WAHIAWA, Hawaii -- It's become a tradition, an annual collected effort symbolizing community service and patriotic pride that brings together civilian members of all ages for Memorial Day.
This effort begins with members of the Wahiawa Rainbow Seniors Club in the days and weeks prior to our national day of remembrance, and concludes with more than 100 Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts assembling at dawn at Schofield Barracks to place lei and American flags at each Schofield Barracks Post Cemetery gravesite on Memorial Day morning.
This year's goal for the Wahiawa Rainbow Senior members: produce 1,868 lei by Friday, May 22, for mid-afternoon pickup by members of the U.S. Army Garrison-Hawaii Casualty Assistance Center.
Prior to pickup, almost two dozen seniors gathered each week during May to create basic ti leaf lei.
Rainbow Senior Vice President David Seeholzer said that using the sturdy and abundant ti leaf plants from the Wahiawa area provided an opportunity to work weeks ahead and allowed them to meet their quota.
When the club first began to participate, members crafted flower lei wreathes, but weather and market forces that supply the fresh flowers made the process too unpredictable.
By this final Friday, 48 club members "reported for duty" at the Wahiawa District Park Community Center for the final lei-making push. By that time there was already an estimated 1,400 completed, a significant sum made towards the final total.
"I had finished 276 ti leaf lei before I even got there (Friday)," said 86-year old club member Richard Sato.
Sato added that completing the job, with lei to spare, "gave us a good feeling."
The garlands were delivered to the Schofield Barracks Post Cemetery early morning, Memorial Day, where approximately 100 members of the community's Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts' troops, along with family members, first gathered at 5:45 a.m., and then respectfully placed the wreaths and miniature U.S. flags, at the gravesites.
Chief Warrant Officer 3 Tyson Martin of Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 25th Combat Aviation Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, has three members of his family in scouting, and all participated for a third time.
"(After a couple of years,) they have an appreciation for who these people were," said Martin, "and the sacrifices they have made."


While Perry Como usually sticks to easy listening, he looks like he could handle some Christmas freestyle or punk rock, doesn't he?
In this photo: Perry Como, Eric Honneffer, Lee McLaird, and Feet Unknown. Photo by Liz Tousey.
This entry was posted in Pop and tagged Perry_Como. Bookmark the permalink.


I use NavalDesigns php method for navigation bars on my sites.
would there be any disadvantage SEO wise to use IFrames for this function?
ANYTHING that is inside an Iframe is not read by SE spiders as part of the page, so no links actually exist.
So either way will be the same?
Which would be best (if there is a "best") for SEO?
Does having more than one head tag when using the php method cause any SEO problems?
I am content with the php method.
I'm just looking for every little bit of SEO info.
My main site is on page 1 or 2 in Google & Yahoo for all of my keywords now. Of course, I am in a niche market so competition is much lower than for other categories.
Under this point of view, php is better.
I can always count on you for accurate info.


text:
Sierra Nevada to Conduct Dream Chaser Wind Tunnel Tests at Marshall
December 14, 2011 Doug Messier News Leave a comment
NASA PR — WASHINGTON — NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., is entering into a space act agreement with Sierra Nevada Corp. Space Systems of Louisville, Colo., to provide key wind tunnel testing of a new spacecraft designed to transport crew and cargo to and from the International Space Station.
Marshall will perform wind tunnel tests for Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser orbital crew vehicle, a spacecraft that looks like a small space shuttle. The tests will simulate speeds ranging from Mach .2, or 152 mph at sea level, to Mach 5, or 3,811 mph at sea level, to provide Sierra Nevada with aerodynamic data about how the vehicle reacts at varying speeds and atmospheric conditions. Marshall will provide engineering support and data processing throughout the test series. The agreement could lead to joint development, testing and operations of advanced space systems — including innovative design and fabrication techniques.
"Helping our commercial partners be successful is a top priority, and we are pleased to be working with Sierra Nevada on Dream Chaser," said Teresa Vanhooser, manager of the Flight Programs and Partnerships Office at Marshall. "Our experienced workforce and unique wind tunnel offers our partners a proven, quick, and affordable way to test their Dream Chaser vehicle, and will aid in the development of the capability to transport astronauts to the International Space Station."
Marshall's 14-square-foot wind tunnel is capable of conducting tests at subsonic, transonic and supersonic wind speeds. Transonic speeds are close to Mach 1, the speed of sound, or 760 mph at sea level, and the facility can achieve wind speeds as great as Mach 5.
"We are extremely pleased to be adding the Marshall Space Flight Center to our Dream Chaser Orbital spacecraft team, which now includes seven NASA centers. Marshall has been at the forefront of many significant aerospace programs, and we are fortunate to have their terrific people and valuable technical capabilities assisting us in the development of our vehicle. Our partnership will enable us to reach low-Earth orbit sooner and safer. We look forward to a long and mutually rewarding relationship and to expanding our presence in Alabama," said Mark Sirangelo, head of Sierra Nevada Space Systems.
For more information about NASA Commercial Crew Program, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew
CCDev, Dream Chaser, NASA, NASA Marshall, Sierra Nevada Corporation
Masten Releases Payload Users' Guide as Deadline Looms for Flight Opportunities Program
UP Aerospace to Support Lockheed Martin in Air Force Reusable Booster System Program

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Conference and Workshop Materials
1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC)
Documentation, analysis, and writing of TAM markers in Vera'a
5052.jpg (2.08 MB)
5052.mp3 (23.33 MB)
Schnell, Stefan
Vera'a, an Oceanic language spoken by approx. 300 people in Northern Vanuatu, has two TAM markers that consist of just one consonant (k and m). Both pose problems in terms of formal analysis and in terms of practical orthography. The language has SVO word order, and the markers concerned are the first element of the verbal predicate. However, they form a phonological unit with the preceding element, i.e. the last constituent of the subject NP in most cases. Francois (2007) classifies them as prefixes of the verb on morpho-syntactic grounds, claiming that no material can intervene between TAM marker and following verb. However, an enclitic analysis seems possible as well, and is supported by the fact that speakers frequently pause after the TAM marker. This is also the cut-off point if a clause is interrupted and restarted, and the TAM marker is repeated then together with the preceding word. Lastly, my data do show cases where other morphs intervene between TAM marker and verb. An additional source of evidence are native speakers' metalinguistic intuitions: they write the TAM markers in a unit with what precedes them. Though this kind of evidence should not be given highest priority in deciding on the correct analysis (Himmelmann 2006), it nevertheless reflects metalinguistic knowledge and should be documented alongside with the facts. In principle, both the prefix and the clitic analysis seem to have advantages. Instead of imposing one of them on all products involved in a comprehensive documentation of the language (annotations, sketch grammar, edited texts for story books, etc.), both should be equally accommodated. Different pieces of evidence that back one of the two analysis should be extensively commented on, e.g. in a separate commentary tier in ELAN that links the annotations with the relevant data to the descriptive (sketch) grammar and addresses the analytical problems (Schultze-Berndt 2006). Thus, the different levels of linguistic annotations, linguistic analysis and practical orthography should be kept separate and interlinked at the same time. Finally, an orthography of the language does not necessarily have to reflect linguistic analysis, but should be acceptable and of practical value for the speech community. Therefore, speakers' decision should be followed here.
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported


text:
Torricelli ist:

Name folgender Personen:
 Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647 in Florenz), italienischer Physiker und Mathematiker
 Giambattista Torricelli (1779–1848), Schweizer römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und Schriftsteller
 Giuseppe Torricelli und Giovanni Antonio Torricelli, italienische Baumeister des 18. Jahrhunderts mit Wirkungskreis vor allem im zaristischen Russland
 Leopoldo Torricelli (1893–1930), italienischer Radrennfahrer
 Moreno Torricelli (* 1970), italienischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Robert Torricelli (* 1951), US-amerikanischer Politiker, ehemaliges Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses und des Senates

Außerdem:
 Torricelli (Mondkrater), benannt nach Evangelista Torricelli
 (7437) Torricelli, Asteroid des Hauptgürtels
 Torricelli-Sprachen, eine Sprachfamilie in Papua-Neuguinea
 Torricelli (1934), später spanisch General Sanjurjo, ein italienisches U-Boot der Archimede-Klasse
 Torricelli (1939), ein italienisches U-Boot der Brin-Klasse
 Torricelli-Berge, eine Bergkette auf Papua-Neuguinea

Siehe auch:
 Torr, Einheit des Drucks
 Torricellis Trompete
 Fermat-Torricelli-Punkt
 Torricellisches Ausflussgesetz
 Torricelli-Prinzip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Paintings, painted furniture made to order for you!
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We offer many painting's collections that we can make the colors of your choice. Each painting is unique and hand painted in our workshop in France.
Boisimage is on You tube !!


text:
Yulin Dog Meat Festival Campaigner, Yang Xiaoyun, Travels 1,500 Miles To Save 100 Dogs From Slaughter
Kathryn Snowdon— The Huffington Post UK
One Chinese animal rights activist has gone the extra mile - more than 1,500 of them to be exact - to save the lives of terrified dogs and cats destined for a horrific slaughter during the annual Yulin Dog Meat Festival.
Yang Xiaoyun, 65, travelled the enormous distance from her home in the city of Tianjin to rescue as many dogs as possible from the controversial festival in South China, Agence France-Presse reported.
The retired school teacher has been rescuing stay animals since 1995 and has hundreds in her care since she established Common Home For All.
Yang's shelter is estimated to house about 1,500 dogs and 200 cats, whom she fondly refers to as her "children", the India Times reported.
Yang Xiaoyun already cares for more than 1,000 dogs and hundreds of cats in her home in Tianjin
On Saturday, Yang reportedly travelled down to the southern city of Yulin with more than $1,000 to save the lives of about 100 dogs awaiting slaughter.
Nearly 4 million people have signed a petition calling for an end to the Yulin Dog Meat Festival.
Reports said that Yang plans to rehouse the rescued animals at her home about 1,5000 miles away in Tianjin.
Pictures show the campaigner trawling Yulin's streets, bartering with dog meat sellers in a bid to save the lives of as many animals as possible before the close of the festival on Monday.
Article continues below pictures:
Yang Xiaoyun at Yulin Dog Meat Festival
Although dog meat has historically been sold in China, the Yulin festival is not an ancient tradition and was invented in 2010 by dog meat traders trying to drum up business, says Peter Li, a China policy specialist at Humane Society International.
It is estimated that about 10,000 dogs, many of whom are reportedly stolen pets still wearing their collars, are killed each year for the Yulin festival, which coincides with the summer solstice.
The city's government has reportedly tried to distance itself from the event, citing it as a "commercial" event not run by the local government.
The festival has received a growing amount of condemnation, both internationally and within China, as animal rights groups work together to end the event.
Humane Society International's Adam Parascandola has witnessed firsthand the distressing live dog and cat markets where animals are squeezed into tiny cages to be bought and killed for their meat.
Puppies in cages at the live dog market in Yulin
Adam said: "As well as the obvious animal cruelty aspect of this horrific festival, they (animal rights protestors) are also raising very serious public health concerns about the transmission of rabies and other diseases in this completely unregulated and often criminal trade.
"Theft of pet dogs and cats plays a huge role in sustaining this industry.
"It's been a real challenge to be here in Yulin over the past few days. I've witnessed truly heartbreaking animal suffering of dogs and cats that I will never forget, but at the same time I've also had the honour of working alongside really inspiring Chinese activists and ordinary animal-loving citizens who care deeply about ending this horrific trade.
"They give me hope for the future, and they in turn are feeling hopeful because they finally feel that their voices are being heard around the world. I sincerely hope that the Chinese authorities listen too, and that this will be the last we see of this brutal festival."
A host of celebrities have spoken out about the festival. Most vocal, perhaps, has been British comedian and actor Ricky Gervais, who has relentlessly campaigned to end to the Yulin event.
Most recently he thanked all his followers who have opposed the festival:
Thanks to everyone who signed the petition, gave money, or simply tweeted about #yulin2015. This unthinkable cruelty that will end one day.
— Ricky Gervais (@rickygervais) June 22, 2015
X Factor boss and self-proclaimed animal lover, Simon Cowell, is one of the most recent celebrities to speak out against the Yulin Dog Meat Festival.
On Monday, the 55-year-old year old tweeted:
I can barely bring myself to talk about the horrific Yulin Dog and Cat Meat festival because it makes me so sick.
— Simon Cowell (@SimonCowell) June 22, 2015
But unless we all do something about this, it won't stop. We have to act now to stop these barbaric & disgusting events FOREVER.
He then urged his followers to sign the petition against the "disgraceful animal torture:
Please, please sign here: http://t.co/YiMCY1KMlo@HSIGlobal to help stop this disgraceful animal torture and cruelty. Thank you.
Ricky Gervais Joins Fight Against China's Yulin Dog Meat Festival
Exposing China's Yulin Dog Meat 'Festival' Cruelty
Yulin Dog Meat Torture Festival Will Go Ahead Despite Celebrity Pleas
uk newsyulin dog meat festivalChinaAnimal RightsRicky Gervais


Nine guests from Austria, Switzerland, the UK and the USA came together to experience an unforgettable community and volunteer based tour with Andaman Discoveries. They started by staying at the School for Life in Thai Muang where a different form of volunteering took place. The volunteering did not necessarily have tangible, concrete results that the group could see by the end of their stay. Their presence and financial contribution to stay at the school helps keep these small projects running and generate revenue for the future. The group was open minded and understood that lending a helping hand comes in many different forms. During their stay at the school, they were able to enjoy beautiful views of lush forest, hang out at the beach, visit the local market and practice meditation at the temple with a monk.
Their next destination was the small, rural fishing village of Ta Pai Yoi on the island of Koh Pratong that is accessed by taking a longtail boat through the healthy mangrove systems, which offers views of the natural wildlife. They were greeted by their homestay families that welcomed them into their homes and the village. They shared stories, ate together and learned about each other's cultures. They also participated in local activities like collecting local vegetables for dinner, enjoying the beach and exploring the unique savannah on the island. After arriving back on the mainland, they arrived at the next village homestay of Ban Tale Nok in Ranong. Throughout the stay, they were able to bond with their homestay families and get a true understanding of Thailand. They partook in many fun activities like: creating batik, net fishing on the beach followed by a BBQ at sunset, weaving roof panels out of nippa palm, making soap, making a Thai dessert and taking a small boat tour through the mangroves to learn about the environmental benefits of keeping this great ecosystem intact. The trip allowed this easy going group to grasp all the wonderful elements that Thailand has to offer and really enjoy the generous spirit of the Thai people.


text:
Natural Stone is not manufactured; it is a product of nature. Blocks are removed from the quarry, slabs are cut from these blocks, and the slabs are further fabricated into the final stone to be installed. Each block is different; each slab is different. Skillful blending or matching of the dimension stone blocks, veneer panels, tops, etc., results in a beautiful blending of nature's variety and man's design. In contrast to the uniformity of materials produced by machine or assembly line, stone's naturally varied appearance has wonderful character. "Uniformity of material," when applied to natural stone, is a term of relative value that needs to be understood when making a selection.
Granite is the most popular stone type used in countertop applications today. Granites are some of the hardest of the common countertop stones, offering high levels of resistance to abrasion and scratching. Granites are made up of several different minerals, each mineral having a different hardness. Granites contain quartz, feldspars, biotite, amphibole, ferrous titanium oxides, and other mineral combinations. Limestone is a sedimentary stone with at least 50% calcite or calcium carbonate content. Almost all limestone is composed of grains or fragments of biologic origin, ranging from fossils to dinosaur bones. Most limestone is marine in origin, composed of micro-sized fossils of marine organisms like the shells found on most beaches. It is very common to find pieces of shells in limestone tiles.
What is Marble and Onyx?
Marble is a metamorphic rock predominantly consisting of calcite, dolomite and crystals. Onyx originates from deposits of limestone caverns, where it forms stalactites and stalagmites. Onyx is formed by gentle, dripping water movement and may envelop terrestrial fossil remains. Since onyxes are formed by a process of crystallization, they are considered part of the marble family. Marbles and Onyxes typically have a diverse aesthetic appeal, accentuated by distinct veining and often bold colors. They are relatively softer than granite. Marbles can be scratched by kitchen utensils, so it is best to use cutting boards and other protective measures. Marbles can also be etched by chemical attack. Since these stones are calcium carbonate-based, they can be damaged by exposure to acidic solutions such as lemon juice, tomatoes, vinegar, etc. The use of inappropriate cleaning agents may also trigger acidic attack. Acidic solutions can permanently etch the surface of the material. The application of a sealer will reduce, but not eliminate, the vulnerability to acidic attack. For these reasons, marbles and onyxes are not recommended for use in kitchens, however they can be a good selection for bathroom vanities for example.
What is Slate?
Slate is a metamorphic rock exhibiting "slaty" cleavage, which allows it to be split in thin sheets. Slate is formed in the water of rivers and ponds from clay accumulating in thin, flat layers at the bottom of these waterbeds. Slates are softer than granite and therefore vulnerable to scratching and abrasion. Slate has a natural cleft (not a smooth surface). The same precautions mentioned for marbles with regard to damage should be applied to slates.
What is Travertine?
Travertine is a calcium-based stone. Travertine is generated by the deposit of calcium carbonate resulting from water springs and streams running through the stone. Every time a drop in pressure or change of temperature occurs, the water releases carbon dioxide as gas, much like carbonated beverages. This gas causes holes to form in the travertine. These natural pores are still going to be present once the blocks are cut into tiles. The amount of holes depends by how compact each travertine type is and it varies greatly by the type of travertine. The pores present in the tiles can be filled with a paste made of cement and pigments. However, it is important to note that these void spaces are a distinctive character of travertine tiles and they are always going to be present to a certain extent.
What is Polished Finish?
A mirror-like, glossy surface that brings out the color and character of the stone to its fullest, because it optimally reflects the light.
What is Honed Finish?
A velvety smooth surface with little or no gloss. The degree of honing depends on the stone, but may vary from light to heavy.
What is Tumbled Finish?
A weathered, aging finish achieved when the stone is tumbled with sand, pebbles, or steel bearings. Tumbled stone may present chipped edges and imperfections created by the tumbling process. These characteristics give the stone more of a worn, old look.
What is Antique Brushed Finish?
A finish that replicates rustic or distressed textures. This finish tries to replicate the naturally occurring effects of the aging process.
What is Natural Cleft mean?
This term usually refers to slate stones. It means a cleavage face formed when the stone is split into any thickness.
What does Gauged mean?
This term usually refers to slate stones. It refers to the process through which slate tiles are all calibrated to a specific thickness.
How much material do I need to order for my job?
Before making final selection of a stone, take wastage into account to make certain there will be enough material to complete the project. An often-forgotten fact is that the material from a quarry today may be different from what was available six months ago. Further, there may be more than one quarry of the material. It is always recommended to order what is typically referred to as "attic stock", a little amount of material to be kept on the side if future repairs are needed.
How do I achieve the best from a Natural Stone installation?
The final look of mixed tiles may fall short of appearance expectations, especially if the stone is variegated and veined. The installer should mix tiles from different boxes during the installation to achieve a more even, visually pleasing result in the finished surface. The homeowner should always look at the natural stone with the installer before the installation takes place. Moreover, it is highly recommended that the homeowner gets involved and discusses the stone layout with the installer in details to prevent misunderstandings from occurring.
How do I care for my Natural Stone countertop?
Use coasters under all glasses, particularly those containing alcohol or citrus juices. Many common foods and drinks contain acids that will etch or dull the surface of many stones. Do not place hot items directly on the stone surface. Use trivets or mats under hot dishes and placemats under china, ceramics, silver or other objects that can scratch the surface.
How do I care for my Natural Stone floor?
Dust mop interior floors frequently using a clean non-treated dry dust mop. Sand, dirt and grit do the most damage to natural stone surfaces due to their abrasiveness. Mats or area rugs inside and outside an entrance will help to minimize the sand, dirt and grit that will scratch the stone floor. Be sure that the underside of the mat or rug is a non-slip surface. Normally, it will take a person about eight steps on a floor surface to remove sand or dirt from the bottom of their shoes. Do not use vacuum cleaners that are worn. The metal or plastic attachments or the wheels may scratch the surface.
How do I prevent staining on Natural Stone?
Most stones are porous and readily absorb liquids and moisture. Materials like limestone and sandstone are extremely absorbent, whereas granites and serpentine (green marble) are denser, but will still absorb liquids that are allowed to remain in contact with them for extended periods of time. The use of a sealer will help prevent staining in most situations. Even a sealed surface can stain if left in contact with a staining agent for a long period of time. Therefore, all spills should be wiped up as soon as possible, and coasters or napkins should be set when serving food or drinks on a stone bar, table, or counter top. Soft drinks, coffee, tea, and fruit juices contain mild acids and can etch the polished surface of a stone and stain quite rapidly. These should be cleaned off immediately with mild soap and warm water.
What is a Sealer?
A sealer cures as a film on the stone surface. Since the material is actually covering the stone, the appearance of the stone surface may be altered by the application of this type of product. This material will provide somewhat of a sacrificial layer over the stone, and will absorb most of the wear on the countertop. Since the sealer is softer than the stone, normal use of the countertop will result in abrasion of the sealer surface and dictate reapplication to maintain the original luster of the surface. A properly applied topical sealer will normally reduce, although not eliminate, the vulnerability of calcareous stones to attack from mildly acidic solutions.
General Precautions. When any surface protection product is used, care must be taken to read and follow the Manufacturer's written instructions accurately. This will provide the greatest benefit from the application and will guarantee safe handling of the product.
How do I clean my Natural Stone tiles and slabs?
Clean stone surfaces with a few drops of neutral PH stone cleaner available at retail stores or at your local tile and stone dealer, or a mild liquid dishwashing detergent and warm water. Use a clean rag mop on floors and a soft cloth for other surfaces for best results. Too much cleaner or soap may leave a film and cause streaks. Do not use products that contain lemon, vinegar or other acids on marble or limestone. Rinse the surface thoroughly after washing with the soap solution and dry with a soft cloth. Change the rinse water frequently. Do not use scouring powders or creams; these products contain abrasives that may scratch the surface.
How do I care for my Natural Stone in wet areas?
In the bath or other wet areas, soap scum can be minimized by using a squeegee after each use. To remove soap scum, use an approved non-acidic soap scum remover available at retail stores or at your local tile and stone dealer.
What should I do if spills occur on my Natural Stone?
Blot the spill with a paper towel immediately. Don't wipe the area, it will spread the spill. Flush the area with plain water and mild soap and rinse several times. Dry the area thoroughly with a soft cloth. Repeat as necessary. If the stain remains, refer to the question on stain removal.
If a stain occurs, how do I remove?
If stains do occur, a stain remover may be required. Whereas, a cleaner will wash off surface dirt, a stain remover such as a poultice will actually act to draw out deep-seated dirt and stains from the stone's pores. Several applications of a stain remover may be required for difficult stains, and darker marbles should be tested to make sure that the stain remover will not bleach the stone. For recurring problems, and/or a very deep stain, a professional stone fabricator should be contacted. Approved stain removers are available at retail stores or at your local tile and stone dealer.
What are DOs and DON'Ts for Natural Stone?
DO Dust mop floors frequently
DO Clean surfaces with mild detergent or stone soap
DO Thoroughly rinse and dry the surface after washing
DO Blot up spills immediately
DO Protect floor surfaces with non-slip mats or area rugs and countertop surfaces with coasters, trivets or placemats
DON'T Use vinegar, lemon juice or other cleaners containing acids on marble, limestone, travertine or onyx surfaces
DON'T Use cleaners that contain acid such as bathroom cleaners, grout cleaners or tub and tile cleaners
DON'T Use abrasive cleaners such as dry cleansers or soft cleansers


text:
Anton Janssen  est un footballeur néerlandais né le  à Tiel. Il évoluait au poste de milieu de terrain.

Biographie

Joueur

Il est notamment joueur du NEC Nimègue, du Fortuna Sittard, du PSV Eindhoven et du KV Courtrai.

Le 19 octobre 1983, lors du deuxième tour de la Coupe des coupes, il inscrit avec le NEC Nimègue un but contre le FC Barcelone.

Avec le PSV Eindhoven, il remporte la Coupe des clubs champions en 1988 lors d'une finale disputée contre le Benfica Lisbonne. Rentré lors de la période de prolongations, il inscrit le dernier tir au but de son équipe, juste avant que le portier Hans van Breukelen n'arrête le tir d'António Veloso, assurant ainsi la victoire finale. Il participe ensuite à la Supercoupe d'Europe, où le PSV s'incline face au KV Malines.

La saison suivante, il inscrit un but lors des huitièmes de finales de la Coupe des clubs champions, lors de la réception du FC Porto.

Il dispute un total de 340 matchs en première division néerlandaise, inscrivant 40 buts. Il réalise sa meilleure performance lors de la saison 1992-1993, où il inscrit cinq buts en championnat.

Entraîneur

Après avoir raccroché les crampons, il entraîne plusieurs clubs néerlandais.

Palmarès
Avec le PSV Eindhoven :
 Vainqueur de la Coupe des clubs champions en 1988
 Finaliste de la Supercoupe d'Europe en 1988
 Champion des Pays-Bas en 1987 et 1988
 Vainqueur de la Coupe des Pays-Bas en 1989 et 1990

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur néerlandais
Entraîneur néerlandais de football
Joueur de NEC Nimègue
Joueur du Fortuna Sittard
Joueur du PSV Eindhoven
Joueur du KV Courtrai
Entraîneur du NEC Nimègue
Naissance en août 1963
Naissance aux Pays-Bas


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Marta Dusseldorp, Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood, Noni Hazelhurst. The stunning drama set in Australia in the 1950s returns with a flurry of activities and changes for the aristocratic Bligh Family. Nurse Sarah loves the handsome George, but continues to hide a dark secret from him. Meanwhile George's mother acts relentlessly to tear them apart. 10 episodes on 3 DVDs. 2014/color/7 hrs., 10 min/NR/widescreen.


so i cheated a little making this danish, which only means you can too! i used store bought puff pastry (dun dun DUUUUN). i'm sorry barefoot contessa, please forgive me! maybe one day i will devote an entire blog post to making puff pastry alone, but for this recipe store bought is fine. i wanted to use pumpkin & cream cheese in a unqiue way, something you don't often see pumpkin in, which is when the light bulb went off! a pumpkin cream cheese danish. it is flakey, it is cream cheesy, it is pumpkiny & it is downright delicious. it's another one of those dessert for breakfast items that is totally socially acceptable. it's also a perfect way to use up that little bit of pumpkin puree that always seems to be left in the can. i hate seeing even an ounce of pumpkin go to waste!
in the bowl of a stand mixer using the paddle attachment beat cream cheese, egg, white sugar, cornstarch & vanilla until smooth. set aside.
in a separate mixing bowl stir pumpkin, brown sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves & vanilla. set aside.
once your filling is ready, roll out your puff pastry to a thin rectangular shape.
cut lines diagonally on each side leaving about 4-5 inches in the center (see photos). add your cream cheese followed by spoonful's of the pumpkin mixture.
fold in ends & cross the lines in a V shape to get the braided effect. you can do an egg wash or milk wash if you desire.
bake at 400 degrees for 25-30 minutes, until the puff pastry is golden brown.
while the danish bakes, make your glaze by combining icing sugar & milk until the desired consistency is formed.
remove from oven & immediately drizzle with the glaze.


Joe and Nancy Hart of Hart Winery are an inspiration to those who have ever dreamed of owning and operating a winery in Southern California. In 1970, Joe and Nancy discovered the Temecula Valley and in 1974 planted their first grapevines, among the earliest in the region.
In 1980 they built the winery on a corner of their 10-acre vineyard property. Later that same year, the first wines bearing the Hart label were produced, bottled and sold. Today, in keeping with the philosophy that making wine is an art-form engaged in by a passionate winemaker, Joe Hart, along with his son, Jim, produce about 5000 cases of premium wine annually.
If you're interested in tasting more obscure and unique varietals, then Hart Winery is your spot. Wines currently available for purchase include multiple vintages of the white Roussane, rosé made from Cabernet Franc, and reds like Barbera, Mourvedre, Sangiovese, and Zinfandel.
Hart's vineyards are also planted with Syrah, Viognier, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc.
The Hart family places an emphasis on matching grape varieties with terroir. Numerous Gold medals and Best of Class awards throughout the years attest to recognition by industry peers as well as by the public to the excellence of Hart Winery wines.


The Estates community is located in the master planned community of Southern Highlands. Located in its golf community, it has only 62 homes on 1/2 acre to 2 acre lots. As well as the privacy and luxury offered in these homes, are all the amenities of Southern Highlands including the country club, trails, dining, shopping and entertainment venues.


It's annoying leaning a bike up against something, especially on a train, only to have the handlebars rotate and for the bike to fall down. Or to be carrying a bike on your shoulder and have the wheel come round and smack you.
A simple lock on the front of the bike which could be flicked to stop the steering from moving whilst it's being transported would solve this problem.


The National Weather Service said a storm warning remained in effect, with an additional 1 to 3 inches (2.5 to 7.6 cm) possible on Saturday and another storm in the forecast early next week.
The next storm will approach the region by the end of the week.
The National Weather Service has decreased forecast snow totals for Northeastern Minnesota, however, with only a 30 percent chance that Duluth, the Iron Range and most of the North Shore will see 6 inches or more.
He also adds that "blowing snow will be a factor Tuesday afternoon in open areas". The line for the rain/snow mix look to be holding right around the area of Baltimore City with areas south of the city expected to see more rain than snow.
People sled at Gas Works Park after a large storm blanketed the city with snow on February 9, 2019 in Seattle, Washington.
Sunday night and Monday morning will be dry as the low develops overnight in Eastern Colorado, briefly pushes into Oklahoma early Monday and then lifts up into Missouri by the late morning/early afternoon.
About 200 flights were canceled at Seattle-Tacoma and Portland global airports on Saturday, roughly matching the number of Friday cancellations.
Around 50,000 people lost power. A 59-year-old man died Thursday from exposure at a Seattle light rail station.
"I love it. I'm excited about it", she said of the snow. "I think that Portlanders, majority are city people and they come from a lot of different places, so they're not so used to it".
More than a foot of snow (30.5 cm) was recorded in some areas, including on the Olympic Peninsula. "If you don't have to go out, don't go out'".


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FRUIT - Zipmec Guides
Fruit - trade production and processing - Details
Trade, import and export of Peaches
The European Union, in 2010, produced about 4.1 million tons of peaches and nectarines: Italy is altogether the first world producer for the production of peaches, nectarines and percoche peaches, producing about 1.6 million tons of peaches (39%), with a slight decreasing trend. Italy is followed by Spain, with 1.2 million tons (28%) of peaches produced, Greece, with 800 thousand tons (20%) of peaches and France, that, with less than 400 thousand tons (8%) of peaches produce, has a decreasing production of peaches, but still remains definitely active as to the exports of peaches.
The European Union is a strong producer and exporter of peaches and nectarines. In 2010 the export of peaches reached 277 thousand tons, with a strongly growing trend compared to the 120 thousand tons esteemed in 2001. Regarding the import instead, in 2010 the EU imported 27 thousand tons with a quite steady trend since 2010 and a decreasing trend until 2011.
Spain and Greece are the countries that nowadays are supporting the strong trend of exports of peaches and of nectarines.The imports of peaches in Europe (average data 2006-2010), even though limited, because of the European primacy in the production of peaches as opposed to the rest of the world, come from Chile (39%), South Africa (22%) and Morocco (10%), while the exports of peaches are directed mainly to Russia (50%), Ukraine and Switzerland. At a European level, Germany and France are, instead, the major European importers of peaches and nectarines.
Thanks to the early harvesting, Spain controls since forever the world fruit and vegetable market in May and June, exporting peaches, in these months, even In Italy, main European competitor in the production of peaches, nectarines and percoche peaches.
In 2011, there was also an increase in the exports of Italian peaches and nectarines, in particular to Russia and other fruit and vegetable markets in the East of Europe, thanks to a recovery of the local economies and to a lower offer of the fruit and vegetable product from Spain, France and Greece. Most of the peaches and nectarines produced in Italy are assigned to the fresh consumption, both on the internal market and on the foreign market.
As to the trade of Italian peaches, consumers usually prefer large fruits, while smaller fruits are exported. In 2011, unfortunately, there was a decrease in the consumption of peaches, because of a lower harvest (very late), very cheap prices paid to producers of peaches and steady or higher prices on the final fruit and vegetable market.
The Italian exports of peaches were mainly assigned to the EU fruit and vegetable markets. In spite of a strong competition of Spain and Greece, the exports of Italian peaches increased in 2010/11 and it seems that they will increase even more in 2012. On the total volume of the entire production of peaches, 146,300 tons were exported to Germany, about 26,000 tons to Great Britain, 24,100 tons of peaches to Poland and 22,550 to Austria. The Czech Republic imported from Italy, 18,600 tons of peaches and nectarines, followed by Sweden and Denmark with 12,700 and 11,500 tons. Finally, Italy exported 10,600 tons of peaches and nectarines in Romania.
The price of peaches in the different European countries that produce peaches are quite similar, also because of quite similar costs, but with some typical characteristics: constancy of this fruit and vegetable product during all the season in Spain, strong differences from one year to another, probably due to quality aspects, in France, and last a limited periodicity and a strong variability in the production of peaches in Italy.
The quantity of peaches and nectarines coming from the basin to the European Union are now small, being only 1% in quantity and 1.4% in value on the total amount of peaches imported from the European Union. Almost the totality of this fruit and vegetable product came from Turkey, but, with years, an increase in the imports of peaches from Morocco, which has now overcome Turkey, was noted, thanks to an increase in the import od peaches from this country and a parallel decrease of products coming from Turkey.
Peaches - history, production, trade
The history of Peaches
The plant of Peaches
The varieties of Peaches
The production of Peaches
Organic Peaches
Producers, farms, import/export of Peaches
Crops Harvesting Calendar
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You are at:Home»News»Construction / Development»DPD opens Europe's largest parcel hub in the UK
DPD opens Europe's largest parcel hub in the UK
By Helen Norman September 29, 2015 No Comments
Left: Dwain McDonald, CEO for DPD, and Philippe Wahl, chairman and CEO of La Poste
Parcel delivery provider DPD has officially opened its £100m (US$152m) state-of-the-art sortation facility in Hinckley, Leicestershire. The depot is capable of sorting 720,000 parcels each day and will create 1,000 new full-time jobs in the region.
The hub was opened at a special ceremony in front of 400 guests including Philippe Wahl, chairman and CEO of La Poste, HM Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire, Lady Gretton, Leicester-born footballer and television presenter Gary Lineker, and representatives from some of the largest retail names in the UK.
The new superhub was delivered on time and on budget, and will be fully operational ahead of this year's Black Friday and Christmas peak period. The building itself is approximately 1,542ft long and 131ft wide with 264 loading dock doors. It also contains a 9,843ft long automated sorter, designed by conveyer specialists Beumer Group.
Dwain McDonald, CEO for DPD, said, "Our new Hinckley superhub is an absolutely stunning building and the whole project is a credit to everyone involved. I'm incredibly proud of my team and what we have achieved, so it was real honor to be able to invite Her Majesty's Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire, Gary Lineker and our retail customers to see the facility for themselves.
"The superhub is way beyond anything else in the UK and gives us significant scope to expand in the next few years. We've been consistently investing in our network and growing our capacity for some time now to ensure we stay well ahead of the increasing demand for DPD's services. We've also opened around 20 new depots in the UK in the last two years, half of them being brand new purpose-built developments. But Hinckley is the clearest signal yet of our intent.
"Our retail customers already know the quality of our service compared to the rest of the next-day delivery market, today they also saw the scale of our ambition and the level of investment we are making on their behalf."
To see a video by DPD dedicated to the new Hinckley depot click here.


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An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science (2018)
Chapter: 1 Introduction
« Previous: Summary
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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25171.
A central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons, governed by the theory of their interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between protons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics.
ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER
In the 1960s, scientists at the Department of Energy (DOE) Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) discovered that protons and neutrons, the building blocks of nuclei, are themselves made of smaller constituents—"quarks." This remarkable structure was revealed by scattering electrons on protons and other nuclei, and indeed the SLAC 2-mile-long electron accelerator became the world's most powerful "electron microscope," peering inside neutrons and protons (see Box 1.1). To this day, electrons, as point-like particles apparently without internal structure, remain a clean and powerful probe of matter at the most basic level.
Understanding of nucleons—that is, protons and neutrons—and the larger family of hadrons—strongly interacting particles made of quarks and antiquarks—has advanced dramatically since the first SLAC experiments. Fractionally charged1 quarks and antiquarks are held together in hadrons by the "color" force, whose
1 That is, fractions such as 1/3 and –2/3 of the charge of the electron.
Why Electron Scattering?
Because electrons do not manifest any internal structure, they can be used as a precise probe of the more complicated nucleons and nuclei. Electron-scattering study of the structure of nuclei began with post-World War II experiments in Illinois and was continued in the 1950s by Robert Hofstadter at Stanford University, who used electrons to peer inside the nucleon itself. A scattered electron creates a virtual photon to see inside the nucleon; the photon energy (technically the square root of Q2, its total momentum squared) determines its resolving power (see Figure 1.1.1). Hofstadter's groundbreaking experiments, recognized with the 1961 Nobel Prize, demonstrated that nucleons are not elementary; rather, the charge distribution of the proton has a size of order 10–13 cm.
Following Hofstadter's discovery, electron accelerators were built to continue these studies at laboratories around the world, including at Saclay in France, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Bates Lab in the United States, the National Institute for Subatomic Physics in the Netherlands, and at Bonn and Mainz in Germany. These accelerators revealed more details about the structure of the nucleon and the behavior of nucleons within the nucleus, and their development led to improved accelerator technology as well.
To reveal the substructure of nucleons, higher resolution would be needed, which requires using electron beams of significantly higher energy. In 1967, the newly built 2-mile long electron accelerator at the SLAC enabled a new kind of electron-scattering experiment, known as "deep-inelastic scattering" (DIS), in which the energy is large enough to destroy the proton target. While the destroyed proton became a complicated final state containing many particles, theorists Richard Feynman and James Bjorken showed that such processes could be explained simply in terms of fractionally charged constituents—then called "partons"—each of which carry a portion of the target proton's momentum.
FIGURE 1.1.1 A virtual photon, γ*, created by a scattered electron, probes the inner workings of the nucleon. SOURCE: U. Elschenbroich (HERMES).
The whole picture came together when partons were identified as fractionally charged quarks. The interactions of the quarks, mediated by gluons, each of which carry a "color" (literally a type of internal charge analogous to electric charge) are described by the theory of QCD. One central feature of QCD is "confinement," which is the locking together of quarks in hadrons. Unlike the electromagnetic force, the color force increases in strength as the distance between quarks or quarks and gluons increases, thus explaining why quarks and gluons do not exist as free particles, and why studying them inside nucleons and nuclei with electrons has been and will continue to be so valuable to advancing science's understanding. Nobel Prizes were awarded to Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, and Richard Taylor in 1990 for the SLAC experiments, and to David Gross, David Politzer, and Frank Wilczek—also from U.S. institutions—in 2004 for their insights into how the color force works. Bjorken shared the 2015 Wolf Prize and the 2015 EPS-HEPP Prize for his contributions.
Electron scattering experiments have continued at JLab, in the United States, from 1995 to the present, and at HERA in Hamburg, Germany, from 1991 to 2007. JLab, building on earlier work at SLAC, has pioneered new accelerator technology, including sources and acceleration of polarized electron beams, superconducting accelerators, higher-intensity beams, and more sophisticated detectors and analyses. HERA pioneered high-energy collisions of longitudinally polarized electron and positron beams with unpolarized proton beams. The HERA Measurement of Spin (HERMES) fixed-target experiment pioneered the measurement of pure lepton-hadron scattering, without any complication from extraneous material or end-windows. HERA experiments revealed the great abundance of gluons within neutrons and protons, which has led to the new questions that the proposed EIC will be able to address.
carrier is the massless "gluon." Quarks and gluons carry a color charge.2 The fundamental "strong force," which is also responsible for binding nucleons together in nuclei, is very different from the electromagnetic force holding atoms and molecules together, and is described theoretically by QCD, a remarkable but mathematically complicated generalization of ordinary electricity and magnetism. Discovering how the structure of nucleons arises from the dynamics of their quark and gluon constituents, and how interactions between protons and neutrons in nuclei arise from these dynamics, is a major goal of modern nuclear physics.
With deeper understanding of the building blocks of nucleons and their interactions, nuclear physicists are developing a view of nucleons and nuclei as collective many-body systems, not simply clouds of independent particles. In these systems, dynamical interactions among the components lead to new emergent phenomena—as has been seen over the years in condensed-matter systems—for example, weak attractive interactions among electrons leading to superconductivity. Viewing nucleons
2 "Color" refers to a generalization of electrical charge. As one forms an electrically neutral atom with equal numbers of positive and negative electric charges, one finds that it takes three different colors to produce a "color-neutral" nucleon.
and nuclei as complex, interacting, many-body systems gives rise to profound questions about the nature of ordinary matter. Three central issues are at the fore.
Gluons have no mass and quarks are nearly massless, but nucleons and nuclei are heavy, making up most of the visible mass of the universe. How do nucleons acquire mass? At a qualitative level, it is known that gluons and quark-antiquark pairs (called "sea quarks") that exist inside nucleons are crucial to their properties. However, the precise arrangement, or states, of gluons and sea quarks inside the nucleon is not known, and the mechanism by which mass is generated remains only partially understood.
A second fundamental property of the nucleon is that it has internal angular momentum, or spin. How does the spin arise from its elementary quark and gluon constituents? The quarks within the nucleon are known to contribute only a fraction of the total spin.
Colored quarks and gluons form color-neutral bound states and, in particular, protons and neutrons. A remarkable feature of the strong force, crucial to an understanding of the world around us, is that neutrons and protons arrange themselves into composite objects, or nuclei. Nuclei are bound by residual color forces, mediated by gluons and sea quarks. What are the emergent properties of dense systems of gluons? What are their quantum states? How are they distributed in both position and momentum, and how are they correlated among themselves and with the quarks and antiquarks present?
To pursue the science needed to answer these questions will require peering into nucleons and nuclei with high energy electrons, as was done in the seminal SLAC experiments that first revealed the existence of the inner structure of the nucleon. One needs high energy in order to achieve the needed resolution, which in turn requires colliding a beam of electrons with a counter-moving beam of protons or nuclei in an electron-ion collider (EIC). To address the science questions above, such a machine must be capable of colliding a beam of "polarized"3 electrons of energies from 4 GeV up to possibly 20 GeV with a beam of polarized ions (complex nuclei) of energies from 30 GeV up to some 300 GeV at high "luminosity"—the measure of the rate at which collisions occur—approaching 1034 cm–2 s–1. The high-energy electrons create both virtual4 photons and virtual quark-antiquark pairs in the collisions, and these virtual particles will precisely probe the target nucleons and ions, shedding light on their internal workings. The ability of the EIC to accelerate large ions as well as protons will also advance understanding of how nucleons are bound together by the color force to form nuclei. In addition to needing a collider to allow much larger energy collisions of electrons and nucleons than would be attainable with a fixed target accelerator, the center of mass of the
3 Polarized particles have their angular momenta aligned in chosen directions, rather than being disordered.
4 The term "virtual" indicates that the created particles have only a momentary fleeting existence.
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target and projectile system in a collider can be tuned to be approximately at rest in the laboratory,5 greatly simplifying analysis of scattering events, whereas in a fixed-target machine, the center of mass travels practically along the beam direction. Figure 2.4 in Chapter 2 illustrates how the physics reach of an EIC depends on the collider center-of-mass energy and luminosity.
The concept of an EIC—which the 2015 Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan6 identified as the highest-priority project for new construction in nuclear physics—builds upon a long heritage of electron scattering machines. In the postwar period, this heritage begins with the Illinois Betatron, the Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory (HEPL) machine at Stanford University, then the SLAC 2-mile accelerator, and continuing with the more recent Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) electron-proton collider, which operated from 1991 to 2007 at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Lab in Hamburg, Germany, and the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) in Virginia, which has operated since 1995 (see Box 1.1). An EIC also builds on the polarized proton beam facility at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), which has been in operation since 2002. However, an EIC would be much more capable and much more challenging to build than these earlier machines. The accelerator challenges are twofold: a high degree of polarization for both beams and high luminosity (almost three orders of magnitude beyond HERA). It would be the most sophisticated and challenging accelerator currently proposed for construction in the United States and would significantly advance accelerator science and technology here and around the world.
If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generation of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is the atomic hypothesis that all things are made of atoms—little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.7
—Richard P. Feynman, 1964
5 In an EIC the effective center-of-mass energy depends on the momentum of the struck parton and varies from collision to collision. What matters for the design of detectors is that the reaction products are kinematically separated.
6Reaching for the Horizon, 2015 DOE/NSF Long Range Plan for U.S. Nuclear Science.
7 Richard P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1, Section 1-2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1964.
Feynman's enthusiasm about the importance of atoms may seem extravagant. However, the more one thinks about it, the more one is likely to agree. Pursuing the atomic hypothesis has led to the discovery of chemistry, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, molecular biology, and so much more. Without an understanding of atoms, the technology that has created the lifestyle and world humans enjoy today would not be possible.
However, two big puzzles remain in understanding atoms as the building blocks of the physical world. The first is the full extent of the periodic table of chemical elements and how many isotopes each element has. The second is how two of the three building blocks of atoms—neutrons and protons—are themselves put together from quarks and then how they combine to form the nuclei of atoms. (The third atomic building block, the electron, is to the best of scientists' knowledge fundamental.) Both of these questions in nuclear physics are ripe to be answered now.
The story of atoms begins with Democritus, who put forward the idea of fundamental, indivisible elements of matter circa 400 BCE. The modern term "atom" derives from atomos, the Greek word for indivisible. Humans have come a long way from Empedocles's first attempt at identifying the basic building blocks—earth, fire, water, and air—and the alchemists, who saw an "application" of atomic theory, the transforming of lead into gold. Little could they realize that the applications of atomic theory would be far more transformational and rewarding.
Modern atomic theory dates back to John Dalton, who in the early 19th century laid out the basic rules of chemistry. Armed with atomic theory and a list of the chemical elements that would grow to 92 and beyond, chemists began to transform human existence by identifying and creating the myriad of substances that comprise the physical world. Today, molecular biologists and biophysicists continue the march into the living world, which is constructed from the very same chemical elements.
By the end of the 19th century, atomic theory was well developed and producing practical results. But a burning question remained: Are atoms real or just useful mathematical constructs, and what rules do they obey? Einstein's study of Brownian motion—the random, thermal motions of atoms, molecules, and even larger clumps of matter—provided the first concrete confirmation that atoms actually exist and gave a reasonably accurate estimate of their masses: a single gram is comprised of some 6 × 1023 atoms.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the understanding of the atom deepened further with experiments revealing that atoms comprise a tiny nucleus (size of order 10–13 cm) containing neutrons and protons surrounded by a much larger cloud of electrons (size of order 10–8 cm). Atoms themselves are made of three smaller building blocks. Around the same time, the discovery of quantum mechanics, the rules that govern the microscopic world, opened the door to understanding how atoms behave and can be manipulated.
The science of materials is based on how electrons interact when atoms combine to form molecules, all governed by the rules of quantum mechanics. Building upon this knowledge, chemists and physicists have been refining the abilities to understand materials and to create new ones. A new, related field arose, known as condensed matter (initially called solid-state) physics, and is concerned with the various phases of matter that exist, from conductors and insulators to crystalline states of matter to even more exotic phases of matter including superconductors and other macroscopic quantum states of matter. The ability to design and build materials almost atom by atom has opened yet another chapter in the saga began by Democritus: nanoscience and nano-engineering.
The discovery after World War II of hundreds of subatomic particles spawned a new investigation: elementary particle physics. As these studies revealed, neutrons and protons are not fundamental, but rather made of smaller quarks. Quarks may or may not be Democritus's atomos. The quest for the ultimate indivisible pieces and the rules that govern them continues, with the most recent discovery being the Higgs boson. Today, the stakes are even higher, with ideas about how the fundamental particles and forces are related to the structure and origin of space-time, as well as to the birth and early evolution of the universe.
In the material world, two big questions remain about the atoms that are its building blocks. First, what is the full range of nuclei—and hence kinds of atoms—that can exist? Finding the range of nuclei that can exist far from stability is a primary aim of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) being constructed at Michigan State University. The second question involves the nature of the two building blocks of the nucleus. The neutron is made of two "valence"-down quarks (charge 1/3 that of the electron) and one valence-up quark (charge −2/3 that of the electron), while the proton is made of two valence-up quarks and one valence-down quark. Simple enough. But there is a puzzle: the mass of the proton is about 100 times that of two up and one down quark; similarly, the mass of the neutron is about 80 times that of two down and one up.8 Furthermore, the three quarks within nucleons do not, as is mentioned below, account for their spins. What then accounts for the mass and spin of the neutron and of the proton?
The other components are gluons and the sea quarks—of all six types: up, down, strange, charmed, bottom, and top (see Box 1.2). However, a fundamental understanding of how gluons and sea quarks are distributed, both in space and
8 The mass of a nucleus is slightly less—from about 0.1 percent typically to nearly 1 percent—than the sum of its component neutrons and protons. That mass defect or binding energy is the mass equivalent energy that is released when the nucleus is assembled; it is the origin of nuclear energy. Likewise, the mass of an atom is very, very slightly less—parts in a billion or smaller—than the sum of its component nucleus and electrons. This is the chemical binding energy that can be released in chemical reactions. The problem with the neutron and proton is just the opposite. Its mass is far greater than that of its constituents.
in momentum, within neutrons and protons, and how they determine the basic properties of neutrons and protons remains unanswered. Furthermore, how gluons and the color force then bind these nucleons into nuclei remains a mystery, as is the issue of whether or not there are more exotic states of matter made of gluons.
The primary aim of an EIC (see Box 1.3) is to understand how up and down quarks, sea quarks, and gluons create the building blocks of the nuclei of atoms, neutrons, and protons. Furthermore, although the question of the full extent of the periodic table of elements appears to be a separate one, knowledge gained from an EIC is likely to shed light on that big question as well, through a better understanding of how neutrons and protons in nuclei are held together by the color force.
Twenty-five hundred years after Democritus and the human quest for atomos, the indivisible constituents of matter, physicists are closing in on a fundamental understanding of the chemical elements that comprise the materials of the physical world. That understanding has already had enormous direct benefits in the design and manufacture of all kinds of materials, with many more benefits on the horizon. Along the way, this scientific adventure has spun off the fields of thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, molecular biology, nanoscience, and particle physics, all of which have had their own benefits to humankind and an understanding of the universe in which we live. Feynman's extravagant claim may well have been an understatement.
SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES
An EIC is needed to address the picture of nucleons and nuclei as complex interacting many-body systems, and in particular to address three immediate and profound questions about neutrons and protons and how they are assembled to form the nuclei of atoms:
How does the mass of the nucleon arise? In other words, how do the constituents of the nucleon, the valence quarks, the sea quarks, and the gluons, and importantly their interactions, lead to a mass some 100 times larger than the sum of the three constituent quarks alone? Physicists are used to the mass of a bound system—a nucleus made of neutrons and protons, an atom made of a nucleus and electrons or even two black holes bound together by gravity—having a mass less than the sum of its parts. The difference is the binding energy of the system. In a nucleon, the opposite is true: half of the mass exists in the gluons that hold it together. How do gluons provide this mass? (See Figure 2.1 in Chapter 2.)
How does the spin of the nucleon arise? Spin, or internal angular momentum, is one of the basic properties of a neutron or proton, central both to understanding atoms and their practical applications such as magnetic
Molecules and Atoms and Nuclei and Nucleons
Democritus would be surprised at how his atomos hypothesis has evolved. The chemical elements—92 or so naturally occurring atoms, from hydrogen to uranium—are each made of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons that balance the charge of the nucleus to form a neutral atom. The electrons are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force, transmitted by its force carrier, the photon. While atoms are neutral, they distort each other's electron clouds and become bound into molecules when brought close enough together—for example, two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom to create a water molecule. The force that holds atoms in molecules is just a weaker effect of the electromagnetic force, known as the van der Waals force, which arises because of the distorted electron clouds. High-resolution images of molecules show that the atoms within retain their identities; molecules are not giant atoms, but rather are made of well-defined atoms.
Like molecules, nuclei are made of smaller entities—nucleons—that come in two types, neutrons and protons. And like atoms, nucleons are made of smaller particles—quarks. A neutron is made of two down-type quarks and one up-type quark, and a proton is made of two up and one down. (There are six types of quarks, and hundreds of particles made of quark triplets and quark-antiquark pairs. Only the proton and neutron occur stably in nuclei; the other "elementary" particles—the pi mesons, lambdas, and on and on—are very short lived and cannot form stable, more exotic "nuclei.") The strong color force, transmitted by its force carrier the gluon, holds neutrons and protons together in color-neutral objects. Just as the van der Waals force holds neutral atoms together in molecules, a residual aspect of the color force holds colorless neutrons and protons together in the nucleus. And within the nucleus, neutrons and protons appear generally to retain their individual identities just as atoms do within a molecule (see Figure 1.2.1).
This is where the analogy between molecules and nuclei ends, where things become even more interesting, and where grand mysteries remain. The color force is much stronger than the electromagnetic force, and constituent quarks cannot simply be pulled out of nucleons (neutrons and protons can be knocked out of a nucleus, as was discovered about 100 years ago). Furthermore, there are eight gluons compared to one photon, and unlike the uncharged photon, the gluon is colored like the quarks and feels the strong color force. Moreover, the color force between quarks increases with separation. Understanding this next layer more fully is one of the principal goals of an EIC.
Among the many mysteries remaining are these: What is the largest nucleus that can exist, thereby determining the full extent of the periodic table? How many isotopes of each element exist—that is, nuclei with the same number of protons and chemical properties but different numbers of neutrons? How do gluons and the other (sea) quarks within a nucleon determine its mass and spin? How exactly are nucleons held together in a nucleus, and if enough nucleons are crammed together—say, in a very heavy nucleus or in a neutron star—to what extent do the individual nucleons lose their identities and instead take on the form of a giant, formless collection of quarks and gluons?
FIGURE 1.2.1 The deconstruction of matter into molecules, comprised of atoms; atoms into their electrons and nuclei, comprised of neutrons and protons; and neutrons and protons into quarks. Two forces—the strong color force and the electromagnetic force—are responsible for holding the fundamental pieces—quarks and electrons—together. The color force binds quarks into neutrons and protons, and neutrons and protons into nuclei. The electromagnetic force binds electrons and nuclei into atoms, and atoms into molecules. SOURCE: Shutterstock.
Basic Physics of an Electron-Ion Collider
The EIC builds on the accomplishments of accelerators like the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA), and JLab, described in Box 1.1. These machines focused on a process called DIS in which an electron interacts with a nucleon but the target fragments are not detected. Information about the structure of the nucleon is obtained by measuring the likelihood of this process as a function of two variables, the resolution Q2 and a second variable that was simply called x by Feynman and Bjorken.
The quantity Q2 is the square of the momentum of the exchanged photon, and it determines the spatial resolution with which the quark distribution in the proton is measured. At high resolution, corresponding to large Q2, the photon can resolve new phenomena, such as the possibility that a quark radiates or absorbs a gluon or that gluons produce quark-antiquark pairs. The quantity x (Bjorken's x) is a measure of the energy of the exchanged photon, where large energy corresponds to small x (throughout this report, the committee generally refers to Bjorken's x as simply "x.") The physical meaning of x is most transparent in the picture in which the photon interacts with a single quark in the target, and x determines the fraction of the total momentum of the colliding nucleon carried by that constituent. DIS experiments have established a basic picture of the nucleon in which, at low resolution, the nucleon is composed of three valence quarks, each with x approximately 1/3. With increasing resolution, additional sea quarks and gluons become visible, and these extra constituents dominate the small x regime.
Sea quarks and gluons are crucial for understanding the total mass and spin of the proton, and an EIC would be able to study the mechanism for generating mass and spin by precisely measuring the spatial and momentum distributions of these constituents. This program is referred to as "nucleon tomography." Just as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technician can study the branching of the vascular and pulmonary systems by zooming through a series of two-dimensional (2D) images of the human body, an EIC would provide a series of 2D images of parton (i.e., quark and gluon) distributions. These pictures will allow us to take a three-dimensional (3D) journey through nucleons and nuclei, beginning at large x, where few partons are visible, and then studying the branching of valence partons into sea quarks and gluons at lower x. An EIC would determine both the position of the partons in the transverse plane (transverse to the direction of the momentum transferred by the electron), and, in a separate set of images, their transverse motion.1 Proton tomography is enabled by a new set of experimental observables that involve identifying the momentum and spin of final state particles in DIS, and new theoretical tools that relate these observables to tomographic images.
A crucial aspect of the EIC program is the ability to study gluons, not only quarks. How, one may ask, can a colorless virtual photon probe colored gluons? The key is to observe reactions that are dominated by a two-step process in which the virtual photon splits into a quark-antiquark pair that interacts with the color field of the target nucleon (see Figure 2.2 in Chapter 2). The pair forms a color dipole controlled by its size rT, which can be used to map the Lorentz-contracted gluons in the colliding nucleon or nucleus. This method is particularly powerful in the low x regime, where the number of gluons is very large. Quantum mechanics has taught us that classical electric and magnetic fields of a highly charged ion can be understood as a large collection of photons. Reversing this idea, the highly occupied gluon state of a large nucleus at low x can be viewed as a classical color field (see Figure 2.10 in Chapter 2).
1Figures 2.5 and 2.7 in Chapter 2 are an indication of what these images might be like.
resonance imaging (MRI). While nucleons are made of three quarks, each with spin ½ (technically ħ/2, where ħ is Planck's constant), the spins of these quarks constitute only a small fraction of the nucleon's spin, the rest seemingly carried by the gluon spins, the sea quarks, and the orbital motion of the quarks and gluons. (See Figures 1.1 and 2.6.)
What are the emergent properties of dense systems of gluons? The color force mediated by gluons is fundamentally different from the electromagnetic force that binds atoms and molecules. In particular, the force between quarks strengthens as the objects get farther apart, and quarks are permanently confined in neutrons and protons. Two questions concerning the gluons arise when nucleons are combined into nuclei: How is the gluon field modified in a nucleus to accommodate the binding of nucleons? And does a novel regime of nuclear physics emerge in the high-energy limit, a regime in which the complicated structure of the nucleus is radically simplified, leading to a state in which the whole nucleus becomes a dense gluon system?
These three questions are simple to state and yet are of paramount importance in completing an understanding of the building blocks of the physical world—atoms. The answers to all three questions involve a better understanding of the gluons within nucleons and nuclei, and nucleons and nuclei as collective many-
FIGURE 1.1 The evolving understanding of the structure of the proton. The 1980s picture, on the left, is that the proton was composed of three valence quarks, with total spin ½. The current point of view, shown on the right, is that the proton contains quarks, as well as dynamically generated sea quark-antiquark pairs and gluons; the total spin is composed of that of the elementary spins (colored arrows) and orbital motion, as indicated by the light blue arrow. SOURCE: Z.-E. Meziani.
body systems more generally. The following sections discuss in more detail how an EIC would better enable the exploration of the gluon content of nucleons and nuclei and answer these questions. Box 1.3 summarizes the key physics ideas mentioned here.
How Does the Mass of the Nucleon Arise?
In broad-brush terms, the answer to this question is that most of the mass of a nucleon is accounted for by the gluons, the sea quarks, and the kinetic energy of the valence quarks within it, but the details are poorly understood. There is evidence that the largest fraction of the mass is contributed by gluons (see Figure 2.1), but the gluon is not electrically charged, and the energy stored in the gluon field is a form of invisible energy. The role of the gluon field energy has been inferred indirectly, but never directly measured.
An EIC will address this gap in the understanding of fundamental aspects of the nucleon in several ways. First, an EIC will map the gluon distribution in the proton, both in space and in momentum, with unprecedented precision, using the new technique of parton tomography described in Chapter 2. Traditional DIS measurements provide information on only the fraction of the longitudinal momentum carried by the various components of the nucleon—that is, the momentum component in the direction of the momentum transferred by the electron to the target. Tomography measurements allow two additional properties of the constituents to be measured: transverse distance xT (perpendicular to the direction of the transferred momentum) and transverse momentum kT. Studying the interplay of quark and gluon distributions in the proton would allow us to see gluons at work. Tomography provides a series of images of the proton in the transverse plane, labeled by the longitudinal momentum fraction of the parton. Scanning through these pictures, starting from the valence quark regime, will enable the determination of where and how gluons and sea quarks appear and whether the gluon distribution has a compact core, smaller than the electric charge radius of the proton, or whether the gluon distribution is extended. A variant of tomography would study transverse motion rather than transverse position. These images can be used to analyze the coupling between spin and orbital angular momentum.
An EIC would not only determine the distribution of gluons but also measure the distribution of gluonic energy density and pressure in the proton. These measurements would directly inform our understanding of the origin of mass and constrain models of the gluon field inside the nucleon—for example, models based on flux tubes or solitonic solutions.
Two key features of an EIC enable measurements of gluons. The first is large kinematic coverage, which provides multiple independent avenues for accessing gluons, as explained in Chapter 2. The second is large luminosity, which is impor-
tant for identifying specific final states in DIS. It is this information that can be used to obtain tomographic images.
How Does the Spin of the Nucleon Arise?
The spin of a nucleon is an important property; through the electric charges of quarks, spin allows protons and neutrons to behave as tiny magnets. The magnetic axis is aligned with the spin axis, and external radio frequency fields can drive resonant spin transitions. This is the basis of MRI imaging and many other applications. It is remarkable that scientists do not know in detail the origin of the proton (or neutron) spin.
The proton has spin ½, and in a simple quark picture the total spin arises from three valence quarks of spin ½ that combine to form a total spin ½. While this naïve picture qualitatively describes the observed magnetic moment of the proton, it fails quantitatively. In particular, experiments at SLAC, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and HERA have shown that the sum of all quark spins in the nucleon accounts for only about one-third of the total spin of the proton. The remainder of the proton spin must reside in orbital angular momentum or gluon spin (gluons have spin 1, twice that of the quarks; see Figure 1.1).
An EIC can comprehensively explore these contributions. The orbital angular momentum of quarks and gluons can be extracted using the transverse position information contained in the tomographic measurements, discussed at length in Chapter 2. Measurements of the gluon-spin contribution to the spin of the proton are based on the idea that the gluon can transfer its polarization to a quark-antiquark pair, which can be probed using polarized electrons.
What Are the Emergent Properties of Dense Systems of Gluons?
Nuclear physics exhibits one remarkable limit where simplicity emerges. Despite the extraordinary complexity of QCD—the strength and presence of interactions among all quarks and gluons—at ordinary densities and low temperature, nuclei can be accurately modeled as collections of colorless composite particles—nucleons—interacting through long-range forces understood as arising from the exchange of mesons. An EIC would seek to explore a second regime where great simplicity may emerge, despite the inherent complexity of QCD: In this regime, quarks are predicted to behave as a nearly static source of a gluon field that reaches a limiting density, producing "dense gluonic matter." At an EIC, this regime would manifest itself in terms of DIS reactions on nuclei that cannot be understood in terms of approximately independent nucleons. Box 1.2 describes the similarities between how the electromagnetic force binds neutral atoms into molecules and how the color force binds colorless nucleons into nuclei. Because the color force
is so profoundly different than the electromagnetic force, there are also big differences and deep mysteries to be understood, including how quark distributions are modified in nuclei, how the gluons are distributed, and how gluons bind nucleons into nuclei.
Physicists understand well why atoms retain their individual identities in molecules, but not why nucleons retain their identities within nuclei. In fact, nuclear matter can have simpler states where nucleons do not retain their individual identities, as in the quark matter seen in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, and inferred in massive neutron stars.
In addition, nucleons and nuclei differ from atoms and molecules because they contain so many gluons, a fact discovered at the HERA facility, whose implications are still not well understood.
This abundance of gluons provides the opportunity to address fundamental questions about nucleons and nuclei. As HERA found, the number of gluons grows significantly in the small x, high-energy limit. This means that gluons must overlap in the plane transverse to the electron-ion collision. The most interesting case is when this limit can be achieved at high resolution (high Q2), so that the number of gluons that can be packed into the transverse area of a proton or nucleus is large. An EIC of sufficiently large energy would be able to reach this limit. Under such conditions, a quantum state of "cold dense gluonic matter"9 is posited to exist. Such a state is possibly analogous to Bose-Einstein condensates of clouds of cold atoms created in atomic physics laboratories.
An EIC would be able to reach unprecedented gluon densities by using the concentrated gluon fields of large nuclei. Relativistic length contraction implies that the number of gluons per transverse area is proportional to the radius of the nucleus, which is itself proportional to the one-third power of the nuclear mass number A. Although an EIC would operate at lower energies than HERA (which collided beams of electrons and protons), an EIC would achieve higher gluon densities because it can accelerate ions with high atomic weight.
A good part of high-energy scattering can be understood in terms of "diffraction" of the projectile by the target. Diffraction is well known in optics, where light waves bend around the edge of an obstruction, producing an interference pattern on a screen placed behind the object. One of the remarkable predictions is that at a high-energy EIC, such events would constitute a significant fraction of the total number of events, and a classical diffraction pattern would be observed—periodic oscillations of the scattering rate as a function of the scattering angle (see Figure 2.9). Analyzing diffractive events would provide a wealth of information about dense gluon matter, the strength of the color field, fluctuations in the color
9 "Cold" in the sense that the matter has no thermal motion, only quantum zero-point energy.
field of the proton and of nuclei, and the interaction of color dipoles with the gluon field of the target.
Building an EIC capable of fully exploring the physics described above is by no means an easy task. The machine must collide electrons with protons and other atomic nuclei (ions) over a range of energies. There must be enough collisions for the experiment to gather adequate data to elucidate or settle the known physics questions, and other questions that may emerge, in a reasonable time. A collider's ability to squeeze many particles of two beams into a tiny volume where they collide defines its luminosity. The luminosity ultimately required of an EIC is comparable to those of the highest performing colliders built to date, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the B-meson factories at SLAC and High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).
Furthermore, given the crucial role of spin, both beams must be polarized. That is to say, the spins of the individual particles in each beam must be made to line up with each other, overcoming their natural tendency to point "every which way" at random.
To achieve these goals, a host of techniques in accelerator physics and technology must be brought to bear. Only a few are mentioned here. State-of-the-art superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities will accelerate high-intensity beams efficiently. Further specialized radio frequency (RF) cavities will rotate the beams as they collide to optimize their overlap. Elaborate interaction region designs must squeeze two very different beams simultaneously into the tiny collision volume using advanced superconducting magnet designs. The hadron beams must be compressed in volume by sophisticated new "beam cooling" techniques that involve subtle interaction with yet other electron beams. Polarized beams require polarized particle sources, special magnets, and a further level of mastery of beam physics to preserve the polarization through the acceleration process to the collisions. Polarized colliding stored beams have been achieved before only at HERA (polarized e+/e– on unpolarized protons) and at RHIC (both proton beams polarized).
These and numerous other accelerator physics and technology challenges are discussed in more detail in Chapters 4 and 5. Not only would development of an EIC advance accelerator science and technology in nuclear science, it would benefit other fields of accelerator-based science and society. The accelerator physics and technology advances required for an EIC will, importantly, have the potential to extend the capabilities of many particle accelerators built for other purposes, from medicine through materials science to elementary particle physics.
Fortunately, an EIC does not have to be built from scratch—significant parts of the accelerators, their injector complexes, and other infrastructure already exist at
two locations in the United States. BNL already has the hadron rings of RHIC, which could be converted to an EIC by the addition of a suitable electron accelerator and storage ring and further upgrades. JLab, conversely, has an electron accelerator but would need to add the hadron injectors and storage ring and an electron storage ring. This has resulted in two somewhat different designs for an EIC, both of which push the limits of present technology. While neither the technical assessment nor the choice between these designs was a task of the present report, the committee found it appropriate to summarize them to illustrate how such benefits might accrue from the construction of an EIC.
Experience at all the world's major accelerator laboratories has demonstrated the value of building not only on existing hardware (going back over 60 years in long-established labs like BNL and CERN), but on the less visible collective expertise of the beam physicists, engineers (magnets, RF, vacuum, controls, civil, etc.), and operators among the laboratory staff. Construction of an EIC would sustain and develop this precious national asset and help the United States to maintain a leading role in international accelerator-based science.
Chapter 2 lays out in detail the basic science that could be achieved at an EIC. Chapter 3 describes the role of an EIC within the context of U.S. and international nuclear physics. Chapter 4 presents the accelerator challenges of building an EIC, and Chapter 5 compares a future U.S. EIC to current and future facilities both in the United States and internationally. Chapter 6 summarizes the impact of an EIC on other fields of physics, and Chapter 7 summarizes the conclusions and findings of this report.
Next: 2 The Scientific Case for an Electron-Ion Collider »
An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science Get This Book
Understanding of protons and neutrons, or "nucleons"—the building blocks of atomic nuclei—has advanced dramatically, both theoretically and experimentally, in the past half century. A central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons governed by the theory of their interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between protons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics. With deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter, scientists are poised to reach a deeper picture of these building blocks, and atomic nuclei themselves, as collective many-body systems with new emergent behavior.
The development of a U.S. domestic electron-ion collider (EIC) facility has the potential to answer questions that are central to completing an understanding of atoms and integral to the agenda of nuclear physics today. This study assesses the merits and significance of the science that could be addressed by an EIC, and its importance to nuclear physics in particular and to the physical sciences in general. It evaluates the significance of the science that would be enabled by the construction of an EIC, its benefits to U.S. leadership in nuclear physics, and the benefits to other fields of science of a U.S.-based EIC.
Front Matter i–xiv
Summary 1–5
1 Introduction 6–22
2 The Scientific Case for an Electron-Ion Collider 23–44
3 Role of an EIC Within the Context of Nuclear Physics in the United States and Internationally 45–52
4 Accelerator Science, Technology, and Detectors Needed for a U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider 53–81
5 Comparison of a U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider to Current and Future Facilities 82–104
6 Impact of an Electron-Ion Collider on Other Fields 105–118
7 Conclusions and Findings 119–126
Appendix A Statement of Task 127
Appendix B Committee and Staff Biographical Information 128–134
Appendix C Acronyms 135–138


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BARI and Boston Public Schools (BPS) have adopted a data-driven approach to identifying inequities in academic opportunities—whether driven by race, socioeconomic status, English language learner status, or otherwise—and to developing policies that can close the achievement gap. This has taken the form of two projects: the construction and implementation of an Opportunity Index that quantifies both individual- and neighborhood-level impacts on achievement; and an evaluation of equity in the school choice and assignment process.
Map of a single family's "choice basket" from the new Home-Based lottery and assignment system.
Equity in School Choice and Assignment. BARI recently completed an evaluation of equity under BPS' current school choice and assignment system known as the Home-Based Assignment Plan (HBAP). In 2013 BPS adopted Home-Based as a new and innovative approach for providing more students access to quality schools close to home. The report revealed that geographic and racial inequities in terms of access to quality schools persisted under HBAP, and found that there ways that the algorithms underlying HBAP could be improved in these regards. The overarching lesson of the evaluation, however, was that there are limits to what any school choice and assignment plan can do when there are few high-quality schools in a city and that those schools are not evenly distributed across neighborhoods. Following the report BARI is continuing to work with BPS to navigate ways to make access and assignment to schools more equitable across populations.
Read the full report on BARI's evaulation of equity of the Home-Based Assignment Plan here.
The Opportunity Index. BPS, like many other school districts, distributes funding in part based on programs for particular needs, like English Language Learner status and Special Education. The Opportunity Index goes further, also quantifying how factors like poverty and the conditions and experiences of one's neighborhood, like violent crime and well-educated neighbors, can impact academic achievement. The Opportunity Index has been used to inform the distribution of ~$8M in funding with which a school can create partnerships with outside organizations that seek to narrow the opportunity and achievement gap. It is the first effort nationally to take a data-driven approach to accounting for inequities that arise not only from differences between individuals and families, but also from variation in neighborhood context.
Example of how a single elementary school ranks on the different dimensions of neighborhood context that can impact student achievement.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w8xK4CYUbA (mins. 33 – 1:03).