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Pumpkin Walk Contest
Local officials are reacting to Wednesday's attack on the Capitol. Courtesy of Tribune News Service
Melanie Lekocevic
Columbia community reacts to mob assault on Congress
By Sarah Trafton, Natasha Vaughn, Kate Lisa and Aliya Schneider
Columbia-Greene Media
State and local leaders reacted with scorn and disgust Thursday on the heels of violent protests and attempted insurrection by Trump supporters at the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday that left four dead.
U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., called for President Donald Trump to be immediately removed from office Thursday, calling on Vice President Mike Pence, Cabinet members or Congress to invoke the 25th Amendment after inciting a mob of supporters to storm the Capitol in objection to Congress voting to cement President-elect Joe Biden's win in the 2020 presidential election.
Schumer is slated to become the next Senate majority leader after Democrats won control of the chamber in two Georgia runoff elections Tuesday.
U.S. Rep. Antonio Delgado, D-19
"Yesterday, a core tenet of our democracy – the peaceful transition of power – came under siege. And in appalling fashion, the siege occurred in the People's House. Just hours earlier, President Trump gave a speech to his supporters in front of the White House, where he not only spewed baseless claims of election fraud, but also proclaimed to those listening, 'You'll never take back our country with weakness, you have to show strength and you have to be strong.'
"Even more brazenly, after the mob breached the doors of the Capitol, in a complete dereliction of his duty to protect the American people and defend our democracy, the president continued to spew lies about the election being stolen, called the insurrectionists 'great patriots,' and went so far as to say that 'these are things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously and viciously stripped away.'
"The president's actions and words during a moment of great peril for our democracy make it plain that he is unfit for the Office of the President. I took an oath to protect our democracy against all enemies, foreign and domestic. And with a heavy heart, I've come to the conclusion that in order to protect our democracy, President Trump must be removed from office by his own cabinet or this Congress."
Former U.S. Rep. John Faso, R-19
"What happened yesterday was a national disgrace. Unfortunately, the president fomented that mob and invited that mob to go to the Capitol. As Sen. [Majority Leader Mitch] McConnell said, it was an insurrection against the government and against the United States and our Constitution. [Trump's] always been unconventional, but his actions in the last 60 days since the election have veered dangerously over the line and culminating with the despicable actions of yesterday. I think if the man had any shred of decency or character left, he would do us all a favor and resign his office now.
"This really plays into the hands of our adversaries across the world. Don't for a moment think the Russians or the totalitarian rulers of China are not going to make the most out of this to disparage a Democratic system and promote their alternatives. So that's what also is particularly upsetting about the actions of the president. He's not only undermined our democracy here at home, but he's undermined the standing of America throughout the world."
State Senate Minority Leader Rob Ortt, R-North Tonawanda
"As public officials, we are elected to solve problems. We are at a critical moment in our state and nation, and it's more important than ever for leaders at every level to help heal the division sowed by political extremes on both sides and focus on addressing the critical issues facing the American people, including public health and economic recovery."
Assemblywoman Didi Barrett, D-106
"This is a sad day for the United States. The violence we saw in Washington, D.C. was not only an attack on the U.S. Capitol buildings, but an assault on the democratic process and the rule of law we hold so dear. This violence is wholly unacceptable and an affront to the very notion of patriotism. It is past time for this President to acknowledge the fact that he lost the election and ensure the peaceful transfer of power to his legally elected successor. I hope that justice is served and that all perpetrators of today's attack are prosecuted. This shameless mob violence has no place in our country."
Assemblyman Jake Ashby, R-107
"The violence and rioting at the U.S. Capitol is unacceptable. We as a nation must be working toward unity and not sow further division."
Assemblyman Ashby was one of dozens of officials to sign a letter with a bipartisan coalition of Columbia County officials denouncing the violence.
Hudson Mayor Kamal Johnson
"Yesterday we saw our republic in great danger. This type of attack is allowed when there is a lack of leadership. As a collective our nation's leaders need to ask themselves what is needed to get our society on track for everyone."
Hudson Police Chief L. Edward Moore
"The Constitution allows for peaceful assembly. It's a right that millions of people around the world do not enjoy. Riots like we've seen in our cities all year, now in our Capitol, are the result of lawless leadership."
Resident Ron Morales of Hillsdale
"I think it's a travesty. I think it's one of the saddest moments in the history of the United States and I think that hopefully that there will be some justice to come out of this and people will be arrested, including El Presidente."
Resident Rudy Huston, of Hudson
"I would just say it was shocking to see my fellow, my quote unquote fellow Americans behaving that way. I just never thought I'd see it. I sensed maybe something was coming like that but it was really hard to see and I got locked on the monitor last night for a long time staring at it, like really? Anyway, there's not much more to say. This guy is out of office soon and I think everybody recognizes now — I gave everybody the benefit of the doubt after the first election — he's gotta go. It's not what our country is. It's time to move on, that's all. It's time to move on. A new guy's elected and we need him in office."
Keith Kanaga, chairman of the Columbia County Democratic Committee
"I'm appalled and heartbroken. It never should have happened, and this has got to stop."
Columbia County Board of Supervisors Chairman Matt Murell, R-Stockport
"I don't condone any type of violence of that matter. I thought it was appalling that that occurred. Part of what makes our democracy special is an orderly transition of power and this was an affront to our democracy."
Austerlitz Supervisor Robert Lagonia (R)
"I think it was horrific. They were completely out of line, inappropriate, unacceptable and we should never have that go on in this country."
Ghent Supervisor Mike Benvenuto (R)
"The Constitution is supportive of peaceful protest; violence and anarchy should not be tolerated from any segment of our society. The actions of those who wreaked havoc at the Capitol building on Jan. 6, and ignored law and order, must be condemned for it. The actions of protestors yesterday did nothing to support their cause, only to sully it. This country has long existed on democracy and peaceful transition of power, that must remain sacred if we are to be considered a beacon of democracy for the world."
Copake supervisor Jeanne Mettler (D)
"This was a horrifying event. It was not a protest, it was a mob breaking into the Capitol, one of this nation's most sacred spaces. We are stewards of this 200-year-old experiment we call democracy. Its survival is not guaranteed. It is our solemn obligation to protect our democratic institution so that we can pass on a more perfect union to those who come next. I took for granted that our norms and institutions could stand up to whatever came, but that is not necessarily so. On the contrary, each of us as Americans must be on guard to protect what we have inherited. If nothing else, what happened yesterday was a loud wake-up call that we must not let what we treasure slip away."
Ancram supervisor Arthur Bassin (D)
"It was outrageous and it was really, I think, was totally out of control. It's hard to express my concern any better than it's already been expressed by lots and lots of people in the media."
New Lebanon Supervisor Tistrya Holughtling (D)
"I think it's disgusting and deplorable what happened. I think it is not representative of what our country is. I think we are entitled to have different beliefs, we are entitled to protest, but we are not entitled to break into the Capitol with guns. I am very disappointed in our current president for inciting that behavior. I think many of the elected officials in Washington acknowledged that he was responsible for flaming those fires. He had the gathering prior, and basically encouraged people to go down to the Capitol and try to somehow change a valid and recognized election. There's a system in place, which he went through, and he went through the courts, which is the place to go, and all the courts — even the ones with Trump-appointed judges — this was not a left, right issue. They all found no viable claims, no proof that could be presented."
A statement about Wednesday's events in Washington was signed by 37 local elected officials:
"We strongly condemn the violent actions of those who invaded the U.S. Capitol buildings yesterday. This shameful activity is not to be condoned. Lawlessness and rioting are never acceptable, in any fashion, no matter the reason. Our democracy rests on the orderly and peaceful transition of power, and this transition from one president to another must be allowed and supported. While we each have our political views and affiliations, we stand united in upholding the rule of law, and the Constitution of the United States. We ask you to do the same; our democracy depends upon it."
Officials who signed the statement: Canaan Town Supervisor Brenda Adams; Assemblyman Jake Ashby, R-107; Assemblywoman Didi Barrett, D-106; Columbia County Sheriff David Bartlett; Ancram Town Supervisor Arthur Bassin; Columbia County Board of Supervisor Majority Leader and Ghent Town Supervisor Michael Benvenuto; Germantown Town Supervisor Robert W. Beaury; Ancram Deputy Supervisor and Councilman Hugh Clark; Ancram Town Clerk Monica Cleveland; Chatham Town Supervisor Donal Collins; Columbia County Republican Committee Chair Greg Fingar; Columbia County Democratic Committee Second Vice Chair Brenda Gevertz; Town of New Lebanon Councilwoman Deborah Gordon; Columbia County Board of Supervisors Deputy Chairman and Town of Livingston Supervisor James Guzzi; Columbia County Board of Supervisors Minority Leader and Town of New Lebanon Supervisor Tistrya Houghtling; Town of Ancram Councilwoman Bonnie Hundt; Columbia County Democratic Committee Chairman Keith Kanaga; Columbia County Treasurer P.J. Keeler Jr.; Town of Hillsdale Supervisor Chris Kersten; Board of Supervisors Deputy Chairman and Town of Stuyvesant Supervisor Ron Knott; Town of Austerlitz Supervisor Robert Lagonia; Town of Kinderhook Supervisor Patsy Leader; Town of Copake Supervisor Jeanne E. Mettler; City of Hudson 2nd Ward Supervisor Abdus Miah; Town of Ancram Highway Superintendent James Miller; Columbia County Board of Supervisors Chairman and Town of Stockport Supervisor Matt Murell; City of Hudson 4th Ward Supervisor Linda Mussmann; Town of New Lebanon Councilman Norman Rasmussen; Town of Gallatin Supervisor John C. Rilly; Town of New Lebanon Town Clerk Marcie Robertson; City of Hudson 5th Ward Supervisor Richard Scalera; City of Hudson 1st Ward Supervisor Sarah Sterling; Town of Taghkanic Supervisor Ryan Skoda; 102nd Assembly District Assemblyman Chris Tague; Columbia County Clerk Holly Tanner; Town of New Lebanon Councilman John Trainor; Town of Claverack Supervisor Clifford "Kippy" Weigelt.
Hudson Common Council President Thomas DePietro declined to comment.
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C-GCC pulls plug on spring sports season
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Cuomo on vaccines: 'I need more'
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Schools go remote as virus surges
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Man, 75, pleads guilty in wife's attempted drowning
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Advocates demand decarceration after virus deaths (6)
Greene community reacts to mob assault on Congress (2)
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New flycar reduces response time (2)
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Surviving insurrection: Gillibrand details attack on the Capitol from the inside (2)
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So you fashionistas out there know that there is a new series on the Bravo channel called The Fashion Show. If you haven't heard of it yet, it is hosted by well known designer, Isaac Mizrahi, and former Destiny Child member, Kelly Rowland. Basically 15 contestants compete to win the grand prize to have their designs sold in the retail market and to win $125,000. I just finished watching it. I thought it was just like Project Runway minus Tim Gunn, yet replaced with the fabulous Isaac Mizrahi. First episode, and already drama happening over a bolero jacket. Although I wasn't surprised Fern Mallis was there - I see her all the time during Fashion Week.
What do you guys think? Better than Project Runway? Worse? The Same?


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Legendary Wrestling Coach John Grygelko Dies
12:44 PM | Wednesday, December 23, 2020
Former Robbinsdale High School and Augsburg wrestling coach John Grygelko has died at the age of 93.
Grygelko started coaching at Robbinsdale in 1952. He led the Robins to a state title in 1961.
He coached 14 state champions and 90 state placewinners while at Robbinsdale.
Grygelko, a former University of Minnesota wrestler, moved on to the college level at Augsburg in 1972.
He laid the foundation for an Auggies dynasty.
Grygelko's teams went 98-12-1 in dual meets at Augsburg, and placed in the top ten nationally four times in the NAIA.
He was named NAIA national coach of the year in 1975 and had 18 of his wrestlers earn All-American status.
Grygelko is in the Minnesota Wrestling Coaches Association Hall of Fame, along with the Minnesota Wrestling and Robbinsdale High School athletic halls of fame.
Jason Melillo, reporting
Julian Hook, 1950's Robbinsdale High School Star Athlete, Dies: Julian Hook, one of the best… Read More
Legendary Wrestling Coach John Grygelko Dies: Former Robbinsdale High School and Augsburg wrestling… Read More

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ивано́в, Бори́с Фёдорович (30 января 1949, Воронеж — декабрь 2015, Воронеж) — русский -фантаст и физиолог растений.

Биография
Борис Фёдорович Иванов родился в 1949 году. Проживал в городе Воронеж, Россия. Кандидат биологических наук, доцент, работал в Воронежском государственном университете, ученик профессора А. А. Землянухина. Научные публикации по кислородному стрессу у растений.

Отец: Иванов Фёдор Иванович 1914 г. р., родился в Тульской области, известный врач, работал в г. Воронеж, прошёл Финскую и Великую Отечественную Войну, закончил Отечественную войну командиром медсанбата в звании майора.

Брат — Иванов Михаил Фёдорович (1945—2017), доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, работал в области Физики высокотемпературных процессов. Проживал в г. Королёв Московской области.

Борис Иванов начал публиковаться в конце 1980-х годов, «стартовав» коротким рассказом «Путешествие белой мыши» и мини-триллером «Репортаж», сразу замеченными любителями фантастики и критикой. Его повесть «Один к одному» стала одной из победительниц интернетовского конкурса «Арт-Тенета».

Был президентом воронежского творческого клуба «Созвездие». Вместе с Василием Щепетневым и молодыми фантастами издавал электронный «фантастический журнал» «RARA AVIS» («Редкая птица»). Писал о фантастике в «большой прессе». Его статьи появлялись на страницах газет и журналов, в том числе — американского «Локуса», немецких «Черепков Вавилона» и французской «Жёлтой подводной лодки».

Умер в декабре 2015 года.

Библиография

Серии
Кай Санди (в соавторстве с Юрием Щербатых)

 Strawberry Fields Forever (1994)
 Случай контрабанды (1994)
 Обитель монстров (1996)
 Тридцать четвёртый мир (1998)
 Души Рыжих (1998)
 Последний вагон в рай (2004)
 Тринадцатый Дож Эбисс-Айл (2005)

Хроники 33 миров

 Скрижаль дурной вести (1999)
 Ночь пса (1999)
 Джейтест (1999)
 Диаспора (2000)
 Агент Тартара (2001)
 Абсолютная гарантия (2001)
 Участник поисков (2002)
 Законы исчезновения (2003)
 Джокер и Палач (2004)
 Бог гномов (2005)

Повести и рассказы
 Путешествие белой мыши (1994)
 Репортаж (1994)
 Добрые люди с Мируары (1998)
 Записки посланного на фиг (1998)
 Золото эльфов (1998)
 Идиотская шутка (1998)
 Ликвидация последствий (1998)
 Случай обратной связи (1998)
 Тамара и злая Джессика (1998)
 Игра в смерть (1999)
 Casus Belli (2000)
 Один к одному (2000)

Статьи
 Перед началом истории: Заметки пишущего SF (1998)
 О пользе и вреде целакантов (1998)
 Из бесед с демонами (1998)
 Future imperfect (о несбывшихся прогнозах НФ) (2000)
 Карфаген должен, Кому. (2000)
 Что там — в глазах чудовищ? (2000)

Примечания

Писатели-фантасты России
Персоналии:Рунет
Преподаватели Воронежского государственного университета
Выпускники Воронежского государственного университета

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The biggest mover down the rankings is Maseru in Lesotho, one of the poorest countries in the world, which has dropped to become the 658th most expensive location in the world.
The biggest mover up the rankings is Cameroon. Douala has risen to be the 187th most expensive location in the world while Yaounde has risen to be ranked 364th in the world.
Xpatulator's Cost of Living rankings are released every quarter and measure the comparative cost of living for expatriate professionals in 780 cities, covering every country worldwide. The cost of 13 basket groups with over 140 items are compared in each location, these include alcohol and tobacco, clothing, communication, education, furniture and appliances, groceries, healthcare, housing, personal care, recreation and culture, restaurants-meals-out and hotels, and transport.
Published by Xpatulator.com on 1 April 2013.
This entry was posted in 2013 International cost of living, cost of living rankings and tagged Africa cost of living, Angola Cost of living, current cost of living, expat salary, expat work, International Cost of Living. Bookmark the permalink.


Why are alpha particles positive?
An alpha particles is positively charged because it is essentially the nucleus of a Helium-4 atom.
A Helium-4 nucleus is composed of two protons, which are positively charged particles, and two neutrons, which have no electric charge.
A neutral He atom has a mass of four units (2 protons + 2 neutrons) and a net charge of zero because it has two electrons that balance the protons' positive charge; since an #alpha"-particle"# only has the protons and the neutrons, its charge will be +2#->#+1 from each proton.
How are alpha particles used?
A Smoke Detector uses the Alpha Particle Decay.
The best known everyday application of alpha decay is the smoke detector. A smoke detector consists of two metal plates with a small space between them. These plates have wires connected to a battery and current monitor. One of the plates contains a small amount of the radioactive element americium, which gives off alpha particles.
These alpha particles complete an electrical circuit between the two plates, and the monitor is inactive. When smoke passes into the smoke detector, it interrupts the flow of alpha particles and the circuit is broken. This action activates the monitor and turns on an audible and visual signal.
And there are tons of uses of alpha particles. You can see the resources available in the internet.
Alpha decay is a nuclear change process which produces an alpha particle. Alpha particles are He atoms which have had their electrons removed giving them a +2 charge.
Alpha decay will cause transmutation to occur - this means that one element will turn into another element as the alpha particles are released.
Important connection to history - Rutherford used a radioactive substance (Polonium) in his gold foil experiment when he discovered the nucleus.
Here is a video which discusses how to write and balance an equation for an alpha decay process.
How do alpha particles decay?
How do you write nuclear equations for alpha decay?
How does alpha decay help stabilize a nucleus?
How can I calculate alpha decay?
How is alpha decay used by humans?
How does alpha decay change the nucleus of a radioactive atom?
How does alpha decay differ from beta decay?
How do alpha particles interact with matter?
How do alpha particles cause ionisation?
How can alpha particles be detected?
Could you explain me the Rutherford alpha particle scattering experiment?
What are some examples of alpha particles?
If sulfur 34 undergoes alpha decay, what will it become?
How is the atomic mass changed by alpha decay?
What nuclide undergoes alpha decay to produce sodium-24?
What is the change in atomic mass number when an atom emits an alpha particle?
What are the products for the alpha decay of #""_64^150Gd#?
It takes about #10^16# years for just half the samarium-149 in nature to decay by alpha-particle emission. What is the decay equation, and what is the isotope that is produced by the reaction?
Radiation emitted during radon's decay process was discovered to be useful in cancer therapy. What is the nuclide X formed in the reaction #""_86^222Rn -> ""_Z^A X + _2^4He#, in which radon-222 undergoes alpha decay?
Radium, Ra-226, undergoes alpha decay. What is the product?
When Plutonium-239 undergoes alpha decay, what does it become?
What are the main differences in alpha decay and beta decay?
How do you write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of francium-223.?
What is the product produced when #""_92^238"U"# undergoes alpha decay?
Which missing item would complete this alpha decay reaction?
How do you write a balanced nuclear equation for alpha decay of Po-218?
An atom of polonium-218 undergoes alpha decay. What new element is produced?
What does Carbon 14 become through the process of Alpha Decay?
Why is alpha decay dangerous?
What is alpha decay made of?
What does alpha decay release?
How do you determine alpha decay?
How does alpha decay work?
How does alpha decay affect humans?
How does alpha decay affect the atomic number?
How does alpha decay affect the nucleus?
How does alpha decay change the nucleus of an atom?
What are examples of alpha decay?
A certain element is radioactive. It emits alpha particles. Each of its nuclei contains 92 protons and 142 neutrons. Write a nuclear equation that describes the change that takes place by alpha emission?
An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons. What is the charge of an alpha particle?
How do you complete the following alpha decay reaction?
Considering radiation weighting factors only, how many times more dangerous are alpha particles than protons?
What are some shielding materials adequate for protection from alpha particles?
How do you write a balanced nuclear equation for the decay process of Uranium 238?
What is a sacrificial anode, and what are its uses in engineering?
How does an atom change when it undergoes radioactive decay?
If Eu-174 loses an alpha particle, what is left?
How do you write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of #"_62^148Sm#?
What particle is needed to complete this nuclear reaction? #"_86^222Rn##->##"_84^218 Po + underline# ?
The radioactive atom #""_84^210 "Po"# decays by alpha emission. How would you write an equation showing the decay?
What is the daughter nucleus that is produced when Uranium-235 undergoes alpha decay?
Write the following nuclear equation, the reaction undergoing alpha decay: #""_92^233 U#?
What is an alpha particle made up of?
What type of decay is involved when Polonium-214 decays into lead?
What is the product element (isotope) produced when protactinium undergoes alpha decay?
How do you determine the total mass of an original 28.0-milligram sample of Po-210 that remains unchanged after 414 days?
What happens when polonium-214 undergoes alpha decay?


text:
John Foster Dulles Enters Duty as Secretary of State
August 17, 2017 August 1, 2018 by ncurrie, posted in State and Foreign Affairs
Today's post is written by David Langbart, an Archivist in the Textual Records Division at the National Archives at College Park.
John Foster Dulles became Secretary of State on January 21, 1953. By the time he attained that position, Dulles had amassed considerable foreign policy experience both in and out of government. The grandson of Secretary of State John W. Foster and the nephew by marriage of Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Dulles graduated from Princeton University in 1908. His governmental work included time on the staff of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace at the end of World War I, serving on the U.S. delegation to the United Nations in the late 1940s, and leading the negotiation of the peace treaty with Japan at the end of World War II (1950-52). Out of government, he worked at the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he handled many foreign issues, and in 1944 and 1948 he was the chief foreign policy adviser to Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican candidate for president.
Upon entering into office as Secretary of State, Dulles issued the following memorandum to the Department of State and the Foreign Service.
Memo from John Foster Dulles to the Department of State and the Foreign Service, Jan 22, 1953.
Source: John Foster Dulles Memorandum to the Department of State and the Foreign Service, January 22, 1953, file US: Government, 1947-1955 (NAID 2647582), Central Subject Files, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, RG 84: Records of Foreign Service Posts, U.S. National Archives. Also released to the public as Department of State Press Release No. 40, January 22, 1953
Tagged Foreign Service, John Foster Dulles, RG 84
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One thought on "John Foster Dulles Enters Duty as Secretary of State"
Peter Bridges says:
Thanks. What would be interesting to see sometime in future is documents relating to Scott McLeod, the gumshoe whom Dulles installed as the head of the Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs.


text:
Salena Zito
america votes 2016
Pennsylvanians tired of the establishment made their voices heard
Social Links for Salena Zito
Surrounded by her family, GOP supporter Georgia Touloumes (center), 86, shouts in joy at the election results in Bethel Park, a suburb of Pittsburgh. AP
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PITTSBURGH — Donald J. Trump pulled a stunning upset in Pennsylvania, becoming the first Republican presidential nominee to win there since 1988 as he swept the state's coveted 20 electoral voters.
It was a win that put him over the finish line and made history as he became the United States' first populist president-elect in nearly 250 years.
This election was a bombshell, and it was intended to be a bombshell, said Paul Sracic, a political science professor at Youngstown University: "People were afraid, and they felt like no one was listening to them," he said, adding, "A little like the cellphone ad — 'Can you hear me now?' "
The split in this country might not be red and blue, but between the elites and everyone else — and everyone else had more votes Tuesday night.
"The question now is how will the elites react," wondered Sracic. "When the Republicans did well in the 1994 midterms, the late Peter Jennings referred to it as a temper tantrum. Will the media analysts say the same thing about 2016, or will they try to figure out what they are missing?"
Trump won by flipping traditionally Democratic counties, like Erie in the west and Luzerne in the east, as well as driving up the historic numbers in the working-class coal and manufacturing counties of Washington, Westmoreland and Beaver surrounding Pittsburgh.
His win, Sracic said, was not about Trump or the Republican Party: "Trump was a vehicle for the anti-elite message."
The voters who handed him the victory are not focused on tax cuts or the traditional small-government ideas — these are essentially New Deal voters.
"They think that government caused these problems, this insecurity, and they expect government to solve these problems," Sracic said.
His win in a blue state like Pennsylvania may force both parties to start to evolve toward an anti-trade, anti-foreign intervention position.
Trump's win in this state marked an end of an era of Democratic dominance here that ironically began with Bill Clinton's win here in 1992.
The Democrats' victory party at the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in the city turned dour early as Trump picked off the states of Florida, North Carolina and Ohio.
Republicans swept the table in the battleground Keystone State, with Pat Toomey holding on to his US Senate seat and the GOP retaining its 13-seat House majority as well as making enough gains in the state Senate to hold a super-majority.
It looked to be the biggest Republican night in the state since the 1920s.
Hillary Clinton held a broad double-digit lead over the controversial Republican as close as 10 days ago in Pennsylvania, but Trump took advantage of the state's lack of early voting, pounding away in visit after visit with a simple message of change.
Leading up to the election, pundits scoffed at the idea that the number of Trump signs or the attendance at his rallies in this reliably blue state was merely anecdotal. They missed the fundamental understanding that the voters in Pennsylvania were upset at their loss of power.
Not the kind of power you see in Washington, but power in the sense that these people see a diminishing respect for them and their ways of life, their work ethic, their tendency to not be mobile.
They know the places where they live lack the technological opportunities, and they worry that their children and grandchildren will never experience the familiar situations they had growing up, with family members living down the block and the ability to find a great job near their homes.
And every time they sent a message to Washington with their votes, Washington misread it.
"So all of that anecdotal evidence of the signs and the rallies and the energy that the elites dismissed are something that the elite media needs to come to terms with," Sracic said.
State voters stood in defiance of multiple polls over an extended period of time and the Republicans were finally able to break the Democratic stranglehold over Pennsylvania presidential politics that had lasted for decades, said Jeff Brauer, political science professor at Keystone College.
"Trump's brand of nationalist populism won the day in the economically hard hit areas of Pennsylvania, enough to win the state over Clinton, whose husband had won the state twice," he said.
Sracic said part of the problem for Clinton was that there was no great rallying call for a third Obama term, "and she failed to have a message that appealed outside of the Obama coalition," he said.
The bottom line is that the great populist election that Americans have only toyed with over the centuries finally came to fruition, "and Pennsylvania was at the epicenter of that movement," Brauer said.
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Chemistry / By
How to determine the number of Valence electrons?
Home > Chemistry > How to find valence electrons?
Do you know what are valence electrons and how to find these electrons? Well, this is probably the main reason why you are here.
So, in this article, we will discuss all there is to know about How to find valence electrons from different types of methods.
Valence electrons are the building blocks of an atom's electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element holds a prime significance in determining its nature, electronic behavior, and chemical reactivity.
That being said, a thorough understanding of how to find valence electrons by different methods is one of the most valuable skills for a chemist skillset.
In this article, we will learn:
What are valence electrons?
How to find valence electrons for main group elements and compounds?
How to determine valence electrons from the Periodic Table?
How to find valence electrons from the Bohr model of the atom?
How to determine valence electrons from the electronic configuration?
How to calculate valence electrons of d-block, transition metals
How to find valence electrons from an orbital diagram?
How to determine the valence electrons from a Lewis structure?
How to Calculate the valence electrons of ions and polyatomic ions?
How to find the valence electrons?
"For neutral atoms, the number of valence electrons is equal to the atom's main group number. The main group number for an element can be found from its column on the periodic table. For example, carbon is in group 4 and has 4 valence electrons. Oxygen is in group 6 and has 6 valence electrons."
1 What are valence electrons?
2 How to find Valence electrons?
3 How to find the Valence electrons from the periodic table?
4 How to find valence electrons from the electronic configuration?
5 How to find valence electrons from the orbital diagram?
6 How to find valence electrons in compounds?
7 How to determine valence electrons through the Bohr model?
8 How to determine valence electrons from Lewis structure?
9 How to determine the valence electrons of ions?
10 How to calculate the number of valence electrons in polyatomic ions?
11 How to determine valence electrons of d-block (transition metals)?
Valence electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles (electrons) present in the outermost shell of an atom.
By this convention, valence electrons are ideally the electrons that get involved in chemical bond formation.
Valence electrons lie farthest away from the atomic nucleus therefore these electrons experience the least force of attraction from an atom's positively charged nuclear center.
The valence electrons thus possess maximum energy and can easily break free from the nuclear hold in order to participate in different kinds of chemical reactions.
How to find Valence electrons?
The Periodic Table is a tabular display of chemical elements, arranged in ascending order of atomic numbers. It consists of vertically arranged groups and horizontal rows called periods.
There are a total of 18 groups and 7 periods in the Periodic Table. The elements situated in groups (1, 2, and 13-18) are called main-group elements.
Groups 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table together make an s-block. On the other hand, the block comprised of groups (13-18) is called a p-block.
For main-group elements, valence electrons can be determined from their position in the Periodic Table i.e., their group number and/or the electronic configuration of elements.
However, valence electrons are not always the electrons present in the outermost shell. All the elements lying in groups (3-12) constitute another block in the Periodic Table called a d-block. These d-block elements are transition metals that exhibit a variable valency.
Thus, the valence electrons of d-block elements, unlike the s and p blocks, do not exist in the outermost shells only. Rather, their valence electrons can be present in the inner/ core shells as well.
Hence, we need to consider a lot of different ways when finding the valence electrons of a specific chemical element from the Periodic Table.
For instance, Let's check the number of valence electrons in the most common atoms.
Atomic number Name of the Elements Number of valence electrons
1 Hydrogen Valence electrons 1
2 Helium Valence electrons 2
3 Lithium Valence electrons 1
4 Beryllium Valence electrons 2
5 Boron Valence electrons 3
6 Carbon Valence electrons 4
7 Nitrogen Valence electrons 5
8 Oxygen Valence electrons 6
9 Fluorine Valence electrons 7
10 Neon Valence electrons 8
11 Sodium Valence electrons 1
12 Magnesium Valence electrons 2
13 Aluminum Valence electrons 3
14 Silicon Valence electrons 4
15 Phosphorus Valence electrons 5
16 Sulfur Valence electrons 6
17 Chlorine Valence electrons 7
18 Argon Valence electrons 8
19 Potassium Valence electrons 1
20 Calcium Valence electrons 2
How to find the Valence electrons from the periodic table?
The position of a chemical element in the Periodic Table gives a major hint in determining that element's valence electrons.
For the S and P block elements, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number in which the element is situated.
For examples –
Lithium (Li) is present in group 1, therefore, it has 1 valence electron. Similarly, all the elements present in group 1 have a single valence electron only.
Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are both present in group 2, therefore, have 2 valence electrons each. Similarly, all the elements present in group 2 have two valence electrons only.
Now, P-block contains the group 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. These groups are also written as – Group 13 or 3A, Group 14 or 4A, Group 15 or 5A, Group 16 or 6A, Group 17 or 7A, and Group 18 or 8A.
The valence electrons for P-block is also found by the same method as S-block. Just look at the Group number of element = it is equal to the number of valence electrons.
For example-
The boron atom belongs to Group 3A, hence, the number of valence electrons in the boron atom is 3.
Same, the oxygen atom belongs to Group 6A, hence, the number of valence electrons in the oxygen atom is 6.
That's all, just remember the Group number of S and P-block elements, and calculate their valence electrons.
Key Takeaways: How to find valence electrons
To find the valence electrons, look at the atom's main group number.
For instance, the oxygen atom belongs to Group 6, therefore, the number of valence electrons in oxygen is 6.
Same as, the boron atom is present in Group 3, hence, the number of valence electrons in boron is 3.
Block Periodic table Group Number of valence electrons
S-Block Alkali metals – Group 1 (I) 1
S-Block Alkaline earth metals – Group 2 (II) 2
P-Block Boron group – Group 13 or 3A 3
P-Block Carbon group – Group 14 or 4A 4
P-Block Nitrogen group – Group 15 or 5A 5
P-Block Oxygen group – Group 16 or 6A 6
P-Block Halogens – Group 17 or 7A 7
P-Block Noble gases – Group 18 or 8A 8
Check – Valence electron calculator to count the number of valence electron for any atom
How to find valence electrons from the electronic configuration?
Electronic configuration describes the electronic structure of an atom i.e., the arrangement of electrons in its atomic orbitals. The total electrons present in a neutral atom are always equal to the total number of protons present in its nucleus.
The total number of protons present in an atom is represented as its atomic number (Z). Thus, Z also signifies the total electrons present in an atom.
While writing the electronic configuration, we must remember that the integers 1,2,3… represent shell numbers, on the other hand, s, p, and d are sub-shells.
Electrons are situated in the orbitals present in these sub-shells, each orbital having a maximum capacity of holding 2 electrons.
Let's find the valence electrons of the nitrogen atom through its electron configuration. (7N)
Step 1 – Determine the atomic number from the elemental symbol in the Periodic Table. The atomic number of Nitrogen, Z=7
Step 2 – Write the electronic configuration. Electronic configuration of N: 1s22s22p3.
Step 3 – Identify the outermost shell of Nitrogen. Outermost shell = Shell number 2
Step 4 – Find the number of valence electrons by counting the total number of electrons present in the outermost shell. The outermost shell of nitrogen has (2s22p3), therefore, the total valence electrons in nitrogen are (2 + 3) = 5.
Let's take one more example to understand How to calculate the valence electron with the help of electron configuration.
Calcium that has atomic number Z=20
Electronic configuration of Ca: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Outermost shell: Shell number 4
Valence electrons of calcium = 2
Q – The electron configuration of phosphorous is 1s22s22p63s23p3, Find it's valence electrons?
Answer – The electron configuration of phosphorous is 1s22s22p63s23p3.
∴ Outermost shell: shell number 3
∴ The outermost shell of phosphorous has(3s23p3), therefore, the total valence electrons in phosphorous are (2 + 3) = 5
Q – The electron configuration of aluminum is 1s22s22p63s23p1, Find it's valence electrons?
Answer – The electron configuration of aluminum is 1s22s22p63s23p1.
∴ The outermost shell of aluminum has(3s23p1), therefore, the total valence electrons in aluminum are (2 + 1) = 3
That's how you can easily find the number of valence electrons with the help of the atom electron configuration.
How to find valence electrons from the orbital diagram?
An orbital diagram is a diagrammatic representation of electrons occupying atomic orbitals. It can prove useful for determining the valence electrons present in an atom.
Atoms use their valence electrons to form new bonds and achieve a stable electronic configuration. Let's see how it is done.
The process of finding the valence electrons from the orbital diagram is the same as the electron configuration.
The main difference between the orbital diagram and electron configuration is that an orbital diagram shows electrons in form of arrows whereas an electron configuration shows electrons in form of numbers.
Two nitrogen atoms, each using three of their five valence electrons available can combine to form a nitrogen (N2) molecule. A triple covalent bond will form with three bond pairs.
While 2 unbonded electrons on each nitrogen will stay as a lone pair. In this way, each nitrogen atom will achieve an octet configuration.
You can easily find the valence electrons for various atoms using an orbital diagram and electron configuration.
How to draw orbital diagram for any atom?
How to write electron configuration for any atom?
How to find valence electrons in compounds?
In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical elements.
Let's say we have to find a number of valence electrons in a CO2 compound.
CO2 is a compound that is formed between two non-metal atoms (carbon and oxygen)
Valence electrons in CO2 –
To find the total valence electron in CO2, look at the periodic group of carbon and oxygen atoms.
By looking at the periodic table, we come to know carbon belongs to the 4A group and oxygen belongs to the 6A group in the periodic table. Hence, carbon has 4 valence electrons and oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
⇒ Valence electron of Oxygen = 6 [∴ Periodic group of oxygen = 16 or 6A]
⇒ Valence electron of Carbon = 4 [∴ Periodic group of carbon = 14 or 4A]
∴ Total valence electron available in CO2 compound = 4 + 2*6 = 16 valence electrons [∴ CO2 molecule has one carbon and two oxygen atoms]
Let's take one more example to understand, how to determine the valence electrons in the compound.
For example – Find valence electrons in the PBr3 molecule.
An easy way to find the valence electron of atoms in the PBr3 molecule is, just to look at the periodic group of phosphorous and bromine atoms.
As the phosphorous atom belongs to the 5A group in the periodic table and bromine is situated in the 7A group, hence, the valence electron for the phosphorous is 5, and for the bromine atom, it is 7.
⇒ Total number of the valence electron in Phosphorous = 5
⇒ Total number of the valence electrons in bromine = 7
∴ Total number of valence electrons available in PBr3 = 5 + 7×3 = 26 valence electrons [∴ PBr3 molecule has one phosphorous and three bromine atoms]
How to determine valence electrons through the Bohr model?
"Valence electrons are found in the outermost shell of an atom"
Let's say you have the Bohr model of a Nitrogen atom, By looking at this, we can easily find the valence electrons for the nitrogen atom.
Nitrogen Bohr model
From the Bohr diagram of an atom, we can easily find the number of valence electrons in an atom by looking at its outermost shell.
So, we have to find a valence electron in the Nitrogen atom, for this, look at its Bohr diagram.
Bohr's diagram of Nitrogen has only two electron shells (K and L), the inner shell is the K-shell and the outermost shell is L-shell.
Hence, the electrons found in the L-shell of the Nitrogen atom are its valence electrons because it is the outermost shell also called the valence shell.
The L-shell or outer shell of the Nitrogen Bohr model contains 5 electrons, therefore, the number of valence electrons in the Nitrogen atom is 5.
Let's take one more example to clarify the concept of determination of valence electrons through the Bohr diagram.
⇒ Find the Valence electron of Oxygen through its Bohr diagram
Oxygen Bohr model
So, we have to find a valence electron in the Oxygen atom, for this, look at its Bohr diagram.
Bohr's diagram of Oxygen has only two electron shells (K and L), the inner shell is the K-shell and the outermost shell is L-shell.
Hence, the electrons found in the L-shell of the Oxygen atom are its valence electrons because it is the outermost shell also called the valence shell.
The L-shell or outer shell of the Oxygen Bohr model contains 6 electrons, therefore, the number of valence electrons in the Oxygen atom is 6.
Therefore, by using the above explanation, you can easily determine the valence of electrons by looking at the Bohr model of the atom.
How to draw the Bohr model for any atom?
Name of element Number of electrons Electronic configuration based on shell Outermost electrons (Valence shell electrons)
Hydrogen (H) 1 1 1
Helium (He) 2 2 2
Lithium (Li) 3 [2, 1] 1
Beryllium (Be) 4 [2, 2] 2
Boron (B) 5 [2, 3] 3
Carbon (C) 6 [2, 4] 4
Nitrogen (N) 7 [2, 5] 5
Oxygen (O) 8 [2, 6] 6
Fluorine (F) 9 [2, 7] 7
Neon (Ne) 10 [2, 8] 8
Sodium (Na) 11 [2, 8, 1] 1
Magnesium (Mg) 12 [2, 8, 2] 2
Aluminum (Al) 13 [2, 8, 3] 3
Silicon (Si) 14 [2, 8, 4] 4
Phosphorus (P) 15 [2, 8, 5] 5
Sulfur (S) 16 [2, 8, 6] 6
Chlorine (Cl) 17 [2, 8, 7] 7
Argon (Ar) 18 [2, 8, 8] 8
Potassium (K) 19 [2, 8, 8, 1] 1
Calcium (Ca) 20 [2, 8, 8, 2] 2
How to determine valence electrons from Lewis structure?
If you have the structural representation of an atom in front of you, then you can tell the number of valence electrons present in it, without using the Periodic Table.
Lewis structures are the simplest form of representing valence electrons using a line and dot model.
Let's say you have given a lewis structure of CH4 –
Let's take more examples to understand, How to count valence electrons using the Lewis structure of any compound or atoms.
Example – Lewis structure of CHCl3
So, we have given a lewis structure of CHCl3, let's find valence electrons in it.
In the above picture, (there are 18 dots of electrons + 4 single bonds means 8 electrons = 26 valence electrons in CHCl3).
Example – Lewis structure of NCl3
So, we have given a lewis structure of NCl3, let's find valence electrons in it.
In the above picture, (there are 20 dots of electrons + 3 single bonds means 6 electrons = 26 valence electrons in NCl3).
That's all, by looking at the lewis structure of any molecule, you can easily count the valence electrons in molecules or atoms.
Also Read –
How to draw the lewis structure for any atom?
How to determine the valence electrons of ions?
Let's see how to determine the valence electrons of positive ions.
Positively charged ions are formed by the loss of valence electrons.
To find valence electrons of positively charged ions, consider the magnitude of charge present.
From the electronic configuration of the corresponding neutral atom, remove the electrons from the outer shell equal to the charge.
Consider the remaining electrons as the valence electrons of the ion.
Let's see how to find the valence electrons of negative ions.
Negatively charged ions are formed by a gain of electrons in the valence shell.
Consider the electronic configuration of neutral atoms for adding electrons in the outermost shell equal to the charge present.
The total electron count after this addition is the valence electrons of the negative ion.
Let's check the valence electrons for some common ions.
Ions Gain or loss of electrons Valence electrons
Li+ Lithium loses one electron 2
Be2+ Beryllium loses two electrons 2
B3+ Boron loses three electrons 2
C4- Carbon has gained four extra electrons 8
N3- Nitrogen has gained three extra electrons 8
O2- oxygen has gained two extra electrons 8
F– Fluorine has gained one extra electron 8
Na+ Sodium loses one electron 8
Mg2+ Magnesium loses two electrons 8
Al3+ Aluminum loses three electrons 8
Si4+ Silicon loses four electrons 8
P3- Phosphorus gains three electrons 8
S2- Sulfur gains two electrons 8
Cl– Chlorine gains one electron 8
K+ Potassium loses one electron 8
Ca2+ Calcium loses two electrons 8
How to calculate the number of valence electrons in polyatomic ions?
Poly means many and ions are charged particles. Thus, polyatomic ions are species based on more than one different type of ions.
For example –
Sulfate (SO42-) is a polyatomic ion, composed of sulfur and oxygen atoms. Let's find total valence electrons are present in its structure.
Step I: Count the valence electrons of each atom present in this polyatomic ion.
Valence electrons of sulfur =6
Valence electrons of oxygen = 6
4 oxygen atoms mean 4×(6) =24 valence electrons
Step II: Consider the overall charge present on the ion
A minus two charge means two electrons are gained
Step III: Count all the electrons present
The total number of valence electrons in SO42- = valence electrons of sulfur + total valence electrons of oxygen + electrons gained = 6 + 24 + 2= 32 valence electrons are present in a sulfate ion, as can be spotted from its Lewis structure below.
Let's take one more example, BrO2– molecule
⇒ Total number of the valence electrons in oxygen = 6
∴ Total number of valence electron in BrO2– = 7 + 6(2) + 1 = 20 valence electrons [∴ one bromine, two oxygen and one negative ion in BrO2– that also count as a one valence electron]
So, this is how you can easily find the valence electrons for any polyatomic ions. You just have to count the valence electrons for individual atoms then add all of them and if a positive charge is given, then subtract the electrons, and if a negative charge is given then add the electrons.
How to determine valence electrons of d-block (transition metals)?
As we already noted, the elements lying at the center of the Periodic Table in a rectangular block called d-block behave differently from all the other elements. These are called transition metals.
These also include the f-block elements lying in a small block, positioned below the rest of the table.
In transition metals, electrons occupy outer shells without first completely filling inner core shells. Similarly, transition metals can use their core-shell electrons in addition to the electrons from the outermost shell while bonding.
That is why transition metals possess multiple valencies simultaneously.
For transition metals, the effective number of valence electrons is equal to the number of electrons that occur after a noble-gas configuration.
For example – the titanium electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2, it can also written as – [Ar] 4s23d2
∴ So, the number of electrons occur after noble gas configuration in titanium is (4s23d2) = 2 + 2 = 4
Therefore, the number of valence electrons in titanium is 4.
Let's understand this concept better with the help of some examples given below.
⇒ Transition metal: Iron (26Fe)
⇒ Electronic configuration of 26Fe : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6, it can also written as [Ar] 4s23d6
⇒ 4s is filled before 3d because s subshell is symmetrical in shape and closer to the nucleus thus having lower energy. But once all the electrons are placed in their respective orbitals, the electronic configuration can be rearranged as [Ar] 3d64s2.
⇒ The total number of electrons that can be involved in bond formation = is (6 + 2) = 8. But Fe rarely uses all eight electrons available.
⇒ Fe loses only 2 of its valence electrons during chemical bonding which results in a ferrous (Fe2+) ion. Therefore, it is often said that Fe has 2 valence electrons only although it has a total of 8. We must note that 8 is also the Group number of iron.
⇒ Ferric (Fe3+) ions are also formed from Fe by loss of 3 electrons i.e., 2 electrons from 4s and 1 electron from 3d. In that case, the valency of iron is 3. One electron from the core 3d subshell also acts as a valence electron.
Thus, a proof of the statement: transition metals exhibit a variable valency.
The valence electrons present in a transition metal can be determined by writing its electronic configuration with the help of its atomic number and the charge present if any.
Provide another example below for you to make sure you understand this concept well.
Transition metal: Copper (29Cu)
29Cu is present in Group 11 of the Periodic Table.
Electronic configuration of 29Cu : [Ar] 3d104s1
Only 1 electron is placed in 4s because 3d104s1 is more stable than 3d94s2 due to a completely filled d subshell.
The total number of valence electrons in copper (10 + 1) = 11.
Valence electrons usually used for bond formation: 1 or 2
Copper ions possible: Cu+ and Cu2+
Preferrable valencies: 1 (from 4s) or 2 (1 electron from 4s and 1 electron from 3d can be removed to facilitate chemical bonding)
The first ten transition metal elements of the d-block, located in Period 4 hold a significant position among d-block elements.
So, in the table given below, we are providing you with a list of the total number of valence electrons present in these elements and their preferable valencies.
Read in detail – How to find the valence electrons for transition metals (d-block elements)
Valence electrons are the building blocks of an atom's electronic configuration. They are negatively charged subatomic particles (electrons) present in the outermost shell of an atom.
How to find valence electrons for main group elements?
How to determine the valence electrons for P-block elements?
The latest updated version of the Periodic Table uses numbers 13-18 for p block elements.
Previously, the Periodic Table was believed to consist of 8 groups only. In that case, the p block was represented by Roman numerals (III-VIII).
According to that convention, elements present in group III have three valence electrons. Those present in groups IV and V have four and five valence electrons, and so on until group VIII with eight valence electrons except helium which consists of two valence electrons.
Eight valence electrons in the outermost shell represent a complete octet configuration thus extremely stable, inert chemical entities such as Noble gases.
With the Roman numeral convention turning obsolete, the determination of valence electrons from group numbers became a bit confusing, especially for the p block elements. Thus, an updated and more sophisticated way of determining valence electrons today is by using the electronic configuration of atomic elements.
How many valence electrons are present in the polyatomic ions: i) PO43- and ii) NH4+
i) Valence electrons of phosphorus + 4(valence electrons of oxygen ) + 3 electrons gained
∴ 5 + 4(6) + 3 = 32 Valence electrons in PO43-
ii) Valence electrons of nitrogen + 4 (valence electrons of hydrogen) – 1 electron lost
∴ 5 + 4(1) -1 = 8 valence electrons in NH4+
The atomic number of chlorine (Cl) is 17. Its electronic configuration can be written as: 1s22s22p63s23p5. Can you determine the valence electrons of Cl?
Outer shell of calcium = shell number 3, therefore, the number of valence electrons in calcium outermost shell (3s23p5) is = 2+5= 7
How can oxygen use its valence electrons to form a chemical bond for achieving a stable octet configuration?
To determine valence electrons, consider the atom's main group number. The group number of elements is equal to the number of valence electrons.
For example – Chlorine belongs to group 7A in the periodic table, therefore, the number of valence electrons in chlorine is 7. The Argon atom is in group 8, thus, the valence electron in argon is 8.
S- block has two groups – Group 1 and Group 2, therefore, the group 1 element has 1 valence electron, and group 2 element has 2 valence electrons.
Same as P-block contains the groups 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A, therefore, the number of valence electrons in each group element is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 respectively.
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Q: No need to use Alternatives to construct alternative string patterns? I am trying to match a list of strings with a pattern, in which there are several possibilities for the characters to be matched. To me, the following looks the most natural way:
 StringMatchQ[{"12", "23", "34", "45"}, ___ ~~ Alternatives @@ {"1", "4"} ~~ ___]

what returns as expected:

{True, False, True, True}

However, I've found out the following does work too (and it's faster when the list is very large):
StringMatchQ[{"12", "23", "34", "45"}, ___ ~~ {"1", "4"} ~~ ___]

{True, False, True, True}

Why does this work? Why are we able to specify the different possibilities with a list instead of with Alternatives?.
I have also found out we do not even need to evaluate Alternatives properly, the following does work as well:
 StringMatchQ[{"12", "23", "34", "45"}, ___ ~~ Alternatives @ {"1", "4"} ~~ ___]

{True, False, True, True}

even though the head of List is not replaced:
Alternatives@{"1", "4"}

what yields the (undefined?) symbolic expression:

Alternatives[{"1", "4"}]

Why these last two ways work and where is it documented?

A: Look at the FullForm of the pattern; you will notice that it becomes a StringExpression:
FullForm[___ ~~ {"1", "4"} ~~ ___]

(* Out: StringExpression[BlankNullSequence[], List["1", "4"], BlankNullSequence[]] *)

The second bullet point in the "Details" section of the documentation of StringExpression lists the types of objects that can appear in StringExpression, among which is
"{$p_1$, $p_2$, ...} or $p_1$ | $p_2$ |...      ->      a pattern matching at least one of the $p_i$".
For your second question, I interpret Alternatives[{"1", "4"}] to mean "a pattern object that represents any of the patterns {"1", "4"}", which I would then interpret as the pattern {"1", "4"} itself. Then you go back to what we discussed above.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In 'Eureka's furniture catalogue you can see a great variety of classical luxurious furniture and ultra modern solutions but also interesting hybrids ,which have the two styles elements and which cannot be put in any clichés. If you want to furnish your home with a piece of furniture which it will be difficult to find at your friends' homes and in fact, it is produced from high quality materials and have attractive design we can recommend that you pay attention to the interesting coffee table vintage model.
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text:
Movie Review with Patrick Moore
Filed under: General by patrick |
Originally conceived as a TV show, the 'Trip' movies have been popular. An edited version of the third series, 'The Trip to Spain' utilises the talents of comedians Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon. Portraying fictionalised versions of themselves, they travel the best restaurants in Spain in the guise of doing culinary reviews for the Observer newspaper. Their third co-conspirator is director Michael Winterbottom who uses skills for documentary-style filmmaking to good effect.
'The Trip to Spain' is almost like the premise for 'Seinfeld'. Whilst the latter was a 'show about nothing', the former is basically a loose collage of amusing incidents full of ab-libbed lunacy. Their style of humour may be an acquired taste as the movie rests firmly on their shoulders. The comedy doesn't always hit the mark but there are more hits than misses. Coogan as the arrogant lonely egotist and Brydon as the easy-going family man are a strange but amusing combination. They work well together as often hilarious sparring partners.
Fans of previous entries will appreciate how far both men have come. As the series ages, so do they with their experiences defining how they look at themselves and life in general. This has an impact on their latest journey as they reflect on where they've been and where they want to go. Whilst it's clear they are playing heightened renderings of their personas, the quieter moments have as much impact as the comedy. Family and career issues weigh heavily on both men with these uniting them.
'The Trip to Spain' is enlivened by the locations and Winterbottom's smooth direction. He wrings much from gorgeous locales with the cinematography wonderfully showing off Spain's beauty. Coogan and Brydon clearly have a great time walking amongst the locales and dining on mouth-watering food. Foodies of all ages will enjoy the treats on display making it advisable not to see this movie on an empty stomach.
The quirky directorial flourishes and consistently amusing humour make 'The Trip to Spain' a trip worth taking. There's no need to have seen the other instalments although fans of the series should enjoy this just as much. Another trip with this duo wouldn't be unwelcome with the culinary comedians affable companions most would enjoy as travel-mates.
Rating out of 10: 7
With so many superhero comic-books being turned into movies these days, you could be forgiven for feeling 'comic-book fatigue'. Add to that are adaptations of graphic novels which are adult in tone. The latter is more interesting as it allows film-makers to further push the envelope in creativity and action. Based on the 2012 graphic novel 'The Coldest City', 'Atomic Blonde' is certainly filled with violent spectacle little seen elsewhere. It's also a solid thriller with all involved diving into the story's frenetic energy with imaginative gusto.
Lorraine Broughton (Charlize Theron) is a talented MI6 spy dispatched on a dangerous mission. It's the eve of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and Lorraine is sent to investigate the mysterious killing of an undercover agent. Working with Berlin station Chief David Percival (James McAvoy), Lorraine uncovers a ruthless espionage ring. Determined to protect the West's intelligence operation, the duo face their foes with lethal force.
Directed by David Leitch, 'Atomic Blonde' is a very enjoyable ride. A full-throttle blast of pure action, it's a great showcase for Theron who has always been a very versatile performer with remarkable range. Here she is in full 'action-chick' mode with her character kicking villainous behinds with the best of them. Theron throws herself into the role and portrays her character's determined spy well. She is well assisted by McAvoy's shady performance with their co-stars making their roles more than one-dimensional architypes.
Whilst the action scenes are incredible, 'Atomic Blonde' succeeds due to its successful evocation of the era. You truly feel you are in the late 80's and a part of an important moment in history. The real clips of the Berlin Wall's demise interweaves well into the 'reel' narrative as the clock ticks towards getting the job done. The retro music soundtrack is pleasing to the ears and the film never lets up in providing a ton of dazzling stunts.
'Atomic Blonde' is a lot of fun. Female heroes are important and Theron capably ensures her role is added to this pantheon. Although 'franchise fatigue' can be wearying, one wouldn't mind seeing another instalment featuring 'Atomic Blonde's feisty character who never refuses to take no for an answer.
Theme by Sreejith, GFXedit.com Copyright © 2019 Movie Review with Patrick Moore


text:
Q: Why am I getting "'object' does not contain a definition for 'Key'" here? So I have an object of type List<AnswerInfo> where AnswerInfo is defined by
public class AnswerInfo
{
    public string SectionTitle { get; set; }
    public string SubsectionTitle { get; set; }
    public int QuestionId { get; set; }
    public string QuestionText { get; set; }
    public int? AnswerId { get; set; }
    public int? AnswerVal { get; set; }
}

and I'm trying to group it so that I can iterate through the SectionTitles, and for each of those, the SubsectionTitles.
I'm following the example
var queryNestedGroups =
    from student in students
    group student by student.Year into newGroup1
    from newGroup2 in
        (from student in newGroup1
         group student by student.LastName)
    group newGroup2 by newGroup1.Key;

// Three nested foreach loops are required to iterate
// over all elements of a grouped group. Hover the mouse
// cursor over the iteration variables to see their actual type.
foreach (var outerGroup in queryNestedGroups)
{
    Console.WriteLine("DataClass.Student Level = {0}", outerGroup.Key);
    foreach (var innerGroup in outerGroup)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("\tNames that begin with: {0}", innerGroup.Key);
        foreach (var innerGroupElement in innerGroup)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("\t\t{0} {1}", innerGroupElement.LastName, innerGroupElement.FirstName);
        }
    }
}

on https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb545974.aspx.
What I have is
        ViewBag.GroupedAnswers = from ans in AllAnswers
                                 group ans by ans.SectionTitle into g1
                                 from g2 in (from ans in g1
                                             group ans by ans.SubsectionTitle)
                                 group g2 by g1.Key;

and I'm looping through it with
@foreach ( var sec in ViewBag.GroupedAnswers )
{

                    @sec.Key

                    Section	Component	Completeness Level (0-100%)	Readines

                @foreach ( var subsec in sec )
                {
                    foreach ( var inf in subsec )
                    {

                            @subsec.Key
                            @inf.QuestionText
                            <input type="text" class="completeness" value="@inf.AnswerVal"/>

                    }

                }

}

I'm getting the error

'object' does not contain a definition for 'Key'

on the line
@sec.Key

Any idea what is causing this error?
Or at the very least, any idea how I can debug it?


Autumn what a lovely season to be in. The maple leaves turn from green to light brown and eventually turning bright orange. Some leaves are still green and I see all sorts of colors from red, pink, brown, black, blue more like indigo or fuchsia. Okay, enough about daydreaming. I would not get to see that because the desert that I'm at has no maple trees.
Furthermore, it's getting cold. Don't forget to keep warm. I don't need to tell you that.
All those leaves would probably end up in a shredder or wood chipper for making mulch for my vegetable garden and herb garden. I don't really want to kill autumn but I have no choice. I am aiding and abetting with mother nature. We are cleaning up for winter's arrival. I'm no killer, she is.
Funny it looks nothing like "it" I told my mom that. She said oh it's because "my cousin's wife touched it and when I gave it to you I touched it." Then why did she said only my husband or man can plant the seeds and care for it alone? Gotta love my mom, she's a weirdo. Huh, that's why I'm weird oh well.
A shredder or wood chipper that does what you want.
Hearing protection it does get loud.
Always keep hydrated even if you don't need it. I must say this little shredder works quite well. It can shred or chip up to 1.5 inch thick twigs, stems, and leaves. I used the mulch in my garden for a nutrient-rich garden mulch. My sandy soil needs all the help it can get. Because it is sand all the good nutrients filtered out too quickly.
Great for trees fruit trees like citrus trees fertilizing and flower beds. At this time of year, you would want to use mulch to cover your perennials from frost and snow.
The sun joe has a 14 Amp 4300 RPM so it's really powerful to work in your yard and lawn. The safety feature is the safety hopper locking knob prevents the engine from operating when open and a reset button if the chipper is overloaded. Clean up the yard is simply as it can be. Use the mulch in your yard, garden, and trees. No bad trash all good trash that turns into mulch, gold for your garden.
It comes with a paddle for when the twigs or branches refuse to go in you can use the paddle to push them in so it can be grab.
What's great about this little guy is that it mulch, shred, chips, and compost. Composting is what they call black gold for your vegetable garden and that's what I need. I got what I need in this little over 25 lbs mean machine. Mulching some greens chip some dry wood to clean it up. Then voila done. Read here on how to make your own compost.
At the end of the day. I have mulch that my vegetable garden desperately need. My work has been cut in half and now I am enjoying my tea. If you need a little machine that won't take up too much space and work as hard as you get the 14 Amp sun joe shredder/chipper by Snow Joe. It also makes a great gift for that special person.


text:
Q: A select component in a wrapper component does not change its placeholder but value changes I have a select component that doesn't change it's placeholder when I'm clicking its options. It's wrapped around on another component that serves as the outline of like its title. paragraph and then the select component. I also use it on another select component and it also doesn't work. I am pretty sure it changes it value since I checked the state and also the functionality works excpect the changing of the so called placeholder. This is the original outline which works.
<div className={`flex flex-col col-span-6`}>

TYPE OF FLIGHT ANF REGION

            <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faGlobe} className="text-[#2B8E9B] ml-2" />

Choose a type of flight, either DOMESTIC or INTERNATIONAL, and pick which region your coming.

        <div className={`grid grid-cols-2 gap-4`}>
            <FlightTypeComponent flights={domestic} flightLocalType={"domestic"} {...{flightType, locationsFilter, flightTypeClick ,regionSetter}}/>
            <FlightTypeComponent flights={international} flightLocalType={"international"} {...{flightType, locationsFilter, flightTypeClick ,regionSetter}}/>

This is the current outline which doesn't work:
<TwoComponents title={"TYPE OF FLIGHT ANF REGION"} icon={faGlobe} colSpan={"col-span-6"} childrenCss={"grid-cols-2"} paragraph={"Choose a type of flight, either DOMESTIC or INTERNATIONAL, and pick which region your coming."}>
        <FlightTypeComponent flights={domestic} flightLocalType={"domestic"} {...{flightType, locationsFilter, flightTypeClick ,regionSetter}}/>
        <FlightTypeComponent flights={international} flightLocalType={"international"} {...{flightType, locationsFilter, flightTypeClick ,regionSetter}}/>
      </TwoComponents>

The wrapper in question. I both included both components even if I only showcased the TwoComponents incase of any errors or bad practices.
const EachComponentOutline = () => {
const TwoComponents = ({children, title, paragraph, icon, colSpan, childrenCss}) => {
return (
    <div className={`flex flex-col ${colSpan}`}>

{title}

            <FontAwesomeIcon icon={icon} className="text-[#2B8E9B] ml-2" />

{paragraph}

        <div className={`grid ${childrenCss} gap-4`}>
            {children}

)}

const OneComponent = ({children, title, icon, paragraph, colSpan}) =>
(
    <div className={`flex flex-col ${colSpan}`}>
        {icon ? (

{title}

                <FontAwesomeIcon icon={icon} className="text-[#2B8E9B] ml-2" />

            )
            : (
{title}
)
        }

{paragraph}

        {children}

)
return {TwoComponents, OneComponent}

}
picture of the placeholder since I'm not sure if "placeholder" is the right term

A: I answered it but I don't know why and I hope someone can better explain it. Instead of trying to create two components on a single function. You create each component in its own separate function so basically like removing the overall parent function for both TwoComponent and OneComponent. I think using a custom hook would return data and not a whole component so it's better to export and import it.


text:
Geeshie Wiley was an American country blues singer and guitar player who recorded six songs for Paramount Records, issued on three records in April 1930.  According to the blues historian Don Kent, Wiley "may well have been the rural South's greatest female blues singer and musician".   Little is known of her life, and there are no known photographs of her.  She may have been born Lillie Mae Boone (November 14, 1908–July 29, 1950), later Lillie Mae Scott.

Recordings
In April 1930, Wiley traveled with the singer and guitarist Elvie Thomas from Houston, Texas to Grafton, Wisconsin, to make recordings for Paramount Records. Wiley recorded "Last Kind Words Blues" and "Skinny Leg Blues", singing and accompanying herself on guitar, with Thomas providing additional guitar accompaniment. Thomas also recorded two songs, "Motherless Child Blues" and "Over to My House," with Wiley playing guitar and singing harmony. Some sources suggest that in March 1931 Wiley and Thomas returned to Grafton and recorded "Pick Poor Robin Clean" and "Eagles on a Half."

Steve Leggett at Allmusic states, "Wiley's vocal on "Last Kind Word Blues" is by turns weary, wise, angry, defiant, despairing, even wistful, and is simply one of the best performances in early country blues."

It is believed that fewer than ten original copies of Wiley's records have survived.

Biographical uncertainties

Little is known about Wiley, and the few details of her life provided by various sources are inconsistent. "Geeshie" (sometimes spelled "Geechie" or "Geetchie") was probably a nickname.

There have been several conjectures about her life. The musician Ishmon Bracey, a contemporary of Wiley's, stated that she came from Natchez, Mississippi, and was romantically linked with the Delta blues musician Papa Charlie McCoy.   It has also been suggested that in the 1920s she worked in a medicine show in Jackson, Mississippi, and that she may have married Casey Bill Weldon after his divorce from Memphis Minnie. The singer and bass player Herbert Wiley, of Oxford, Mississippi, stated that she was a cousin on his father's side and that her family had farmed in South Carolina; his father had told him that she died in 1938 or 1939, and he believed that she may have been buried in the family burial plot in Oxford. The musicologist and genealogist Eric S. LeBlanc suggested that her name was Wadie May Wiley and that she was born near Oxford in 1906.

Research by Robert "Mack" McCormick was developed and publicized by John Jeremiah Sullivan in The New York Times in 2014. McCormick told Sullivan that he had visited Wiley's former home and spoken to members of her immediate family when he was conducting fieldwork in Oklahoma in the 1950s. McCormick also interviewed Wiley's recording partner, L. V. "Elvie" Thomas, in Texas in 1961. Thomas began performing with Wiley in the early 1920s and remembered her as Lillie Mae Wiley; she claimed to have given Wiley her nickname. The nickname "Geechie" (spelled in various ways) was common among people from around coastal South Carolina and Georgia (it is also an alternate name for the Gullah ethnic group of that region), but more generally was an affectionate nickname for a young woman of rural origins in the American South. Thomas said that a few years before the interview (that is, in the 1950s) she had heard that Wiley was living in West Texas. Later research reported by Sullivan suggests that Wiley was born in Louisiana on November 14, 1908, and that she was the same Lillie Mae Scott who stabbed her husband, Thornton Wiley, to death in Houston in 1931.  Wiley was nonetheless performing again with Thomas about 1933, on their last tour together. According to McCormick, Thomas said, "I haven't seen [Wiley] since 1933. I left her in Chico, Oklahoma [presumably Checotah]. ... We'd gone out playing around together, traveling, and I left her up there and came on back." Sullivan also spoke to a Houston musician, John D. "Don" Wilkerson, who claimed to remember Wiley and "implied that there was something funny about her background. He said that she'd been 'maybe Mexican or something.'"

According to researcher Caitlin Love, who worked with Sullivan, Lillie Mae Wiley ( Boone) died from a head injury in 1950, and was buried with her mother Cathrine Nixson in Brushy Cemetery in Burleson County, Texas.

Legacy
"Last Kind Words", "Motherless Child Blues", "Skinny Legs Blues", and "Pick Poor Robin Clean" are included on the compilation album Mississippi Masters: Early American Blues Classics 1927–35 (Yazoo Records, 2007).

In the documentary film Crumb (1994), by Terry Zwigoff, the artist Robert Crumb plays Wiley's recording of "Last Kind Words Blues" and sits down to listen as a sequence of his cartoons is shown.

"Last Kind Words Blues" has been covered by several other artists:

David Johansen and the Harry Smiths covered it on their 2002 album Shaker. Johansen also sang a portion of "Last Kind Words" in the movie Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus (2003).
C. W. Stoneking included a faithful cover of the song on his 2006 album Mississippi & Piedmont Blues 1927–1941.
Dex Romweber Duo released a version featuring Jack White, on White's vinyl-only label, Third Man Records.
Ransom Riggs used the song in his video "Talking Pictures", in which he talks about vintage photographs.
Rhiannon Giddens, of the traditional black music group Carolina Chocolate Drops, sang the song on her solo debut album, Tomorrow Is My Turn.
The Kronos Quartet performed an arrangement of the song at their fortieth anniversary concert, broadcast in 2013.
Hogan & Moss recorded their version of "Last Kind Words" in 2016 on the album You've Been That Friend To Me.
 "Last Kind Words Blues" appeared on the Robert Plant / Alison Krauss album Raise the Roof, released in November 2021.

Discography

References

External links
 Cordeiro, AnneMarie (2011), "Geechie Wiley: An Exploration of Enigmatic Virtuosity", Arizona State University

Delta blues musicians
Country blues musicians
American blues singers
African-American guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Paramount Records artists
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Musicians from Natchez, Mississippi
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Mississippi
1908 births
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century African-American women singers


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Office 2019 delivers features across apps to help users create amazing content in less time. In doing so, you can get rid of the monthly subscription fee you pay now for Office 365. Can you actually explain me how it can be resolved. Page Color opens a drop-down list of page colors: None white , Sepia beige , and Inverted white text on a black background. Learning Tool Function Column Width opens a drop-down list from which you can select different column widths to display the document. Microsoft Office 2019 will provide 5 years of mainstream support with 2 years of extended support Office 2019 Preview 1806 Build 16. When I try to install office through your commands or manually, it just says that it cannot find the compatible office products.
No love for Windows 7 which retires in January 2020, or a year-and-change after Office 2019's debut or Windows 8. Microsoft Office 2019 is the next version of the. In January, analytics vendor Net Applications pegged Windows 8's and 8. Unless, that is, you want to opt out of your subscription and also move all of your work offline. It offers a variety of helpful features to assist people who find it difficult to read regular text onscreen for any of a variety of reasons. By Word has been pretty awesome for quite a few versions now. Software Microsoft Office 2019 Crack is a most famous product with a unique function.
When Microsoft means it won't support Office 2019, it really means it. You can tell the Dictate feature is active because a red dot appears on its icon. It's the most secure, intelligent and collaborative version of Office. The requirements are substantially more restrictive than Office 2016's. PowerPoint adds sophisticated presentation features, such as Morph and Zoom effects.
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Some people are currently beginning to work on precisely the pc; it proceeds as well managing to make adjustments to smartphone, gadget or notebook. This is understandable because these features rely on Microsft's cloud servers. Work from anywhere with any device Office 2019 is fully cloud-capable, touchscreen-optimized and accessible via Microsoft Web Apps to allow you to work from anywhere with any device. Full 10 to 10 offline. . Office for everyone For many customers, Office 365 is the way to go. Merge Word 2019 is a user friendly word processing application.
What will be in Office 2019? The simultaneous retirement of the two perpetually-licensed suites is the strongest signal yet that Microsoft plans to shut down the one-time purchase option after Office 2019. Then on the Home tab, select Dictate. From last week the menu bar started disappearing. With how Office 2019 is marketed, it's obvious that Microsoft wants to replicate that success with Office 365. After clicking the down arrow on the Quick Access toolbar, choose More Commands to open the Options dialog box. It was only after a number of contacts with multiple Microsoft tech support individuals and downloads that they were finally able to install it.
The Office 2019 user interface retains the from Office 2016, except that the Microsoft account picture is circular. The downloadable Microsoft Office Removal Tool worked for me when all else failed. Like 10 Windows, the developer gives his product free of charge, however only for a month of use, yet for our users, we will put up an activator for Office 2019 which may download at no cost on the stop of the evaluate. Like other with v1 method it cannot find files. And each time we release a new on-premises version of Office, customers ask us if this will be our last. Despite being released in the same month, the new Office in Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook is only available to Office 365 subscribers, not perpetual Office 2019 licensees. We were supposed to use the Tell me what you want to do box to get help.
If you click the arrow at the bottom of the button, a menu appears from which you can select the language. The installation process is quite easier compared to previous versions. If you use Read Aloud often, you may want to add its button to the Quick Access toolbar. From Microsoft's perspective, the same reasoning could be applied to this ruling. It denotes the principal form of Office just to be accessible to Windows 10 clients. Regardless of which document I open or create, Word will not allow me to cut and paste or copy and paste, either into the same document or another. PowerPoint Make, team up, and successfully give your thoughts new slide changes and an enhanced Animations assignment sheet.
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Today, we are announcing the general availability of Office 2019 for Windows and Mac. Some people find it easier to read words this way. But Microsoft periodically adds new features to the versions of the Office apps that ship with Office 365. And Focused Inbox moves less important emails out of the way—so you can get straight to taking care of business. You can use Read Aloud from the Learning Tools tab on the Ribbon, as covered in the previous section. You can also dictate punctuation marks, such as period, comma, and question mark, and breaks, such as new line and new paragraph. It's certain that Microsoft will offer Office 2019 to commercial customers via volume licensing, but it may be questionable to assume that it will sell single-copy versions at retail.


Lewis Keates should be doing the Pools this week: he clearly knows how to pick a winner! Will Ellison in the Mate's Plate; now Hamish Buchanan in the DM Doubles. Or perhaps it's time to lower his handicap.
9 pairs contested this year's "Premier Fives Event in the East Midlands" [Grem McIntyre]. The smart money looked to be on Buchanan & Keates (Hamish won the second such competition back in 2005) or Richard Christie with Bob Sandie, who's won it twice. Three-time winner Anthony Goodwin playing with Martin Robinson looked a good outside bet, as did any of Lawrence Taylor & Brian Nithsdale, John Halligan & Mark Kiteley, and Aaron Wheatley & Stuart Kirby.
John Hawke using his experience against some youngsters with questionable positioning!


We're excited to welcome all types of learners into the cypress community, including those who are Gifted and Talented. Our GT program is heavily influenced by the work of Dr. Joseph Renzulli who offers an enrichment triad model as a guide to academic enrichment for GT students. Given our focus on problem-based learning, much of the following is woven into the daily academic life for all of our students, not just those who have tested as gifted.
Type I Enrichment: Exposes children to new ideas, thoughts, interest areas, and experiences in-class, whole school assemblies, small group settings, with special speaker presentations, and through field trips. Students are encouraged to develop curiosity. These experiences are an on-going part of the Cypress education for all students. Our well-rounded curriculum exposes children to new concepts, ideas, theories, and premises. Children are encouraged to grow in critical thinking, gain the ability to identify, evaluate, and critique information from a variety of perspectives from a variety of perspectives, reflect on ideas, come to evidenced based conclusions, communicate in rich effective ways, collaborate with peers, and grow in creativity.
Type II Enrichment: Students are encouraged to move from idea to action. Teachers train students to problem-solve, brainstorm, and conduct research and scientific inquiry moving their curiosities to deeper understanding. Students collaborate with other students who have similar interests and move their curiosities beyond that which is presented in class. They work together to deepen their understanding of ideas, thoughts, and interest areas through project-based activities supported by classroom teachers.
Type III Enrichment: Enables students with strong interest and exceptional ability, the opportunity to pursue interests independently in task commitment. Students take their interests and explorations to an even deeper level through independent research and activities. Teacher and student collaborate to define the scope and sequence of the independent work and the teacher supports the independent exploration through on-going review and discussion with the student. Teachers propel the student further into exploration and understanding, prompting questions and directing new avenues for gaining additional information and perspective. As students get older, this level of enrichment often will result in one or more final products including but not limited to research papers and creative writings, projects, and/or individual presentations.
This tiered enrichment model allows children to pursue learning in in-depth and challenging ways in areas of their own interest. Students identified as gifted will not just be given "additional work" or "harder work", they will be engaged and supported in their educational pursuits in order to deepen and stretch their own intellectual abilities and curiosities.