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Nave Topical Bible
Everlasting Fire
Scofield Reference Index
Inward Fire
Hezekiah; Passed Through Fire: & Molech
Fire Destroyed Them
Coals of Fire
Torrey Topical Textbook
American Tract Society
Baptism with the Holy Ghost and with Fire
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary
Furnace of Fire
Fire Philosophers
Flame of Fire
Fausset Bible Dictionary
Spirit of God: the Fire From Heaven
Holman Bible Dictionary
Pillar of Cloud and Fire
Strange Fire
Morrish Bible Dictionary
Saint Anthony's Fire
New Fire, Blessed of
Hawker's Poor Man's Dictionary
Smith Bible Dictionary
Fire (Send)
Fire (Pillars)
Fire (Kindle)
Rim-Fire
Rapid-Firing
Rapid-Fire Mount
Fire and Fire Extinction
Baptism of Fire
Fire Baptism
Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia
Baptism of Fire.
Barawa Fire
Elmo's Fire, St.
Fire-Worship
Greek Fire
Liturgical Use of Fire
Fire, Pillar of
ܓ݁ܰܘܙܶܠ
ܢܽܘܪܳܐ
Girdleston's Synonyms of the OT
Fire-Offering
ἀνθρακιά
ἄνθραξ
γέεννα
אוֹר
אורּ
אֵשׁ
The term 'fire' is used literally to denote the familiar process of combustion, with its accompaniments of light and heat. In nearly all the passages in which it occurs from Acts to Revelation, it is used in a figurative sense. (1) A few of these have affinity with passages in the OT in which fire, as one of the most impressive of natural phenomena, is a form of the Divine manifestation. In some of the theophanies, in which fire is a prominent feature, it seems to express the conception of God as He is in Himself and in His nature (e.g. Ezekiel 1:4; Ezekiel 1:27); in others it is a manifestation of Him in His character as Avenger or Judge (Exodus 19:16; Exodus 19:18, Psalms 18:8; Psalms 50:3, Isaiah 30:30). The NT furnishes some analogous cases in which the theophanic fire is simply a manifestation of the Divine presence or attributes (Acts 2:8, Revelation 1:14 f; Revelation 4:5), and others in which it is an accompaniment of the Divine judgment (2 Thessalonians 1:8, 2 Peter 3:10-12), (2) The use of fire as a testing and purifying agent has led to its figurative application as a criterion for distinguishing between what possesses genuine moral worth and what does not, and as a means of purifying human character (1 Corinthians 3:12 f, 1 Peter 1:7). (3) One of the most patent characteristics of fire is its destructiveness, with the inevitable effect of suffering in the case of all forms of organic being. The vivid and forcible appeal which it makes to the imagination is due to the acute sensations it produces in the physical organism by the combination of intense brightness with intense heat. Fire is thus fitted to serve as an appropriate symbol of the Divine judgment upon sin. The OT frequently applies imagery borrowed from this source to denote the punitive aspects of God's nature, or punitive instruments employed by Him, and thus lays the basis for the use of similar imagery in the NT.
1. Fire as a form of Divine manifestation.-(a) In this section may be grouped passages in which fire is simply an indication of the Divine presence, or symbol of Divine attributes other than those specially displayed in the punishment of sin. (α) in Acts 2:3 one of the two outward manifestations attending the descent of the Spirit on the disciples seated in the upper room is compared with fire. The appearance of fire (ὡσεὶ πυρός) assumed by the tongues referred to the Divine presence, which, in this instance, conferred on those assembled together the 'gift of tongues,' symbolized by the tongue-like fames that sat on the head of each. The reality corresponding to the appearance was the miraculous power of ecstatic utterance, now displayed for the first time, but afterwards a familiar feature in the worship of the Apostolic Chinch (Acts 2:4; cf. Acts 10:46 f, 1 Corinthians 14 passim). That the gift thus imparted had a Divine origin was certified by the visible accompaniment of fiery tongues.
(β) The Christophany described in Revelation 1:13-15 depicts the Risen Christ in the midst of the churches with eyes like a flame of fire (cf. Daniel 10:6. 'his eyes as lamps of fire'). The flame-like eyes (Revelation 2:18; Revelation 19:12) are emblematic of the glance of omniscience, which penetrates the depth of the soul with its radiance, and reads the true meaning of the thoughts and actions. 'All things,' it is implied, 'are naked and laid open before the eyes of him with whom we have to do' (Hebrews 4:13; cf. Psalms 11:4, Proverbs 15:3).
(γ) 'The seven torches (Authorized Version and Revised Version 'lamps') of fire burning before the throne' (Revelation 4:5) describe the Spirit of God in His manifold powers, 'the plenitude of the Godhead in all its attributes and energies' (Alford, ad loc), under the emblem of fire. 'Fulness, intensity, energy, are implied in the figure, which reflects the traditional association (in the primitive mind) of fire and flame with the divinity, and especially with the divine purity or holiness' (J. Moffatt, Expositor's Greek Testament , 'Rev.,' 1910, p. 379). There appears to be a reference also to the illuminating power of the Spirit, by which the prophets, with whom the apocalyptic writer identifies himself, were qualified for bearing their testimony, especially with regard to the future (Revelation 2:7; Revelation 4:2; cf. Revelation 19:10).
(b) Passages in which fire is an accompaniment of the Parousia.-(α) According to the rendering of 2 Thessalonians 1:7 f. in Authorized Version , fire is the instrument with which Christ, at His Second Advent, executes vengeance on Gentile and Jewish enemies of the Gospel. The Revised Version , mare accurately, separates the first clause of 2 Thessalonians 1:8, 'in flaming fire' from what follows, and connects it with 2 Thessalonians 1:7. The 'flame of fire,' an expression containing a reminiscence of OT theophanies of judgment, is the element or medium by which the glory of Christ is revealed at His Return, not the means by which He inflicts punishment on the wicked. Like the lightning, which is everywhere visible at the same time (Matthew 24:27), this feature is fitted to arrest the attention and impress the mind of all beholders.
(β) Literal fire is associated in 2 Peter 3:10-12 with the Parousia ('the day of the Lord') as the means by which the visible universe is to be destroyed. Once temporarily destroyed by the waters of the deluge, the earth and the heavens have been 'stored up for fire' (2 Peter 3:7) and now at the Coming of the Lord 'the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat' (v. 12). The old creation is to be dissolved, and pass away in the final world-conflagration which prepares the way for the advent of new heavens and a new earth. Other passages of Scripture anticipate that the present material order, having had a beginning, is destined to come to an end. They also foreshadow the emergence of a new order, free from the defects of the old, which is to be the future abode of the redeemed (Isaiah 65:17; Isaiah 66:22, Hebrews 12:26-28, Revelation 20:11; Revelation 21:1). In the NT these great cosmic changes are associated with the last Advent. In 2 Pet, alone are the means described by which the transition destined to result in a renovated universe is effected. It is to be by fire, which is the only agent adequate to the accomplishment of a destruction so thorough and complete. Science maintains that the end of the universe, as at present constituted, is to be brought about by the gradual loss of radiant heat. The steady reduction of temperature is to render the continuance of life on the planet impossible. Mayor (Ep. of St. Jude and Second Ep. of St. Peter, 1907, p. 209) suggests that this theory requires revision, in view of 'the stores of energy in the chemical elements, and of the varieties of radiant energy to which attention has been prominently directed by the discovery of radium. But assuming the reasonableness of this conjecture, the passage under discussion sheds no light on the constitution of the new environment in which a spiritual body takes the place of a natural body (1 Corinthians 15:44).
2. Fire as a testing and purifying agent.-Fire and water are the two elements used for purification, and of the two, fire is the more drastic and searching. In the process of refining, fire is the means of separating the precious metals from dross or alloys (Zechariah 13:9). In the art of assaying, the same agent is employed for testing the quantity of gold or silver in ore or alloys.
(a) The use of fire for these purposes has led to the word being figuratively applied to the trials, especially in the form of severe persecutions, which the early Christians were called on to endure at the hands of their heathen oppressors (1 Peter 1:7). From the searching ordeal by fire, it was the Divine design that their faith might emerge, more precious than gold, thoroughly tested and approved as genuine. In a later passage (1 Peter 4:12) the extremity of their sufferings, arising from the same cause, is compared to a burning or conflagration (πύρθσις) by which character is tested and purified; and the sharp discipline they are undergoing is spoken of appropriately, considering its extreme severity, as judgment (κρίμα) already begun, from which the righteous escape with, difficulty (1 Peter 4:17 f; cf. 1 Corinthians 3:13).
(b) The figure is used in a somewhat similar manner to describe the judgment by which the work of Christian teachers is to be tested at the Parousia. 'The day (of. Christ's Second Coming) is to be revealed in fire' (cf. 2 Thessalonians 1:7 f.), 'and the fire itself shall prove each man's work of what sort it is' (1 Corinthians 3:13-15 Revised Version ). The fire in which the whole fabric built on the One Foundation is involved, detects and exposes the flimsy and worthless materials by consuming them, but leaves uninjured the solid and durable materials that are fire-proof. In the one instance, the skilful builder has the gratification of seeing his work survive, and himself rewarded. In the other, the unskilful builder has the mortification of seeing his work destroyed and his labour lost; and although he himself escapes, it is with difficulty, as one escapes from a burning house-'saved, yet so as through fire.' The picture presented is that of a general conflagration. It may have been suggested by 'the conflagration of Corinth under Mummius; the stately temples standing amidst the universal destruction of the meaner buildings' (A. P. Stanley, Epistles to the Corinthians2, 1858, p. 67). The main point of the illustration is not the purification of character, but the decisive testing of the difference between solid and worthless achievement. The fire is not disciplinary, and, needless to say, it contains no allusion to 'purgatorial fire, whether in this or in a future life' (J. B. Mayor, 'The General Epistle of Jude,' in Expositor's Greek Testament , 1910, p. 276).
3. Fire as an instrument of Divine punishment.-(a) In this section may be grouped together passage in which fire is a symbol of God's temporal judgments on human sin. Such passages have a close affinity with frequent references in the OT, in which God is represented 'as surrounded by, or manifested in, fire, the most immaterial of elements, and at the same time the agency best suited to represent symbolically His power to destroy all that is sinful or unholy'. (S. R. Driver, Daniel [Cambridge Bible for Schools, 1900], p. 85; cf. Genesis 15:17, Numbers 16:35, Psalms 50:3, Isaiah 30:27, Isaiah 33:14, Jeremiah 4:4; Jeremiah 21:12, Ezekiel 21:31, Daniel 7:9 f., Amos 5:6; Amos 7:4).
(α) In accordance with this usage, fire is employed in Judges 1:23 to represent the present judgment which overtakes the second of the three classes enticed into licentious living by the antinomian teachers (cf. Judges 1:4). There is no reference here to the fire of future judgment. There is an evident allusion in the phrase, 'snatching them out of the fire' (Revised Version ), to Amos 4:11, where persons who had just escaped with their lives from the earthquake, are referred to; and to Zechariah 3:2, where the high priest Joshua is described as a brand plucked out of the Babylonian captivity. Fleshly indulgence exposes those addicted to it to present penalties as well as to future ones, and it is from this perilous position that their rescuers are to snatch them hastily, and almost violently.
(β) Fire, as an image of God's temporal judgments, appears in the symbolism of the Apocalypse. When the Church was engaged in a life-and-death struggle with Imperial Rome, her members regarded terrible visitations, in the shape of the three historic scourges, war, famine, and pestilence, as signs of the approaching end of the age and Christ's Return. The NT Apocalyptist heightens the effect of the lurid pictures in which he forecasts the judgments impending on the enemies of Christ and His Church, by the introduction of fire, in one case literal, material fire, as a token of those judgments. In answer to the prayers of suffering saints, the angel fills the censer with fire from the altar, and casts the burning contents on the earth, as a sign that the Divine vengeance is about to descend upon it (Revelation 8:5; cf. Ezekiel 10:2). The horror which the countless host of horsemen is fitted to inspire, is intensified by the circumstance that fire and smoke and brimstone issue out of their mouths (Revelation 9:17 f.). In Revelation 14:18 it is the angel who has power over the fire-in this instance the symbol of Divine wrath-that brings the angel with the sickle the message that the vintage is to begin, because the world is ripe for judgment. The sea of glass before the Throne, by the side of which stand the victors in the conflict with the Beast, is flushed red with the fire of impending judgments-the seven last plagues which are the precursors of the downfall of Babylon (Revelation 15:1 f; Revelation 15:5 cf. Revelation 17:1).
(γ) Literal, material fire is the means by which the total and final destruction of the harlot-city, mystic Babylon, is effected (18 passim). Nero Redivivus and his Parthian allies, to whom the burning of the city is attributed, are only the human instruments in God's hand for executing His judgment upon her (Revelation 18:20; Revelation 18:24; Revelation 19:2).
(δ) Supernatural fire is the agent by which the nations, Gog and Magog, are consumed, and their attempt to capture 'the beloved city' frustrated (Revelation 20:9).
(β) Fire is the symbol of God's future and final judgment on the wicked.-(α) In view of the near approach of the Parousia (Hebrews 10:37), those in danger of the wilful sin of apostasy from the Christian faith are reminded of the terrible consequences which await those succumbing to the great temptation-'a fierceness of fire which shall devour the adversaries' (Hebrews 10:27 Revised Version ). The solemn reminder is repeated in connexion with the declaration that the present transient order of things must give place to the new and eternal order (Hebrews 12:27). In contrast with the material fire that manifested His presence at Sinai, God is Himself in His very essence what that consuming fire denoted-immaculate purity which destroys everything incompatible with it (Hebrews 12:20; cf. Deuteronomy 4:24).
(β) Outside the Synoptic Gospels, there is only one explicit reference to the penal fire of the future world as the fire of hell (Gehenna). The Epistle of James traces to it as the ultimate cause the wide-spread mischief caused by the tongue, which is compared to a spark setting fire to a great forest Deuteronomy 3:6).
(γ) The only parallel to the expression Eternal Fire, used in the Synoptic Gospels to denote the future punishment of the wicked, is found in Judges 1:7, where the writer declares that the cities of the Plain are 'set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance (Revised Version 'punishment') of eternal fire' (πῦρ αἰώνιον). According to the renderings of Authorized Version and Revised Version , which regard πυρός as grammatically depending on δἰκην, the burning of these cities is spoken of as still persisting. In favour of this idea Wisdom of Solomon 10:7 is cited, and appeal is made to the volcanic phenomena in the region of the Dead Sea as likely to suggest the continued existence of subterranean fire. Further confirmation of the idea is sought in the Book of Enoch (lxvii. 6f.), where it is said that 'the valley of the angels burned continually under the earth.' An alternative rendering to that of the Authorized Version and Revised Version , takes δεῖγμα with πυρός in the sense of 'an example (or 'testimony') of eternal fire,' the punishment which began with the destruction of the cities, and still continues, fitting them to serve as such example. Whichever view be taken, it is evident that the example, in order to be effective, must point to the fate which awaits the wicked after the Last Judgment. Whatever may be the condition of the impenitent between death and the Judgment, it is implied by the uniform teaching of the NT on the Last Things that the decisive sentence which determines their ultimate condition is not pronounced till the Last Judgment. The πῦρ αἰώνιον would have little relevancy to the warning which the passage seeks to enforce if that expression had no relation to future retribution. That being so, the much-debated question as to the meaning of αἰώνιος arises. 'This verse,' remarks Charles (Eschatology2, 1913, p. 413), 'shows how Christians at the close of the first century a.d. read their own ideas into the OT records of the past. Thus the temporal destruction by fire of Sodom and Gomorrah is interpreted as an eternal punishment by fire beyond the grave.' The attempts made to substitute the expression 'age-lasting' for 'eternal' as the meaning of the Greek adjective, so as to prove that it does not imply the idea of unlimited duration, are not particularly convincing. 'It is surely obvious,' says Moffatt (British Weekly, 28 Sept. 1905), 'that the NT writers assumed that the soul of man was immortal and that its existence beyond death, in weal or woe, was endless, when they used this term (αἰώνιος) or spoke of this subject. How else could they have conveyed what corresponded in their minds to the idea of "eternal"?'. It must be admitted, at the same time, that the term takes us out into a region where the categories of time and space do not apply, and where 'objects ate presented in their relation to some eternal aspect of the Divine nature' (A, Bisset, article 'Eternal Fire,' in Dict. of Christ and the Gospels vol. i. [1906] p. 537:b; see the whole article for a thoughtful and temperate discussion of the expression 'eternal tire' in its eschatological bearings).
(δ) In the Apocalypse the Lake of Fire is the place of final punishment to which are consigned (1) the Beast and the False Prophet (Revelation 19:20), (2) Satan (Revelation 20:10) (3) Death and Hades (Revelation 20:14), (4) the dupes of Satan, whose names are not written in the Book of Life (Revelation 20:15; cf. Revelation 13:8; Revelation 14:9 f.; Revelation 19:20; Revelation 20:8). The figure of 'the lake of fire,' otherwise described as 'the lake of fire burning with brimstone,' seems to have been suggested by a shallow pool (λἱμνη) of blazing; sulphur such as is sometimes found in volcanic districts. Nothing is said as to its locality. 'Volcanic forces, indicating the existence of subterranean fire, might well lead the ancients to place their Tartarus and Gehenna in the under-world' [W. Boyd Carpenter, 'Rev.' in Ellicott's NT Com. iii. [1884] 622). Swete (Apoc. of St. John2, 1907, p. 258) remarks that the conception o£ 'the lake of fire' may have already been familiar to the Asian Churches, and that 'possibly it was a local expression for the γέεννα τοῦ πυρός which was familiar to Palestinian Christians.' The expression does not occur in the apocalyptic writings, but in the Book of Enoch 'the abyss or fire' is the doom in store for the fallen angels in the Day of Judgment (x. 13; cf. xxi. 7-10), and in the Secrets of Enoch (x. 2), among the torments of 'the place prepared for those who do not know God' is 'a fiery river' The terse outline in the Apocalypse referring to the place of woe, appears in these writings as a finished picture filled in with elaborate details. The reference in the imagery to 'fire and brimstone' is evidently derived from the historical account of the destruction of Sodom in Genesis 19:24, mediated by passages such as Isaiah 30:33, in which Topheth is a symbol of God's burning judgments, and Isaiah 66:24, in which the valley of Hinnom, with its fire continually burning, is the scene of final judgment on God's enemies. In the interval between the close of OT prophecy and the time of Christ, the idea of penal fire, confined in the OT to the present world, was projected into the unseen world as an image of endless retribution. During this period the writers of the apocalypses sought relief from the glaring anomaly presented by the contrast between character and condition in the present life, by transferring the scene of rewards and punishments to the world beyond the grave. In accordance with this view-the view recognized throughout the NT-the enemies of God and Christ, who often escape His righteous judgments here, are reserved for the severer penalties of the world to come. There, deceivers and deceived together share, one common doom in 'the lake of fire,' which is identified in Revelation 20:14 with 'the second death,' 'the nearest analogue [in the new order] of Death as we know it here' (Swete, op. cit. p. 274). 'It is not certain,' says Swete again, in his commentary on v. 10 (p. 270), 'that these terrible words can be pressed into the service of the doctrine of the Last Things, … It is safer to regard them as belonging to the scenery of the vision rather then to its eschatological teaching. But beyond a doubt St. John intends at least to teach that the forces, personal or impersonal, which have inspired mankind with false views of life and antagonism to God and to Christ will in the end be completely subjugated, and, if not annihilated, will at least be prevented from causing further trouble. From the Lake of Fire there is no release, unless evil itself should be ultimately consumed; and over that possibility there lies a veil which our writer does not help us to lift or pierce'
Literature.-articles 'Eschatology of NT' (S. D. F. Salmond) In Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) , 'Eternal Fire; (A. Bisset) 'Eternal punishment' (W. H. Dyson) in Dict. of Christ and the Gospels , 'Eschatology' (R, H. Charles), 'Fire' (T. K. Cheyne), 'Theophany' (G. B. Gray) in Encyclopaedia Biblica ; Commentaries on the relevant passage. For the meaning of αἰώνιος, and for the eschatological bearing of the passages. see H. Cremer, Bib.-Theol. Lex, of NT Greek3, 1880; F. W. Farrar, Eternal Hope, 1878, Mercy and Judgment, 1881; J. A. Beet, The Last Things, new ed. 1905: C. A. Row, Future Retribution, 1887; J. Stephen, Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography, 1907, Epilogue: A. Jukes, The Second Death and tin Restitution of All Things12, 1887.
W. S. Montgomery.
Hastings, James. Entry for 'Fire'. Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/hdn/f/fire.html. 1906-1918.


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Colombia issues movable guarantees legislation
02 April 2014 | by Juan Fernando Gaviria and Carolina Duque
Tags: Philippi Prietocarrizosa Ferrero DU & Uría Colombia Financial and corporate
In Colombia, the alternatives to secure loans are generally limited to pledges, mortgages and trusts over certain tangible and in existence assets. This limited scenario leaves out other valuable assets, which in turns results in a small loan market. However this situation has changed, a law has been recently enacted pursuant to which a person could grant liens over other intangible, future assets and other movable assets "to broaden the coverage for credits and to mark down their prices as the risk to grant credits is diminished" (Exposition of motives during the second debate to bill No. 143 of 2012 of the house of Representatives and 200 of 2012 of Senate). This law also adopts additional measures to protect creditors and to simplify the granting, priority and procedures to enforce the guarantee, among others. In this article, we will focus on these major features of the law.
A broad range of assets may be subject to movable guarantees, including rights and actions. For instance, the law allows movable guarantees over economic rights derived from intellectual property, rights to claim payments of moneys deposited with financial institutions and rights to enforce obligations of counterparties under a contract. In addition and as a very important change of the law, it will be possible to grant a movable guarantee on rights over future assets, which was not possible. Finally, movable assets that under Colombian law are deemed to be real estate because they are either physically attached to the land or meant to be used exclusively in the land may be subject to a movable guarantee; these types of assets were only subject to mortgages. Even though the law includes a list of the assets subject to movable guarantees, the same is not limited as any other movable asset could be subject to a movable guarantee if the parties agree on the economic value thereunder.
Some characteristics of the movable guarantees are that they will be easily granted and opposable against third parties. Movable guarantees may be granted by an agreement amongst the guarantor and the creditor identifying the secured obligation, its amount and a description of the assets subject to the guarantee. For this agreement to be opposable to third parties it must be registered in a public registry; however, a movable guarantee will also be opposable by means of the tenancy of the asset by the creditor or the execution of an account control agreement for moneys deposited with financial institutions.
The incorporation of accounts control agreement is a very important feature of the law. Pursuant to this, movable guarantees can be granted over monies deposited with a banking institution. Under previous legislation, for a lender to have a security interest over banking accounts it was required to have a trust in which the accounts were transferred and that allowed the lenders to have control over the same. By means of the accounts control agreement not only will the same purpose be achieved but also costs will be reduced and documentation will be simpler.
One of the innovations of the law is the incorporation of measures to protect creditors during the reorganisation or liquidation of the guarantor. Indeed, under past regulations, creditors were forbidden from continuing or initiating collection proceedings against a debtor in bankruptcy; however, by means of the law, assets subject to a movable guarantee may be foreclosed by the secured creditors if the same are not necessary to develop the economic activity of the guarantor in bankruptcy. Additionally, creditors with movable guarantees will have priority over the pledged asset either by receiving the proceeds of its sale or the asset itself as payment in kind. In the past, all creditors who were secured by pledges had the same priority in payment pro-rata to their credits with all pledged assets as oppose to having priority exclusively over the pledged asset.
Another highlight of the law is the collection proceeding. According to the same, upon default of the loan, the creditor has two options: to sell the assets subject to the movable guarantee without initiating a collection proceeding or to commence a collection proceeding. In the past in Colombia it was forbidden for creditors to dispose the pledged assets without initiating collection proceedings; however the law allows creditors to do so if the creditor has the tenancy of the asset or if it has been agreed in the contract. Alternatively, a creditor may also pursue a collection proceeding before a notary public or a chamber of commerce, competence that was exclusive of judges. This proceeding will also be faster because it incorporates mechanisms to avoid dilations and to dispose the guaranteed asset without public auction. In this regard, creditors could request that the loan is paid with the asset subject to the pledge or with the proceeds of its sale either directly or by means of auction. In any case, the parties may agree otherwise.
In the end, the law incorporates important modifications to facilitate access to the loan market in general and to structured financings in particular such as trade financing and project financing. Indeed, by broadening the scope of assets that could be subject to movable guarantees, improving their granting, priority and collection proceeding and incorporating additional creditor's protections in case of the bankruptcy of the guarantor, creditors will reduce their risks which, in turn, should be reflected in an increase of the granting of loans.
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Behind The Deal - Juan Fernando Gaviria Guzmán - Philippi Prietocarrizosa Ferrero DU & Uría
Colombia: A revolution in infrastructure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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USAID and Global Shea Alliance launch Action for Shea Parklands initiative, under which 20,000 shea trees will be planted in Northern Ghana this year.
Archives Latest news
by Abdulai Majeed August 13, 2020 August 13, 2020 0142
The United States Government, through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Global Shea Alliance (GSA), have launched the Action for Shea Parklands (ASP) initiative, under which 20,000 shea trees will be planted in Ghana this year.
Spearheaded by GSA, the initiative seeks to promote, plant, and protect the shea parklands while advancing a shea industry commitment to plant 10 million trees across West Africa over the next 10 years. Ghana's 20,000 trees for 2020 will be planted across the five Northern Regions.
To commemorate the launch, the US Embassy, in a press release said, Ambassador Stephanie S. Sullivan joined members of the Global Shea Alliance and women shea cooperative leaders to plant 50 shea seedlings in seedling bags. These would be transported to the Northern Region of Ghana for planting during the 2021 shea season.
Ambassador Sullivan, the release said, commended the project's partners, stating, the initiative, highlighted the importance of bolstering women's economic development activities in Ghana.
Shea is a primary source of livelihood for women living in northern Ghana. Togo and Benin, the release said, were also pilot countries for the ASP initiative. In partnership with USAID, GSA is leading the industry's sustainability effort.
To date, the release said, 100,000 seedlings had been raised and 8,000 shea trees planted with private sector funding under the USAID-funded "Sustainable Shea Initiative" (SSI), a public-private partnership with GSA.
"The SSI is an $18 million, five-year program that promotes the sustainable expansion of the shea industry in Ghana, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo, Mali, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso as well as increases the incomes of rural women, who form the backbone of the industry, " the release explained.
Story by: Nelson Adanuti Nyadror
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Abdulai Majeed August 28, 2020 August 28, 2020


Optus has been working on internet connections in our area for the last couple of days, which they say is now completed.
However, using the Fetch TV box I am now unable to connect at all to Netflix. When I go to the Apps menu and click on Netflix, nothing happens and it just goes straight back to the last channel I was watching.
I am able to watch Netflix on my laptop, but not my TV via Fetch, so it doesn't seem to be an internet issue, but a Fetch issue.
Assuming you have restarted everthing maybe a soft reset?
Yes, finally got it working thanks.
I ended up (for the second time) unplugging and switching off everything from the router to the Fetch box. Everything has now come back to life and it's all working.


The ELISA-VIDITEST anti-VZV IgG kit is intended for in vitro diagnosis of VZV (varicella-zoster virus)-associated diseases, namely varicella and herpes zoster. The test can also be utilized for the differential diagnosis of neuroinfections, infections of the eye and of exanthematous diseases of the skin. The measurements should be supplemented with the detection of IgM and IgA antibodies to VZV or with the determination of IgG avidity.
This assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reaction wells are coated with the native VZV antigen. Anti-VZV antibodies from serum samples bind to the immobilized antigens. The anti-VZV antibodies are then recognized by anti-human IgG antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Px-conjugate). The presence of the labeled antibodies bound to the anti-VZV antibodies is revealed by an enzymatic reaction with a chromogenic substrate that changes the color of the solution within the well.


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Home Earth History ocean
Scientists paint a detailed picture of the chemical structure of oceans 520 million years ago
Earth History, ocean 5:50 PM
Nautilus...first appeared approximately 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,
Ocean chemistry has strongly shaped the evolution of life and biogeochemical cycles on the Earth. Although it was known that the early oceans (>520 million years ago) were characterized by strong water-column stratification and limited oxidant availability, the detailed chemical structure of early Earth oceans has remained unclear. Recently, researchers in Wuhan have developed a model of the spatial structure of early-Earth ocean chemistry that significantly advances our understanding of how oceanic conditions influenced the evolution of higher life on our planet.
The results of their study, "A theoretical prediction of chemical zonation in early oceans (>520 Ma)", was published as the cover article of Science China: Earth Sciences in Nov. 2015. The lead author of the paper is Chao Li, a professor of biogeochemistry at China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). Dr. Li's research team used the chemistry of sediment porewaters in modern productive continental margins and seawater in modern anoxic restricted basins as a model for that of early Earth oceans. On this basis, they developed a highly detailed, idealized chemical zonation model for the oxygen-deficient oceans that existed prior to 520 million years ago.
"Earlier studies have shown that early-Earth oceans were generally stratified and had anoxic deep waters with very limited oxidant availability. These features are also characteristic of sediment porewaters of modern productive continental margins and the seawater of modern anoxic restricted basins, in which multiple chemical zones are developed owing to limited oxygen availability. It is inconceivable that similar chemical zones would not have developed in early-Earth oceans given the known limited oxygen availability at that time," said Dr. Li. He further explained that similar redox zones from shallow near-shore to deep offshore regions of the early oceans may have developed, including oxic (O2-containing), nitrogenous (NO3—NO2—enriched), manganous-ferruginous (Mn2+ or Fe2+-enriched), sulfidic (H2S-enriched), methanic (CH4-enriched), and ferruginous (Fe2+-enriched). These zones were dynamically maintained by a combination of processes including surface-water oxygenation by atmospheric free oxygen, nitrate reduction beneath the chemocline, nearshore manganese-iron reduction, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and hydrothermal Fe2+ inputs from the deep ocean.
According to the researchers, one key difference between modern and ancient oceans is the spatial pattern of oxidant availability. Whereas modern oceans show vertical chemical gradients, early oceans are likely to have had pronounced lateral gradients owing to strong chemical inputs from rivers and mid-ocean hydrothermal systems, creating a series of wide, laterally inclined chemical zones across continental shelves. "The different spatial distribution of chemical zones in early oceans is likely to have had a major impact on early life." said Thomas Algeo, a professor at the University of Cincinnati (USA), who collaborated on the study. Dr. Algeo pointed that "our detailed chemical model for early-Earth oceans is consistent with increasing evidence that early-ocean chemistry was highly heterogeneous and temporally dynamic. For example, recent studies have demonstrated that a sulfidic zone was widely developed at intermediate water depths in the global ocean prior to 520 million years ago."
"Most previous research on early-ocean chemistry consists of case studies based on one or a few sites. While these efforts are, without question, essential to reconstructing the ancient ocean's chemical state, the strong heterogeneity of early-ocean chemistry has made evaluation of its relationship to the evolution of early life extraordinarily difficult," said Bing Shen, a professor of geobiology at Peking University. "The precise redox framework proposed in Li et al. (2015) may help us to reconcile those conflicts and to precisely evaluate the co-evolutionary relationship between Earth's ocean chemistry and life."
"The chemical zonation proposed for the early oceans likely reflects spatial patterns of oceanic oxygenation by rising atmospheric O2 levels in Earth history— that is, direct oxygenation by atmospheric O2 from surface waters to bottom waters and indirect oxygenation by atmospheric O2 through input of continental weathering oxidants from nearshore shallow waters to distal deep waters. Thus, our model not only provides a robust theoretical framework for future studies of the evolution of ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles in early Earth history, but also may be of significance in understanding how progressive oxygenation of the Earth oceans influenced the evolution of early life," Dr. Li said.
Journal reference: Science China Earth Sciences
Provided by: Science China Press


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S.D.N.Y.: Where Affirmative Defense of "Good Faith," Asserted, Defendant's State of Mind at Issue and Communications With Counsel Possibly Subject to Disclosure, Notwithstanding Lack of "Advice of Counsel" Defense
February 16, 2013 10:43 am / Leave a comment
Xuedan Wang v. Hearst Corp.
In the vast majority of FLSA cases, the defendant asserts that its violations of the FLSA, if any, were committed in "good faith," such that the court may, in its discretion deny the plaintiff otherwise mandatory liquidated damages. In many of these cases, it is hard to imagine that a large corporate defendant who is asserting the "good faith" defense, has not actually sought the advice of counsel as part of the process of determining whether the policies at issue comply with the FLSA. In the past, to the frustration of plaintiffs' counsel everywhere, most courts have held that the attorney-client privilege protects such communications between the defendant and its counsel, unless the defendant specifically claims that it relied on the advice of counsel in substantiating its "good faith" defense. Recently, Judge Baer in the Southern District of New York recognized that this approach is patently absurd and ordered an FLSA defendant to produce such communications with counsel, notwithstanding its claim that it would not rely upon an advice of counsel defense.
Rejecting the defendant's assertion that such communications were non-discoverable and protected by the attorney-client privilege, the court reasoned:
According to the Second Circuit, "[i]t is well settled that '[t]he burden of establishing the existence of an attorney-client privilege, in all of its elements, rests with the party asserting it,' " In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 219 F.3d 175, 182 (2d Cir.2000) (quoting United States v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 119 F.3d 210, 214 (2d Cir.1997)). In particular, the Second Circuit "has recognized that implied waiver may be found where the privilege holder 'asserts a claim that in fairness requires examination of protected communications.' " In re Grand Jury, 219 F.3d at 182 (quoting United States v. Bilzerian, 926 F.2d 1285, 1292 (2d Cir.1991)) (emphasis added in the original). "The key to a finding of implied waiver … is some showing by the party arguing for a waiver that the opposing party relies on the privileged communication as a claim or defense or as an element of a claim or defense." In re County of Erie, 546 F.3d 222, 228 (2d Cir.2008).
Defendant contends that the attorney-client privilege applies because its good faith defense would not rely on "legal advice," citing court cases from other circuits for the proposition that "[t]here are many ways to establish good faith under the FLSA that do not involve the advice of counsel." Not so here. In Bilzerian, for instance, the Second Circuit squarely rejected the defendant's argument that there was no waiver because "the testimony he sought to introduce regarding his good faith … would not have disclosed the content or even the existence of any privileged communications or asserted a reliance of counsel advice." 926 F.2d at 1291. The Circuit reasoned that the waiver principle was nonetheless applicable because the defendant's "testimony that he thought his actions were legal would have put his knowledge of the law and the basis of his understanding of what the law required in issue," and that "[h]is conversations with counsel regarding the legality of his schemes would have been directly relevant in determining the extent of his knowledge and, as a result, his intent." Id. at 1292. More recently, the Circuit has reaffirmed the position that "the assertion of a good-faith defense involves an inquiry into state of mind, which typically calls forth the possibility of implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege." In re County of Erie, 546 F.3d at 228–29. See also MBIA Ins. Corp. v. Patriarch Partners VIII, LLC, No. 09 Civ. 3255, 2012 WL 2568972, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 3, 2012) (rejecting the contention that the waiver occurs only when a party asserts a claim or defense that he intends to prove by use of the privileged materials); Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, No. 06 Civ. 5936, 2011 WL 1642434, *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 2011) ("Defendants' assertion that Bilzerian does not apply because they may not be relying on advice of counsel for their good faith defense misreads the law.")
Thus, Defendant's good faith defense in this case undoubtedly raises the possibility of implied waiver, and the question before this Court is "[w]hether fairness requires disclosure" in the "specific context in which the privilege is asserted." In re County of Erie, 546 F.3d at 229 (quoting In re Grand Jury, 219 F.3d at 183). Here, Plaintiffs have submitted, for the Court consideration, a deposition of Defendant's human resources personnel indicating that the legal department, not the human resources department, would be able to answer why school credit letters were collected for unpaid interns. This is not exactly, as Plaintiffs represent in their letter, a statement that "the decision not to pay interns and to classify them as non-employees was made by Defendant's legal department." Nonetheless, in my view, Defendant's assurance that it would "limit any good faith defense to one in which the state of mind was not formed on the basis of legal advice" amounts to little more than semantics without any concrete examples provided by Defendants. On the other hand, I find it difficult to imagine that a good faith defense regarding the FLSA raised by a corporation as large and as sophisticated as Hearst would not involve the advice of its legal department, and the section of the deposition provided to me confirms at least that much. The deposition, for instance, suggests that the human resources department may not itself be familiar with the reason why Defendant's magazines require interns to submit school credit letters, which raises rather than diminishes the possibility of the legal department's involvement.
Defendant's argument that an order by this Court at this juncture in the litigation is premature is a valid argument but for the fact that discovery is over next month and later would hardly be better. The other concern is privilege. The emails to be produced are obviously the ones with respect to which the privilege is waived because they bear on Defendant's state of mind, as discussed above. With respect to those emails, Defendant will produce a privilege log, and I will review the documents in camera, unless, of course, there are too many. In the latter case, I will appoint a special master at the expense of the parties. The material should all be produced by year's end. Should this create a major problem, the parties should schedule a telephone conference this week.
Click Xuedan Wang v. Hearst Corp. to read the entire Opinion & Order.
E.D.Pa.: Where Plaintiff Received Partial Liquidated Damages, Prejudgment Interest Due On The Remaining Unpaid Wages
May 9, 2010 9:04 pm / Leave a comment
Gonzalez v. Bustleton Services, Inc.
This case was before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion for an Award of Prejudgment Interest, subsequent to the Court's holding that Defendant had violated the FLSA. In its Order regarding liability, the Court awarded liquidated damages as to one aspect of Plaintiffs' claim and denied liquidated damages as to a second component. The Plaintiffs' Motion sought prejudgment interest solely on the unpaid wages that the Court had not awarded liquidated damages upon. The Court held that Plaintiffs were entitled to prejudgment interest on the unpaid wages for which they were not awarded liquidated damages.
After discussing the general presumption in favor of prejudgment interest, the Court addressed each of the Defendant's arguments in turn:
"In response to Plaintiffs' motion for prejudgment interest, Defendant first argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to prejudgment interest because they have already received liquidated damages. It is well-settled in FLSA jurisprudence that a plaintiff cannot recover both liquidated damages and prejudgment interest because both serve the same purpose, namely to compensate employees for losses caused by delayed receipt of wages they are due. See Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O'Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 715, 65 S.Ct. 895, 89 L.Ed. 1296 (1945) (recovery of liquidated damages and prejudgment interest is "double compensation for damages arising from delay in the payment of the basic minimum wages"); see also Martin v. Cooper Elec. Supply Co., 940 F.2d 896, 910 (3d Cir.1991) (describing similar purpose of liquidated damages and prejudgment interest); Starceski v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 54 F.3d 1089, 1102 (3d Cir.1995) (contrasting punitive nature of liquidated damages in ADEA case with non-punitive liquidated damages in FLSA case). Thus, there is no dispute that the court cannot award prejudgment interest on wages for which liquidated damages have been awarded.
Defendant takes the argument a step further and asserts that any award of liquidated damages prohibits any award of prejudgment interest, I disagree. The cases upon which Defendant relies merely stand for the proposition that the court cannot award both liquidated damages and prejudgment interest on the same unpaid wages. See Bowers v. Foto-Wear, Inc., No. 03-1137, 2007 WL 4086339, at *6 (M.D.Pa. Nov.15, 2007) (declining to award prejudgment interest where court awarded liquidated damages on all unpaid wages); Friedrich, 1995 WL 412385, at *4 (awarding prejudgment interest when liquidated damages were denied); Signora v. Liberty Travel, Inc., 886 A.2d 284, 286-87 (Pa.Super.2005) (finding award of liquidated damages would be duplicative where prejudgment interest was granted on same award of unpaid wages).
As previously discussed, the purpose of prejudgment interest is to compensate the plaintiff for losses resulting from the delayed payment of wages. See Brooklyn, 324 U.S. at 715; Martin, 940 F.2d at 910. Here, Plaintiffs received an award of liquidated damages under the FLSA for two years of unpaid wages owed for the credited overtime for which they had not been properly compensated. They have not received any compensation for the delayed payment of the third year of credited overtime or any of the uncompensated morning and evening time. The equities favor an award of prejudgment interest for these unpaid wages. See Brock v. Richardson, 812 F.2d 121, 127 (3d Cir.1987) (explaining the "usual equities favor" award of prejudgment interest in FLSA case).
Defendant also argues that the court's denial of liquidated damages for the uncompensated morning and evening time under the FLSA precludes an award of prejudgment interest. See Def.'s Memo. at 4. This is incorrect. Although liquidated damages and prejudgment interest both seek to compensate the plaintiff for the delay in receiving his wages in the FLSA context, the denial of liquidated damages does not dictate the denial of prejudgment interest. In fact, in some of the cases cited by Defendant, the court awarded prejudgment interest while denying liquidated damages. See, e.g., Frie drich. In order to avoid liquidated damages, the burden is on the defendant to show that it was acting in good faith and "had reasonable grounds for believing that his act or omission was not a violation of the [FLSA]." 29 U.S.C. § 260. With respect to prejudgment interest, the Third Circuit has said that prejudgment interest is presumed unless the "usual equities in favor of such interest are not applicable." Pignataro, 593 F.3d at 273 (citing Brock, 812 F.2d at 126). Here, although I find that Defendant had a reasonable basis for failing to compensate Plaintiffs for the morning and evening time, this does not change the fact that Plaintiffs were denied wages they were owed. The purpose of prejudgment interest is served by such an award in this case.
Defendant also seems to argue that because the court did not award liquidated damages on the additional year of credited overtime damages provided by PMWA, Plaintiffs' are not entitled to now seek prejudgment interest on these additional unpaid wages because it gives Plaintiffs "a second bite at the apple." See Def.'s Memo. at 9. The main problem with Defendant's argument is that PMWA does not provide for liquidated damages and caselaw has not extended this remedy to PMWA cases. See 43 P.S. § 333.113 (damages available as civil remedy do not include liquidated damages). Accordingly, Plaintiffs properly did not seek liquidated damages under PMWA, see Pls.' Proposed Findings and Conclusions at ¶ 96 n. 14, and the court did not award them. There is no bar to Plaintiffs' request for prejudgment interest.
Next, Defendant argues that Plaintiff's failure to request prejudgment interest prior to the filing of the current motion precludes such recovery. See Def.'s Memo. at 8. I disagree. In their Complaint, Plaintiffs seek "[c]ompensatory and back pay damages to the fullest extent permitted under federal and state law." Compl. at Prayer for Relief. At the final pretrial conference, counsel agreed that submissions concerning the calculation of damages would follow the court's findings and conclusions. In their Proposed Findings and Conclusions, Plaintiffs specifically reference prejudgment interest as an alternative to liquidated damages. See Pls.' Proposed Findings and Conclusions at ¶ 99 n. 15. I also note that Defendant has suffered no prejudice based on the Plaintiffs' request for prejudgment interest at this time.
In addition, Defendant argues that the court should decline to award prejudgment interest on the uncompensated morning and evening time because this is not an easily calculable fixed sum, particularly because "it was the Plaintiffs' lack of credibility which led to the uncertainty." Def.'s Memo. at 10. Defendant relies on Pennsylvania easel aw which states that interest is due "[w]henever a fixed sum of money is wrongfully withheld from a party to whom it is properly due." Id. at 9 (quoting Friedrich, 1995 WL 412385, at *3). Here, Defendant argues that the calculation of prejudgment interest is made uncertain by Plaintiffs' lack of credibility, itself. Thus, the award of prejudgment interest would be inequitable.
At trial, Plaintiffs testified that they arrived at the shop before work and performed work prior to leaving for the jobsite every workday. Defendant presented credible evidence that Plaintiffs left from the shop only 35% of the time and went directly to the jobsite from their homes 65% of the time. In fact, Defendant presented evidence identifying specific jobs for which Plaintiffs traveled directly to the jobsite. Therefore, I found that Plaintiffs were entitled to 35% of the total uncompensated morning and evening time. Although I agree that Plaintiffs are partially to blame for any uncertainty in the calculation of prejudgment interest, Defendant lost the Plaintiffs' timesheets, see N.T. 10/13/09 at 87-88, and thereby contributed to the uncertainty.
Moreover, considering the purpose of prejudgment interest, I believe the equities favor such an award for the uncompensated morning and evening time. Plaintiffs were not paid the wages they were owed and have not had the use of that money. Thus, an award of prejudgment interest is appropriate."


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Barack Obama was out all week bashing tea party protesters, Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh and Republicans, while plugging his nationalized health care bill.
But, after a year of pushing his socialized plan Americans hate it just as much today as they did last year.
53% of Americans reject the democrat's takeover of the health care industry.
Only 32% support their plan.


1995 Fender Jazz Bass American Vintage '62 Reissue, sunburst. Made in USA, serial number V073025. This bass is all original except for a nicer looking pickguard and boutique pickups with plain enamel and cloth wire. Very rare factory volume-volume-tone electronics. Has nicely faded top, also has quite a few sticker shadows. Very nice sounding specimen. Weighs 4.25kg.


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Classes and Lessons
About Classes and Lessons
Learn to Fence
Adult Fencing
Competitive Camps
Fencing 101
Healthy Mind/Body
Our facility at Menomonee club
WCF on Video
Summer 2019 Beginning Fencing Camps
Windy City Fencing Camps
Windy City Fencing offers Beginners Summer camps ages 8-11.
Location: Drucker Center, 1535 n Dayton,Chicago,60642
Member/Non-Member: $260/$305
July 8-12 9:30am-12:30pm
August 26-30 9:30am-12:30pm
Fencers will spend the time playing games and learning footwork, blade technique, tactics, and the principles of competitive fencing. Kids should come dressed to work hard in loose clothing (no denim jeans),long athletic pants and tennis shoes. All fencing equipment is provided.
Of course, tones of warm up and fun games will be run true the sessions.
Kids will go home tired,exited and ready to fence the next day again!!!
During the camp day,kids will have time for a quick snack,so please prepare a small snack bag!
REGISTER HERE THEN SCROLL DOWN TO FENCING CAMPS
Tsanko Hantov — Head Coach and Owner
Tsanko Hantov has been the head coach at Windy City Fencing since 2004, and has extensive experience training fencers at all levels. He competed in the 2000 Olympic Games and won a Bronze Medal at the 2001 World Championships in the Modern Pentathlon. In 2003 Tsanko finished 5th at the European Championship in the Czech Republic . In 2004 he was 7th at the European Championship in Albena, Bulgaria. In 2007 he won the South America Open Championship in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . He has competed in 11 World Pentathlon Junior and Senior Championships and has won several medals from World Cups and International events.
Tsanko was National Senior Champion in 1998 and National Junior Champion in 1995 and 1996 in Men's Epee in Bulgaria, and continues to be an "A" rated fencer. He is a graduate of the National Sports Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
After his 2004 Olympic trial, he moved to USA with his family. In 2012 Tsanko became a US citizen.
Tsanko Hantov is the owner of Windy City Fencing – Chicago, Inc.
©2010-2020: Windy City Fencing


Mini Pina Colada Cupcakes, cute and tiny, pineapple cake topped with coconut rum spiked buttercream! Toasted coconut for garnish and crunch, Heaven!
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Mix the first five ingredient in a bowl on low speed for 30 seconds until everything is mixed with a hand mixer. Mix on medium speed for 2 minutes.
Line cupcake tin with liners and fill 2/3 of the way. Bake for 10-12 minutes until a toothpick inserted into the middle comes out clean. Place on wired rack for 5 minutes to cool, take out cupcakes on to wired rack and let cool completely.
Cream together the powdered sugar and butter in a large bowl with hand mixer, scrapping the sides. Add the remaining ingredients and whip on high speed for 2 minutes, until fluffy. Top cupcakes with frosting.
Garnish with toasted coconut if desired, serve and enjoy!
Line cupcake tin with liners and fill 2/3 of the way. Bake for 10-12 minutes until a toothpick inserted into the middle comes out clean.
Place on wired rack for 5 minutes to cool, take out cupcakes on to wired rack and let cool completely.
Cream together the powdered sugar and butter in a large bowl with hand mixer, scrapping the sides. Add the remaining ingredients and whip on high speed for 2 minutes, until fluffy.
These are a little bite of tropical Heaven!
The cake comes out super moist and you can really taste both the pineapple and coconut. Oddly enough you can't really even tell their is alcohol in the frosting, it just have a beautiful, lightly coconut flavor. I personally love the addition of adding toasted coconut on top, a nice little crunch, yum!
To toast coconut, you just add sweetened coconut flakes to a dry skillet over medium low heat. Toss or stir every 30 seconds or so, so it doesn't burn. When you see it get a light golden brown, immediately take it off the heat, and pop it out of the skillet onto a plate so it won't continue to cook. It will keep browning until it is cooled down, that's why taking it off when it is lightly golden is essential.
I really hope you liked this mini pina colada cupcake recipe I shared today! For more yummy dessert recipes, just click on the images below!
I am glad I stumbled by – these cupcakes are like warm sunshine on this freezing and gloomy day! You have some absolutely delightful treats on here!
Visiting from the SITS girls sharefest.
These look delicious!!!! I want!!!
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These look SO GOOD. Pinned! Visiting from Mouthwatering Mondays and going to follow you on Pinterest now. Can't wait to try these!
You just made me sing: "If you like pina colada…" Those look yummy! Thanks for sharing at Thursday Favorite Things!
Nope, just good ole paper ones, thanks!
I need about 17 of these! So delicious! Thanks for linking up with What's Cookin' Wednesday!
About how many does this recipe make?


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Radiocarbon, Volume 51, Number 2 (2009)
Radiocarbon
Radiocarbon, Volume 51 (2009)
JournalRadiocarbon (46)AuthorsHajdas, Irka (3)van der Plicht, J. (3)Van Strydonck, Mark (3)Alexandrovskaya, E. I. (2)Alexandrovskiy, A. L. (2)Bonani, Georges (2)Boudin, Mathieu (2)Cherkinsky, Alexander (2)Czernik, Justyna (2)Della Casa, Philippe (2)View MoreTypesArticle (46)text (46)
Radiocarbon is the main international journal of record for research articles and date lists relevant to 14C and other radioisotopes and techniques used in archaeological, geophysical, oceanographic, and related dating.
This archive provides access to Radiocarbon Volumes 1-54 (1959-2012).
As of 2016, Radiocarbon is published by Cambridge University Press. The journal is published quarterly. Radiocarbon also publishes conference proceedings and monographs on topics related to fields of interest. Visit Cambridge Online for new Radiocarbon content and to submit manuscripts.
Contact the University Libraries Journal Team with questions.
Wiggle-Matching Using Known-Age Pine from Jermyn Street, London
Tyers, Cathy; Sidell, Jane; van der Plicht, Johannes; Marshall, Peter; Cook, Gordon; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Bayliss, Alex (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
A slice of pine from the period covered by single-year calibration data (Stuiver 1993) was selected to serve as part of the quality assurance procedures of the English Heritage radiocarbon dating program, following successful wiggle-matching of 14C measurements from structural 15th century English oak timbers (Hamilton et al. 2007). The timber selected was a roofing element from a house on Jermyn Street, central London, demonstrated by dendrochronology to have been felled in AD 1670. Eighteen single-ring samples were dated by the 14C laboratories at Groningen, Oxford, and SUERC: each laboratory was sent a random selection of 6 samples. This approach was intended to mimic the mix of samples and relative ages incorporated into Bayesian chronological models during routine project research. This paper presents the results of this study.
Ultrafiltration: Boon or Bane?
Hüls, C. M.; Grootes, P. M.; Nadeau, M.-J. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Ultrafiltration of bone collagen, dissolved as gelatin (M ~100,000 D), has received considerable attention as a means to remove small contaminants and thus produce more reliable dates (Brown et al. 1988; Bronk Ramsey et al. 2004; Higham et al. 2006; Mellars 2006). However, comparative dating studies have raised the question whether this cleaning step itself may introduce contamination with carbon from the filters used (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2004; Brock et al. 2007; Hüls et al. 2007). Here, we present results of further ultrafiltration experiments with modern and fossil collagen samples using Vivaspin 20 and Vivaspin 15R ultrafilters. Evidently, the Vivaspin 20 (VS 20) ultrafilter with a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane retains more material in the 30 kD fraction than the Vivaspin 15R (VS 15R) filter with a regenerated cellulose membrane (Hydrosat), which may be related to increased retention of proteins due to suboptimal electrostatic conditions during ultrafiltration with the PES membrane. In addition, this filter type shows clear evidence for contamination with fossil carbon, presumably from membrane fibers, in the 30 kD fraction. Radiocarbon measurements on ultrafiltrated fossil collagen seem to indicate small contributions of modern carbon via glycerin left on and within the filter membranes of both types. Although SEM pictures show film remnants on the fibrous filter structure of cleaned filter membranes, EDX analysis on the VS 20 membrane to not support the assumption this may be glycerin. Our observations indicate the risks and benefits of the use of ultrafiltration in cleaning collagen samples for 14C dating need to be further quantified, especially for the cleaning of fossil bone collagen of good quality samples.
The Spread of the Neolithic in the South East European Plain: Radiocarbon Chronology, Subsistence, and Environment
Dolukhanov, Pavel M.; Shukurov, Anvar; Davison, Kate; Sarson, Graeme; Gerasimenko, Natalia P.; Pashkevich, Galina A.; Vybornov, Aleksandr A.; Kovalyukh, Vikolai N.; Skripkin, V. V.; Zaitseva, Ganna I.; et al. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Newly available radiocarbon dates show the early signs of pottery-making in the North Caspian area, the Middle-Lower Volga, and the Lower Don at 8-7 kyr cal BC. Stable settlements, as indicated by "coeval subsamples," are recognized in the Middle-Lower Volga (Yelshanian) at 6.8 kyr cal BC and the Caspian Lowland at about 6 kyr cal BC. The ages of the Strumel-Gostyatin, Surskian, and Bug-Dniesterian sites are in the range of 6.6-4.5 kyr BC, overlapping with early farming entities (Starčevo-Krs-Criş and Linear Pottery), whose influence is perceptible in archaeological materials. Likewise, the 14C-dated pollen data show that the spread of early pottery-making coincided with increased precipitation throughout the forest-steppe area.
The Minoan Santorini Eruption and Tsunami Deposits in Palaikastro (Crete): Dating by Geology, Archaeology, 14C, and Egyptian Chronology
Bruins, Hendrik J.; van der Plicht, Johannes; MacGillivray, J. Alexander (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase, preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based on evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) of animal bones in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits along the coast (3350 +/- 25 BP) and at the inland archaeological site (3352 +/- 23 BP) are astoundingly similar to the average 14C date for the Minoan Santorini eruption at Akrotiri on Thera (3350 +/- 10 BP). The wiggle-matched 14C date of the eruption in calendar years is 1627-1600 cal BCE. Late Minoan IA pottery is the youngest element in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits, fitting with the LM IA archaeological date for the Santorini eruption, conventionally linked at ~1500 BCE with Dynasty XVIII of the historical Egyptian chronology. The reasons for the discrepancy of 100-150 yr between 14C dating and Egyptian chronology for part of the 2nd millennium BCE are unknown. 14C dates from Tell el-Dabca in the eastern Nile Delta show that the 14C age of the Santorini eruption matches with 14C results from 18th Dynasty strata C3 and C2, thereby confirming grosso modo the conventional archaeo-historical correlations between the Aegean and Egypt. We propose that a dual dating system is used in parallel: (1) archaeological material-cultural correlations linked to Egyptian chronology; (2) 14C dating. Mixing of dates from the 2 systems may lead to erroneous archaeological and historical correlations. A 'calibration curve' should be established between Egyptian chronology and 14C dating for the 2nd millennium BCE, which may also assist to resolve the cause of the discrepancy.
The Impact of Cremated Bone Dating on the Archaeological Chronology of the Low Countries
De Mulder, Guy; Van Strydonck, Mark; Boudin, Mathieu (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Since the publication of the first article (Lanting and van der Plicht 2001/2002) about the possibilities of dating cremated bones, the number of dated cremation remains has grown exponentially. The success of this dating technique lies in the fact that an absolute date now can be attributed to archaeological phenomena that previously were only datable indirectly. When archaeological artifacts where present, the cremation burials were dated based on the typology of ceramics and metals. An absolute date could be attributed if charcoal from the pyre were present. Unfortunately, these items were not omnipresent at the burial sites. Consequently, a complete site was dated by means of the few datable burials present. This implies that the internal chronology of the site could not be studied. Furthermore, the typochronology of the ceramics and the metals remains questionable. A series of dating projects on urnfield cemeteries in the Low Countries (northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands) have shown that the classical chronology of these sites must be revised.
The Formation of Deluvial and Alluvial Cones as a Consequence of Human Settlement on a Loess Plateau: An Example from the Chroberz Area (Poland)
Szwarczewski, Piotr (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
The area of Chroberz (southern Poland) poses questions of an interdisciplinary character comprising geomorphologic, sedimentation, and archaeological-historical problems. The main aim of this study was to identify the geomorphologic response to changes in the natural environment that took place in the area of the loess plateau (and its close vicinity) as a result of its settlement by man and of climate change. Periods of particularly intense human activity (land-use changes, deforestation, and agriculture) were recorded as changes in the type of sedimentation, i.e. organic sedimentation substituted for mineral one; it was extremely intensive during the Neolithic Age, Iron Age, and Early Middle Ages. The conducted fieldwork research, analysis of available archaeological materials, and radiocarbon dating results show that there is a direct connection between human economic activity in primeval and historic times and between soil erosion and accumulation of colluvial/alluvial fans in the surroundings of the locality of Chroberz. 14C dates documenting the age of colluvial sediment formation show that individual areas of the upland were settled by humans asynchronously. On the basis of a low facial variability, or, occasionally, even homogeneity, of individual colluvia (from soil erosion) and their considerable thickness, it can be concluded that the land was in constant use or that the intervals with no human activity were relatively short. The progressing human impact process is visible both in the form progradation recorded as the changes in 14C ages (e.g. from 1440 +/- 100 to 780 +/- 80 BP) and in textural (e.g. chemical) features of sediments of which the examined fans are composed.
Temporal Change of Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect in Sugan Lake, Northwest China during the Late Holocene
Zhou, Ai-feng; Chen, Fa-hu; Wang, Zong-li; Yang, Mei-lin; Qiang, Ming-rui; Zhang, Jia-wu (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Many lacustrine chronology records suffer from radiocarbon reservoir effects. A continuous, accurate varve chronology, in conjunction with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, was used to determine the age of lacustrine sediment and to quantify the past 14C reservoir effect in Sugan Lake (China). Reservoir age varied from 4340 to 2590 yr due to 14C-depleted water in the late Holocene. However, during the Little Ice Age (LIA), 14C reservoir age was relatively stable. According to this study, 14C reservoir age in the late Holocene may be driven by hydrological and climatic changes of this period. Therefore, special caution should be paid to the correction of the 14C reservoir effect by a unique 14C reservoir age in paleoclimatic and paleolimnological study of northwest China.
Systematic Bias of Radiocarbon Method
Walanus, Adam (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Systematic bias of dates can became statistically significant regarding the growing global number of dates connected with the calibration curve plateau. For example, samples of true age in the span 800-700 BC are dated to be roughly 100 younger, on average. The curve of expected bias for a given age is presented. To avoid such a bias, the Bayesian paradigm probably must be modified in some way.
Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01
Radiocarbon Measurement Program at the Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Spain
Santos Arévalo, F. Javier; Gómez Martínez, Isabel; García León, Manuel (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
In September 2005, an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system based on a 1MV Tandetron accelerator arrived at the Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA). One of the main research programs for this AMS facility is based on radiocarbon. At the same time as the AMS facility was installed and tested, the 14C sample preparation laboratory was designed and set up. A graphitization line that allows the preparation of 5 samples in parallel was designed and built in October 2006. The first months were mainly dedicated to check and optimize all the sample processing. For such a task, several reference samples have been prepared and measured. Since the beginning of 2007, the laboratory has been fully operational and is currently performing as a service for the scientific community. During 2007, nearly 100 unknown samples were prepared and measured in our AMS system. Most of them were for dating purposes, but also other applications were investigated. The performance of the 14C laboratory and dating service will be shown, with some examples as illustration.
Radiocarbon Dating of Neolithic Pottery
Zaitseva, G.; Skripkin, V.; Kovaliukh, N.; Possnert, G.; Dolukhanov, P.; Vybornov, A. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
The direct measurement of organic matter included in archaeological pottery may yield a reliable assessment of age. The main problem consists in the identification of possible origins and assessment of distortion for the age of organic inclusions. Our experiments show that shells included in pottery fabrics are strongly influenced by the reservoir effect, which may reach 500 yr or more. Other organic inclusions, such as lake ooze, do not visibly distort the age. The obtained series of radiocarbon dates have been used for the assessing the age of the early stages of pottery manufacture in southern Russia.
Radiocarbon Dating of the Western European Neolithic: Comparison of the Dates on Bones and Dates on Charcoals
Denaire, Anthony (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
The subject of this article is the radiocarbon dating on bones in the western European Neolithic. By gathering 14C dates for 2 examples, one chosen in the middle Neolithic of the Rhine region and the other in the end of the early Neolithic in the same region and in the Paris Basin, a significant gap appears between the sum probabilities of dates on charcoals and the ones obtained with bones. A comparison between these results with the few available dendrochronological dates shows that dates on bones seem too young, while the sequence based on charcoals fits. The existence of too-young 14C dates of bones is not new: this phenomenon was already indicated in previous studies. Most explanations agree that there was a source of contamination, during the sample's burial or its treatment in laboratory. These examples illustrate that consequences can be heavy on a chronology built, partly or entirely, on 14C dates of bones..
Radiocarbon Dating of Lumps from Aerial Lime Mortars and Plasters: Methodological Issues and Results from San Nicolò of Capodimonte Church (Camogli, Genoa, Italy)
Pesce, G.; Quarta, G.; Calcagnile, L.; D'Elia, M.; Cavaciocchi, P.; Lastrico, C.; Guastella, R. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
This paper deals with the potentialities and technical and methodological issues associated with the use of lumps of not completely melted lime as material suitable for the radiocarbon dating of aerial lime mortars and plasters. In fact, the identification and selection of single aggregates of unmelted lumps allows one to reduce the possible contamination resulting from external sources of carbon such as "14C-dead" limestone in sand added to the mixture during preparation. This procedure results in the possibility for accurate 14C determinations from single pieces of masonry, supplying important information about the construction phases of historical buildings. The potential of this approach is shown by presenting the results of the archaeological study on the walls of San Nicol of Capodimonte church (Camogli, Genoa, Italy), where this technique has been successfully applied to obtain absolute ages of different parts of the building. The obtained results were then compared with the information gathered from historical sources and with stratigraphic and other archaeological studies.
Radiocarbon Dating of Iron: A Northern Contribution
Oinonen, M.; Haggren, G.; Kaskela, A.; Lavento, M.; Palonen, V.; Tikkanen, P. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
The iron dating project Aikarauta has been launched in Finland. This paper presents the results of the preliminary investigations. The ability for radiocarbon measurement by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of iron in Finland has been demonstrated by using coal-produced iron as reference material. An elemental analyzer has been harnessed to measure the carbon content of small iron samples. In addition, we have hypothesized that a fingerprint of the limestone usage in the smelting process is the high Ca content of iron and slag. This has been examined by performing an iron smelting experiment with limestone as flux, by making elemental analyses of ingredients and the resulting slag and iron, and by a 14C analysis of the produced iron. It is possible that limestone dilutes the 14C contents of the produced iron, making its age determination challenging.
Radiocarbon Dating of Calcined Bones: Where Does the Carbon Come from?
Zazzo, A.; Saliège, J-F.; Person, A.; Boucher, H. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Over the past decade, radiocarbon dating of the carbonate contained in the mineral fraction of calcined bones has emerged as a viable alternative to dating skeletal remains in situations where collagen is no longer present. However, anomalously low 13C values have been reported for calcined bones, suggesting that the mineral fraction of bone is altered. Therefore, exchange with other sources of carbon during heating cannot be excluded. Here, we report new results from analyses on cremated bones found in archaeological sites in Africa and the Near East, as well as the results of several experiments aiming at improving our understanding of the fate of mineral and organic carbon of bone during heating. Heating of modern bone was carried out at different temperatures, for different durations, and under natural and controlled conditions, and the evolution of several parameters (weight, color, %C, %N, 13C value, carbonate content, crystallinity indexes measured by XRD and FTIR) was monitored. Results from archaeological sites confirm that calcined bones are unreliable for paleoenvironmental and paleodietary reconstruction using stable isotopes. Experimental results suggest that the carbon remaining in bone after cremation likely comes from the original inorganic pool, highly fractionated due to rapid recrystallization. Therefore, its reliability for 14C dating should be seen as close to that of tooth enamel, due to crystallographic properties of calcined bones.
Radiocarbon Dates and the Earliest Colonization of East Polynesia: More than a Case Study
Della Casa, Philippe (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Over the last 30 yr, there has been an ongoing debate on the dates and modes of the earliest colonization of East Polynesia, namely the Cook Islands, the 5 archipelagos of French Polynesia, the Hawai'i Islands, Easter Island, and New Zealand. At least 3 alternative models were proposed by Sinoto, Anderson, Kirch, and Conte, but interestingly all these models basically relied on the same set of roughly 200 radiocarbon dates on various organic materials from archaeological excavations as far back as the 1950s. Some of the models differed by 500-1000 yr--for a proposed initial colonization around the turn of the BC/AD eras, if not considerably later. By comparing the different approaches to this chronological issue, it becomes evident that almost all known problems in dealing with 14C dates from archaeological excavations are involved: stratigraphy and exact location of samples, sample material and quality, inbuilt ages and reservoir effects, lab errors in ancient dates, etc. More recently, research into landscape and vegetation history has produced alternative 14C dating for early human impact, adding to the confusion about the initial stages of island colonization, while archaeological 14C dates, becoming increasingly "young" as compared to former investigations, now advocate a rapid and late (post-AD 900) colonization of the archipelagos. As it appears, the Polynesian case is more than just another case study, it's a lesson on 14C-based archaeological chronology. The present paper does not pretend to solve the problems of early Polynesian colonization, but intends to contribute to the debate on how 14C specialists and archaeologists might cooperate in the future.
Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dates of the Corded Ware Culture
Włodarczak, Piotr (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
This paper presents and discusses radiocarbon dates of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) from different regions of Europe (mainly from southern and central Germany and southern and central Poland). The main questions addressed are the controversial significance of particular results, the incompatibility of the obtained date sequences, and the "imprecision of the method." There is clearly the problem of hundreds of dates from different laboratories and performed in different years. A slight difference in the results leads to an "elongated"chronology and acceptance of a model with synchronicity of many cultural groups. The proposed verification of the 14C chronology is connected with both the dendrochronological method and the comparison of dating sequences obtained from particular regions. At present, the most reliable dating scheme for the Corded Ware culture is the one based on the dendrochronological dates of settlements on Swiss lakes; therefore, the scheme must constitute a reference point for 14C analyses conducted for other regions. Due to the typological diversity of materials, however, not every situation allows for this approach. Thus, many 14C grave dates, particularly the results referring to the late CWC phase (after ~2400 BC), remain controversial.
Preface from the Editors
Hajdas, Irka; Della Casa, Philippe; Egli, Markus; Hügi, Ursula; van Willigan, Samuel; Wörle, Marie (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Paleoecology, Subsistence, and 14C Chronology of the Eurasian Caspian Steppe Bronze Age
Shishlina, N. I.; Zazovskaya, E. P.; van der Plicht, J.; Hedges, R. E. M.; Sevastyanov, V. S.; Chicagova, O. A. (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Combined analysis of paleoenvironment, 13C, 15N, and 14C in bone, including paired dating of human bone and terrestrial materials (herbivore bone, wood, charcoal, and textile) has been performed on many samples excavated from Russian kurgan graves. The data can be used for dietary reconstruction, and reservoir corrections for 14C dating of human bone. The latter is essential for an accurate construction of chronologies for the Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures of the Caspian steppes.
New Radiocarbon Dates for the Early Neolithic of the Western Mediterranean
Willigen, Samuel Van; Hajdas, Irka; Bonani, Georges (Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 2009-01-01)
Understanding of processes that determined the expansion of farming and animal husbandry in southwestern Europe is hampered by poor chronologies of the early Neolithic in this region. This paper presents new radiocarbon dates, which are used to construct such a chronological frame for a regional group of the most important culture of the early Neolithic in the western Mediterranean: the Cardial culture.


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text:
Meeting Coverage > ASH: Hematology
Longer PFS in Myeloma with Add-On Daratumumab
— Anti-CD38 drug boosts response to VMP regimen
by Ed Susman, Contributing Writer, MedPage Today December 12, 2017
ATLANTA – Adding daratumumab (Darzalex) to a standard regimen for treatment of multiple myeloma led to longer progression-free survival in a phase III study reported here.
Patients treated with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (VMP) – a combination favored in Europe and Latin America – achieved a median progression-free survival of 18.1 months, whereas patients who had daratumumab added to the same VMP regimen had not reached a median progression-free survival (P<0.0001) with up to 27 months of follow-up, reported Jesus F. San-Miguel, MD, of the Clínica Universidad de Navarra in Pamplona, Spain.
At month 18 of follow-up, 72% of those in the daratumumab-VMP arm were alive without progression.
During a press conference at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology, San-Miguel said that difference translates to a 50% reduction in the risk of having disease progression.
He also reported that 91% of the patients treated with the monoclonal antibody achieved an objective response compared with 74% of the patients treated with the regular VMP regimen (P<0.0001).
The researchers randomly assigned 356 patients with 9 cycles of VMP – bortezomib (Velcade) 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously twice a week for the first cycle and then once weekly for the following 8 cycles; 9 mg/m2 melphalan orally on days 1-4; and prednisone 60 mg/m2 on days 1-4.
Another cohort of 350 patients received the same VMP regimen and daratumumab 16 mg/kg intravenously once for the first week and then every 3 weeks. Then patients received daratumumab every 4 weeks until disease progression occurred.
To be eligible for the study, patients had to be ineligible for transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma; had to be in ECOG status 0-2; had to have adequate kidney function and no more than Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy.
"This is the first phase III randomized trial to evaluate the use of a monoclonal antibody drug for treating newly diagnosed multiple myeloma," San-Miguel said. The combination also induced deeper responses including a greater than 3-fold higher rate of patients achieving a minimal residual disease-negative rate. He noted that 6% of patients receiving VMP achieved a negative minimal residual disease finding compared with 22% of the patients who were also treated with daratumumab (P<0.0001).
He also said the addition of daratumumab was achieved without creating any new safety signal. Infections that occurred more frequently among the patients getting daratumumab resolved. The risk of Grade 3 or Grade 4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia was similar in both treatment arms, but there was a higher rate of pneumonia in patients treated with daratumumab (11% versus 4%).
"Our results support that daratumumab in combination with bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone should become a new standard of care in transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma patients," said San-Miguel. "Monoclonal antibodies like daratumumab have already been approved for use in relapsed patients; here, we are showing that the benefits extend to newly diagnosed patients, as well."
While the results were impressive, they are unlikely to make a difference in practice in the United States and North America, said Robert A. Brodsky, MD, of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore.
"This treatment is not the standard of care in North America, so this study is not as likely to change practice here. Treatment of multiple myeloma has been a moving landscape because there are so many new drugs, so the question is whether daratumumab upfront would change the standard of care outside of Europe and Latin America."
"The standard of care in the United States varies with the age of the patient, often younger patients will go to transplant," Brodsky, the moderator of the press conference, told MedPage Today. "Treatment regimens also depend on the center. These are all reasonable regimens."
Brodsky noted that the so-called ALCYONE trial "is the first large phase III trial to test upfront a monoclonal antibody – to bring in a non-chemotherapy agent in multiple myeloma."
In his press briefing, San-Miguel acknowledged that the VMP regimen is not used throughout the world, but noted that ongoing studies are testing daratumumab with other combinations used elsewhere.
San-Miguel disclosed relevant relationshiops with Novartis, Takeda, Roche, Sanofi, Amgen, Cilag, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, and Janssen.
Brodsky disclosed relevant relationships with Achillion, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, and Apellis.
This study was supported by Janssen Research & Development.
Source Reference: Mateos M-V, et al "Phase 3 randomized study of daratumumab plus bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone (D-VMP) versus bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone (VMP) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients ineligible for transplant (ALCYONE)" ASH 2017; Abstract LBA-4.


Katt Williams bows down to Tiffany Haddish last night at the Emmys!
You know some people like to talk trash when you're not around, but when you meet up it's a whole other story! Katt Williams just went on "The Frank and Wanda Show" blasting Tiffany Haddish by downplaying her talent as a comedian. Tiffany surprisingly responded by saying she wanted to show him love. Well they must have cleared the air because Tiffany posted a picture of Katt on his knees as he bowed down to her while holding her Emmy last night! Now that's how you handle your haters! See the picture below.
If you missed it, this is how it all started.