text:
Die Architekten
Peter Kahane
Praha - Goethe-Institut Sat 05/10 18:30
What is the most difficult thing in life of an architect in the DDR? To resist the powerful authorities or to save his marriage?
The film Die Architekten brings us to the period right before the fall of the Berlin Wall and is a testimony of a young generation of architects in the former DDR. Although the director Peter Kahane intended the film to be a bitter exploration of an architecture's life burdened by compromises and an image of the gloomy atmosphere of panel houses (similarly to Panelstory by Chytilová and maybe Kachyňa's Dobré světlo), it was nearly outrun by the reality of the fall of the Wall. Typical DDR images and East Berlin as such gradually ceased to exist and the film almost lost its stage.
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Dr. Terence Lewis is the first choreographer to introduce 'Contemporary Dance' to the Indian audiences at large, through the medium of television and Dance India Dance and thus, bringing a great respectability to the dancing profession and the realization for the need of serious dance training in our country through Terence Lewis Contemporary Dance Company. This awesome choreographer is the first ever Indian to receive the 'Dance Web Europe' scholarship at the Impulstanz, one of the largest international dance festivals in the world.
His choreography for the iconic movies 'Lagaan', 'Jhankaar Beats', 'Goliyon ki Raasleela- Ram-Leela' has won him worldwide fame and many accolades. He holds the Guinness World Record for choreographing 1336 people together in a song, the highest number of people choreographed on a single stage. A choreographer by profession, he has also worked as a fitness trainer for Bollywood actors like Madhuri Dixit, Amisha Patel, Antara Mali, Malaika Arora amongst others.
This edition of TEDxNirmaUniversity, we give you an opportunity to go beyond the conversation with the most popular Contemporary Dance Icon of the country.


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Shots est une chanson interprétée par le duo américain électro LMFAO en featuring avec le rappeur américain Lil Jon. Il s'agit du troisième single issu de l'album Party Rock sorti en 2009. La chanson a été écrite par Jonathan Smith, Skyler Husten Gordy, Stefan Kendal Gordy, Eric Delatorre.

Clip vidéo
Le clip de la chanson est sorti sur la plateforme YouTube le .

Listes des pistes
 Album version
Shots (Explicit version) - 3:42
Shots (Clean version) - 3:39

 Téléchargement digital
 Shots (Dummejungs Remix) - 5:06

Crédits
 Voix – LMFAO et Lil Jon
 Paroles – Jonathan Smith, Skyler Husten Gordy, Stefan Kendal Gordy, Eric Delatorre
 Label : Interscope, will.i.am Music Group, Cherrytree

Classement hebdomadaire

Certifications

Notes et références

Single musical sorti en 2009
Chanson interprétée par LMFAO

pt:Shots

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Download eBook CIM Practice and Revision Kit: Marketing Communications Strategy Paper 9, Diploma by The CIM across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
This CIM Practice and Revision Kit: Marketing Communications Strategy Paper 9, Diploma book is not really ordinary book, you have it then the world is in your hands. The benefit you get by reading this book is actually information inside this reserve incredible fresh, you will get information which is getting deeper an individual read a lot of information you will get. This kind of CIM Practice and Revision Kit: Marketing Communications Strategy Paper 9, Diploma without we recognize teach the one who looking at it become critical in imagining and analyzing. Don't be worry CIM Practice and Revision Kit: Marketing Communications Strategy Paper 9, Diploma can bring any time you are and not make your tote space or bookshelves' grow to be full because you can have it inside your lovely laptop even cell phone. This CIM Practice and Revision Kit: Marketing Communications Strategy Paper 9, Diploma having great arrangement in word and layout, so you will not really feel uninterested in reading.


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Słoboda Rożnowska – dawna okolica szlachecka. Tereny, na których leżała, znajdują się obecnie na Białorusi, w obwodzie witebskim, w rejonie głębockim, w sielsowiecie Łomasze.

Historia
W czasach zaborów okolica szlachecka w powiecie dzisieńskim, w guberni wileńskiej Imperium Rosyjskiego.

W latach 1921–1945 okolica leżała w Polsce, w województwie wileńskim, w powiecie dziśnieńskim, w gminie Prozoroki.

Według Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z 1921 roku zamieszkiwało tu 60 osób, 37 było wyznania rzymskokatolickiego a 2 prawosławnego. Jednocześnie 37 mieszkańców zadeklarowało polską a 2 białoruską przynależność narodową. Było tu 11 budynków mieszkalnych. W 1931 w 6 domach zamieszkiwało 25 osób.

Wierni należeli do parafii rzymskokatolickiej i prawosławnej w Czerniewiczach. Miejscowość podlegała pod Sąd Grodzki w Głębokiem i Okręgowy w Wilnie; właściwy urząd pocztowy mieścił się w Prozorokach.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Rejon głębocki
Opuszczone miejscowości na Białorusi
Miejscowości województwa wileńskiego (II Rzeczpospolita)


Next we drove to Kennicott, a former mining town located in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. There are extensive ruins from the copper mining operation. Those are not mine tailings beyond the mine buildings; that's actually the Kennicott Glacier, which is covered by dirt and gravel. There's ice beneath a coating that ranges from 2 inches to 2 feet thick.
To get to Kennicott, you have to drive 60 miles down a railway bed converted to dirt road (my brother found a railroad spike), walk across the Kennicott River on a footbridge, and get a shuttle bus to Kennicott. Once there we stayed at the Kennicott Glacier Lodge.


text:
Q: Problem with mocking - Null Pointer Exception when trying to mock external API method I'm trying to test the class:
public class WeatherProvider {

private OWM owm;

public WeatherProvider(OWM owm) {
    this.owm = owm;
}

public CurrentWeatherData getCurrentWeather(int cityId) throws APIException, UnknownHostException {

    CurrentWeatherData currentWeather = new CurrentWeatherData(owm.currentWeatherByCityId(cityId));

    return currentWeather;

}

public HourlyWeatherForecastData getHourlyWeather(int cityId) throws APIException, UnknownHostException {

    HourlyWeatherForecastData hourlyWeather = new HourlyWeatherForecastData(owm.hourlyWeatherForecastByCityId(cityId));

    return hourlyWeather;

}

}
OWM is an external API so I want to mock it. I wrote a test method:
    @Test
void shouldReturnCurrentWeather() throws APIException, UnknownHostException {
    //given
    OWM owm = mock(OWM.class);
    WeatherProvider weatherProvider = new WeatherProvider(owm);
    int cityId = 123;
    CurrentWeather currentWeather = WeatherDataStub.getCurrentWeather();
    given(owm.currentWeatherByCityId(cityId)).willReturn(currentWeather);

    //when
    CurrentWeatherData currentWeatherData = weatherProvider.getCurrentWeather(cityId);

    //then

}

I get a java.lang.NullPointerException in given().willReturn() line and I don't know why. I want to test cases when owm.currentWeatherByCityId(cityId) succesfuly returns CurrentWeather object (which is a stub class in this case) or throws exceptions.
Can you explain to me what I do wrong?

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As you may have heard from one of the many, many plugs we'll be doing for it, Professor Danielle George is this year's Christmas Lecturer at the Royal Institution of Great Britan, and will be running the @RealScientists account next week!
So from November the 2nd to November the 9th, Professor Danielle George (from the University of Manchester) will be taking over the @RealScientists account and tweeting about everything from her research into radio astronomy and millimetre-wave radiometer development, to some behind-the-scenes titbits from her design and setup of the CHRISTMAS LECTURES©.
For those of you who have not heard of them before, the CHRISTMAS LECTURES© hosted at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, are an annual event begun in 1825. Their purpose was to demonstrate science & engineering to "a juvenile auditory" though spectacular demonstrations. Since then (with a brief break during World War 2) the lectures have inspired and delighted children for 189 years. One of my earliest memories of getting truly excited about science was when I went to see them aged about 6 or 7, and watching them every year on the BBC was always something I looked forward to.
For the CHRISTMAS LECTURES©, Danielle will be giving a series of 3 talks titled Sparks will fly: How to hack your home, which will look at the 'spark' of innovation and invention behind 3 of the biggest world changing inventions: the light bulb, the telephone and the motor. Each invention is examined from their creation by scientists and engineers tinkering and hacking in their homes to what is now possible to do in yours.
Danielle has promised to share some of the setup and planning behind this grand event, and is even hoping to reach out to the community for their ideas on hacking and re-engineering the home. You can do this early if you like via the website HackGallery.org. She will also show us a little of her work at Manchester University and if she gets time, some of the work she does with local schools to promote the teaching of science and engineering in primary education.
We will obviously write up a profile of Danielle when she starts her week on the account, which I have to confess I'm quite excited about.
Previous story The joy of insects – Aaron Pomerantz joins Real Scientists!


Once upon a time there was a girl who really liked to drink tea and eat toast. When the girl moved into a lovely new flat, she decided to treat herself to a special kettle. The kettle, which was a special as the flat itself, was plum-coloured. Liking the look of the kettle so much, the girl decided to buy a matching toaster.
They all lived happily together, and the girl enjoyed a few months of delicious hot tea and buttery toast.
One Sunday (last Sunday, in fact), it was late, and the girl decided to make a cup of hot chocolate before bed. She filled the little plum kettle and flicked on the switch, but the blue light didn't come on.
She looked at the kettle, sitting next to the toaster, and sat down with a sigh. "No hot chocolate for me tonight then," she thought. Try as she might, she couldn't get the kettle to work. It appeared to have died.
That night, the girl went to bed with a heavy heart and a luke-warm hot water bottle. You see, she had bought the little plum kettle in September, and it was January now… and she hadn't kept the receipt.
Two days later, having dug through her bank statements in an effort to prove that she had bought the kettle where and when she said she had, she picked up the little plum kettle and took it all the way into town.
The toaster sat lonely in the kitchen for a whole day, sad without its matching friend.
Arriving in town bright and early, the girl took the little plum kettle straight to the shop it had come from.
"Yes?" said the shop keeper.
And with that, the shop keeper climbed up a ladder and fetched a brand new little plum kettle for the girl.
The girl beamed all day, and was so happy to finally go home and unpack the brand new little plum kettle. Placing it next to the toaster, her kitchen was complete again.
Let's hope the same thing doesn't happen in a few months' time. I got through three pairs of the same pair of hair straighteners in two years before I decided it was time to try a different brand!


A Grateful Look Back at 2013; An Optimistic Look Towards 2014 - International Contractors, Inc.International Contractors, Inc.
We were hired by two new K-12 school districts (Evergreen Park SD 124 and Elmwood Park CUSD 401) to serve as their Construction Manager for major expansion and renovation projects.
We finalized the preconstruction on the Benedictine University Business Building and will be breaking ground in March of this year. This state-of-the-art project is slated to open in Fall 2015.
Our retail team turned over the sustainability-focused Walmart store in Pullman Park, complete with a green roof system. Of note, the project is capable of retaining 2.1 million gallons of water in a single year.
We completed our third project at Central DuPage Hospital in as many years, their new Cardiac Care Facility.
ICI's restaurant team was entrusted with constructing a prominent steakhouse's first restaurant outside of their home state, Perry's Steakhouse & Grille in Oak Brook Shopping Center.
We furthered our commitment to technology by implementing new tools to allow our employees to do their job more efficiently. All technical team members are now equipped with an iPad and PlanGrid.
After a hiatus, the 42,000 square foot Fields Auto Group Chrysler Jeep Dodge Dealership near The Glen Town Center restarted and will open early 2014.
8 new employees joined our Team and embraced our relationship-based culture (Blake Bishop, Charlie Picha, Jake Aranki, Jon Mallery, Scott Smetana, Karen Slattery, Keith Lawler and Bob Concannon).
Yes, we were certainly blessed in 2013 and I am equally excited about 2014!


Aire Place Studios are a gallery and creative studio space based in Leeds. We are an inclusive creative community, encouraging the participation of people who may not ordinarily access the arts and creative space. Led by women, we have a strong focus on supporting women within art and business.
We support a range of established and emerging creatives, and run specific events to give space and voice to those in the LGBT community, as well those experiencing mental health issues.
With your help we'll be able to expand our community, and create jobs sustainability. We're particularly excited about the Artist Sponsorship Programme - we'd like to give our creatives an opportunity to launch their own careers!
Even bigger thank you! You'll be getting a mystery gift box of artists' work every 6 months.
Thank you so very much! Your name, showing your support, will go on our new mural outside the Aire Place Studios.
Plus artist mystery box every 6 months.
Become our champion - help pay for an artist's studio every month! As well as a studio, the artist will get a mentor and space to put up an exhibition. In return, you'll receive a piece of art by the artist you've supported and an invitation to their exhibition with a free glass of sparkles.
Become our champion - help pay for artists' studios every month! As well as a studio, the artists will get a mentor and space to put up an exhibition. In return, you'll receive a piece of art by each of the artists you've supported and invitations to their exhibitions with free glass of sparkles.
Plus all the above perks!


Global climate change is predicted to have significant but unknown impacts on future forest structure, function, and composition in New England. Combined with a mixed-ownership landscape and dynamic land use history in this region, it may be challenging to meet diverse landowner management objectives using historic silvicultural techniques under future changing conditions. The Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) project, which aims to provide a toolbox of approaches to forest management for many outcomes under global change, can be employed to break down barriers to communication and implementation between scientists and landowners, resulting in the creation of silvicultural strategies that are both attainable and promote forest resiliency in the face of future changes. This research integrates field measurements from an operational field study at the Second College Grant ASCC project site in Coos County, New Hampshire, with LANDIS-II landscape simulation models to model future forest conditions based on projected changes in climate, disturbance, and associated management regimes. It involves four main management approaches: resistance, resilience, transition, and no management treatments. These stochastic models allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of various adaptive silvicultural strategies at sustaining forest structure, composition, ecosystem services, and landowner management objectives in the context of a changing and uncertain climate future. Resilience and transition treatments are projected to fare the best in terms of maintained ecosystem services under simulated climate models by employing uneven-aged management strategies that emphasize species diversity, structural heterogeneity, and the influx of climate-adapted species. This work underscores the utility of landscape simulation models for evaluating the outcomes of adaptive silviculture and its impacts on future forest structure, function, and composition so as to aid decision making under an uncertain climate future.


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\section{Introduction}

It is well known that fuzzy spheres and fuzzy coset spaces\cite{Madore:1991bw}-\cite{Iso:2001mg}  are solutions to  matrix models.  More specifically, they are solutions to the bosonic sector of  {\it  Euclidean}  Ishibashi, Kawai, Kitazawa,  Tsuchiya (IKKT) matrix models.\cite{Ishibashi:1996xs}
  An application of these solutions to particle physics has been to make extra dimensions noncommutative.\cite{Aschieri:2003vy}  Here we show that fuzzy spheres can also be solutions to IKKT matrix models with a Minkowski background metric tensor.  This means  that  in addition to making  extra dimensions noncommutative, fuzzy spheres and more generally fuzzy coset spaces can  be used to make space-time noncommutative.  Moreover, they can be  toy models for noncommutative cosmological space-times.

Various aspects of  Lorentzian IKKT matrix models have been discussed in the literature, including classical solutions  and their implications for cosmology.\cite{Klammer:2009ku},\cite{Steinacker:2011ix},\cite{Kim:2011cr},\cite{Jurman:2013ota},\cite{Stern:2014uea} The solutions were generally written in terms of infinite-dimensional matrices, and they may or may not be associated with finite dimensional Lie algebras.   The advantage of now having fuzzy spheres and  fuzzy coset spaces as solutions is that they can be expressed in terms of $N\times N$ matrices, where  $N$ is finite, and they lead to closed space-time cosmologies upon taking the $N\rightarrow\infty$ limit, corresponding to the commutative limit. Big bang/crunch singularities should then appear in this limit, while the finite dimensional matrix  description is singularity free.

In section two we write down a fuzzy sphere solution to the Lorentzian IKKT model.  The model is written down specifically  in three space-time dimensions and cubic and quadratic terms are included in the action. We show that the solution yields  a closed (two-dimensional) universe in the commutative limit.  While the commutative limit of the solution  is topologically a two-sphere, there are  a number of novel features, arising from the fact that it is embedded in a three-dimensional Minkowski space.
  The induced metric  does not agree with the standard metric on the sphere, and moreover, it does not have a fixed signature.  The curvature computed from the induced metric is not  constant and it is  negative.  It is singular at two fixed latitudes (which are not located at the poles) and time-like geodesics originate and terminate at these latitudes.  Thus in this toy model, the big bang/crunch singularities occur at nonzero spatial size.

We examine perturbations around the fuzzy sphere solution in section three.  In the commutative limit, the perturbations are described by a scalar field coupled to a gauge field.  The latter can be eliminated yielding a scalar field which can propagate on the Lorentzian region of the two-dimensional surface.  Depending on the choice of parameters the scalar field can be massive, massless or tachyonic.

Concluding remarks are given in section four.
\section{Fuzzy sphere solution to the Lorentzian IKKT matrix model}

The setting  here is the bosonic sector of the Lorentzian IKKT matrix model  in three space-time dimensions.  The dynamical degrees of freedom for the matrix model are contained in three infinite-dimensional Hermitean matrices $X^\mu$, $\mu=0,1,2$, with $\mu=0$ indicating a time-like direction.  In addition to the standard Yang-Mills term, we  include a  cubic term and a quadratic term in the action (which are both necessary for obtaining fuzzy sphere solutions)
\begin{eqnarray} S(X)&=&\frac 1{g^2}{\rm Tr}\Bigl(-\frac 14 [X_\mu, X_\nu] [X^\mu,X^\nu] +\frac 23 i \alpha \epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda} X^\mu X^\nu X^\lambda+\frac \beta 2X_\mu X^\mu\Bigr)\;,\label{mmactnplsqd}\end{eqnarray}
where $g$,  $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are real  coefficients.  Our conventions are $\epsilon_{012}=1$, and we raise and lower indices $\mu,\nu,...$ with the flat metric $[\eta_{\mu\nu}]=$diag$(-1,1,1)$.
The  resulting equations of motion  are
\begin{equation} [ [X_\mu,X_\nu],X^\nu]+i\alpha \epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda}[X^\nu,X^\lambda] =-\beta X_\mu\label{eomwthqdtrm}\end{equation}
The dynamics is invariant under three-dimensional
 Lorentz transformations, $X^\mu\rightarrow L^\mu_{\;\;\nu} X^\nu$,  where $L$ is a $3\times 3$ Lorentz matrix, and
unitary `gauge' transformations, $X^\mu\rightarrow UX^\mu U^\dagger$, where $U$ is an infinite dimensional unitary matrix.
The equations of motion also have discrete symmetries, namely proper reflections.  An example is
\begin{equation} (X^0,X^1,X^2)\rightarrow  (-X^0,X^1,-X^2)  \label{dscrtsmtre}\end{equation}
 Translation invariance in the three-dimensional Minkowski space is broken when $\beta\ne 0$.

When $\beta \ne 0$, there exist finite dimensional matrix solutions to the equations of motion (\ref{eomwthqdtrm}), which are associated with the $su(2)$ algebra in an $N-$dimensional representation. Say the latter is spanned by $N\times N$ hermitean matrices $J_i,\;i=1,2,3$, satisfying  $[J_i,J_j]=i\alpha\epsilon_{ijk} J_k$.\footnote{The Levi-Civita symbol here is associated with Euclidian space, unlike the ones appearing in (\ref{mmactnplsqd}) and (\ref{eomwthqdtrm}) which are associated with Minkowski space.}
Let us set
  \begin{equation}
X^0=\frac{w_3}{\alpha} J_3\qquad
X^1=\frac{w_1}{\alpha} J_1\qquad
X^2=\frac{w_2}{\alpha}  J_2\;,\qquad\;\;\label{gnrlanstz}\end{equation}
where $w_i$ are real.
Upon substituting this expression into the equations of motion one gets
\begin{eqnarray} (w_1^2+ w_2^2+\beta) w_3+2\alpha w_1w_2 &=&0 \cr & &  \cr
(w_2^2- w_3^2+\beta) w_1-2\alpha w_2w_3 &=&0  \cr & &  \cr
(w_1^2- w_3^2+\beta) w_2-2\alpha w_1w_3 &=&0 \;,
\end{eqnarray}
which has nontrivial solutions. Lorentz symmetry is in general broken by the solutions, unlike the case with de Sitter and anti-de Sitter solutions.\cite{Jurman:2013ota},\cite{Stern:2014aqa}   The $su(2)$ Casimir operator for any of the solutions can be written as
$ \frac 1{w_3^2}(X^0)^2+  \frac 1{w_1^2}(X^1)^2+ \frac 1{w_2^2}(X^2)^2$, which has the value $\frac 1 4({N^2-1})$ in the $N-$dimensional representation, thereby defining a fuzzy sphere,  or actually fuzzy ellipsoid since rotational invariance in the $(X^0,X^1,X^2)$ space  does not in general hold.

We note that the solution is invariant under the three-dimensional rotation group (rather than the Lorentz group) in the special case where   $w_1^2=w_2^2=w_3^2$.  Let us more generally restrict to the case of   rotational  invariance in the $(X^1,X^2)$ plane, which  means  $w_1^2=w_2^2$.  Two simple solutions exist in this case:
  \begin{equation}
X^0=2  J_3\qquad
X^1=\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{\alpha}\, J_1\qquad
X^2=-\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{\alpha}\, J_2\;,\qquad\;\;\label{rtnvfntsln}\end{equation}
\centerline {and}
 \begin{equation}
X^0=-2  J_3\qquad
X^1=\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{\alpha}\, J_1\qquad
X^2=\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{\alpha}\, J_2\;,\qquad\;\;\label{rtnvfntsln2}\end{equation}
Nontrivial solutions require the presence of both the cubic and quadratic terms in (\ref{mmactnplsqd}),  $\alpha\ne 0$ and $\beta<0$.  (\ref{rtnvfntsln}) and (\ref{rtnvfntsln2})   are equivalent due to the discrete symmetry  (\ref{dscrtsmtre}).  For the sake of definitess we choose to work with the former (\ref{rtnvfntsln}).
The $su(2)$ Casimir operator for this solution can be written as
\begin{equation} -\frac{\beta}{4\alpha^2} (X^0)^2+ (X^1)^2+(X^2)^2\label{su2casimir} \;,\end{equation}
having the value $-\frac\beta 4({N^2-1})$ in the $N-$dimensional representation.
The `time' matrix $X^0$ then has discrete eigenvalues $ 2\alpha m$,  where $ m =\frac{ -N+1}2,\frac{-N+3}2,...,\frac{ N-1}2$.  For any $m$ defining a time-slice we can also define a spatial size.  Call $A$ the `space' matrix, where $A^2=X_+X_-$ and $X_\pm=X^1\pm iX^2$.  We can  identify it with  $-\frac{\beta}{\alpha^2} (\vec J^2-J_3^2-J_3)$ for the solution  (\ref{rtnvfntsln}).   $A^2$ then commutes with $X^0$ and has
eigenvalues
$  \; -\beta\Bigl(\frac {N^2-1}4-m^2-m\Bigr)$.  Thus time and the spatial size are discrete.
Examples of  spectra for $(X^0,A^2)$ for some $N-$dimensional  representations are\begin{eqnarray}
N=2&\quad &(-\alpha,-\beta),\;  (\alpha,0)\cr
N=3&\quad &(-2\alpha,-2\beta) ,\;(\alpha,-\beta),\; (2\alpha,0)\cr
N=4&\quad & (-3\alpha,-3\beta),\;(-\alpha,-4\beta),\; (\alpha,-3\beta),\;(3\alpha,0)\cr
N=5&\quad &(-4\alpha,-4\beta),\;(-2\alpha,-6\beta),\;(\alpha,-6\beta),\; (2\alpha,-4\beta),\; (4\alpha,0) \end{eqnarray}
Say $\alpha>0$.  Then for large $N$, the  spatial size operator $A$ has eigenvalue $\sqrt{-\beta N}$ for   the lowest time  eigenvalue $\sim -\alpha N$, i.e., the initial state. It then increases to the maximum value $\sqrt{-\beta }\,N/2$ as the time goes to  zero, and then decreases to zero upon approaching at highest time eigenvalue $\sim\alpha N$, i.e.,  the final state.  This solution can thus be regarded as a discrete analogue of a closed  cosmological space-time.  The eigenvalues of $X^0$ versus those of $A$ are plotted for $N=100$  in figure 1.
\begin{figure}[placement h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.5in,width=2.25in,angle=0]{lowdimfig3}
\caption {Fuzzy closed universe solution.  Plot of  the eigenvalues $x^0_n$ of  the time matrix $X^0$ versus the eigenvalues $a_n$ of the space matrix  $A$ for  $N=100$, $\alpha= 1$ and $\beta=-1$.
  }
\end{center}
\end{figure}

  Just as with the fuzzy sphere in a Euclidean background, the commutative limit of the matrix solution here is obtained by taking $N\rightarrow \infty$.  Here we also need $\alpha,\beta\rightarrow 0$, with $\alpha N$ and $\sqrt{-\beta }\,N$  finite in the limit.  The commutative limit of the solution is then characterized by two real parameters, which we denote by $a_0$ and $r^2$,
\begin{equation} \frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{2\alpha}\rightarrow a_0\qquad\qquad  \frac{\sqrt{-\beta}N}{2}\rightarrow r\label{eighttwo}\end{equation}
One standardly defines the commutative limit in analogous fashion to the classical limit of a quantum theory, where we can take $\alpha$ to play the analogous role to $\hbar$. This means replacing the matrices $X^\mu$ by  space-time commuting coordinates which we denote by $x^\mu$,  where $x^0$ and $x^i,\;i=1,2$ denote the time and space coordinates, respectively.    The constraint on the $su(2)$  Casimir operator  (\ref{su2casimir}) means that in the commutative limit the solution satisfies.
\begin{equation} a_0^2  (x^0)^2+ (x^1)^2+(x^2)^2=r^2 \;\label{sprcnstrnt}\end{equation}
While real $a_0$ means that the solution is topologically a two sphere, there  are a number of novel features, which we show below, due to the fact that this `sphere' is embedded in Minkowksi space-time.

The commutative limit also requires replacing  the commutator of  functions of  $X^\mu$,  evaluated for the solution (\ref{rtnvfntsln}),  by $i\alpha$ times Poisson bracket of the same functions of the coordinates $x^\mu$.   Thus the Poisson brackets of the embedding coordinates are
\begin{equation} \{x^0,x^1\}=-2 x^2\qquad\quad  \{x^2,x^0\}=-2 x^1\qquad\quad  \{x^1,x^2\}=-2a_0^2 x^0\end{equation}
We can express $x^\mu$ in terms of angular momenta $j_i,\;i=1,2,3$, which satisfies the $su(2)$   Poisson bracket algebra  $\{j_i  ,j_j\}=\epsilon_{ijk} j_k$, using
\begin{equation} \pmatrix{x^0\cr x^1\cr x^2}=2 \pmatrix{j_3 \cr a_0 j_1 \cr - a_0  j_2}\;,\label{s3ncprtztn}\end{equation} and from (\ref{sprcnstrnt}), $j_1^2+j_2^2+j_3^2=(\frac r{2a_0})^2$. For simplicity, we set $r=2 a_0$ so that $j_i$ spans a sphere of unit radius.   We can introduce standard spherical coordinates  $ (\theta,\phi)$, $0< \theta< \pi,\;0\le\phi<2\pi$,  and write
\begin{equation} j_1=\sin\theta\cos\phi\qquad \quad   j_2=\sin\theta\sin\phi\qquad \quad   j_3=\cos\theta \;\end{equation}
 The $su(2)$   Poisson bracket algebra for $j_i$ is recovered upon defining the Poisson brackets on the sphere to be
\begin{equation}  \{ F,{ G} \}(\theta, \phi)=\csc\theta \,\Bigl( \partial_\theta{ F} \partial_\phi { G}-\partial_\phi { F} \partial_\theta { G} \Bigr)\label{sixty8}\;,\end{equation} for any two functions $F$ and $G$ on the sphere.

The induced metric ${\tt g}_{ab}=\partial_a x^\mu\partial_b x_\mu,$ $a,b,...=\theta,\phi$, does not agree with the standard metric on the sphere, and moreover, it does not have a fixed signature.  The curvature computed from the induced metric is not  constant and  is  negative!
The invariant interval constructed from the induced metric is
\begin{equation} -d\tau^2=4\Bigl(a_0^2 \cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta \Bigr)\,d\theta^2 +4a_0^2\sin^2\theta\, d\phi^2  \label{metricons2}\end{equation}
${\tt g}_{\theta\theta}$ vanishes at two latitudes $\theta=\theta_\pm$ on the sphere defined by $\tan\theta_\pm=|a_0|$.  Say that $\theta=\theta_+$ is contained  in the  northern hemisphere,  $0<\theta_+<\frac\pi2$, while $\theta=\theta_-$ is contained  in  the southern hemisphere, $\frac\pi2<\theta<\pi$.   The signature on sphere  is Euclidean for  $0<\theta<\theta_+$ and $\theta_-<\theta<\frac \pi 2$, while it is Lorentzian for  $\theta_+<\theta <\theta_-$.   We can regard $\theta$ as a time-like variable for the latter, with  $2 a_0\sin\theta$ being the spatial radius at any time-slice.   $\theta=\theta_\pm$ correspond to singularities in the curvature, and are not coordinate singularities. The Ricci scalar computed from the induced metric is
\begin{equation} R=-\frac {1}{2(a_0^2\cos\theta^2-\sin^2\theta)^2}\;,\label{crvtr}\end{equation}
and thus it is singular at  the latitudes $\theta=\theta_\pm$.   (\ref{crvtr}) shows that  the curvature in the nonsingular regions is everywhere negative.  The singularities of the Ricci tensor are analogous to big bang/crunch singularities, with the distinction that they occur at a nonzero spatial radius $2 a_0\sin\theta_\pm=\frac{2 a_0^2}{\sqrt{a_0^2+1}}$ on the two-dimensional space-time.
 Time-like longitudinal geodesics  originate and terminate at the singular latitudes $\theta=\theta_\pm$.  This is because their tangent vectors
  $\;(\frac {d\theta}{d\tau},\frac {d\phi}{d\tau})=\Bigl(\frac {1}{\sqrt{\sin^2\theta - a_0^2\cos\theta^2}}\,,\,0\Bigr)\;$
are well defined  in the Lorentzian region, $\theta_+<\theta <\theta_-$, while they are imaginary in the  Euclidean regions,  $0<\theta<\theta_+$ and $\theta_-<\theta<\frac \pi 2$.  The total elapsed proper time along these geodesics is finite and given by the elliptic integral $\;2\int_{\tan^{-1}{a_0}}^{\pi -\tan^{-1}{a_0}}d\theta{\sqrt{\sin^2\theta - a_0^2\cos\theta^2}}\;$.

\section{Emergent  field dynamics}

Here we perturb around the matrix solution (\ref{rtnvfntsln}).    Similar to \cite{Iso:2001mg},  we can define  noncommutative field strengths $F_{\mu\nu}$ on the fuzzy sphere.  Here we take
\begin{eqnarray}
 F^{01}&=&\frac 1{\alpha}[X^0,X^1] +2i X^2\cr &&\cr
 F^{02}&=&\frac 1{\alpha}[X^0,X^2] -2i X^1\cr &&\cr
 F^{12}&=&\frac 1{\alpha}[X^1,X^2] -\frac{i\beta}{2\alpha} X^0\label{mfsfzysph}
 \;, \end{eqnarray} which transform covariantly under
unitary gauge transformations, $F_{\mu\nu}\rightarrow UF_{\mu\nu} U^\dagger$, and vanish when evaluated on the fuzzy sphere solutions (\ref{rtnvfntsln}).  The matrix action
 (\ref{mmactnplsqd}) can then be re-expressed in terms of the noncommutative field strengths
\begin{eqnarray} {g^2}S(X)&=&{\rm Tr}\biggl\{-\frac{\alpha^2}4 F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} -\frac 43 i \alpha^2(F^{01}X^2+F^{20}X^1) + i \alpha^2\Bigl(  \frac 23 -\frac\beta{2\alpha^2}\Bigr)F^{12}X^0   \cr &&\cr &&\qquad+\Bigl(\frac \beta 2-\frac{2\alpha^2}3\Bigr)\Bigl((X^1)^2+(X^2)^2\Bigr)+\beta\Bigl(\frac \beta{8\alpha^2} -\frac 56\Bigr)(X^0)^2\biggr\}\label{ninefive}\end{eqnarray}
Now perturb around the matrix solution (\ref{rtnvfntsln}) using
\begin{equation} X^0=2  \Bigl( J_3+ \frac {\alpha^2}{\sqrt{-\beta}} A^0 \Bigr) \qquad\quad  X^1=\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}\alpha\, J_1+ \alpha A^1 \qquad\quad  X^2=-\frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}\alpha\, J_2-\alpha A^2\label{one0three}\;, \end{equation}
where the perturbations are functions on the fuzzy sphere,  $A^\mu= A^\mu(J_1,J_2,J_3)$.
If we write infinitesimal unitary gauge transformations using $U={\rm 1\!l}-\frac{i\alpha}{\sqrt{-\beta}}\Lambda $, where $\Lambda$ is a hermitean matrix with infinitesimal elements, then the infinitesimal variations of $A^\mu$ read
\begin{eqnarray}  \delta A^\mu &=&- i\Bigl(\frac 1\alpha [\Lambda,   J^\mu] +\frac{ \alpha}{\sqrt{-\beta}}[\Lambda ,A^\mu]\Bigr) \;,\label{1Ofour} \end{eqnarray} where we identify $(J^0,J^1,J^2)$ with  $(J_3,J_1,J_2)$.
Substituting  (\ref{one0three}) into (\ref{ninefive}) gives
\begin{eqnarray} S(X)&=&\frac{\alpha^2}{g^2}{\rm Tr}\biggl\{-\frac{1}4 F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} -\frac 43 i \alpha  (F^{01}  A^2+F^{20}  A^1)+ \frac {2 i\alpha^2}{\sqrt{-\beta}} \Bigl(  \frac 23 -\frac\beta{2\alpha^2}\Bigr)F^{12}A^0   \cr &&\cr &&\qquad + \frac{8 i\alpha}{3}\,([ J_1,A^2]-[ J_2,A^1])A^0- 2  i \alpha\Bigl(  \frac 23 -\frac\beta{2\alpha^2}\Bigr) [A^1,A^2] J_3  \cr &&\cr &&\qquad+\Bigl(\frac \beta 2-\frac{2\alpha^2}3\Bigr)\Bigl((  A^1 )^2+( A^2)^2\Bigr)-{2\alpha^2}\Bigl(\frac \beta{4\alpha^2} -\frac 53\Bigr)( A^0)^2\biggr\}+ S(X|_{\tiny {\rm solution}})\cr &&\label{oneoh5}\end{eqnarray}

As stated previously, the commutative limit is obtained by taking $N\rightarrow \infty$, along with $\alpha,\beta\rightarrow 0$ and both $\alpha N$ and $\sqrt{-\beta }\,N$  are finite in the limit.  Upon using  (\ref{eighttwo}) and (\ref{s3ncprtztn}), the commutative limit of the field strengths (\ref{mfsfzysph}) is
\begin{eqnarray}
 F^{01}&\rightarrow & 2 i\alpha \Bigl(\{j_3, A^1\}-\{j_1, A^0\}- A^2\Bigr)\cr &&\cr
 F^{02}&\rightarrow & -2 i\alpha \Bigl(\{j_3, A^2\}-\{j_2, A^0\}+ A^1\Bigr)\cr &&\cr
 F^{12}&\rightarrow & -2 i\alpha a_0\Bigl(\{j_1, A^2\}-\{j_2, A^1\}- A^0\Bigr)\label{mfsfzysphcl}
 \;,\end{eqnarray} where $A^\mu$ are now functions on the commutative sphere.  The trace on functions of the fuzzy sphere is replaced by the corresponding integration on the sphere in the commutative limit.  The relevant integration measure $d\mu(\theta,\phi)$ should be such that the standard  trace identities survive in the limit, i.e., for any three functions $G,H$ and $K$ on the sphere we want $ \int d\mu(\theta,\phi) \{G,H\}K = \int d\mu(\theta,\phi) G\{H,K\}$.  From (\ref{sixty8}) we need to choose the standard integration measure on the sphere $d\mu(\theta,\phi) =\sin\theta d\theta d\phi$ (rather than say $\sqrt{-{\tt g}}\,d\theta d\phi $, where ${\tt g}$ is the determinant of the induced metric). Then  the action (\ref{oneoh5}) reduces  to
\begin{eqnarray} S(X)- S(X|_{\tiny {\rm solution}})&\rightarrow &\frac{2\alpha^4}{g_c^2}\int\sin\theta d\theta d\phi \,\biggl\{-\Bigl(\{j_3, A^1\}-\{j_1, A^0\}\Bigr)^2  -\Bigl(\{j_3, A^2\}-\{j_2, A^0\}\Bigr)^2 \cr &&\cr &&\qquad + a_0^2\Bigl(\{j_1, A^2\}-\{j_2, A^1\}\Bigr)^2 + 2(a_0^2+1)\{j_3,A^1\} A^2
   \cr &&\cr &&\qquad +( A^0)^2-a_0^2\Bigl((  A^1 )^2+( A^2)^2\Bigr)\biggr\}\;,\label{oneoheight}\end{eqnarray} where $g_c$ is the commutative limit of the constant $g$.
Following \cite{Iso:2001mg} we write the perturbations $A^\mu$ in terms of gauge potentials $({\cal A}_\theta,{\cal A}_\phi)$ and a scalar field $\psi$ on the sphere using \begin{eqnarray}
A^0&=& {\cal A}_\phi + j_3 \psi  \cr &&\cr
A^1&=& -\sin\phi {\cal A}_\theta -\cot\theta\cos\phi {\cal A}_\phi + j_1 \psi \cr &&\cr
A^2&=& \cos\phi {\cal A}_\theta -\cot\theta\sin\phi {\cal A}_\phi + j_2 \psi\label{Ncpotfrfzy}
\end{eqnarray}
Then from the fundamental Poisson bracket (\ref{sixty8}), gauge variations $(\delta{\cal A}_\theta,\delta{\cal A}_\phi)=(\partial_\theta\Lambda,\partial_\phi\Lambda)$ agree with the commutative limit of (\ref{1Ofour}), where  $\Lambda$ is now an infinitesimal function on the commutative sphere.  Substituting (\ref{Ncpotfrfzy}) in (\ref{oneoheight}) gives
\begin{eqnarray} S(X)- S(X|_{\tiny {\rm solution}}) &\rightarrow &\frac{2\alpha^4}{g_c^2}\int\sin\theta d\theta d\phi \,\biggl\{(a_0^2\cot^2\theta-1) {\cal F}_{\theta\phi}^2-\csc^2\theta(\partial_\phi\psi)^2\cr &&\cr  &&\qquad+\Bigl(a_0^2\sin^2\theta-\cos^2\theta\Bigr)(\partial_\theta\psi)^2-\Bigl(3-2(a_0^2+1)\sin^2\theta\Bigr)\psi^2\cr &&\cr  &&\qquad  +2\csc\theta \Bigl((a_0^2+1)\sin^2\theta -2 a_0^2+1\Bigr){\cal F}_{\theta\phi}\psi- 2\cos\theta(a_0^2+1){\cal F}_{\theta\phi}\partial_\theta\psi \biggr\}\;,\cr&&\label{ggsclrft}\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal F}_{\theta\phi}=\partial_\theta{\cal A}_\phi-\partial_\phi{\cal A}_\theta$ is the $U(1)$ gauge field on the surface.
We remark that the gauge field and scalar field kinetic energies can have opposite signs, a feature that was present in similar two-dimensional systems.\cite{Stern:2014uea},\cite{Stern:2014aqa}  However, gauge fields are nondynamical in two-dimensions. We can solve for ${\cal F}_{\theta\phi}$  from the field equations, yielding
\begin{equation} {\cal F}_{\theta\phi}=  \frac{\cos{\theta}(a_0^2+1)\partial_\theta\psi-\Bigl((a_0^2+1)\sin^2\theta -2 a_0^2+1\Bigr)\csc\theta\;\psi}{a_0^2\cot^2\theta -1}\;\;+\;\;{\rm constant}\;,\end{equation}
and   substitute back into the action.  Upon setting the constant equal to zero, we get
\begin{eqnarray} S(X)-  S(X|_{\tiny {\rm solution}})&\rightarrow &\frac{2\alpha^4a_0^2}{g_c^2}\int\sin\theta d\theta d\phi \,\biggl\{ \frac{ (\partial_\theta\psi)^2}{(a_0^2+1)\sin^2{\theta}-a_0^2}\,\;-\;\frac{\csc^2\theta}{a_0^2}\,(\partial_\phi\psi)^2\;-\;4m^2_{\rm eff}\psi^2\biggr\}\cr&&\cr &=&\frac{16\alpha^4a_0^2}{g_c^2}\int\sin\theta d\theta d\phi \,\Bigl\{ -\frac 12 \partial^a\psi \partial_a\psi\;-\;\frac 12 m^2_{\rm eff}\psi^2\Bigr\}\;,\label{1twelve}\end{eqnarray}
where the index $a=(\theta,\phi)$ is raised and lowered using the induced metric given in (\ref{metricons2}).    The effective mass squared  of the scalar field is $\theta-$dependent
\begin{equation} m^2_{\rm eff}  =\frac{(a_0^2-1)\Bigl((a_0^2+1)\sin^2{\theta}-3a_0^2\Bigr)}{4a_0^2\Bigl((a_0^2+1)\sin^2{\theta}-a_0^2\Bigr)^2}\label{effmsqs2}\end{equation}
As stated before, the signature of the induced metric is Euclidean when $\sin^2\theta < \frac{a_0^2}{a_0^2+1}$, and  Lorentzian when $\sin^2\theta> \frac{a_0^2}{a_0^2+1}$.   Therefore (\ref{1twelve}) describes a Euclidean field theory for the former and a Lorentzian field theory for the latter.  There are three different possibilities for the Lorentzian field theory:

\noindent  {\it a)}   The action describes a tachyon when  $a_0^2>1$.  This is since the factor  $(a_0^2+1)\sin^2{\theta}-3a_0^2$  in (\ref{effmsqs2}) is negative in this case.

\noindent  {\it b)} The scalar field is massless when $a_0^2=1$.

\noindent  {\it c)}
The effective mass-squared for the scalar field is positive when\begin{eqnarray}  a_0^2<1 \qquad &{\rm and}& \qquad \frac{ a_0^2}{a_0^2+1} <\sin^2\theta<\frac{3 a_0^2}{a_0^2+1}\end{eqnarray}
It follows that  the action (\ref{1twelve}) describes a massive scalar field throughout the entire Lorentzian region when $\frac 12 \le a_0^2<1$.  On the other hand, when $  a_0^2<\frac 12$ the scalar field becomes tachyonic in the region where $\sin^2\theta >\frac{3 a_0^2}{a_0^2+1}$.

 \section{Concluding Remarks}

We found fuzzy sphere solutions to the Lorentzian IKKT model which provide toy models of a noncommutative two-dimensional closed universe, where time and spatial size  have discrete values.  Singularities in the Ricci tensor appear in the large $N$ (i.e., commutative) limit.  They are analogous to big bang/crunch singularities, with the novel feature that they occur at nonzero spatial size.  Perturbations around the fuzzy sphere solution are described by a scalar field in the commutative limit which can propagate in the Lorentzian region of the manifold.  The scalar field can be massive, massless or tachyonic, the choice depending on the parameter $a_0^2$ (and also on the range of $\theta$ when $a_0^2<\frac 12$).  For  $\frac 12 \le a_0^2<1$ the scalar field is always massive, ensuring the stability of the commutative field theory in this case.  Corrections to the commutative limit are obtained by expressing the matrix product in the action (\ref{oneoh5}) in terms the star product on the sphere\cite{Alexanian:2000uz}-\cite{Balachandran:2005ew}  and keeping the next order terms in the $1/N$ expansion.

For a more realistic model of a noncommutative cosmological space-time, one can look for fuzzy  coset space solutions to the IKKT matrix model associated with dimension $d>2$.\cite{Balachandran:2005ew}  One possible example worth consideration is the fuzzy analogue of the four-dimensional coset $SU(3)/U(2)$.  For  coset spaces with $d>4$ one may be able to make both four-dimensional space-time and extra dimensions noncommutative.  Just as with the example of the fuzzy sphere, the commutative limit may lead to a manifold divided up into regions with different signatures of the metric.  Perturbations about such solutions are expected to be described by a coupled gauge-scalar theory in the commutative limit
A common feature of the emergent field theories in previous examples\cite{Stern:2014uea} is that scalar field and gauge field kinetic energies can appear with opposite sign, which also can be seen in (\ref{ggsclrft}). This sign discrepancy was harmless for $d=2$, since the gauge field could be eliminated.  On the other hand, it is of concern for $d>2$, so it would be interesting to see if this  discrepancy can be cured upon taking the commutative limit of higher dimensional fuzzy coset space solutions.

\bigskip
{\Large {\bf Acknowledgments} }

\noindent
We are very grateful to A.  Pinzul for valuable discussions.

\bigskip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Video (02:46) : Law enforcement officials gathered for media availability to discuss the prosecution of the man suspected of killing Stillwater prison corrections officer Joseph Gomm.
The Stillwater prison inmate accused of killing a corrections officer had a "significant" discipline record but eventually had earned a spot working in the prison's industrial building, Minnesota Department of Corrections officials said Thursday.
And it was there where he allegedly killed officer Joseph Gomm on Wednesday afternoon.
The prison remained locked down Thursday out of an "abundance of caution," DOC Commissioner Tom Roy said at a news conference. The situation is being assessed daily, but so far prison officials haven't seen any "accelerated behaviors," he said.
After the attack, Edward Muhammad Johnson, 42, the inmate accused of killing Gomm, was moved to the more restrictive maximum-security prison in Oak Park Heights.
Johnson has a long history of violence. He is serving a 29-year term for fatally stabbing his 22-year-old roommate, Brooke Thompson, while her 5-year-old daughter was nearby in their Bloomington home in 2002.
Late that year, while in the Hennepin County jail during his trial, Johnson assaulted a deputy, authorities say. He ignored orders to stay out of a certain area of the jail and punched the deputy in the eye, leaving him with a cut, according to the charges. He pleaded guilty to fourth-degree assault and was given a 10-month term.
Minnesota Department of Corrections Commissioner Tom Roy spoke Thursday as Washington County Attorney Pete Orput stood next to him.
A few months later, Johnson pleaded guilty to killing Thompson. In March 2003, he began serving his time at Stillwater for that crime.
Since then, Johnson has racked up 1,695 days in segregation for numerous offenses, including 540 days in connection with a prison fight in July 2004, authorities said. During that fight, he was stabbed in the right eye by a fellow inmate with whom he'd had a long-running dispute. The attack cost Johnson his eye.
Johnson sued the head of the DOC and a number of corrections officers at the time and won a $500,000 jury verdict in state court, but the law capped that amount at $300,000. His attorney in that case, Jordan Kushner, said Gomm's name never came up in connection with that case.
Johnson's financial award inspired a wrongful-death suit filed by the family of the woman he killed. In 2010, her immediate survivors received $160,000, most of the money Johnson had won from the state, Kushner said.
Johnson was most recently sentenced to segregation in June 2016. Since then, he had demonstrated "relatively good behavior" and had been allowed to work in the prison industrial building, Roy said.
"Those are valued positions," he said. "As an agency, we encourage vocational training and work."
Inmate assaults on prison officials are a "sad reality" faced by those working in prisons and county jails, Roy said.
Roy and Washington County Attorney Pete Orput declined to discuss details of the fatal assault until the investigation is completed. However, sources told the Star Tribune that Gomm was bludgeoned with a hammer and stabbed. According to the Ramsey County medical examiner, he died from blunt-force trauma.
Gomm, 45, of Blaine, is the first corrections officer in Minnesota killed in the line of duty, according to a national organization that monitors law enforcement deaths, the Officer Down Memorial Page. Colleagues said he was hardworking and well-respected.
"I consider those correction officers heroic in what they do, and all I can do in return is bring them the most aggressive prosecution we can muster," Orput said, adding that he will seek the sternest possible punishment for Johnson.
An online fundraiser has been started on gofundme.com to support Gomm's family.
Since taking office in 2011, Orput said, he's prosecuted about 150 inmates for assaults — most of them against corrections officers. And in all those cases, the inmates received consecutive sentences that added on to their time in prison.
Johnson was to have been released from prison in late 2022 and then serve the balance of his sentence on supervised release. However, a conviction for Gomm's death could keep him behind bars for the rest of his life.
Johnson's sister, Zakiyyah Johnson, expressed grief Thursday and apologized for the anguish the officer's family is feeling. "If this was not a case of self-defense, then I'm sorry," she said. "My whole family and I grieve for them."
Johnson and his sister became orphans in 1988 in Chicago after their father, Edward Sr., killed their mother, Selena, and then himself. Both parents were Chicago police officers.
The Johnson siblings are great-grandchildren to Elijah Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, according to Zakiyyah Johnson. Their mother was one of Muhammad's grandchildren.
Zakiyyah Johnson said she was 8 and Edward was 12 when they moved to the Twin Cities to be raised by an aunt. They went to Bloomington Kennedy High School. While they were both traumatized by their parents' violent deaths, "Edward was brilliant," she said. "I always struggled in school."
She said she saw her brother only once after his roommate's killing. "It was awkward," she recalled. "He killed a woman who was basically the same age as me. I wondered how he could do that with what happened to our parents. He literally had no reason."
Nearly every prison inmate comes with "baggage," said Roy, the DOC commissioner. "There are a large number of offenders who sometimes after decades move along in their lives and have abandoned gang affiliations, no discipline for years and years," he said. "But not everybody subscribes to those kind of changes."


text:
Stories from Tuesday, July 13, 2010
Griffons battle rain, fall to Generals at home (Community Sports ~ 07/13/10)
By Eric Wade Nevada Daily Mail For the second night in a row, rain threatened to put a stop to the Nevada Griffons' attempts to get back into action at home as they took on the Ozark Generals for the third time this season on Monday. After seeing their last attempt to get the season back under way taken out by extended periods of heavy rainfall Sunday night, Griffons general manager Jeff Post and head coach Ryan Mansfield both came into the night hoping to defy the weather forecast and get both of the night's scheduled games in. ...
Red Sox fall to Neosho in tournament play (Community Sports ~ 07/13/10)
By Eric Wade Nevada Daily Mail JOPLIN, Mo. -- Timely hitting. It's often been a struggle for the Nevada Red Sox AA and AAA baseball squads this season to string together the hits when they needed them. One of baseball's biggest game-changing factors proved to be a major detriment to the Red Sox AA squad in district tournament play in a slightly different way at Joplin High School Saturday...
Institutionalized is not a dirty word (Column ~ 07/13/10)
By Rep. Barney Fisher Missouri 125th District In a recent Herald-Tribune op-ed piece, Ms. Katheryne Staeger-Wilson, of Missouri Protection & Advocacy Services, gave her brand of social justice and was less than forthcoming about the Americans with Disabilities Act and the U. S. Supreme Court's Olmstead Decision of 1999...
Missouri National Guard soldier killed in Afghanistan (Local News ~ 07/13/10)
Nevada Daily Mail Missouri Army National Guard Sgt. Robert Wayne Crow, 42, of Kansas City, Mo., died July 10 in Paktika, Afghanistan, of wounds suffered when insurgents attacked his vehicle with an improvised explosive device. He was a combat engineer with the 203rd Engineer Battalion headquartered in Joplin, Mo...
National Night Out in Nevada set for Aug. 3 (Local News ~ 07/13/10)
Nevada Daily Mail The city of Nevada, the Nevada/Vernon County Chamber of Commerce and Tourism Department and Kansas City Power and Light will host a special "going-away party" for crime and drugs in Nevada, on Tuesday, Aug. 3, 8-10 p.m. at the Nevada Aquatic Center located at the intersection of Atlantic Street and Ash Street...
Animal rescue facility downsizes but airlifts animals to other facilitiesBy Rusty Murry (Local News ~ 07/13/10)
Beatrice "Bea" Marie Malott Clark (Obituary ~ 07/13/10)
Beatrice "Bea" Marie Malott Clark, 78, Nevada, Mo., died Monday, July 12, 2010, at Moore-Few Care Center in Nevada of complications from an extended illness. She was born April 28, 1932 in Kansas City, Mo., to Lon Edward Malott Sr. and Emma Beatrice Emmett Malott...

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81words.net was a flash fiction website started by Adam Rubinstein. He's a self-professed educational basket-case from the 70's who says he finds his sense of meaning and well-being through creativity.
"A long time ago, a few years after wasting most of my time at school, I entered a competition to write a story in 50 words. There were options for five different genres and each had a different paragraph given as the starting point. I didn't win but really enjoyed the challenge of carefully crafting words to create a beautiful jewel. Something perfect and complete in itself.


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text:
Dion (ógörögül: Δίον, görögül: Δίο, latinul: Dium) település Pieria tartományban, Görögország Közép-Makedónia nevű tartományában fekszik, Zeusz lakhelyénél, az Olympus hegy lábánál. A 2011-es önkormányzati reform óta a Dio-Olympos önkormányzat része. Dion fontos régészeti lelőhely és jelentős a Régészeti Múzeuma is. Mintegy 15 km-re délnyugatra fekszik Katerinitől, 425 km-re a fővárostól, Athéntől és 65 km-re Északra Larissától.

Történelme
A település Zeusz (Dios) szentélye után kapta elnevezését. Zeusz az istenek és a mindenség királya a görög mitológiában, aki az Olümposzon lakik. Dion vallási központ volt, az ókori macedónok szent helye, akik egy hatalmas oltárt emeltek itt a főisten és lányai tiszteletére, ebben az egyedülállóan szép környezetben. Gazdag vegetáció veszi körül, magas fák, számtalan forrás és hajózható folyó.

Időszámításunk előtt az V. században az olimpiai játékokhoz hasonló atlétikai versenyeknek (Dioni Olimpiai Játékok) és színházi találkozóknak adott teret. Diodorus Siculus szerint I. Arkhelaosz makedón király által vált igazán jelentőssé a település ekkor, ahogy Zeusz és a múzsák tiszteletére 9 napos atlétikai és dráma fesztivált hirdetett. Később ezek lebonyolításában, szervezésében a macedón királyok is részt vettek, akik a Zeusz szentélyt is vallási kegyhelyként használták, a macedón polgárokkal együtt. Többek között Nagy Sándor is itt mutatott be áldozatot, miután legyőzte a perzsákat.

A szent helyek mellett várost emeltek, mely Nagy Sándor idején élte virágkorát, majd újra virágzott az időszámításunk szerinti II. és III. századi római birodalmi megszállás idején, mivel ezek az uralkodók Nagy Sándor tisztelői voltak. Dion utolsó fénykorát a IV. - V. században élte, amikor is egy jelentős földrengés földig rombolta.

Dion neve először Thuküdidész görög történetíró tollából került feljegyzésre, aki a peloponnészoszi háborúról szóló fő művében Diont akként említi, mint hogy Braszidasz spártai hadvezér ezt a várost érte el először, miután Macedóniából Thesszáliába érve hadat viselt a trákiai kolóniákkal szemben, időszámításunk előtt 424-ben.

A mai modern falut Malathriának nevezték 1961-ig amikor is átnevezésre került Dionra.

Régészet
Az ősi Diont az angol utazó, William Martin Leake fedezte fel 1806. december 2-án, Malathria települése mellett. "Észak-Görögországi Utazások" (Travels in Northern Greece)című művének 1835-ös, 3. kiadásában publikálta felfedezését. Léon Heuzey az 1855-ös macedón régészeti misszióján felkereste a helyet, majd újra ide látogatott 1861-ben. G. Oikonomos szintén említést tett róla, azonban 1928-ig nem indult meg a terület szisztematikus régészeti feltárása. 1931-ig a G. Sotiriadis vezette csapat egy időszámításunk előtti 4. századi sírt és egy ókeresztény bazilikát tárt fel. 1960-ig állt a feltárás, majd G. Bakalakis vezetésével a színház és a városfal is napvilágra került. 1973 óta D. Pandermalis (a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki professzora)vezette az ásatásokat, de még a mai napig sem fejeződött be a feltárás.

Dionban egy nagy, Zeusz tiszteletére emelt templom állt, csak úgy, mint számos Démétérnek szentelt templom és még az egyiptomi Ízisz szentélye is megtalálható volt itt. 2006-ban Héra szobrát találták meg, a városfalba építve. A 2200 éves szobrot Dion ókeresztény polgárai védőszentként építhették a falba.

A település régészeti múzeumát (Archaeological Museum of Dion (görögül: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Δίου)) 1983-ban nyitották meg, hogy bemutathassák a környéken feltárt ókori emlékeket. A múzeumban a római kori és ókeresztény kincsek is megtekinthetőek, úgy mint szobrok, síremlékek, érmék, és számtalan egyéb tárgy a nekropoliszból, a szentélyekből és fürdőkből. Látható itt egy vízi orgona, amelyet a legrégebbinek tartanak a világon és itt áll többek között Ízisz, Dionüszosz és Aphrodité szobra is. Ugyanígy ókori használati tárgyak, vázák, korsók, szerszámok tekinthetőek meg. A Dionüszosz házának nevezett épületmaradványban nagyon jó állapotban maradt meg a mozaikpadló, ami szintén bemutatásra kerül a múzeumban.

Népessége

Fordítás

Közép-Makedónia régió települései


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Important Notice: Effective June 1, 2016, Only The Oldies is no longer broadcasting. Unfortunately the station's average daily audience reach fell below Radionomy's required minimum, resulting in a permanent removal from their platform. A big shout-out to everyone who helped support the station during it's "after 365" reprieve!
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It was the British invasion with rockin' R&B, soul, folk and other influences from west of the Atlantic. It was the legendary '67 "summer of love" with unforgettable songs and performers. It was pure rock'n'roll. It was magic. And it's all playing for you right here on Only The Oldies!!
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Think of this station as your own musical time machine for reliving the best rock'n'roll of the sixties and early seventies. And what better way to enjoy the best music of this era than to hear only the best. There's no boring pop "filler" or lame easy-listening songs to pad up the playlists while bringing everything else down. It's only rock'n'roll ...and it's Only The Oldies
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Got the Kerswap down from the tree this AM with just a little bit of help from Mr. Winchester. Damage not too severe, mostly a lot of holes in covering. Did cut receiver antenna in two, That may have been holding it up there. Got the locator back which was the important part.


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Ladies Who
Legspin
Lineout
Meet the new crop of stars set to light up NRLW 2019
Published on: August 28, 2019 by Mary Category:NRL
This article was first written for and published by NRL.com.
From stand-alone fixtures at Mt Smart Stadium and Leichhardt Oval to big-name players switching clubs and an array of new faces ready to strut their stuff, season three of NRLW is set to be a beauty and it's only two weeks away.
In total, 15 players have changed clubs, including Maddie Studdon and Brittany Breayley to the Dragons and Hannah Southwell and Tallisha Harden who have gone to the Roosters.
In a reflection of how quickly the NRLW is growing, 35 players who featured in last year's competition did not get contracts this year.
That means plenty of new faces in 2019 and here's a couple you should keep your eye on:
Millie Boyle (Broncos)
Millie is dual-code athlete, having played both rugby league and rugby union growing up and most recently playing for the Queensland Reds in the Super W and Test matches for the Australian Wallaroos.
With encouragement from her brother Morgan Boyle (who plays for Manly) and friend Kezie Apps, Millie returned to league this year with exceptional results.
Her performance at the National Championships for south-east Queensland saw her selected for the NSW Blues team where she was a standout, running for 142 metres and ensuring that plenty left knowing her name.
She joins a star-studded Broncos team which boasts Ali Brigginshaw, Chelsea Baker and Meg Ward.
St George Illawarra youngster Maddison Weatherall.©Gregg Porteous/NRL Photos
Maddison Weatherall (Dragons)
Maddison is a star of the future and a product of the pathway that NSWRL and the NRL have developed.
She progressed through the Tarsha Gale Cup for Illawarra (where she scored 24 tries in 2018) and was named player of the series in 2019 as the Steelers won the premiership.
She was also selected in this year's inaugural under 18's State of Origin clash and played strongly as NSW took victory.
The level of talent amongst the next generation of women coming through was staggering.
To date, it has been Maddison's age which has prevented her making her NRLW debut, with Dragons coach Daniel Lacey selecting her as a development player.
But Maddison's time may be this year and I'm expecting big things from this talented young woman.
NSW Blues five-eighth Kirra Dibb.©Gregg Porteous /NRL Photos
Kirra Dibb (Roosters)
There were certainly some surprised people when Maddie Studdon's halves partner was named for this year's State of Origin series, but Kirra Dibb did not disappoint.
The Blues came from behind to win at North Sydney Oval and Kirra was instrumental in that, setting up the first try for Jessica Stergis with a beautiful cut-out pass.
She has a reputation for having a big boot, which was also on show that night when she kicked a 40-20, giving the Blues field position which resulted in a try to Shakiah Tungai.
All quite incredible for a woman who was overseas for last year's NRLW and who only returned home to take the game back up this year.
The Tricolours are also a good fit for Kirra considering that she grew up idolising Brad Fittler.
Now that Maddie Studdon has moved to the Dragons, a spot in the halves has opened up for Kirra.
When it comes to the Warriors, it was a big choice considering they have several up-and-coming players including rugby Sevens stars Roela Radiniyavuni and Timaima Ravisa who were both scouted in Fiji and have switched codes to play rugby league. Or Jules Newman, who at age 30 made the switch from rugby union just three months ago.
But it was hard to go past Charntay, who made her Test debut for the Kiwi Ferns earlier this year in their dominant win against Samoa.
She will likely partner new captain Georgia Hale in the halves.
At 24, Georgia will become one of the youngest players to lead a top-level side in any sport in New Zealand.
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In the wake of the recession, many homeowners in Texas and beyond saw their mortgages being sold to other creditors. For a majority of homeowners, there was plenty of confusion surrounding the buyout of their debt. Homeowners began asking the all important question: what will this mean for me in the long-run? Investors had a question of their own though: how much return will I really see in my investment?
Recent lawsuits seem to have answered these questions as investors file suits against the original bank lenders for "misleading investors about the securities' risks" on mortgages that didn't pay out as much as they had hoped for. In several cases across the states, district court judges have been ruling in favor of investors who are attempting to recoup some of their losses caused by the housing market slump in 2007.
But many bank lenders, such as the Goldman Sachs Group Inc, are urging the U.S. Supreme Court to throw out many of the mortgage securities class-action lawsuits stating that many of the district court's decisions are in direct conflict with one another.
As one attorney close to the securities litigation cases points out, the discrepancies being created by the district courts could cost other investors thousands of dollars in potential liability in the future. With contradictory rulings, investors facing similar situations may not be able to adequately defend themselves in court. In cases of investment firms just starting out, these cases make it nearly impossible to follow state and federal regulations because of the confusion these cases have presented.
Goldman Sachs hopes that the split among federal courts will increase the chances that the Supreme Court will accept an appeal, though no decision is likely to be made before the middle of 2013.


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The legalisation of euthanasia in the Netherlands: lessons to be learnt
Kumar K Amarasekara, Mirko Bagaric
Monash University Law Review
Amarasekara, K. K., & Bagaric, M. (2001). The legalisation of euthanasia in the Netherlands: lessons to be learnt. Monash University Law Review, 27(2), 179 - 196.
Amarasekara, Kumar K ; Bagaric, Mirko. / The legalisation of euthanasia in the Netherlands: lessons to be learnt. In: Monash University Law Review. 2001 ; Vol. 27, No. 2. pp. 179 - 196.
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Amarasekara, KK & Bagaric, M 2001, 'The legalisation of euthanasia in the Netherlands: lessons to be learnt', Monash University Law Review, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 179 - 196.
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In: Monash University Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2001, p. 179 - 196.
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Amarasekara KK, Bagaric M. The legalisation of euthanasia in the Netherlands: lessons to be learnt. Monash University Law Review. 2001;27(2):179 - 196.


I have been lost in Wu-Lu's EP N.A.I.S. for a month, ever since its release on March 2. Four tracks and a tidy 17 minutes, 7 seconds — plenty of time for Wu-Lu to have his way with you. In one moment, you feel ethereal and airy and happily hypnotic. In the next, you are locked into an automatic head-nodder of a trip-hop groove. And then, you are just absolutely buried in crashing, very present, almost urgent sound.
I couldn't have written it better myself (and I tried).
This is Wu-Lu's second EP and I think it marks a major evolution from his first, Ginga. That album (which, to be clear, is quite good) was more straight-ahead rhythmic and ambient; easier to have playing in the background, setting the mood and ready to be paid attention to when you tuned in. Conversely, N.A.I.S. will not be ignored. For every out of mind/body ambient moment, Wu-Lu adds a snap of punctuated percussion or slashes in a digitally-warped dissonance across the frame. The other players are worth mentioning because they are excellent: Giles Kwake Bass on drums (Sampha, Kate Tempest, MF Doom) and Joe Armon Jones on keys (Ezra Collective, Nubya Garcia).
No track better captures the essence of this EP than Storms, which is also remarkable — truly — for how it sonically recreates the song title. It's all fuzzed out lo-fi distortion at the beginning backed by a droning vocal track. There's a feeling of pent-up, crackling electricity. Then, the storm breaks. Gile Kwake Bass goes absolutely berserk on the kit, cymbals crashing like lighting, taut, hard percussion, and a thunderous, booming kick drum. And, then, it settles into a groove, almost like rainfall — pitter-patter — until the crashes of sound and noise rise again; wind and thunder.
It's a monster listen that, like the rest of this EP, demands to be heard and felt and explored.
Elklle reveals himself to us in a weirdly-perfect way, very hard to forget.


Wood sanders smoothen the surface of a wooden object using various sanding instruments. Each applies an abrasive surface, usually sandpaper, to the workpiece to remove irregularities.
Distinguish different grits of sandpaper in order to obtain a rougher or finer finish of the wood.
Types of electric sanders such palm grip and pistol grip sanders, their features and application.
Clean and oil the machines used for smoothing surfaces, check for signs of corrosion, replace defective parts, and perform minor repairs to ensure good functioning.
Use and operate different kinds of sanding machines.


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Home » 99 Reasons » Those "University Boys" are turning into wolves — How New Mexico became the Lobos
Football has a long history at the University of New Mexico. A team was first formed at the school in 1892, and it took to the field against an opponent for the first time in 1894. Originally, school teams were referred to as the "University Boys" or "Varsities" until 1920, when George S. Bryan, the editor of a student newspaper editor at the University of New Mexico, suggested the Spanish word for wolf. After that, University of New Mexico sports teams became known as the "Lobos." Back in the 1920's, school even had a live wolf pup that appeared at every football game, a tradition that stopped after a child teased the wolf and was bitten.
Only 87 days until college football kicks off!
Our countdown started with the history of different school nicknames:
Wednesday – Hokies
Thursday – Jayhawks
Friday – Knights


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Frozen in place
Retail moratoriums baffle advocate for legal pot sales
Brian.Lee@telegram.com
A spokesman for the triumphant campaign to legalize adult-use marijuana said he doesn't understand why communities have enacted moratoriums on pot stores, in light of the state Legislature's efforts to delay the retail portion of the proposal until at least the summer of 2018.
In December, Gov. Charles D. Baker Jr. signed a bill to delay the opening of marijuana shops in Massachusetts until mid-2018, to prepare for the new industry.
Jim Borghesani of the Yes on 4 campaign said he considers the moratoriums redundant.
"I've seen a lot of moratoriums that expire in July of 2018," Mr. Borghesani said. "Legal sales won't even begin until July 2018 at the earliest. So I don't quite understand the function of those moratoriums.
"But if local officials think that they need more time, and the moratorium gives them more time, then so be it. But I would urge all local officials to actually read the initiative. They'll find out that there really isn't any great mystery. We don't have to wait for the Legislature to come out with any zoning recommendations; they're already in the initiative. They give local authorities the ability to determine where facilities are located when they can operate and the manner of business. They have substantial local control."
In the meantime, Mr. Borghesani said, a lot of entrepreneurs from Massachusetts and other states want to move forward in the Bay State.
"We've been hearing from folks across the country who are looking at various markets, looking at new states, including California, Maine, Nevada and Massachusetts, and questioning why Massachusetts is going to take so much longer than the other states," he said. "We've had to tell them that only in Massachusetts has the Legislature decided to delay retail sales. Nevada sales are going to begin very soon. They're moving up their timetable."
Numerous Central Massachusetts communities have put in place or are considering moratoriums on marijuana stores.
In the meantime, the Central Massachusetts Regional Planning Commission is coordinating assistance to its communities, and a dialogue with other regional planning agencies around the state, trying to get the most up-to-date information and a full breadth of knowledge of what's going on at the state level, said Christopher J. Ryan, community development manager for CMRPC.
"We have told our communities that we really haven't developed our own individualized model bylaw for a moratorium," he said.
"But we have let them know the other communities that already have passed moratoria and have had success at the (attorney general) level. There's the Westboro model" of its town meeting voting to eliminate the commercial potential for recreational marijuana retail sales, Mr. Ryan said. Westboro was the first town in the state to ban pot stores.
Southboro also voted at its town meeting to ban recreational marijuana stores.
In Dudley Monday night, town meeting voters enacted a temporary moratorium on recreational marijuana businesses.
Also Monday night, the Webster Planning Board was expected to launch a discussion about a possible moratorium.
Webster Planning Board member Thomas Klebart said he attended a CMRPC meeting, and he intends to pass out materials CMRPC provided about recreational marijuana.
The majority of Webster residents who voted in the November statewide general election voted in favor of the initiative to legalize marijuana.
Mr. Klebart said he is open-minded about the potential for marijuana stores in Webster.
"You may be in favor of recreational marijuana, but may not want it sold in your town," Mr. Klebart said. "That's one of the things I want to discuss."
On June 13, Southbridge has a ballot question that will ask if voters support marijuana product manufacturers, testing facilities, cultivators and retailers coming to town. In the meantime, Southbridge's Planning Board will investigate whether a moratorium is worth putting on, while the town's Board of Health will "sit on it" until the June 13 election, Health Director Andrew R. Pelletier said. The outcome of the vote will drive the town's response, Mr. Pelletier said.
The health director expressed "significant concerns" about marijuana stores, but at the same time, noted marijuana stores could allay other concerns he has.
Marijuana cafés, Mr. Pelletier said, are his chief concern.
"I know I can go out and have a beer and safely drive a car," he suggested. "I do not know what one joint will do to somebody, or one Gummy Bear will do to somebody.
"When we're talking marijuana," he continued. "Is a little bit stoned as stoned as a lot stoned? I don't know how else to put that. I don't know how impaired a person is going to be if they have a little bit of marijuana."
Second, Mr. Pelletier said he was concerned about controlling youth access to retail stores. He envisioned youngsters fishing through the garbage of pot stores.
"There's going to be waste from these places," he said. "Is that going in the dumpster, where we're going to have kids diving in dumpsters for remnants?"
On the other hand, he said he was somewhat keen on the idea of licensed grow facilities in that they can ensure a "pure" product, without harmful additives such as fentanyl.
But that doesn't necessarily mean he wants a facility in town, he said.
Mr. Pelletier was asked about the stigma of potentially being one of the towns that elect to allow marijuana stores, while other surrounding communities might not.
"I'm hesitant to answer this until we see what Southbridge actually chooses to do" on June 13, he said.
"Any town, not just Southbridge, that votes to have it, where all the towns around them vote not to, is going to be that 'black hole,' where, 'Oh my God, they went in this direction,' " he said. "They went to 'the dark side.'
"Having said that, I'm not averse to the town saying yes if we can control it," he said. "It's something we have to recognize as legal, and I think it's up to us to determine how to regulate it within the town. If it does become legal in this town, I think the onus is on the town government to make sure that we can bring this in safely and legally, working with the state Department of Public Health."
A spokesman for Worcester City Manager Edward M. Augustus Jr. said the city had not passed a moratorium. He said the city has advocated through both written and oral testimony for "legislative fixes" to the law as written and made recommendations for what the regulations should look like.
Fitchburg's principal planner, Michael O'Hara, said the city's Planning Board has had discussions about a moratorium, but hadn't authorized one. Mr. O'Hara said he had not heard directly from existing businesses about whether they were concerned about the potential for recreational marijuana stores.
Note: Owing to an editing error, a photo of Sen. Jason Lewis, D-Winchester, that was misidentified as Jim Borghesani ran in Tuesday's Telegram & Gazette.


Lancaster is not the only one location we can offer you. There is a lot more locations to find and to explore. Just give it a try!
Choose from one of these locations: Roskilde, Sousse, Pusan, Aomori, Hartlepool, a random location or browse all locations.
If you want to improve your result on finding Lancaster on a blind map, then just play the Lancaster quiz again.
We are sorry that we cannot give you any hint on where Lancaster is located on the map. Just play the game and give it a try! If you want to know, how to play the Lancaster Map Game, then we can help you.
Did someone else find Lancaster better than you? Did you set the record on Lancaster? Did you improve? Check your results from this game session and compare them to other players' scores.
Let's say some words about this website, the intention of this quiz and take a look behind the scenes. Why did we create this Lancaster quiz?
Where is Lancaster located on the map? Find Lancaster now!
Maybe some of your friends were already there and told you about this city.If you are planning your next weekend trip, why not choose this location? Lancaster is a great place to visit when travelling to USA. Before starting your trip to Lancaster, make sure you know some facts about Lancaster or at least USA. It is out of question that we added this USA top spot in our geography quiz. Even if you are not planning to travel there, you can check your geography knowledge now.
NEW: Play our new funny game The Distance between Lancaster and ... It's free, easy and fun to play.
Where is Lancaster located on this blind map? Just click on the map right at the position where you think Lancaster is located. The map can be zoomed and shifted - as you are used to do with Google Maps - to ensure you can find Lancaster. You can drag and drop the red marker or just click anywhere else to change the location of Lancaster.
When you are done, confirm your choice by clicking just on the red marker. You then will see, how far you missed Lancaster on the map: the yellow marker will show you the correct position of Lancaster.
Did you here about Lancaster in the news? Or read tweets about Lancaster? Maybe you just want to improve your geography knowledge about Lancaster - then it is a good idea to log in using Twitter and keep track of your results. Whenever someone else finds Lancaster better than you, we send you a direct message on Twitter.
This is not only a geography quiz about Lancaster - we have lots of other locations from all around the world. Just try a random location or choose from the menu above any location you search for or you might know. What about finding Pusan on a blind map?


William Wylie's photographs, short films and works on paper have been shown both nationally and internationally. His work can be found in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, Virginia Museum of Fine Art, and Yale University Art Museum, among others. He has published five books of his work: Riverwalk,Stillwater, Carrara and Route 36 and Pompeii Archive (The Possibility of Ruins). His awards include a Guggenheim Fellowship, a VMFA Professional Fellowship and the Yale Gallery of Art's Doran / LeWitt Fellowship in 2012 and 2014. He lives in Charlottesville and is the Director of the Studio Art Department at the University of Virginia.
1989	MFA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1986	BFA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
List Art Center, Brown University, Providence, R.I.


Do you have ideas to engage in social projects in English? This can be everything from student volunteering to setting up new charities! Take the survey and let us know what you have in mind.
Your example or idea? Let's share and inspire each other.
Do you want to help coordinate member social projects? If you are interested in volunteering as a board member or regional representative in this area, get in touch ASAP!


I am not an adventurer. I have a voracious appetite to read all about adventures, and live vicariously through the protagonists of the different novels I consume.
I have never been adventurous with my eating either. My tastes are wide, and my pleasures vast, but in terms of trying foods that are not mainstream, I have always been quite apprehensive to do so.
I have had the good fortune of being a member of the Entomo Farms team since we began back in January 2014. So imagine, here I am advocating for the eating of insects, encouraging people to embrace entomophagy, but had never, ever, even considered crunching on a critter (unless I was starving and that was all I could forage for my own survival, of course).
There was only one course of action. I would have to start eating insects. Not only start eating them, bug REALLY eating them- I needed to make them a part of my usual routine, adding powder into my baking and cooking like I was encouraging others to do, and snacking on crickets and worms as if they were nuts or chips. So I did, and I have, and here we are two and a half years later, and I have 3 bags of different flavoured crickets in my pantry (my favourite are the new chili lime crickets that we are developing) and I have a bag of powder in my fridge that I add to my soups and my batters without blinking an eye.
For us here in the West, entomophagy (the eating of insects) is the Future of Food, but for over 80% of the global population, there is nothing futuristic about eating insects. It has been a part of their mainstay diet for aeons.
Turquoise seas, matching skies, sands that stretch for eternity. And insects. Tons and tons of insects… for sale, in the market, to eat.
Eating insects in Thailand originated in the northeast. The northeast was the poorest part of Thailand, and crops were very hard to grow. Raising cattle was out of the question, and the locals had to be very creative when it came to food.
It was very easy to catch insects, and bugs became one of their favourite snacks and protein supplements. For example, when working in the rice fields, farmers would collect grasshoppers, because they were a pest to the crop, and would sell them to vendors who would make them into a snack.
Entrepreneurs in the northeast would catch the insects and travel to the big cities like Bangkok, Pattaya, and Phuket to sell their deep-fried insects to the businessmen. It quickly became more than just food for the poor–eating insects became popular amongst all people, including the wealthy, due to their high protein content and favourable tastes. You can find edible insects at the markets during the day, as well as night markets and weekend markets.
When you go to the markets in Thailand you will see bins full of delicious insects. The most popular are silkworms, grasshoppers, bamboo worms, water beetles, and crickets. It is also common to see cockroaches, spiders, and scorpions. Silkworms and bamboo worms are said to taste milky and creamy. People love bamboo worms because they taste a bit like corn and are slightly fibrous. Grasshoppers, beetles, and crickets are crispy and crunchy.
The insects are deep fried in a wok, and are served with some white pepper and soy sauce. Many people love a good beer while they are eating insects–the flavours go very well together. You can get a perfectly balanced meal by eating insects with vegetables.
Now I am a bit of an adventurer. I can't wait to travel to Thailand and sample as many different kinds of insects as I can, but in the meantime, I just might take some crickets, deep fry them, and sprinkle on some white pepper and soy sauce.


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1/18 - untitled, 1985-86. bronze, 14' x 12' 1" x 10' 10" (4.27 m x 3.68 m x 3.30 m).
2/18 - untitled, 1986-87. bronze, 65" x 55" x 62" (165.1 x 139.7 x 157.5 cm).
3/18 - untitled, 1991. chalk, charcoal and pastel on paper, 31 x 27" (78.7 x 68.6 cm).
4/18 - untitled, 1992. bronze, 19-1/2 x 20-1/2 x 11" (49.5 x 52.1 x 27.9 cm) signed bottom of large ball; date & cast no. bottom middle of largest leg.
5/18 - untitled, 1989. charcoal, chalk and pastel on paper, 20" x 25" (50.8 x 63.5 cm).
6/18 - untitled, 1993. bronze, 56" x 34" x 54" (142.2 x 86.4 x 137.2 cm).
7/18 - untitled, 1993-1994. plaster, 2 units: 8-1/8 x 19-5/8 x 45-3/4" (20.6 x 49.9 x 116.2 cm), each1 unit: 12-1/4 x 29-1/2 x 69" (31.1 x 74.9 x 175.3 cm).
8/18 - untitled, 1996. chalk and charcoal on paper, 26-7/8 x 40-1/8" (68.3 x 101.9 cm).
9/18 - Loss and Regeneration, 1993. Bronze, figure: 25' 9" x 17' 8" x 7' 8", house: 9' x 7' 8" x 7' .
10/18 - untitled, 1996-99. bronze, 24' x 14' 3" x 11' 5-1/2" (7.32 m x 4.34 m x 3.49 m).
11/18 - untitled, 1998. pastel on paper, 60 x 40" (152.4 x 101.6 cm).
12/18 - untitled, 2002. white bronze, 27-3/4" x 54" x 32-1/2" (95.9 cm x 137.2 cm x 82.6 cm).
13/18 - untitled, 2003. wood and steel, 78-3/8" x 74-3/8" x 58" (199.1 cm x 188.9 cm x 147.3 cm).
14/18 - untitled, 2004. wood and wire, 26" x 15" x 12" (66 cm x 38.1 cm x 30.5 cm).
15/18 - untitled, 2002-2007. bronze, 13' 4" x 27' 9-1/2" x 12' 11" (406.4 cm x 847.1 cm x 393.7 cm).
16/18 - Was Blue, 2010. wood, casein and fishing line, 16' 9" x 23' 9" x 41' 10"(510.5 cm x 723.9 cm x 1,275.1 cm)installation dimensions variable.
17/18 - Installation view, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 2011.
18/18 - untitled, 2011. gouache and charcoal on paper, 27-1/4" x 40" (69.2 cm x 101.6 cm).
喬·夏皮羅(生於1941年,紐約)是一位世界知名的藝術家。他曾經受邀參與超過30 件公共雕塑的創作,作品遍布於亞洲、歐洲和北美。同時,他在全球範圍內舉辦了超過160 次個人展覽與回顧展。在他最近對形式與色彩表達的探索中,夏皮羅將已經上色的木質結構懸掛在房頂、牆壁甚至地板上,以此脫離建築本身來探索空間的可能性。 2011 年,夏皮羅用15 件懸掛的木質結構素材裝飾了在德國科隆43 英尺高的路德維希博物館的巨大空間。
艺术家介绍
"Joel Shapiro: The Bronzes" at MMoCA
Joel Shapiro: The Bronzes September 23, 2018 – January 13, 2019 Madison Museum of Contemporary Art The Madison Museum of Contemporary Art has organized Joel Shapiro: The Bronzes, an ambitious exhibition that connects broad audiences with one of the most influential sculptors working today. This major project will survey fifteen of Shapiro's bronze sculptures from 1983 to 2015, occupying more than 8,000 square feet in MMoCA's main galleries. Introducing Shapiro's work to a new generation of
Joel Shapiro at Kunstmuseum Winterthur
An exhibition of works by Joel Shapiro will be on view from January 11 through April 17, 2017 at the Kunstmuseum Winterthur in Switzerland. You can read more about the exhibition here.
Joel Shapiro at Nasher Sculpture Center
Nasher Sculpture Center presents a new direction in Joel Shapiro's work: a single, site-specific installation conceived specifically for the space of the Renzo Piano-designed galleries of the Nasher. The exhibition features a series of recent, brightly painted, suspended forms that hover in space at different heights and angles, along with a series of recent drawings as well as key works by Shapiro from the Nasher's permanent collection. The exhibition is on view through August 21, 2016. Lear
Pace Gallery Announces New York Spring Season
Pace Gallery is pleased to announce New York exhibitions for spring 2014. Pace is delighted to present solo exhibitions of work by artists: Sol LeWitt Keith Sonnier Richard Tuttle Kiki Smith Robert Mangold Tara Donovan Joel Shapiro Hiroshi Sugimoto The gallery's acclaimed exhibition, "Mingei: Are You Here?," curated by Nicolas Tremblay, will travel from Pace London to New York this March. Pace will also continue its longstanding tradition of one-artist
Joel Shapiro Honored at National Arts Awards
Last night artist Joel Shapiro received the Outstanding Contribution to the Arts Award as part of the 2013 National Arts Awards hosted by Americans for the Arts at Cipriani. Congratulations Joel!
Pace at SP-Arte
Pace is pleased to announce its inaugural participation in SP-Arte, taking place at the Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo, in São Paulo from 4 – 7 April 2013. The gallery's booth (G2) will include Joel, a large-scale oil-on-canvas portrait of American sculptor Joel Shapiro by Chuck Close; an elegant sculpture by Alexander Calder; a stained glass sculpture homage to the legendary Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer by Brian Clarke; and a painting by Mark Rothko. The gallery is proud to feature work
Joel Shapiro's commission for the American consulate in Guangzhou, China
The new American consulate in Guangzhou, China features a 22-foot-tall, bright blue sculpture by Joel Shapiro.Commissioned by the Foundation for Art and Preservation in Embassies, which has installed work by more than 200 artists at American outposts in more than 140 countries, the sculpture is visible from the Guangzhou Opera House next to the consulate. Click here for the Wall Street Journal's article on the commission.
Pace at EXPO CHICAGO, Sept 20-23
Pace is pleased to participate in the inaugural EXPO CHICAGO, The International Exposition of Contemporary/Modern Art and Design, September 20—23. Please visit us at Navy Pier, 600 E. Grand Avenue, Booth 510. Highlights include Kiki Smith's Corsage, 2011, a delicate bronze with gold leaf wall-mounted sculpture that continues the artist's explorations of the human condition, the body, spirituality and nature; a shimmering mylar sculpture by Tara Donovan from 2009; a dynamic anthropomorphic cast b
Joel Shapiro on his sculpture for the U.S. Consulate in Guangzhou
"Four and eight are bad in China," Joel Shapiro explained late last month in his studio in Long Island City, just south of the Queensboro Bridge. The symbol for that number sounds like the symbol for death. "I had my assistant ask his Chinese in-law, who's this great mahjong player of Chinatown, which numbers were okay. Also, I discussed it with people at the State Department." The officials at State were more than happy to share their thoughts since the question concerned a sculpture that Mr. S
Joel Shapiro, Robert Irwin and Richard Tuttle among 23 new National Academy members
This year's crop of artists elected to membership of the National Academy is by far the most aesthetically diverse class in the institution's 187-year history, owing to a major adjustment to the eligible categories that Academicians voted in favor of last year — which enabled the inclusion of photographers, video, and performance artists. Among this year's 23 inductees are many pillars of contemporary art, including Cindy Sherman, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, and Robert Irwin. The shedding of t
Summer Days (and Summer Nights)
纸上谈兵
Apr 17, 2016 – Jun 18, 2016
On the Square Part II
夏季群展
FIERCE CREATIVITY
Oct 22, 2014 – Oct 25, 2014
佩斯群展
Sep 18, 2014 – Dec 13, 2014
300 El Camino Real, 门罗公园, 加利福尼亚, CA 94025
纸上油画 2011 - 2013
Image and Abstraction
JOEL SHAPIRO: WORKS ON PAPER 2011 – 2013
Peter Cole
2014. Pace Gallery. Paperback
60 pages: 42 color illustrations; 9 ¾ x 9 inches
JOEL SHAPIRO: NEW SCULPTURE
2007. PaceWildenstein. Paperback
33 pages: 32 color illustrations
JOEL SHAPIRO: WORK IN WOOD, PLASTER AND BRONZE 2001-2005
Steven A. Nash
56 pages: 43 color illustrations; 11 x 9 ½ inches
JOEL SHAPIRO: RECENT SCULPTURE
Arthur C. Danto
32 pages: 15 color illustrations; 11 x 9 inches
JOEL SHAPIRO: RECENT SCULPTURE AND DRAWING
JOEL SHAPIRO: SCULPTURE, SPOLETO FESTIVAL USA
Martin Friedman; Introduction by Wililam J. Chiego and Nigel Redden
2000. McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas. Paperback
64 pages: 59 illustrations; 11 x 8 ½ inches
JOEL SHAPIRO: NEW WOOD AND BRONZE SCULPTURE
Klaus Kertess
JOEL SHAPIRO: SCULPTURE AND DRAWINGS
Hendel Teicher; Introduction by Michael Brenson
1998. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Hardcover
204 pages: 100 illustrations; 11 ¾ x 9 ¾ inches
JOEL SHAPIRO: SCULPTURE IN CLAY, PLASTER, WOOD, IRON, AND BRONZE, 1971-1997
Jock Reynolds
1998. Addison Gallery of American Art. Paperback
116 pages: 110 illustrations; 9 ½ x 10 ½ inches
Michael Brenson
1996. PaceWildenstein Los Angeles. Paperback


n of the party seemed to have no further interest in what was going on outside. With one hand still grasping the edge of the upright partition between two sections near the forward end, and the other just letting go, apparently, of the bell-cord, the tall, slender, well-built young soldier, with dark-brown eyes and softly curling lashes, was lowering himself into the aisle. The brakeman proceeded to rebuke him on the spot.
"Look here, young feller, you'll have to keep your hands off that bell-cord. Here I've been cussin' things for keeps, thinking it was knotted or caught. It was just you had hold of it. Don't you know better'n that? Ain't you ever travelled before?"


One way you can be pretty sure that I am a liberal in American political terms is that I really don't mind taxes.
I frame this sentiment in two ways. First, I happen to have empathy for my fellow human beings and I am totally cool with redistributing a pretty big sum of my meagre wealth to other people if it serves the greater good.
But, shhhh, be quiet about all that altruism. The second reason is why I really don't mind taxes: I want stuff from my government.
Roads? I like'em. Firefighters? Nifty. And for all the bitching that homeowners did in Drexel Hill about their property taxes, do you know how excited I was every time the dang snow plow would come down our dull little street before there was even an inch of snow on the ground?
SO EXCITED! Because, after you have lived through a few blizzards in Philly proper, where your side street is left with six inches of hard-packed ice on the ground for a month after the snow, the sight of a snow plow before it's even really necessary is really freaking exciting.
New Zealand has an uncomplicated flat tax rate on income and in exchange for forking over so much of your hard-earned money the government actually cares about you while you live there. Yes, socialized medicine, they have that. But I'm talking about special perks like friendly and informative people working at the Ministry of Biosecurity who don't mind talking to you on the phone. I'm talking about really well-designed government websites that thoroughly answer your questions about every possible municipal service.
Look at them there, all lined up together, so stately and consistent with their thick yellow plastic lids.
It was just such a service that brought me to said web site a few weeks ago. As a part of Wellington's impeccably well-choreographed dance of weekly trash and recycling pickup, I noticed that some amount of neighbors had special wheelie bins for their recycling, while we were left with the still-pretty-cool color-coded bags that you buy at the library – a place where paper goods can also go to get re-used!
Anyhow, putting recycling in a disposable plastic bag seemed to be a bit counter-intuitive and I covet pretty much any kind of functional houseware I can lay my hands on, so of course I wanted our own wheelie bin. They didn't seem to be sold anywhere I could find, so I turned to internet research, which is actually effective in Wellington because all of their web properties are so lovely.
The lovely government website provided a handy number to call for wheelie bin inquiries. The handy number was answered by a friendly human being with one of the thicker Wellingtonian accents I have encountered to date. Forging through this potential communication barrier, I explained how I coveted a wheelie bin. In return, the friendly government employee (paid for by our hard-earned tax dollars) explained that he would have someone visit our property to conduct a multi-point inspection for appropriateness of wheelie-bin issuance and we would be notified by post if we were approved.
"Awesome," I told him. I love tests. Bring on the inspection.
Friends, yesterday I received a letter from our friendly, helpful government. Do you know what it said?
WE HAVE BEEN DENIED A WHEELIE BIN.
As you might expect, my initial reaction was to be at least 51% Philadelphia-style outraged. What did they mean denied? Hadn't they noticed all of our other neighbors with bins? Did I have to take photos of every one of those bins and send them every hour on the hour to the friendly, heavily-accented man until he relented and reversed the decision about our property?
Yet, if I was 51% outraged, I was also 49% bereft. This was one of those awesome government services I was excited to enjoy here. Do you know how hard it is to get your recycling bin replaced in Philadelphia? Actually, scratch that – do you know how hard it is to contest the ticket you are written after your neighbors muss up your recycling so that it's uncollectible but it's not your fault at all?
I know. I remember. I was looking forward to living in a kinder, gentler, friendly, more service-oriented municipality, and the first thing they did was shatter my wheelie dreams.
I had literally reached the point of stalking out of my house on recycling day with phone in hand to document all the neighbors who were unfairly flaunting their wheelie bins when I caught a hold of myself.
Did I really want to bring this style of battery-throwing Philadelphia argumentativeness to Wellington? And, now that I was out on the street early on a Monday morning, wasn't the inspection letter kind of right about how there was no safe space for a bin at the end of our drive? And wasn't it awfully exposed to wind from all four sides, another disqualifying factor? And, come to think of it, wasn't it the case that none of our immediate neighbors had their own bins, either?
I slunk back into my house, my quest for vengeance against the wheelie bin appropriateness inspectors safely deflated. Being denied the wheelie bin was the whole point of being in such a cool place. They actually thought about if we ought to have a bin. Like, they didn't just peek at Google Earth, they visited our house and gave it personal attention. Know how friendly and helpful everyone is here, they probably tried their darndest to find a spot where the bin could work.
Would I rather the street be strewn with windswept bins and their various contents every week? No. On the list of stuff I hated about our last house, chasing our recycling down the block on a windy day was pretty high.
Thus, today I am feeling 99% resolved about our wheelie bin situation, and just 1% sad … because they seem like really well-made bins. But I've convinced myself that Wellington is much too clever to be creating tons of plastic bag waste with their recycling, so they must be managing those somehow.
Plus, if I ever can't fit a stack of cardboard boxes into one of the bags, the government website has a very informative section about bringing your own recycling to the dump. I am actually really excited to visit the dump.