text:
Hickenlooper discusses campaign shakeup
What Medicare for All would look like
Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton (Reuters/Mark Kauzlarich/Mary Schwalm/Photo montage by Salon)
More like Reagan than FDR: I'm a millennial and I'll never vote for Hillary Clinton
I never thought I'd be encouraging people to not vote for the Democratic nominee for president. But I am
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com/2015/11/30/more_like_reagan_than_fdr_im_a_millennial_and_ill_never_vote_for_hillary_clinton/
Walker Bragman
December 1, 2015 2:33AM (UTC)
I am a 27-year-old, politically active, progressive millennial voter. I am a political junkie; my background is political science and American history. However, if Hillary Clinton gets the nomination (a big "if"), I will likely not vote for her, and will instead write in "Bernie Sanders" ... and I encourage my readers to do so as well.
I never thought I would be encouraging people to not vote for the Democratic nominee for president. Looking at 2012, history illustrates that the only way to change politics is through primary elections: If you want change, vote for the party aligned most closely to that change, and participate in primaries, but when it comes to the general, select the "lesser of two evils." However, I am disgusted with how the Democratic Party is resisting that process.
The DNC's actions regarding the number of debates, the scheduling of those debates and the treatment of the candidates is disgraceful, and undemocratic. Debbie Wasserman Schultz has disappointed me as a young, active Democrat. The second debate was on a Saturday night, and the viewership was predictably small. In fact, two of the seven debates are scheduled for Saturdays, and one is scheduled for Friday. The DNC's leadership has seemingly aligned itself with Hillary Clinton, someone who, in my opinion, is an unqualified candidate for the following reasons:
1) Hillary's personality repels me (and many others).
I find Clinton to be disingenuous; a political insider, an opportunist who will say anything to win -- and I'm not the only one. Polls consistently indicate higher unfavorable views of her than positive. Even though her positive numbers are higher than the other candidates', she has negative ratio (which Bernie does not). I do not trust Hillary Clinton. She claims to want to rein in abuses on Wall Street, but her top donors throughout her career have been Wall Street firms. And I'll never forget her shameless invocation of 9/11 to justify those donations. Then, of course, there's her "evolution." She was against gay marriage for years; now that it is a popular position, she's wrapping herself in a rainbow flag. She was for the Trans Pacific Partnership for years; now she's against it, also coinciding with popular opinion. The real question I have is: What Hillary will people be voting for if she gets the nod?
I am also bothered by her political double talk. Whenever Hillary reminds us that she is, in fact, a woman, I can't help feeling condescended to. Does she really think that gender is a substitute for policy positions in a Democratic primary? I am a feminist, but I'm not going to support someone just because she is a woman. I guess you could say I'm waiting for the right woman to be president, and frankly, Hillary isn't that woman.
2) On foreign policy, Clinton is a neoconservative.
Hillary Clinton's so-called solution to ISIS is jingoism at its finest: pursuing ISIS "across the Middle East" and ramping up airstrikes. Many Democrats and pundits call her the "responsible choice" due to her experience. I challenge this assessment.
Hillary's plan for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is characterized by five main flaws:
1) Unilateral action against ISIS, where the United States ignores borders of sovereign nations in order to track down military targets, makes us look like an invading force to the locals. Most of the MENA region views the United States with at least skepticism, and at most outright hostility.
2) A significant number of ISIS recruits did not join up because they hold radical Islamic beliefs, but rather because it is a solid paycheck in an area of the world where your other option is slave wages.
3) The members of ISIS we kill have family and friends. To them, it doesn't matter why an American bomb did the killing, just that it was an American bomb that did the killing.
4) We don't know where every bomb will blow, and who might become a victim. How many children will we kill? How many will die as a direct result of our intervention? More than 500,000 children have died in Iraq. This gets back to No. 3, but for every life we take, we risk radicalizing that person's friends and family -- people are people, and grieving people will seek an outlet. ISIS is more than happy to be that outlet.
5) We do not fully understand the culture of the people we're fighting, or the culture of the people we're trying to help. This should have been one of the most important lessons of the Iraq War. How can we hope to win hearts and minds when we still characterize ISIS as a plague that we can wipe out, and everything will be fine. ISIS is a symptom of larger regional issues.
Hillary's approach to ISIS is remarkably similar to that of George W. Bush with al-Qaida, and it has characterized her "experience" with foreign policy throughout her career. As much as she says her Iraq War vote was a mistake, it is consistent with the decisions she made at the State Department. From the failed intervention in Libya to the removal of the democratically elected president of Honduras, Manuel Zelaya, due to his ties to Hugo Chavez, and his replacement with a murderous fascist regime.
I also have a problem with Clinton's propensity for international arms dealing (especially to donors to the Clinton Foundation). Hillary was behind training and arming of the Syrian rebels -- many of whom turned out to be Islamic extremists. Her interventionist approach is reminiscent of the Reagan/Cold War era. Let's remember that the U.S. armed both sides of the Iraq-Iran war, al-Qaida and the Taliban. In the '80s we printed and distributed textbooks that encouraged "jihad" as a means to fight the Soviet "menace." This approach to foreign policy is why so many people hate us around the globe. Currently, the majority of Iraqis, both Sunni and Shi'a, have somewhat negative to very negative views of the United States, according to the Arab Barometer, which surveys attitudes across the MENA region. In Sudan, a majority have negative views of U.S. intervention in the region. Similarly, a majority of Egyptians believe that U.S. intervention justifies armed opposition to the U.S. And of course, mistrust and resentment toward the U.S. are also held by the majority in Afghanistan.
U.S. interventionist foreign policy over the last 40-50 years has been generating opposition around the world, which in turn is used to justify more intervention. It is clear that Hillary offers only more of the same. There is nothing responsible about her approach.
3) On domestic policy, Clinton is basically a moderate Republican.
The Safety Net:
Hillary Clinton has called her husband's "welfare reform" bill, titled the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, "necessary" as recently as 2008. For starters, welfare reform of the kind offered in the legislation had been a Republican dream since Reagan's touting of the "welfare queen" as a part of the Southern Strategy) -- and Bill gave it to them. The Clintons both say this move was responsible for putting people to work, and to an extent that is what happened. But what they leave out is the fact that after its passage, thousands of poor Americans stopped receiving benefits, and extreme poverty spiked (particularly among minority communities).
Reasonable minds may disagree about welfare, but reforming the system to avoid fraud (which is estimated at less than 2 percent of payouts) shouldn't be a fiscal priority, and here's why:
The United States currently spends $59 billion on traditional welfare, which might sound like a lot. However, the United States loses $150 billion to tax havens and $92 billion to corporate subsidies. In other words, our handouts to the wealthy far exceed our handouts to the poor. Personally, I've never been a fan of punching down. The focus on abuses by the poor while ignoring those by the rich is characteristic of the Reagan Realignment (which is the political tradition Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton come from as New Democrats).
Clinton is also hesitant to commit to expanding Social Security. This fits for someone who still holds the '90s "welfare reform" as a success.
Minimum Wage:
Another policy initiative of Hillary's I take issue with is her reluctance to support a gradual increase to $15 minimum wage. Instead she stays with $12. In defending her position and attacking those of her fellow Democrats, Hillary again echoes Republican arguments: it will cost jobs; it is too much too fast.
There is no evidence that minimum wage increases cost jobs. As I have previously written, when the minimum wage was first enacted (at a time when near-slave wages had been commonplace), the end result was that people had more money to spend; the percentage of income spent on necessities shrunk. As a result, the GDP grew. There is no reason not to believe this will happen again. It cannot happen overnight, but it must happen.
Healthcare:
Hillary proposed a version of universal healthcare in the '90s. However, she has since retreated from that position. Her justification? "The revolution never came," as she said in the second debate. And so she gave up, because she couldn't get something done immediately following the Reagan Realignment. That's not the kind of political courage I want from my president. Worse still, she's now attacking universal healthcare as a "tax increase," echoing Reagan and the GOP narrative that taxes are bad and government is inefficient.
College Tuition:
Here again Hillary sounds like a Republican when she attacks Bernie's plan to make state college tuition-free in America. An economist friend of mine put it best when he said, "It isn't how much you pay in taxes, but what you get back for that money that matters."
Hillary's justification has been "I don't want to pay for Donald Trump's kids to go to college." Well there's just two problems: 1) Donald Trump's kids probably won't be going to state college, and 2) under Bernie's plan, Donald Trump's taxes will be much higher in order to ensure that every student can attend state college, tuition-free.
That brings us to taxes. I'm only going to discuss capital gains because Mother Jones does a great job of assessing her income tax proposal. The focus of Clinton's tax proposal is curbing risky, short-term profiteering in capital gains. That's not a bad goal, but that's also where her plan ends. She wants to double the short-term capital gains tax, but she leaves unchanged the long-term. Her plan impacts new investors and the middle class while protecting the super-rich. Sure, America's billionaire class often does make risky investments, but that's not where the majority of its assets are. Long-term safe investments (long-term capital gains) are how the wealthiest Americans just accrue money, which is creating a landed aristocracy in the United States. Nothing could possibly be further from the American Dream than wealth pooling at the top, while the rest of America scrounges to get by. The current system (and what Hillary's plan doesn't change) allows the billionaire class to continue to be taxed at a lower rate than America's workers -- meaning the wealth will stay at the top -- and, as history has shown, it does not trickle down.
The Banks and Wall Street:
Hillary's approach to taxes mirrors her approach to the big banks and Wall Street: She wants to target the immediate threats while leaving in place the underlying problem that the banks are too big and have too much influence. Often citing AIG, and explaining that it is "not a bank," Clinton scores a lot of points among fiscal conservatives, as well as uninformed Democrats. Let me fill in the gaps right now that allow people to accept Hillary's weak stance on financial reform.
This is essentially what was going on prior to the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States:
Let's say I'm a lender and I work at one of the six mega-banks in America.
1) I actively look for poor folks who I know have little education, and I try to sell them a loan to buy a house, at a "teaser" interest rate that would skyrocket after a few years. The reason I target people like this is because I get paid on commission for how many loans I turn out, and there are more of these people than there are qualified buyers.
2) I take out an insurance policy on the loan from a company like AIG.
3) I then take the loan, and package it with other loans given to similarly unqualified buyers (which also have insurance policies attached to them).
4) I then bring these debt packages to a rating agency like S&P (whom I pay per product). If they don't give me my triple A rating, I'll find one of their competitors who will, and because I represent one of the six mega-banks created by Bill Clinton allowing interstate banking, and his repeal of Glass-Steagall, which allowed the merger of commercial and investment banks, I exert enough influence on the rating agencies to generate a race to the bottom. They will all give me AAA ratings.
5) I take my AAA-rated subprime product and sell it for what it would be worth if everyone paid off their loans. The problem, of course, is that they most likely won't be able to pay them off. However, I don't care because as soon as I sell it for a huge payout, it ain't my problem -- and either way, I have insurance.
6) My bank has basically an unlimited license to gamble with other people's money, and as a result lenders are making huge profits.
Of course, this whole model went belly-up when people began defaulting on their payments. Nobody was sure what they were holding on to, or the actual value of their assets. This is why the banks needed to be bailed out, and why they stopped issuing loans. Another unintended consequence was that these banks were also where most Americans kept their money -- money that lenders were gambling with -- a direct result of the repeal of Glass-Steagall.
Note: Please note that Politifact seemingly gives Bill Clinton a pass for the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, making the case that the behavior that caused the crash would have occurred with or without Glass-Steagall. This assessment hinges on proximate cause; that the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was not the proximate cause of the crash. However, I find the argument and the article too limited. The repeal of Glass-Steagall was one cause, in fact, of the rise of too-big-to-fail banks. The fact that mega-banks were allowed to form was behind the catastrophic scale of the crash. However, also to blame for the size of the banks was the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (also signed by Clinton). This law allowed banking across state lines. Without these two pieces of legislation working in concert, a banking crisis would have been nearly impossible, as banking would still be purposefully decentralized. As for the behavior that directly caused the crash, and what the Politifact article mistakenly focuses on? That was also enabled by Clinton: the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which deregulated derivatives trading.
So, considering what happened, I reiterate my position that the banks must be broken up in order to prevent another crash. There is too much concentrated banking power in the hands of too few institutions. This was the lesson of the Great Depression and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. Decentralized banking with as many small banks as possible is desirable. When there are only six banks representing most of America, a crisis with even one threatens our whole economy. Our laws cannot keep pace with the discovery of loopholes in those laws. Under Hillary's approach we will be playing a losing game of regulatory catch-up.
Hillary's stance on banking and Wall Street reform is almost assuredly the reason why her donor list has looked the way it has, with Wall Street firms and banks being top donors since she ran for the Senate in 2000 (prior to 9/11).
4) Choosing Hillary threatens the future of the Democratic Party.
Because of her reluctance to hold her friends on Wall Street accountable, there is a serious risk for Democrats in a Clinton presidency: Another crash can happen (some are suggesting it may very well). If there is another banking crash, and if said crash happens while a Democrat is in office, we will have only ourselves to blame when the country recoils from our policies in favor of the GOP.
But there is an even bigger risk. As I've said many times, Hillary Clinton is straddling two narratives: the Obama narrative that government can be useful, and the Reagan narrative that it cannot; that taxes must not increase because government will simply waste that revenue because government is too big.
In order to understand why Hillary sounds more like Reagan than FDR, we have to understand the political tradition she comes from: Bill Clinton was a New Democrat, a group of socially liberal Reaganites who thought the path to recapturing the momentum for the Democratic Party was in finding the middle ground. However, by the '90s, the middle had already shifted right due to the realignment.
It is 2015, and the middle is again shifting. This time, however, it is moving away from the Milton Friedman laissez-faire economic platform that has characterized the GOP narrative for a generation, toward the Democratic Party, which is, in turn, becoming Elizabeth Warren's Democratic Party. Today, the Democrats do not need to sound like the Republicans of yesterday to get elected. But Hillary doesn't get that.
Instead, it is now the GOP candidates who try to sound more like Democrats by talking about wealth inequality, Wall Street and, as GOP front-runner Donald Trump put it, "hedge fund guys getting away with murder." These issues being discussed marks a real shift from 2012, when the Republicans were calling such talk "the politics of envy."
I've said it before, but the time is now for Bernie Sanders. We have the opportunity to popularize the progressive narrative, and pass some real reform. If we do not do it -- if we tack back to the right as Hillary would have us do, thus holding the GOP narrative afloat -- the Democratic Party will remain a minority party at the state level, and in Congress.
But Hillary is better than a Republican, so why not vote for her if Bernie doesn't get the nod?
From a political science perspective, I see American politics through the lens of realignment cycles. We Democrats have a limited time to get done what we want to get done, which is why I would rather lose this election cycle due to low turnout than waste four years. What will America look like if Hillary wins two terms? So far her platform is more about preserving what we have than it is about improving it; protecting women's rights, maintaining Obamacare, etc. The U.S. post-Hillary will, more likely than not, bear a striking resemblance to America now -- complete with all the same underlying problems we face today, like the political dominance of the billionaire class and the massive wealth gap. That's because the issues we must tackle require more than half-measures, and Hillary is the half-measures candidate. Hillary winning even one term precludes President Bernie and makes it unlikely that we will ever see President Elizabeth Warren (who will have to run either in 2020 or 2024 in order to be viable age-wise).
The 2020-2024 election cycles are far more important than 2016. Both the House of Representatives and the Supreme Court of the United States will be up for grabs. I worry that Hillary in 2020 will be an even harder sell than she is now, given the direction the electorate is shifting. The fact is, Hillary is not a progressive. She's barely even a liberal.
That's why I am not ready for Hillary. Bernie Sanders has given America a vision of what a statesman looks like -- the caliber of political leader we can have if we choose. He's been consistent throughout his entire career on issues that matter. There are videos of him from the early '90s that sound remarkably similar to what he is saying today. He voted against "welfare reform," he supported universal healthcare, and in terms of foreign policy, he's been vindicated. Bernie gives me real hope, and I cannot support the "lesser-of-two-evils" model when there is such a person in the race with a serious chance of winning.
MORE FROM Walker Bragman
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text:
Q: Expecting int return value I have following code snippet, which evaluates an XML file:
open System
open System.IO
open System.Xml.Linq
open FSharp.Data
open System.Net

type InputXml = XmlProvider<"C:\Temp\sample.xml">

[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =

    let input = InputXml.Load("C:\Temp\sample.xml")

    for customer in input.GetCustomers() do
    for order in customer.GetOrders() do
    for line in order.GetOrderLines() do
        printfn "Customer: %s, Order: %s, Item: %s, Quantity: %d"
                customer.Name order.Number line.Item line.Quantity

    Console.ReadLine() |> ignore
    0 // return an integer exit code

The compiler shows the following error:
Error   1   This expression was expected to have type
    int
but here has type
    unit    D:\f#\samples\Program.fs    16  5   samples

Why? What am I doing wrong?

A: F# is whitespace delimited.  That means that this:
for customer in input.GetCustomers() do
for order in customer.GetOrders() do
for line in order.GetOrderLines() do

needs to be more like this:
for customer in input.GetCustomers() do
  for order in customer.GetOrders() do
    for line in order.GetOrderLines() do

otherwise the scope of the body of the first for continues until the end of the current level of indentation (which includes the 0).  You could use the old style of syntax to fix this by doing something like this:
for customer in input.GetCustomers() do
for order in customer.GetOrders() do
for line in order.GetOrderLines() do

...

done
done
done
0

but this is highly non-idiomatic at this point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Edexcel A-LEVEL PHY4 June 2007 QP
Uploaded by api-3726022
saveSave Edexcel A-LEVEL PHY4 June 2007 QP For Later
Ultimate Momentum Edexel Physics Past Papers Questions & Mark Scheme 2001-2009
chapter15-1
PHY1_Jan07_QUEST
Edexcel marking scheme jan 2008 advancing subsidary Physics B for papers 2860, 2861, 2863/01, 2864/01, 2865
Soal Optic Dasar
Physics Jun 2009 Actual Exam Paper Unit 2
Past Papers Revision (2006)
Refraction & Superposition Answer
6735_01_que_20070614
Waves and Sound Sph3u Up Test
After the "Big Bang" by Jesse C. Jones
PHY2June2003.doc
Luz Coherent e
P1 Checklist Waves
FERRO ELECTRISITY
IGNOU - B.Sc. - PHE09 : Optics
Surname Initial(s)
Paper Reference
No. 6 7 3 4 0 1
Paper Reference(s)
6734/01 Examiner's use only
Edexcel GCE Team Leader's use only
Advanced Level Question Leave
Number Blank
Unit Test PHY 4
Thursday 14 June 2007 – Morning 2
Time: 1 hour 20 minutes 3
Materials required for examination Items included with question papers
Nil Nil
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature.
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this question paper.
In calculations you should show all the steps in your working, giving your answer at each stage.
Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets.
There are eight questions in this paper. The total mark for this paper is 60.
The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.
©2007 Edexcel Limited. Turn over
Printer's Log. No.
W850/R6734/57570 6/6/7/11,900
*N26147A0120*
1. Add the correct words to complete the following word equations.
Wave speed
(i) Frequency =
(ii) Wave intensity =
Recession speed of galaxy
(iii) ........................................ =
Distance of galaxy from the Earth
Kinetic energy gained by electron
(iv) Accelerating voltage =
...................................................... Q1
(Total 4 marks)
2. (a) Describe how you would demonstrate that light waves can be polarised. Include
a diagram of the apparatus that you would use. Describe fully what you would
observe.
.......................................................................................................................................
(b) State why it is not possible to polarise sound waves.
(1) Q2
*N26147A0320* Turn over
3. The diagram shows a car travelling at constant velocity.
(a) P is a point on the rim of one of the rear wheels. Tick the two boxes in the table below
which describe the motion of P at the instant shown.
To the left Upwards Downwards Zero
Velocity of P
Acceleration of P
(b) When the tyres are correctly inflated, the effective radius of each wheel is 28 cm.
Calculate the period of rotation of the wheels when the car is travelling at 21 m s−1.
Period = .............................................................
(c) (i) Low tyre pressures would reduce the effective radius of the wheels. Explain how
this would change the angular speed of the wheels at a given road speed.
................................................................................................................................
(ii) The reading on the car's speedometer is determined by the frequency of rotation
of the wheels, so it is accurate only if the tyres are correctly inflated. Explain
whether the speedometer would read too high or too low if the tyre pressures
were too low.
4. (a) The diagram shows three possible stationary waves on a string of length 1.20 m
stretched between fixed points X and Y.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Distance / m
(i) Wave A has a frequency of 110 Hz.
Complete the table below to show the wavelengths and frequencies of the three
waves.
Wave Wavelength / m Frequency / Hz
(ii) Each of the waves has nodes at X and Y. Explain why these points must be
nodes.
(b) There is a similarity between the behaviour of the string in part (a) and that of the
electron in a hydrogen atom. Electron states can be represented by stationary waves
which have to fit inside the atom.
(i) Calculate the momentum of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is
1.0 × 10−10 m, similar to the size of an atom.
Momentum = ....................................................
(ii) Stationary waves with greater numbers of nodes represent electrons in higher
energy levels. Explain why this is the case.
5. The diagram shows successive crests of sea waves approaching a harbour entrance.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the pattern of waves you would expect to see inside
the harbour.
(b) The waves are being studied by means of a buoy anchored in the harbour. As the
waves pass the buoy they make it perform simple harmonic motion in the vertical
direction. A sensor inside the buoy measures its acceleration.
The graph below shows how this acceleration varies with time.
Acceleration / m sÿ2
1±
Time / s
±1 ±
(i) State values for the period and maximum acceleration of the buoy.
Period = ............................................................................. s
Maximum acceleration = .......................................... m s−2
(ii) Calculate the amplitude of oscillation of the buoy.
Amplitude = .......................................................................
(iii) On the grid below, sketch a graph of the displacement of the buoy against time,
over the same interval of time as the acceleration graph.
(Total 10 marks)
6. A beam of light from a laser is directed onto a pair of slits as shown.
Double White
slit screen
Laser beam 0.50 mm
NOT TO SCALE
The light from the slits superposes forming an interference pattern on the screen. For this
arrangement the measured distance across 40 fringes is 49.6 mm.
(a) (i) Calculate the fringe width.
Fringe width = ............................................
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the light.
Wavelength = ..............................................
*N26147A01020*
(b) When the distance between the slits and the screen is altered, the fringe width changes
as shown on the graph.
slits and screen
Tick the appropriate boxes in the table below to show what would happen to the
gradient of this graph if each change were made separately.
Change Effect on gradient
Decreases Unchanged Increases
The laser is replaced by
one emitting light of a
shorter wavelength
The slit separation is
(c) The two slits in this experiment act as coherent sources.
(i) State the meaning of the term coherent.
(ii) It is impossible to observe interference between light beams from sources which
are not coherent. Explain why.
*N26147A01120* Turn over
7. The table gives information about two beams of monochromatic light.
Intensity / Colour
W m−2
Beam A 6.0 red
Beam B 0.2 blue
Each beam is shone in turn onto a barium plate. Beam B causes photoemission but beam
A does not. A student says that this is because "the blue beam is more energetic than the
red beam".
(a) In one sense the student's statement is correct. In another sense the statement is
incorrect. Explain how it is:
(b) Barium has a work function of 3.98 × 10−19 J.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term work function.
(ii) Calculate the photoelectric threshold frequency for the barium plate.
Threshold frequency = ......................................
8. The diagram shows the lowest three energy levels of atomic hydrogen.
Energy/eV
–3.4 B
(a) Excited hydrogen atoms can emit light of wavelength 656 nm. By means of a suitable
calculation, determine which transition between energy levels is responsible for this
emission.
Transition: from level ............ to level .............
(b) The spectrum of light from the Sun contains a dark line at a wavelength of 656 nm.
With reference to the energy level diagram, explain how this line is produced. You
may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.
(c) In the spectrum of light received from another galaxy, the same line appears at a
wavelength of 695 nm.
(i) How can we deduce from this that the galaxy is receding from the Earth?
(ii) Calculate the speed of recession of the galaxy.
Speed = .............................................................
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS
List of data, formulae and relationships
Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 u108 m s 1
Gravitational constant G 6.67 u10 11 N m 2 kg 2
Acceleration of free fall g 9.81m s 2 (close to the Earth)
Gravitational field strength g 9.81 N kg 1 (close to the Earth)
Elementary (proton) charge e 1.60 u10 C
Electronic mass me 9.11 u10 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV 1.60 u10 19 J
Unified atomic mass unit u 1.66 u10 27 kg
Molar gas constant R 8.31J K 1 mol 1
Permittivity of free space H0 8.85 u10 12 F m 1
Coulomb Law constant k 1/ 4S H 0
8.99 u10 9 N m 2 C 2
Permeability of free space P0 4Su 107 N A 2
Planck constant h 6.63 u10 34 J s
Rectilinear motion
For uniformly accelerated motion:
v u  at
x ut  12 at 2
v2 u 2  2ax
Forces and moments
Moment of F about O = F u (Perpendicular distance from F to O)
Sum of clockwise moments Sum of anticlockwise moments
about any point in a plane = about that point
'v 'p
Force F m
't 't
Impulse F 't 'p
Mechanical energy
Power P Fv
Radioactive decay and the nuclear atom
Activity A ON (Decay constant O)
Half-life Ot 12 0.69
Electrical current and potential difference
Electric current I nAQv
Electric power P I 2R
Terminal potential difference V H  Ir (E.m.f. H Internal resistance r)
Circuit e.m.f. 6H 6IR
Resistors in series R R1  R2  R3
Resistors in parallel
R R1 R2 R3
Heating matter
Change of state: energy transfer l 'm (Specific latent heat or specific enthalpy change l)
Heating and cooling: energy transfer mc'T (Specific heat capacity c; Temperature change '7)
Celsius temperature T /qC T/K  273
Kinetic theory of matter
Temperature and energy T v Average kinetic energy of molecules
Kinetic theory p 1
3 U ¢ c 2²
Conservation of energy
Change of internal energy 'U 'Q  ' W (Energy transferred thermally 'Q;
Work done on body 'W)
Useful output
Efficiency of energy transfer
T1  T2
Heat engine: maximum efficiency
Circular motion and oscillations
'T v
Angular speed Z (Radius of circular path r)
't r
Centripetal acceleration a
1 2S
Period T (Frequency f )
f Z
Simple harmonic motion:
displacement x x0 cos 2 Sft
maximum speed 2Sfx0
acceleration a (2Sf )2 x
For a simple pendulum T 2S
For a mass on a spring T 2S (Spring constant k)
Intensity I (Distance from point source r;
4Sr 2 Power of source P)
Superposition of waves
Two slit interference O (Wavelength O; Slit separation s;
Fringe width x; Slits to screen distance D)
Quantum phenomena
Photon model E hf (Planck constant h)
Maximum energy of photoelectrons hf  M (Work function M
Energy levels hf E1  E2
de Broglie wavelength O
Observing the Universe
'f 'O v
Doppler shift |
f O c
Hubble law v Hd (Hubble constant H)
Gravitational fields
Gravitational field strength g F /m
for radial field g Gm / r 2 , numerically (Gravitational constant G)
Electric fields
Electrical field strength E F /Q
for radial field E kQ / r 2 (Coulomb law constant k)
for uniform field E V /d
For an electron in a vacuum tube e'V ' ( 12 mev 2)
Energy stored W 2 CV
Capacitors in parallel C C1  C2  C3
Capacitors in series
C C1 C 2 C3
Time constant for capacitor
discharge RC
Magnetic fields
Force on a wire F BIl
Magnetic flux density (Magnetic field strength)
in a long solenoid B P0 nI (Permeability of free space P0)
near a long wire B P0 I /2 Sr
Magnetic flux ) BA
N ')
E.m.f. induced in a coil H  (Number of turns N)
't
Mass-energy 'E c 2 'm
Force on a moving charge F BQv
Analogies in physics
Capacitor discharge Q Q0e t / RC
ln 2
Radioactive decay N = N0e–Ot
Ot 1 ln 2
Experimental physics
Estimated uncertainty u 100%
Percentage uncertainty =
sin(90 q  T ) cos T
ln( x n ) n ln x
ln(e kx ) kx
Equation of a straight line y mx  c
Surface area cylinder 2Srh  2Sr 2
sphere 4 Sr 2
Volume cylinder Sr 2h
3 Sr 3
For small angles: sin T | tan T | T (in radians)
cosT | 1
Coherence (Physics)
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text:
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
Braz. arch. biol. technol. vol.45 no.4 Curitiba Dec. 2002
Dimethoate degradation in plants and during processing of yerba maté leaves
Miguel E. SchmalkoI; Laura A. RamalloI; Darío FerreiraI; Rubén D. BerlingheriII
ICentro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico(CIDeT); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Felix de Azara 1552; 3300 Posadas - Misiones - Argentina
IIInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Cerro Azul - Misiones - Argentina
The objective of this research was to study degradation kinetics of dimethoate in plants of Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire (or yerba maté) and during its processing. To determine dimethoate concentration, a capillary gas chromatography technique with a mass selective detector was used. Half-life times in plants ranked between 9.8 and 11.8 days. During processing, with a blanching and two drying steps, dimethoate concentration decayed to a 22.7% of its initial value (in dry basis); while during seasoning step (at 45°C), half-life time was 17.3 days. With these values, preharvest safety interval was determined.
Keywords: Dimethoate, pesticide, degradation, processing, Ilex paraguariensis, yerba maté
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a cinética de degradação de dimetoato em plantas de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire) e durante o processamento destas. Para determinar a concentração de dimetoato foi empregada a técnica de cromatografia gasosa capilar, com uso de detector seletivo de massas. O tempo de meia vida nas plantas variou entre 9.8 e 11.8 dias.
Durante o processamento, com branqueamento (sapeco) e duas etapas da secagem, a concentração de dimetoato foi reduzida a 22.7% do valor inicial (base seca), enquanto que, durante o estacionamento (a 45°C), o tempo de meia vida foi de 17.3 dias. Com estes valores, foi determinado o intervalo de segurança.
Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide of direct application used in yerba maté (or Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire) culture to control a psyllid, its principal pest. In general, degradation rates depend on the type of plants, climatic conditions and its later processing. Degradation rate determination is very useful to know what concentration the pesticide will have in the final product.
Yerba maté is a plant cultivated in the central region of South-America, with sub-tropical climate. From its leaves (once processed) a widely consumed tea in the region and in the Middle East is prepared. In Argentina, the daily average consumption per inhabitant is 20 g; but in some regions this value is, in adults, approximately 100 g.
Its processing consists of a high heat treatment involving four steps: a blanching step with hot combustion gases at 500-550°C (of inlet temperature) and 120-200°C of exit temperature and a residence time of 3 minutes; two drying steps where the material is treated with hot air at 100-120°C of inlet temperature and 50-60°C of exit temperature, with a residence time of 4-5 hours; and a seasoning step in chambers at 40-60°C and a relative humidity of 60% during 30-40 days. These particular work conditions make it very difficult to predict persistence of dimethoate.
Dimethoate degradation in plants and during food processing was widely studied. Belal and Gomaa (1979) studied persistence of dimetoathe in vegetable and cotton plants, and they found a half-life times ranking between 3.3 and 6.0 days. Noble (1985) found that in fruits and vegetable dips, working with controlled temperature (25-50°C) and pH, half life times widely ranked between some minutes and 200 days. In apricots, Cabras et al (1977.1) found half-life times ranked between 6.9 and 9.9 days in the plant, and during drying dimethoate concentration was reduced 5.3 times. These authors (Cabras et al, 1997.2) found half-life times of 4.3 days in olives; and a reduction factor of 20 during drying of raisins (Cabras et al, 1998). As it can be seen, half-life times in the plant and during food processing varied widely.
The objective of this research is to study the degradation kinetics in the plant and during processing of yerba maté. With this information, preharvest safety interval can be determined.
To study dimethoate degradation in plants of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire), one spray in two separated blocks was done in March 1998 and a third one in June 1998, periods in which dimethoate is normally sprayed. Only one application in each block and at the same concentration at which dimethoate is used in this culture (5 g of dimethoate in 100 lt of water, and 500 lt/ha) was done. Applications were done in a manual form and no rain fell during the following week.
Samples were collected in a random form from different plants (approximately 500 g in each sample) and were maintained at low temperature (-18°C) until processing. Samples were collected from day 1 to 41 after spraying. In the period of application of blocks 1 and 2, mean temperature was 22.6°C, and during the study of block 3, mean temperature was 16.1°C.
To study degradation during processing, branches of the material were marked with a special paint and were processed with the other materials in a factory. Some branches were collected after blanching, another fraction was collected after the second dryer and the rest was maintained in a chamber to study degradation during seasoning.
Dimethoate determination
A Hewlett Packard (1989) technique with certain changes was used. Leaves were separated from branches and fine cut. A quantity equivalent to 20 g of dry leaves was weighted and then crushed in a mortar for 30 minutes, with simultaneous addition of water to complete 100 ml (considering moisture contained in leaves). 200 ml of acetone was added and the mixture was stirred during 10 minutes. 8 g of celite was added and then filtered with vacuum. The solution was put in a funnel pearshape with socket, then 20g of NaCl was added and shaken during a few minutes. The mixture was then let to settle for an hour to separate the phases. Then, 200 ml of dichloromethane was added, then shaken and let setting for 12 hours. 30 g of Na2SO4 was added to the organic phase. The mixture was stirred and let settle for 20 minutes, and then filtered through glass wool (previously washed with acetone and dried in an oven) and a layer of Na2SO4 3 cm-thick. The filtered liquid was evaporated just to dryness in a vacuum rotary evaporator at 40 °C. Then, 2 ml of isooctane was added to the solid material and the solution was passed through a packed column with 1g of silica gel 60 (mixture N°7734, 70/230 mesh).
Then, 2 ml of toluene was added to the solid residue, and the mixture was passed through the column. Another 6 ml of toluene were added to the column and the liquid evaporated to complete 1 ml. Then, more toluene was added to complete 2 ml (Fraction 1). The same operation was repeated with toluene-acetone (80/20 in volume) (Fraction 2), and then with acetone (Fraction 3).
Each fraction was analyzed in Hewlett-Packard Vectra 486/66xM gas chromatograph. The operating parameters were: carrier gas: helium; gas flow rate: 0.5 ml/min; temperature: 234°C and a mass selective detector. As internal standard an a-isomer of BHC (lindane) was used.
Moisture content determination
Moisture content was determined using the method of loss in mass at 103°C, for 6 hours (IRAM 20503).
Recovery assay
Untreated leaf samples were fortified with dimethoate and processed according to the dimethoate determination technique. The percent of recovery was 87.3% with a coefficient of variation of 4.2%. Other authors reported recovery percentages of 73-115% (Szeto et al, 1985; Cabras et al, 1997.3; Hiskia et al, 1998).
Degradation in the plant
Residues of dimethoate in the plants from blocks 1 and 2 sprayed in March 1998, and those corresponding to block 3, sprayed in June 1998, are shown in table 1.
Values of dimethoate concentration were fitted to a first order equation. Table 2 shows the pseudo-first order rates constant, the significant level of the fit and the corresponding half-life times.
When rate constants were statiscally compared, no significant difference was found. Half-life times for yerba maté were lightly higher than those found for cotton plants (between 3.3 and 6.0 days, Belal and Gomaa, 1979), apricots (between 6.9 and 9.9 days, Cabras et al, 1997.1) and olives (4.3 days, Cabras et al, 1997.2). Goodwin et al (1985) sprayed at the same concentration as the one used in the present work in strawberries, and found a higher degradation rate.
Degradation during processing.
To study degradation during processing, samples were cut 7 days after spraying. Values of dimethoate concentration after blanching and two drying steps are shown in table 3. Reduction factor of the pesticide in these steps was 4.4. In apricots, Cabras et al, (1997.1) found a reduction factor of 5.3 during drying and, the same authors (Cabras et al, 1998), found in raisins a reduction factor of 20.
The dried sample was then introduced in the seasoning chamber during 40 days, at 45°C and a relative humidity of 60%. Dimethoate concentration at different times is shown in table 4.
When data were fitted to a first order equation, a rate constant of 0.040 day-1 (P=0.05) and a half-life time of 17.3 days was obtained. This value of half-life time is 68% higher than that found in plants.
Preharvest safety intervals.
For the material under this study, the maximum level admitted for dimethoate is 0.5 mg/kg of material. According to the results of degradation rate in plants and during processing, the preharvest safety interval is 7 days (considering a confidence limit of 95%). With this period, the product is assured not to have higher concentration of dimethoate than the maximum one.
In some regions, the product is consumed without seasoning. In this case, the minimum period between spraying and harvest must be 22 days.
Half-life times found for dimethoate degradation in plants of yerba maté cultured in three blocks in different months of the year ranked between 9.8 and 11.8 days. Mean temperatures in these periods were 22.6 and 16.1 °C, respectively.
When the material was processed, its concentration was reduced to a 22.7% of its original value (in dry basis) in the blanching and the two drying steps, with a high heat treatment. During seasoning (at 45°C), half-life time was 17.3 days, higher than that found in the plants.
According to the values of degradation rate constants in plants and during processing, the preharvest safety interval must be 7 days (in product with seasoning) and 22 days (in products consumed without seasoning). With these periods the maximum values recommended for dimethoate in this product could not be reached (0.5 mg/kg of material).
This study has been carried out with the financial support of the Foreign Trade Bureau of Misiones, Argentina. We also wish to express our special thanks to Dr. Carmen Gross.
Belal, M. H. and Gomaa, E. A. A. (1979), Determination of dimethoate residue in some vegetable and cotton plants. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol., 22, 726-730. [ Links ]
Cabras, P.; Angioni, A.; Garau, V. L.; Minelli, V.; Cabitza, F. and Cubeddu, M. (1997.1), Residues of some pesticides in fresh and dried apricots. J. Agr. Food Chem., 45, 3221-3222. [ Links ]
Cabras, P.; Angioni, A.; Garau, V. L.; Melis, M.; Pirisi, F. M.; Karim, M. and Minelli, V. (1997.2), Persistence of insecticide residues in olives and olive oil. J. Agr. Food Chem., 45, 2244-2247. [ Links ]
Cabras, P.; Angioni, A.; Garau, V. L.; Minelli, V.; Melis, M. and Pirisi, F. M. (1997.3), Pesticide in the distilled spirits of wine and its byproducts. J. Agr. Food Chem., 45, 2248-2251. [ Links ]
Cabras, P.; Angioni, A.; Garau, V.L.; Melis, M.; Pirisi, F.M.; Cabitza, F. and Pala, M. (1998), Pesticide residues in raisin processing. J. Agr. Food Chem., 46, 2309-2311. [ Links ]
Goodwin, S.; Ahmad, N. and Newell, G. (1985), Dimethoate spray residues in strawberries. J. Pest. Sci., 16, 143-146. [ Links ]
Hewlett-Packard. (1989), Mass Spectra Library of Pesticides. (Pesticide residue analysis in food, 6). Analytical Procedure., 11-21. [ Links ]
Hiskia, A. E.; Atmajidou, M. E. and Tsipi, D. F. (1998), Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in Greek virgin olive by capillary gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food. Chem., 46, 570-574. [ Links ]
IRAM 20503. (1996), Yerba Maté: Determination of loss in mass al 103°C. Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales. Argentina. [ Links ]
Noble, Alan. (1985), Breakdown rates of dimethoate in fruit and vegetable dips. Pestic. Sci., 16, 349-354. [ Links ]
Szeto, S. Y.; Vernon, R. S. and Brown, M. J. (1985), Degradation of dimethoate and pirimicarb in asparagus. J. Agric. Food Chem., 33, 763-767. [ Links ]
Miguel E. Schmalko
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Misiones
Felix de Azara 1552
3300 Posadas - Misiones - Argentina
Received: November 18, 2000
Revised: September 27, 2001
Accepted: January 18, 2002
Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 - CIC
81350-010 Curitiba PR Brazil
Tel.: +55 41 3316-3052/3054
babt@tecpar.br


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As I am sure you are aware, the legal rule of vicarious liability can make an employer liable for an act of its employee performed doing the course of his work. An exception to this rule is the "going and coming to work" rule. Unless the act of driving is a part of your employees duties, an employer is not liable for an act by its employee while he is either going or coming to work.
Recently, a Plaintiff unsuccessfully tried to expand the vicarious liability of an employer by exempting from the "coming or going " rule, an employee who is required to commute long distances in order to get to work.
In Lynn v. Tatitlek Support, Plaintiffs and appellants Gail M. Lynn (Mrs. Lynn), individually and as executor of the Estate of Brian Griffin Lynn (Mr. Lynn), and Randy Lynn, Mr. and Mrs. Lynn's son, (plaintiffs) appealed from summary judgment entered in favor of defendant and respondent employer Tatitlek Support Services, Inc. (TSSI) in a wrongful death action.
The sole question raised on appeal is whether TSSI's temporary employee, Abdul Formoli, was acting within the scope of his employment when he caused an automobile accident (the accident), killing Mr. Lynn and seriously injuring Mrs. Lynn. Plaintiffs contend the "going and coming" rule, precluding employer vicarious liability, does not apply because of the nature of Formoli's employment preceding the accident. Because of the remoteness of the jobsite, Formoli's employment required him to undertake a lengthy commute home, after working long hours, over three and a half days. Plaintiffs argue that under such circumstances there is a triable issue of material fact as to whether an exception to the "going and coming" rule applies. Plaintiffs rely on three exceptions: the extraordinary-commute incidental benefit exception, the compensated travel-time exception, and the special risk exception.
The Court concluded that the plaintiffs failed to present evidence supporting these exceptions to the going and coming rule. The Court therefore affirmed the judgment on the ground that it is undisputed TSSI was not vicariously liable for the accident under the doctrine of respondeat superior.
This is an important decision supporting a construction employer's lack of liability for an employee who in the construction industry often have to commute long distances after working long hours. Although under certain circumstances an employer may be found vicariously liable for the act of its employee who has to commute to a jobsite, for now the Court's trend is to continue to not hold employers responsible for the acts of their employees who are either coming to or going from work.


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Q: Creating an instance using a constructor with both bean and non-managed bean parameters A Non-managed bean instance containing references to both other non-managed beans can be made aware of managed spring beans by using AutowireCapableBeanFactory#autowireBean(instance) which will inject all managed spring beans annotated with @Autowired annotation and this works great with @Autowired fields and/or methods.
Spring now suggests using constructor injection which brings me to the question: Is there a way to create an instance of a non-managed bean using a constructor so that all managed beans are injected, along with custom non-managed parameters?
Something along the lines of AutowireCapableBeanFactory#newInstance(Class, Object... nonManagedParameters) which would (in my mind at least) attempt to instantiate an instance of a given class by supplying it with spring managed beans where applicable, and use nonManagedParameters for the rest.
Does something like that exist?