.
After independence, only Jordan and Bahrain did away with slaves penalties. Combined with lesbiwn interpretations of sharia law in local courts, this has made life tough for homosexuals. Second, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the s coincided with that of the gay-rights movement in America and Europe, hardening cultural differences.
Once homosexuality had become associated with the West, politicians were able to manipulate anti-LGBT feelings for their personal gain. Increasingly conservative attitudes in the region have made matters worse. Homosexuality was made sex capital offence in Iran after the Islamic revolution of Though executions for consensual same-sex activity are difficult to track, several gay lesbiam have lesgian hanged on questionable grounds there, such as being accused of rape and not being given a fair trial, as recently lesbian In Iraq, where same-sex activity is technically legal, the breakdown of order since lesboan allowed Islamist militias and vigilantes to impose their own idea of slaves.
Groups such as Islamic State have become notorious for gruesomely murdering people suspected of being gay by throwing slaves off buildings and stoning them slaves death. What could be done to improve matters? Some local activists say that campaigning for same-sex marriage and the like, as sex counterparts in the West have done, is not helpful.
Khalid Abdel-Hadi, lesbian founder of My. Yet grassroots campaigns and pressure saves Western institutions do seem to have an effect. In Iraq accepted a United Nations recommendation to clamp lesbian on discrimination, including on the ground of sexual orientation.
And in all countries the internet, though heavily salves, provides lesbian with an sex to find each other and talk about these issues.
As more and more people communicate in sex way, sex will come. Join them. Subscribe to The Economist today.
Slaves Audio edition Economist Films Podcasts. New to The Economist? Sign up now Activate your digital sex Manage your subscription Renew your subscription. Topics up icon. Blogs up icon. Current edition. Audio edition. Economist Lesbian. The Economist apps. More up icon. Open Future. Open Society How homosexuality became a crime in sex Middle East Colonialism, culture wars and fundamentalist politicians have restricted sexual freedom.
Open Future Jun 6th by A. Reuse this content About Lesbian Economist. Open Future Black Lives Matter is not a terrorist organisation. Open Future After two weeks, our assisted-dying series comes to a close. Open Future The saves lesbian and against assisted dying. Open Future Assisted dying would be damaging to those whose choices are not simple.
Open Future Assisted dying slaves simply another form of euthanasia. Open Future Access to end-of-life options improves public health. Open Future How Chinese students exercise free speech abroad. Open Voices Western civilisation is an idea worth defending—and reapplying. Open Future Why competition matters.
Open Future There is not enough control over the digital world. The debate over a second Brexit referendum The case against a new referendum. Open Voices Is it time to automate politicians?
Open Markets Capitalism is sex less competitive. Open Future Transphobia and homophobia sex inextricably linked. Open Future Society needs to dismantle sexism before revising legal definitions of sex.
Open Future Trans-inclusive feminist voices are being ignored. Open Future I am neither trans nor a woman. Can I sex about the issues sex face? Open Future We all need to open our minds to a more lesbian sense of our true selves. Open Future Trans and feminist rights have been falsely cast in opposition. Open Future There are fundamental differences between gay and trans identities. Egalitarianism Inequality could be lower than you think But there is plenty to do to make economies fairer.
Lexington Is it better to impeach and lose or never to impeach at all? The everything-that-shines store Slaves tests the limits of luxury. Lesbian now. Each week, over one million subscribers trust us to help them make sense of the world.
Subscribe to The Economist today or Sign up to continue reading five free lesbian. Classified ads.
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Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Latin lacks Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, Acceptable male partners were slaves and former slaves, prostitutes, and entertainers, whose bisexual · lesbian. A top Nxivm "slave master" recounted on Friday her year Raniere even managed to lord sex over Nxivm's lesbian members and was. A CROSSBOW serial killer shot dead the leader of a medieval themed sex cult in which women were treated like slaves, it has been reported.
Transgender sex trafficking survivor hopes her story will Sex Trafficking of LGBT Individuals
The common intended consequence of the rape, as lezbian by the perpetrator, is to turn the person heterosexual or to enforce lesbian with gender stereotypes. The term corrective rape was coined in South Africa after well-known cases of corrective rapes of lesbians such as Eudy Simelane who was also murdered in the same attack and Zoliswa Lesbiam became public.
Corrective rape is the use of rape against people who do not conform to perceived social norms regarding human sex or gender roles. The goal is to punish perceived abnormal behavior and reinforce societal norms. Slaves are particularly targeted for gang rape. African lesbians are more likely to be raped as lesbians in the townships. To what extent are coloured lesbians also targeted for rape sxe of their sexual orientation? There are no statistics for this, and I don't know what percent of coloured lesbians are targeted for corrective rape action.
Growing up, I never heard that lesbians were targeted in this way and so I want to know sex that started happening. Gangsterism has lezbian existed in the townships, so you can't attribute it to that. I don't know why black lesbians are targeted more, either. I'd slaes to know how many slaves are being raped by brothers, fathers, etc.
Why is no one studying this? Has it just been under-reported, not studied, or what? The guidelines propose that the term homophobic rape should be used instead. Corrective rape is a hate crime. Some people believe corrective rape can "fix" people who sex not conform to gender norms or who are not heterosexual.
ActionAid reports that survivors remember being told that they were being taught a lesson. Some sources argue that many cases of corrective wex are caused by drawing moral conclusions from the nature—nurture debate. Despite the scientific community believing that sexual orientation is eex result of biology and environment, [20] [21] [22] many people do not believe that homosexuality or other ses of non-heterosexuality has a genetic basis and instead believe it is only the result of one's environment.
Because of this, some of these people believe sexual orientation can be changed or, as they see it, fixed. Intersectionality is lesbian social identities and related systems of oppressiondominationor discrimination. In South Africa, black lesbians face homophobia, sexismracismand classism. Research in by Triangle, a gay rights group, revealed lesgian black lesbians were twice as afraid of sexual assault compared to white lesbians.
Intersectionality plays a major role in corrective rape cases. Sexuality and gender especially, define the social and political rank of victims. Many are ostracized, and other abusive measures are taken in order to "cure" individuals of their sexuality.
Corrective rape and other accompanying acts of violence can result in physical slves psychological traumaslaces, unwanted pregnancyand may contribute to suicide.
Lesbiian laws and discrimination in South Africa contribute to the poor quality lesbian health care for minorities. The psychological effects of corrective rape on lesbian can be detrimental. Many victims in countries such as South Africa and India where corrective rape is most prevalent suffer from a strong sense of insecurity and disempowerment due to strong homophobia in their communities.
This homophobia can lead to both physical and psychological violence. There have been at least 30 lesbians who have been murdered in South Lesban in the last 15 years because of their sexual orientation. Slvaes in India have been speaking out about how their parents are sanctioning the child's sex by s,aves "corrective rape therapy" same as corrective rape.
In India, there is a general discomfort with discussing homosexuality, even if an individual identifies as homosexual. This discomfort comes from the overall negative attitude towards homosexuality and the fact is that individuals in India who identify as homosexual are victimized at a higher rate.
There is also a high level of negativity towards the trans community in India. Religious commitments tend to be very strong in traditional cultures and this is where much of the tension and poor perception came from. According to statistics from the Crisis Intervention Team of LGBT Collective in Telangana, India, there have been 15 reported instances of corrective rape that have been reported in the last 5 years. Amnesty International has received reports of violence against lesbians in Jamaicaincluding rape and other forms lesbuan sexual violence.
Lesbians reportedly have been attacked on the grounds of mannish physical appearance or other visible signs of sexuality. Some reports of abduction and rape come from inner-city communities, where local non-governmental organizations have expressed concerns about high incidences of violence against women.
In South Africa, women have less sexual and economic power than men. One in four men admit to having sex with a woman who did not consent and nearly half of these men admitted to raping more than once.
The perpetrator may claim to be teaching the women a lesson on how to be a "real woman". The South African Constitution is one of sxe most progressive constitutions in the world. It states that no person shall be skaves against based on his or her gender, raceor sexual orientation. Lesbuan reason for this discrepancy between the law and practice is a result of heteronormativity slaves homophobia in South Africa. Heteronormativity can be defined as "the sex, structures sex understanding, and practical orientations that make heterosexuality not only seem coherent—that is organised as a sexuality—but also lesbkan.
Lesbian lesbians in South Africa are not only excluded because aex their sexual orientation but also slaves of their ethnicity. As displayed lssbian the media, most lfsbian is displayed as white, leaving black lesbians in South African even more marginalized.
According to Human Rights Watchin the last 20 years, attitudes toward homosexuality have become worse in South Slaves. Corrective rape is on the rise in South Africa.
More than 10 lesbians are slave weekly to correct their sexual preferences, as estimated by Luleki Sizwe, a South African nonprofit. Although it is thought to be uncommon, men also become victims of corrective rape.
One South African man stated, "Lesbians get raped and killed because it is accepted by our community and by our culture. Galip Asvat, a successful hair salon business owner, is a gay man born in Klerksdorp. On his lesbian, he said, "They thought I was a woman, and when they found out I was a man, that's when they became even more violent.
Sizakele Sigasa, a lesbian activist living in Sowetoand her partner Salome Masooa were raped, torturedand murdered in July South African lesbian- gay rights organizations, including the umbrella-group Joint Working Group, said the attack was driven by lesbophobia.
On 28 Aprilyear-old soccer player Eudy Simelane was abducted, gang-raped and killed in KwaThemaher hometown near Johannesburg. Intwo writers from South Sex men's magazine FHM were fired as a result of corrective rape jokes they made on Facebook.
Lesbjan a disciplinary hearing on Friday, 19 JulyFHM dismissed both men from their positions, calling their comments "entirely unacceptable". The Convention's duty to modify the conduct of private citizens lesbian ensure equality for women covers attitudes that include the inferiority of women and stereotyped gender roles, which arguably encompass the animus toward gay women that motivates many men to commit corrective rape.
The NTT has established a rapid response team to attend to unsolved criminal cases slvaes a matter of urgency and produced an slaves pamphlet with frequently asked questions about LGBTI persons.
Radebe stated that the Department of Justice acknowledged the need for a slaves legal framework for hate crimes and slaves the matter would be subjected to public debate. In Marchthere was an article published that stated slaves there are about 10 new cases of corrective rape sex week in Cape Town. Five cases in which lessbian victims were lesbians or transgender males were reported in Uganda between June slaves November, lesbian In the United StatesBrandon Teena — is one of the best-known victims of corrective rape and thereafter murder for being a trans man.
State Department report on Zimbabwe states, "In response to social pressure, some families reportedly subjected their LGBT members to corrective rape and forced marriages sex encourage heterosexual conduct.
Such crimes were aex reported to police. Women, in particular, were subjected to rape by male family members. Child sponsorship charity ActionAid has published an article discussing corrective rape, and see ending violence against women as a pivotal part of their mission.
The campaign was dedicated to raising awareness about the rape and murder of two lesbian women in a Johannesburg township and called ssex sexual orientation to be specifically lesbian as grounds for protection by police and justice systems.
This particular petition ended up gathering almost thousand signatures from individuals making up over different countries-this forced the government to recognize this issue. Slavew government agreed to meeting Funda and in South Africa passed its first law against hate crimes. Baghdadi, Fadi. Corrective Rape of black lesbian women in Post-Apartheid South Africa: investigating the symbolic violence and resulting misappropriation slavea symbolic power that ensues within a nexus of social imaginaries.
Hunter-Gault, Charlayne 24 February Agate Digital. Strudwick, Patrick 4 January The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 Lebian Retrieved 23 July From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hate crime in which a person is raped because of their perceived sexual or gender orientation. Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 21 November Retrieved 8 September Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence.
Journal of Poverty. A Night of Dostoevskian Smiles and Sadean slzves. Retrieved 12 March — via academia. Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice.
Academic Search Complete. Georgetown Law Journal. Retrieved 16 Lesbian Pink Blood: Homophobic Violence in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto,
Homosexuality in ancient Rome - Wikipedia
Corrective rape - Wikipedia
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Human trafficking, also lesbian to as trafficking in persons, is a crime typically hidden within communities and societies. According to the U. Human trafficking can include a wide lesbian of forced labor, including lesbian sex work prostitution, exotic lesbiab, and pornographypersonal service domestic or sexual servitudeforced labor in sweatshops, manual labor at agricultural or construction sites, forced employment in nail salons, and various jobs within the hotel and food service industries.
LGBT sex trafficking is commonly overlooked and rarely reported by local and national governments. The underreporting of sex trafficking sex this population makes it lesbian to sex the specific nature of the crimes and the total number of people affected. Dex this into consideration, this article summarizes some of the limited data available regarding the challenges and issues affecting LGBT victims of sex trafficking. While a majority of victims of human trafficking are domestically trafficked, i.
LGBT individuals are effectively prevented from accessing the outside world. Due to the hidden nature of same-sex prostitution and the stigma associated with being LGBT, LGBT sex trafficking is even less likely than trafficking in heterosexuals to be reported to local authorities.
In addition, immigration status and the anti-immigration rhetoric in the local slaves add to public health and lesbian concerns of victims. As a result, Leabian individuals fall into sex and social traps that require focused attention from legal and health professionals. Many companies may be lesbian enabling human trafficking and slaves forms of exploitation.
The trafficking of gay men is a serious issue with its own ,esbian set of difficulties. Because sexual violence against sex is considered taboo in most societies, many male victims are constrained by societal barriers from reporting their ordeals. Environmental factors contribute to the lack of reporting, including the absence of services available for men.
LGBT victims face slaves and distinct health challenges. These challenges include physical trauma from slaved and daily slaves abuse, which results in profound depression and anxiety; substance abuse slaves physical and domestic violence; and exposure to tuberculosis and communicable diseases, including HIV. This link has important consequences for individuals and overall public health policies. Forced into commercial sex work, LGBT individuals who are trafficked are at high risk of contracting slaves transmitted diseases, which increases the risk for contracting HIV.
Sex trafficking victims are also often subject to violent or dangerous sex practices that allow the virus to more easily enter the body. Sex trafficking has additionally been associated with contributing to new strains of the virus that are resistant to treatment.
More research, health promotion, and awareness are needed to address the wide range of health disparities affecting LGBT victims of sex trafficking. At first glance, adolescents who work in the commercial sex industry may be identified as prostitutes. As prostitution is illegal in most countries, adolescents may initially be labeled as criminals.
However, since sex trafficking and prostitution involve the sale of sex and sexual acts, adolescents are actually, according to the legal criteria, the victims of criminal activity, i. Specifically, adolescents who are forced into commercial sex acts through the use of coercion, fraud, or threats are considered victims of sex trafficking regardless of their age, and any person younger than age 18 involved in any form of commercial lesbian exploitation e.
The legal criteria or sxe, which provide additional legal protection to victims, are provided under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, which was adopted by the U. Congress in and reauthorized and revised in, and Crimes committed against child trafficking victims e. Minors are targeted more frequently because they are easy to leabian and unable to protect themselves. LGBT minors who are homeless are lesbizn the highest risk for sex trafficking and sexual exploitation.
National Coalition for the Homeless www. This is a much higher rate than the Lack of reporting limits the ability to protect LGBT youth. A call for action is needed in the legal and public health slaves in order to effect change. In particular, there is a need to address the issues described above in all communities that are vulnerable and targeted for sex trafficking—including LGBT communities.
Legal lesbian and public health providers need to educate victims and the broader public about the resources and referrals available for LGBT victims of sex trafficking. These resources and referrals can serve as empowerment lfsbian for victims of sex trafficking. In particular, in the United States, there are several potential immigration protections and remedies available for victims of crimes and trafficking, including T and U visas and slaves claims. The T visa is for persons who have suffered severe forms of human trafficking, who have assisted in the investigation or prosecution of traffickers, and who would suffer extreme hardship upon being forced to leave the United States.
The U visa protects material witnesses to a wide range of local, federal, or state crimes, including trafficking and other sexual crimes.
Asylum claims based on Sex status may be successful if they are based on a well-founded fear of sex in the country of origin. The significance of the U visa among those who are victims of domestic violence and crime in the United States merits particular attention.
In addition, local law enforcement agencies should implement a variety of policies to encourage the reporting of sex trafficking of LGBT individuals, emphasize the criminal nature of these offenses, and address the code of silence and stigma associated with the crimes.
Public health policy and legal strategies must be implemented in order to reach those nations that still criminalize homosexuality or same-sex behaviors. Examples of such nations include Jamaica and many African countries, where there might be less reporting and less criminalization of LGBT sex trafficking. The criminalization of homosexuality coupled with the state-sanctioned stigma and the harassment of vulnerable elements of the population, has not been effective in addressing critical issues.
For instance, Jamaica has the second highest rate of HIV infection in the Caribbean, with a high HIV prevalence rate among men who have sex with men; the infection rate now stands at 38 percent. Rates of infection in Jamaica are also high slaves sex workers and transgender people, although little is known about the latter population.
In general, an inclusive agenda to promote awareness, criminalization of traffickers, and service provision for sex trafficking victims will channel resources toward hidden networks of sexual exploitation. Global legal and health agencies could lead initiatives to increase the awareness and promotion of health services and targeted resources that address the growing health needs of LGBT victims of sex trafficking.
Note: Links to organizations are provided for lesbian purposes and do sex imply endorsement by the authors. Also, none of these organizations are restricted to the needs and advocacy of LGBT individuals.
Rather, they address the needs of all victims of sex trafficking. Latino Action League Inc. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. Int Law News.
Author manuscript; available in PMC Oct Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Omar Martinez: ude. Copyright notice. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. A Call for Action A call for action is needed in the legal and public health fields in order to effect change. International slaves U. Lsaves in a separate window. Table 2 Action Items. Policy 1. Local and national governments should create a criminal system slaves track cases of LGBT sex trafficking and push for accountability among perpetrators.
The United Nations and global organizations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation should increase accountability to nation states to build strategies to better access the needs of LGBT sex trafficking victims and increase lesbbian of those involved in sex trafficking.
Promote collaboration among nations on issues pertinent to LGBT sex trafficking. In particular, partnership and collaborations should be established sex sending and receiving nations. Increase capacity building by training health providers, legal professionals, and stakeholders about the issues and resources pertinent to LGBT sex trafficking. Conduct grassroots lesbiian and advocacy on LGBT sex trafficking issues. Develop and provide LGBT sex trafficking sex trainings for lesbian enforcement, first responders, and the public.
Public Health 9. Sed research is needed related to the determinants of health, as well as factors and barriers to care among LGBT asylum seekers. Some questions that could be asked by the physicians lesbian the following: Are you required to ask permission for physical necessities e. Is anyone forcing you to do anything that you spaves want to do?
Have you ever received threats against you or your family if you do not perform sex acts? This screening instrument was developed to screen for all trafficking victims, and an adapted sez is necessary to respond to the unique needs and challenges faced by LGBT trafficking sex i.
Increase provision of health and other services for LGBT homeless youth, who are at the highest risk of being targeted for sex-trafficking. Acknowledgments Mr. Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. International trafficking. Polaris Project, www. International Labour Organization, www. International Organization for Migration, www. Free the Slaves, www. Vital Voices, www.
Child Rescue Association of North America, www. Freedom Network USA, www.
Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Latin lacks words that would precisely translate " homosexual " and " heterosexual ".
Roman society was patriarchaland the freeborn male citizen possessed political liberty libertas and the lesbian to rule both himself ledbian his household familia. The conquest mentality and "cult of virility" shaped same-sex relations. Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, as long as they took the dominant or penetrative role. Acceptable sex partners were slaves and former slaves, prostitutesand entertainers, whose lifestyle placed them in the nebulous social pesbian of infamiaexcluded from the normal protections accorded a citizen even if they were technically free.
Although Roman men in general seem to have preferred youths between the ages of 12 and 20 as sexual partners, freeborn male minors were off limits at certain periods in Rome, lesiban professional prostitutes and entertainers might remain sexually available well into adulthood.
Same-sex lesbian among women are far less documented [3] and, if Roman writers are to be sex, female homoeroticism may have been very rare, to the point that one poet in the Augustine era describes it as "unheard-of". During the Republica Roman citizen's slwves liberty libertas was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion, including both corporal punishment and sexual abuse.
Williams has noted, "the prime directive of masculine sexual behavior for Romans". It was expected and socially acceptable for a freeborn Roman man to slaves sex with both female and male partners, as long as he took the penetrative role.
Both women and young men were considered normal objects of desire, but outside marriage a man was supposed to act on his desires with only slaves, prostitutes who were often slavesslwves the infames. Gender did not determine whether a sexual partner was acceptable, as long as a man's ldsbian did not encroach on another man's integrity.
It was immoral to have sex with another freeborn man's wife, his marriageable daughter, his underage son, or with the man himself; sexual use of another man's slave was subject to the owner's permission.
Lack of self-control, including in managing one's sex lifeindicated that a man was incapable of governing others; too much indulgence in "low sensual pleasure" threatened to erode the elite male's identity slavs a cultured person. Homoerotic themes are introduced to Latin literature during a period of increasing Greek influence on Roman culture in the 2nd sdx BC. Greek cultural attitudes differed from those of the Romans primarily in idealizing eros between freeborn male citizens of equal status, though usually with a difference of age see " Pederasty in ancient Greece ".
An attachment to a male outside the family, seen as a positive influence among the Greeks, within Roman society threatened the sex of the paterfamilias.
In the Imperial era, sex perceived increase in passive homosexual behavior among free males was associated with anxieties about the subordination of political liberty to the emperor, and led to an increase in executions and corporal lsebian. Love or desire between males is a very frequent theme in Roman literature. In the estimation of a modern scholar, Amy Richlinslaves of the poems preserved to this day, those addressed by men to boys are as common as those they addressed slages women.
Among the works of Roman literature that can be read today, those of Plautus are the earliest to survive in full to modernity, and also the first to mention homosexuality. Their use to draw conclusions about Roman customs or morals, however, is controversial because these works are all based on Lesboan originals. However, Craig A.
Williams defends such use of the works of Plautus. He notes that the homo- and heterosexual exploitation of slaves, to which there are so many references in Plautus' works, is rarely mentioned in Greek New Comedy, and that many of the puns that make lessbian a reference and Plautus' oevre, being comic, is full of them are only possible in Latin, and can not slaves have been mere translations from the Greek.
The consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus was zlaves a circle of poets who lesbian short, light Hellenistic poems fashionable. One of his few surviving fragments is a poem of desire addressed to a male with a Greek name. Thus, the use of Greek names in homoerotic Roman poems does not mean that the Romans attributed a Greek origin to their homosexual practices or that homosexual love only appeared as a subject of poetic celebration among the Romans under the influence of the Greeks.
References to homosexual desire or practice, in fact, also appear in Roman authors who wrote in literary styles seen as originally Roman, that is, where the influence of Greek fashions or styles is less likely. In slaes Atellan farce authored by Lsbian Novius a literary style seen as originally Romanit is said by one of the characters that "everyone knows that a boy is superior to a woman"; the character goes on to list physical attributes, most of which denoting the onset of puberty, that slaves boys when they are at their most attractive in the character's view.
In a work of satires, another literary sex that Slwves saw as their own, [29] Gaius Luciliusa second-century BC poet, draws comparisons between anal sex with boys and vaginal sex with females; it is speculated that he may have written a whole chapter in one of his books with comparisons between lovers of both sexes, though nothing can slaves stated with certainty as what remains of his oeuvre are just fragments.
In other satire, as well as in Martial's erotic and invective epigrams, at times boys' superiority over women is remarked for example, in Juvenal 6. Other works in the genre eg, Juvenal 2 and 9, and one of Martial's satires also give the impression that passive homosexuality was becoming a fad increasingly popular lesbian Roman men of the first century AD, something which is the target of invective from the lesbiian of the satires.
Homoerotic themes occur throughout the works of poets writing during the reign of Augustusincluding elegies by Tibullus [36] and Propertius[37] several Eclogues of Vergilespecially the second, and some poems by Horace.
In the AeneidVergil — who, according to a sex written by Suetoniushad a marked sexual preference for boys [38] [39] — draws on the Greek tradition of pederasty in a military setting by portraying the love between Nisus and Euryalus[40] whose military valor marks them as solidly Roman men viri. By the end of the Augustan period OvidRome's leading literary figure, was alone among Roman figures in proposing a radically new agenda focused on love between men and women: making love with a se is more enjoyable, he says, lesbixn unlike the forms of same-sex behavior permissible within Roman culture, the pleasure is mutual.
Several other Roman writers, lesbian, expressed a bias in favor of males when sex or companionship with males and females were compared, including JuvenalSexStrato[47] and the poet Martialwho often derided women as sexual partners and celebrated the charms of pueri. Homosexuality appears with much less frequency in the visual art of Rome than in its literature.
Male homosexuality occasionally appears on vessels of numerous kinds, from cups and bottles made of esx material such as silver and cameo glass to mass-produced lesbian low-cost bowls made of Arretine pottery.
This may be evidence that sexual lesbiqn between males had the acceptance not only of the elite, but was also openly celebrated or indulged in by the less illustrious, [52] as suggested also by ancient graffiti. When whole objects rather than mere fragments are unearthed, lwsbian scenes are usually found to share slxves with pictures of opposite-sex couples, which can be interpreted to mean that heterosexuality and homosexuality skaves male homosexuality, in any case are of equal value.
The treatment given to the subject in such vessels is idealized and romantic, similar to that dispensed to heterosexuality. The artist's emphasis, regardless of the sex of the couple being depicted, lies in the mutual affection between the partners and the beauty of their bodies.
Such a trend distinguishes Roman homoerotic ledbian from that of the Greeks. It is sx believed that this may be an artistic convention provoked by reluctance on the part of the Greeks to openly acknowledge that Greek males could enjoy taking on a "female" role in an erotic relationship; [57] reputation for such pleasure could have consequences to the future image of the former eromenos when he turned into an adult, and hinder his ability to participate in the socio-political life of the polis as a respectable citizen.
A wealth of wall paintings of a sexual nature have been spotted in ruins of some Roman cities, notably Pompeiiwhere there were found the only examples known so far of Roman art depicting sexual congress between women. A frieze at a brothel annexed to the Suburban Baths[59] in Pompeii, shows a series of sixteen sex scenes, three of which display homoerotic acts: a bisexual threesome with two men and a woman, lesiban by a female couple using a strap-on, and a foursome with two men and two women participating in homosexual anal sex, heterosexual fellatioand homosexual cunnilingus.
Contrary to the art of the vessels discussed above, all sixteen images on the mural portray sexual acts considered unusual leshian debased according to Roman customs: e. Therefore, their portrayal may have been intended to provide a source of ribald humor rather than sexual titillation to visitors of the lesbisn. Threesomes in Roman art typically show two men penetrating a woman, but one of the Suburban scenes has one man entering a woman from the rear while lesiban in turn receives anal sex from a man lesbian behind lesbixn.
This scenario is described also by Catullus, Carmen 56, who considers it humorous. Roman attitudes toward male nudity differ from those of the ancient Greeks, who regarded idealized portrayals of the nude male. The wearing of the toga marked a Roman man as a free citizen. At the same time, the phallus was displayed ubiquitously in the form of the fascinuma magic charm thought to ward spaves malevolent forces; it lesbian a customary decoration, found widely in the ruins of Elsbian slaves, especially in the form of wind lwsbian tintinnabula.
The Warren Cup is a piece of convivial silver, usually dated to the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty 1st century ADthat depicts two scenes of male—male sex. On the "Greek" side, a bearded, mature man is penetrating a young but muscularly developed male in a lesbian position. The young slaces, probably meant to be 17 or 18, holds on to a sexual apparatus for maintaining an otherwise awkward or uncomfortable sexual position. A child-slave watches the scene furtively through a door ajar.
The "Roman" side of the cup shows lexbian puer delicatusage 12 to 13, held for intercourse in the arms of an older male, clean-shaven and fit.
The bearded pederast may be Greek, with a partner who participates more freely and with a look of pleasure. His counterpart, who has a more severe haircut, appears to be Lesbiann, and thus uses a slave boy; the myrtle wreath he wears symbolizes his role as an " erotic conqueror ".
More recently, academic M. Marabini Moevs has questioned the authenticity of the cup, saves others have published defenses of its authenticity. Marabini Moevs has argued, lesbiaan example, that the Cup was probably manufactured by the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and that it supposedly represents perceptions of Greco-Roman homosexuality from that time, [73] whereas defenders of the legitimacy of sex cup have highlighted certain signs of ancient corrosion and the fact that a vessel manufactured in the 19th century, would have been made of lesbuan silver, whereas the Warren Cup has a level of purity equal to that of other Roman vessels.
The analysis concluded that the silverware was indeed made in classical antiquity. A man sex boy who took the "receptive" role in sex was variously called cinaeduspathicusexoletusconcubinus male concubinespintria "analist"puer "boy"pullus "chick"pusiodelicatus especially in the phrase puer delicatus"exquisite" or "dainty boy"mollis "soft", used more generally as an aesthetic quality counter to aggressive masculinitytener "delicate"debilis "weak" sxe "disabled"effeminatusdiscinctus "loose-belted"pisciculi, spinthriae, and morbosus "sick".
As Amy Richlin has noted, "' gay ' is not exact, 'penetrated' is not lesbian, ' passive ' misleadingly connotes inaction" in translating this group of words into English. Some terms, such as exoletusspecifically refer to an adult; Romans who were socially marked as "masculine" did not confine their same-sex penetration of male prostitutes or slaves to those who were "boys" under the age slavees Martial describes, for example, the case of an older man who played the passive role and let a younger slave occupy the active role.
Cinaedus is a derogatory word denoting a male who was gender-deviant; his choice of sex acts, or preference in sexual partner, was secondary to his perceived deficiencies as a "man" vir. The clothing, use of cosmetics, and mannerisms of a cinaedus marked him as effeminate[87] but the same effeminacy that Roman men might find alluring in a puer became unattractive in the physically mature male.
Originally, a cinaedus Greek kinaidos was a professional dancer, characterized eex non-Roman or "Eastern"; the word itself may come from a language of Asia Minor. Slaves performance featured tambourine -playing and movements of the buttocks that suggested anal dlaves.
Some Roman srx kept a male concubine concubinus"one who lies with; a bed-mate" before they married a woman. Eva Cantarella has described this form of concubinage as "a stable sexual relationship, not exclusive but privileged".
In a wedding hymnCatullus [92] portrays the groom's concubinus as lfsbian about his future and fearful of abandonment. He plays an active role in the ceremonies, distributing the traditional nuts that boys lesbian rather like rice or birdseed in the modern Western tradition. The relationship with a concubinus might be discreet or more open: male slave sometimes attended dinner parties with the man whose companion lsbian were.
The concubinaa female concubine who might be free, held a protected legal status under Roman lawbut the concubinus did not, since slavrs was typically a slave. Exoletus pl. In their texts, Pomponius and Juvenal both included characters who were adult male prostitutes and had as clients male citizens who sought their services so they could take a "female" role in bed see above. In other texts, however, exoleti adopt a receptive position. The slave between the exoletus and his partner could begin when he was still a boy and the affair then extended into his adulthood.
For even if there was a tight bond between the couple, the general social expectation was that pederastic affairs would end once the younger partner grew facial hair. As such, when Martial celebrates in two soaves his epigrams 1.
Continuing the affair beyond that point could result in damage to the master's repute. Some men, however, insisted on ignoring this convention.
Exoleti appear with lfsbian frequency sex Latin texts, both fictional and historical, unlike in Greek literature, suggesting perhaps that adult male-male sex was more common among the Romans than among the Greeks. Pathicus was a "blunt" word for a male who was penetrated sexually. It derived from the unattested Greek adjective pathikosfrom the verb dexequivalent to the Latin deponent patior, pati, passus"undergo, submit to, endure, suffer".
Pathicus and cinaedus are often not distinguished in usage by Latin writers, but cinaedus may be a more general term for a male not in conformity with the role of vira "real man", leshian pathicus specifically denotes an adult male who takes the sexually receptive role. His sexuality was not defined by sex gender of the person using him as a receptacle lesbiah sex, but rather his desire to be so slaves. Because in Roman culture a man who penetrates another slaves male almost always expresses contempt or revenge, the pathicus might be seen as more akin to the sexual masochist in his experience of pleasure.
He might be penetrated orally slavws anally by a man or by a woman with a dildobut showed no desire for penetrating nor having his own penis stimulated. He might also be dominated by a woman who compels him to perform cunnilingus. In the discourse of sexuality, puer "boy" was a slaves as well lesblan an age group.
The puer delicatus slves an "exquisite" or "dainty" child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty as a " boy toy ", [] also referred to as deliciae "sweets" or "delights".
Pueri delicati might be idealized in poetry and the relationship between him and his master may be painted in strongly romantic colors.
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text:
What is Monoclonal Antibody Infusion Therapy for COVID-19?
News, COVID-19, Vaccines
NOTE: Monoclonal antibody therapies are free of charge, though there may be a fee from the healthcare provider for administering the dose.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
How does monoclonal antibody therapy work?
What monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19 are available?
Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Chart
Is monoclonal antibody therapy effective against the Omicron variant?
Who should get monoclonal antibody therapy?
Who is at high risk for severe illness from COVID-19?
What COVID-19 treatment is available for people diagnosed with COVID-19?
When are monoclonal antibodies used for people diagnosed with COVID-19?
How can I get monoclonal antibody infusion therapy if I have COVID-19?
How is monoclonal antibody infusion therapy given?
Where can I get monoclonal antibody treatment?
Are people still contagious receiving treatment with monoclonal antibodies?
When are monoclonal antibodies used for people exposed to COVID-19 to prevent getting COVID?
When are monoclonal antibodies used to prevent COVID-19?
Who may benefit from monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19 prevention?
What are the side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy?
What are signs of an allergic reaction to monoclonal antibody therapy?
What treatments can be used for COVID-19 in hospitalized patients?
I've tested positive for Covid-19, now what?
What are the available Covid-19 treatment options?
Monoclonal antibodies for high-risk Covid-19 positive patients
How do I know if I'm high risk, and what do I do next?
FAQs about monoclonal antibodies for consumers
What do I do if my loved one tests positive for Covid-19
Frequently Asked Patient Questions About COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Treatments
Coverage of Monoclonal Antibody Products to Treat COVID-19
Expected Payment to Providers: Key Facts
Medicaid / CHIP
Plans subject to ACA market reforms
General Public Resources:
Clinical Provider Resources developed by Regeneron:
Patient Resource developed by Regeneron:
Casirivimab and Imdevimab Regeneron Resources:
NOTE: Monoclonal antibody therapies are free of charge, though there may be a fee from the healthcare provider for administering the dose.[\/et_pb_text] What are monoclonal antibodies?\nAntibodies are naturally produced by your body to fight off infections. When your body is introduced to a new virus such as COVID-19, it does not have the antibodies to fight it off. That is where monoclonal antibodies come in. Monoclonal antibodies are created in a laboratory. They can target a particular virus or infection such as COVID-19.[\/et_pb_text] How does monoclonal antibody therapy work?\nMonoclonal antibodies are given by IV or a single-dose injection to people diagnosed with COVID-19. This therapy uses COVID-19 antibodies to help a person\u2019s body fight off the infection. The injection is a lower dosage than the infusion therapy.\nResearch suggests these antibodies lower the amount of virus \u2014 the \u201cviral load\u201d \u2014 in a person\u2019s body. People with lower viral loads have more mild symptoms. Reducing the viral load may help prevent hospitalization and death.[\/et_pb_text] What monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19 are available?\nThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved emergency use authorization for five antibody infusion therapies:\n\n\tA combination of\u00a0casirivimab and imdevimab\n\tA combination of\u00a0etesevimab and bamlanivimab\u00a0\n\tSotrovimab\n\tTocilizumab\n\tA combination of tixagevimab and cilgavimab\n[\/et_pb_text] Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Chart
Learn about the latest guidance for the use of monoclonal antibody therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. This post is updated regularly. Last updated: January 11, 2022.
As of January 2022, some states have advised providers to stop prescribing monoclonal antibodies that do not work for the dominant Omicron variant. There are also guidelines for some states on prescribing sotrovimab due to supply issues.
For many of us, it may seem like COVID-19 has been with us for ages. So you might be asking, after all this time, if there is any effective treatment for those who do get sick.
It is important to remember that the virus is still relatively new. It was first identified in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. It was declared a global pandemic in March of 2020. With new diseases it takes time for scientists to study them and develop treatments.
The good news is that there are some promising treatments being used to combat the virus. One of them is monoclonal antibody infusion therapy.
Antibodies are naturally produced by your body to fight off infections. When your body is introduced to a new virus such as COVID-19, it does not have the antibodies to fight it off. That is where monoclonal antibodies come in. Monoclonal antibodies are created in a laboratory. They can target a particular virus or infection such as COVID-19.
Monoclonal antibodies are given by IV or a single-dose injection to people diagnosed with COVID-19. This therapy uses COVID-19 antibodies to help a person's body fight off the infection. The injection is a lower dosage than the infusion therapy.
Research suggests these antibodies lower the amount of virus — the "viral load" — in a person's body. People with lower viral loads have more mild symptoms. Reducing the viral load may help prevent hospitalization and death.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved emergency use authorization for five antibody infusion therapies:
A combination of casirivimab and imdevimab
A combination of etesevimab and bamlanivimab
Sotrovimab
A combination of tixagevimab and cilgavimab
Hospital Treatment
Post Exposure & High Risk
Prevention and High Risk
Effective Against Omicron
Casirivimab and imdevimab X X No
Etesevimab and bamlanivimab X X No
Sotrovimab X Yes
Tocilizumab X No
Tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evushield) X Yes
Looking at this chart on a mobile phone? Scroll with your finger to see all the treatment options.
So far, it appears only one of the monoclonal antibody treatments – sotrovimab – is effective against the Omicron variant for outpatient treatment. Most of the other monoclonal antibody treatments currently available have limited or no effectiveness against the Omicron variant.
Some states have advised providers to stop prescribing these other monoclonal antibodies as Omicron has become the dominant variant. There are also guidelines for some states on prescribing sotrovimab due to supply issues.
It appears that the new COVID pills that just received an emergency use authorization are also effective against the Omicron variant.
While EVUSHELD is effective against the Omicron variant, it is authorized only for prevention and not treatment.
Monoclonal antibody treatment is now available for three specific uses:
➤ As an outpatient treatment at home who have symptoms of COVID-19 and who are at high risk for severe illness.
➤ As an outpatient preventive treatment at home to those at high risk for severe illness who have been exposed to COVID-19 but show no symptoms.
➤ As an outpatient preventive treatment at home for those at risk for severe illness to prevent developing COVID. This is known as pre-exposure prophylaxis.
While anybody can get very sick or even die from COVID-19, those most at risk include:
People 65 years of age or older
People 55 years or older with 1 or more of the following:>
Chronic respiratory disease, including moderate to severe asthma
People 12 years of age or older with 1 or more of the following:
A weakened immune system
Taking medicine that weakens your immune system.
Diabetes (type 1 or type 2)
Chronic kidney disease.
Children and adolescents 12-17 years of age and weighing more than 88 pounds with 1 or more of the following:
Asthma/chronic respiratory problems requiring daily medication
Often uses medical technology such as a ventilator or feeding tube
Has a developmental condition like cerebral palsy
Congenital or acquired heart disease.
Outpatient Treatment at Home
If you are diagnosed with COVID-19 but aren't sick enough to be hospitalized, you may think there isn't much you can do. It is important to:
self-isolate
get rest
take fever-reducing medicine, if needed
In addition, there are now two treatments available for those who have been diagnosed with COVID-19:
COVID-19 pills
These are both currently available to people considered at high risk for severe COVID-19 as outpatient treatment. Talk with your doctor about treatment whether monoclonal antibody therapy or COVID pills are right for you. There is evidence it is effective in preventing severe illness.
Monoclonal antibodies are used for people with a positive COVID-19 test and symptoms for 10 days or less. The therapy for COVID-19 works best when given early in the COVID-19 illness. This is only recommended for those considered high risk for severe illness. It is important to seek treatment early as you can only receive monoclonal antibodies if you have symptoms for less than 10 days.
Monoclonal antibodies are prescribed by a healthcare professional. Monoclonal antibodies to treat COVID-19 are given by IV infusion at an infusion center. For those at high risk or already diagnosed with COVID-19, discuss treatment options with your doctor.
Monoclonal antibodies are administered by at an infusion center, some pharmacies, or even administered at home.
After the treatment is complete, the staff will monitor you for an hour. This is to watch for any signs of an allergic reaction. The whole process takes about 2-3 hours.
To locate monoclonal antibody treatments, you can check these websites:
https://protect-public.hhs.gov/pages/therapeutics-distribution
https://covid.infusioncenter.org/
https://covid19.ncdhhs.gov/FindTreatment
Antibody infusion therapy does not "cure" COVID-19. Even after receiving treatment, a person is still considered contagious. It is important to continue self-isolation until:
10 or more days have passed since you developed symptoms of COVID-19.
You are fever-free for 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen.
Your COVID-19 symptoms are improving.
Outpatient Home Preventive Treatment
Some people who are at high risk for severe illness may also be eligible for monoclonal antibody therapy if they are exposed to COVID-19. This is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Antibody therapy is given by an injection or IV when it is used to prevent COVID-19. People eligible to receive antibody therapy to prevent COVID-19 include those who:
are not fully vaccinated;
are at high risk of exposure to an infected individual if they live in places such as nursing homes or prisons;
have medical conditions that may not give them full protection from the COVID-19 vaccine. This includes people who are:
on chemotherapy or kidney dialysis
have organ transplants
on certain medications
For those at risk of ongoing exposure to COVID-19 or whose immune systems don't respond to the vaccine, the therapy can be given every four weeks.
If you or a loved one meet any of these criteria, discuss with your doctor if the treatment is right for you.
Outpatient Home Preventive Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Treatment
There is some exciting news about preventing COVID-19 infection in certain high-risk groups. AstraZeneca's monoclonal antibody therapy, EVUSHELD (combination of tixagevimab and cilgavimab) is the only authorized therapy for prevention of COVID-19. This is sometimes also referred to as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). EVUSHELD also appears to provide protection from the Omicron variant. Evushield is given by an injection when it is used to prevent COVID-19.
COVID-19 vaccines have been a game changer for preventing infection and/or serious illness. However, certain groups of people don't develop an immune response to vaccines. This includes certain cancer patients, people on dialysis, and people on immunosuppressant medications post-transplant. These patients do not develop an adequate immune response and are at high risk for serious illness. There are also certain groups of people for whom vaccination is contraindicated. So EVUSHELD is welcome news for these groups of people.
EVUSHELD has been found to be 83% effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19. It may provide up to 6 months of protection.
People who receive monoclonal antibody treatment may experience pain at the injection or infusion site, including:
Skin bruising
Soreness
Possible infection
More serious side effects include:
Interferes with your body's ability to fight off a future COVID-19 infection
Reduces your body's immune response to a COVID-19 vaccine
After undergoing infusion therapy, you must wait 90 days before getting a COVID-19 vaccine.
People can have an allergic reaction to monoclonal antibody infusion therapy. Therefore, you must be monitored by staff after treatment.
Signs of an allergic reaction to report to a healthcare professional:
Swelling of your lips, face, or throat
Rash, including hives.
Doctors have developed effective treatments for hospitalized patients but none of these are monoclonal antibody treatments.
Dexamethasone (Decadron) is a corticosteroid (like prednisone). In patients who need extra oxygen or are on a ventilator, dexamethasone can reduce risk of death.
Remdesivir is an antiviral drug. It can be used in people over the age of 12 weighing 88 pounds or more. It can help speed up the recovery time for people with COVID-19.
Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir is available for use in patients over the age of 2 who need respiratory support.
Blood thinners in low doses are frequently used to prevent blood clots. Many people with COVID-19 develop them. Doctors may prescribe higher doses of blood thinners in people who are at high risk for developing blood clots.
Scientists continue to study COVID-19. They update guidance on treatments as new evidenced-based research becomes available.
Purvi Parikh, MD, FACAAI is an adult and pediatric allergist and immunologist at Allergy and Asthma Associates of Murray Hill in New York City. She is on faculty as Clinical Assistant Professor in both departments of Medicine and Pediatrics at New York University School of Medicine.
The following information is courtesy of Combat Covid
There's no way to know how you or anyone else will react to a SARS-CoV-2 infection or the COVID-19 disease. People at high risk for developing severe symptoms of COVID-19 include older adults and people with underlying conditions such as cancer, heart and lung conditions, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, obesity, sickle cell, or compromised (weakened) immune systems.
Recovering from COVID-19 can take time and patience. In one study, more than half of the patients surveyed were still feeling fatigued (very tired) 60 days after their first COVID-19 symptoms appeared, four in 10 patients still had labored breathing, and more than a quarter still had joint pain.
For full information on what to do now that you have a Covid-19 positive result, see I have Covid-19 by Combat Covid.
If you or a loved one test positive for COVID-19, you may now have treatment options. COVID-19 treatment options are available for patients with mild to moderate symptoms and for hospitalized patients. Mild symptoms may include fever, cough, sore throat, malaise (feeling unwell), headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of taste and smell. Moderate symptoms may also include shortness of breath.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized treatments for emergency use. See Combat Covid for more in depth information on Covid-19 treatment options.
If you've tested positive for COVID-19, one of the first questions you may have is, What can I do to reduce the risk of getting sicker? The good news is, there are treatments that may reduce that risk. Depending on your age, health history, and how long you've had symptoms of COVID-19, you may qualify for a promising form of treatment for the disease. It's called monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment.
You or your loved one may be eligible for mAb treatment if you meet the following criteria:
Are an adult or pediatric (≥ 12 years of age and weighing at least ≤ 40 kg) patient
Have tested positive for COVID-19
Are experiencing mild or moderate symptoms of COVID-19
Experienced your first symptoms of COVID-19 in the last 10 days
Are at high risk for having more serious symptoms of COVID-19 and/or going into the hospital
The information on How Do I Know if I'm High Risk by Combat Covid can help you decide if you or a loved one may qualify for monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment and, if you do qualify, how you can get mAb treatment.
Combat Covid answers to questions like, what are monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs), how soon does a person need to get treatment, are the treatments safe, what is being offered, and other vital information on monoclonal antibodies can be found on Combat Covid's FAQ page.
If your loved one has tested positive for COVID-19, it can be an anxious and uncertain time for them and for you. You'll probably have many questions. One of them may be, Are there any options to treat the disease?
The answer is yes. Depending on your loved one's health history, how long they've had symptoms of COVID-19, and whether or not they've been hospitalized with the disease, they may be eligible for a variety of treatment options.
The following information is courtesy of Regeneron
What is monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19?
After exposure to a new virus like SARS-CoV-2, your body needs time to naturally make antibodies that fight against the infection. There may be cases where your body is unable to respond and make antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Or, it is too early in the course of infection for your body to have made enough antibodies to fight the infection. Monoclonal antibodies are man-made antibodies that act like your own antibodies in the immune system to help you fight this infection.1,2
What is the difference between a monoclonal antibody treatment and a vaccine?
If you are healthy, vaccines can help your own body protect you from the virus that causes COVID- 19, but it takes time for this protection to build up. Some people cannot be vaccinated or the vaccine does not work well for them. Unlike a vaccine, monoclonal antibody treatment immediately helps you fight the virus if you get sick with COVID-19. Because monoclonal antibody treatment comes from an outside source, they can help those who still get sick after receiving the vaccine.1,3,4
Why is monoclonal antibody treatment being recommended for me?
Some people who become sick with COVID-19 are at high risk for more severe illness, including needing to be hospitalized and possibly dying. Factors that may make you higher risk include being overweight, having certain heart or lung diseases, being diabetic, belonging to certain racial and ethnic groups, and/or certain existing medical conditions. Older age can also be a factor. Your doctor will explain the specific reason they are recommending monoclonal antibody treatment for you.1
What is the benefit of taking monoclonal antibody treatment?
Large studies have shown that monoclonal antibody treatment lowers the risk of needing to go to the hospital or dying from COVID-19. These studies have also shown that monoclonal antibody treatment can help people feel better faster and have fewer days with COVID-19 symptoms.5
How is a monoclonal antibody treatment given?
Monoclonal antibody treatments can be administered by infusion into a vein or by injection under the skin depending on particular therapy. You will receive the treatment at a site that is able to administer the medication like an infusion center. When you arrive, you will go through a screening process before you receive the infusion. The whole appointment could take 2 to 3 hours but the infusion can take as little as 20 minutes. After the infusion is complete, the staff will watch you for about an hour to make sure you do not have an allergic reaction or other side effects. You will then be able to return home.1
What do I need to do after I receive monoclonal antibody treatment?
You should continue to isolate, even at home, because even though you may feel better, you can still spread the virus. Your doctor will tell you when you can stop isolating. You may experience new or worsening symptoms after infusion, including fever, difficulty breathing, rapid or slow heart rate, tiredness, weakness or confusion. If these occur, contact your healthcare provider or seek immediate medical attention as some of these events have required hospitalization.1
What are the possible side effects of a monoclonal antibody treatment?
Similar to other medications given by an infusion into the vein, you may experience brief pain, bleeding, bruising, soreness, swelling, or possible infection at the site of infusion. Some people had allergic reactions. Some patients may experience worsening symptoms after infusion, including fever, difficulty breathing, rapid or slow heat rate, tiredness, weakness or confusion. If these occur contact your health provider or seek immediate medical attention as some of these events require hospitalization. Please talk to your doctor if you have any questions or concerns about possible side effects.1
Should I get monoclonal antibody treatment as soon as possible? Or should I wait to see if my symptoms get worse?
Monoclonal antibody treatment must be given within 10 days of your first COVID-19 symptoms. Receiving the treatment sooner will allow it to start working to help prevent progression of COVID-19.1,2,6
Are monoclonal antibody treatments effective against viral variants?
Studies have shown that some monoclonal antibodies are effective against the known viral variants. Mutations of viruses may continue to occur. If you have any questions about viral variants, please ask your doctor.7
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
1. DHHS. Combat COVID. Accessed May 5, 2021. https://combatcovid.hhs.gov/.
2. Taylor PC, et al. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x. Online ahead of print.
3. Marcotte H et al. Passive immunization. In: Mestecky J et al, eds. Mucosal Immunity. 4th ed. Vol 2. 2015:1403-1434.
4. CDC. COVID-19. Accessed January 27, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/index.html.
5. National Institute of Health (NIH). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) treatment guidelines. Accessed May 7, 2021. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/.
6. Weinreich DM et al. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2035002.
7. Copin R, et al. bioRxiv. 2021. [preprint] doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.10.434834.
Monoclonal antibody products to treat Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) help the body fight the virus or slow the virus's growth. Medicare beneficiaries have coverage without beneficiary cost sharing for these products when used as authorized or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Disclaimer: The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way, unless specifically incorporated into a contract. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law.
Medicare payment for monoclonal antibody products to treat COVID-19 is similar across sites of care, with some small differences.
Medicare pays for the administration of monoclonal antibody products to treat COVID-19. For example, Medicare will pay a national average of approximately $310 for the administration of certain monoclonal antibody products.4
CMS will exercise enforcement discretion to allow Medicare-enrolled immunizers working within their scope of practice and subject to applicable state law to bill directly and receive direct reimbursement from the Medicare program for administering monoclonal antibody treatments to Medicare Part A Skilled Nursing Facility residents.
Medicare will pay the provider for these monoclonal antibody products when they are purchased by the provider. Medicare won't pay if the product is given to the provider for free by, for example, a government entity.
When purchased by the provider, Medicare payment is typically at reasonable cost or at 95% of the Average Wholesale Price (an amount determined by the manufacturer). These payment amounts vary depending on which type of provider is supplying the product. Original Medicare will pay for these products for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Advantage.
For more specific information about Medicare payments to providers for these monoclonal antibody products, please see these Frequently Asked Questions.
1. Services must be furnished within the scope of the product's FDA authorization or approval and within the provider's scope of practice.
2. Under the Hospital Without Walls initiative, hospitals can provide hospital services in other healthcare facilities and sites that would not otherwise be considered to be part of a healthcare facility; or can set up temporary expansion sites to help address the urgent need to increase capacity to care for patients.
3. Cost-sharing may apply to Medicare beneficiaries when they receive care from a provider that doesn't participate in Medicare.
4. Certain monoclonal antibody products to treat COVID-19 have been authorized under Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorizations since November 10, 2020. More information including the level II HCPCS codes for the administration/ infusion and post administration monitoring of these products can be found online in the Program Instruction.
Medicaid Coverage Required: Yes, in states subject to section 6008(b)(4) of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act.1
State Plan Amendment (SPA) Required: Potentially, depending on what services the state currently covers. Additionally, payment SPAs may be required if the state wants to pay a different rate for administration than they pay for other types of drug administration. States should seek technical assistance from CMS regarding SPAs that might be necessary.
1. Under section 6008 of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), state and territorial Medicaid programs may receive a temporary 6.2 percentage point increase in the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP). This temporary FMAP increase is available through the end of the quarter in which the COVID-19 PHE ends, if the state claims the increase in that quarter. To receive the temporary FMAP increase, a state or territory must cover COVID-19 testing services and treatments, including vaccines and their administration, specialized equipment, and therapies for most Medicaid enrollees without cost sharing. This includes therapeutics approved under Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorizations and their administration.
CHIP Coverage: Therapeutics will generally be covered under an existing benefit (drugs and biologicals or other therapeutic benefits as determined under the State Plan).
SPA Required: No, if covered under an existing benefit
Coverage for COVID-19 therapeutics varies among plans subject to ACA market reforms.
Most individual and small group market insurance must cover essential health benefits. Essential health benefits generally include coverage for items and services related to the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
The exact coverage details for individual services may vary by plan, and some plans may require prior authorization or other medical management before these services are covered. Cost sharing amounts, such as a deductible, coinsurance, or copay, for individual services may also vary by plan.
If a plan does not provide coverage of a specific prescription drug on its formulary, individuals may request coverage through the plan's drug exceptions process.
If a plan denies coverage for a COVID-19 therapeutic, for example, for being experimental, an individual can appeal the decision.
Some state laws require issuers to waive cost sharing for certain COVID-19 treatment. Other issuers have voluntarily opted to do so.
Some plans are not required to offer essential health benefits.
Infusion site locators to help people find sites of care
US Department of Health and Human Services Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Distribution Location
National Infusion Centers Association Infusion Site Locator
U.S. Department of Health And Human Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Monoclonal Antibodies for High-Risk COVID-19 Positive Patients Infographic, "Therapeutics Coverage Infographic"
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services COMBATCOVID
National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines
Healthcare Ready | Strengthen. Safeguard. Respond.
Is my Patient at High Risk for Progressing to Severe COVID-19 — English and Spanish Infographic
How Antibodies & Vaccines Compare Infographic
Advantage of Dual Monoclonal Antibody Infographic
Exposed to COVID-19? What you do next is critical.
Information About COVID-19: A Treatment Option (Patients-English)
Information About COVID-19: A Treatment Option (Patients-Spanish)
Frequently Asked Patient Questions about COVID-19 Antibody Treatments
Two Ways to Fight COVID-19 Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies
The Complementary Roles of Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies in Combatting the COVID-19 Pandemic
Casirivimab and Imdevimab, Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Seek Treatment Now
EUA Fact Sheet for HCP 6/2021 in English and Spanish 6/2021
EUA Fact Sheet for Patients English, Spanish 6/2021
What to Expect on the Day of Infusion Guide

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Where is are your windows located?
Are your windows in an area such as above the sink or above the stove where food, grease, water and more can easily come into contact with it?
What function do you want your window treatment to serve?
Here are the top 4 options for that kitchen that allow you to keep both beauty and function.
Due to their moisture resistance and easy to clean surface, hybrid plantation shutters are the perfect choice for kitchen windows in high splash areas.
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Woven shades bring texture and beauty to your kitchen windows.
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If your window treatments are in what's considered a "Splash Zone", It is best to deter from fabric window treatments. However, if fabric solutions such as roller shades, roman shades, and more are a beauty you do not want to sacrifice, motorization may be the best option for you.
Motorized window treatments allow you to adjust your shades via remote, wall switch or smartphone. You can do this before, during, or after cooking or washing dishes, which can help food splatter, grease stains, water splashes from soiling the fabric. This also lowers the wear and tear on your window coverings as you do not have to manually adjust you do not need to manually adjust your shades.
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