text:
\section{Introduction}

Wavefunction or many-body perturbation theory methods are currently under active development for the treatment of solids with periodic boundary conditions.\cite{gruber_applying_2018, gruber_ab_2018, liao_communication:_2016, mihm_optimized_2019, azadi_efficient_2019, booth_towards_2013,ruggeri_correlation_2018, shepherd_many-body_2013, gruneis_explicitly_2013, mihm_advanced_2020, shepherd_communication:_2016, shepherd_convergence_2012, shepherd_coupled_2014, holzmann_finite-size_2011, sun_pyscf:_2018, sun_pyscf_2018, wang_excitons_2020, mcclain_gaussian-based_2017, mcclain_spectral_2016, lewis_ab_2019, booth_plane_2016, dornheim_ab_2016, harl_assessing_2010, lebegue_cohesive_2010, schimka_accurate_2010, harl_accurate_2009, gruneis_making_2009, riemelmoser_plane_2020, motta_towards_2017, gruneis_efficient_2015, gruneis_second-order_2010, gruneis_explicitly_2013, liao_communication:_2016,irmler_duality_2019} %
A major source of error in these calculations comes from the approximation made when an infinite solid is modeled using a Hamiltonian with a fixed particle number. \cite{drummond_finite-size_2008, lin_twist-averaged_2001, chiesa_finite-size_2006, liao_communication:_2016, mostaani_quantum_2015, pierleoni_coupled_2004, gruber_applying_2018, azadi_efficient_2019, mihm_advanced_2020, shepherd_many-body_2013, shepherd_communication:_2016, holzmann_finite-size_2011, dornheim_ab_2016, fraser_finite-size_1996, williamson_elimination_1997, gruneis_explicitly_2013}
These errors, termed finite size errors, impede the development of high accuracy methods particularly as they are commonly limited by computational cost scaling in the system sizes they can treat.

In the quantum Monte Carlo community, twist averaging is used as a way to reduce the finite size error of a single calculation of fixed size.\cite{drummond_finite-size_2008, lin_twist-averaged_2001, chiesa_finite-size_2006, zong_spin_2002, pierleoni_coupled_2004, holzmann_finite-size_2011, filippi_quantum_1999, mostaani_quantum_2015}
By taking offsets in the $k$-point grid and averaging the energy over them, finite size errors can be reduced.
Any property can, in principle, be twist-averaged; however, one of the main uses of this tool to date has been to smooth total energy extrapolation curves by twist averaging the total energy. %
In general, the cost to perform such calculations scales linearly with the number of offsets.
These offsets can be chosen as random points, on a grid, or through some selection procedure.~\cite{drummond_finite-size_2008, baldereschi_mean-value_1973, rajagopal_variational_1995, kent_finite-size_1999,azadi_efficient_2019}

Twist-averaging as applied to stochastic methods can frequently benefit from simultaneous removal of finite size errors and stochastic errors.
However, when it comes to deterministic methods such as coupled cluster theory, there are no stochastic errors in the original method before twist averaging.
This means the cost increases linearly with each twist angle, as a new calculation needs to be performed.
Savings which come from symmetries can be employed, but even so, the cost is typically substantial (around 10 to 100 times the cost of one calculation).

In an attempt to address the scaling of twist averaging for deterministic calculations, we recently developed a twist angle selection scheme called ``connectivity twist averaging''
\cite{mihm_optimized_2019}
The connectivity is a second-order approximation to how the Hamiltonian is connected by non-zero matrix elements; it has the same cost as second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) theory.
Here, connectivity refers to the relationship between the virtual orbitals and the occupied orbitals in terms of momentum transfer vectors.
Close to the Fermi surface, these momenta are not sampled in a way that is highly dependent on the twist angle.
As these are precisely the excitations that can have significant weight in the correlation energy, it was our sense that these connections were a dominant cause of finite size effects.  We found that choosing a twist angle with a connectivity close to the twist-averaged result also meant that the energy at this twist angle mirrored the twist-averaged energy.

Our original paper showed that connectivity twist averaging was effective for coupled cluster doubles (CCD) theory, leaving open the question of whether the inclusion of higher order correlation effects would change our conclusions.
Here, we show that this twist angle selection scheme also works for methods beyond CCD, by using initiator full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo ($i$-FCIQMC),\cite{cleland_communications:_2010} a recently developed QMC method.\cite{blunt_communication_2018, shepherd_investigation_2012, ruggeri_correlation_2018, shepherd_sign_2014, blunt_hybrid_2019, ghanem_unbiasing_2019, schwarz_insights_2015, thomas_symmetry_2014, petras_fully_2019}
Twist-averaged $i$-FCIQMC calculations are compared with single calculations at the selected twist angle.
We find similar agreement between connectivity twist-averaged (cTA) and twist-averaged (TA) energies for $i$-FCIQMC, demonstrating that our approach is applicable to methods which have a more thorough description of correlation than those considered with coupled cluster truncated at the doubles level.
We also investigate an alternative means to select a single twist angle: finding the twist angle that best reproduces the twist-averaged energy at a lower-level method (here, MP2).
This is similar in spirit to previous work by Needs and Foulkes~\cite{rajagopal_variational_1995, rajagopal_quantum_1994}, but differs in that we are considering the correlation energy.
We find that, for the systems considered here, the energy matching approach works just as well as the connectivity approach.
This leaves open the possibility for other groups to select a twist angle without having to develop a new code to compute the connectivity.
Overall, we believe that this will broadens the utility of our approach to twist angle selection.

\section{Methods}

\subsection{Coupled cluster on the uniform electron gas}

We use the typical conventions for applying CCD to the UEG, found in our previous studies and summarized here.\cite{shepherd_many-body_2013, shepherd_range-separated_2014, shepherd_coupled_2014}
We model our solids using the uniform electron gas (UEG), which is widely used as a benchmark system for solid state methods development.
Here, the UEG is modeled as a three-dimensional cube with box length, $L$, and a density of $\Omega \equiv L^3 = \frac{4}{3} \pi r_s^3 N$, where $r_s$ is the Wigner-Seitz radius and $N$ is the number of electrons in the system.
We work entirely in reciprocal space (centered at the $\Gamma$-point), as this allows for discrete orbitals based on momentum quantum numbers, $k$, to make up the wavefunction.
We used a plane wave basis set composed of $M$ orbitals, $\phi_j \equiv \phi_j({\bf r}, \sigma) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{\Omega}} \emph{e}^{\emph{i}{\bf k}_j \cdot {\bf r}}\delta_{\sigma_j, \sigma}$, all of which have a kinetic energy lower than a cutoff, $E_{cut, M} = \frac{1}{2}k_\mathrm{cut}^2$.
In this formalism, the finite basis set is set as though the electron gas does not have an offset or twist angle.
Ewald interactions were used, per convention, and the electron repulsion integrals, $v_{ijab}$, are written:
\begin{equation}
 v_{ijab}=\sum_{{\bf G}}
 v_{\bf G}\delta_{{\bf k}_{i} - {\bf k}_{a}, {\bf G}} \delta_{{\bf k}_{j}- {\bf k}_{b},-{\bf G}} \delta_{\sigma_{i} ,\sigma_{a}}\delta_{\sigma_{j},\sigma_{b}}
\label{E_int_eq}
\end{equation}
where $v_{\bf G} \propto 4\pi / | {\bf G}|^2$.
Here, $i$ and $j$ represent indices of occupied orbitals and $a$ and $b$ represent indices of virtual orbitals.
The form of the electron repulsion integrals guarantees that momentum is conserved during excitations according to ${\bf k}_i - {\bf k}_a = {\bf k}_b - {\bf k}_j = {\bf G}$, where ${\bf G}$ is the momentum transfer vector.
All calculations are based on Hatree—Fock (HF), with the HF eigenvalues comprising kinetic and exchange energies.
The Madelung constant, $v_M$, has been included in all calculations and reduces the total energy by $\frac{1}{2} N v_M$.
In the thermodynamic limit, the particle number (and thus the box length) is infinitely large, meaning $v_M$ goes to zero.

Coupled cluster theory is a many-body perturbation theory where an exponential form for the wavefuction is assumed:
\begin{equation}
    \Psi = e^{\hat{T}}  \Psi_\mathrm{HF} %
\end{equation}
Here, the cluster operator $\hat{T}$ is the sum over all amplitudes (labelled $t$) and the $\Psi_\mathrm{HF}$ is the HF wavefunction.
In this work, we only include singles and doubles amplitudes, defined by their excitation ranks from the HF reference. This method is called coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD).
The CCSD wavefunction can be used in the Schr\"{o}dinger equation with the UEG Hamiltonian to obtain the total energy of the system, $E_\mathrm{total} = \langle \Psi_\mathrm{HF} | \hat{H} | e^{\hat{T}}  \Psi_\mathrm{HF} \rangle$.
The correlation energy is then obtained by subtracting off the HF energy, i.e.:
\begin{equation}
E_\mathrm{corr} = E_\mathrm{tot} - E_\mathrm{HF}
\label{correlation_E_from_Tot}
\end{equation}
and the correlation energy for CCSD can be written:
\begin{equation}
\label{CCSD_Corr_E}
E_\mathrm{corr} = \frac{1}{4} \sum_{ijab}  t_{ijab} \bar{v}_{ijab}
\end{equation}
Where $\bar{v}_{ijab}$ are the antisymmeterized repulsion integrals and $t_{ijab}$ are the doubles amplitudes (present in $\hat{T}$).
Finally, we note that in the UEG, the singles amplitudes are not included in this sum, as they are zero by momentum symmetry. Thus, in the UEG, CCSD is equivalent to coupled cluster doubles (CCD); we will call the method we are using CCD for the rest of this work.

\subsection{Full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo}
For our quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we work with full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo (FCIQMC)\cite{booth_fermion_2009} as implemented in the HANDE package.\cite{spencer_hande-qmc_2019}
Our description below follows notation given in our prior studies for consistency.\cite{shepherd_investigation_2012}
FCIQMC is a stochastic wavefunction-based method that uses a linear combination of Slater determinants to form the wavefunction.
Each Slater determinant represents a configuration with $N$ electrons and $M$ single-electron spin orbital basis functions:
\begin{equation}
    \label{Sum_slater_det}
    \Phi_0 = \sum_{\bf j} C_{\bf j}| D_{\bf j}\rangle,
\end{equation}
In the case of FCIQMC in the UEG, the basis set is composed of normalized plane waves:
\begin{equation}
    \label{norm_antisym_prod_plnwave}
    D_{\bf j} = {\mathcal{A}}[\phi_i({\bf x}_i)\phi_j({\bf x}_j)...\phi_p({\bf x}_N)]
\end{equation}
Where ${\bf j}$ is the unique index for each determinant, $\phi_j$ are the single particle plane wave orbitals, and $\mathcal{A}$ is the anti-symmetrization operator.
The Hamiltonian ($H$) can be written in this basis and then diagonalized to find the FCI eigenstates, which are the exact solutions to the Schr\"{o}dinger Equation for this basis.

Alternatively, when substituted into the imaginary-time Schr\"{o}dinger Equation, \refeq{Sum_slater_det} produces a set of coupled equations based on the determinant coefficients:
\begin{equation}
    \label{coupled_Ham_with_determinants}
    -\frac{\emph{d} C_{\bf j}}{\emph{d}\tau} = (H_{{\bf j}{\bf j}} - E_{\mathrm{HF}} - \emph{S}) C_{\bf j} + \sum_{{\bf i}\neq {\bf j}}H_{{\bf j}{\bf i}} C_{\bf i} %
\end{equation}
Here, $\tau$ is the imaginary time, and the sum over ${\bf j}$ is taken over the singly- and doubly-excited determinants from ${\bf i}$ (as $H$ is a two-particle object).
A population of $N_\mathrm{w}$ walkers are then introduced to stochastically sample the wavefunction through simulating the determinant coefficients using a finite-difference version of \refeq{coupled_Ham_with_determinants}.
The walker population is controlled through using annihilation, death/cloning and spawning rules, which are algorithmic interpretations of the terms in this equation.\cite{booth_fermion_2009}
In particular, the sum over ${\bf j}$ is sampled once per Monte Carlo cycle.

The shift, $S$, is used as a population control for the walkers, and is set up such that it is held constant until the walkers have reached a set population.
Then, it is allowed to vary around the total energy to make sure the total walker population stays within a certain range and allows the calculation to reach convergence, which is reached when (1) the energy and walker population both reach a constant value on average (representing $\frac{\emph{d} C_{\bf j}}{\emph{d}\tau}=0$), and (2) the walker population is sufficiently large.
At convergence, $S$ can be averaged as an estimate of the ground-state energy.
The estimate we use for this study is the projected energy: $\langle \Phi_0 | \Psi_\mathrm{HF} \rangle$, which agrees with $S$ for converged calculations but typically, here, has a smaller stochastic error.
For FCIQMC, then, this produces a set of master equations that can be used to measure the dynamics of the determinant coefficients in imaginary time for a given system.

The FCI space grows exponentially with the size of the system and the initiator approximation ($i$-FCIQMC) is used to help combat this scaling through further refining which walkers are used.\cite{cleland_communications:_2010, booth_breaking_2011, booth_approaching_2010, shepherd_investigation_2012, shepherd_full_2012, ghanem_unbiasing_2019} Here, the determinant space is divided up using a set constant, $n_\mathrm{add}$. If a determinant has a population greater than $n_\mathrm{add}$, walkers are allowed to spawn to empty determinants, and the determinant whose walkers are allowed to spawn is labeled an initiator determinant. %
This helps the calculation converge faster by refining the population and removing some of the stochastic error. Our prior work indicates that $n_\mathrm{add}$ above a certain number simply causes unnecessary duplication of walkers to resolve the same quality of wavefunction and $n_\mathrm{add}=3$ gives a good compromise.\cite{shepherd_investigation_2012}
It is important to note that in the large walker limit, $i$-FCIQMC converges to the FCI energy, as has been shown in previous work.\cite{cleland_communications:_2010,booth_breaking_2011, shepherd_investigation_2012}

\subsection{Twist averaging}

Twist averaging is used to reduce finite size effects and produce a smoother convergence to the thermodynamic limit.
The finite size errors that twist averaging overcomes are those associated with shell filling effects.\cite{drummond_finite-size_2008, lin_twist-averaged_2001}
The shells here are made of degenerate orbitals.
Thus, this form of averaging helps to reduce the random fluctuation at each $N$ seen in the $\Gamma$-point energy, providing a smoother extrapolation to the thermodynamic limit.
Twist averaging addresses this issue by applying a small momentum offset, ${\bf k}_s$, to the orbitals:
\begin{equation}
\phi_j \propto \exp(\overline{i}({\bf k}_j - {\bf k}_s) \cdot {\bf r})
\label{TA_orbs}
\end{equation}
This offset breaks orbital degeneracy.
We refer to the ${\bf k}_s$ as \emph{twist angles} for consistency with original work.%
\cite{lin_twist-averaged_2001}
The twist-averaged energy is then the average over all twist angles. For the correlation energy, this is:
\begin{equation}
\langle E_\mathrm{corr} \rangle_{{\bf k}_s} = \frac{1}{N_{\bf{k}_s}} \sum^{N_{\bf{k}_s}}_{t=1} E_\mathrm{corr}({\bf k}_{s,t})
\label{twist_Av_Ecorr}
\end{equation}
In this equation, ${N_{\bf{k}_s}}$ is the total number of twist angles used.
As a single calculation typically has to be run at each twist angle, the cost of twist averaging scales as ${N_{\bf{k}_s}}$.
Here, we will address the method of twist averaging as applied to the correlation energy exclusively, in part because it is traditional in quantum chemistry to assume that it is best to separate the much easier/cheaper to converge HF component from the more expensive correlation component.

\subsection{Twist averaging in \emph{i}-FCIQMC}
Twist-averaging in $i$-FCIQMC follows similar conventions as in CCD, which were outlined above, with the exception that we used 50 random twist angles rather than 100 due to the higher cost of $i$-FCIQMC.
To maintain the most consistency between our methods (CCD and FCIQMC) and with our prior work,\cite{mihm_optimized_2019} we use a random twist angle approach for our FCIQMC calculations even though we note other approaches in the literature.~\cite{ruggeri_correlation_2018}

Each $i$-FCIQMC calculation was run using the fixed shift strategy,\cite{shepherd_investigation_2012} where the shift is not varied throughout the calculation and the population is allowed to grow.
For each twist angle, one $i$-FCIQMC calculation was performed.
Then, the different simulations were averaged.
This removes the stochastic error from $i$-FCIQMC and performs the twist averaging simultaneously.

The optimal shift for each $r_s$ value was found in previous work and, in general, results were insensitive to the choice of shift because initiator convergence was faster than expected.
Initiator error was removed by growing the population (increasing $N_w$) until the energy converges.

\subsection{Connectivity Twist Averaging}
As stated above, twist averaging has a linear cost scaling of $N_{{\bf k}_s}$. %
Over the years, there have been efforts in the QMC community to find the twist-averaged energy by using only a single twist angle\cite{rajagopal_quantum_1994, rajagopal_variational_1995, kent_finite-size_1999,drummond_finite-size_2008} or a small number of twist angles.\cite{azadi_efficient_2019}
These methods come with drawbacks, such as the Balderschi point\cite{baldereschi_mean-value_1973} being more effective for insulators (whether applied to $k$-points or twist angles).
Recently, we developed a method call connectivity twist averaging (cTA) that analyzes the way that the occupied space is connected to the virtual space through two-electron excitations. %
For a given excitation in the UEG consisting of two occupied orbitals ($i,j$) and two virtual orbitals ($a,b$), momentum conservation can zero the four-index integral ($v_{ijab}$).
The following equation expresses momentum conservation:
\begin{equation}
\eta_{ijab,{\bf G}}=\delta_{k_{i} - k_{a},{\bf G}} \delta_{k_{j}- k_{b},-{\bf G}}\delta_{\sigma_{i}\sigma_{a}}\delta_{\sigma_{j}\sigma_{b}}
\end{equation}
through setting $\eta_{ijab,{\bf G}}$ to 0 or 1 depending on whether the excitation is disallowed or allowed respectively.

What we term the connectivity is measured through a vector labelled ${\bf h}$\footnote{with reference to the idea of a histogram} with elements given by the expression:
\begin{equation}
h_x = \sum_{ijab} \eta_{ijab,G_x} +\sum_{ijab}\eta_{ijba,G_x} .
\label{cTA_hystogram}
\end{equation}
The integer index $x$ can be found as a function of $G$, $x = (G \frac{L}{2\pi})^2$.

Here, the form of the sum may be familiar as it is intended to be the same sum as the MP2 correlation energy.

A special twist angle is then selected by finding the single twist angle whose connectivity vector most closely matches the twist-averaged connectivity vector.
Formally, we can define the sum of residuals as:
\begin{equation}
S_\mathrm{res} ({\bf k}_s)=\sum_{x}\frac{1}{x^2}|h_x({\bf{k}_s}) - \langle h_x\rangle_{\bf{k}_s}|^2,
\label{cTA_min_sum}
\end{equation}
The special twist angle, $\bf{k}_s^*$, is calculated as the $\bf{k}_s$ that minimizes $S_\mathrm{res}({\bf k}_s)$.
The factor $1/x^2$ weights the sum towards shorter momentum vectors -- that are energetically more relevant -- which improves convergence at larger basis set sizes.

In our original work,\cite{mihm_optimized_2019} we found that CCD energy computed using the special twist angle $\bf{k}_s^*$ is very similar to the twist-averaged CCD energy.
We found that it was useful to include twist-averaged HF eigenvalues (instead of the HF eigenvalues for a single twist angle) in addition to the twist angle selection, as this improved the agreement between the cTA and TA energies for small systems.
This was impractical for this proof-of-concept $i$-FCIQMC study due to details of the implementation of the UEG in the code we are using, but is something that we will explore in the future.
Thus, comparisons are made between CCD and $i$-FCIQMC that omit the averaging over eigenvalues.
For clarity, we will re-emphasize this in the text throughout.

Overall, as only one calculation needs to be performed, the cTA method reduces the cost of twist averaging by a factor of $ N_{{\bf k}_s}$.
One of the advantages of this method in comparison to the Baldereschi point is that, instead of using one special twist angle for all systems with the same symmetry, it selects different twist angles depending on the system. We hope that this will allow for a broader applicability. %
In our previous study, we applied this method to CCD and showed good comparisons between TA-CCD and cTA-CCD.
Here, we will expand our application of cTA to methods a more complete description of correlation, here FCIQMC, to show that these calculations can also benefit from the cTA method.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Initiator convergence in TA-\emph{i}-FCIQMC}

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig1.pdf}
	\caption{Comparison between connectivity twist averaging (special) and twist averaging (random) results are shown for two different densities for a UEG of $N=14, M=114$ The convergence of the energies for $i$-FCIQMC shows slower convergence for the larger $r_s$.}
	\label{subfig:1a}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig2.pdf}
	\caption{Comparison between connectivity twist averaging (special) and twist averaging (random) results are shown for two different densities for a UEG of $N=14, M=114$ The convergence of energy differences for $i$-FCIQMC is shown to be different than in \reffig{subfig:1a}.}
	\label{subfig:1c}
\end{figure}

The purpose of this paper is to use $i$-FCIQMC to compute high accuracy correlation energies that includes correlation beyond coupled cluster theory. %
Here, we choose a way to twist-average $i$-FCIQMC energies that is most consistent with how we used twist-averaging for coupled cluster theory in our original paper on the connectivity twist averaging approach.
An important aspect of an $i$-FCIQMC calculation is the convergence of the energy with respect to the walker number.
One of the challenges with using $i$-FCIQMC is the tendency toward size inconsistency when not properly converged with walker number, which can result in oscillatory convergence of energy differences.
Many methods have been proposed to overcome the $i$-FCIQMC error.\cite{blunt_communication_2018} %
However, for the purposes of this study, we found that $i$-FCIQMC error was much more straightforward to converge with walker number.
To see this, we make comparison with the convergence data in work by Alavi and coworkers, who studied the $N=14$ uniform electron gas.\cite{shepherd_investigation_2012}
In so doing, they identified that as the density decreases, the number of walkers required to converge the energy increases. In particular, an $r_s$ of $5.0$ requires populations of about $10^9$ to obtain convergence.

Figure \ref{subfig:1a} shows the $i$-FCIQMC energy as a function of walker number ($N_w$) for two different densities.
The energy is said to be converged with initiator error in these graphs when increasing $N_w$ does not change the energy.
In \reffig{subfig:1a}, the convergence of the TA-$i$-FCIQMC and cTA-$i$-FCIQMC energies can be seen in comparison to the $\Gamma$-point energy convergence for $r_s  = 1.0$.
The $\Gamma$-point data match previously studied calculations by Alavi and coworkers, appearing to fully converge around $N_w=10^5$.
The twist-averaged energies show a somewhat faster convergence with $N_w$ but have a larger stochastic error, which may hide the convergence trend.
The large error is mostly attributable to the difference in energy between different twist angles (i.e., not $i$-FCIQMC itself).
Also in \reffig{subfig:1a}, this analysis is repeated for a different density of $r_s  = 5.0$.
In contrast with $r_s  = 1.0$, the $r_s  = 5.0$ energies are somewhat slower to converge.
This probably does not match the prior observations of taking $10^9$ walkers,\cite{shepherd_investigation_2012} but is still more significant than at $r_s=1.0$.

We are particularly interested in energy differences to the $\Gamma$-point energy (i.e. $\Delta E_{\mathrm{TA}} = E_{\mathrm{TA}} - E_{\Gamma}$), because taking these differences smooths out the TDL extrapolation curve.%
Now, energy differences are converged at the same rate for both densities (\reffig{subfig:1c}).
This fast convergence presumably results from error cancellation of two calculations with similar initiator error.
While it is known that initiator error is not size consistent, for the same system with a different symmetry, the initiator error appears to have cancelled.
This is important and useful for the scope of our study, as it means we can study a key energy difference (the TA correction to the $\Gamma$-point) for a wider range of systems where the total energy is significantly harder to converge.

\subsection{cTA reliability in \emph{i}-FCIQMC}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig3.pdf}
\caption{Comparison across a range of densities between twist averaging and connectivity twist averaging for $i$-FCIQMC and CCD calculations on a $N=14$ system. All calculations are shown as a difference to the $\Gamma$-point. The cTA values are plotted with and without eigenvalue averaging (see text for discussion).}
\label{subfig:rs_data}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\subfigure[\mbox{}]{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig4a.pdf}
\label{subfig:M_data_rs1}
}

\subfigure[\mbox{}]{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig4b.pdf}
\label{subfig:M_data_rs5}
}

\caption{Comparison between twist averaging and connectivity twist averaging for $i$-FCIQMC and CCD calculations on a $N=14$ system with varying basis sets at (a) $r_s=1.0$ and (b) $r_s=5.0$ . All energies are shown as a difference to the $\Gamma$-point. The cTA points are plotted without eigenvalue averaging.
} %
\label{fig:CCSD_methods_Comparision}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}

\subfigure[\mbox{}]{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig5a.pdf}
\label{subfig:N_data_rs1}
}

\subfigure[\mbox{}]{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig5b.pdf}
\label{subfig:N_data_rs5}
}

\caption{Comparison between twist averaging and connectivity twist averaging for $i$-FCIQMC and CCD calculations on a $M=114$ system with varying electron numbers at (a) $r_s=1.0$ and (b) $r_s=5.0$ . All energies are shown as a difference to the $\Gamma$-point. The cTA points are plotted without eigenvalue averaging.}
\label{fig:N_data}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig6.pdf}
\caption{The difference between twist averaging and connectivity twist averaging is plotted to make comparison between CCD and FCIQMC for the data set which varies electron number (previously shown in \reffig{fig:N_data}). The cTA points are plotted without eigenvalue averaging.}
\label{subfig:N_data_fcivsccd} %
\end{figure}

The purpose of this section is to address the question of whether methods that include correlation beyond CCD and more complex wavefunctions will similarly benefit from cTA.
As in our previous paper, we will examine energy differences to the $\Gamma$-point (i.e. $\Delta E_{\mathrm{TA}} = E_{\mathrm{TA}} - E_{\Gamma}$) for the sake of clarity.
Our goal is to relate these energy differences between CCSD and $i$-FCIQMC with a view to showing that cTA performs similarly to $i$-FCIQMC.
The main statistic we will use to show this is the mean absolute error.

In \reffig{subfig:rs_data}, we show the results of cTA-$i$-FCIQMC compared with TA-$i$-FCIQMC for the $N=14$ electron gas at a range of $r_s$ values with a basis set of $M=114$.
Also shown in this figure is a comparison to CCD cTA and TA results, collected in a similar manner to $i$-FCIQMC.
For a given density ($r_s$), the same MP2 calculations were used, and so the cTA twist angle is the same for $i$-FCIQMC and CCD.
The general trend of cTA-$i$-FCIQMC follows that of cTA-CCD in being significantly closer to the twist-averaged energy than the $\Gamma$-point whilst retaining a small amount of error.
The mean absolute errors (taken relative to TA) for this range of $r_s$ values is 1.8(2) mHa/electron for cTA-CCD and 1.5(5) mHa/electron for cTA-$i$-FCIQMC. %
Here, the numbers in parentheses represent the propagated stochastic error, mainly due to twist averaging.
We note one limitation is that these errors are substantial in absolute terms when using $i$-FCIQMC.
Small electron numbers like $N=14$ represent a particular challenge for a special twist angle method, as $N=14$ only has 4 unique correlation energies across all twist angles.\cite{lin_twist-averaged_2001}
In our original work,\cite{mihm_optimized_2019} this was remedied by using eigenvalue averaging, which reduces the error for CCD to 0.4(2) and it could be expected that $i$-FCIQMC would behave similarly.
These data form the first of our demonstrations that methods that include more correlation and parameters than CCD still benefit from the cTA approach.

In order to investigate how cTA-$i$-FCIQMC varies with basis set size, we computed cTA-$i$-FCIQMC and TA-$i$-FCIQMC for a range of basis sets (from $M = 38$ to $M = 2090$) for a set system size of $N=14$.
In Fig. \ref{subfig:M_data_rs1} and \ref{subfig:M_data_rs5}, we show the results for $r_s=1.0$ and $r_s=5.0$, respectively.
The mean absolute errors (compared with TA) for these two data sets are 1.3(2) mHa/electron for cTA-CCD and 1.1(4) mHa/electron for cTA-$i$-FCIQMC.
These agree within error, indicating that the performance of cTA is the same for both methods.

In \reffig{subfig:N_data_rs1} and \reffig{subfig:N_data_rs5}, we show the results of cTA-$i$-FCIQMC compared with TA-$i$-FCIQMC for a range of system sizes from $N = 8$ to $N = 10$ for a set basis set of $M=114$.
Following the trend of the other figures, the CCD, cTA, and TA comparison is also shown here with good agreement across system size, confirming the assertion of cTA-$i$-FCIQMC and cTA-CCD are of comparable quality in reproducing their respective twist-averaged energy.
The mean absolute errors for the electron number ranges (across both $r_s$ values) are 0.9(2) mHa/electron for cTA-CCD and 1.1(4) mHa/electron for cTA-$i$-FCIQMC

In \reffig{subfig:N_data_fcivsccd}, the $i$-FCIQMC results have been plotted as a function of CCD energies for the difference between the cTA and TA results for $N = 8 – 24$, $M = 114$ and $r_s = 1.0$ and $5.0$.
Here, we see a linear relationship between the two methods across densities.
This relationship shows that the cTA-$i$-FCIQMC error is almost identical to the cTA-CCD error.

Overall, from these analyses, we find that the cTA method is transferable to FCIQMC (and, thus, other methods beyond CCD) based on its ability to obtain TA-$i$-FCIQMC energies with a similar accuracy to cTA-CCD.
This is consistent with our hypothesis that the cTA method is transferable to total energies of different methods beyond many-body perturbation theory.

\subsection{Energy matching}

In our Communication on this method,\cite{mihm_optimized_2019} we had ruled out using the MP2 correlation energy as a way to perform twist angle selection because we were
concerned about energy divergences for a metallic system.
We had also preferred a method that would relate to a property of the wavefunction (which we termed the connectivity%
) over an energy measure.
However, since we now wish to make application to methods beyond CCD, it becomes more important to consider alternative ways to find a special twist angle.
Here, we examine whether it is feasible to use MP2 as a way to select twist angles here.

To use the MP2 energy, we introduce an energy matching criterion as a way to find the special twist angle.
In this variant of the method, $N_{\bf{k}_s}$ MP2 calculations at random twist angles are run. %
The special twist angle $\bf{k}_s^*$ is identified as the twist angle with the energy that is the minimum absolute difference to the twist-averaged energy, i.e., the twist angle that minimizes:
\begin{equation}
    S_\mathrm{res,emTA}=
    |E_{\mathrm{MP2}}({\bf{k}}_s) - \langle E_{\mathrm{MP2}} \rangle_{\bf{k}_s} |
\label{special_twist_EM}
\end{equation}
The twist angle selected in this way is used to calculate the CCD energy.
We refer to this procedure as energy matching twist averaging (emTA).

In \reffig{fig:CCSD_methods_Comparison}, we show a comparison between the five twist averaging coupled cluster methods for a range of electron numbers, $N = 8 – 24$, at $r_s = 1.0$.
The energies have all been graphed as a difference to the $\Gamma$-point as before.
We find that the cTA energy closely resembles the emTA energy, i.e., cTA chooses the same twist angle as emTA over this range of systems.
Exceptions to this are unusual; the only one we found was at $N=20$.
We also looked at what happened when we replaced the MP2 energy with the CCD energy (denoted CCD-based emTA in \reffig{fig:CCSD_methods_Comparison}).
This, too, produces the same energy.
The mean absolute error (to TA) is $1.2(3)$ for emTA. %
It is important to note that this method is highly dependent on the quality of the MP2 energies and may not be a viable method at larger system sizes, where the MP2 energy diverges.
The success of energy matching comes from the mean value theorem which, here, guarantees that the twist-averaged (mean) energy appears within the distribution of twist angles.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Fig7.pdf}
\label{subfig:rs1_Nrange_CCSD}

\caption{Comparisons between twist averaging (TA) methods for CCD for a range of $N$ at $r_s = 1.0$.
Energy matching (described in the text) is shown as emTA; connectivity twist averaging as cTA, which is calculated with eigenvalue averaging.
As can be seen from the graph, cTA-CCD (without eigenvalue averaging) and emTA produce identical results except at $N=20$. All energies are shown as a difference to the $\Gamma$-point for clarity.
}
\label{fig:CCSD_methods_Comparison}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and concluding remarks}
The purpose of twist angle selection schemes is to accurately reproduce twist-averaged results from a single, special twist angle.
Connectivity twist averaging is one such selection scheme that uses an MP2-cost calculation for the selection process.
In our first paper, we showed this was effective for the CCD energy; here, we generalized this result to methods without a truncation by using $i$-FCIQMC.
We performed $i$-FCIQMC calculations over a range of system sizes, basis sets, and densities for the uniform electron gas.
We were able to take advantage of a cancellation of error in the initiator error in FCIQMC, allowing us to take energy differences between calculations with different boundary conditions (i.e., periodic vs. twist-averaged), which converged quicker with walker number than the corresponding correlation energies.
For the systems considered, we showed that the energy of the selected twist angle and the twist-averaged energy differed by a similar amount for $i$-FCIQMC when compared to our original CCD method.
We then studied another twist angle selection scheme that we had set aside in our original work, which selects the twist angle by comparison of the MP2 energy.
For these small systems, where the MP2 energy does not obviously diverge, the twist angle selection agreed between energy matching and connectivity twist averaging.

There are a wide range of proposals in the literature for how to remedy finite size errors with no single clearly-established protocol.
Some are obviously compatible with twist-averaging. Two classes of examples include extrapolations, which benefit from reduced extrapolation error~\cite{gruber_applying_2018, drummond_finite-size_2008, lin_twist-averaged_2001, chiesa_finite-size_2006, ruggeri_correlation_2018, gruber_applying_2018}; or correction schemes, where the correction is either additive or receives an additional benefit from a more balanced description of different electron numbers.~\cite{fraser_finite-size_1996, williamson_elimination_1997, kent_finite-size_1999, chiesa_finite-size_2006, kwee_finite-size_2008, drummond_finite-size_2008, dornheim_ab_2016,  holzmann_theory_2016, brown_path-integral_2013, liao_communication:_2016, gruneis_explicitly_2013}
It is unclear or unlikely that twist averaging would be of use for other methods that reduce finite-size effects, including
embedding theories such as DMET~\cite{bulik_electron_2014, knizia_density_2012}, DMFT~\cite{zhu_efficient_2020, choi_first-principles_2016}, SEET~\cite{zgid_finite_2017, iskakov_ab_2020} and density functional embedding theory~\cite{goodpaster_accurate_2014}; or DFT-based corrections.\cite{chiesa_finite-size_2006}%
Addressing the applicability of twist averaging to these methods is an open question beyond the scope of this paper.

We close noting two key limitations of our study.
The first is that we have not yet generalized connectivity twist averaging to real systems. This will be considered in a forthcoming separate paper. %
The second is that we have only studied smaller system sizes, a limitation imposed by $i$-FCIQMC.
Despite this latter limitation, we still believe that our method is transferable to larger system sizes in-line with how CCD behaves.

\section{Acknowledgements}
We gratefully acknowledge the University of Iowa for funding and computer resources through the University of Iowa Informatics Initiative.
Code used throughout this was a locally modified version of a github repository used in previous work http://github.com/jamesjshepherd/uegccd ~\cite{shepherd_range-separated_2014,shepherd_coupled_2014}, and the HANDE-QMC package version 1.4 http://github.com/hande-qmc/hande ~\cite{spencer_hande-qmc_2019,spencer_open-source_2015}.
For the purposes of providing information about input options for the calculations used, files will be deposited with Iowa Research Online (IRO) with a reference number [to be inserted].

\section{Data Availability}
The data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Be ready for your next visit to our Canadian Fishing Lodge: Note that passports are now required to re-enter the US (since June 2009).
Are you coming from someplace outside of Canada? Do you have questions about the details of visiting Canada? Take a look at the important information below. If you have any additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
U.S. citizens and legal residents need a passport to re-enter the U.S. (since June 2009).
Permanent U.S. residents who are not citizens should bring their alien registration receipt card.
Visitors entering Canada from a country other than the U.S. require a valid passport and in some cases a visitor's visa. Visas are issued by Canadian Immigration offices, embassies and consulates.
Any questions about entry to Canada may be addressed to: Canada Immigration Division, Canada Employment and Immigration Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0J9.
The entry of vehicles and trailers into Canada for touring purposes is usually a quick routine matter. Any necessary permits are issued at the port of entry. If you have rented a vehicle or trailer, make sure you bring along a copy of the rental contract, which stipulates you have permission to use it in Canada.
U.S. motorists planning to travel in Canada are advised to obtain a Canadian Non-Resident Interprovince Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance Card available only in the U.S. Contact your local insurance agent.
Dogs and cats accompanying their owners from the U.S. must have current (within 36 months) rabies vaccination certificates. Owners from other countries who wish to bring their pets with them should write to The Health of Animals Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, 179 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4S9.
Most communities have hospitals and/or resident doctors. Wise travelers will check with their medical service plans to ensure they will be covered while in Canada. If you are taking medicines prescribed by your doctor you should bring along a copy of the prescription, in case you need to have it renewed by a physician in Canada. For further information and insurance details contact your travel agent or insurance agent.
Chartered banks are located in virtually all cities and towns. These full-service institutions are the best locations for exchanging currency. Note: most banks are closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays. There is also a government-sanctioned Canada-U.S. currency exchange service at the Ontario Travel Information Centre in Sault Ste. Marie.
U.S. currency is accepted at Waterfalls Lodge and at many places throughout Ontario.
For police services anywhere in Ontario, phone toll-free 1-888-310-1122.
Credit cards such as Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diner's Club etc., are honoured in all communities in Ontario. However, Waterfalls Lodge only accepts Visa, MasterCard and Discover.
Duty free articles that may be taken into Canada are: wearing apparel and personal effects; sporting goods (up to 200 rounds of ammunition); up to 50 cigars, 200 cigarettes, 400 grams of tobacco, 40 imperial ounces of alcohol or wine or 288 imperial ounces of beer or ale (case of 24) per adult; cameras (with a reasonable amount of film); reasonable food supply per person, and a full tank of gasoline.
Note: All articles above allowable quantities are subject to import duty. Ontario has dry goods, grocery and gasoline outlets in modern communities throughout the area at prices competitive with US and/or European counterparts-plus US dollars and several foreign currencies enjoy a premium rate of exchange in Canada.
There is a full service grocery store 10 minutes from Waterfalls Lodge.
Pistols, fully automatic weapons and firearms less than 26 inches in length are prohibited entry into Canada.
Most sporting rifles and shot guns can be admitted with a permit ($25.00 Annual Fee) if the visitor is sixteen or older. A description of all guns and serial numbers must be submitted to Canadian Customs. 200 rounds of ammunition can be admitted duty free. The Lodge will provide you with the registration form prior to your hunting trip. It is very easy.
Residents from other countries should ask the appropriate authorities of their country of origin or its nearest consulate for detailed information about duty charged on articles purchased in Canada. Permits are required to export certain products made from endangered plants or animals. Normally, the retailer can advise you about any export restrictions on merchandise in his/her store.
Visitors to Ontario looking to buy liquor or beer for consumption outside a licensed establishment usually have to go to 2 separate stores. Liquor, including wine, is available through stores run by the Liquor License Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) or in smaller centres, by their authorized representative. Beer may be purchased through the "The Beer Store" or directly from brewery outlets.
Both beer and liquor can be purchased at the LCBO store just 10 minutes from Waterfalls Lodge.
Ontario laws prohibit having open bottles of liquor in a location accessible to the driver of a vehicle. Drinking is only allowed in your residence or within a reasonable distance of your residence. A tent, trailer or camper can be considered residences. Drinking on public beaches, parks, etc. while in transit is prohibited.
When checking into a provincial or private campgrounds check their regulations.
A wide variety of facilities are available throughout Algoma for the pilots of privately-owned aircraft on either wheels or floats, including Municipally or Federally operated airports and aerodromes, many of which now feature telephone Customs reporting privileges.
Pleasure craft may enter Canada by trailer or under their own power and stay for a period of up to 12 months. The required Entry Permit is obtainable from Customs at port-of-entry. All boats powered by motors 10 HP or over must be licensed and the license number clearly indicated on the bow of the vessel. Boat licenses from outside Ontario are acceptable.


text:
COE Centennial
Dean's Lecture Series
Assessment Office
Dean's Business Office
Educational Technology Services
Innovation & Partnerships
EdTerpsEngage
Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education
Human Development and Quantitative Methodology
Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership
UMD Financial Aid
COE Scholarships
Freshmen Scholarships
AmeriCorps Scholarships
Graduate Funding
Transfer Student Scholarships
Federal and State Aid
COE Research Office
Student & Campus Resources
Endeavors Magazine
#EdTerpsDialogue
EDUC TerrapinSTRONG
Council on Racial Equity and Justice (COREJ)
COE Hate and Bias Policy
Benjamin Broadcast Episode 2: Culture Eats Strategy for Breakfast
Hosted by Lauren Benning-Williams - Featuring Dr. Vivian Boyd, Dr. Sharon Fries-Britt and Autumn Griffin
By Lauren Benning-Williams
The second episode of the Benjamin Broadcast examines what the college has done to advance diversity and inclusion on campus, with guests Dr. Vivian Boyd (Ph.D. '75), Dr. Sharon Fries-Britt, and COE doctoral student Autumn Griffin.
Be sure to tune in regularly for new episodes of COE's Benjamin Broadcast, available here, and on SoundCloud. A transcription of the Benjamin Broadcast 'Culture Eats Strategy' episode is available below. Enjoy!
Benjamin Broadcast Episode 2 Script
Podcast music intro
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Thank you for listening to the Benjamin Broadcast – the College of Education's podcast. I'm your host, Lauren Benning-Williams. As we celebrate COE's centennial, we reflect on what the College did to advance equity in education in the past and what we can do moving forward.
Podcast music interlude
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS : In 1945, at the request of several enrichment students, the Department of Industrial Education offered graduate work for African American students at its Baltimore Division. COE would go on to host the first black undergraduate student and graduate of the university, Elaine Johnson Coates '59. In 1965, M. Lucia James became the first African American faculty member at College Park, serving as Associate Professor of General Education & Director of the College's Curriculum Laboratory. In 1975, more than twenty years after the first African American students received degrees from the University, change agent, influential figure and the former director of the University of Maryland Counseling Center, Dr. Vivian Boyd, graduated from the College of Education with her doctorate in counseling in higher education."
DR. VIVIAN BOYD: "Actually I was the only black student in our program at that time. I was aware of Lucia James, who was a black faculty member in the College of Education."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Dr. Boyd reflected on being the only black student and student of color in her program at that time she remembers the time she spent alone to quote unquote 'recharge'"
DR. VIVIAN BOYD: "It drains your energy and so I needed a lot of time to be alone, sort of like finding a cocoon in which I could recharge myself. I sort of defended myself by only attending everything that I needed to attend."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Dr. Boyd's struggle with feeling isolated and needing space alone is not just a reflection of that time period, but a reflection of the experience students of color have at predominantly white higher education institutions around the country."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "In a research study by Dr. Julie J. Park, associate professor at the College of Education, Dr. Park shatters the myths that students of color self-segregate because they don't want to integrate. She contends that students of color need time to restore after daily experiences with bias and asserts that organizations for students who are members of specific race and ethnic groups are used as charging docks for those students."
DR. JULIE J. PARK (excerpt from Terrapin EdTalk): "These venues that seem like they're promoting self-segregation are actually, what the research tells us, is they're actually critical because they serve as these recharging stations for our students of color."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Dr. Park further asserts that our own cognitive bias is what shapes widely held myths about why students of color seem to self-segregate on predominately white campuses."
DR. JULIE J. PARK (excerpt from Terrapin EdTalk): "Research around cognitive bias describes, as one scholar Dan Ariely describes, that contrary to what we might think about ourselves, we are actually predictably irrational. We like to think we are very logical, that we will look at all the facts and data, look for just disconfirming forms of evidence, talk to ten people. But in reality, our brains are actually wired in a way where we trip ourselves up all the time."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Cognitive bias suggests that students of color self-segregate due to preference, but research has shown that students of color have more culturally diverse relationships than their white counterparts. And while students of color do integrate more frequently, there is still a need for more safe spaces and addressing implicit bias. Dr. Boyd faced many obstacles due to bias associated with racism while studying at the University. During the practicum portion of her program, a significant number of counseling clients did not want to work with her because of her race. Her experiences led her to adopt the cross-cultural counseling method, a term coined by Paul Pederson. We asked Dr. Boyd about how to address bias in higher education."
DR. VIVIAN BOYD: "Culture Eats Strategy for Breakfast. It's the notion of counseling when you're seeking to help someone else, you need to understand their culture. There is no way you can be effective as therapist, really effective, if you don't understand your own culture, your own biases, your own assumptions, and realize that the client who walks into the room also has a culture and that culture may be very different from your own."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "And Dr. Boyd's assertion is still relevant today. Autumn Griffin, a fourth-year Ph.D. student here at the College of Education whose research includes creating safe digital spaces for black women and girls speaks about safe spaces and being a student of color on a predominantly white campus."
AUTUMN GRIFFIN: "In general, physical spaces have never been safe for black folks in America. There are some that have, right, but even when I think about those, those places that have served as hush harbors. So like hair salons, and churches – they kind of took place away from the white gaze in ways that like we were able to have these kind of one-off conversations hidden or in ways that people might not understand what we're talking about. And so I think that the digital provides us this kind of safe space to do that same thing to build community."
AUTUMN GRIFFIN: "We are all at these institutions of higher learning and we don't feel supported, there are ways that we do, but there are still some things that we are not getting from these spaces. And we need to be in community with other black folks having these conversations in ways that we don't feel restricted, in ways where our voices can have a broad reach, and also where we can be our most authentic selves. We can be both student and black and woman - all of those things simultaneously and we don't have to separate them."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Autumn suggests that colleges think about other on-campus systems, such as the classroom and look at diversity beyond the student population."
AUTUMN GRIFFIN: "The role that institutions play in creating and maintaining spaces for students of color to feel comfortable and thrive has a lot to do with what supports they're setting up for students. I think we have gotten a lot into talking about what it means to be diverse on campus, but what does diversity mean if it's in face only? If you're not bringing in diversity of thought to support students. So if there are not faculty of color that are working from critical lenses or if critical frameworks are not necessarily something that is supported in your department or in the college, what does it mean to be diverse and how are we actually supporting students in that way. I also think it has a lot to do with creating and maintaining a safe campus environment."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Autumn found the on-campus counseling center played an important role in helping her cope in predominantly white spaces on campus."
AUTUMN GRIFFIN: "I think there's also a lot around mental and emotional health that happens. I will say my first experience with therapy and counseling came on this campus and it was wonderful. It came at a time when I really needed it. I'm curious about what the college might be able to do in terms of expanding those resources to make sure students are really supported and have what they need."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Research by Dr. Sharon Fries-Britt, professor of higher education, suggests colleges should focus on cultivating environments that nurture students and, in particular, support high achieving black students and students of color. We sat down with Dr. Fries-Britt to discuss what colleges should do to create a more inclusive environment for students of color and to support high-achieving students of color."
DR. SHARON FRIES-BRITT: "I think fundamentally, we need all kind of diverse faculty. We need folks in the academy who, not just by their presence, but that presence brings with it degrees of interest and areas of experience that are important to helping to explore topics in a classroom. I think that's just pivotal because the power of the classroom at different stages in one's academic life is significant it's like who inspire you. My doctoral advisor who, is a huge mentor of mine, very influential, white male Jewish, significant in my life in the sense of how he helped me think about the academy. I think it makes a difference in the ways in which people can see not only literally role models in themselves and be inspired by that but also, the ways in which the learning process can sometimes change. But we certainly know that students have reported in evaluations that they feel affirmed. As I often say to people, I feel like I know I've served that role for a lot of students of color, but I am equally as concerned about how I serve as a mentor role for all students, particularly my white students for many of whom I'm their first black professor as well."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Dr. Fries-Britt believes in order to continue to create, maintain and expand equity here at the College, we need to ensure faculty as well as staff are prepared to keep the mission of the college moving forward."
DR. SHARON FRIES-BRITT: "I think we have to continue to be, and by 'we' I mean faculty and staff have to have a requisite set of skills and abilities to understand that we are important instruments in the process of connecting with people. We've got to figure out what is that our faculty produces in folks. And one piece of that is having the kind of real conversations around race, ethnicity and diversity above and beyond here's concepts for you to learn, but how comfortable are you in those, getting layers below that."
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "The late and great Thurgood Marshall is quoted as saying 'None of us got where we are solely by pulling ourselves by our bootstraps. We got here because somebody – a parent, a teacher, an Ivy League crony or a few nuns – bent down and helped us pick up our boots.'"
LAUREN B. WILLIAMS: "Advancing diversity and inclusion in higher education means working at multiple levels - from student admission and graduation, to faculty and staff recruitment and retention, to conducting pioneering research and launching innovative projects. COE is committed to promoting success for students of all backgrounds by engaging a wide variety of ideas, voices and perspectives. Today, COE continues to advance diverse perspectives through its Center for Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education and leading scholars whose research informs changes in K-12 and higher education policies, practices and cultures to be more inclusive. Thank you for listening to this special edition of the Benjamin Broadcast with your host Lauren Benning-Williams."
Podcast music outro
Tiny Terps Teach Big Lessons
TLPL
International Education Policy Student Receives Gail P. Kelly Award for Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation
CHSE
'No Grander Challenge'
TLPL, Marketing and Communications
EdTerps Stand In Solidarity with HBCUs
CHSE, HDQM, TLPL, Dean's Business Office, Office of Advancement, Office of the Dean, Student Services
Copyright © 2022 University of Maryland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Download the "Attendify" app from the App Store or Google Play.
Please note, attendify.com is not the web version of the app, so you won't be able to log in there with your mobile app profile's credentials.
2. Open the app and sign up/log in by tapping the corresponding button at the top or bottom of the page. To create a profile, we recommend using the email address you registered for the event with.
3. Search for UK Dance Showcase.
5. On the event card, you can find the event's date, location, and description. Tap join to access the event, see the full, up-to-date information and start interacting with other users.


(TRX) at VietcongVets.co.uk are pleased to host the following multiplayer maps created by Toni Rios.
Contact Toni at with feedback and suggestions, or to talk about map-making or 'Vietcong'.
This mission is based on the NVABase multiplayer map.
This mission utilises an entirely new landscape created by Toni Rios.
TDM(30) This scenario is based upon the multiplayer 'Halong-Hell-3' map; many thanks to the creator ('badass'?) of the original, which can be found on the www.vietcong-friends.de download pages.
DM(40),	TDM(40) This mission is based upon the multiplayer 'Storm' map.
ScreenShots COOP(6), CTF(40) This night-time mission utilises an entirely new landscape created by Toni Rios.
CTF(24), DM (30) This night-time mission is based upon the multiplayer 'Arroyo' map and features creatively balanced lighting to ensure excellent gameplay even though the action takes place in the dark.
CTF(24), DM (30) This scenario is based upon the multiplayer 'Arroyo' map.
TDM(30), DM (20) This scenario is based upon the multiplayer 'Halong-Hell-3' map; many thanks to the creator ('badass'?) of the original, which can be found on the www.vietcong-friends.de download pages.


text:
Home News Over 800 Venezuelan children in school
Over 800 Venezuelan children in school
Minister of Citizenship, Winston Felix, overlook the distribution of supplies to EBD squatters, during an outreach with the CDC.
– Minister Felix hands out food items to scores squatting on EBD
OVER 800 Venezuelan children are registered in schools locally, as government, in partnership with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), ensures that children are in school and are under hygienic conditions.
This is according to Minister of Citizenship, Winston Felix, during an outreach with the Civil Defence Commission (CDC), on Thursday, to share out food stuff and other supplies to Venezuelan migrants and Guyanese squatting along East Bank Demerara (EBD), between Grove and Herstelling.
He said that a Ministerial Committee is overlooking the Venezuelan migrant situation throughout Guyana. Scores of families that include Venezuelan migrants were among 600 persons who squat along the EBD. Officials from the Ministry of Public Health and the Guyana Police Force's Immigration Department visited earlier this week to assess the needs of the migrants.
Minister Felix said the squatter settlement of almost 150 Venezuelans is between Grove and Herstelling, EBD, along the seaside. About 30 of the migrants are children.
He explained that, from April last, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reached out to countries surrounding Venezuela and asked for Venezuelans not to be deported or targeted but be treated humanely. "As a result of that we have been embracing the Venezuelan migrants, however they come, as a result of the policy not to return them. We have been giving them 'three-month stays' which are renewable," Minister Felix said.
Soldiers with the CDC assisted persons with fetching supplies to their homes built in the squatting areas.
He explained that many of the squatters were not in compliance with the renewal of their stay, but the circumstances, under which they live in Guyana, were being examined. Minister Felix said that Immigration and the Ministry of Health would interface with the Venezuelans, "and if they were not previously vaccinated or registered by the police that has to be done here."
He noted that a discussion with the UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) will facilitate further discussions on relocating the Venezuelans to a more habitable surrounding.
The Minister noted that all donations and resource allocations to Venezuelan migrants must be passed through the CDC. "Any person or company wishing to make donations to the migrants must go through the civil defence commission. No one is authorized to do so directly," he said.
He said that the Ministry of Social Protection was part of the committee and accommodation and cash grants were given to scores of Venezuelans to start living a new life on their own.
"If the migrants find their own accommodation, support is given; similarly the international community is instrumental in finding accommodation and support in whatever way," the Minister said.
Meanwhile, approximately one mile along the riverbank was decorated with many tiny shacks made of scraps of wood, pieces of plastic and old zinc sheets. Some shacks in the migrant community in some cases house more than 12 persons. The condition in which these migrants live is below the normal standard of living. There were no toilet facilities visible, no proper security measures to protect these refugee families from thieves and severe weather conditions.
One man who came from San Felix, Bolivar State, Venezuela, said that his wife and children, including himself, came without any documentation. The man said that he accepts that it is against the law to enter a country without permission. But he could not allow his family to endure the crisis in Venezuela any longer.
Previous article'Gunman in She H*le' poised for music takeover
Next articleMARCUS BISRAM GOES TO PRISON


text:
Q: How to use data as key in Firebase? This is my current Firebase database configuration where I want to use username as key and CurrentUser.ID as the value.
I tried to use string interpolation but I got some error.
function updateExistingUserRoot(username) {
  const { currentUser } = firebase.auth();
  return (dispatch) => {
    firebase.database().ref(`/ExistingUser`).push({
      `${username}`: currentUser.uid
    })
  }
}

I understand firebase generates an unique key every time data is being pushed but I would like to stay with the current configuration.
Update 1
I have changed to using set but the error persists.
function updateExistingUserRoot(username) {
  const { currentUser } = firebase.auth();
  firebase.database().ref(`/ExistingUser`).set({
    `${username}`: currentUser.uid
  });
}

The error: expected property assignment.

A: For the configuration you want, you should rather be using set or update methods to save or update your data.
firebase.database().ref(`/ExistingUser`).set({
      `${username}`: currentUser.uid
})

This way, your data gets saved in the username node which will be mapped with the user's uid.
Hope that helps!

A: If you want to create a user with a specific key, you should remove the push method (that creates a unique key) and use something like:
firebase.database().ref(`/ExistingUser` + userKey).set({
    username: value...
  });

Everything in Firebase is an url.
https://testxxx.firebaseio.com/xxx/ExistingUser

If you want to create a user with a key of KEY1 as a child at this location you would have:
https://testxxx.firebaseio.com/xxx/ExistingUser/KEY1

A: The answer given by the two gentlemen are correct but I had to tweaked a little bit to get it working.
Here's the code
firebase.database().ref(`/ExistingUser/${username}`).set({
   userID: currentUser.uid
 }).then(() => console.log('Set existing user done'))
   .catch((error) => console.log(error.message))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
home :: blog :: faq :: zines+buttons :: presentation :: reading :: publication :: interchange :: flier
Search Eminism.org
intersex (9)
irrelevant (5)
postcolonial (6)
queer (12)
sex trade (81)
Archives Select Month June 2018 (1) October 2016 (8) April 2016 (1) November 2015 (1) July 2015 (1) March 2015 (1) February 2015 (2) November 2014 (1) October 2014 (1) August 2014 (1) July 2014 (2) February 2014 (3) January 2014 (2) December 2013 (5) October 2013 (1) September 2013 (3) August 2013 (3) July 2013 (2) June 2013 (1) April 2013 (2) March 2013 (1) February 2013 (2) January 2013 (4) December 2012 (5) November 2012 (8) September 2012 (1) August 2012 (4) July 2012 (2) June 2012 (8) May 2012 (2) April 2012 (1) March 2012 (2) February 2012 (2) December 2011 (2) November 2011 (9) October 2011 (8) September 2011 (2) August 2011 (1) July 2011 (3) June 2011 (3) May 2011 (11) April 2011 (10) March 2011 (1) February 2011 (2) January 2011 (1) November 2010 (1) October 2010 (1) August 2010 (1) July 2010 (6) June 2010 (1) May 2010 (1) April 2010 (1) March 2010 (5) February 2010 (1) January 2010 (1) October 2009 (1) May 2009 (1) April 2009 (1) January 2009 (2) November 2008 (2) September 2008 (1) July 2008 (1) June 2008 (2) May 2008 (1) March 2008 (1) February 2008 (1) October 2007 (1) September 2007 (3) August 2007 (4) July 2007 (4) June 2007 (6) May 2007 (8) April 2007 (6)
My multi-year struggle with self-doubt to start a Patreon page (it's up now!)
Disability discrimination at Super 8 Hotel in South Bend, Indiana: A complaint and responses
Reclaiming Harm Reduction: a new zine released in time for the Harm Reduction Conference
Stop Calling Human Trafficking "Modern Day Slavery" – Version 0.2
Next Steps for Safe Consumption/Injection Site in Seattle, or why the City of Seattle should sell drugs and operate brothels
#ImNotQuiteWithHerButOMGTheAlternative
A brief comment in response to Seattle Times columnist's call for more cops to stop rapes
Filisa Vistima was more than just a martyr: a history of trans women in Seattle's lesbian community in the early 1990s
My rejected response to the question "should prostitution be legal?"
A thought on the first annual National Transgender HIV Testing Day
Seattle PD drowning #BlackLivesMatter rally with Christmas tunes
Seeking eminism.org button stories for a new zine
A note about trans exclusion at New Orleans Women's Health Clinic in 2009
I will not deal with "consumers" anymore.
Help Emi attend Color of Violence conference and avoid the evil overdraft charge [UPDATE: Goal reached!]
New Zine: Against Japanese "Comfort Women" Denialism in the U.S.
Upcoming Workshop on Fighting Japanese Right-Wing Nationalists in Los Angeles
Canadian city council candidate Paul Pesach Gray's intellectual dishonesty [Update: Retracted]
Cited and Quoted—"Knowing Victim: Feminism, Agency, and Victim Politics in Neoliberal Times" by Rebecca Stinger
Operation Cross Country VIII: Roundup and Comments
Back to blog top.
My Tikkun article about Uganda and the U.S.-based LGBT activism, plus my Uganda flier
Uganda's pending passage of the anti-homosexuality law is in the news these days, so I thought I'd post a link to the article I wrote for Tikkun magazine about how U.S. LGBT activists and allies are engaging in the whole controversy and what they could be doing instead.
The Uganda Controversy: Solidarity vs. Imperialism in LGBT Organizing
by Emi Koyama
Tikkun magazine, July/August 2010
Also, below is the text of the flier I handed out at the Beaverton, Oregon rally against the anti-homosexuality bill which I talk about in the article above.
North-South Disparities Kill More Gay Ugandans Than Anti-Gay Legislation Ever Could.
Many of us rightfully feel angry and scared about the proposed legislation in Uganda that would prescribe punishments up to death for the "crime" of homosexuality. But when activists and politicians begin calling for economic sanction against the country of Uganda, we must consider its consequence on Ugandan people, including gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender Ugandans.
Uganda's economy (like our own) is dependant on foreign trade, and an economic sanction could result in more gay Ugandan casualties than the proposed legislation could ever match: is it truly worth the cost? Who decides? Who put the U.S. in the position to impose its values on others by military or economic force?
And if there were such an outpouring of support for gay Ugandans, where were they when much of the country was (and still is) struggling in poverty, partly caused by the enormous international debt? Where were they when gay Ugandans needed medical treatment and educational opportunities? Or the right to migrate to the (relative) safety in the United States?
In short: are we truly concerned about the rights and lives of our brothers and sisters in Uganda, or are we simply playing our part of the imperialist U.S. foreign policy? If we are, consider the following:
Support elimination or deep reduction of unpayable international debt.
Support continuation of international aid and economic exchange.
Support the expansion of fair trade.
Confront American conservative groups that spread hate here and abroad.
Strengthen international human rights standards by holding the U.S. government accountable to them (death penalty, overreliance on prisons, etc.)
Promote respectful engagement and dialogues with countries whose policies we find objectionable.
Expand cultural exchanges (including Southridge High School's sister school program).
This message is not endorsed by the organisers of today's rally. We are a small group of activists, students and scholars and we speak only for ourselves. We welcome your responses and opinions at emi AT eminism DOT org
Support Engagement, Not Sanction.
PermaLink :: Comments (6) :: code, postcolonial, queer ::
You say in Tikkun: "But LGBT Ugandans are not simply voiceless, faceless victims: there actually is an LGBT rights group in Uganda, whose members have held press conferences in its capital city of Kampala, fiercely and proudly announcing their sexual and gender identities. They do not need Western LGBT activists to speak for them; we need to listen to their voices and help amplify them so that others will hear them."
But this is exactly what western activists are doing, taking the lead from Ugandans. Have you actually asked LGBT Africans if they support linking aid to human rights? I have and, guess what, they do.
Comment by paul canning — May 10, 2011 @ 11:11 am
Paul – The ones I spoke with told me that we (Americans) should focus on confronting American evangelicals who travel to Africa and spread hate. Are there any statements or articles that express their support for economic sanctions against Uganda?
When there was a boycott against South Africa over apartheid, the boycott was called for by ANC and others fighting for their rights. BSD (boycott, sanction and divestment) movement against Israel is similarly being requested by Palestinian activists. It LGBT Ugandans are calling for economic sanction against their country, that would totally change the picture–but I haven't seen or heard anything to that effect.
Comment by emigrl — May 10, 2011 @ 11:28 am
http://www.africanactivist.org/p/african-lgbti-manifesto.html
Were these people you spoke to actually in Uganda or in the diaspora?
LGBT Ugandans aren't going to publicly call for economic sanctions – because it would make them even more unsafe. They have to be careful on what funding they get and how for the same reason. What they do call for is any and every international pressure and that obviously includes aid tied to human rights.
Comment by paul canning — May 10, 2011 @ 7:08 pm
Hi Paul – They were students. I also spoke with Rev. Mark Kiyimba of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Uganda, an advocate for human rights and a public opponent of the proposed law, when he was touring the U.S., and asked him specifically what Americans should do to support human rights including LGBT rights in Uganda. Their main request was that Americans should do something about our own homophobic political and religious leaders first because they are influencing policies in Africa as well as in the U.S.
I don't disagree with the notion that international aid should be linked to human rights. But we need to be extremely careful how we do that given the history of colonialism and racism, or else it would only make things worse. And many American politicians and gay activists are not careful when they invoke languages like "barbaric" and "uncivilized" as they call for economic sanctions.
I don't disagree that we need to be careful – nor that comment is more than tinged with racism. In fact the African activists I know are extremely careful. The Ugandans, for example, at the moment have been asking for reaction to the Kill Gays bill to be tied to the general human rights situation there.
I do think we need to widely discuss the setting of new international norms, which is what anything about tying human rights to aid is really about. But we shouldn't fall for those African and Islamic governments who would say there is no such thing as LGBT human rights!
Comment by paul canning — May 11, 2011 @ 7:59 am
It does seem that you are missing Emi's point. As people in the US, we have to be conscious that doing anything in the world is not only informed by, but coming from, our US privelege and imperialist history.Therefore, one thing that people across the world need (including US citizens) is for US citizens to challenge its own government, because of the role we play in so many conflicts and internation forums.
No one is saying that this bill in Uganda doesnt need to be challenged and abolished, but Emi (and I wholeheartedly agree) is simply sharing that the way a lot of US activists are attempting to confront it is by challenging the Ugandan government without the acknowledgement that a lot of the autonomy of the government is still dictated by its colonial history, which includes, but is not limited to, evangelicals (the same people in the US who protest gay marriage, DADT, abortion, etc). I agree-we shouldnt fall for ANY govenment that denies human rights to the people who live within its manmade jurisdictional limits, incuding the US- because we violate so many everyday.
Comment by s mandisa — June 14, 2011 @ 8:14 am
copyright © eminism.org / emi koyama. email: emi@eminism.org


text:
40 Words That Didn't Exist 40 Years Ago
Language evolves so quickly you'd think natural selection is at play.
By Best Life Editors February 5, 2019
By Best Life Editors
It's weird to think about, but behind every word, there's a person who decided that a specific string of letters was going to refer to a certain action or thing. And while the English language already has more than 171,000 (!) words in it, folks still conjure up new phrases every day to refer to specific scenarios and objects that didn't previously exist. How were lexicographers in the 19th century supposed to know that we'd eventually need words like blog, voicemail, and WiFi, after all? Herein, we've rounded up some common words that have only existed for 40 years or fewer.
Photobomb (2008)
Originating from a 2008 entry on Urban Dictionary, photobomb is used to describe the moment when someone purposefully inserts themselves into a photograph the moment it's being taken. It's generally done as a prank, in jest—and it always ruins the shot.
Though the word troll has existed in the English language for some time, it wasn't used as internet slang until 1992, according to the Oxford Dictionary. When used online, this slang term refers to someone who intentionally makes offensive comments with the goal of stirring up controversy.
Emoji (1990s)
Shutte
Though the word emoji is now as ubiquitous in America as hello or goodbye, its etymology is actually Japanese. The term was coined in the '90s, around the same time that Japanese artist Shigetaka Kurita released the world's first set of emoji. The noun derives from the Japanese e, meaning "picture," and moji, meaning "letter" or "character."
Boop (2009)
The word pops up a lot on photos of beloved pets, as it describes the noise that, well, everyone makes when they briefly touch the nose of something adorable. It wasn't until the subreddit /r/boop was created in 2009 that it became commonly known, though the earliest example of it seems to be a 1992 Simpsons episode in which Bart places a stamp on baby Lisa's nose before mailing her away. Boop!
Booyah (1990)
The first known use of the word booyah—or, less commonly, booya or boo-yah—was in 1990. And it was around that time that ESPN sportscaster Stuart Scott popularized the previously unknown exclamation, using it to express his joy over every touchdown, home run, and three-pointer he witnessed.
Foodie (1980)
Nowadays, the term foodie is all over social media. On Instagram alone, there are more than 112 million posts associated with the hashtag #foodie. But where does the word come from? According to etymologist Barry Popik, the word first appeared in New York magazine back in 1980, and from there it slowly started to gain traction amongt food writers until it was ubiquitous.
Infomercial (early 1980s)
Infomercial—a portmanteau of information and commercial—didn't show up in the English language until the early 1980s. It was then that the FCC eliminated certain restricting regulations that made airing advertisements all but impossible.
Short for weblog, the word blog began to be used in the early 1990s in the way that it is used now: to describe a website housing a collection of writing. The creation of the word weblog is most commonly attributed to "weblogger" Jorn Barger, and the shortening of the term into blog is attributed to programmer Peter Merholz.
Voicemail (1980)
Though early renditions of the modern answering machine were invented in the 1950s, it wasn't until the late 1970s that people actually began to use the now-ancient recording devices. Once the machines became more popular, people needed a word for the messages being left—and thus, the word voicemail was born. Originally the word was trademarked by Televoice International—or Voicemail International—to describe their machines specifically, but today it's used to refer to any and all automated voice messaging systems.
Wannabe (1981)
Contrary to popular belief, the word wannabe wasn't actually coined by the Spice Girls. Rather, the Online Etymology Dictionary reports that the surfer slang for the phrase "want to be" was first used in 1981 and popularized a few years later when Madonna fans began to call themselves Madonna wannabes, or Madonnabes.
Spam (1993)
No, not the edible spam. We're talking about the annoying e-kind that floods your inbox. Spam became an integral part of internet culture in 1993 when Usenet administrator Richard Depew accidentally posted the same message some 200 times, essentially "spamming" the chat board.
Unfriend (2010s)
When Facebook, the social media giant, took the internet by storm, it brought with it a whole new set of words—including unfriend, or the action of removing someone from a list of connections on a social networking site.
Birther (mid-2000s)
During the beginning of Barack Obama's residency in the Oval Office, the erroneous belief that he was born outside of the United States (mostly fueled by conservative talk show hosts) dominated headlines—so much, in fact, that the term birther was given to people who believed it. At the time, polls indicated about a quarter of Americans doubted that he was born in the country. He released his "long-form" (certified) birth certificate in April 2011; a Gallup poll from May of that year found that just 13 percent of Americans doubted his birthplace.
WiFi (1990s)
Obviously, you couldn't hook your laptop up to the WiFi 40 years ago. Which means it makes sense that this word didn't exist either. The abbreviation is sometimes incorrectly interpreted as a shortening of "Wireless Fidelity," but according to Oxford Dictionaries, no one knows for sure. The etymologists there say it stands for "wireless + an apparently arbitrary second element."
Emo (mid-1980s)
Short for emocore, this 1980s word is used primarily in the music scene to refer to a subset of rock music: fast tempos, high-octave vocals, and more harmonizing than you can pump a fist at. In other instances, emo is also used as an adjective to describe the people who listen to this type of music, who are generally defined by alternative clothes and hairstyles.
Bingeable (2010s)
By now, everyone knows what bingeable means. (If you don't, you should probably become better acquainted with your Netflix account, ASAP.) Surprisingly, the word wasn't added to Merriam-Webster until 2018. It means, "having multiple episodes or parts that can be watched in rapid succession."
Yes, cougar has been a real word for centuries. After all, cougars—as in the jungle cat—have been around for ages. But it's only been used to describe an older woman who likes to date younger men in recent years. According to The Star, cougar first appeared in 1999, on a now-defunct Canadian dating website called cougarsdate.com.
Adulting (2010s)
If you're a youngster who's having trouble figuring out the ways of the world—how to file your taxes, how to pay your credit card bill, how to know what to do with your 401(K)—then you're having trouble adulting. Popular with millennials, this word was nominated as a candidate for word of the year in 2016 by Oxford Dictionaries.
Stan (2000)
Eminem fans already know precisely where this word comes from. But in case you're unfamiliar with the musings of Marshall Mathers, here's a little history: In 2000, Eminem released a song called "Stan" about an overzealous fan, and since then, the name of the song has been used to refer to fanatics obsessed with a certain celebrity. You might see people use the word as a verb ("I stan that celebrity") or as a noun ("she's a huge Beyonce stan"). Either way, the meaning is essentially the same.
Jorts (1980s)
Widely considered to be one of the ugliest inventions of all time, jorts, popular icons of the '80s, are denim shorts mostly worn by "NASCAR afficianados [sic] and men over 40," according to Urban Dictionary.
Pescatarian (1991)
Pescatarians are the new kids on the block, as far as herbivores are concerned. According to Merriam-Webster, the portmanteau of pesce and vegetarian was created in 1991 to refer to vegetarians who also ate fish—since, technically, they aren't vegetarians.
No, Paris Hilton did not invent the selfie. According to The Guardian, an unidentified drunk Australian man attempting to describe his face was the first person to coin the term, back in 2002. How appropriate.
Podcast (2004)
Previously known as "audioblogging" when it was first created in the 1980s, the term podcast describes an episodic series of digital audio files available online. Generally, the content is non-fiction in nature, and analytical in content. The updated version of the word was first made popular in 2004, by Ben Hammersley, in an article in The Guardian.
FOMO (2000)
FOMO, an acronym that stands for "fear of missing out" (a thing we all have in some form or another) was first used by marketing strategist Dan Herman in 2000, according to Boston magazine.
Muggle (2003)
Yes, muggle, a term invented by J. K. Rowling to describe a person who isn't endowed with magical abilities, is a real word. It first showed up in 1997, in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, and it took just six years for the Oxford English Dictionary to deem it official.
Going Postal (1993)
Okay, so it's technically two words, but they're always used together. Beginning in the early 1980s and continuing on through the 1990s, there were a number of incidents involving United States Postal Service workers shooting coworkers, comrades, and even innocent citizens. Because of the string of terrible tragedies, people began to use the phrase "going postal" to describe people who are uncontrollably angry and even violent—and while these shootings have thankfully mostly stopped, the phrase is still widely used today.
Flexitarian (1990s)
A flexitarian is basically a vegetarian without the extreme dedication, according to the New York Times. Flexitarians are those who eat a regular diet of vegetables but include other sources of protein, like meat, in moderation.
Crunk (1990s)
First coined by the hip hop music scene in Memphis, Tennessee, crunk is a genre characterized by heavy basslines and shouting vocals. Decades later, it's picked up a double meaning: to be crazy and drunk simultaneously.
Bougie(2010s)
Short for the word bourgeois, the word bougie means "marked by a concern for wealth, possessions, and respectability," wrote Merriam-Webster when they added it to the dictionary in 2018. That expensive bag you have? Bougie. That friend who's obsessed with his shoes? Bougie.
Props (1990s)
Since the 1990s, props has meant nearly the same thing as respect—only it's used as a plural noun. One is not just given props. One must earn them. And no, one cannot get just a single prop. That's not a thing (at least in this sense of the term).
Lit (1997)
As early as 1997, lit appeared in the music produced by East Coast rappers. Though no one quite knows how the word grew so popular, so quickly, everyone knows what it means: That something is crazy fun.
Upcycle (2002)
Reusing discarded items to create new ones, or upcycling, has become incredibly popular in the past few decades. This Marie Kondo–approved form of recycling was first coined by William McDonough and Michael Braungart in their 2002 book Cradle to Cradle: The Way we Make Things.
Showmance (2000s)
If you're a fan of television, then it's likely that you've rooted for at least one showmance, or relationship between two members of the cast on a television series, a film, or a play.
Yaas (late 1980s)
Further emphasized by the number of a's that you insert into the word, yaas is used as a strong expression of excitement or approval. Yas is slight approval. Yaaas is intense approval. Yaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaas is, well, honestly, probably overkill.
Turnt (2008)
First debuting on Twitter in 2008, being turnt means to be extremely excited, wild, and, um, drunk. It can refer to a singular person, a group of people, or even a particular environment, like a party or a bar.
Sus (2000s)
Derived from its root word, suspect, sus is a term generally applied to someone who might have shady or questionable intentions. "He only texts you after midnight? That's sus."
Trill (2005)
Coming from the combination of the words true and real, trill is used to describe someone who is considered to be well-respected.
Dope (1981)
Back in the 19th century, dope was used as a noun to describe someone who might be—to put it politely—a bit slow on the uptake. Such usage quickly died out. But in 1981, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, it was revived as an adjective, meant to describe something positively excellent. Dope!
Malware (1982)
Malware has been around pretty much since computers have been around. In fact, the very first bit of malicious software—what you may call a computer virus—was detected in 1982.
Inbox (1984)
The word inbox came to be in the 1980s, around the same time that emails did. Of course, the term always existed to describe a tray or basket used to house physical pieces of mail, but it wasn't until the age of the internet that it was also used to refer to e-folders that house virtual mail.
Language • Slang • Trivia
Fascinating Origin Stories of Everyday Words
A deep dive into the ever-changing etymology of our lexicon
50 Synonyms You Can Use for Everyday Words
Elevate your language and impress your friends with these synonyms for common words.
40 Facts About Words That Will Make You Say "OMG"
Can you pronounce the term that's 190,000 letters long?
23 New Dictionary Words Introduced in 2018
Chances are, you've been using a lot of them for some time.
The 17 Weirdest New Words Added to the Scrabble Dictionary
Prepare to ace your opponent with "qapik."
20 Weirdest New Words That Have Been Added to the Dictionary
Internet lingo is taking over the English language.
Common Words That Have Different Meanings Throughout the U.S.
"Can I have some pop, Pop?"
47 Cool Foreign Words That Will Make You Sound Crazy Sophisticated
Imbue your vocabulary with a bona fide je ne sais quoi.
This Is the Best Time to Book Your Hotel Room
Here's how to score a deal on your next stay.


I ended up not going to one tractor show this year on account of rain. It was a four-day show that I normally attend as a spectator for one day, and it really wasn't raining that much. However in the end, between the light drizzle and a van that was near its death, I decided to miss Boonville this year.
Rainy day at the library.
Water, like the sun, is essential. All living things need both to survive. We cannot live without them. Too much can cause a disaster to farmers. Too little can also be a disaster for farmers. Nobody wants a drought, nor do we want a flood.
But adults may be the only ones who think of rain in terms of disasters. How many reading this blog remember going outside as a kid to play in the rain? I know I did many times as a young girl. After every downpour I would be outside, ready to tackle every puddle that I came across. Nothing felt better than trying to see how big of a splash I could make.
More recently, Stubby, my Jack Russell terrier, used to love to run through the water puddles. I would laugh so hard it hurt. Sometimes I would be reminded of my own running though the puddles as a kid, and I would join him. The Jack that I have now, Jake, doesn't like the puddles and will go out of his way to avoid them.
Now I sometimes dread seeing the rain, especially when I'm on my way to the farm. Since the last weekend of July this year it's a daily trip out there to care for my grandmother's cats. She can barely care for the ones in the house, so I have ended up with the daily ritual of feeding the outdoor cats. The three miles of blacktop road from the four lane highway to her house can be a nightmare to drive on when it rains. Puddles are all over the road. If not driving slowly and carefully, you can find yourself hydroplaning into a ditch. I had angels looking over me once, and that was enough for me to learn my lesson.
We can't stop Mother Nature, but we all should be aware of our own actions, too. Pollution of any kind and discarding our trash and sewage into our lakes, rivers, and streams are man-made problems. I'm betting Mother Nature would be grateful if the humans here on earth cleaned up our bad habits.
Perhaps the next time it rains I should take the time to honor Stubby and my childhood by going outside to play.
Crane at the spillway, Long Branch Lake and State Park, Macon, MO.


text:
package org.zstack.sdk;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class ReconnectHostAction extends AbstractAction {

    private static final HashMap<String, Parameter> parameterMap = new HashMap<>();

    public static class Result {
        public ErrorCode error;
        public ReconnectHostResult value;

        public Result throwExceptionIfError() {
            if (error != null) {
                throw new ApiException(
                    String.format("error[code: %s, description: %s, details: %s]", error.code, error.description, error.details)
                );
            }

            return this;
        }
    }

    @Param(required = true, nonempty = false, nullElements = false, emptyString = true, noTrim = false)
    public java.lang.String uuid;

    @Param(required = false)
    public java.util.List systemTags;

    @Param(required = false)
    public java.util.List userTags;

    @Param(required = true)
    public String sessionId;

    public long timeout;

    public long pollingInterval;

    public Result call() {
        ApiResult res = ZSClient.call(this);
        Result ret = new Result();
        if (res.error != null) {
            ret.error = res.error;
            return ret;
        }

        ReconnectHostResult value = res.getResult(ReconnectHostResult.class);
        ret.value = value == null ? new ReconnectHostResult() : value;
        return ret;
    }

    public void call(final Completion<Result> completion) {
        ZSClient.call(this, new InternalCompletion() {
            @Override
            public void complete(ApiResult res) {
                Result ret = new Result();
                if (res.error != null) {
                    ret.error = res.error;
                    completion.complete(ret);
                    return;
                }

                ReconnectHostResult value = res.getResult(ReconnectHostResult.class);
                ret.value = value == null ? new ReconnectHostResult() : value;
                completion.complete(ret);
            }
        });
    }

    Map<String, Parameter> getParameterMap() {
        return parameterMap;
    }

    RestInfo getRestInfo() {
        RestInfo info = new RestInfo();
        info.httpMethod = "PUT";
        info.path = "/hosts/{uuid}/actions";
        info.needSession = true;
        info.needPoll = true;
        info.parameterName = "reconnectHost";
        return info;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub