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With a full service microbiology lab, Chestnut Labs offers a wide range of microbiological analysis. From emerging pathogens to invasive spoilage organisms, our microbiologists will work with you to deliver quality data detailed interpretation of your test results. We employ a variety of test methodologies including AOAC, ISO, FDA, USDA, and customer specified methods to assure the microbiological safety and quality of your product. Chestnut Labs will partner with you to provide a value added service with uncompromising quality and a commitment to excellence.
OUR LIST OF SERVICES INCLUDE:
This test allows for a <10 or <100 specification. Dilutions are prepared and the sample is distributed across MYP plates. The plates are then incubated for 48 hrs. and checked for typical growth. If typical colonies are present, the colonies are carried on, and confirmed biochemically to confirm the genus and species, before reporting.
Food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus may occur when foods are prepared and held without adequate refrigeration for several hours before serving. Bacillus cereus is an aerobic spore forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, on vegetables, and in many raw and processed foods. Consumption of foods that contain Bacillus cereus can result in food poisoning. Bacillus cereus food poisoning occurs after the ingestion of foods in which the organism has grown, and formed its toxin(s).
Minimum Sample Size Requirements
Reportable Units
CFU/g
Turn Around Time Minimums
CMMEF
FDA BAM
CAMPYLOBACTER - VIDAS
The VIDAS is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay. Automated system is used for the detection of Campylobacter antigens using the ELFA technique (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay). The Solid Phase Receptacle (SPR) serves as the solid phase as well as the pipetting device for the assay. The interior of the SPR is coated with anti-Campylobacter antibodies. The reagents for the assay are ready to use, and pre-dispensed in the sealed reagent strips. The sample is placed into the reagent strip by the user. Then the sample is cycled in, and out of the SPR for a specific length of time. The unbound sample components are washed away. Alkaline phosphatade-labeled polylonal antibodies are cycled in, and out of the SPR, and will bind to any Campylobacter antigen captured on the SPR wall. Further wash steps remove unbound conjugate. During the final detection step, the substrate is cycled in, and out of the SPR. The conjugate enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of this substrate into a fluorescent product, the fluorescence of which is measured at 450nm. When the assay is completed, the results are analyzed automatically by the instrument, and a test value is generated for each sample. This value is then compared to an internal reference, and each result is interpreted (positive or negative).
Recorded as Positive or Negative
AOAC
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS - DIRECT PLATE COUNT
Sample dilutions are plated onto selective (TSC) agar plates, and overlaid with an additional agar medium. Plates are incubated under anaerobic conditions, and examined for the growth of typical colonies. Presumptive colonies are confirmed and identified by biochemical tests.
Clostridium perfringens is an organism that is responsible for food-borne illness that generally causes mild gastroenteritis. The bacterial cells either sporulate or die, and release enterotoxins that produce the symptoms. The enterotoxins responsible for food-borne illness generally is produced in the intestine although sporulation and enterotoxin production may also occur in foods. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-postivie rod, non-motile, fairly strict anaerobe, spore former. These spores are heat resistant. This organism can replicate very fast (7-8 min/generation) n.producing large amounts of gas creating a stormy fermentation.
FDA-BAM
CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII - PCR
Method can be used for product or production environmental samples.
Cronrobacter sakazakii has been reclassified from genus Enterobacter to genus Cronobacter (still within the Enterobacteriaceae family). What was once one species has now been identified as six separate species and three subspecies. Cronobacter sakazakii is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium. C. sakazakii is a rare, but life-threatening cause of neonatal meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. In general, C. sakazakii kills 40-80 percent of infected newborns diagnosed with this type of severe infection. C. sakazakii meningitis may lead to cerebral abscess or infarction with cyst formation and severe neurologic impairment.
25 g minimum
Biorad PCR- AFNOR
CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII - ISO 22964
Information on Request
Cronrobacter sakazakii has been reclassified from genus Enterobacter to genus Cronobacter (still within the Enterobacteriaceae family). What was one species has now been identified as six separate species and three subspecies. Cronobacter sakazakii is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium. C. sakazakii is a rare, but life-threatening cause of neonatal meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. In general, C. sakazakii kills 40-80 percent of infected newborns diagnosed with this type of severe infection. C. sakazakii meningitis may lead to cerebral abscess, or infarction with cyst formation and severe neurologic impairment.
Reported as Present/Absent
E.COLI 0157.H- PCR
E. coli 0157 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli., and a cause of foodborne illness. Infection often leads to hemorrhagic diarrhea, and occasionally to kidney failure, especially in young children, and elderly. Most illness has been associated with eating undercooked, contaminated ground beef, drinking unpasteurized milk, swimming in or drinking contaminated water, and eating contaminated vegetables.
25 g min
AOAC-RI
STEC (SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING E. COLI.)
the iQ-Check STEC (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli) PCR Detection Kits consists of two test kits, iQ-Check STEC VirX and iQ-Check STEC SerO.
The kits are intended for the detection of STEC virulence genes and 7 major STEC serogroups in raw beef meats, raw milk products, produce and environmental samples.
The iQ-Check STEC VirX Kit allows the separate detection of the stx1–stx2 and eae virulence genes, in a single reaction, according the ISO TS 13136 or the USDA FSIS MLG5B.02 standard methods. If the results come out positive, the same DNA extract can be used to for the detection of the "Big Six" STEC (O26, O111, O45, O145, O121, and O103) as well as E. coli O157:H7 using the iQ-Check STEC SerO Kit.
LISTERIA - VIDAS
The VIDAS Listeria species Xpress is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay for the use on the VIDAS automated system for the detection of Listeria antigens using the ELFA technique (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay). The Solid Phase Receptacle (SPR) serves as the solid phase as well as the pipetting device for the assay. The interior of the SPR is coated with anti-Listeria antibodies. The reagents for the assay are ready to use, and pre-dispensed in the sealed reagent strips. The sample is placed into the reagent strip by the user. Then the sample is cycled in, and out of the SPR for a specific length of time. The unbound sample components are washed away. Alkaline phosphatase-labeled polylonal antibodies are cycled in, and out of the SPR and will bind to any Listeria antigen captured on the SPR wall. Further wash steps remove unbound conjugate. During the final detection step, the substrate is cycled in and out of the SPR. The conjugate enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of this substrate into a fluorescent product, the fluorescence of which is measured at 450nm. When the assay is completed, the results are analyzed automatically by the instrument, and a test value is generated for each sample. This value is then compared to an internal reference and each result is interpreted (positive or negative).
Listeria is a gram-positive bacterium, motile by means of flagella. The current recognized species of Listeria are L.mono., L. innocua, L. grayi, L. murayi, L. lvanovii, L. welshimen and L. seeligeri. Listeria may also be an indicator of L.mono. Surveys of foods, plants and environments often show non-mono. species as a precursor to L. mono. Some studies suggest that 1-10% of humans may be intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Listeria has been found in at least 37 mammalian species, both domestic and feral, as well as at least 17 species of birds, and possibly some species of fish and shellfish. It can be isolated from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree.
LISTERIA - PCR- IQ-CHECK
This test is based on gene amplification, and detection by real-time PCR. During the PCR reaction, several cycles of heating and cooling allow DNA denaturation, by heat, followed by primers binding the target region. The DNA polymerase enzyme then uses these primers, and deoxynucleotide triphosphates to extend the DNA, creating copies of the target DNA called amplicons. In real-time PCR, specific oligoncleotide probes are used to detect the DNA during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. These probes are linked to a fluorophore that fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. In the absence of target DNA, no fluorescence will be detected, and the sample well will be determined negative.
Listeria is a Gram-positive bacterium, motile by means of flagella. The current recognized species of Listeria are L.mono., L. innocua, L. grayi, L. murayi, L. lvanovii, L. welshimen and L. seeligeri. Listeria may also be an indicator of L.mono. Surveys of foods, plants and environments often show non-mono. species as a precursor to L. mono. Some studies suggest that 1-10% of humans may be intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Listeria has been found in at least 37 mammalian species, both domestic and feral, as well as at least 17 species of birds and possibly some species of fish and shellfish. It can be isolated from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree.
LISTERIA - BAX
When Listeria is present in food or environmental samples, the genetic-based BAX® system uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly create (amplify) millions of copies of a unique, Listeria -specific DNA fragments through a heating and cooling process. After this process of amplification, the BAX system begins a detection phase where the fluorescent signal is measured. During this detection the temperature of the sample is raised to the point where the DNA strands separate, releasing a dye, and lowering the signal. The change in fluorescence can be plotted against temperature to generate a melting curve, which is interpreted by the BAX system.
Listeria is a gram-positive bacterium, motile by means of flagella. The current recognized species of Listeria are L.mono, L. innocua, L. grayi, L. murayi, L. lvanovii, L. welshimen and L. seeligeri. Listeria may also be an indicator of L.mono. Surveys of foods, plants and environments often show non-mono. species as a precursor to L. mono. Some studies suggest that 1-10% of humans may be intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Listeria has been found in at least 37 mammalian species, both domestic and feral, as well as at least 17 species of birds and possibly some species of fish and shellfish. It can be isolated from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree.
25g min
LISTERIA - USDA
Samples are weighed into pre-enrichment media, and incubated for 22 to 24 hours at 35°C±1°. Subsamples of the pre-enrichment culture are transferred into two selective enrichment broths, which are then incubated at 35°C ± 1°C for approximately 24 hours. Samples are then streaked to selective media. Presumptive growth is confirmed with biochemical assays and serological tests.
Listeria is a gram-positive bacterium, motile by means of flagella. The current recognized species of Listeria are L.mono, L. innocua, L. grayi, L. murayi, L. lvanovii, L. welshimen and L. seeligeri. Listeria may also be an indicator of L.mono. Surveys of foods, plants and environments often show non-mono. species as a precursor to L. mono. Some studies suggest that 1-10% of humans may be intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Listeria has been found in at least 37 mammalian species, both domestic and feral, as well as at least 17 species of birds and possibly some species of fish and shellfish. It can be isolated from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy, and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree.
SALMONELLA - VIDAS
The VIDAS Salmonella SLM is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay for the VIDAS automated system enabling the detection of Salmonella antigens using the ELFA technique (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay). The Solid Phase Receptacle (SPR) serves as the solid phase as well as the pipetting device for the assay. The interior of the SPR is coated with anti-Salmonella antibodies. The reagents for the assay are ready to use, and pre-dispensed in the sealed reagent strips. The sample is placed into the reagent strip by the user. Then the sample is cycled in, and out of the SPR for a specific length of time. The unbound sample components are washed away. Alkaline phosphatade-labeled polylonal antibodies are cycled in and out of the SPR and will bind to any Salmonella antigen captured on the SPR wall. Further wash steps remove unbound conjugate. During the final detection step, the substrate is cycled in and out of the SPR. The conjugate enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of this substrate into a fluorescent product, the fluorescence of which is measured. When the assay is completed, the results are analyzed automatically by the instrument and a test value is generated for each sample. This value is then compared to an internal reference, and each result is interpreted (positive or negative).
Salmonella is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium — (nonmotile exceptions are S. gallinarum and S. pullorum) –,nonsporeforming and gram-negative. There is a widespread occurrence in animals, especially in poultry and swine. Environmental sources of the organism include water, soil, insects, factory surfaces, kitchen surfaces, animal feces, raw meats, raw poultry, and raw seafoods. Salmonellosis is one of the most important food borne illnesses to tract. It differs from most other food borne diseases in that the number of organisms necessary to induce disease may be very low, especially in children and the infirmed. The FDA has established a zero tolerance for Salmonella in foods.
SALMONELLA - BAX
When Salmonella is present in food or environmental samples, the genetic-based BAX® system uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly create (amplify) millions of copies of a unique, Salmonella -specific DNA fragment through a heating and cooling process. After this process of amplification, the BAX system begins a detection phase where the fluorescent signal is measured. During this detection the temperature of the sample is raised to the point where the DNA strands separate, releasing a dye, and lowering the signal. The change in fluorescence can be plotted against temperature to generate a melting curve, which is interpreted by the BAX system.
Salmonella is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium — (nonmotile exceptions S. gallinarum and S. pullorum) –,nonsporeforming and gram-negative. There is a wide spread occurrence in animals, especially in poultry and swine. Environmental sources of the organism include water, soil, insects, factory surfaces, kitchen surfaces, animal feces, raw meats, raw poultry, and raw seafoods. Salmonellosis is one of the most important food borne illnesses to tract. It differs from most other food borne diseases in that the number of organisms necessary to induce disease may be very low, especially in children and the infirmed. The FDA has established a zero tolerance for Samonella in foods.
SALMONELLA - FDA/BAM
Samples are weighed into pre-enrichment media, and incubated for 22 to 24 hours at 35°C ± 1°C. Subsamples of the pre-enrichment culture are transferred into two selective enrichment broths, which are then incubated at 35°C ± 1°C for approximately 24 hours. Samples are then streaked to selective media. Presumptive growth is confirmed with biochemical assays and serological tests.
SALMONELLA - USDA
Salmonella is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium — (nonmotile exceptions are S. gallinarum and S. pullorum) –,nonsporeforming and gram-negative. There is a wide spread occurrence in animals, especially in poultry and swine. Environmental sources of the organism include water, soil, insects, factory surfaces, kitchen surfaces, animal feces, raw meats, raw poultry, and raw seafoods. Salmonellosis is one of the most important food borne illnesses to tract. It differs from most other food borne diseases in that the number of organisms necessary to induce disease may be very low, especially in children and the infirmed. The FDA has established a zero tolerance for Salmonella in foods.
SALMONELLA - USP
Samples are weighed into pre-enrichment media and incubated for 22 to 24 hours at 35°C ± 1°C. Subsamples of the pre-enrichment culture are transferred into two selective enrichment broths, which are then incubated at 35°C ± 1°C for approximately 24 hours. Samples are then streaked to selective media. Presumptive growth is confirmed with biochemical assays and serological tests.
10g/ml
USP<62>
SALMONELLA - SALMONELLA SEROLOGY
The purpose of serotyping is to determine which of the >2300 Salmonella serovars a specific isolate belongs. This is necessary for epidemiological purposes, and for looking for evidence of links between cases. Salmonella has changed over the years and is still evolving. Salmonella serovars belong to two species : S.enterica (six subspecies) and S.bongori (one subspecies). S. bongori contains 18 sevovars, and S. enterica which contains 2300 or more serovars, divided into six subspecies. The subspecies are defined based on the antigenic structure of somatic or cell wall (O) antigens, flagellar (H) antigens, and capsular (Vi) antigens. The antigenic formula gives the O antigen(s) first followed by the H antigen(s). For complete identification of Salmonella requires cultural isolation, biochemical characterization and serotyping.
Reported as Salmonella species
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - DIRECT PLATE COUNT
In this procedure the medium is used to asses the "total" or viable coagulase positive Staphylococcus growth of a sample. For products with a < 10 specification the sample would be prepared with a 1:10 dilution. The sample is then suspended onto 3 different Baird- Parker plates. Following the suspension the sample is then incubated for 45-48 hours. Once incubated, the plate will then be counted for presumptive colonies and recorded. The presumptive colonies will then be checked for coagulase activity, for the purpose of determining if the sample contains Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical bacterium (coccus) which on microscopic examination appears in pairs, short chains, or bunched, grape-like clusters. These organisms are gram-positive. S. aureus is highly vulnerable to destruction by heat treatment, and nearly all sanitizing agents. Thus, the presence of this bacterium or its enterotoxins in processed foods, or on food processing equipment is generally an indication of poor sanitation. Foods are examined for the presence of S. aureus and/or its enterotoxins to confirm that S. aureus is the causative agent of food borne illness, to determine whether a food is a potential source of "staph" food poisoning, and to demonstrate post-processing contamination, which is generally due to human contact or contaminated food-contact surfaces.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - Petrifilm
Petrifilm plates contain dry bacterial culture medium and a cold water soluble get. One milliliter of the diluted or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify and the plates are incubated. The resulting colonies are counted and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total microbial count per gram or ml.
Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical bacterium (coccus) which on microscopic examination appears in pairs, short chains, or bunched, grape-like clusters. These organisms are gram-positive. S. aureus is highly vulnerable to destruction by heat treatment and nearly all sanitizing agents. Thus, the presence of this bacterium or its enterotoxins in processed foods, or on food processing equipment is generally an indication of poor sanitation. Foods are examined for the presence of S. aureus and/or its enterotoxins to confirm that S. aureus is the causative agent of food borne illness, to determine whether a food is a potential source of "staph" food poisoning, and to demonstrate post-processing contamination, which is generally due to human contact or contaminated food-contact surfaces.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - MPN
For the MPN procedure, 11g of the sample is added with 99ml of a diluent. For the <.3 specification, a 1:1 dilution of the sample is prepared in double strength NaCl Trypticase Soy broth with Sodium Pyruvate. In addition, a 1:10 and 1:100 dilution is prepared in single strength NaCl Trypticase Soy broth with Sodium Pyruvate. The dilution series for the <3 specification, a 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000 dilution is made with single strength NaCl Trypticase Soy broth with Sodium Pyruvate. The dilutions are then incubated for 48 hrs. and examined for turbidity. If turbid, the dilutions are carried on to a separate Baird-Parker agar plate. The plate is then incubated for 48 hours and then examined for Staphylococcus and recorded.
MPN/g
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - USP
STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN - VIDAS
The VIDAS is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay for the VIDAS automated system enabling detection of Staphylococcus Enterotoxin antigens using the ELFA technique (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay). The Solid Phase Receptacle (SPR) serves as the solid phase as well as the pipetting device for the assay. The interior of the SPR is coated with anti-Staphylococcus Enterotoxin antibodies. The reagents for the assay are ready to use, and pre-dispensed in the sealed reagent strips. The sample is placed into the reagent strip by the user. Then the sample is cycled in and out of the SPR for a specific length of time. The unbound sample components are washed away. Alkaline phosphatade-labeled polylonal antibodies are cycled in and out of the SPR and will bind to any Staphylococcus Enterotoxin antigen captured on the SPR wall. Further wash steps remove unbound conjugate. During the final detection step, the substrate is cycled in and out of the SPR. The conjugate enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of this substrate into a fluorescent product, the fluorescence of which is measured at 450nm. When the assay is completed, the results are analyzed automatically by the instrument and a test value is generated for each sample. This value is then compared to an internal reference and each result is interpreted (positive or negative).
Food poisoning caused by ingestion of pre-formed, heat-stable enterotoxins produced by certain strains of Staphlococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of food poisoning worldwide.
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
A diluted sample is added to K.F. Streptococcus agar plates, incubated for two days, and the count obtained from the plates are considered a presumptive count.
Streptococci are facultative anaerobic, gram-positive, catalase-negative organisms that often occur as chains or pairs. Streptococci are subdivided into groups by antibodies that recognize surface antigens. These groups may include one or more species. The groups are labeled as A, B, C, D, F, and G. Only groups A and D can be transmitted to humans via food.
INDICATOR ORGANISMS
Acidophiles
Samples are dispensed in a sterile petri dish using two separate dilutions. MRS agar is poured over the sample, and swirled to mix. Agar is then allowed to harden. Next, the plates are inverted, and incubated at 35° C +1° C for approximately 3 days in a anaerobic environment. The number of acidophiles are enumerated. If presumptive, a catalyses test and a gram stain will be performed.
Acidophiles are organisms that can withstand and even thrive in acidic environments where the pH values range from 1 to 5. Acidophiles include certain types of eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea that are found in a variety of acidic environments.
Compendium of Microbiological Methods for the Examination of Foods
AEROBIC PLATE COUNT - Direct Plate Count
Samples may be plated directly, or diluted. A subsample is placed in a sterile petri dish, and plate count agar is poured over the sample. The dish is then swirled to mix, and the agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted, and incubated for approximately 48 hours at 35° C ± 1°C (32°C ± 1°C for dairy products). The number of colony-forming units is then counted.
The Aerobic Plate Count (APC) is used as an indicator of the level of bacteria in a food product. The APC does not measure the entire bacterial population, but rather the number of bacteria that grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobically), and at medium range (mesophilic) temperatures.
AOAC/ CMMEF/ FDA BAM
AEROBIC PLATE COUNT - Petrifilm
Petrifilm plates contain dry bacterial culture medium, and a cold water soluble get. One milliliter of the diluted, or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify, and the plates are incubated. The resulting colonies are counted, and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total microbial count per gram or ml.
The Aerobic Plate Count (APC) is used as an indicator of the level of bacteria in a food product. The APC does not measure the entire bacterial population, but rather the number of bacteria that grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobically) and at medium range (mesophilic) temperatures.
ANAEROBIC PLATE COUNT
Sample dilutions are prepared and pipetted into sterile petri dishes. Plate count agar is then poured and mixed well with sample's dilutions. The solidified agar plates are covered with thiglycollate agar medium. Plates are incubated under anaerobic conditions, examined for growth, and colonies are counted. Results are reported as colony forming units (CFU) by multiplying the counts with the dilution factor.
The Anaerobic Plate Count is used as an indicator of the level of bacteria in a food product. Anaerobes are defined as organisms that can live in the absence of oxygen. These organisms can contribute to the spoilage of the product.
Bacteria ID - RIBOPRINTER®- DNA STRAIN MATCHING
This system uses ribosomal RNA to characterize a bacterial sample, and then identifies it by comparing it with reference patterns in the RiboPrinter® Pattern Identification Database.
RiboGroup and Species Identification Reported
DuPont Qualicon
Bacteria ID - VITEK COMPACT 2 SYSTEM-BIOCHEMICAL
Information on Request.
The Vitek Compact 2 system uses four separate cards for the identification of gram-negative, gram-positive, aerobic spore-forming bacillus species, yeast and yeast like organisms, anaerobic organisms, and Corynebacterium species.
Species Identification Reported
COLIFORMS - CHROMOGENIC RAPID E.COLI. 2 PLATE COUNT
The principle of RAPID E.coli. 2 medium relies on simultaneous detection of two enzymatic activities, Beta-D-Glucuronidase (GLUC) and Beta-D Galactosidase (GAL). The medium contains two chromogenic substrates. One substrate is specific to GAL and results in blue green coloration of colonies positive for this enzyme and one substrate is specific to GLUC and results in violet coloration of colonies positive for this enzyme. Coliforms, other than E. coli., (GAL+/GLUC-) form blue to green colonies while, specifically, E. coli. (GAL+/GLUC+) form violet colonies. A count of total coliforms can be obtained by adding the number of blue colonies and the number of violet colonies. Differentiation of coliforms and specifically E. coli. is carried out by observing a simple color change reaction.
Coliform is not a taxonomic classification, but rather a working definition used to describe a group of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid, and gas within 48 hrs. at 35°C. The coliform group consists of 7 genera: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Their presence in food is generally regarded as an indicator of post process, and/or fecal contamination; thus the name "indicator organisms" is commonly applied to this group. The enumeration of coliforms is among the most commonly employed methods for assessing microbiological quality of foods.
COLIFORM - MPN
The bacteriological examination of food samples for the presence of coliform bacteria involves a three-step procedure. Each step depends on the type of sample being examined, and the information desired. The presumptive test involves inoculating fermentation tubes of lauryl sulfate tryptose (LST) broth with decimal multiples, and fractions of the sample under test. Three to five tubes are used for each fraction. The tubes are incubated for 48 ± 2 hours at 35°C ± 1°C, after which they are examined for turbidity and gas production. The absence of gas after 48 ± 2 hours constitutes a negative test. To confirm, all tubes showing gas production within 48 ± 2 hours are used to inoculate confirmatory fermentation tubes of brilliant green lactose bile (BGLB). The tubes of BGLB broth are incubated at 35°C ± 1° for 48 ± 2 hours. The formation of gas in any amount constitutes a positive confirmed test. From the reference of confirmed positive tubes at each dilution, the MPN is derived from the MPN tables.
Coliform is not a taxonomic classification, but rather a working definition used to describe a group of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid, and gas within 48 hrs. at 35°C. The coliform group consists of 7 genera: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Their presence in food is generally regarded as an indicator of post process and/or fecal contamination; thus the name "indicator organisms" is commonly applied to this group. The enumeration of coliforms is among the most commonly employed methods for assessing microbiological quality of foods.
COLIFORM - PETRIFILM
Petrifilm plates contain dry culture medium and a cold water soluble gel. One milliliter of the diluted or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify and the plates are incubated. Typical colonies of coliforms are counted and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total count for each per gram or ml.
Coliform is not a taxonomic classification, but rather a working definition used to describe a group of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that ferments lactose to produce acid and gas within 48 hrs. at 35°C. The coliform group consists of 7 genera: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Their presence in foods is generally regarded as an indicator of post process and/or fecal contamination; thus the name "indicator organisms" is commonly applied to this group. The enumeration of coliforms is among the most commonly employed methods for assessing microbiological quality of foods.
COLIFORM - VRB Plate Count
Violet Red Bile (VRB) agar is a standard method selective plating medium used for the presumptive phase of enumerating coliform bacteria in foods and dairy products. Those organisms of the coliform group are able to ferment lactose, and form purplish red colonies, 1-2 mm in diameter, generally surrounded by a reddish zone of precipitated bile.
Coliform is not a taxonomic classification, but rather a working definition used to describe a group of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid and gas within 48 hrs. at 35°C. The coliform group consists of 7 genera: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Their presence in food is generally regarded as an indicator of post process, and/or fecal contamination; thus the name "indicator organisms" is commonly applied to this group. The enumeration of coliforms is among the most commonly employed methods for assessing microbiological quality of foods.
E.COLI. (GENERIC) - CHROMOGENIC RAPID E.COLI 2 PLATE COUNT
The principle of RAPID E.coli. 2 medium relies on simultaneous detection of two enzymatic activities, Beta-D-Glucuronidase (GLUC) and Beta-D Galactosidase (GAL). The medium contains two chromogenic substrates. One substrate is specific to GAL, and results in blue green coloration of colonies positive for this enzyme, and one substrate is specific to GLUC and results in violet coloration of colonies positive for this enzyme. Coliforms, other than E. coli., (GAL+/GLUC-) form blue to green colonies while, specifically, E. coli. (GAL+/GLUC+) form violet colonies. A count of total coliforms can be obtained by adding the number of blue colonies, and the number of violet colonies. Differentiation of coliforms and E. coli. is carried out by observing a simple color change reaction.
E. coli. is widely distributed in the intestine of humans, and warm-blooded animals. E.coli. is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel, and part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host. E. coli. is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae , which includes many genera, including known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Although most strains of E. coli. are not regarded as pathogens, they can be opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in immunocompromised hosts.
E.COLI. (GENERIC) - MPN
The bacteriological examination of food samples for the presence of coliform bacteria involves a three-step procedure. Each step depends on the type of sample being examined, and the information desired. The presumptive test involves inoculating fermentation tubes of lauryl sulfate tryptose (LST) broth with decimal multiples, and fractions of the sample under test. Three to five tubes are used for each fraction. The tubes are incubated for 48 ± 2 hours at 35°C ± 1°C, after which they are examined for turbidity and gas production. The absence of gas after 48 ± 2 hours constitutes a negative test. All tubes showing gas production within 48 ± 2 hours are used to inoculate confirmatory fermentation tubes of EC broth. The tubes of EC broth are incubated in a 45.5°C ± 0.2°C water bath for 48 ± 2 hours. The formation of gas in any amount constitutes a positive confirmed fecal coliform test. For E. coli. confirmation growth is confirmed bio-chemically. From the reference of confirmed positive tubes at each dilution, the MPN is derived from the MPN tables.
E. coli. is widely distributed in the intestine of humans and warm-blooded animals, and is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel and part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host. E. coli. is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae , which includes many genera, including known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Although most strains of E. coli. are not regarded as pathogens, they can be opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in immunocompromised hosts.
E.COLI. (GENERIC) - USP
Sample is diluted and inoculated into a selective broth, and incubated at 33°C ± 2°C for 14 to 18 hrs. The sample is then transferred into MacConkey broth, and subcultured out onto MacConkey agar for 33°C + 2°C for 18 to 72 hrs.
E. coli. is widely distributed in the intestine of humans and warm-blooded animals. E.coli. is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel, and part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host. E. coli. is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae , which includes many genera, including known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Although most strains of E. coli. are not regarded as pathogens, they can be opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in immunocompromised hosts.
E.COLI. (GENERIC) - PETRIFILM
Petrifilm plates contain dry culture medium and a cold water soluble gel. One milliliter of the diluted or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify, and the plates are incubated. Typical colonies of coliforms or Escherichia coli are counted, and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total count for each per gram or mL.
E. coli. is widely distributed in the intestine of humans, and warm-blooded animals. E.coli. is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel and part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host. E. coli. is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae , which includes many genera, including known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Although most strains of E. coli. are not regarded as pathogens, they can be opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in immunocompromised hosts.
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE - VRBG PLATE COUNT
A dilution of the sample is prepared, and plated with VRBG agar. Typical colonies (purple with halos) are picked and confirmed bio-chemically.
Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative bacilli that contains more than 100 species of bacteria that normally inhabit the intestines of humans and animals. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are relatively small, non-spore forming bacilli. Some are motile, while others are not. Enterobacteriaceae is often used in food microbiology as an indicator organism. Their presence in the processed food may indicate inadequate treatment or post process contamination from the environment.
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE - PETRIFILM
Petrifilm plates contain dry culture medium, and a cold water soluble gel. One milliliter of the diluted or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify, and the plates are incubated. Typical colonies of are counted and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total count for each per gram or mL.
Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative bacilli that contains more than 100 species of bacteria that normally inhabit the intestine of humans and animals. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are relatively small, non-spore forming bacilli. Some are motile, while others are not. Enterobacteriaceae is often used in food microbiology as an indicator organism. Their presence in the processed food may indicate inadequate treatment or post process contamination from the environment.
FECAL COLIFORMS - MPN
The bacteriological examination of food samples for the presence of coliform bacteria involves a three-step procedure. Each step depends on the type of sample being examined and the information desired. The presumptive test involves inoculating fermentation tubes of lauryl sulfate tryptose (LST) broth with decimal multiples and fractions of the sample under test. Three to five tubes are used for each fraction. The tubes are incubated for 48 ± 2 hours at 35°C ± 1°C, after which they are examined for turbidity and gas production. The absence of gas after 48 ± 2 hours constitutes a negative test. All tubes showing gas production within 48 ± 2 hours are used to inoculate confirmatory fermentation tubes of EC broth, 2% broth using a flamed bacteriological loop or sterile disposable loop. The tubes of EC broth are incubated in a 45.5°C ± 0.2°C water bath for 48 ± 2 hours. The formation of gas in any amount constitutes a positive confirmed fecal coliform test. From the reference of confirmed positive tubes at each dilution, the MPN is derived from the MPN tables.
Coliform is not a taxonomic classification, but rather a working definition used to describe a group of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid and gas within 48 hrs. at 35°C. The coliform group consists of 7 genera: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Their presence in food is generally regarded as an indicator of post process and/or fecal contamination; thus the name "indicator organisms" is commonly applied to this group. The enumeration of coliforms is among the most commonly employed methods for assessing microbiological quality of foods.
The sample is plated to Bile Esculin agar and incubated for 24 hrs.
Fecal Streptococci are gram-postive bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus, and include the following speci: faecalis, faecium, avium, casseliflavus, gallinarum, durans, hirae, malodoratus, and mundtii. The source of these organisms is varied and includes the mouth and intestinal contents of warm-blooded animals, raw milk, insects, and plant material. Fecal Strep. is commonly found at low numbers in nonsterile foods where their presence often is not related to fecal contamination. A number of fecal streptococci can survive a wide variety of temperatures.
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA - TOTAL LAB
The samples are dispensed in a sterile petri dish using two separate dilutions. MRS agar is poured over the sample, and swirled to mix. Agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted and incubated at 35°C +1°C for approximately 3 days in a anaerobic environment.
Lactic acid bacteria are a group of related bacteria that produce lactic acid as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. These microbes are broadly used by us in the production of fermented food products, such as yogurt, cheeses, sauerkraut, and sausage. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry for several reasons. Their growth lowers both the carbohydrate content of the foods that they ferment, and the pH due to lactic acid production. It is this acidification process which is one of the most desirable side-effects of their growth. The pH may drop to as low as 4.0, low enough to inhibit the growth of most other microorganisms including the most common human pathogens, thus allowing these foods prolonged shelf life.
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA - HETEROFERMENTATIVE LACTOBACILLUS
This procedure uses MPN tubes containing MRS Broth. The tubes are incubated for 4 days at 35°C + 1°C and examined for gas production and turbidity indicating the possible presence of Heterofermentative Lactobacilli. The MRS broth is then examined microscopically to exclude yeast, and confirm the presence of gram-positive bacilli.
Lactic acid bacteria are a group of related bacteria that produce lactic acid as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. These microbes are broadly used in the production of fermented food products, such as yogurt, cheeses, sauerkraut, and sausage. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry for several reasons. Their growth lowers both the carbohydrate content of the foods that they ferment, and the pH due to lactic acid production. It is this acidification process which is one of the most desirable side-effects of their growth. The pH may drop to as low as 4.0, low enough to inhibit the growth of most other microorganisms including the most common human pathogens, thus allowing these foods prolonged shelf life.
PROTEOLYTIC COUNT
Proteolytic bacteria are protease-producing microorganisms that break down protein in food and result in foul odors. Proteolytic enzymes produced by psychrotrophic bacteria during growth in milk often remain active after HTST and UHT heat treaments, and they reduce the quality of stored heat-treated products. Tests for proteolytic bacteria may be useful in identifying practices during handling, and storage of raw or processed milk that can cause contamination of products.
SMEDP
Samples are weighed and dispensed into two dilutions of two different selective agars, and incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 35°C ± 2°C. Samples are then examined and counted. Presumptive growth is confirmed with biochemical assays and serological tests.
Pseudomonas is a gram-negative, aerobic rod belonging to the bacterial family Pseudomonadaceae. Like other members of the genus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living bacterium, commonly found in soil and water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning that it exploits some break in the host defenses to initiate an infection.
PSYCHROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT
Samples are diluted, and a subsample is placed in a sterile petri dish. Standard Methods agar is poured over the sample and swirled to mix. Agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted and incubated at 7°C +1°C for approximately 10 days. The Bacteria is identified and the colonies are counted.
Psychrotrophs are microorganisms that grow in food at refrigeration temperatures. They can produce visible growth at 7°C ± 1° C within 7-10 days, regardless of their optimal growth temperature. Psychrotrophs include bacteria, yeast, and molds. The bacteria include rods, cocci, and vibrios; spore formers and non-sporeformers; gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and anaerobes.
SPORES - THERMOPHILLIC AEROBIC
Spore forming bacteria are of special concern to those involved in food processing. Spores and bacteria are present almost everywhere in the environment, and food processing facilities are no exception. When sporeforming bacteria encounter nutrient deprivation, and dense population conditions, they undergo a developmental process called sporulation, which results in the production of resistant, metabolically inactive spores. The spores are highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperatures, acids, and disinfectants. Normal pasteurization will kill pathogens, and most vegetative cells; however, it will not destroy bacterial spores. The spores may then reside dormant in the product or if conditions are met, such as when milk powder is reconstituted, they can germinate, and through enzymatic activity cause spoilage of the product.
CFU/10g
SPORES - THERMOPHILLIC ANAEROBIC
Spore forming bacteria are of special concern to those involved in food processing. The non-hydrogen sulfide producing thermophilic anaerobic sporeformers are classified in the family Bacillaceae, genus Clostridium. The organisms produce acid and an abudance of gas from glucose, lactose, sucrose, salicin, and starch. Neither toxins nor infections are produced; therefore, the organisms are of spoilage, but not of public health significance. The most notable characteristic of these organisms is the heat resistance exhibited by the spores. Therefore, their survival in canned foods is not unexpected, but thermophilic anaerobes are rarely found in foods processed above 121° C.
SPORES - MESOPHILLIC AEROBIC
The mesophilic spore-formers include most of the common spoilage and disease organisms. In this procedure the sample is heated, and subcultured into Standard Methods agar. Then the sample is incubated, and the bacterial colonies are counted and the spore count calculated.
Mesophilic spore forming bacteria are moderate temperature loving microbes that have an optimum growth temperature of 25°C to 40°C. The mesophilic spore formers include most of the common spoilage and disease organisms.
SPORES - IRON SULFITE
Applicable for the enumeration of Iron Sulfite spores.
Sulfide spoilage is relatively rare; although, it may occur in canned sweet corn, peas, mushroom products, infant formulas, and other non-acid foods. Most isolates from sulfide spoilage achieve optimum growth at 55°C. It is also non-existent in acid foods because of the pH requirements for the growth to occur. Products that suffer from this spoilage possess a strong odor of hydrogen sulfide; however, exhibit no other putrefactive odor. The cause of sulfide spoilage is a combination of high spore counts, the heat resistance of the spores, and the holding of finished product at elevated temperatures.
Thermophiles
This procedure uses Standard Methods agar incubated at 55°C + 1°C for 48 hrs.
Thermophilic organisms may or may not be destroyed by the thermal process. When present,these organisms are able to rapidly increase in numbers in milk or dairy products held at temperatures in the thermophilic growth range (40°C to 90°C with an optimal range of 55°C to 65°C)for long periods of time. Acceptable levels for thermophilic bacteria vary according to sample type, stage of processing, and future usage.
Yeast and Mold - OSMOPHILIC YEAST
Samples are diluted and subsamples are placed in sterile petri dishes. MY40G agar is poured over the sample and swirled to mix. Agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted and incubated at 30° C + 1°C for approximately 5 days. The number of yeast and mold colonies are counted.
The large and diverse group of microscopic foodborne yeasts and molds (fungi) includes several hundred species. The ability of these organisms to attack many foods is due in large part to their relatively versatile environmental requirements. Although the majority of yeasts and molds are obligate aerobes (require free oxygen for growth), their acid/alkaline requirement for growth is quite broad, ranging from pH 2 to above pH 9. Their temperature range (10-35°C) is also broad, with a few species capable of growth below or above this range. Moisture requirements of foodborne molds are relatively low; most species can grow at a water activity (aw) of 0.85 or less, although yeasts generally require a higher water activity. Both yeasts and molds cause various degrees of deterioration and decomposition of foods. They can invade and grow on virtually any type of food at any time. They invade crops such as grains, nuts, beans, and fruits in fields before harvesting and during storage. They also grow on processed foods and food mixtures. Several foodborne molds, and possibly yeasts, may also be hazardous to human or animal health because of their ability to produce toxic metabolites known as mycotoxins. Most mycotoxins are stable compounds that are not destroyed during food processing or home cooking. Even though the generating organisms may not survive food preparation, the preformed toxin may still be present.
YEAST AND MOLD - PLATE COUNT, PDA
The samples are diluted and a subsample is placed in a sterile petri dish. Potato Dextrose agar is poured over the sample and swirled to mix. Agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted and incubated at 22°C to 25°C for approximately 5 days. The number of mold and yeast colonies are counted.
YEAST AND MOLD - PLATE COUNT, DRCB
Typically PDA agar is used in the detection of yeast and mold. Plates are incubated for a specified time concerning the agar, normally no longer than 5 days. Other common agars used are CRB (Cooke Rose Bengal), or DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol) coupled with an antibiotic to prevent bacterial growth.
YEAST AND MOLD - PRESERVATIVE RESISTANT YEAST
The samples are diluted and subsamples are placed in sterile petri dishes. Standard Methods agar is poured over the sample and swirled to mix. Agar is allowed to harden. Plates are inverted and incubated at 25°C +1°C for approximately 5 days. The number of yeast colonies are counted.
YEAST AND MOLD - SIMPLATE-(COMBINED COUNT)
Simplate for yeast and mold indicator method is used for the detection, and quantification of yeast and mold in foods. It is based on binary detection technology which equates the presence of yeast and mold to the presence of a color change in the medium. The medium is inoculated with a prepared sample, dispensed into a Simplate device and incubated for a minimum of 56 hours. The medium changes color in the presence of yeast and/or mold.
YEAST AND MOLD - USP
Sample is diluted into a 1:10 dilution, and pipetted onto two separate petri dishes. Next, 15 to 20 ml of a selective agar is poured over the sample. Finally, the dishes are inverted and incubated at 23°C + 2°C for 5 to 7 days.
The large and diverse group of microscopic foodborne yeasts and molds (fungi) includes several hundred species. The ability of these organisms to attack many foods is due in large part to their relatively versatile environmental requirements. Although the majority of yeasts and molds are obligate aerobes (require free oxygen for growth), their acid/alkaline requirement for growth is quite broad, ranging from pH 2 to above pH 9. Their temperature range (10-35°C) is also broad, with a few species capable of growth below or above this range. Moisture requirements of foodborne molds are relatively low; most species can grow at a water activity (aw) of 0.85 or less, although yeasts generally require a higher water activity. Both yeasts and molds cause various degrees of deterioration and decomposition of foods. They can invade and grow on virtually any type of food at any time. They invade crops such as grains, nuts, beans, and fruits in fields before harvesting and during storage. They also grow on processed foods and food mixtures. Several foodborne molds, and possibly yeasts, may also be hazardous to human or animal health because of their ability to produce toxic metabolites known as mycotoxins. Most mycotoxins are stable compounds that are not destroyed during food processing or homecooking. Even though the generating organisms may not survive food preparation, the preformed toxin may still be present.
YEAST AND MOLD - PETRIFILM
Petrifilm plates contain dry culture medium, and a cold water soluble gel. One milliliter of the diluted or undiluted sample is applied to the petrifilm plate. The test suspension is spread out over the surface of the plate by a plastic spreader placed on the overlay film. The water soluble gel is allowed to solidify, and the plates are incubated. Typical colonies of coliforms or Escherichia coli are counted and multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the total count for each per gram or ml.
Microbiology Brochure Download


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text:
Air Force defends use of Arrow system against Syrian missile
'Our mission is to detect and deflect [the] threat [of incoming missiles], and that is exactly what happened'
Head of military's air defense program says surface-to-air missile contained 'hundreds of kilograms' of explosives and was headed for Israel
By Judah Ari Gross	20 March 2017, 7:12 pm 1 Edit
Judah Ari Gross is The Times of Israel's military correspondent.
From right, Moshe Patel, head of the Defense Ministry's missile program, David Ivri, president of Boeing-Israel, Brig. Gen. Tzvika Haimovitch, head of the army's Aerial Defense Command, Boaz Levi, vice president of IAI's missile division, Danny Gold, the former head of the ministry's missile program, and Brig. Gen. William Cooley, of the US Air Force, stand in front of a Arrow 3 missile defense system that was delivered to the Israeli Air Force on January 18, 2017. (Defense Ministry)
The head of the army's Aerial Defense Command on Monday defended the military's use of the Arrow defense system against a Syrian surface-to-air missile last week, saying the projectile "behaved like a ballistic threat."
Early Friday morning, Israeli aircraft conducted several airstrikes against targets in Syria, the Israel Defense Forces said afterwards, in a rare acknowledgment of responsibility. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu later said the raids struck advanced Hezbollah weaponry.
On the planes' return trip, Syrian President Bashar Assad's military launched three surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) at them.
Two of the SAMs landed harmlessly, while the third was intercepted by an Arrow 2 missile.
Jordanians inspect the remains of a Syrian missile and an Israeli Arrow interceptor that fell in Jordan on March 17, 2017 (Jordanian government/Petra)
"Our mission is to detect and deflect [the] threat [of incoming missiles], and that is exactly what happened," said Brig. Gen. Tzvika Haimovitch, head of the army's Aerial Defense Command.
The early Friday morning interception, which was the first reported operational use of the Arrow, has garnered skepticism, if not outright criticism, as it was not immediately clear why the system was used against a surface-to-air missile, which generally don't pose a threat to those on the ground.
The general told reporters that the intercepted SAM contained "hundreds of kilograms" of explosive material and was headed toward the Jordan Valley.
The SAM could have posed a threat to people on the ground, which justified the use of an Arrow 2 missile, reported to cost nearly NIS 3 million (some $827,000).
"We need to defend the State of Israel. We will not save [money]. We will engage," he said.
Archive: Former US National Security Advisor Susan Rice, views the Arrow 2 intercepting missile launcher at the Palmachim Israeli Air Force base in central Israel during her visit to the country on May 9, 2014. (Hadas Parush/Flash 90)
Haimovitch confirmed that the decision to launch the Arrow 2 was made by a person, not by a computer.
"Although it is a state of the art system," he said, "a [person] should approve each target."
During the conversation with reporters, the air force general also discussed the roll-out of the David's Sling missile defense system, which is meant to complete Israel's umbrella of protection against projectiles, from short-range rockets to intercontinental ballistic missiles.
The general denied reports that the Syrian missile had, in fact, been a Scud ballistic missile.
"As far as I know," he said, the SAM was a Russian SA-5, also known as an S-200.
The air force general also said that only one Arrow 2 interceptor missile had been used in the incident, dismissing reports that multiple missiles were fired.
A long-range S-200 missile is fired in a military drill in the port city of Bushehr, on the northern coast of Persian Gulf, Iran, Dececember 29, 2016. (Amir Kholousi, of the semi-official Iranian Student News Agency (ISNA) via AP, File)
Asked if this use against a surface-to-air missile was revolutionary or a recent development, as the system is designed to specifically counter ballistic missiles, Haimovitch said: "It doesn't matter the title, name or category of the threat, once it behaves like a ballistic trajectory target."
Speaking on Syrian state TV on Sunday, Syria's ambassador to the UN, Bashar al-Jaafari, said the Syrian response was "appropriate and in line with Israel's terrorist operation," and that Israel "will now think a million times [before striking again]," according to a translation cited in Ynet.
That threat has apparently not been a deterrent. Since Friday's incident, foreign media has reported two more IAF strikes in Syria, one on Sunday and one on early Monday morning.
Israeli ambassador to the UN Danny Danon hit back at the Syrian envoy on Monday, calling him hypocritical for describing Israel's airstrike Friday on a Hezbollah weapons convoy in Syrian territory as a "terrorist operation," while boasting of Syria's retaliatory missile attacks as a game-changer.
IAF Israeli Air Force
Tzvika Haimovitch
IDF Israel Defense Forces
Arrow anti-missile defense system
Syria airstrikes
Backing gay conversion therapy, new education minister elicits fresh uproar
By Jacob Magid
Rafi Peretz pilloried by opposition parties, with multiple calls for his resignation; Netanyahu: Statements unacceptable, do not reflect the position of the government
Corbyn claims BBC report on anti-Semitism in Labour full of 'inaccuracies'
PM hopeful condemns bigotry, defends party and says TV program producers adopted 'premeditated position' before airing broadcast
Barak defends business ties to Epstein, derides focus on issue as political spin
Israel Democratic Party chief says at the time of their dealings, the disgraced financier had paid his debt to society; warns left 'not to fall into this trap'
Pointing to map of Israel, Hezbollah leader specifies the targets his terror group could hit, claims its precision missiles can reach Eilat
UK says Iran tanker will be freed after guarantees on destination
Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt asserts London not seeking escalation of tensions with Tehran, but wants assurances ship not heading for Syria
Wimbledon champ says anti-Semitism led top UK club to snub her for decades
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


U-shaped bristle design surrounds braces to improve cleaning and mouth feel. All tapered bristles to provide good mouth feel for teeth and gums.
U-shaped bristle design surrounds braces to improve cleaning and mouth feel. All tapered bristles to provide good mouth feel for teeth and gum.


text:
Mahindra and Mahindra
M&M to invest over Rs 150 crore in Bengal
The regional distribution centre will help better distribution and logistics management for the Rs 2000 crore spare parts business it does in this part of the countryPTI | Updated: October 15, 2015, 19:07 IST
KOLKATA: Automotive major Mahindra & Mahindra after raising land issue for industry before the West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee said it lined up a token investment proposal of Rs 150-200 crore in the state.
"We are planning to have a regional distribution centre at Kharagpur that would entail an investemnt of Rs 150-200 crore," Mahindra & Mahindra executive director Pawan Goenka.
The regional distribution centre will help better distribution and logistics management for the Rs 2000 crore spare parts business it does in this part of the country.
The centre will require only a few acres of land (10-15 acres). Currently, no person can hold more than 24 acres in the state. An investor with more than 24 acres has to apply to the government under section 14Y of the Act urging it to raise the ceiling.
The government then vests the land above 24 acres and returns the excess land to the person for industrial and commercial use. The government now becomes the owner of the ceiling surplus land and the purchaser a lessee.
Asked whether Mahindra was planning any major investment that would require large track of land, Goenka said, the company do not have any automotive making plan in Bengal at least for the next 5-6 years but he asked on behalf of the industry.
Adding further about the regional distribution centre, he said it would take 18-24 months to complete it.
Tags : Industry, West Bengal, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, M&M, Kolkata, investment


text:
Bandits bounce back with first win of OJCLL season
The Junior C Caledon Bandits are here to play.
The lacrosse club made a bold statement in a blowout of the Halton Hills Bulldogs on Monday, already matching their win total from the 2018 Ontario Junior C Lacrosse League season in just their second game of the year.
It seemed to be the Bulldogs game for the taking early on, going up a quick 5 – 1 on the Bandits after the first period at the Mold-Master Sportplex, with 2018 leading scorer Andrew Rybka notching Caledon's only goal.
Rybka and his squad exploded out of the gate to start the second, managing five goals in the first ten minutes to take the lead, one they never relinquished in an eventual 13 – 9 win.
A staple on the team since April of last year, Rybka led all players on the floor in posting an impressive seven points in the game, including four tallies.
Trevor Wilson picked up his first Junior C win with the Bandits between the pipes.
Caledon's thirteen goals was more than the 2018 incarnation of the team was able to render in a game all season, having only mustered double digits on one occasion.
The Bandit's sophomore game came on the heels of a surprise back-and-forth affair against the Wilmot Wild the previous Sunday, perennial contenders and the eliminators of the Bandits in last season's first round.
With the veterans looking to exact some revenge from the 2018 playoffs, the Bandits took a 6 – 5 lead late into the third period thanks to second-year scorer Jarrett Petrie, though a pair of quick goals from the home team Wild kept the Bandits at bay.
It's a strong statement by the Bandits early in the season, who will be looking to reach the second round of the OJCLL playoffs for the first time in six years. In unfortunate news for lacrosse, yet arguably good news for the Bandits and the rest of the OJCLL's West division, the powerhouse Six Nation Warriors announced in early April they will not be putting a team on the floor in 2019. The Mimico Mountaineers are also taking a leave of absence.
With the addition of the Barrie Bombers, that leaves the Bandits pitted against Wilmot, Barrie, Halton Hills, Oakville, Brantford, and Fergus to battle it out in the West.
Their 1 – 1 record has them in the middle of the pack early on. The next test comes May 15 at Mayfield Arena in hosting the Barrie Bombers, one of a string of Wednesday home games running until the end of May.
Opening faceoff is set for 8p.m.


text:
L'Austin Challenger 1979 è stato un torneo di tennis facente parte della categoria ATP Challenger Series nell'ambito dell'ATP Challenger Series 1979. Il torneo si è giocato a Austin negli Stati Uniti dal 3 al 9 dicembre 1979 su campi in cemento.

Vincitori

Singolare

 Peter Rennert ha battuto in finale  Robert Van't Hof 6-3, 4-6, 7-5

Doppio

 Anand Amritraj /  John Austin hanno battuto in finale  Steve Denton /  Mark Turpin 6-1, 6-2

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Well, aren't ya'll just loving all the new stuff from My Favorite Things? Welcome to the MFT Blog Hop and Shop! You should have roamed over here from Lisa's blog, but if you just happened pop in, you might want to see all the MFT goodness by starting over on Kim's blog. There's so much new stuff, you'd be remiss to not check it all out! The MFT DT rocks!!
Ok, the next stop on this hop is FRANCES! I know she's going to rock your socks, too, so tell her I said Hi!!
SUSIE Q-TIP: When you just want a little bit of ribbon accent rather than a bow or ribbon all the way across the card, try making one of these embellishments and just glue it on. I punched a circle from the orange cardstock and poked 2 holes in it, resembling the button. Then just run twine up from the bottom through the two holes, making sure to include the scrap of ribbon underneath the "button stack" so that it gets tied on the bottom. Tie a knot or bow and trim the end of the twine and ribbon to your liking. Hot Glue is your friend when you are ready to adhere it to your project. Do we need a tutorial?
That is a great card, and a great little tip about the ribbon. Thanks for sharing your talent with us!
ACK! How cute is this Susie! Love the colors you put together!
LOVE your card and the colors...thanks for the tip too..I'll have to try it out because I love the look it gives.
Such a cute card! I love these bright colors and Fred always makes me giggle!
Lovely card. I must say that I just enjoy following your blog. Your work is awesome. Thanks for sharing ideas on this die-namics!!
This is incredible Susan! I just love the colours on here!
Oh how cute!!! Stinkin cute!!!
well done and thanks for the inspiration.
How very cute I love your work always love your work you have such great eye for color and putting it all together. thanks for the inspiration and for sharing.
LOVE this!!! Love the papers, the layout, the sun & the border die on the side & of course fred... Mr. Bear is set up in a perfect fun bright summery scene.... awesome card!
How absolutely adorable is this?? Such a summery card!
Woohooo!! Love this BEAR!!! great card!! So very summery!!! Love it!!!
There are SO many things I like about your card. The color scheme and the layers are the first that grab my eye! I also LOVE how you used the blue toned patterned paper on your sun! What a fresh idea! Thanks s much for the inspiration.
So cute! Love the layout, paper, just so fun!
Aaaaaw he's so cute. Love that jumbo scalloped die....awesome.
Love the open jumbo die. So cute.
WOW this is so adorable!!! Love this cute image, great colors and fun layout!
LOVE LOVE LOVE this Sue! FAB layout and papers!!
love your ribbon tip! sometimes just that little bit is all you need! OMG! your card is just the CUTEST! one of my fave color combos right now.
Love your card! Those papers together with that adorable beach bear and all your details all add up to an irresistable card!
OMGOSH this card is stinkin' cute! I love your coloring and that border is awesome! Love it!
How Sweet is this card!!! I love how you did the sun, it's perfect!! You are super talented! I love coming and stalking your blog!
Oh, this card is so fun!! Love how you did it.
I just love this image. It makes me want to head to the beach!
So perfectly adorable, Susan! Love the aqua and orange together - perfect for summer!
That is a super neat ribbon/button embellie! Thanks for explaining how to do it.


There has been some debate about the implications on openly carrying a firearm and police interactions. Can a police officer stop a citizen seen openly carrying a firearm (on property not owned by him or under his control) simply to check to see if the citizen has a License to Carry?
While I respect the arguments by some of my colleagues that a person can not be detained and questioned simply because they are seen openly carrying a firearm, they are incorrect. As I will explain further below, the statutes relating to the carry of firearms specifically permit officers to do so. As I have said before, by choosing to openly carry a firearm, you are giving the police an excuse to stop you and question you.
Under Section 411.205 of the Texas Government Code you must produce your license to carry on demand. This is in essence a waiver of a citizens ordinary right not to be stopped, ID'd and questioned without reasonable suspicion they are engaged in (or have been engaged in) criminal activity. If you fail to produce the license would then be reasonable suspicion to detain.
One interesting aspect of this situation is: what is the penalty for failure to produce your license on demand? Technically there is no specific penalty for not doing so, but an argument could be made that you are violating the Texas Penal Code by Interfering with Official duties of the law enforcement officer. The Department of Public Safety could come up with a penalty in this situation, I would be on the look-out for this to happen over the next few years.
It is also important to note that if a law enforcement officer sees a person carrying a handgun (while not on the persons own property, motor vehicle or watercraft), he then has reasonable suspicion to believe the person is violating Texas law by Unlawfully Carrying a Weapon under Texas Penal Code 46.02. Yes, it is true that an exception is carved out for those Licensed to Carry a firearm under 46.15(b)(6), an officer can investigate to see if the person qualifies for this exception.


IN THE VANISHER'S PALACE resonates with the story of Beauty and the Beast without being anything as literal as a retelling of it. A post-apocalyptic Vietnamese setting seamlessly blends myth and science is a way vaguely reminiscent of Anne McAffrey but with a completely different cultural context and aesthetic. The basic story is about Yên, a poor scholar abducted by a beguiling but dangerous dragon to be a teacher for her strange children. The story, romance, and revealing of what is happening in the wider world around them occurs at a perfect pace and arrives at a satisfying conclusion.
I found the writing style just a little disjointed in the first few pages but eventually got into the flow of it. If I have any complaint it might be that nested into the richness of the world, culture, and relationships sometimes the actual personality of the two female protagonists did not seem quite as multi-dimensional in terms of what the basis was for their attraction to each other and some of their more extreme actions and reactions. But perhaps I am just not appreciating some of the story's subtleties. The tone of the book is somewhere between science fantasy, romance, and literary but the beautifully illustrated cover gives a good introduction to what is within.


text:
Прізвище

Гу́бін () — російське прізвище, утворене від прізвиська Губа.

 Губін Андріан Макарович (1913—1944) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Андрій Вікторович ( 1974) — російський співак.
 Губін Володимир Володимирович (1904—1972) — радянський діяч органів держбезпеки, генерал-лейтенант.
 Губін Георгій Вікторович ( 1931) — український вчений, доктор технічних наук, професор.
 Губін Євген Іванович (1923—1991) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Іван Архипович (1922—1982) — радянський військово-політичний діяч.
 Губін Костянтин Якович (1902—1989) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Микола Григорович (1923—1998) — повний кавалер ордена Слави.
 Губін Микола Іванович (1914—1988) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Михайло Олександрович (1915—1943) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Назар Петрович (1918—1941) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
 Губін Олексій (Леонід) Іванович (1926—1995) — український письменник, журналіст.
 Губін Павло Дмитрович (1919—1986) — Герой Соціалістичної Праці.
 Губін Петро Наумович (1909—?) — Герой Соціалістичної Праці.

Жінки
 Губіна Лариса Іванівна ( 1972) — українська телеведуча.
 Губіна Марія Михайлівна (1927—1999) — Герой Соціалістичної Праці.

Топонім

 Ґубін — місто в західній Польщі
 Ґубін — сільська гміна у північно-західній Польщі

Див. також
 Губин


Tales of Hearts: Translator's Cut Demo Patch Out!
Everyone else was releasing something, so we didn't want to feel left out.
I thought I'd do something a little different this time: I will read and respond to selected comments from a sampling of the various fans I appear to have acquired over the course of my internet superstar career (?). This should help alleviate any concerns that I never listen to commenters.
Tales producer Hideo Baba has promised that more high-quality, inspired remakes like Tales of Innocence: R are on the way. Well, there's at least one that's confirmed!
Totally for real, this time.


text:
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Input;
using Windows.UI.Core;
using Windows.UI.Popups;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Media.Imaging;
using UwpHelpers.Controls.Common;
using UwpHelpers.Controls.Extensions;
using UwpHelpers.Examples.Annotations;

namespace UwpHelpers.Examples.ViewModels
{
    public class HttpClientExtensionsViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private BitmapImage downloadedImage;
        private string downloadedString;
        private double downloadProgress;
        private bool isBusy;
        private string isBusyMessage;
        private ICommand downloadImageCommand;

        public HttpClientExtensionsViewModel()
        {

        }

        #region properties

        public BitmapImage DownloadedImage
        {
            get { return downloadedImage; }
            set { downloadedImage = value; OnPropertyChanged(); }
        }

        public string DownloadedString
        {
            get { return downloadedString; }
            set { downloadedString = value; OnPropertyChanged();}
        }

        public double DownloadProgress
        {
            get { return downloadProgress; }
            set { downloadProgress = value; OnPropertyChanged(); }
        }

        public bool IsBusy
        {
            get { return isBusy; }
            set { isBusy = value; OnPropertyChanged();}
        }

        public string IsBusyMessage
        {
            get { return isBusyMessage; }
            set { isBusyMessage = value; OnPropertyChanged();}
        }

        public ICommand DownloadImageCommand => downloadImageCommand ?? (downloadImageCommand=new DelegateCommand(async ()=> await GetImageAsync()));

        #endregion

        #region methods and event handlers

        private async Task GetImageAsync()
        {
            IsBusy = true;
            DownloadProgress = 0;

            //hook into the ProgressChanged event, this is where the progress is reported (note there is a DownloadProgresseventArgs in Windows.Imaging but we're using our own
            var reporter = new Progress<DownloadProgressArgs>();
            reporter.ProgressChanged += Reporter_ProgressChanged;

            try
            {
                IsBusy = true;

                var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
                if (handler.SupportsAutomaticDecompression)
                    handler.AutomaticDecompression = DecompressionMethods.Deflate | DecompressionMethods.GZip;

                var bigImageUrl = $"http://www.tomswallpapers.com/images/201505/tomswallpapers.com_28074.jpg?dontCacheMeBro={DateTime.Now.Ticks}";

                //be a good citizen and dispose the stream
                using (var imageStream = await new HttpClient(handler).DownloadStreamWithProgressAsync(bigImageUrl, reporter))
                {
                    //I'm using BitmapImage, but do what you want with the returnes Stream (to disk, to LumiaSDK effect, to Win2D effect, etc)

                    DownloadedImage = new BitmapImage();
                    await DownloadedImage.SetSourceAsync(imageStream.AsRandomAccessStream());
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($"HttpClientExtensionsViewModel.GetImageAsync Exception\r\n{ex}");
                await new MessageDialog("Whoops, something went wrong downloading the image. See Debug Output for details").ShowAsync();
            }
            finally
            {
                reporter.ProgressChanged -= Reporter_ProgressChanged;
                IsBusy = false;
                IsBusyMessage = "";
            }
        }

        //This is the event handler to update your UI of progress (there is no need to use UI Dispatcher)
        private void Reporter_ProgressChanged(object sender, DownloadProgressArgs e)
        {
            DownloadProgress = e.PercentComplete;
            IsBusyMessage = $"downloading {e.PercentComplete.ToString("N2")}%";
        }

        #endregion

        #region INPC

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        [NotifyPropertyChangedInvocator]
        protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
        {
            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Intel Core i3 6100 3.7GH ..
EssentialsStatus LaunchedLaunch Date Q3'15Processor Number i3-6100Intel® Smart Cache 3 MBDMI3 8 GT/s..
Intel Core i3 6100T 3.2G ..
Specifications-EssentialsStatus LaunchedLaunch Date Q3'15Processor Number i3-6100TIntel® Smart Cache..
Intel Core i5 6400 2.7GHz..
Specifications-EssentialsStatus LaunchedLaunch Date Q3'15Processor Number i5-6400Intel® Smart Cache ..
Intel Core i5 6500 3.2GHz..
Intel Core i5 6600 3.3GHz..
General informationTypeCPU / MicroprocessorMarket segmentDesktopFamilyIntel Core i5Model number ? i..
Intel Core i5 6600K 3.5GH..
***Please note – no cpu cooling included. Please choose from accessories the cpu cooler that will su..
Intel Core i7 6700 3.4GHz..
TypeCPU / MicroprocessorMarket segmentDesktopFamilyIntel Core i7Model number ? i7-6700CPU part numb..
Intel Core i7 6700K 4GHz ..


Image copyright notice: Un-Cruise Adventures retains the copyright to all of the photographs and video that our employees take, using company equipment, onboard our vessels and grant our guests the non-exclusive, royalty free, perpetual right to personally use and share these images. These images may NOT be used for the sales, marketing or promotion of companies other than Un-Cruise Adventures or sold for personal or corporate gain. Please contact us at marketing@un-cruise.com if you have any questions or need clarification.


The procurement function will "fall behind" and suffer a wider skills gap if organisations do not proactively pilot internet of things (IoT) technology.
Robert Handfield, executive director of Supply Chain Resource Cooperative, said many procurement managers today were "frozen" when confronted with new technology and lacked the skills to implement it.
"The only way they are going to develop these skills is literally by throwing themselves into that environment and learning as they go – through experimentation, through pilots – and in my mind, many organisations aren't willing to move forward and invest in piloting this new technology, which is how you learn," he said.
During a Zycus webinar panel discussion on getting procurement ready for the emergence of IoT, Handfield noted that the technology would primarily be used as a way to collect and categorise data and it would be the role of procurement professionals to use the data to make decisions.
"IoT is the next phase in the development of decision making where we will get better information, better raw data but the key to unlocking its potential benefits rests on being able to analyse that data," he said.
"If you look at the smart grid today for instance in energy, there are these homes that have sensors broadcasting data but utility companies still don't really know how to use that information."
However, Jon Hansen, editor and lead writer of website Procurement Insights, questioned whether the procurement function by nature struggled to "keep up" with emerging technology, which would affect its adoption of IoT.
He pointed to the Deloitte Global Chief Procurement Officer Survey 2017 that involved 480 procurement leaders in 36 countries. The survey revealed 87% of respondents agreed talent drives procurement performance but 62% also noted there was currently a large skills gap across analytical abilities.
He said more than 60% of CPOs surveyed believed their teams currently lack the skills needed to delivery their procurement strategies.
"As we get into the IoT world and artificial intelligence, will the skills gap get even worse? Now not only do we have the lack of skills within our own capabilities prior to digital transformation, but also the introduction of new technology might just exacerbate that gap further," he said.
Mark Hubbard, managing director at consultancy Smart Brown Dog, agreed the procurement function was constantly "playing catch up" when it came to acquiring the skills to use technology to its advantage.
"When we had a surge of activity in e-auctions areas of purchasing, there was clearly a degree of skill that is necessary to use that technology effectively but most organisations have a very limited pool of people who have fully grasped the skill levels that are required, and that's been happening for around eight to 10 years now and is only moving forward relatively slowly," he said.
Handfield said the only way for the procurement function to be able to move forward is for individual procurement managers to champion the cause and push their organisations to invest in long-term projects to utilise the technology.
"The way forward is to see these technology disruptors as a benefit instead of a threat – if you think of it as a threat, then you are going to be reluctant to adopt it. The procurement function will not change when IoT is used because at its heart, procurement is people-led," he said.


We are leading designers, production engineers and project managers for the maritime industry. Our maritime solutions are based on a close partnership with the client throughout each project and, as most of us are former Odense Steel Shipyard employees, solid experience from shipbuilding.
To optimise the clients' desired results, we work closely with strategic partners and outsource around the globe, and we approach each project with unique end-to-end value chain capabilities and disciplines as well as experience and know-how.
We offer total solutions as well as defined partial solutions to meet your fundamental requirements. We deliver integrated solutions for shipbuilding, shipyards, brokering and marketing.
Our technical solutions are based on extensive research and development gained over the last ninety-four years.
The continuous refinement of innovation and leading edge technology has resulted in the highest quality as well as high economic and operational output.
OMT designs incorporate retrofit options to save energy, regenerate heat loss and lower the CO2 emissions.
Our ship designs are well recognised for their advanced technology, seaworthiness, use of excellent environmental solutions and operating performance.
Our proven products are state of the art, energy-efficient and prepared for expected future regulatory and environmental requirements.


Including mobile number to your Facebook profile gives added functionality like text updates as well as task notices. How To Change My Mobile Number On Facebook: Signing up mobile number on Facebook also aids at the time of password healing and for simpler account logins. However all the above only feature effectively if you are making use of a running and working mobile number.
In case you have actually discarded your number as well as have actually purchased a brand-new one, you ought to additionally upgrade the new number on your Facebook account.
Action 3: On the homepage of your account, click the drop down arrow to access the settings button. This arrowhead situated on the notifications tab at the upper right corner of the web page.
Step 5: On the General Accounts Settings web page that opens up, pick Mobile from the categories existing in the left pane.
Action 6: On the Mobile Settings web page, under Your phones section, click the Add another mobile phone number link. Below you can do scuba diver of operation to your mobile setting. These include: Add brand-new mobile number, lost your number as well as if you are already added one in the past, you may want to change it.
Though, the purpose of this write-up is to transform Facebook phone number on your account. Then, click remove and add new mobile number.
Tip 8: On the Activate Facebook Texts home window that shows up, select your country/region and also your mobile carrier from the respective fields. After that click Next to proceed.
Tip 9: On the brand-new window that opens up, input the confirmation code that you will get on your new mobile number. As soon as you will enter the verification code, your mobile number will be registered with Facebook.
If you do not receive the confirmation code right away, please wait for some while. When you get the code, return to the same Mobile area under the Setups web page of your Facebook account, and input the verification code to complete the registration procedure on adjustment Facebook telephone number.
If you desire, you could currently eliminate (separate) your old mobile number from your Facebook account in case it is no more in operation.