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Home Essays The causal mechanism in the brain that produces
The causal mechanism in the brain that produces
The classical view of emotions as natural kinds has largely dominated our scientific understanding of emotions, whether in terms of crafting experimental designs, interpretation of results, or its implementation in practical settings. The term 'natural kinds' expresses the idea that basic emotions are biologically-given, universal, and inherited as products of evolutionary adaptation for their adaptive value (Panksepp, 2007). Specifically, each basic emotion is hypothesised to be autonomously triggered by a specific causal mechanism in the brain that produces a signature response unique to that emotion (Izard, 2007). However, this established perspective of emotions has seen increasing disagreement in recent decades. Critics have debated that this understanding is fundamentally flawed or, at the very least, incomplete (Russell, 1994; Barrett, 2006). In this essay, I seek to argue that the idea that 'emotions are natural kinds' is well-supported, but insufficient in itself, in that, such an isolated perspective does not comprehensively account for all evidence presented in the literature – which often results in misinterpretation or exclusion of important data. I will attempt to do so by first clarifying the terms, followed by evaluating the evidence based on three defining characteristics that would categorise emotions as natural kinds: (1) similar observable properties, (2) specific causal mechanisms, and (3) unique functional properties.
The imprecise use of the word 'emotion' among researchers has resulted in unnecessary disagreement concerning the nature of emotions (Barrett, 2006; Izard, 2007). Opponents of the natural-kind view often incorrectly reference emotional schemas or complex emotions (e.g. amae in Japan; gezellig in Holland) instead of basic emotions in their analysis of the evidence, which leads to inaccurate conclusions or accusations against proponents of the view (Ekman, 1994; Izard, 2007). Unlike complex emotions or schemas, basic emotions do not involve higher-order cognition, or any interaction of emotions and perception. To prevent such confusion, this essay scopes the term 'emotion' in the question as referring to basic emotions as traditionally assumed by the natural-kind view.
Similar Observable Properties
Based on the natural-kind view of emotion, it is assumed that that every basic emotion has a cluster of observable properties that are similar and projectable, such that they are reliably identified during every occurrence of that emotion (Izard, 2009). Each basic emotion is proposed to contain a core set of correlated properties that differentiates it from other basic emotions, while maintaining a profile that is similar to its discrete category (Izard, 1971). For example, instances of disgust are expected to share sufficiently similar correlated properties with each other (as defined by its category), while being clearly distinguishable from instances of other basic emotions, such as anger or fear.
One of the main evidence for a systematic relationship between components of emotion comes from experimental studies that demonstrate a strong positive relationship between participants' subjective emotional experience and facial expression for each basic emotion (Ekman, Davidson & Freisen, 1990; Matsumoto & Kupperbusch, 2001). In most of these studies, participants are situated within a highly emotional context (e.g. recruiting bereaved individuals to share about their deceased spouse to participants) to elicit authentic emotional responses of higher intensity, which in turn, allow greater accuracy and validity in their measurements. However, despite these good intentions, several of such studies do not appropriately account for participants' arousal level or valence when inducing such emotions (e.g. lack of control group). This could have inflated the size of any observed effects and their respective interpretations, thus potentially undermining the evidence for emotions as natural kinds. Moreover, the evidence aforementioned has also been criticised due to the lack of consistency. Several studies (with similar methodologies) were unable to replicate such findings, in which they revealed little or no association between participants' emotional experience and their facial expression (Fernandez-Dols & Ruiz-Belda, 1997; Ruiz-Belda, Fernandez-Dols, Carrera & Barchard, 2003).
Furthermore, studies testing the relationship between emotional experience and physiological response have likewise been shown to be inconsistent, with findings ranging from strong to little or no correlation. Yet, upon closer inspection, it is found that findings of weak relationships between measures are mainly confined to earlier studies (Mandler, Mandler, Kremen & Sholiton, 1961; Weinstein, Averill, Opton & Lazarus, 1968), while majority of later studies revealed moderate to strong relationships (Hubert & de Jong-Meyer, 1990; Ekman & Davidson, 1993; Ekman et al., 1990). One possible explanation for the observed pattern could be that later studies had more extensive methodologies and improved technology to better record and measure participants' responses, which are important for determining coherence between response systems. This can be inferred from Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm and Gross' (2005) study, which made use of online, second-by-second precision measurement of participants, which allowed them to assess participants' subjective emotional experience (of amusement and sadness) in real-time without inferring with the emotion elicitation. This was not achieved by previous studies, which were largely limited to retrospective and aggregated ratings. Moreover, the study was also able to concurrently measure three properties of basic emotions (not done in previous studies). By doing so, this reduced possible error arising from the selection of an incorrect measure for each emotional response, thereby increasing the reliability of their measurements. Based on these improvements in experimental design, their study revealed moderate to strong correlations between participants' physiological response and emotional experience, and their physiological response and facial expressions; thus, potentially supporting the idea of clusters of similar, observable properties for each basic emotion.
However, deeper consideration of the evidence would reveal that it is not conclusive that each basic emotion has a common set of observable properties, probably because it is not sufficient in itself. Rather, such discrepancies within the evidence can be better accounted for by adopting an integrated position (Matsumoto, 1989; Ekman, 1994). In particular, this perspective does not ignore the role of culture or social learning in characterising basic emotions, such as its expression and appraisal of them (Ekman, 1992). Strong evidence for this comes from cross-cultural studies of emotions. These studies support the idea that the observable properties of basic emotions are universal, but do not deny the influence of cultural differences (Ekman, 1994; Matsumoto, 1989; Russell, 1994). Among these studies, Scherer and Wallbott (1994) provides a rather comprehensive analysis. In particular, they investigated the proposed differential patterns of basic emotion properties by collecting data across 37 countries. Based on their analysis, they found highly significant main effects of response differences for seven discrete basic emotions, in terms of subjective experience, physiological responses, and expressive behaviour, with strong effect sizes. While this is indicative of basic emotions being universal, it does not imply absence of cultural influences (which seems to be assumed by several past studies since they did not attempt to measure such differences). Specifically, their analysis found that cultural differences (country-dependent) had explained a significant amount of variance in participants in terms of people's emotional response, social and symbolic representation, and regulation. The data supports neither an extreme position of natural-kinds nor socially constructivism, but rather a perspective that accounts for both factors. These findings are further supported by Elfenbein and Ambady's (2002) meta-analysis, which evaluated studies on basic emotion recognition (linked to expression) across cultures. By sorting native and non-native participants, they found that recognition of a non-native's emotions was significant (and above chance), implying that basic emotions are universal – they have the same set observable properties that allow them to be identified by people even of different cultures. Notably, the analysis revealed that accuracy of recognition was greater for native participants (i.e. in-group advantage), while controlling for display rules and exposure between cultures. This additionally suggests that basic emotions are uniquely shaped by cultural factors, therefore making them more distinct to members of the same background.
Besides evidence from adults, developmental studies also serve as important evidence in determining whether basic emotions have similar observable properties. Past research provided much support for the existence of similar observable properties in infants. A study by Izard, Fantauzzo, Castle, Haynes, Rayias, and Putnam (1995) demonstrated that infants, from 2 months of age, displayed distinctive patterns of facial expressions for a range of basic emotions towards stimuli that required minimal appraisal (e.g. mother's smile elicited infant's expression of joy). Critically, these expressions were not only congruent to that seen in adults, but also recognisable by adults, therefore giving support to the idea that basic emotions are natural kinds. Moreover, this evidence can be further supported by consistent findings across different cultures. Results from Camras, Oster, Campos, Miyake and Bradshaw (1992) study revealed that similar facial expressions for several basic emotions were observed between Japanese and American infants from 5 months of age.
However, there has also been conflicting evidence showing that infants do not display distinct patterns of observable properties. A later study by Camras, Meng, Ujiie, Dharamsi, Miyake, Oster, Wang, Cruz, Murdoch and Campos (2002) showed that nine-month-old infants of different cultures did not exhibit a distinct set of observable properties for 'surprise' in response to novel stimuli. By using an expectancy-violation paradigm, they found that only 30% of infants were judged to display the prototypical facial expressions or behaviours of 'surprise' as defined by its discrete category, in which cultural factors explained majority of the variance. This evidence could potentially support the notion that emotions are constructed by socio-cultural factors rather than being natural kinds. Yet, these results may have underestimated the level of similarity of expression of each basic emotion across cultures: (1) the study did not account for differing cultural dispositions (e.g. Asians less expressive; Gross & John, 1995), and (2) only measured for expressions of 'surprise', therefore ignoring the possibility that infants responded with a different basic emotion, such as fear – which could have been elicited by infants due to the uncertainty of the event, and likewise account for the observed 'bodily stilling' of infants. Even if the study did not underestimate their findings, it does not necessarily prove the lack of unique patterns of observable properties in infants. Rather, this seemingly contradictory evidence could actually provide a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of emotions when considered alongside Izard's (1994) review. Based on cumulative evidence, Izard (1994) found that the distinct patterns of expression of each basic emotion only remained relatively stable in the first 9 months. This could possibly explain why Camras et al. (2002) did not find any distinct observable properties of 'surprise' in their infants, who were at the proposed limits of the age boundaries for consistent expression of basic emotions. When collectively considered, the evidence supports an integrated view that while each basic emotion displays similar observable properties, they can be altered by cultural influences at a later stage of early development.
Therefore, based on the various evidence discussed within this section, I argue that basic emotions are not completely natural kinds; in that, while basic emotions have distinct patterns of similar observable properties that categorise them as natural-kinds, they are also characterised by socio-cultural influences.
Specific Causal Mechanisms
For basic emotions to be natural-kinds, all instances of each basic emotion should be intrinsically derived from the same underlying cause that is independent of other processes (Izard, 1992). Evidence for such causal mechanisms comes from neuroimaging studies, which propose that basic emotions can be localised within distinct circuits or regions of the brain.
Recent studies have found discrete neural correlates for basic emotions in humans. In particular, a comprehensive and summative report is provided by Vytal and Hamann's (2010) meta-analysis of 83 neuroimaging studies (fMRI and PET), which corrected for the limitations of meta-analyses by Murphy et al. (2003) and Phan et al. (2002). Based on their results, they found consistent and discriminable neural correlates of the basic emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear and disgust. Each basic emotion was found to display a consistent signature pattern of brain activation that significantly differentiated it from other basic emotions: happiness activated the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), sadness activated the middle frontal gyrus and subgenual ACC, anger activated inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and parahippocampal gyrus, fear activated amygdala and insula, and disgust activated the IFG/anterior insula (different region from anger). The existence of such specific localizations for basic emotions is also strongly supported by animal studies – more substantiated than human studies due to limitations of testing humans (e.g. ethical issues) and recording human brain activity (e.g. difficulties of using fMRI to resolve slowly firing subcortical regions that are tightly organised; Panksepp, 2007). The comprehensive animal data reported in Panksepp (2005) has been found to correspond well with human data. Specifically, animal studies provide compelling homologous evidence for overlapping primary affective circuits for basic emotions. Such circuits have been shown to respond to unconditioned emotional stimuli, which, in turn, generate emotional experiences in animals (Panksepp, 2005; Panksepp & Watt, 2011). Based on cross-species studies, these primary emotional circuits have shown to be homologous in humans, and found in slowly-firing subcortical limbic regions that project to higher cortical regions for cognitive appraisal and representation (Panksepp & Watt, 2011).
However, data from neuroimaging studies has also shown mixed findings, and therefore are not entirely conclusive in their overall interpretation. It has been argued that such ambiguity, especially in data from humans (possibly due to limitations in neuroimaging humans), suggests that emotions should be categorised as dimensional rather than discrete (Russell, 1994; Barrett, 2006). Though a plausible interpretation, it may not provide a comprehensive account of the evidence. This is because such an interpretation implies that theories of discrete and dimensional emotions are mutually exclusive. This has been refuted by Panksepp (2007), who asserts that there is strong neural evidence to suggest that both theories can co-exist. In a later review, Panksepp and Watt (2011) present that the neural evidence can be stratified into different levels of analysis, in which dimensional emotions refer to higher-level concepts of affective states stemming from cortical regions, while discrete basic emotions refer to the rudimentary emotions resulting from low-level primitive systems based in sub-cortical regions. In line with this perspective, such ambiguity should therefore not undermine the substantial neural evidence that supports the existence of distinct causal mechanisms for basic emotions.
Hence, though further research may be warranted for greater clarification, it can be argued that the current neural evidence supports the idea that basic emotions are natural-kinds.
Unique functional properties
Lastly, basic emotions can be categorised as natural-kinds on the basis of having unlearned and unique motivational and regulatory properties. These properties are argued to be innate on the basis that they serve adaptive functions necessary for basic survival and well-being (Izard, 2009). This is supported by the fact that they only require minimal appraisal of a stimulus, and are not activated as a consequence of other perceptual processes (Izard, 2007). Specifically, these unique properties have been shown to differently motivate our response systems for cognition and action, which in turn regulate our basic emotion via action tendencies (Izard, Ackerman, Schoff & Fine, 2000; Merker, 2007). Even from birth, basic emotions have shown to perform important social and communicative functions (Izard, 2009). Infants with emotional disorders were found to display problems with their conduct at a later age, similar to that of psychopaths (Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, 1999). Crucially, the fact that each basic emotion serves sufficiently distinct functions that cannot be learned (yet to be demonstrated by any study), provides the strongest evidence for the natural-kinds view. For example, basic emotions of 'disgust' inhibits approach and motivates avoidance (Davey, 2011), while 'interest' directs attention and motivates exploration (Silvia, 2006).
However, although basic emotions are found to be have functional properties that are unlearned and unique, research has shown that they can be altered by social factors. Unconventional evidence for this comes from studies on infants who were raised in the absence of social interaction (i.e. institutional rearing in Eastern Europe). Several longitudinal studies have collectively found that such infants suffer from severe deficits in emotional expression and regulation (Fries & Pollak, 2004; Smyke et al., 2007). This is supported by an event-related potential (ERP) study by Parker and Nelson (2005), which tested institutionalised and non-institutionalised Romanian infants. They found that institutionalised infants were significantly poorer in matching emotional expressions with their appropriate social contexts, and displayed greatly attenuated ERP amplitudes related to processing emotional stimuli, such as potential threats and facial expressions. These studies, although extreme, possibly reveal the nature of the proposed functional properties of basic emotions; that they can be altered, and even lost, when placed in an environment that does not cultivate such motivational or regulatory capacities. This potentially suggests that, while functional properties of basic emotions are innate, social factors are necessary for their development. This is further supported by the fact that the extent of exposure to a certain social environment can affect the development of such functional properties. Specifically, several studies found that the length of institutionalisation was a strong predictor of subsequent negative emotional outcomes (Castle, Groothues, Bredenkamp, Beckett, O'Connor, & Rutter, 1999; Fisher, Ames, Chisholm & Savoie, 1999).
Therefore, the evidence suggests that emotions are not completely natural kinds; on the basis that, while unique functional properties of basic emotions are innate, they are also determined by environmental factors.
In conclusion, I argue the evidence does not completely agree with the idea that "emotions are natural kinds". In evaluating the evidence, basic emotions are found to meet the three defining criteria of a natural kind, namely having (1) similar observable properties, (2) specific causal mechanisms, and (3) unique functional properties. Yet, while this is true, it does not sufficiently define the nature of basic emotions, in that, it does not account for all the evidence presented in research. Instead, a comprehensive understanding of basic emotions would require an integrated perspective; one that accepts nature's role in providing inherently adaptive functions that are necessary for basic survival and interaction, while not denying the socio-cultural influences that mediate the characteristics of basic emotions. In moving ahead, theorists should aim to adopt such an integrated position, and direct future research towards collectively developing a coherent and comprehensive model of emotions
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Someday is a Eurodance song written by famous Swedish singer and songwriter Orup for Alcazar's second studio album Alcazarized. It was also made as an official song for the 2003 Stockholm Pride festival.

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of promotional single releases of "Someday".

CD single
"Original Version" - 4:28
"Studio 54 Revival Remix" - 4:16

Chart performance

References

Alcazar (band) songs
2003 singles
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Orup
2003 songs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Rafael Zambelli Pinto, Chris G Maher, Manuela L Ferreira, Mark Hancock, Vinicius C Oliveira, Andrew J McLachlan, Bart Koes, Paulo H Ferreira
Annals of Internal Medicine 2012 December 19
BACKGROUND: Existing guidelines and systematic reviews provide inconsistent recommendations on epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica. Key limitations of existing reviews are the inclusion of trials with active controls of unknown efficacy and failure to provide an estimate of the size of the treatment effect.
PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica compared with placebo.
DATA SOURCES: International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL.
STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessing the efficacy of epidural corticosteroid injections in participants with sciatica.
DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Leg pain, back pain, and disability were converted to common scales from 0 (no pain or disability) to 100 (worst possible pain or disability). Thresholds for clinically important change in the range of 10 to 30 have been proposed for these outcomes. Effects were calculated for short-term (>2 weeks but ≤3 months) and long-term (≥12 months) follow-up.
DATA SYNTHESIS: Data were pooled with a random-effects model, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used in summary conclusions. Twenty-five published reports (23 trials) were included. The pooled results showed a significant, although small, effect of epidural corticosteroid injections compared with placebo for leg pain in the short term (mean difference, -6.2 [95% CI, -9.4 to -3.0]) and also for disability in the short term (mean difference, -3.1 [CI, -5.0 to -1.2]). The long-term pooled effects were smaller and not statistically significant. The overall quality of evidence according to the GRADE classification was rated as high.
LIMITATION: The review included only English-language trials and could not incorporate dichotomous outcome measures into the analysis.
CONCLUSION: The available evidence suggests that epidural corticosteroid injections offer only short-term relief of leg pain and disability for patients with sciatica. The small size of the treatment effects, however, raises questions about the clinical utility of this procedure in the target population.
PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

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Insider trading activity could be in for a spike thanks to this global trend, and all Australians could be victims, a business law academic has warned.
According to Dr Juliette Overland, associate professor at the University of Sydney Business School, insider trading on the world's stock exchange could be on the up, thanks to new technology.
The business law specialist said sophisticated hackers are using both computer and communications technology to potentially push share prices up by as much as 10 per cent.
"In the past we tended to think of insider trading as an activity primarily engaged in by people connected to a company, because they were the only ones who had access to inside information," Dr Overland said.
She said stock markets are now witnessing gangs attempting to hack computer systems to gain access to privileged information prior to market availability.
The problem is that it's not just companies who are vulnerable, Dr Overland said. It's regulators too.
"Unfortunately for ASIC, it has itself been involved in a technology glitch that enabled people to see on its website the information that others had been accessing, which raised privacy and potential insider trading concerns," she said.
Once the data has been accessed, modern communications technology assists in the dispersal, Dr Overland continued.
However, it also allows regulators to track down the traders and hackers.
"In the US last year, an academic at MIT was charged with insider trading after he searched questions online such as 'how do I do insider trading?', and 'how does the regulator detect insider trading?'" she said.
While the first victim in an insider trading hit is the counter party to the trade, and due to share trading's anonymous nature, most traders never know that the person they traded with was aware of inside information before the trade.
However, it's not just traders who are impacted, Dr Overland said, refuting the idea that insider trading is a victimless crime.
She said, "All of us have the potential to be victims of insider trading because almost every working Australian has superannuation and the latest figures show that there's over $2.1 trillion worth of superannuation held on behalf of Australian workers and about 22 per cent of that is invested on the Australian stock exchange, which is about $4.6 billion worth.


What kind of code or cipher is this?
I'm working on a puzzle and can't identify the type of code this is. I'm not looking for somebody to solve it for me, I just want to research it and learn how to solve it myself. I can't really do that until I know what I'm dealing with and various Google searches have turned up no information of value. This is a small portion of the code and I have no additional information or clues: BT RK RV YC NP GZ YY AA LS HZ NL RR ES IC AN BF RG SS EU VD NF YC SS RH MH MH MH MH MF HN LS HO GY YV UG IC AS GK BT LS HG AD LS HP CV NT There are 95 groups of 2 letters each. I have tried a couple of things which have not given me any result. I'd really appreciate any kind of information as to what I'm looking at. Thanks!


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Home > Whose Line Is It Anyway?
Show No. 101
Games include Weird Newscasters, Duet, Animals, Props, Moving People, Party Quirks, Scene to Rap, and Foreign Film Dub.
Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Episode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
About Whose Line Is It Anyway?:
Improvisational comedy game show in which four players act out various comic games and sketches.


Lyrics and video of songs from Movie / Album : Daata . Lyrics of this song is also available in Hindi. .
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Owls Head, Nova Scotia may refer to:
 Owls Head, Halifax, Nova Scotia
 Owls Head, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia


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NHL Free Agency
Darren Helm Re-Signs With the Red Wings
By Graham Hathway@GrahamWIIM Jul 1, 2016, 9:10am CDT
Share All sharing options for: Darren Helm Re-Signs With the Red Wings
Aaron Doster-USA TODAY Sports
Darren Helm is still a Detroit Red Wing, having agreed to a 5 year, $19.25M contract. The AAV for this contract will be $3.85M.
Darren Helm is a Detroit Red Wing still. Will sign a five-year deal with a salary-cap hit of 3.85 million a season.
— Chuck Pleiness (@wingsfrontman) July 1, 2016
There's not a lot to say about this right now. It's not the worst cap hit in the world, but like with Justin Abdelkader, the concern is giving 5 years to a 30 point guy who is 29 years old. There's no Pavel Datsyuk to hitch Helm to, so where he plays next year and for the next 5 years is a mystery. If they play him where he's supposed to be (bottom 6), then he's overpaid, but he's not good enough to be a top-6 forward with Datsyuk no longer around to carry him.
Maybe he's finally going to live up to his role as the best third line center in the league, but given his age and production, I'm not holding my breath. To me, this is just another example of the Red Wings' management staff refusing to let go of players who no longer fit within the team's long-term plans by giving them too many years on a new contract and too much money for what they've done, not what they will do. I could go on and on, but this is a disappointing signing when there are other FAs out there and young kids in the pipeline that should be given an opportunity to supplant the veterans on a mediocre (at best) team.
I guess there's not much left to do but sit back, wait for them to sign Frans Nielsen, and call it a day. Happy Canada Day everyone!
Detroit Red Wings Free Agency: Let The Madness Begin
Defenseman trade targets: Who is available?
Red Wings Re-Sign Darren Helm
Ready, Set, Overspend!


In a microwave-safe bowl, combine chocolate chips with 1/4 cup almond milk. (Reserve the rest of the milk for later). Microwave for 45 seconds and mix.
Place melted chocolate and rest of ingredients (except for remaining almond milk) into Vitamix, or high speed blender. Blend until mixture as formed a moist paste.
Add remaining 1/4 cup of almond milk, as needed.
Place coconut flakes on a plate and roll balls in flakes to coat. If the balls are not sticky enough, dip them in almond milk before rolling in coconut.
A note about this recipe: To melt the chocolate, you can also use a double boiler over the stove top.


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Q: Trying to understand "Can't find FULLTEXT index matching the column list" error As I'm trying to understand SQL by playing around with the code a bit, I have run into this situation. I run this code
SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE MATCH ( title, location, description ) AGAINST ( 'New York designer')

and I get the right row results. However, if I ask myself, "okay so what if I want just look at one column?"
 SELECT * FROM  jobs WHERE  match(location) against ('designer')

I get the error "Can't find FULLTEXT index matching the column list". Why? I'm not sure what this error means. I just remove two words and commas.
I alter the jobs table to use the MyISAM engine. Does that mean it's searchable or "FULLTEXT"? Since InnoDB isn't searchable, is that correct to say?
But now, when isolated to searching to one column, it's a problem?
Let me know if this makes sense, I will re-edit.

A: FULLTEXT indexes are a feature of the MyISAM storage engine.
You can't match against the location column unless there is a FULLTEXT index on that column alone.

The MATCH() column list must match exactly the column list in some FULLTEXT index definition for the table, unless this MATCH() is IN BOOLEAN MODE. Boolean-mode searches can be done on nonindexed columns, although they are likely to be slow.

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/fulltext-restrictions.html

A: when everything was right and  still got this error i found that the KEYS were disabled ..
make sure u have enabled the keys on that table
it didn't work for me when i had disabled the keys ...
i enabled the keys " ALTER TABLE table name ENABLE KEYS;
and it worked fine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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« DYNAMITE! #142, 18.05.07
DYNAMITE! #140, 04.05.07 »
DYNAMITE! #141, 11.05.07
DYNAMITE! The OFFICIAL London Dynamo Newsletter #141, 11.05.07
+++ Having a blast every Friday +++ Dyna-mail race reports, news, views, and gossip to dynamite@londondynamo.co.uk +++ Have a peek at our pics – http://tinyurl.com/k34tf +++ Check out DYNAMITE! on the web – http://tinyurl.com/36xkay +++ WEEKEND WEATHER: Sat, light showers, 17C max, wind W 12mph; Sun, light showers, 14C max, wind S 17mph +++
A HOL LOT OF GOOD
+++ Italian breaks reap results +++
Like many shrewd members, astute DYNAMITE! is always wary of the latest training fads – but after witnessing the rejuvenating effects of a certain technique and the simplicity with which it can be mastered, this publication can heartily recommend the unusual method referred to in hushed tones as "taking a bit of a break". It's controversial, Dynamates, but the results speak for themselves. Mahogany-hued 'RADAR' RUSS TURNER celebrated his 36th birthday by sunning himself on the banks of Lake Maggiore before coming home to win his first race since he was a BMX junior – and GUY 'THE ENGINE' POWDRILL, who was holidaying elsewhere in Italy, displayed a return to form when he raced on the same circuit as Russ this week. Terrific Turner's success was one of an incredible three Dynamo wins at Chertsey – so come with us now to the Surrey League event as we reveal the other two valiant victors. Here comes a triple whammy…
WINNING STREAKY
+++ Sprint victory for Danish debutant +++
It was his first outing in Dynamo colours, and he was nowhere to be seen until the final 300m – but great Dane RUNE 'SIZZLER' SANBECK brought home the bacon by out-sprinting more than 60 4th cats to win at MoD Chertsey on Saturday… http://tinyurl.com/2hkaqh. Let's hope it wasn't a flash in the frying pan! The crash-marred race was run simultaneously with the women's event, which jet-setting Dynamette MELISSA GILLAN duly won before flying off to Hong Kong… http://tinyurl.com/yvjwtc. And the Dynamo winning streak continued in the 3rd cat race as 'RADAR' RUSS TURNER fought off a terrifying 84 riders in the sprint to take 1st… http://tinyurl.com/ywan7j …as a wince-inducing tumble took place a few feet behind him… http://tinyurl.com/395d9l. Nasty stuff! Some minutes later, GUY 'THE ENGINE' POWDRILL nabbed 10th in the 50-mile E/1/2 race after his 12-man break's lead of a minute and a half was whittled down to less than 30 seconds… http://tinyurl.com/ywan7j. Now that's close!
NOT QUITE SICK AS PARROT
+++ Delahunty misses SERRL payday as Paine fails to chunder +++
The final laps of Guy's race also saw the ever-determined PAUL 'MONTY' DELAHUNTY launch an unsuccessful attempt to bridge across to the break, which was a prelude to his appearance at the super-aggressive Toachim House Grand Prix at Edenbridge, Kent, the following day. Paul's team-mates TOM 'HUMBLE' HEMMANT, SAM 'SLAM DUNK' HUMPHESON, IAN 'KING OF' PAINE and RICHARD 'WIN 'EM' SIMMONDS probably realised that the capable Kiwi's noble aim of bagging the £1,000 top prize had been thwarted when PCA turned up on the starting line with more riders than a full Tour de France team. What an ingenious way of guaranteeing victory! But when Ian got into the seven-man lead group less than halfway into the 75-mile E/1/2/3 race, it was clear that Dynamo's awesome fivesome wasn't prepared to let the 11-strong pink-and-blue behemoth have an easy life. At 15th place, Wandsworth wonderman Ian was the highest-placed 'Mo on the results sheet, and along the way he also got to witness fired-up Rob Hayles in full do-you-want-some mode as he bellowed "C'mon then!" to Gordon McCauley after the PCA man's umpteenth attack was shut down. You tell him, pal! The fragmented, attack-packed SERRL race ended with Paul destroying his group on the uphill finish to take 17th, while Rich finished almost 1:30 ahead of him in 13th place. Laid-back Tom gifted the last remaining point on offer in the band 2 event as he graciously let Alex Dowsett of 100% ME nip past him for 20th… http://tinyurl.com/3y7tmu …and Dynamo's quiet man unwittingly gave Tony Gibb a hand sling when the PCA star grabbed hold of his thigh. The flat-track hardman was probably feeling a little tired after all those climbs! Shagged-out Rich admits: "I can't remember a harder race, to be honest. I lost count of the number of attacks that were started or followed either by myself or another 'Mo. It was awesome teamwork, but we were in bits at the end. Ian summed it up beautifully: 'I really want to throw up, but I just can't.'" What a lovely image to end on!
GETTING BEDDER ALL THE TIME
+++ Dynamettes take on pros in Bedfordshire +++
None of them had taken part in a road race 12 months ago – but after hours of planning, dozens of e-mails and a request by the event organiser to adopt a Rapha Condor rider, a quartet of daring Dynamettes found themselves mingling with the Dutch pros on the starting line for the Women's International Stage Race at Bedford at the weekend. And one of them ended up bagging a top five place! The rollercoaster journey began with CHARLIE 'VICI' BLACKMAN, ANNA GRUNDY, KIMBERLY 'CANUCK' KABATOFF and MELISSA WADAMS following the high pace set by honorary 'Mette Jane 'The Killer' Kilmartin on the team time trial, which led to the quintet quickly becoming a trio. Determined Anna gave her all to stay with elite trialist Jane and Charlie, thereby giving the team the three riders required to complete the stage – and her efforts were rewarded with a time of 14:14 on the 6-mile course. A break for lunch was followed by a 50-mile road stage in Keysoe, which saw two crashes caused by one of the many horse boxes screaming past and a couple of gee gees rearing across the road. What a trotting disgrace! Finally, the ladies arrived at the last hill – and Charlie reveals: "I flew up the front, all the while thinking, 'This can't be right.' But I came 4th! Jane was also in the top 10. Go Dynamettes!" The original field of 90 was significantly reduced the next day after heavy rain visited the Millbrook test circuit, which some may know from the popular motoring programme Top Gear – but revved up Charlie wasn't going to steer clear of the 53-mile final stage. She says: "I was in a really good position coming into the last lap – and then, just over a mile from home, I crashed going round the slippery final bend. Quel horreur! I jumped back on and pedalled like a banshee to finish, hopefully not too many minutes back from the main field." Complete results for the race, which have been published since Charlie dropped us a line, reveal that she finished 27th overall among the 72 finishers, while Jane took 19th… http://tinyurl.com/25vrrx. Fantastic result, ladies!
+++ JASON 'KEEP IT CLEAN' GREEN takes the No.4 spot at Hillingdon 4th cat event… http://tinyurl.com/2qrm5a +++ WILL 'SEE YA' HAYTER 6th at Crystal Palace 3/4 race – his best position yet +++ IAN 'KING OF' PAINE 4th and SAM 'SLAM DUNK' HUMPHESON 7th at Palace E/1/2 race, which was won by someone called Warrick Spence from a new team called Cyclefit.co.uk… http://tinyurl.com/36pjw7 +++
CONE BUT NOT FORGOTTEN
We're contemplating a long, performance-boosting sojourn in Italy, which means that there's just enough time to thank everyone who sent in stuff for this issue before we head to the land of the "attempted" yet contrite blood doper. Always remember we are just one Cornetto, but we would be nothing without you, our crooning gondolier. So please keep Dyna-mailing your race reports, news and gossip to the address in the "from" field of this message – or simply hit your reply button. The deadline, as ever, is Wednesday afternoon for Friday's edition. And now, as a smouldering signorina sails past to nick our creamy treat, it only remains for us to remind you about…
9am: Hampton Court bridge, south side, Surrey Hills ride. Fifty-ish miles at a steady pace. Stop at Box Hill for tea and cake. Bring a pump, inner tubes, drink, and a tub of Neapolitan.


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The Church of Our Lady of Damascus is a Catholic church in Valletta, in Malta, observing the Byzantine rite. It is also called Id-Damaxxena.

Original Church
The original church was built upon the request of Giovanni Calamia to house the icon of Our Lady of Damascus brought over from Rhodes by the Knights of St John when they were expelled from the island by the Ottoman Empire. By 1580 the church was finished. In 1587 the Icon of Our Lady of Damascus was solemnly transferred from Vittoriosa to the new church.

Present Church
On March 24, 1942, during one of the bombings of Valletta, the Church of Our Lady of Damascus was hit and completely destroyed. Many   icons were lost under the debris of the church. It was because of the initiative of Italo-Albanian Papàs Gjergji Schirò from Piana degli Albanesi, that the Church was rebuilt and reconsecrated on August 15, 1951 by Archbishop Georgios Halavazis.

Present use
The church is mainly used by the Catholic community of the "Greek rite" of Malta for Divine Liturgy. The church is also used by the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, and now the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, by Armenian Orthodox Church, by Russian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox and Belarusian Orthodox.

See also

Culture of Malta
History of Malta
List of Churches in Malta
Religion in Malta

References

1580 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Valletta
Eastern Christianity in Malta
16th-century establishments in Malta
Byzantine architecture in Malta
Greek Catholic churches in Malta


text:
Is JW Milam still alive?
Who is Juanita Milam?
Is Mamie Till Dead?
How old is JW Milam?
What happened to Bryant's grocery store?
What was Emmett Till's crime?
What did Emmett Till say to Carolyn Bryant?
Why was Mose Wright so brave?
When was Carolyn Bryant born?
What happened to Moses Wright?
What happened to Willie Reed?
Who is Emmett Till's family?
Who was Bryant Milam and who was J.W Milam?
How old was Juanita Milam and J.W Milam?
Why was J W Milam not indicted for murder?
Why did Roy Bryant and J W Milam kill Emmett Till?
Deceased (1919–1980)
John William Milam/Living or Deceased
*Juanita Milam was born on this date in 1927. She was a white-American clerk and window of one of Emmett Till's killers. Born Mary Juanita Thompson in Greenville, MS, she was the fifth of six children of Albert and Myrtle Thompson.
Mamie Till/Living or Deceased
61 years (1919–1980)
John William Milam/Age at death
While the brutal murder may have galvanized the movement, the grocery store has been allowed to fall into ruin. After the acquittal, the black sharecroppers that once kept Bryant's Grocery in business refused their patronage, and the store was put up for sale less than a month after the trial.
Emmett Till, a 14-year old African American boy, was murdered in August 1955 in a racist attack that shocked the nation and provided a catalyst for the emerging civil rights movement. A Chicago native, Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, when he was accused of harassing a local white woman.
Bryant said she freed herself, and Till said, "You needn't be afraid of me, baby", used "one 'unprintable' word" and said "I've been with white women before." Bryant also alleged that one of Till's companions came into the store, grabbed him by the arm, and ordered him to leave.
Mose Wright (Emmett's Uncle) was considered very BRAVE because he was the first black man in the state of Mississippi to implicate the guilt of a white man in court. It took the jury 67 minutes to find Bryant and Milam NOT GUILTY of the death of Emmett Till. Mose Wright stayed in Mississippi after the trial.
Carolyn Bryant/Date of birth
Moses returned in November to testify at the grand jury hearing for Milam and Bryant's kidnapping case. When the grand jury refused to return an indictment, Moses Wright left for Chicago. He never again returned to Mississippi.
Louis testified in court about what he had seen, but an all-white jury found the men not guilty. Fearing for his life, Louis moved to Chicago after the trial and changed his name from Willie Reed to Willie Louis….
Willie Louis
Died July 18, 2013 (aged 76) Oak Lawn, Illinois
Louis Till
Mamie TillAlma CarthanJohn Carthan
Emmett Till/Family
…Bryant, the cashier's husband, and J.W. Milam, Bryant's half brother, forced their way into Wright's home and abducted Till at gunpoint. Bryant and Milam severely beat the boy, gouging out one of his eyes. They then took him to the banks of the Tallahatchie River, where they killed him with…
After 9, Juanita's husband, J. W. Milam, would arrive in his pickup to shepherd them to his home for the night. About 7:30 pm, eight young Negroes — seven boys and a girl — in a '46 Ford had stopped outside. They included sons, grandsons and a nephew of Moses (Preacher) Wright, 64, a 'cropper. They were between 13 and 19 years old.
In November, in Greenwood, a grand jury declined to indict them for kidnapping. Of the murder trial, the Memphis Commercial Appeal said: "Evidence necessary for convicting on a murder charge was lacking."
Till's a harmless actions carried weight in an era when prejudice and discrimination against Black people was persistent throughout the segregated South. In the early hours of August 28, Roy Bryant and his half-brother, J.W. Milam, abducted Emmett Till from his great-uncle's home. The men were soon arrested but maintained their innocence.
By Esha Rhodes 2020-01-13 Other
How do you win a reconsideration appeal?
What is sauce lab used for?


text:
Benedict XVI Speeches 2008 October
ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS BENEDICT XVI
TO H.E. Mrs ANNE LEAHY
AMBASSADOR OF CANADA TO THE HOLY SEE
Madam Ambassador,
With joy I welcome you on the occasion of the presentation of the Letters accrediting you as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to the Holy See. I thank you for the warm greetings you have conveyed to me on behalf of Her Excellency, the Governor-General of Canada. I should be grateful to you if you could reciprocate my cordial wishes for her person and for the entire people of Canada, with the hope that the new legislature which is starting in your country can serve to promote the common good and consolidate an ever more fraternal society.
The trusting dialogue which you, your Excellency, have the duty to hold between Canada and the Holy See has a long history, since, as you have observed, in a few months we shall be celebrating the 40th anniversary of the establishment of our Diplomatic Relations. The ties between the Apostolic See and your country go back several centuries. These relations have conferred a special tone both to the presence of the Church as well as to the attention that the Holy See pays to your Country. Indeed it is significant that Pope John Paul II made three Apostolic Journeys to Canada, the last of which took place in 2002 on the occasion of the 17th World Youth Day to the success of which you contributed personally. I now wish to recall what my venerable Predecessor said on his arrival in Toronto addressing the Prime Minister: "Canadians are heirs to an extraordinarily rich humanism, enriched even more by the blend of many different cultural elements. But the core of your heritage is the spiritual and transcendent vision of life based on Christian revelation which gave vital impetus to your development as a free, democratic and caring society, recognized throughout the world as a champion of human rights and human dignity" (Address on Arrival at Toronto International Airport, 23 July 2002). In this perspective I am particularly pleased to see the strengthening of the bonds of understanding between the Catholic Church and the indigenous communities of Canada, a very positive sign of which was the visit of one of their representatives at the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.
I am also pleased at the country's commitment to develop multilateral cooperation to solve the numerous problems that challenge humanity in our time. Canada's participation in the international community's efforts to seek and consolidate peace and reconciliation in various regions of the planet represents an important contribution to establishing a more just and solidary world where every human person is respected in his fundamental vocation. In this regard we may mention Canada and the Holy See's, as well as other countries', commitment to support the application of the Convention for the ban of anti-personnel landmines and to promote it worldwide. This Convention which is an international instrument has registered a success seldom matched in recent times in the sphere of disarmament, demonstrating, as Pope John Paul ii said, that "when States join forces in a climate of understanding, mutual respect and cooperation to combat a culture of death and confidently build a culture of life, the cause of peace gains ground in individual consciences and in the whole of humanity" (Message for the First Conference on the Anti-Personnel Landmine Ban Treaty, n. 3, dated 22 November 2004). In the same way Canada and the Holy See, together with other countries, are endeavouring to contribute to the stability, peace and development of the Great Lakes Region in Africa.
As you have observed, Madam Ambassador, thanks to the institutions that it has created and the culture it has promoted, Catholicism has constituted one of the essential keys in building Canadian society. Yet, in our times, profound changes have taken place and will continue to take place. The signs of these transformations are visible in different environments and are worrisome at times even to the point of making us ask ourselves whether they do not mark a regression in the conception of the human being. They regard, above all, the areas of defence and the promotion of life and of the family founded on natural matrimony. Being well known, it is not necessary to dwell at length on these points.
In this context, I would rather like to encourage all Canadians, men and women, to profoundly reflect on the path that Christ invites us to tread. It is luminous and full of truth. A culture of life could refresh the entire personal and social existence of Canadians. I know that it is possible and that your country is capable of it. To contribute to it I think it is necessary to redefine the meaning of the exercise of freedom, an expression all too often invoked to justify certain excesses. Ever increasingly, in fact, its exercise is perceived only as an absolute value an inalienable right of the individual thus ignoring the importance of the divine origins of freedom and of its communal dimensional, which is necessary to edify it. According to this interpretation, the individual alone could decide and choose the features, characteristics and purpose of life, death and matrimony. True freedom is founded and develops ultimately in God. It is a gift that can be welcomed as a seed and brought to maturation in a responsible way that truly enriches the person and society. The exercise of this freedom means reference to a natural moral law, universal in character, which precedes and unites all rights and duties. In this prospective, I wish to lend my support to the initiatives of Canadian Bishops in favour of family life, and therefore to promote the dignity of the human person.
Among the ecclesial institutions of your country, Your Excellency, the Catholic schools play an important role in human and spiritual education of youth and thus they render a service of great value to your nation. Religious teaching must therefore occupy the position it is due, with respect for every student's conscience. In fact, it is an inalienable right of parents to guarantee religious education to their own children. The teaching of religion, for the specific contribution it can offer, represents a fundamental and indispensable resource for an education that has among its principal objectives the construction of the student's character and the development of his or her capacity, integrating the mental, emotional and spiritual dimensions. Contributing in this way to the transmission of faith to new generations and preparing them to dialogue with the various members of the nation, Catholic schools respond to the constant demand of the Church's mission, for the good of all, and they enrich the whole of Canadian society.
Madam Ambassador, signs of hope are not lacking today. Along these lines, I am delighted at the complete success of the 49th International Eucharistic Congress that concluded in your country last 22 June. With this important ecclesial meeting, we could discern an encouraging sign from the fact that the old roots of the tree of Catholicism are still alive in Canada and that they can make it blossom again. Many pilgrims were able to benefit from the generous hospitality of your people. I wish to warmly thank the authorities of your country for the efforts made to promote this event. Faithful to a long tradition, notwithstanding the difficulties of our age, Canada has remained a welcoming land. I encourage the men and women of Canada to generously follow this fine tradition of openness, above all in regard to the most fragile people.
I welcome the occasion, Your Excellency, to ask you to warmly greet the Catholic community of your country. In the often complex context in which the Church is called to carry out her mission, I encourage the Bishops and the faithful to continue to place their own hope in the Word of God and to fearlessly witness to the power of divine love among their fellow citizens. May the work of Christians in the life of society always be an expression of love that seeks the integral good of humankind!
As you begin your mission, rest assured that you will always find a welcome among my colleagues. I offer you, Madam Ambassador, my cordial wishes for the felicitous fulfilment of your office, so that the harmonious relations existent between Canada and the Holy See may continue and deepen. Upon you, Your Excellency, upon your family and your colleagues, and also upon the authorities and inhabitants of Canada, I wholeheartedly invoke the abundance of divine Blessings.


text:
Hanjo in Brussels
by Charles T. Downey | Tuesday, September 28, 2004
I'm trying to follow up on the operas I listed in my preview of the Opera Season, 2004–2005. (See my post on the reviews of the Pelléas at the Opéra Bastille in Paris.) Another unusual production I noted was Toshio Hosokawa's Hanjo, at the Théâtre de La Monnaie (De Munt) in Brussels (September 7 to 12, 2004), a new opera based on a modern Noh play by Yukio Mishima. Here are some photographs of the production. The only news reference to the production I could find, from Abeille Info, was about its first appearance, this past summer, at the Festival International d'Aix-en-Provence, which coproduced the opera (see this watercolor of Hanako's costume). Here is my translation of what one reviewer (Claude Jottrand, July 16, for Forum Opera) said about the performance in Aix-en-Provence (which has some good pictures, too):
Mishima, whom Western countries know more as a novelist, wanted to be a dramatist first and foremost, as a great admirer of the classical tragedy as well as the traditional Japanese Noh play, from which he drew a good part of his inspiration. Five of his modern Noh plays were translated into English by Donald Keene (but also into French by Marguerite Yourcenar, who was especially inspired by this difficult exercise). It's on the basis of one of the English translations that Toshio Hosokawa, considered today, since the death of Takemitsu, as the most important composer of the Japanese school, composed his first opera, Hanjo, for three voices and chamber orchestra, dedicated to his friend Kazushi Ono, director of the Monnaie orchestra.
Through this work, for which he also wrote the libretto, Hosokawa succeeds in creating a remarkable synthesis of poem and music, by integrating movement, all of it under the sign of contemplation. Hanako, a young woman [a geisha], goes every morning to the Tokyo train station and searches the faces of the men there in the hope of finding Yoshida, her one-time client of three years ago, who promised to come find her. They exchanged their fans as a sign of faith, but when Yoshida came back, Hanako had been fired from her work and could not be found. Since then, she has taken refuge in hope and in imagination, almost to the point of insanity; she was brought back by Jitsuko, a woman painter who was moved by her story and beauty but who lives in fear of losing her if Yoshida comes back. He soon appears and asks to see Hanako again, which Jitsuko opposes. He cries out his love to be heard by her, but when the lovers find themselves face to face at last, Hanako chooses not to recognize Yoshida and continues in her frustrated desire and the sublime exhaustion of a wait that is enough by itself.
Hosokawa's music owes much to that of his teacher, Takemitsu, and thus indirectly to the Boulez school, but with numerous personal elements, a great refinement of color and timber—you also think of Berio—an immense tenderness and a particularly subtle sense of balance, made of juxtaposed sound climates that perfectly integrate the voice into the instrumental writing. The vocal parts are treated according to three alternating styles: song, spoken voice, and a sort of intermediate Sprechgesang, which mingle easily. Very well represented by the fluid conducting of Ono, who caresses the music with bare hands like a sculpture, served up with much care and respect by the Monnaie chamber orchestra, the score "adheres" wonderfully with the libretto, which it reinforces both in sense and poetry. Then, the score ends as it began, with the whispering breath of nature, the imperceptible movement of lie suspending in waiting.
The singers were good, as were the design of Teresa de Keersmaeker and the costumes of Tim van Steenbergen. France Musiques recorded the Aix performance, which will be broadcast this year, and the production will appear again at the Vienna Festwochen in May 2005. You can also read Pieter Bijlsma's Letter from Aix-en-Provence 2004, for Opera Japonica.
Dip Your Ears, No. 12
Opera at Sea
Gregor Schneider
This Sounds Familiar
Washington Bach Consort Opens 28th Season
Day Trippin, Yeah
Dip Your Ears, No. 11 (A Mosaïque of Haydn)
Exception Noted
The Play of Illusion
Blogwatch
Andreasz Chéniertzky
"My Name Is Peter, and I'm an Aesthete"
Patrimony Days in France
Music as Medicine
Gallery News in Paris
Pelléas in Paris
Bartók's Bluebeard
Opera in the Twentieth Century
Washington National Opera on the Radio
New Opera Films
Pigeon-Holing La Gioconda
Sudanese Art at the British Museum
Painting on the Walls in Nice
Ah, the Good Old Days
Opera on DVD
Dip Your Ears, No. 9 (Barenboim's Tristan)
Culture.fr
Saving Outsider Art
The Man of Mirrors
In Memoriam September 11
Washington Fall Music Preview
Architecture of Luis Barragán
Can I Get Some Arts Coverage?
The Spectacle of Versailles
More on New Wine, Old Skins
Champollion's House
Opera and the Arts Race
All of My Help Comes from the Lord
That's Good Reading: Fully Credited Links
Operas on Netflix
Library Fire in Weimar
More Art in Europe
Orchestre de Paris, 2004–2005
Music at the Seat of God


text:
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U.S. Department of Labor Adopts Final Independent Contractor Status Regulations
By Paul J. Buehler III
On Jan. 7, 2021, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) published its final rule to revise and update its regulations regarding classification of employees vs. independent contractors. This determination of independent contractor status is critical to wage liability, as employees are generally guaranteed minimum wage and overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act—absent some exemption—while independent contractors are not.
Read More >> U.S. Department of Labor Adopts Final Independent Contractor Status Regulations
USDOL Issues Guidance on Tracking Compensable Hours of Remote Employees
By Hannah K. Redmond
On August 24, 2020, the United States Department of Labor (DOL) issued guidance to assist employers in complying with their obligation to track compensable hours of employees working in remote or telework arrangements. While this guidance was issued in response to the increase in remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it applies to all employees working remotely for any reason.
Read More >> USDOL Issues Guidance on Tracking Compensable Hours of Remote Employees
Positive Developments for New York Employers on the Use of the Fluctuating Workweek Method of Computing Overtime Compensation
By Subhash Viswanathan
On June 8, the U.S. Department of Labor issued its final rule to provide some clarity for employers seeking to use the fluctuating workweek method of computing overtime compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The final rule, which is essentially the same as the proposed rule that was issued on November 5, 2019, lists each of the five requirements for using the fluctuating workweek method separately and explicitly states that bonuses, premium payments, and other additional payments of any kind are compatible with the use of the fluctuating workweek method. The final rule becomes effective on August 7.
About one week after the USDOL's fluctuating workweek rule was issued, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals (the Federal appellate court with jurisdiction over employers in New York) issued a decision in the case of Thomas et al. v. Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. In the Bed Bath & Beyond case, the Second Circuit affirmed the dismissal of a collective action filed by a group of Department Managers who alleged that Bed Bath & Beyond had improperly used the fluctuating workweek method to pay them overtime.
Read More >> Positive Developments for New York Employers on the Use of the Fluctuating Workweek Method of Computing Overtime Compensation
Reminder: New York Minimum Wage Rates and Salary Thresholds for the Executive and Administrative Exemptions Will Increase on December 31, 2019
Employers in New York will be required to comply with the new state minimum wage rates and the new state salary thresholds to qualify for the executive and administrative exemptions, effective December 31, 2019.
Read More >> Reminder: New York Minimum Wage Rates and Salary Thresholds for the Executive and Administrative Exemptions Will Increase on December 31, 2019
The USDOL Issues a Proposed Rule to Clarify and Amend the Fluctuating Workweek Method of Overtime Compensation
On November 5, the U.S. Department of Labor published a proposed rule in the Federal Register to provide some clarity for employers that seek to use the fluctuating workweek method of overtime compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The proposed amendment lists each of the five requirements for using the fluctuating workweek method separately, instead of including all of the requirements in paragraph form as the current regulation does. The proposed amendment also includes additional language not currently contained in the regulation, explicitly stating that bonuses, premium payments, and other additional payments of any kind are not incompatible with the use of the fluctuating workweek method of computing overtime.
Read More >> The USDOL Issues a Proposed Rule to Clarify and Amend the Fluctuating Workweek Method of Overtime Compensation
USDOL Issues Final Regulations to Increase the Salary Level to Qualify for the White Collar Exemptions
On September 27, 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor published its final regulations in the Federal Register to increase the minimum weekly salary to qualify for the Fair Labor Standards Act white collar exemptions from $455 per week ($23,660 per year) to $684 per week ($35,568 per year). These new regulations become effective on January 1, 2020.
Read More >> USDOL Issues Final Regulations to Increase the Salary Level to Qualify for the White Collar Exemptions
USDOL Issues Proposed Regulations to Increase the Salary Level to Qualify for the White Collar Exemptions
On March 7, 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor issued proposed regulations that would increase the minimum weekly salary to qualify for the Fair Labor Standards Act white collar exemptions from $455 per week ($23,660 per year) to $679 per week ($35,308 per year). These new proposed regulations are intended to replace the USDOL's 2016 regulations raising the minimum weekly salary to $913 per week ($47,476 per year), which were held by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas to be invalid approximately one week before those regulations were set to take effect.
Read More >> USDOL Issues Proposed Regulations to Increase the Salary Level to Qualify for the White Collar Exemptions
Second Circuit Court of Appeals Holds That Cosmetology Students at a For-Profit Cosmetology Training School Were Not Employees Under the Fair Labor Standards Act or New York Labor Law
By Samuel G. Dobre
On February 5, 2019, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that students at a for-profit cosmetology school who provided cosmetology services to the general public at the school's salon as part of the requirements to qualify for taking the New York cosmetology licensing exam were not employees who were entitled to compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act or the New York Labor Law. In Velarde v. GW GJ, Inc., the Court applied the "primary beneficiary" test established in its previous decision in Glatt v. Fox Searchlight Pictures, and concluded that the students were the primary beneficiaries of the relationship because the practical experience they gained at the salon was a necessary prerequisite to becoming licensed cosmetologists.
Read More >> Second Circuit Court of Appeals Holds That Cosmetology Students at a For-Profit Cosmetology Training School Were Not Employees Under the Fair Labor Standards Act or New York Labor Law
How Do Vacation and Sick Leave Buy-Back Programs Affect the Calculation of the Regular Rate for Overtime Purposes?
By Theresa E. Rusnak
Employers who provide sick leave and vacation leave time may also have a policy or practice of allowing employees to "sell back" accrued, unused time. Under these "buy-back" programs, the employer will, for a select time period, pay employees for their unused time, in addition to any actual work performed by the employee in that workweek. This then raises the question: do these payments for sick and vacation time have to be counted as part of the employee's "regular rate" for purposes of computing overtime due during the workweeks in which that time is paid out to the employee?
Read More >> How Do Vacation and Sick Leave Buy-Back Programs Affect the Calculation of the Regular Rate for Overtime Purposes?
USDOL Releases New FLSA Guidance for Higher Education Institutions
By Andrew D. Bobrek
The U.S. Department of Labor just released a new "Fact Sheet," targeted specifically at higher education institutions and their compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Read More >> USDOL Releases New FLSA Guidance for Higher Education Institutions
U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Narrow Construction of FLSA Exemptions - April 2018
By Subhash Viswanathan and Stephanie H. Fedorka
On April 2, the U.S. Supreme Court held, in Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, that service advisors at automobile dealerships are exempt from the overtime requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Court was divided 5-4 on this issue, with Justice Thomas writing the opinion on behalf of the majority and Justice Ginsburg writing the opinion on behalf of the 4 dissenting Justices. The Court reversed a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals' decision, which found that service advisors were non-exempt employees who were eligible for overtime pay.
Read More >> U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Narrow Construction of FLSA Exemptions - April 2018
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Go out by plane row, a lot of people have auditive unwell to feel, and a lot of people criterion by dizziness, have a headache, disgusting, be perturbed and backache wait for a symptom and perplex. To this, medical expert reminds, long by air, eat candy to be able to alleviate tinnitus.
Raise certain height when the plane, because the outside enrages depress, the atmospheric pressure inside eardrum is more than atmosphere, make the protruding outside tympanic membrane, ear has bilge to feel uncomfortably completely, bring about audition to drop. When the plane drops, the pressure inside tympanum under atmosphere, the defect inside tympanic membrane, can cause tinnitus and ache.
Medical expert reminds people, if by plane when often take some of candy, do not break masticatory, deglutition, make pharynx rouses a canal to be opened in the mouth of nose pharynx ministry, air can tympanum of free pass in and out, atmospheric pressure of tympanic inside and outside can poise effectively, stimulative tympanic membrane restores and keep normal, alleviate thereby tinnitus disease.


given by members of the Central Band of the Royal British Legion. See: http://centralband.com/ Followed by a meal together for CAGS members who wish. Contact: Louis at maingardlouis@gmail.com Bus 410 stops near the venue.


Joanna Cassidy is a veteran American actress who is highly well-respected in Hollywood. She has appeared in many interesting films and has also been featured on some popular television programs. Before Joanna Cassidy became an actress, she was married and divorced, spent years in college as an art major and was once a model in San Francisco. She has been through lots of ups and downs.
Her first films are Bullitt (1968 and Fools (1970) but unfortunately, she went back to modeling while she was also in television commercials after these films. She later went into the film industry by appearing in a film entitled "The Laughing Policeman which was produced in 1974. Although she didn't perform a major role in this film that brought her breakthrough to be featured in another two more films that same year: Bank Shot and The Outfit where she received notable billing. Other films she was featured in the 1970s are; Stay Hungry in 1976 and The Stepford Wives in 1975.
In a film entitled "Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982)", she acted like a stripper where she made the biggest impression. She also acted in Zhora and some other prominent films. Despite Joanna Cassidy promising career, she is someone who never trades her happiness for anything.
In the 80s, she appeared most television series such as Buffalo Bill in 1983 where she acted as Dabney Coleman's girlfriend аnd in guest-starring rоlеѕ and in vаriоuѕ tеlеmоviеѕ and miniѕеriеѕ, thоugh she аlѕо соntinuеd gеtting ѕuрроrting rоlеѕ in vаriоuѕ fеаturеѕ, notably аѕ Bоb Hоѕkinѕ' long-suffering barmaid girlfriеnd in Who Framed Rоgеr Rаbbit (1988). Hеr film career picked up аgаin in the '90s, but she ѕtill рrimаrilу арреаrѕ on tеlеviѕiоn. Cassidy received аn Emmу nomination fоr hеr rоlе as Mаrgаrеt Chenowith, the рrоvосаtivе рѕусhiаtriѕt and mоthеr оf troubled Brenda (Rachel Griffiths) аnd Billу (Jeremy Sisto), on Six Fееt Undеr, аѕ wеll as twо Canadian Emmy Awаrdѕ fоr her wоrk on thе comedy Juѕt Cаll Mе Fritz ѕtаrring Jаѕоn Priеѕtlеу. Shе has wоrkеd аlоngѕidе ѕеvеrаl рrеѕtigiоuѕ асtоrѕ including Gene Hackman, Lillу Tоmlin, Bob Hоѕkinѕ, Niсk Nоltе, Warren Bеаttу, Annette Bеning and James Franco.
In аdditiоn tо асting, Cаѕѕidу is аlѕо a master of mаnу оthеr trаdеѕ inсluding photography, intеriоr dеѕign, аnd gаrdеning, and was оnсе thе оwnеr of аn аntiԛuе ѕhор саllеd Cаѕѕidу'ѕ. Muсh of Cassidy's сhаritу wоrk iѕ with оrgаnizаtiоnѕ thаt аrе ѕеnѕitivе tо thе needs of children, аnimаlѕ, аnd оldеr citizens. Shе is also асtivе in еvеntѕ ѕроnѕоrеd bу thе Amеriсаn Film Inѕtitutе.


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Ibiza Culture, THE REAL ONES
The Real Ones: Elena
Elena Ruiz, the moniker for contemporary art in Ibiza
By Laura Martinez
Photos: Maria Andreu
Everyone should be obliged to have a conversation with Elena Ruiz. She is the director of the Ibiza Contemporary Art Museum (MACE) and hails from the Castilla region in Spain, although she emanates a peaceful and Ibiza-like aura at the same time. She is a strong- willed person who arrived on the island with a mission to bring order to the local art scene. She was 30 when she started at MACE (I'm also 30 years old and I can't even sort out my Netflix account) and although she was inexperienced, she quickly realised what needed to be done. Elena also manages the Puget Museum and the Casa Broner Museum, which are both situated in the heart of Ibiza's Old Quarter.
How does a native of Soria end up as the director of the Ibiza Contemporary Art Museum?
"Well, I fell in love with someone from the island and I had to work to survive so I gave classes to keep me going. In 1990 I passed an Ibiza region administrative examination and I started working at the museum. It had been closed since 1984 and I didn't have any experience, so you can imagine how hard it was to get it up and running. I was 30 and totally unprepared for this huge task, but I put my heart and soul into it."
Where does your love of art come from?
"My parents loved Soria, my hometown. They were a very close couple, and when my brothers and I were children they'd prepare a basket with breaded fillets and hot soup and we would go out together and investigate the countryside. We roamed 19th-century palaces, medieval defence towers, Roman bridges etc. This was the time before Google so we oriented by map and took photos. My father also published articles in the Celtiberia magazine. Art has always formed a part of my daily life, but when I went on a trip to Toledo aged 14, it was then that something clicked in my head and I decided to study art."
What has been the hardest part of your time at the museum?
"Public office means that you are constantly battling with political institutions. When you are young and full of energy you want to eat the world, before realising that there is no budget for your ambitions. I had to get a museum started without any help, but I meet wonderful people with whom I created long-lasting synergies and relationships. I learned to work hard with what I had and I finally managed to achieve my objective: the museum that we see before us."
Not content with resting on your laurels, you went on to open the Puget Museum before converting Edwin Broner's house into a museum. How did you come up with this superb idea?
"Edwin Broner was a German architect and painter. His widow, Gisela, lived in the house to a ripe old age, you should visit the house because it is truly beautiful.
The house is situated in Sa Penya, a neighbourhood in Ibiza that had become a bit of a slum district. The house was practically a bunker because she was so frightened of people trying to get in. Gisela didn't have the money to continue living there so I came up with an idea.
We would buy her paintings and the money we raised would go towards paying social services for round the clock medical care.Her final years were dignified and she was very grateful for our help. I promised Gisela that the house would become a museum because it was
very well conserved. There are many photos from the 60s which helped G us to recreate everything as it was at the time. I made the museum plan
and with Ramon Ollé, the municipal architect at the time, we set things
in motion."
Out of all the exhibitions that you have hosted in MACE, which one do you remember the most, and which remained in the pipeline?
"I have always tried to bring international artists that are connected with Ibiza, or least with the island's values. I remember Douglas Gordon and Tobias Rehberger's joint exhibition "After The After", a critique of how much Ibiza's nightlife had changed. It was very entertaining because it turned up being a performance. They kept sending me out to get beer taps and other weird stuff that only made sense once you saw the exhibition. I'm gutted that we couldn't get James Turrell, who is something of a deity in the art world, for economic reasons only."
In 2018 Concept Hotel Group opened the doors of Paradiso Art Hotel, which has a gallery, rotating art exhibitions in its lobby and rooms dedicated to different artists. What do you think about this way of bringing art to the tourist experience?
"I think it's a fabulous idea, other sectors need to get people closer to art, as this helps to attract a specific type of client." Warhol said: "Art is what you can get away with".
For Elena Ruiz, what is art?
"It's a mystery. It's something that takes you from the real world and puts you in contact with something that is purely spiritual. A work of art can knock you out and shake you up. It's a moving experience that is profoundly divine and human at the same time."
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Even the most successful business leaders make mistakes, sometimes minor missteps, other times poor judgment, which sends a business reeling and forced to play catch-up to recover.
Organizational strategist and leading business consultant Steven Feinberg, who has helped major companies such as Wells Fargo, Visa and Sun Microsystems, says mistakes don't "just happen" but are the direct result of poor timing, interaction errors, perceptual problems and organizational deficiencies.
"These mistakes are based, in one way or another, on what I call the Five Laws of Defeat," said Feinberg. "Knowing what to avoid when it comes to leading is just as important as knowing what to do."
"Opportunity myopia happens when narrow thinking rules behavior," notes Feinberg. "Leaders get so focused on established goals, they often miss opportunities because they don't understand the strategic context in which they can see a way to win."
Feinberg cites Sears as a classic example. Sears passed on the opportunity to purchase the Home Depot chain because of their own financial problems, without seeing the value of the proposal to acquire Home Depot.
Perceptual bias — we think we are thinking, but are we?
"One of the easiest mistakes leaders make is confusing perception with reality; they don't see what they don't want to see," said Feinberg. "Stepping back, removing oneself to see a true picture of your decision making is difficult to do. In my work, I make leaders aware of perceptual biases and errors that cloud clear, accurate judgment."
"Businesses shoot themselves in the foot by competing against themselves, and they are rarely aware of it," adds Feinberg.
"Some examples include: Pushing for growth while pushing for cost savings; promoting innovation but punishing mistakes; giving mandates to people in your organization, but not giving them adequate decision-making authority to carry it out."
"The adage: 'If at first you don't succeed, try, try again' isn't always good business," notes Feinberg. "We can get stuck in our own persistence, whether repeated interpersonal conflicts or pushing projects we believe in, even though they are not working after multiple attempts.
"The road to hell is paved with mishandled interactions," he said.
"Recurrent problems leave clues — the repeated attempted solutions that don't work. Changing the game, by first stopping the game is a good initial move."
"When a leader is outcome-oriented, the emphasis is on achieving the outcome; you play to win rather than complaining or blaming circumstances," said Feinberg. "Reactive mishandling of situations almost always guarantees lower outcomes."
"Advantage-Makers" as those rare leaders who win more often because they know how to consistently transform challenging situations into the best possible outcomes.
"They see opportunities where others see problems, influence outcomes where others are stuck, and create advantages where others are challenged. move forward when others are stuck," he said. "If you are not an Advantage-Maker you will probably lose to someone who is."
Dr. Steven Feinberg can be reached at www.stevenfeinberg.com.