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Showing items 1 - 13 of 13
Ponsford, Megan
12No 1Yes
2Gorman, Sean 2Reeves, Keir 1Cazaly, Ciannon 1Leonard, Paul 1Lusher, Dean
11Cricket 101106 Human Movement and Sports Science 101504 Commercial Services 101608 Sociology 4Australia 4India 3Cultural divide 2Racism 11601 Anthropology 11935 Tour 12002 Cultural Studies 1Colonial relations 1Culture 1Diversity in sport 1Education 1Ethnographic differences 1Formal policy frameworks 1Frank Tarrant 1Kipling 1Maharaja Bhupinder Singh
1Adobe Acrobat PDF
12Journal article 1PhD 1Thesis
Measuring Harmony, Multicultualism and Reconciliation: Australian Football League's Racial and Religious Vilification Laws
- Reeves, Keir, Gorman, Sean, Lusher, Dean, Cazaly, Ciannon, Leonard, Paul, Ponsford, Megan
Authors: Reeves, Keir , Gorman, Sean , Lusher, Dean , Cazaly, Ciannon , Leonard, Paul , Ponsford, Megan
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues Vol. 15, no. 2 (2012), p. 51-63
Description: 2014100299
Progressive rebels of Boy's Own Adventure? The 1935 Australian Cricket tour of India; breaking down social and racial barriers
- Ponsford, Megan
Authors: Ponsford, Megan
Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
Description: In October 1935, a touring party embarked on the inaugural tour of India by an Australian cricket team. To a great, and somewhat stereotypical, extent popular representations of IndianeAustralian relations are viewed through the lens of cricket – the national game in both countries. This dissertation about a significant, yet overlooked, chapter in sporting history examines the Australian cricketers' response to the social, racial and political hierarchies of lateecolonial India. The experience of the touring party encouraged a reeimagining of ideological perspectives and this thesis identifies a uniquely Australian subjectivity to the British colonisation of India. The tour between the colony (India) and the dominion (Australia) can be interpreted as an antie imperial gesture. Both countries were attempting to forge relationships that would be independent from Britain. The role of cricket, itself experiencing a renaissance during the 1930s as it transformed from a largely amateur pursuit to an increasingly professional occupation is interrogated. As part of this transformation international cricket positioned itself as an increasingly politicised global entity within the broader turbulence of the firstehalf of the twentieth century. All those involved in the tour are now dead. However a close historical analysis of previously lost, highly personalised, primary material (letters, manuscripts, photographs and cricket ephemera) enables an interpretation of the players' experience. This thesis argues that sporting events can be interpreted as cultural ciphers yet scholars and the wider sportsewriting community have neglected the historical significance of the 1935/36 tour. The unofficial status of the tour and its highly professional emphasis alienated it from the amateur ideals of Australian cricket. This transnational, multiedisciplinary approach addresses a lacunae in the professional trajectory of cricket. It also provides a new understanding and historical counter narrative of idetwentieth century IndianeAustralian sporting history and cultural exchange.
Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Beer, banquets and a Patiala Peg : Food and drink on tour
Relation: Sport in Society Vol. 22, no. 1 (2019), p. 143-159
Description: This article critiques photographs and material culture pertaining to the consumption of food and alcohol during the first Australian cricket tour of India in 1935/36. The artefacts—menus, seating plans and food advertisements—enable the present-day researcher to interpret the rapidly transforming political, cultural and sporting landscape as well as the internal dynamics of the tour. The archival objects function as links to the cricketers and are pivotal in interpreting the 1935/36 tour in light of the absence of living participants. Food and beverages represent a significant ethnographic difference and the cricketers' response to the customs of culinary consumption in late-colonial India exposes broader societal sentiments and reflects imperial politicking. The Australian cricketers encountered bicultural culinary influences comprising the vestiges of British hegemony in combination with a new nationalistic indigenous influence. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Photographic reportage and the colonial imaginary
Description: This article critiques the first Australian cricket tour of India in 1935/36 through a synthesis of history, theory and imagery, and argues that the photographic content provides invaluable and historically overlooked insight into the cricketers' perspective. Employing this methodology is unorthodox in sports writing and is innovative in application. The photographs provide a rare and previously unobtainable glimpse into the everyday cultural life and practice of the tour, and deliver a subjective representation of the cricketers' experience. The significance of the images is twofold: they function as proof to verify the Australians presence in India and they assist a cultural critique of the tour. The images reveal that the cricketers' response to the colonial paradigm was multifaceted and hallmarked by ambiguity. Despite at times adhering to their anticipated civiliving and educating role as white touring cricketers, the Australian team also challenged colonial protocols and simultaneously demonstrated support for the nationalistic sentiments brewing in 1930s India.
Neither home nor away
Relation: Sport in Society Vol. 22, no. 1 (2019), p. 97-112
Description: This article critiques the symbolism of the journey as a team of Australian cricketers voyaged to India in 1935 embarking on the first Australia cricket tour to the subcontinent. Travel and tourism theories explicate the reactions of the cricketers to the ambivalence of being neither home nor away. This article asks: what did the Australians learn about themselves, their home and their destination whilst in transit? The theme of transition, both physical and emotional, is the central focus of this study. The journey on the ship signifies the team's last immersion (for the duration of the tour) within exclusively English structures and customs. The cricketers' insecurity when faced with the looming unknown upon descending the gangplank into India is extrapolated from available sources. The influence of Frank Tarrant as leader and educator intensified in the artificial hermetic vacuum of the ship's environment. The unceremonious departure scenes in Melbourne, Adelaide and Fremantle are described and contrasted with the formality of the arrival in Bombay; such contrasts epitomize and underpin the cultural differences encountered throughout the tour.
The launch of Indian-Australian cricket
Description: An analysis of the Australian cricket team's experiences in India in 1935/36 reveals that many elements fulfilled clichéd colonial expectations of extravagance, privilege and hedonism. Yet, the cricketers simultaneously grew tired of conforming to the role of the colonial class. The team's immersion in India encouraged the players to re-evaluate their attitudes towards racial inclusion, the legitimacy of colonization, Indian sovereignty and the pedagogical role of the white cricketer in the Orient. A close textual analysis of the writings of participating cricketers Wendell Bill, Ron Oxenham, Charlie Macartney and Jack Ryder details their responses to the social and racial codification they encountered, which it is argued was at times unexpectedly liberal. Australian batsman Hunter Hendry's manuscript has not been critiqued elsewhere and provides valuable insight into his ambiguity towards the role of the white cricketer in India.
The has-beens and never will-bes
Relation: Sport in Society Vol. 22, no. 1 (2019), p. 53-72
Description: The Australian team that toured India in 1935/36 comprised atypical cricket personnel. Their cultural and social unorthodoxy contributed to the tour being shunned by cricket officialdom in Australia. Tour manager, Frank Tarrant's method of team selection was meritocratic unlike that of customary cricket practice where social and cultural hierarchy informed team composition. This article outlines the unorthodox team composition and argues that the official cricket body objected to the exercise because of the professional nature of the tour, social (particularly class) discrimination and preconceptions of racial prejudices. The Maharaja of Patiala's generous financing of the tour identified it as a definitively professional exercise and encouraged participation considering the precarious status of the global economy following the Great Depression. The goodwill between Australia and India evidenced on tour challenged cricket protocol and reflects a pragmatic and growing recognition that diplomatic and economic unity was desirable in light of the imminent dissolution of the British Empire.
The atmosphere vibrated with triumphant joy
Description: This article critiques the Indian material culture located in present-day Pakistan pertaining to the inaugural Australian cricket tour to colonial India in 1935/36. The historical voice of the Indians is evident in the images and it is over the shoulders of the hosts of the tour that new perspectives emerge. It is culturally inappropriate to assume and evaluate how the locals felt about the visit of the Australian cricketers and the raison d'être of the tour. However, archives located in Pakistan provide a deeply subjective perspective. Goodwill and amicability reverberate through the photographs challenging conventional scholarship, which argues that Australian-Indian cricket is based on acrimony. The article concludes that despite the obvious and significant differences between the competing teams the tour experience minimized the racial divide between the Australian and the Indian cricketers.
Who are these Australian fellows with 'Grim determination and astounding stamina'?
Description: In light of the absence of living participants, this article extrapolates what the Australian cricketers departing on the inaugural cricket tour of India in 1935 may have known about late colonial-era India. This article argues that the depiction of India by the British Empire was a consciously evoked and celebrated construct perpetuated by orthodox ideology and popular culture. Through a close analysis of press reportage it is determined that the Australian public, and the departing cricketers, were ignorant of accurate knowledge of Indian culture and politics. The Australian media's portrayal of Kipling's writings, Indian religious practices and Indian cinema is compared with the cricketers' response to these themes. Correspondingly, the Indian communities' knowledge of Australia through evaluating the, at times, propagandistic promotional material generated for the tour is also critiqued. It is argued that representations of the Australian cricketers and the populist depiction of Indian culture are correspondingly implausible and driven by idealized expectations and stereotypes of national identity.
Bhupinder and Tarrant : Players of the game
Description: Financier Maharaja Bhupinder Singh and tour manager Frank Tarrant are the two key protagonists of the inaugural Australian cricket tour to India in 1935/36 and the historical figures in this article. Their culturally atypical relationship was anomalous to the conventional imperialist paradigm and openly defied racist notions of Western supremacy and cultural incompatibility that informed and underpinned the initial expectations of the touring party. Despite their relationship being primarily driven by mutually beneficial professional and financial objectives, a genuine rapport that challenged the archetypal servant/master paradigm is evident. Press reportage from Australia, India and Britain supports the argument. The minute books of the Middlesex Cricket Club (1908–16) and the Melbourne Cricket Club (1907 and 1908) have been integral in locating information on Tarrant's movements. Discovering the Tarrant scrapbooks (c.1918–51) at the Melbourne Cricket Club has answered many questions that have plagued previous research into the man who has remained an enigmatic mystery in cricket history. The post-colonial theories of Homi Bhabha (2012), specifically his analysis of mimicry, are employed to argue that the political agendas of the Indian royalty were evolving. Cricket, an English institution, was embraced and reconstructed by the Indian community. Indian society was rejecting the British template and opted to operate according to an increasingly nationalistic and indigenous ideology and through this process appropriated cricket, the bastion of Englishness, as its own. The Australians' contribution to this process is interrogated, and the liberal influence of Tarrant and the Maharaja in minimizing the racial and social divide throughout the tour is evident.
Frank and Bhupinder : the odd couple of Indian cricket
Description: In 1935-1936, a non-sanctioned group of cricketers embarked on the inaugural tour of India with the ambitious, unorthodox, professional Frank Tarrant employed as team manager. Maharaja Bhupinder Singh lavishly financed the tour motivated by his love of cricket, his political and economic aspirations, its recognition as a symbol of allegiance to the British and by the prospect of leaving a legacy as the guardian of the game. Primary source material reveals that xenophobic prejudice and discrimination were endemic during the 1930s and the relationship between Tarrant and the Maharaja challenged the imperial paradigm. This article interrogates the mutually advantageous relationship and the tour through Orientalist theory discourse. The role of Tarrant will be examined, specifically regarding the ethnographic discrepancy between his representation in India and the British World. The article assesses the mutually beneficial, amiable relationship between Tarrant and the Maharaja as a metonym for wider Australia-India transactions. © 2014, Taylor & Francis.
Breaking down racial barriers? The Maharaja of Patiala's 1935 Australian cricket tour of India
Relation: Identities-Global Studies in Culture and Power Vol. 22, no. 2 (2015), p. 199-214
Description: To a great extent, popular representations of Indo-Australian relations have been viewed through the lens of cricket - the national game in both countries. Despite a proliferation of writing on colonial Indian cricket, Australia's contribution to it has been largely ignored. In October 1935, a team of cricketers embarked on the first Australian tour to the subcontinent.(1) The tour was conceived and financed by the Maharaja of Patiala to assist preparation of an official Indian team to tour Britain in 1936. In this paper, I will draw upon primary sources and interviews to help articulate the complex colonial relationship between the East and the West, whilst locating the ambiguous position of Australia within this. Despite predominantly conforming to the Orientalist view that Westerners considered themselves a superior 'race', the Australian cricketers demonstrated an atypical cultural sensitivity to the Orient and the 'Other'.
Codes Combined : managing expectations and policy responses to racism in sport
- Reeves, Keir, Ponsford, Megan, Gorman, Sean
Authors: Reeves, Keir , Ponsford, Megan , Gorman, Sean
Description: This article is a transnational comparative discussion that interrogates responses, particularly formal policy frameworks, to addressing racial vilification in sport. Themes interrogated include racism in sport, sport as an agent for social change, diversity in sport, sport and community harmony, sport and ethnicity, and sport and education. Emphasis is placed on the importance of education as a plank in formal policy responses to addressing on- and off-field racism in elite sport. The article also examines how education is important in enabling greater social participation among groups. National and transnational discussions about respective footballing codes are located within a broader international context by way of comparison with other elite sports. © 2014, Taylor & Francis.


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Guide Three: Census Records (England and Wales)
A PDF of this guide can be downloaded for ease of printing
Nineteenth and early twentieth century census returns are key documents in identifying and learning more about our ancestors. The census returns provide a snapshot of a family living together in a household on the night of the census. They not only provide evidence which can help to prove lines of descent but they can also place individuals into the more meaningful context of their families and neighbours and the wider framework of their local and social surroundings.
The national censuses were conducted primarily because of the government's need for information about population growth and distribution in view of the economic and social changes in the UK and Europe in the late 18th century. They were not intended to provide material for future family historians. So we are very lucky to have such a wealth of detail relating to the greater part of the 19th century and into the early 20th century.
Although some statistical data was provided in censuses taken in the early part of the 19th century, the collection of important information about people first began with the census taken in 1841. It has continued every ten years since, generally with greater detail being provided each time, apart from the war year of 1941. In the past, the returns have been closed to the public for 100 years. However, the 1911 was made available for research in 2009 although some limited information from this census, such as that recording infirmities or conditions, was withheld until 2012. The 1921 census returns will become available to the public in 2022.
The census documents, up to 1901, which we see are usually not the original forms. Schedules were taken round to each household in advance and details of all the people in the house on census night were filled in by the householder. The forms were then collected by the census enumerator, who might also have to assist in recording details if the householder had difficulty in doing so. The information was copied into an enumeration book by the district registrar. These were sent, together with the original schedules, via the superintendent district registrar, to the General Register Office in London. It is microfilmed copies of these books which we now have access to. The original books are kept at the National Archives at Kew and are not generally available to the public. The schedules were usually destroyed after clerks had checked them against the enumeration books, extracted statistical information and made certain notes and 'corrections'.
The returns for each decennial census have a reference number which reflects the Government Department responsible for it and the year in which it was taken. So the first two are labelled HO for the Home Office and the remainder are prefixed with RG for the Registrar General's Department. Earlier census returns from 1801 to 1831 were largely the responsibility of Overseers of the Poor and the local clergy. 1841 was the first attempt to collect information about every individual in the country and a whole new organisation structure and process was established, becoming incorporated with the local and central government structure responsible for General Registration. Clerical staff and local enumerators were appointed and the country was divided into more than 30,000 enumeration districts, based on the old hundreds structure, later the Poor Law Unions formed in 1834 and under the auspices of Superintendent Registrars.
The 1911 census, in contrast to the earlier returns, is comprised of the original householders' schedules and census enumerators' summaries.
Each census from 1841 contains basically the same type of information which is a valuable building block in the creation of family trees. Details include the address for each scheduled household; the name and an indication of the sex of each occupant; his or her age and occupation.
Except in 1841 the relationship to the head of the household is given and so is the place and county of birth and marital status. In English and Welsh censuses, birth places outside England and Wales are usually shown as the country only, e.g. Scotland, Ireland or Australia. In 1841, these would be abbreviated to S (Scotland), I (Ireland) & F (Foreign Parts). Dates of the enumerations and additions to the information previously recorded are:
1841 HO107/ taken on 6th June
Age - usually rounded down to nearest 5 years for persons over 15.
Place of birth defined as whether or not in the county of enumeration.
Address may be no more than a street or even a village name.
Only one forename is noted.
1851 HO107/ 30th March
Also specifies whether a person is blind, deaf or an idiot.
Tradesmen usually defined as master, journeyman or apprentice.
Numbers of employees of a master given.
1861 RG9/ 7th April
1871 RG10/ 2nd April
Also distinguishes whether a person is imbecile, idiot or lunatic.
1881 RG11/ 3rd April
1891 RG12/ 5th April
Also records the number of rooms occupied by a family if less than 5.
Records whether a working person is an employer or employee or neither.
1901 RG13/ 31st March
Records if working at home as well as details above.
Now 4 categories of disability: deaf & dumb; blind; lunatic; imbecile or feeble minded.
This is the first census that retains the household schedules rather than copying them into enumerators' books, so you could be looking at your ancestor's handwriting. Unlike earlier censuses, these returns include soldiers serving overseas. The numbers of years a couple has been married is recorded along with how many children (both dead and alive) they have had.
The basic reference number for the census year is followed by a 3 or 4 digit number, known as the piece number, which identifies the part of the country covered by the returns. These were originally related to the Poor Law Union districts which were the same as the districts used for General Registration. There are indexes and finding aids to help identify the right number for the area you are interested in. Each piece is divided into enumeration districts and each alternate page is printed with a consecutive folio number, stamped on the top right hand corner. The page numbering re-starts with the next ED but the foliation continues to the end of that piece.
At the front of each enumeration district is a page describing the area included and there are spaces on each form for details of the district, village, parish (civil and ecclesiastical) etc to be included. The ecclesiastical parish name may be a guide when looking for baptisms in the family.
Although occupations were given for most adult males there were 'hidden occupations' not recorded, particularly where women working at home were concerned e.g. on farms or as weavers etc. Wives may be described as, for example, farmer's wife or butcher's wife. Children may be similarly defined in terms of their father's trade or occupation.
Common abbreviations & conventions include:
Ag Lab - Agricultural Labourer; FS - Female Servant; MS - Male Servant; Mar - Married; W - Widow or Widower; Unm or S - Unmarried or Single. 'in-law' may be 'step' relative.
As well as the basic information about family relationships, which may cover more than two generations in the same household, the census also provides vital knowledge about place and approximate year of birth. This helps to identify the right birth details for obtaining certificates and baptismal records which may be researched further. Knowledge of a wife's forename can help to pinpoint a correct marriage partner e.g. on UKBMD or FreeBMD. Occupations may also help to provide back up evidence of identity. The benefits of using census information in building up a family structure are greatly increased if the family can be tracked over the full 70 years for which records are available.
Apparently unrelated household members noted as visitors or lodgers, and sometimes servants, may in fact be members of the extended family. Their surnames may give clues to in-laws or marriage partners. This is also the case when in-laws are specifically recorded. Extended families may well inhabit houses in the same locality and it is often worthwhile doing a search of a whole neighbourhood. In this way, migrant communities can be identified and may hold the answer to questions about why people moved from their birthplace. It was not uncommon for married children to live in the same street as their parents and young children are often found in the care of their grandparents or aunts and uncles - who may or may not have the same surname. Additionally, illegitimate children often lived with relatives instead of with their mother if she married someone who was not the child's father.
Where to find the census
The enumeration books have been filmed and are available to the public on microfilm or microfiche as well as online. The 1911 returns have been scanned as digital images. The returns for the whole of England and Wales for all years of 1841 - 1911 can be seen at the National Archives (TNA) in Kew. Access is free at TNA. In addition, copies of these fiche or films are becoming more widely accessible across the country. Copies of returns for local areas are usually now found at county record offices and local studies sections of reference libraries. LDS Centres can usually obtain microfilm for a specific area on request for a small fee. The Society of Genealogists has a large collection of census films available for use in its library.
Most people will now look at the census returns and indexes via computers and the internet. Several companies have produced CDs of census films for individual counties for each of the census years. Quality varies and some of the earlier census returns do not copy well and can be difficult, if not impossible, to read. But quality standards are gradually improving. Generally such CDs are scanned images of the enumerators' books and are not fully indexed. They are not searchable databases but there is the advantage of being able to use CDs at home and they offer the facility to save and print images of relevant pages. The images can also be manipulated and magnified to help interpretation of difficult writing. For 1881 the LDS has produced a set of CDs of full transcriptions, indexed and searchable, for the whole country, which is also freely available at their web site of familysearch.org.
Recently great advances have been made in providing on-line Internet access to the censuses, with the key feature being a computerised, searchable index of people enumerated. There are now a number of commercial organisations (including Ancestry; FindmyPast; The Genealogist; British Origins; Genes Reunited) which operate pay per view or subscription websites giving access to original images of census documents, via the internet, together with transcripts and indexes. This is in addition to the National Archives site for the 1901 census, which has a free searchable index but pay per view images or transcriptions as has the recently published 1911 census. Coverage is increasing rapidly although there can be problems with mis-transcriptions, missing pages and limited access to some parts of the original documents (e.g. enumerators' walks), depending on the web site used. Various strategies can be developed to overcome some of these problems, including the use of wild card symbols and searching on key words and dates.
Scottish censuses remain in Scotland and all are indexed with images online through the ScotlandsPeople website at scotlandspeople.gov.uk. The surname indexes for all years from 1841 to 1901 can be searched on ancestry.co.uk. An index and transcription to the 1881 census of Scotland is included on the CDs produced by the LDS.
Sadly Irish censuses before 1901 have not survived and little is online. Images and online indexes for the whole of Ireland in 1911 and 1901 are now available at census.nationalarchives.ie.
Finding aids and name indexes
There are now many different finding aids to help identify the area to search for your ancestors in each of the census years. The first task is to find the most likely place your ancestor will be living in the relevant census year. Likely addresses may be found on certificates, in trade directories or in returns from other census years. Even with a computerised, searchable index, there is a frequent need to differentiate between people with the same name and location.
Many family history societies have produced indexes for the registration or enumeration districts within their areas. These vary greatly in content - some are almost full transcriptions and others simply provide a piece number and folio number for each occurrence of a particular surname. Many of these booklets are available as reference copies at TNA or at SoG. They can also be obtained for a small price from the societies concerned.
FreeCEN is a website set up to provide free searchable access to census information. The internet pay per view sites may offer a free index which links to the (paid for) image of the page and/or a transcription. However, it is not always possible to find someone in an index, as mentioned above, for reasons of mis-transcription, missing pages, mistakes made by the original enumerator or because there are too many candidates to check them all out or determine, with any certainty, which one is correct.
The internet site genuki.org.uk provides many useful links to census indexes, transcriptions and finding aids. Registration districts and sub districts and piece numbers can also be identified from links on this site as well as the LDS film numbers for the appropriate microfilm. See also the LDS catalogue on familysearch.org .
There are many reasons why census information may not be 100% accurate. Details found on one census return should always be viewed in conjunction with those from other years, as well as with knowledge gained from other sources, to ensure the best possible standards of evidence. Reasons for inaccuracy include: lack of knowledge of the informant - especially when accounting for visitors and lodgers; lack of proper understanding of the process e.g. people away from home enumerated in two different places (or neither!); people who lied for reasons of vanity, (im)morality, social standing e.g. tradesmen declaring themselves to be gentlemen, or shame e.g. about illegitimacy; interpretations provided by the enumerator or clerks, or personal bias or assumptions made by the enumerator. Spellings of names of people and places will often be those of the enumerator and as he (or she) heard them.
Although households were usually listed in descending order from the head of the household to the youngest child, in the 1841 census, in particular, relationships cannot be assumed for those with a common surname. An elderly man and woman with the same surname may be brother and sister rather than man and wife. Younger people in the household may be nephews and nieces or even grandchildren.
People missing from the census, and not just missing from an index, may have been away from home for a variety of reasons, legitimate or otherwise. They may have been abroad in the services, at sea or travelling overnight. They may have been leading a double life. It is always worthwhile checking workhouses, hospitals and other local institutions, prisons, barracks and ships in port. Often people in institutions like asylums were recorded by initials to give inmates a degree of privacy.
There is a general problem in that women's occupations may often go unrecorded reflecting, amongst other things, the importance Victorian society placed on the role of women in the home and the status attached to men as breadwinners and sole providers.
Online search tips
less is more – you may not need to complete all the boxes - generally the fewer boxes completed, the better
be aware of transcription errors
can you use character replacements (wildcards)?
first letters are often misread
abbreviated forenames may not come up
search under forename, age, place etc rather than surname
enumerators made errors too
search all indexes available – results can differ between sites
local expertise may recognise local names and places better
do not always rely on indexes!
Census: the Expert Guide by Peter Christian and David Annal, TNA, 2008
Making Sense of the Census Revisited: Census Records for England and Wales,1801-1901. A Handbook for Historical Researchers by E Higgs, University of London, Institute of Historical Research, 2005
How to get the best from the 1911 census by John Hanson, Society of Genealogists, 2009
Local Census Listings 1522-1930: Holdings in the British Isles by Jeremy Gibson and Mervin Medlycott, Federation of Family history Societies, 1994.
The Victorian and later census returns provide not only the basic information essential in the construction of family trees, together with a way of bridging the gap between General Registration certificates and earlier parish records, but they are also valuable tools to help us understand the lives of our ancestors within the context of the society in which they lived.
This document was written by Geoff Swinfield and edited by Else Churchill
© Society of Genealogists 2017
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Folgende Wahlen fanden 1934 statt:

Afrika
 Parlamentswahlen in Südrhodesien 1934
 Südwestafrika Wahlen zur South West African Legislative Assembly 1934

Amerika
 Parlamentswahlen in Honduras 1934
 Parlamentswahlen in Nkaragua 1934
 Wahl zum Senat der Vereinigten Staaten 1934 am 6. November bzw. 10. September im Bundesstaat Maine

Asien
 Wahlen zur Verfassungsgebenden Versammlung auf den Philippinen 1934

Australien und Ozeanien
 Parlamentswahl in Australien 1934

Europa
 Volksabstimmung über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs
 Parlamentswahlen in Italien 1934
 Parlamentswahlen in Luxemburg 1934
 Parlamentswahlen in Portugal 1934
 Bundesratswahl 1934

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Home > Le Corbusier, a French story
Le Corbusier: career of a Frenchman by adoption, between utopias and erring
Whether in the shadow or in the light, the story of Le Corbusier is intertwined with the story of France.
Le Corbusier, a Frenchman by adoption
"Goodbye, my old master and my old friend. Good night." This is how André Malraux ended the funeral oration of Charles Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier, on the 1st of September 1969. On this day, in the Louvre courtyard, France pays a tribute to an adopted child. Born Swiss in 1887, the father of modern architecture has become French in 1930. More than just a nationality, it is the destiny of a whole nation that Le Corbusier embraced in the turmoil of the early 20th century.
Architecture as a second choice
As an adolescent, Charles Édouard Jeanneret decides to work in watchmaking, and more precisely as an enameller of dial switch, just as his father does. He gives up his aspiration when he loses an eye. Since then, he gets passionate about painting: he would paint all his life. Eventually, he chooses architecture in 1904, at 17 years old.
During the following ten years, he travels throughout Europe. He visits Paris in 1909 and works as an illustrator for the Perret brothers, who are manufacturers in the building industry and specialists of reinforced concrete. He meets Auguste, the youngest of the brothers. He would become one of the architects of France, as rebuilt in the wake of World War II.
Uncertain beginnings
In 1914, he is not yet called Le Corbusier and becomes an architect in his native town, La Chaux-de-Fonds. He designs his first visionary project: Dom Ino. Three concrete slabs superimposed and supported by six columns and joined by a staircase. The whole makes up the backbone of an adaptable house, cheap and designed for mass production. The concept is conceived for migrant populations of bombed cities in Flanders and Northern France. But he does not achieve success. Jeanneret struggles for three years with small orders before going to Paris in 1917.
Purism, order and Le Corbusier
Through Auguste Perret, he meets painter Amédée Ozenfant. Together, they both develop the purist movement. The artistic movement strives to achieve the return to order and sobriety in response to the cubist drift. The architect writes purist manifests under the name Le Corbusier. They achieve a certain success.
In parallel, he moves in with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret in an agency located at the 35 rue de Sèvres: he would only leave his home at his death. Le Corbusier is born. In the 20's, he becomes an important figure of architecture. In 1928, he starts the first International Congress of Modern Architecture. Among his creations of the time, the Villa Savoye in Poissy best represents his refined and forefront style. Stilts and roof terrace of the villa would become recurring parts of the Corbusean style.
From Moscow to Vichy
More than an architect, Le Corbusier wants to be an urban planner. As an heir to hygienism of the past century, he dreams of destroying slums of the interwar period to build clean, tidy and modern cities instead.
His ambitions bring him closer to totalitarian ideas. In the late 20's, he would even participate in the editorial board of openly fascist magazines like Le Faisceau, Plans or Préludes. After having drawn plans for Moscow in 1931, he would not hesitate ten years after to offer his services to French fascist government in Vichy, in vain. After the Liberation, he only escapes cleansing thanks to his friendship with André Malraux.
Utopian rebuilder
In a France in reconstruction, a few characteristics of Le Corbusier's modern cities finally materialise. This is case of the Cité radieuse (Radiant City), opened in 1952 in Marseille. In this 17-floors building on stilts, a miniature city hides: it is made of 360 apartments, a mall and a roof terrace on which a kindergarten is built next to a pool.
Everywhere in the world, his sense of modernity and utopia is appreciated. The Indian government grants him the planning of the new city of Chandigarh. Le Corbusier also participates in the construction of the United Nations headquarters, a true symbol in the hopes placed in the second half of the century.
Le Corbusier, French destiny
From World War I to the Vichy government and the creation of the UN, the story of Le Corbusier mingles with the story of France. First a pioneer, then a fascist, a modernist or a utopian, the genius architect has embraced the destiny of his country of adoption both in the shadow and the light. He made it radiate more than any other of his time. "Modern architecture has lost his greatest master", said the Kremlin at the time of his death. The White House added: "His influence was universal and his work is charged with an eternity only a few artists managed to achieve in our history..."
Exhibition "Le Corbusier, mesures de l'homme" (Le Corbusier, the measures of a man)
Photo credits: ©m-louis (bandeau carrousel) / Centre Pompidou (image texte)


My dog licks her rear end and her breath is terrible. This purchase is an attempt to help alleviate this some.
how many doses should solve the problem?
BEST ANSWER: Honestly it depends on the dog, breed and number of dogs in the household. Personally I went through 2 bags and didn't see any reduction in stool eating from my crew. I have a handful of dachshunds and I think they're either meant to easy poop or not and no product is going to change that. Best of luck to you.
There is no one answer to this question. Depends on dog. And on owner; the only sure cure is to clean up the poops right away.
It depends on the individual dog. Some respond quickly and some take longer.


text:
View all projects YouTube Instagram mail@heres.how
DIY portable winch system — Easily load a motorcycle in a pickup truck
Watch the video of this project...
While you can load a dirt bike into a pickup using "umph" alone, I've always found the procedure daunting. The most challenging part is when the bike is on the ramp and the center of gravity is up near your shoulders. At this point, it's hard to push the bike, keep your balance, and find the step all at once. If you're big and tall, it's probably not a huge deal, but there's enough "bike loading fail" videos on YouTube to demonstrate I'm not alone in these struggles.
So the goal with this project was to create a mechanical advantage to load bikes slowly, safely, and confidently. The end result looks like this:
I started by securing a 900 lb. Capacity Hand Winch to a steel pipe with a u-bolt. (Square tube would be more ideal, but I used what I had laying around.)
On either side of the pipe is some scrap wood with rubber padding glued on — this lets the pole rest on the truck bed walls without slipping or rolling.
Finally, some 12" Soft Loop Tie Down Straps and Carabiners w/ Screw Locks are added — this is what secures the pipe to the D-Rings in the truck bed.
So that's the system. Installation is easy — just drop it in and hook it up to the truck's D-rings. A 2x4 wedged under the winch helps keeps the winch's tendency to twist once the bike is pulling on it.
Using two more of the soft loops, you can attach the winch strap to the bike forks. Then, while a buddy holds the bike level, start winching the bike in.
What I like about this system is it's completely portable and requires no modifications to the truck bed itself.
In terms of strength — it does well because the force seems to distribute across a few different points. The majority of pull is on the soft loops and d-rings, but some of it's also pushing down on the 2x4 and side of the bed walls.
Of course, a downside of this system is it does require two people to load, and it's not exactly fast — but it works. If you wanted to load the bike solo, you could swap in a small powered winch with a remote.
Once the bikes are loaded, the winch can be removed and stored between the bikes, leaving you enough room to snug the wheels up to the cab in order to close the tailgate.
2 Steel Carabiners w/ Screw Lock Solid, heavy clips.
12" Soft Loop Tie Down Straps Use these to secure the winch, and also to wrap around the bike forks to pull the bike up.
900 lb. Capacity Hand Winch The ratcheting handle on this particular winch gives you the clearance a full 360 crank doesn't. The strap style is also much easier to work with than cables.
Aluminum Loading Ramp Light and easy to maneuver (compared to similar ramps made of steel).
Pro Taper Tiedown Straps These straps are nice and thick with a swiveling clip so they never get tangled. Grip better than other straps I've tried.


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text:
Maztek aka Matteo Cavo is a drum and bass neurofunk producer born in Rome, Italy.
He began his career in 2004, after several releases on various independent record labels he was featured in 2012 on Renegade Hardware with his Single "Galactica/Odyssey".

In 2011, he became one of the official producers of Dope D.O.D., a hip hop crew based in the Netherlands, for which produces some beats one of which featuring Redman. In that same year he made a remix for an Italian band called Subsonica. The track was called "Il Diluvio (Maztek remix)" and was released by EMI.

In 2012 he signs his tune "Twang" on Hospital Records "Sick Music 3" followed by other Renegade Hardware various Artists releases and remixes.

In 2013 he signs his tune "Dizzy Step" on Program Records [Ram Records (UK)] Sub-label and "Hive Mind" on the Drum and Bass Arena Winter Selection 2013. In The same year he releases the "M Theory Ep" on Renegade Hardware.

Discography

Albums

Singles and EPs

Compilations

Production

References

External links

Maztek Discogs
Maztek Rolldabeats
Facebook

1981 births
Drum and bass musicians
Living people
Musicians from Rome


text:
HomeHorror NewsRetro Con Review: Bizarre AC II (2014)
Retro Con Review: Bizarre AC II (2014)
June 5, 2016 Robert (Buddy Horror) Smith Horror News, Reviews
Back in 2014 I think we were at a Horror Convention almost every weekend. This was one of those weekends…
Interviews with:
Ernie O Donnell – 100 Acres of Hell
Brian O' Halloran – Vulgar
David Naughton – An American Werewolf in London
Lloyd Kaufman – Head of Troma
Bizarre AC II
Brian O' Halloran
Ernie O Donnell
About Robert (Buddy Horror) Smith	21 Articles
No. It's not that Robert W. Smith... I'm not the lead singer of the Cure. I am however, a fan of the Cure... Let's begin. I was born in Virginia and raised in New Jersey. I am happily married to my wife Kiersten Smith and a father of one to my handsome boy Asher Grayson Smith. Yes! His first name is because of the one and only Bruce Campbell most famously known from Sam Rami's "The Evil Dead" I started late in the horror game but I became a fast learner. I didn't watch my first horror movie till I was 10.. (The Haunted Mansion in Disney scared the hell out of me when I was a kid). It took 4 years until my dad was able to get me to watch The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (original). From that moment I was hooked. Over the years I have hosted a radio show called B Movies with Buddy, Bryan, and Zach with Bryan Enright and Zach Horiates on WNJC 1360AM. Together we have over 200 hours of interviews of some of the best interviews from Bill Mosley (House of 1000 Corpses / Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2) to John Russo (Co Director of Night of the Living Dead / My Uncle John's a Zombie) It was probably some of the best times of my time in the scene. I love collecting horror movies with a collection of over 300 and counting it is one of my most prized possessions. I love collecting full series of a movies sequels. Even if some of them aren't the best. Follow me @buddyhorror on Twitter for random horror goodness and more from The Horror Syndicate! Top 5 Movies 1. The Evil Dead 2. A Nightmare on Elm Street (Robert Englund Original) 3.House of 1000 Corpses 4.Dawn of the Dead (Remake) 5.Scream 4
Horror Movie shot entirely on Snap Chat
Original Horror Short – The Mirror (2015)
Horror Icons: Lloyd Kaufman
December 3, 2016 Richard Krueger
An American Werewolf in London 35 Years Later
August 21, 2016 Ray Marek III
News From Tromaville: New Toxic Avenger 5 Details!
May 8, 2018 Chuck Ransford


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Senate Panel to Vote on Trump's Supreme Court Nominee
A Senate panel is expected to approve President Donald Trump's Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch, setting the stage for a bruising partisan battle in the full Senate that could forever alter how the chamber operates.
As the majority party, Republicans have the votes to approve Gorsuch in the Senate Judiciary Committee this week, even if, as expected, all Democrats line up in opposition. After that, questions abound.
Three more Democratic senators, Claire McCaskill, Richard Blumenthal and Brian Schatz, announced their opposition to Gorsuch Friday, setting up a confrontation with Republicans.
Democrats have said they will use a procedure called a filibuster that requires 60 votes to win a confirmation in the 100-seat Senate.
Republicans control the Senate by a 52-48 margin but if Democrats can garner 41 votes, they would be able to sustain the filibuster. As of Friday, 36 Democrats said they would support the move.
If Democrats gain enough support to block a confirmation in the week ahead, Republicans are expected to try to unilaterally change long-standing Senate rules to allow confirmation by a simple majority.
Republicans are incensed at the Democratic plan, arguing filibusters of Supreme Court justices are rare. A partisan filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee has never succeeded.
Some Democrats have charged Republicans with stealing a Supreme Court seat last year when the Republican-majority Senate refused to consider U.S. President Barack Obama's nominee, appellate judge Merrick Garland, to replace conservative Justice Antonin Scalia – who died in February 2016.
Senate Democratic leader Charles Schumer warned Republicans Friday of changing the rules so that a simple majority is required. Such a rule change could allow all future Supreme Court nominees to be confirmed regardless of opposition from the minority party.
In his weekly radio address, President Trump praised Gorsuch for his adherence to the Constitution, the supreme law of the U.S.
"In recent years, we've seen more and more judges make decisions not based on the Constitution or the rule of law, but based on their preferences, their personal views, or even their political opinions," Trump said.
The president applauded Gorsuch's testimony during recent Senate confirmation hearings, saying "what has been clear to all is that Judge Gorsuch is a man who respects the law. He defends the Constitution. And in doing so, he will protect our freedoms."
Gorsuch, 49 years old, is a federal appeals court judge in the western city of Denver, Colorado. If confirmed, Gorsuch would fill the seat vacated by Scalia, and reinstate the nine-seat high court's conservative majority.
Trump's Son-in-Law Visits Iraq
Japan Business Mood Brightens as Recovery Broadens


At one time, a great crowd followed Jesus for three whole days and nights. The people haven't eaten anything and they were very hungry.
Jesus made the people sat down in rows. He took the bread and the few small fishes and gave thanks to God for them.
After He had blessed the food, He gave it to His disciples. The disciples then distributed the seven loaves of bread and the few small fishes among the people.
The people ate all they wanted and felt very full.
There were lots of leftovers and Jesus gave command to His disciples to pick up the leftovers. His disciples took up the leftovers and filled up seven large baskets.
The number of people that had eaten the bread and fish were 4000 not including the women and children.
After that, Jesus sent the multitude away. He climbed into a boat and sailed across to the other side of the lake with His disciples.


text: 54-1181.	Veterinarians; agreement for services; contents; compensation; liability for torts, when.The State Veterinarian shall make the designation of the veterinarians required by sections 54-1180 and 54-1182 by entering into an agreement with any accredited veterinarian for his or her professional services in performing necessary inspections. Such agreement shall provide that the State Veterinarian may terminate it at any time for what he or she deems to be just cause and shall further provide that the state pay such veterinarian a fee as established by section 54-1180, which amount shall be paid monthly from the Livestock Auction Market Fund. Such agreement shall make the designated veterinarian an agent for the Department of Agriculture to perform the duties assigned by sections 54-1180 and 54-1182, and the rules and regulations prescribed by the State Veterinarian, but shall not be deemed to make the designated veterinarian an officer or employee of the state. The orders of such designated veterinarian, issued in the performance of the duties assigned under sections 54-1180 and 54-1182 and the rules and regulations prescribed by the State Veterinarian, shall have the same force and effect as though such order had been made by the State Veterinarian. Designated veterinarians shall not be liable for reasonable acts performed to carry out the duties as set forth in sections 54-1180 and 54-1182 and the rules and regulations prescribed by the State Veterinarian pursuant to such sections.	SourceLaws 1963, c. 319, § 25, p. 971; Laws 1965, c. 334, § 6, p. 957; Laws 1969, c. 454, § 2, p. 1544; Laws 2001, LB 197, § 21.


Michigan State University's Usability/Accessibility Research and Consulting (UARC) hosted Michigan's 9th annual World Usability Day event on November 14, 2013.
World Usability Day is the largest gathering of industry professionals, world-class academics, government leaders, and students facilitating the progression of usability, user experience, and user-centered design. In 2010, the World Usability Day community held over 150 events in more than 40 countries. During the last five years, over 1,750 conference participants from all parts of North America representing industry, government, and academia have attended the annual event at Michigan State University.
Top 10 Healthcare Usability Myths Debunked!


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;

namespace EasySense.Models
{
    public class StatisticsViewModel
    {
        public Guid ID { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string PushTo { get; set; }

        public string Hint { get; set; }

        public string Begin { get; set; }

        public string End { get; set; }

        public Decimal? ChargeBegin { get; set; }

        public Decimal? ChargeEnd { get; set; }

        public string ProductIDs { get; set; }

        public string CustomerIDs { get; set; }

        public string Brands { get; set; }

        public string EnterpriseIDs { get; set; }

        public int? UserID { get; set; }

        public string Status { get; set; }

        public string Time { get; set; }

        public string EmployeeGraphics { get; set; }

        public string EnterpriseGraphics { get; set; }

        public string ExportedFields { get; set; }

        public static implicit operator StatisticsViewModel(StatisticsModel statistics)
        {
            string pushTo = null;
            if (statistics.PushTo == null)
                pushTo = "";
            else if (statistics.PushTo == UserRole.Finance)
                pushTo = "Finance";
            else
                pushTo = "Master";

            string status = null;
            if (statistics.Status == null)
                status = "";
            else if (statistics.Status == ProjectStatus.Current)
                status = "Current";
            else if (statistics.Status == ProjectStatus.Completed)
                status = "Completed";
            else if (statistics.Status == ProjectStatus.Bidding)
                status = "Bidding";
            else
                status = "Dumped";

            return new StatisticsViewModel
            {
                ID = statistics.ID,
                Title = statistics.Title,
                PushTo = pushTo,
                Hint = statistics.Hint,
                Begin = statistics.Begin == null ? "" : statistics.Begin.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"),
                End = statistics.End == null ? "" : statistics.End.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"),
                ChargeBegin = statistics.ChargeBegin,
                ChargeEnd = statistics.ChargeEnd,
                ProductIDs = statistics.ProductIDs,
                CustomerIDs = statistics.CustomerIDs,
                Brands = statistics.Brands,
                EnterpriseIDs = statistics.EnterpriseIDs,
                UserID = statistics.UserID,
                Status = status,
                Time = statistics.Time == null ? "" : statistics.Time.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"),
                EmployeeGraphics = statistics.EnterpriseGraphics,
                EnterpriseGraphics = statistics.EnterpriseGraphics,
                ExportedFields = statistics.ExportedFields

            };
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The military transport plane is carrying about 50 troops as well as aid, including shelter kits.
McDonald's workers are staging their first UK strike after walking out at two stores in a dispute over zero-hours contracts and conditions.
The Royal Air Force has become the first branch of the British military to open up every role to men and women.