text:
•https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.423982
In vivo photoacoustic imaging for monitoring treatment outcome of corneal neovascularization with metformin eye drops
Kwok-Ho Lui, Shiying Li, Wai-sum Lo, Yanjuan Gu, and Wing-Tak Wong
Kwok-Ho Lui,1,3 Shiying Li,1,3 Wai-sum Lo,1 Yanjuan Gu,1 and Wing-Tak Wong1,2,*
1Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
2Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
3These authors contributed equally
*Corresponding author: wing-takwong@polyu.edu.hk
K Lui
S Li
W Lo
Y Gu
W Wong
Kwok-Ho Lui, Shiying Li, Wai-sum Lo, Yanjuan Gu, and Wing-Tak Wong, "In vivo photoacoustic imaging for monitoring treatment outcome of corneal neovascularization with metformin eye drops," Biomed. Opt. Express 12, 3597-3606 (2021)
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Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy
Original Manuscript: March 2, 2021
Revised Manuscript: April 21, 2021
Manuscript Accepted: April 21, 2021
Corneal neovascularization (CNV) compromises corneal avascularity and visual acuity. Current clinical visualization approaches are subjective and unable to provide molecular information. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging offers an objective and non-invasive way for angiogenesis investigation through hemodynamic and oxygen saturation level (sO2) quantification. Here, we demonstrate the utility of PA and slit lamp microscope for in vivo rat CNV model. PA images revealed untreated corneas exhibited higher sO2 level than treatment groups. The PA results complement with the color image obtained with slit lamp. These data suggest PA could offer an objective and non-invasive method for monitoring CNV progression and treatment outcome through the sO2 quantification.
© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a sight-threatening condition that affects corneal avascularity in which new blood vessels grow from the limbal vascular plexus and invade cornea [1]. The transparent and avascular nature of cornea is crucial for optimal vision as well as serving as a protective mechanical barrier against foreign materials from invading ocular tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, the cornea remains a balance between the angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors which contributes the avascular nature [2]. In this regard, studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinas (sFlt) are present in human corneal epithelium [3,4]. The sFlt acts as an endogenous inhibitor which confiscates the VEGF and exhibits antiangiogenic effect to maintain corneal avascularity [4]. The disruption of this balance would lead to development of CNV, thus compromises visual acuity and structural integrity [5]. The most common causes of CNV include, but are not limited to, inflammation, trauma, bacterial/viral infection, surgery and contact lenses usage [6]. Therefore, a reliable and accurate clinical assessment is important for CNV diagnosis. Current clinical imaging techniques employ optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultrasound biomicroscope and slit lamp microscopy to examine and provide anatomical information regarding the anterior segment of the eye [7]. Color images can be taken with slit lamp microscope and undergo a computerized analysis. However, color image analysis relies on the image quality and the analysis could be subjective [8]. Furthermore, it cannot provide in-depth molecular information such as hemoglobin species and oxygen saturation (sO2) level. Therefore, corneal angiography emerges as a valuable technique in assessing CNV and identifying blood vessels on cornea [9,10]. This technique has shown to be helpful in identifying blood vessels in the presence of corneal scaring and monitoring CNV treatment responses. Despite the advantages of angiography, it requires patients to receive injection of chemical dyes such as fluorescein or indocyanine green [10,11]. The potential adverse effects associated with chemical dye administration must not be neglected, especially for patients with liver/renal dysfunction as well as those at risk of anaphylaxis [12,13]. Therefore, there is a need to develop an objective and non-invasive imaging technique to monitor and quantify CNV progression and treatment outcome.
As an emerging noninvasive and nonionizing biomedical imaging modality, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has drawn much attention in the past decades and has been extensively explored for potential applications in preclinical and clinical settings [14,15]. It detects the conversion of photon into acoustic pressure waves, thus providing deeper tissue penetration without compromising the spatial resolution relative to traditional optical methods. More importantly, the multiplexed PAI can be used to simultaneously visualize and differentiate multiple species with distinct absorbance profiles in a single mixture [16]. PAI has been widely employed in various biomedical research areas such as tumor detection, brain function, physiology of diseases and therapeutic monitoring based on endogenous and exogenous contrast agents [17–21]. Recently, the PAI technique has been employed to image ocular vasculature due to its advantages [22,23]. However, most studies utilize PAI for ocular vessels visualization rather than hemoglobin and sO2 level quantification. Hemoglobin, a natural endogenous contrast agent, exists as deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in blood with absorption peaks at 750 and 850 nm, respectively. Hemoglobin in blood vessels acts as a strong endogenous agent in PAI which can be used to examine microvasculature and hemodynamics in biological tissues [24]. Comparing the PA signal of HbR and HbO2 allows the calculation of sO2 level in blood with Eq. (1) where [HbR] and [HbO2] refer to the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin respectively.
(1)$$s{O_2}(\%) = \frac{{[{Hb{O_2}} ]}}{{[{Hb{O_2}} ]+ [{HbR} ]}} \times 100$$
The alteration of sO2 level has shown to be associated with different types of diseases such as cancer and ophthalmic diseases [25,26]. In the field of ophthalmology, dysregulation of sO2 level can be observed in various ocular diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy [27–29]. Therefore, the non-invasive nature and ability to quantify sO2 level with PAI stands out as a promising tool for monitoring CNV progression and treatment outcome.
Current clinical CNV treatment strategies can be divided into either medical or surgical intervention [30]. Surgical options include laser thermal ablation and fine needle diathermy (FND). These techniques aim at inducing immature vessels reversion and thus achieves regression of CNV [5]. Medical treatment for CNV involves the use of corticosteroid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and anti-VEGF agents. These agents aim at demolishing angiogenic mediators for CNV associated with inflammation. Corticosteroids are often considered as the first-line treatment option owing to its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. However, the adverse effects associated with the long-term use of corticosteroids must not be dismissed. These adverse effects include superinfection, cataract and glaucoma [31,32]. Therefore, patients on long-term corticosteroids treatment require close monitoring for potential occurrence of adverse effects. Metformin, a hypoglycemic agent for type $\textrm{II}$ diabetes, has shown to possess anti-angiogenic property in various in vitro and in vivo experimental cancer models [33–38]. Studies also revealed metformin exhibits antiangiogenic property in different ophthalmic disease models such as oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and choroidal neovascularization and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, these studies employed either intraperitoneal injection or oral gavage rather than ophthalmic administration routes [39–42] and the efficacy of metformin through ophthalmic administration routes is yet to be determined. Liu et. al. recently reported the co-delivery of metformin and levofloxacin using hydrogel is effective in treating corneal neovascularization with a single dose of subconjunctival injection [43]. To this end, we employed PAI and slit-lamp to (i) assess the efficacy of metformin eye drop against alkali-induced CNV model, (ii) monitor the in vivo hemodynamic status in CNV model, and (iii) quantify pre- and post-operative sO2 level in cornea.
2. Method
2.1 Materials
All chemical reagents were commercially available and used without further purification. Metformin hydrochloride (C4H11N5${\cdot} $HCl, > 98.0%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.99%) were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. and Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
2.2 Alkali-burned rat corneas and treatment
All experimental procedures complied with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Statement Regarding the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. The procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for care and use of laboratory animals of "The Special Health Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University". Healthy adult SD rats (n = 24; Male; 200–300 g; 6–14 weeks) were employed in this study. General anesthesia was induced by 3% isoflurane inhalation followed by topical administration of 1% tropicamide (Alcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd) and tetracaine eye drops (Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceuticals, Inc) for pupil dilation and corneal surface anesthetics. A circular filter paper was soaked in 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution and excess solution was absorbed before corneal neovascularization induction. Under a microscope, the filter paper was placed on central cornea of right eye for 30 seconds. After removal of the filter paper, the corneal surface was immediately flushed with 10 mL of PBS.
The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6 rats/group) to receive 50 $\mu $L of saline or metformin eye drops (4 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL) immediately after alkali-induced corneal injury. Topical administration was applied four times per day for 14 days. Eyes were examined and evaluated by slit lamp microscope before corneal injury and on 4th, 7th and 14th days after injury. Photographs were taken during examination and corneal vascularized area was analyzed automatically using ImageJ software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, USA). The corneal neovascular area was measured in pixels and the degree of neovascularization was expressed as mean percentage ± SD.
2.3 In vivo PA imaging
Vevo LAZR Photoacoustic Imaging System (FUJIFILM VisualSonics) was used to acquire PA, Doppler and B-mode ultrasound images. The system is equipped with a tunable Nd:YAG laser system (680–980 nm, 20 Hz pulse rate, 6–8 ns pulse width, 26 mJ pulse peak energy) to trigger system acquisition and excite tissue with optical pulses to generate PA effect. The photoacoustic parameters used were: Transducer LZ-250, Frequency 21 MHz, Depth: 14.00 mm, Width: 23.04 mm, Wavelength: 750/850 nm, Threshold HbT: 20, Acquisition: sO2/HbT. The Power Doppler sonography was recorded with a different transducer; Transducer MS-550D, Frequency 32 MHz, Pulse Repetition: 4 kHz, Depth: 10.00 mm, Width: 14.08 mm, Beam Angle: 0°, Sensitivity: 4, Wall Filter: Low. Transducers were used to acquire both photoacoustic/Doppler signal and ultrasound scans, which were later combined into one overlaid image.
At designated time points, the animals were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and placed on a heated platform. PAI and Doppler images were recorded and acquired before and after CNV induction. Prior to the imaging process, a layer of ultrasound gel was applied over the cornea and transducer. The transducer was then aligned with cornea and laser was fired at wavelengths of 750 and 850 nm to acquire PA images. PA images (hemodynamic, oxygen saturation) and Power Doppler data were analyzed and determined with built-in oxygenation-hemoglobin measurement package in Vevo LAB (FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) workstation software. Quantification of oxygen saturation and Doppler values were done by tracing around the cornea as region of interest (ROI). The data obtained prior CNV induction will serve as baseline where the percentage change will be calculated by deducting this value. With Vevo LAB (FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) workstation software, the sO2 values are calculated from pixels with an oxygen saturation estimate and the data are reported as average %sO2. The Doppler values are represented as percentage of vascularity calculated from the signal detected from ROI.
2.4 Histological examination
After day 14, animals were euthanized, and ocular tissues were harvested for histological examination. The eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and sectioned for analysis. The corneal sections were then stained with CD31 and H&E followed by digital microscopy examination.
2.5 Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out in GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software Inc.) and the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between two groups were analyzed by the Student's t test with *p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. One-way ANOVA was performed for multiple group comparisons with *p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and ns presented no significance.
3.1 Metformin reduces alkali-induced corneal neovascularization in rat cornea
The present study employed a well-established alkali-injury model to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of metformin eye drops for CNV treatment. The representative slit-lamp images (Fig. 1(A)) indicated that newly formed blood vessels were found in the saline and metformin 4 mg/mL groups on day 4 and approached the central cornea on day 14.
Fig. 1. Inhibition of alkali-induced CNV with metformin eye drop. (A) Representative slit lam images of pre- and post-treatment with different metformin concentration. Representative (B) H&E and (C) CD31 staining images (scale bar for Fig. 1 B and 1 C = 100 µm) in different treatment groups on Day 14.
Quantitative analysis revealed the vascularized area in saline-treated group markedly increased during the study period with mean area of 49.01% ± 9.42%, 51.52% ± 10.91% and 68.52% ± 9.69% on day 4, 7, and 14 respectively. Moreover, metformin 4 mg/mL group also exhibited a significant increase in vascularized area with mean area of 19.93% ± 5.75%, 35.89% ± 2.96% and 48.28% ± 11.55% on day 4, 7, and 14. It is shown that the vascularization area and severity are slightly lower with metformin 4 mg/mL group when compared with saline-treated group.
Upon increasing the concentration by 10- and 50-fold, metformin significantly inhibited angiogenesis with a mild increase in newly formed vessels on day 4 and the growth was maintained at low level throughout the study periods. Quantitative analysis revealed both groups exhibited similar vascularization area with mean vascularization area of 12.72% ± 5.47%, 6.325% ± 0.61% and 2.25% ± 0.61% on day 4, 7, and 14 respectively.
The CNV inhibitory effect of topically applied metformin was investigated with histological examination using H & E and CD 31 staining (Fig. 1(B) and 1(C)). Neo-vessels can be observed in saline-treated and metformin 4 mg/mL group while no obvious vessels can be noted in metformin 40 mg/mL and metformin 200 mg/mL treated group. The number of microvessels in corneal tissue sections stained with CD31 demonstrate the anti-angiogenesis effect of metformin. The microvessel density in metformin 40 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL treated group significantly decreased as compared to the saline and metformin 4 mg/mL treated group. Therefore, the histological examination indicated topical administration of metformin is effective in inhibiting CNV with an optimal concentration of 40 mg/mL.
3.2 Change of corneal hemodyamic after alkali-induced corneal neovascularization
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was utilized to monitor and assess the hemodynamic change before and after CNV induction. We first employed PAI to record and investigate the change of HbO2 and HbR which correspond to the wavelengths of 850 and 750 nm respectively.
Prior to CNV induction, all animal subjects show a low baseline PAI signal in their corneas. After the alkali injury was inflicted on cornea, we observed a significant increase in PAI signal of HbO2 and HbR (Fig. 2(A)) in saline and metformin 4 mg/mL treatment group. Quantitative analysis (Fig. 2(B)) revealed that there was an 8.80-fold increase (0.44 ± 0.12) in HbR signal compared to the baseline (0.05 ± 0.0013) in saline group on day 4. The HbR signal exhibited a slight regression on day 7 (0.38 ± 0.044) and 14 (0.29 ± 0.013) respectively. A similar trend can be observed in HbO2 signal (Fig. 2(C)) in saline group with an 8.97-fold increase (0.61 ± 0.14) on day 4 and remained at a similar level (0.65 ± 0.022) on day 7 followed by a slight regression (0.54 ± 0.037) on day14.
Fig. 2. Co-registered PA and ultrasound images for hemodynamic status. (A) Pre- and Post-operative in vivo PA intensity of HbR (Blue color). (C) Pre- and Post-operative in vivo PA intensity of HbO2 (Red color). Relative PA intensity of (B) HbR and (D) HbO2. *p < 0.05.
The metformin 4 mg/mL treatment group also exhibited an increasing trend in HbR signal with a 3.07-fold (0.23 ± 0.018) increase on day 4 compared with the baseline value (0.075 ± 0.0016). The HbR signal remained at a similar level on day 7 (0.30 ± 0.07) and day 14 (0.31 ± 0.09) respectively. Similarly, HbO2 signal also showed a 3.8-fold increase (0.42 ± 0.034) on day 4 when compared with the baseline value (0.11 ± 0.0046). The HbO2 PAI signal further increased with a factor of 5.81 (0.64 ± 0.14) and 7.27 (0.8 ± 0.19) on day 7 and day 14 respectively.
However, rat received metformin 40 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL remained similar corneal HbO2 and HbR PAI signal throughout the study period. Thus, this indicated its efficacy in inhibiting CNV progression.
3.3 Change of %sO2 in cornea after corneal neovascularization
Once we confirmed PAI was capable of measuring HbR and HbO2 in corneas, we utilized the built-in sO2 mode to examine the corneal oxygen saturation level and the data are shown as average %sO2. Figure 3(A) shows the co-registered PA and ultrasound images for the change of %sO2 before and after CNV induction. Quantitative analysis (Fig. 3(B)) revealed that saline and metformin 4 mg/mL treatment group exhibited a significant increase in average %sO2 on day 4, 7 and 14. The average %sO2 in saline group reached 46.82% ${\pm} $ 6.12, 51.04% ${\pm} $ 1.97 and 40.09% ${\pm} $ 5.71 on day 4, 7 and 14 respectively. The metformin 4 mg/mL group also showed a similar average %sO2 pattern with 24.07% ${\pm} $ 5.22, 57.47% ${\pm} $ 6.94 and 45.47% ${\pm} $ 7.40 on day 4, 7 and 14 respectively. In contrast, the metformin 40 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL groups showed a subtle increase in the average %sO2 with 0.21% ${\pm} $ 0.15 and 0.08% ${\pm} $ 0.20 on day 4 respectively. The average %sO2 levels subsequently returned to pre-stimulation level on day 7 and 14.
Fig. 3. Co-registered PA and ultrasound images for %sO2 in cornea. (A) Pre- and Post-operative in vivo PA imaging for %sO2 with different treatment groups. (B) Relative PA intensity of %sO2. *p < 0.05.
3.4 Doppler sonography
We next measured the blood flow across the corneas using Power Doppler mode to assess the percentage of vascularity over the study period. Doppler sonography revealed an increase in percentage of vascularity in saline and metformin 4 mg/mL treatment group after alkali-injury (Fig. 4). Our data suggested that the saline group exhibited 4.24% ${\pm} $ 0.38 increase on day 4 and reached 15.95% ${\pm} $ 0.51 on day 7 followed by a reduction (11.85% ${\pm} $ 1.6) on day 14. The metformin 4 mg/mL group showed an increase in signal from 3.73% ${\pm} $ 0.73 on day 4 to 9.12% ${\pm} $ 2.32 and 12.41% ${\pm} $ 1.47 on day 7 and day 14 respectively. However, the metformin 40 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL groups remained at pre-treatment level after corneal neovascularization with exception of a slight increase on day 4. In agreement with the %sO2 data, Doppler sonography revealed an increasing trend after corneal neovascularization induction in saline and metformin 4 mg/mL group.
Fig. 4. Co-registered Doppler and ultrasound images for change of blood vascularity. (A) Pre- and Post-operative in vivo PA imaging for percentage change of vascularity with different treatment groups. (B) Relative Doppler intensity of vascularity change. ns = no significance.
4. Discussion and conclusion
Coupling with slit lamp microscope and PAI modality, our data demonstrated the efficacy of metformin eye drop against CNV. Slit lamp images have shown improvement upon topical administration of metformin when compare with saline-treated group. Quantitative analysis with color images revealed a significant increase in corneal neovascularization area in saline-treated group. However, color images analysis can be subjective and does not offer any molecular insights of the disease progression. Furthermore, the cornea's dome shape makes it difficult to focus and capture all blood vessels in one single clear image [44]. In addition, the presence of scarring leads to difficulty in visualizing blood vessels from color images [10]. Therefore, the image quality hinders the reliability of color image analysis. Herein, we applied a non-invasive PAI technique to monitor various parameters to assess the disease progression and treatment outcome. We investigated the change of hemodynamic status, %sO2 change and Doppler blood flow. The data obtained was then quantified to provide in-depth molecular information regarding the disease progression. Unlikely other tissues, a healthy cornea possesses an avascular feature in order to provide an optimal vision. However, with alkali-injury, our data have shown increases in hemodynamic status, %sO2 and Doppler vascularity in saline group and metformin 4 mg/mL group. Consistent with the color images, saline-treated diseased eye exhibited higher %sO2 level and Doppler vascularity than metformin 40 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml treatment group. The increase in these signals are complementary with each other and thus validate the hemodynamic changes measured following the CNV induction. PAI also offers unique advantages over traditional fluorescent angiography techniques as it does not require any use of exogenous contrast agents. This technique relies on natural endogenous contrast agents, HbO2 and HbR, which exists within cornea during diseased condition. Moreover, the measurement of hemoglobin contents and the sO2 level could provide in-depth molecular insights regarding the disease progression and offer a quantitative assessment of CNV. Furthermore, the PAI can by-pass the obstacles with slit lamp evaluation and avoid potential subjective bias in color image analysis, therefore allowing PAI to act as an objective, label-free and non-invasive tool for disease monitoring. Despite the promising features of PAI, potential laser impact on ocular functionalities after longitudinal usage must not be negligible. Further experiment and evaluation are warranted to ensure the safety of PAI after longitudinal ocular examination.
In our study, we employed topical administration as it is the most convenient and non-invasive ophthalmic administration route for ocular diseases treatment [45,46]. However, the unique anatomical structure of cornea hinders the drug absorption and often results in poor bioavailability profile. Studies have shown that up to 95% of topically applied drug is lost due to various defense mechanisms such as tear turnover, reflex blinking and solution drainage [47]. In our work, we investigated three difference concentrations and found that the optimal concentration is 40 mg/mL for CNV treatment. Our data suggested that concentration higher than 40 mg/mL does not seem to provide any significant improvement. Though this study does not emphasize the underlying mechanism, numerous researches have indicated the anti-angiogenic properties of metformin. Studies have suggested that metformin reduces and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flk-1 level, expression of activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) as well as VEGF-A protein translation in different ophthalmic diseases models [39–41]. Furthermore, metformin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties which reduces inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [42].
In summary, we demonstrated the utility of PAI modality and slit lamp to monitor and assess the therapeutic efficacy of metformin eye drops for CNV treatment. Our data suggested that metformin eye drop with concentration of 40 mg/mL is effective in inhibiting CNV progression. By investigating various parameters, the PAI technique could provide comprehensive molecular information regarding the disease status. Therefore, this technique would be useful to assess treatment outcome and exhibit great potential in monitoring post-operative blood vessels growth after cornea transplantation. Given its capability to reveal molecular insights, this reinforces its potential application on ocular disease assessment using PAI technique. Therefore, the unique advantages of PAI technique enable it to act as a non-invasive and label-free tool for longitudinal monitoring of ocular diseases provided that it does not have any negative impacts on long-term ocular functionalities.
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Area of Excellence Grants (1-ZVGG)).
We would like to acknowledge the use of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [University Research Facility for Chemical and Environmental Analysis (UCEA) and University Research Facility in Life Science (ULS)].
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
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(1) s O 2 ( % ) = [ H b O 2 ] [ H b O 2 ] + [ H b R ] × 100
Ruikang (Ricky) Wang, Editor-in-Chief


text:
Татья́на Андре́евна Сла́вина — Академик РААСН, руководитель ООО «Ассоциация исследователей Санкт-Петербурга» (в 1992—2003), научный руководитель ООО «Архитектурная мастерская Т. А. Славина» (2003—2012).

Биография
Родилась 6 ноября 1934 года в Ленинграде в семье инженера А. Г. Слепухина. В 1958 году окончила Ленинградский инженерно-строительный институт.

C 1965 по 1989 год работала преподавателем в ЛИСИ (СПбГАСУ).. Вела курсы: Введение в архитектурное проектирование, История и теория архитектуры. Руководила аспирантами. Научная работа — исследования в области истории русской архитектуры, исследования архитектурного наследия Ленинградской области. С 1989 по 1991 год — заместитель директора по научной работе института ЛЕННИИТАГ (Государственный институт архитектуры в Санкт-Петербурге). С 1992 по 2003 год — генеральный директор ООО «Ассоциация исследователей Санкт-Петербурга». С 2003 по 2012 год — директор по научной работе ООО «Архитектурная мастерская Т. А. Славиной».

 Член Коллегии советников Комитета по архитектуре и градостроительству. Член Правления Международного благотворительного фонда спасения Санкт-Петербурга.

Славина, Татьяна Андреевна — архитектор, педагог, исследователь истории и теории русской архитектуры, специалист в области охраны культурного наследия, общественный деятель; доктор архитектуры, профессор; действительный член Российской академии архитектуры и строительных наук. Член-корреспондент Международной академии архитектуры. Эксперт по проведению государственной историко-культурной экспертизы (до 2013 г.) В 1990-е гг. действительный член Академии гуманитарных наук; член-корреспондент Международной академии архитектуры в Москве (МААМ).

Научная деятельность
Основные направления работы ООО «Ассоциация исследователей Санкт-Петербурга» и ООО «Архитектурная мастерская Т. А. Славиной»:
 разработка научно-методического обеспечения охраны объектов культурного наследия, в том числе методика историко-культурной экспертизы;
 проведены историко-культурные экспертизы около двух сотен памятников Петербурга и окрестностей. В их числе — такие объекты, как Дом советов, Большой Гостиный двор, стадион им. Кирова, усадьба в Знаменке, дом Лобановых-Ростовских, храм-памятник 300-летия дома Романовых.
 Подготовлены обоснования проектов новых зданий, в частности дворцового комплекса «Белый замок» (архитектор Антон Медведев (исследование «Особняк Ю. Дж. Деревянко и современная застройка вокруг Суздальских озёр»).

Т. А. Славина — руководитель или участник проектов зон охраны городов Тихвина (исторический центр Тихвина благодаря Славиной фактически был сохранён от масштабного сноса в 1970 году), Перми, Ростова Великого.

Критика деятельности
Т.А. Славину и возглавляемую ей мастерскую неоднократно обвиняли в содействии разрушения культурного наследия Санкт-Петербурга. По мнению градозащитников, она служила своего рода "похоронной мастерской", которая с лёгкостью подписывала разрешения на снос исторических зданий (Зоологический переулок, дом 4; Галерная, 6; Лиговский проспект № 26, 30, 34; ул. Эсперова, 7; Невский, 91 — Гончарная, 4; Фонтанка, 23 и так далее). Также именно ей был согласован проект новой биржи в Санкт-Петербурге, который грозил разрушить панораму Стрелки.

Общественная деятельность (в разные годы)
 Президент общественной организации «Ассоциация исследователей Санкт-Петербурга»;
 Председатель редакционного совета Петербургские чтения;
 Член правления Ленинградского отделения фонда «Культурная инициатива»;
 Член Правления Международного благотворительного фонда спасения Санкт-Петербурга;
 Член Градостроительного совета Санкт-Петербурга;
 Член Совета по культурному наследию при Правительстве Санкт-Петербурга;
 Член Жюри комитета Анциферовской премии;
 Член Президиума и председатель Градостроительной комиссии ВООПИК Ленинградской области;
 Председатель жюри общегородских краеведческих чтений (Дворец творчества юных).

Публикации
 Константин Тон [Текст] / Т. А. Славина. — Л. : Стройиздат, 1989. — 224 с. : ил. — (Мастера архитектуры). — ISBN 5-274-00362-1
 Владимир Щуко [Текст] / Т. А. Славина. — Л.: Лениздат, 1978. — 136 с. : ил.
 Исследователи русского зодчества [Tекст] : русская историко-архитектурная наука XVIII — начала XX века / Т. А. Славина. — Л. : Изд-во Ленинградского университета, 1983. — 192 с. : ил.
 История русской архитектуры. — Л.: ЛО Стройиздат, 1994. — 600 с. — (В соавт.)
 Константин Тон [Текст] / Т. А. Славина. — Л. : Лениздат, 1982. — 151 с. : ил.
 Владимир Суслов / А. В. Суслова, Т. А. Славина. — Л.: Стройиздат, 1978. — 87 с.

Примечания

Доктора архитектуры
Академики РААСН

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Celeriac and electricity: dual-use system on arable land
The sun's energy is harvested on two levels in agrophotovoltaic systems where food can be grown beneath solar collectors. Food or fuel? Potatoes or electricity? In addition to growing energy crops for biofuel and biogas production, open space solar plants also compete with food production when it comes to land use. Agrophotovoltaics (APV), i.e. the dual use of arable land, can mitigate the conflicting interests of agriculture and open space PV systems. Solar panels collect solar energy directly above the crop fields that farmers plough with their tractors. APV-RESOLA is a pilot project aimed at investigating the efficiency of this dual use.
The solar panels are placed at a precisely calculated distance from each other to ensure optimal electricity yield and the best possible exposure of crops to the light that they require. The panels rest on long steel poles at five-metre intervals. While the collectors harvest energy at lofty heights, potatoes and celeriac tubers thrive in the soil directly below. Back in 1981, Prof. Adolf Goetzberger, founder of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, published an article in which he proposed this dual-use strategy for the first time. Many people thought it was a ridiculous idea at the time, but the dual use of land has since become reality on a 0.3-hectare field in the Heggelbach Hofgemeinschaft (Heggelbach farm community), a Demeter farm east of the village of Stockach on Lake Constance. The APV plant, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, has been up and running since September 2016, and so far everything seems to indicate that agriculture and energy production can be successfully combined on one and the same area.
Celeriac grows below the APV panels. © Gunther Willinger
The solar panels cover an area of 126 x 24 metres (approximately 3000 sqm) and consist of 720 modules with a maximum total output of 194 kilowatts (kWp). The 3000 sqm field below the solar panels is divided into rows where clover grass, potatoes, celeriac and wheat grow. Directly adjacent to this area is another 3000 sqm reference plot where the same plants are cultivated under normal conditions. Organic farmer Florian Reyer of the Heggelbach farm community is responsible for the production of crops. "Sometimes it can get a little tight when we maneuver the tractors between the poles of the solar modules, but in general, growing agricultural produce below the solar panels is not a problem," Reyer says, examining the celeriac tubers that, as late autumn approaches, will soon be harvested. The farmers are mainly interested in how the solar panels impact the soil and yields. Agricultural scientists Prof. Dr. Petra Högy and Andrea Ehmann from the University of Hohenheim are investigating this by determining harvest quantity and quality, and recording the temperature and humidity of the soil, air, solar radiation and precipitation using more than 30 static measurement stations along with some mobile ones.
"Our results show that the solar panels have hardly any impact on the distribution of precipitation and relatively little sunlight is kept away from the plants," explains Högy. The results of the 2017 harvest have been evaluated and are quite promising. The crop yield of clover grass under the solar panels was only five percent less than that of the reference plot. The yield losses for potatoes, wheat and celeriac were somewhat higher, accounting for between 18 and 19 percent. The researchers believe that in the extremely long, dry summer of 2017, the solar panel shading might even have been beneficial. "We expect that similar harvest yields can be achieved for wheat in the APV field in 2018, and potentially a slightly higher potato yield," says Andrea Ehmann. This might be due to the fact that the soil beneath the solar panels remained moist for a longer period of time than the field without the panels. However, the evaluations are still ongoing and final results will be available in spring 2019. What can be concluded so far is that positive shading effects might be an additional advantage of APV systems in times of climate change or in hotter, drier regions.
"Solar power yields are higher than expected" - Stephan Schindele, Fraunhofer ISE ISE
In the first twelve months, the APV plant produced over 245,000 kilowatt hours of electricity. This corresponds to 1,260 kilowatt-hours electricity per installed kilowatt, one third more than the Germany-wide average value of 950 kWh/kW. Stephan Schindele, project manager at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Freiburg, expects a similarly high energy yield for 2018. Taken together, the slightly lower crop yield and the good electricity yield is a fairly positive result. "All in all, the total yield on the APV area could be increased by 60%," says Schindele, who is quite happy with the initial results. An APV plant might therefore be an interesting additional source of income for farmers.
Measurement instruments below the APV panels of the Heggelbach farm community. © Gunther Willinger
The electricity produced on the Heggelbach farm community is either directly consumed on the farm or fed into the power grid in cooperation with EWS Schönau, a power producer that is also participating in the project. In cooperation with project partner BayWa r.e., the Heggelbach farm community is testing a 160 kWh battery storage system to find out whether it would be possible to supply the cold storage rooms with self-produced electricity at night. Another idea is to sell the power directly to nearby housing estates.
Consumers prefer APV to biogas and open space PV
The APV plant that consists of 50 tons of steel resting on high poles above the field, is not exactly what you'd call aesthetically pleasing. "At first, some of the locals were extremely skeptical," recalls Florian Reyer. This came as no surprise to him as he also sees the pilot project as dealing with social and bureaucratic hurdles. The Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) involved the public in workshops before and after construction of the pilot plant. "The workshop participants agreed that all available roof areas should first be completely covered with photovoltaic modules, as this would avoid putting up extra poles and transformer stations," says Dr. Christine Rösch of the KIT, "if it were still necessary to use arable land for producing energy, the majority of participants would choose electricity from APVs rather than from open space PV systems and biogas plants because it is possible to grow food beneath the APV panels." However, the erection of APVs would undoubtedly be a massive intrusion on the landscape. The workshop participants fear "APV wild growth" as happened with biogas plants some years ago and "roofing of the landscape". Another issue of concern was the threat of agriculture becoming "pseudo agriculture", as generating electricity is simpler, more reliable and more lucrative than harvesting biomass.
Whether APV plants will prevail in the future depends to a great extent on political decisions. Stephan Schindele expects conventional ground-mounted open space PV systems to become profitable over the next few years even without public funding. APV plants might play an important role in reducing the amount of land used for energy production.
Dual use with enormous potential
There is still room for optimising the use of materials. For example, it would be possible to replace the steel scaffolding with more climate-friendly wooden poles. Schindele points out that nobody is currently pursuing this approach as the price of steel is still relatively low. An Austrian engineer, Günter Czaloun, has come up with the idea of attaching the solar panels to a free-floating rope construction, which works well with just four cornerstones1. The basic idea of combining energy and food production still has room for refinement. Stephan Schindele and his colleagues see great potential in nurseries and fruit growers, where solar modules could be used for shading or protection from hail. Greenhouses and film cultures are also suitable for modified APV approaches. In Chile and Vietnam, the Fraunhofer ISE is currently testing smaller plants that make rural areas self-sufficient in local energy.2
For Reyer, photovoltaics is not the only solution: "We need a mix of energy supplies," he says. The Heggelbach farm community is already on the right track. In addition to the APV plant, which will be leased by the farm for 25 years and continue operating once the research project has come to an end, the farm operates a wood gasifier for producing electricity and heat, which is fed with woodchips from the surrounding forests. And of course, the roofs of stables and houses are also equipped with solar panels. Stephan Schindele of the Fraunhofer ISE believes that in the future APV plants in Baden-Württemberg will be no larger than one to two hectares and located in close proximity to a farm or next to industrial estates.
The APV-RESOLA project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the FONA framework for research for sustainable development. It is a joint project of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, BayWa r.e. Solar Projects GmbH, Elektrizitätswerke Schönau, Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the Bodensee-Oberschwaben Regional Association and the University of Hohenheim.
Construction of the solar plant: Hilber Solar, Austria.
The project runs from June 2016 to June 2019.
1 https://www.pveurope.eu/News/Solar-Generator/A-rope-rack-for-PV-modules
2 https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/presse-und-medien/presseinformationen/2018/agrophotovoltaik-goes-global-von-chile-bis-vietnam.html
Gunther Willinger
© BIOPRO Baden-Württemberg GmbH
Florian Reyer
Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach GbR
Heggelbach 8
88634 Herdwangen-Schönach
Phone: +49 (0)7557 1542
E-mail: landwirtschaft(at)heggelbachhof.de
Stephan Schindele
Projektleiter Agrophotovoltaik
Group Applied Storage Systems ASY
Dept. Electrical Energy Storage ELS
Fraunhofer-Institut für
Solare Energiesysteme ISE
Heidenhofstraße 2
Phone: +49 (0)761 4588-5961
E-mail: stephan.schindele(at)ise.fraunhofer.de
Prof. Dr. Petra Högy
Andrea Ehmann
Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie |
Fachgebiet Pflanzenökologie und Ökotoxikologie
August-von-Hartmann Str. 3
Phone: +49 (0)711 45923819, 22379
E-mail: petra.hoegy(at)uni-hohenheim.de
a.ehmann(at)uni-hohenheim.de
Dr. Christine Rösch
Institut für Technikfolgenabschätzung und Systemanalyse (ITAS)
Phone: +49 (0)721 608-22704
E-mail: christine.roesch(at)kit.edu
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Agrophotovoltaics – Resource-Efficient Land Use (APV-RESOLA)
Current Data energy production of the APV-Anlage
Press release: Harvesting the Sun for Power and Produce: Agrophotovoltaics Increases the Land Use Efficiency by over 60 Percent
The article is part of the following dossiers
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Biogas as a component of the energy transition
Website address: https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/news/celeriac-and-electricity-dual-use-system-on-arable-land

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
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    .pipe(changed(config.dest))
    .pipe(gulp.dest(config.dest))
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Not sure what to bring in? Do the D.U.C.K.
We want the best for our customers and consignors. We strive to provide clothing, toys, books, and equipment in the best condition possible. Ready to wear items are a must.
Current styles are key to great quality! Items within 5 years of age are considered.
Newborn through youth size 18-20 and maternity clothing are considered for consignment along with kids toys, books, shoes, games, athletic gear, and equipment.
We treat your clothing with care and thoroughly inspect every item using our time-tested quality assurance process. Items that meet our quality standards are keyed into the system and made available for sale. Some items get their photos taken and made available on our online store.
We accept consignment Monday through Saturday, NO APPOINTMENT NECESSARY.
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When your items sell the money goes directly onto your account. You receive 40% of the sale for items under $30 and 50% of the sale for items that sell over $30. Two options are available to receive your funds.
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text:
using NPOI.OpenXmlFormats;
using System;
using NPOI.HSSF.Util;
using System.Text;
using NPOI.Util;
using NPOI.SS.UserModel;
using NPOI.OpenXmlFormats.Spreadsheet;
namespace NPOI.XSSF.UserModel
{

    /**
     * Represents a color in SpreadsheetML
     */
    public class XSSFColor : ExtendedColor
    {

        private CT_Color ctColor;

        /**
         * Create an instance of XSSFColor from the supplied XML bean
         */
        public XSSFColor(CT_Color color)
        {
            this.ctColor = color;
        }

        /**
         * Create an new instance of XSSFColor
         */
        public XSSFColor()
        {
            this.ctColor = new CT_Color();
        }

        public XSSFColor(System.Drawing.Color clr)
            : this()
        {

            ctColor.SetRgb(clr.R, clr.G, clr.B);
        }

        public XSSFColor(byte[] rgb)
            : this()
        {

            ctColor.SetRgb(rgb);
        }

        public XSSFColor(IndexedColors indexedColor)
            : this()
        {
            ctColor.indexed = (uint)indexedColor.Index;
        }
        ///
        ///A bool value indicating the ctColor is automatic and system ctColor dependent.
        ///
        public override bool IsAuto
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.auto;
            }
            set
            {
                ctColor.auto = value;
                ctColor.autoSpecified = true;
            }
        }
        public override bool IsIndexed
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.IsSetIndexed();
            }

        }
        public override bool IsRGB
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.IsSetRgb();
            }
        }

        public override bool IsThemed
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.IsSetTheme();
            }
        }

        /**
         * A bool value indicating if the ctColor has a alpha or not
         */
        public bool HasAlpha
        {
            get
            {
                if (!ctColor.IsSetRgb()) return false;
                return ctColor.rgb.Length == 4;
            }

        }
        /**
         * A bool value indicating if the ctColor has a tint or not
         */
        public bool HasTint
        {
            get
            {
                if (!ctColor.IsSetTint())
                {
                    return false;
                }
                return ctColor.tint != 0;
            }
        }
        public override short Index
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.indexedSpecified ? (short)ctColor.indexed : (short)0;
            }
        }
        /**
         * Indexed ctColor value. Only used for backwards compatibility. References a ctColor in indexedColors.
         */
        public short Indexed
        {
            get
            {
                return Index;
            }
            set
            {
                ctColor.indexed = (uint)value;
                ctColor.indexedSpecified = true;
            }
        }

        [Obsolete("use property RGB")]
        public byte[] GetRgb()
        {
            return this.RGB;
        }

        protected override byte[] StoredRBG
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.rgb;
            }

        }
        /**
         * Standard Red Green Blue ctColor value (RGB).
         * If there was an A (Alpha) value, it will be stripped.
         */
        public override byte[] RGB
        {
            get
            {
                byte[] rgb = GetRGBOrARGB();
                if (rgb == null) return null;

                if (rgb.Length == 4)
                {
                    // Need to trim off the alpha
                    byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
                    Array.Copy(rgb, 1, tmp, 0, 3);
                    return tmp;
                }
                else
                {
                    return rgb;
                }
            }
            set
            {
                ctColor.SetRgb((value));
            }
        }
        /**
        * Standard Alpha Red Green Blue ctColor value (ARGB).
        */
        public override byte[] ARGB
        {
            get
            {
                byte[] rgb = GetRGBOrARGB();
                if (rgb == null) return null;

                if (rgb.Length == 3)
                {
                    // Pad with the default Alpha
                    byte[] tmp = new byte[4];
                    unchecked
                    {
                        tmp[0] = (byte)-1;
                    }
                    Array.Copy(rgb, 0, tmp, 1, 3);
                    return tmp;
                }
                else
                {
                    return rgb;
                }
            }

        }
        /**
         * Standard Alpha Red Green Blue ctColor value (ARGB).
         */
        [Obsolete("use property ARGB")]
        public byte[] GetARgb()
        {
            return ARGB;
        }

        /**
         * Standard Red Green Blue ctColor value (RGB) with applied tint.
         * Alpha values are ignored.
         */
        public byte[] GetRgbWithTint()
        {
            byte[] rgb = ctColor.GetRgb();
            if (rgb != null)
            {
                if (rgb.Length == 4)
                {
                    byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
                    Array.Copy(rgb, 1, tmp, 0, 3);
                    rgb = tmp;
                }
                for (int i = 0; i < rgb.Length; i++)
                {
                    rgb[i] = ApplyTint(rgb[i] & 0xFF, ctColor.tint);
                }
            }
            return rgb;
        }

        private static byte ApplyTint(int lum, double tint)
        {
            if (tint > 0)
            {
                return (byte)(lum * (1.0 - tint) + (255 - 255 * (1.0 - tint)));
            }
            else if (tint < 0)
            {
                return (byte)(lum * (1 + tint));
            }
            else
            {
                return (byte)lum;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Standard Alpha Red Green Blue ctColor value (ARGB).
         */
        public void SetRgb(byte[] rgb)
        {
            // Correct it and save
            ctColor.SetRgb((rgb));
        }

        /**
         * Index into the clrScheme collection, referencing a particular sysClr or
         *  srgbClr value expressed in the Theme part.
         */
        public override int Theme
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.themeSpecified ? (int)ctColor.theme : (int)0;
            }
            set
            {
                ctColor.theme = (uint)value;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Specifies the tint value applied to the ctColor.
         *
         *

         * If tint is supplied, then it is applied to the RGB value of the ctColor to determine the final
         * ctColor applied.
         *

         *

         * The tint value is stored as a double from -1.0 .. 1.0, where -1.0 means 100% darken and
         * 1.0 means 100% lighten. Also, 0.0 means no Change.
         *

         *

         * In loading the RGB value, it is Converted to HLS where HLS values are (0..HLSMAX), where
         * HLSMAX is currently 255.
         *

         * Here are some examples of how to apply tint to ctColor:
         *

         *

         * If (tint < 0)
         * Lum' = Lum * (1.0 + tint)
         *
         * For example: Lum = 200; tint = -0.5; Darken 50%
         * Lum' = 200 * (0.5) => 100
         * For example: Lum = 200; tint = -1.0; Darken 100% (make black)
         * Lum' = 200 * (1.0-1.0) => 0
         * If (tint > 0)
         * Lum' = Lum * (1.0-tint) + (HLSMAX - HLSMAX * (1.0-tint))
         * For example: Lum = 100; tint = 0.75; Lighten 75%
         *
         * Lum' = 100 * (1-.75) + (HLSMAX - HLSMAX*(1-.75))
         * = 100 * .25 + (255 - 255 * .25)
         * = 25 + (255 - 63) = 25 + 192 = 217
         * For example: Lum = 100; tint = 1.0; Lighten 100% (make white)
         * Lum' = 100 * (1-1) + (HLSMAX - HLSMAX*(1-1))
         * = 100 * 0 + (255 - 255 * 0)
         * = 0 + (255 - 0) = 255
         *

         *

         *
         * @return the tint value
         */
        public override double Tint
        {
            get
            {
                return ctColor.tint;
            }
            set
            {
                ctColor.tint = value;
                ctColor.tintSpecified = true;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the underlying XML bean
         *
         * @return the underlying XML bean
         */

        internal CT_Color GetCTColor()
        {
            return ctColor;
        }
        ///
        /// Checked type cast <tt>color</tt> to an XSSFColor.
        ///
        /// <param name="color">the color to type cast</param>
        /// <returns>the type casted color</returns>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">if color is null or is not an instance of XSSFColor</exception>
        public static XSSFColor ToXSSFColor(IColor color)
        {
            // FIXME: this method would be more useful if it could convert any Color to an XSSFColor
            // Currently the only benefit of this method is to throw an IllegalArgumentException
            // instead of a ClassCastException.
            if (color != null && !(color is XSSFColor)) {
                throw new ArgumentException("Only XSSFColor objects are supported");
            }
            return (XSSFColor)color;
        }
        // Helper methods for {@link #equals(Object)}
        private bool SameIndexed(XSSFColor other)
        {
            if (IsIndexed == other.IsIndexed)
            {
                if (IsIndexed)
                {
                    return Indexed == other.Indexed;
                }
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        private bool SameARGB(XSSFColor other)
        {
            if (IsRGB == other.IsRGB)
            {
                if (IsRGB)
                {
                    return Arrays.Equals(ARGB, other.ARGB);
                }
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        private bool SameTheme(XSSFColor other)
        {
            if (IsThemed == other.IsThemed)
            {
                if (IsThemed)
                {
                    return Theme == other.Theme;
                }
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        private bool SameTint(XSSFColor other)
        {
            if (HasTint == other.HasTint)
            {
                if (HasTint)
                {
                    return Tint == other.Tint;
                }
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        private bool SameAuto(XSSFColor other)
        {
            return IsAuto == other.IsAuto;
        }
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return ctColor.ToString().GetHashCode();
        }

        public override bool Equals(Object o)
        {
            if (o == null || !(o is XSSFColor))
                return false;

            XSSFColor other = (XSSFColor)o;

            // Compare each field in ctColor.
            // Cannot compare ctColor's XML string representation because equivalent
            // colors may have different relation namespace URI's
            return SameARGB(other)
                    && SameTheme(other)
                    && SameIndexed(other)
                    && SameTint(other)
                    && SameAuto(other);
        }
    }

}


text:
Die Avoceta war ein 1923 in Dienst gestelltes Passagierschiff der britischen Reederei Yeoward Line, das Passagiere, Fracht und Post zwischen Großbritannien, Portugal und Spanien beförderte. Am 26. September 1941 wurde die Avoceta auf dem Nordatlantik durch ein deutsches U-Boot versenkt. Dabei kamen 123 Menschen ums Leben.

Das Schiff
Das 3.442 BRT große, aus Stahl gebaute Passagier- und Frachtschiff Avoceta wurde auf der Werft Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company im schottischen Dundee gebaut und lief am 21. September 1922 mit der Baunummer 279 vom Stapel. Im Januar 1923 wurde das Schiff fertiggestellt. Die Avoceta war 97,23 Meter lang, 13,47 Meter breit und hatte einen maximalen Tiefgang von 8,08 Metern. Die Dreifachexpansions-Dampfmaschine, die einen einzelnen Propeller antrieb, leistete 395 nominale Pferdestärken und beschleunigte den Dampfer auf 12,5 Knoten. Sie war das Schwesterschiff der 1922 fertiggestellten Alondra (II) (3.445 BRT).

Das Schiff wurde für die 1894 gegründete, in Liverpool sitzende Reederei Yeoward Line gebaut, welche ursprünglich nur Obst importierte, seit 1900 aber einen regelmäßigen Passagier- und Frachtverkehr von Liverpool nach Spanien, Portugal und den Kanarischen Inseln unterhielt. Die Namen der Schiffe der Yeoward Line begannen alle mit einem A. Der Schornstein war schwarz und zeigte einen rotumrandeten gelben Streifen mit dem Buchstaben Y.

Am Montag, dem 18. August 1941, legte die Avoceta unter dem Kommando von Kapitän Harold Martin in Liverpool ab und dampfte als Teil des Geleitzugs OG-72 nach Gibraltar. Von dort lief sie am Nachmittag des 17. September ohne Geleitschutz nach Lissabon aus, wo sie 469 Tonnen Fracht und 573 Postsäcke sowie Passagiere an Bord nahm. Die Passagiere waren hauptsächlich Ehefrauen und Kinder britischer Militärangehöriger, die aus dem von den Nationalsozialisten besetzten Frankreich geflohen waren und in das Vereinigte Königreich evakuiert werden sollten.

Versenkung
Auf der Rückfahrt von Lissabon nach Liverpool fuhr die Avoceta in dem Konvoi HG-73, der aus insgesamt 25 Schiffen bestand und von zehn Korvetten und Zerstörern sowie dem CAM-Schiff Springbank begleitet wurde. Sie fuhr in der fünften von sieben Reihen und hatte den Kommandanten des Konvois, Rear Admiral Sir Kenelm Everard Lane Creighton, sowie weitere fünf Männer des Begleitkommandos an Bord. Daneben waren 66 Besatzungsmitglieder, 88 Passagiere und sechs Artilleristen der Royal Navy zur Verteidigung des Schiffs an Bord. Unter den Passagieren waren die zehn Überlebenden des Untergangs des Passagierdampfers Aguila, der derselben Reederei angehörte und der vier Wochen zuvor von U 201 versenkt worden war. Insgesamt befanden sich 166 Menschen auf dem Schiff.

Der Angriff auf den nordwärts fahrenden Konvoi begann in der Nacht vom 24. auf den 25. September 1941 im Nordatlantik nördlich der Azoren, als U 124 unter Korvettenkapitän Johann Mohr den Dampfer Empire Stream versenkte, der dem britischen Kriegsministerium gehörte. In der darauf folgenden Nacht kam im Sinne der von Karl Dönitz erdachten Rudeltaktik U 203 hinzu, ein deutsches U-Boot des Typs VII C unter dem Kommando von Kapitänleutnant Rolf Mützelburg.

Um 0.31 Uhr am 26. September schoss Mützelburg eine Salve von vier Torpedos auf den Konvoi ab. Er hörte alle vier detonieren, sah aber nicht, welche Schiffe er getroffen hatte, da er von der Korvette HMS Larkspur angegriffen wurde und abtauchen musste. Die Avoceta und das norwegische Passagierschiff Varangberg waren von den Torpedos getroffen worden und sanken. Die Avoceta ging in nur zwei Minuten mit dem Heck voran fast vertikal unter. 43 Besatzungsmitglieder, vier Artilleristen und 76 Passagiere, insgesamt 123 Menschen, kamen dabei ums Leben, darunter 32 Frauen und 20 Kinder. Das älteste Todesopfer war der 73-jährige Ernest F. Andrews. Die jüngsten Opfer waren vier Kleinkinder unter einem Jahr. Die 43-jährige Passagierin Ida Winifred Barker starb mit ihren sieben Kindern. Ebenfalls unter den Opfern waren der britische Geistliche Rev. Edward John Theodore Stanley (61) und seine Schwester Elizabeth Rebecca Frances Stanley (58), die von Missionarsarbeit in Vichy-Frankreich nach Hause zurückkehrten.

Kapitän Martin, Rear Admiral Creighton, die fünf Männer vom Begleitkommando, zwei Artilleristen und zwölf Passagiere, darunter zwei Frauen, wurden von den Korvetten HMS Periwinkle und HMS Jasmine aufgenommen und am 30. September in Milford Haven (Wales) an Land gebracht. Unter den überlebenden Passagieren war Arthur Firth, ehemaliger Kapitän der Aguila. Der Dampfer Cervantes rettete weitere drei Mannschaftsmitglieder, wurde jedoch am darauf folgenden Tag von U 201 versenkt. Die drei Männer von der Avoceta überlebten auch diese Versenkung und kamen auf dem Dampfer Starling am 1. Oktober in Liverpool an.

Weitere U-Boote, die den Konvoi HG-73 auf seiner Reise angriffen, waren U 201, U 205 und U 371 sowie die italienischen U-Boote Torelli, Morosini und Da Vinci. Der Konvoi verlor zehn Schiffe mit einem Rauminhalt von insgesamt 25.818 BRT. Das Wrack der Avoceta liegt auf der Position .

Weblinks
 Eintrag im Schiffsverzeichnis Miramar Ship Index
 Technische und historische Daten der Avoceta (mit Foto)
 Die Versenkung der Avoceta durch U 203 in der U-Boot-Datenbank (mit Foto)
 Die Avoceta in einer Auflistung der Schiffe der Yeoward Line
 Augenzeugenbericht des überlebenden dritten Funkers Grahame Morris (damals 19 Jahre alt)

Passagierschiff (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schiffsverlust im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1941
Schiffswrack
Dampfmaschinenschiff
Katastrophe 1941
Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company


text:
(place) by everyone Sun Jan 21 2001 at 8:09:57
UCLA was founded in 1919, as the "southern branch of the University of California". However, its beginnings date from almost thirty years earlier in the March of 1881, when the State Assembly of California, approved the establishment of a second State Normal School(*). Funding for the site was achieved by contributions from over 200 "enthusiastic citizens". On August 29, 1882, it opened its doors to its first students.
Having moved to Vermont Avenue in 1914, its Director Ernest Carroll Moore moved in 1917, that the school ought to become the first branch of the University of California, then based at Berkeley. The subsequent legislation of May 23, 1919, transformed UCLA from a teacher's college two a true institution of learning, offering two-year courses of intruction in Law and the Sciences.
UCLA's first class of 300 students graduated in 1925, and the then site's capacity was gradually being exhausted. Eventually the University moved to its new home at Westwood, and began to offer Master's Degrees in 1933, and three years later, in 1936, Doctorates.
Today the University, only 80 years old, occupies some 163 buildings over some 4198 acres, and has a student body of more than 36,500 students. The current Chancellor is Albert Carnesale, who assumed his post on July 1, 1997.
(*) The first being in San José -- some 300 miles to the north.
Grateful acknowledgment is given to UCLA,
http://www.ucla.edu
(thing) by Billy Sun Jan 21 2001 at 8:25:45
UCLA is perhaps most famous for its men's basketball team, which dominated the sport in the '60s and early '70s like no other team has, perhaps in ANY sport, before or since.
The Bruins, coached by John Wooden, won 10 national championships in 12 seasons from 1964-1975, including seven straight from 1967-1973. From 1971-1974, UCLA won an amazing 88 straight games. Key players during that period included Lew Alcindor (who later changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) and Bill Walton.
UCLA also won the national championship in 1995.
University of California UCLA Zeta Beta Tau Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
John Wooden Early Entrance Program at CSULA Stanford University University of California, Riverside
The Sources of Social Power Kelly Perdew Catherine Hardwicke John Okada
Rose of Aberlone Baja California Norte Ben Horowitz Wikipedia
Yale Bloc Party state school Passing efficiency
Bill Walton Baby Face Republication
Formatting poems and simple HTML
A Sniper in Every Minaret


The first fossil of Archaeopteryx to have been discovered, turns out not to represent the "Urvogel" at all. In a reassessment of the fossil, known as the Haarlem specimen, as it is part of the vertebrate collection housed at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem (Holland), it has been re-described as a small predatory dinosaur belonging to the anchiornithid family. The dinosaur has been named Ostromia crassipes, the genus name honours the late John Ostrom, who identified the Haarlem specimen as a Theropod and was instrumental in the work that led to the definition of dinosaurs as dynamic, active reptiles.
The holotype fossil of Ostromia crassipes, previously thought to represent Archaeopteryx.
The fossil studied, actually consists of two parts, the counterslab TM 6929 (left) and the main slab (right) TM 6928.
Archaeopteryx was named in 1861, however, the Haarlem specimen was found four years earlier. To date, around a dozen specimens have been assigned to the Archaeopteryx genus, including a single, fossilised feather. The discovery of Archaeopteryx supported the theory of natural selection proposed by Darwin and Wallace as it represented a transitional form between reptiles and birds. Archaeopteryx fossils support the idea that modern birds are descendants of carnivorous dinosaurs.
Writing in the academic journal "BMC Evolutionary Biology", palaeontologists Oliver Rauhut and Christian Foth from the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart have re-examined the Haarlem specimen. They conclude that this fossil differs in several important respects from the other known representatives of the genus Archaeopteryx. The researchers conclude that the fossil is not an Archaeopteryx at all, but a representative of the very bird-like maniraptoran dinosaurs known as anchiornithids.
These crow-sized, predatory dinosaurs possessed feathers on all four limbs, and they predate the appearance of Archaeopteryx by several million years.
The scientists looked at the relative proportions of limb, toe and finger bones and noted that the Haarlem material (TM 6929 and TM 6928), was different from other Archaeopteryx specimens. In addition, it had affinities with the fossilised remains of Anchiornis from China. Furthermore, differences in bone osteology were observed. For example, the Haarlem fossil specimen has a regular, well-developed longitudinal furrow on the exposed medial side of the preserved manual phalanx, this furrow is not present on any of the finger bones ascribed to Archaeopteryx.
Comparison of Theropod finger bones in highly compacted sediments. Scale bar in mm.
The photograph (above) shows close-up views of the finger bones (manual phalanges) of several Theropods, analysis of the shape of the bones, their features and their proportions led the researchers to conclude that the Haarlem specimen was not Archaeopteryx.
Discovered in 1857, the Haarlem fossil specimen was found about 6 miles (10 kilometres), to the north-east of the closest Archaeopteryx locality known (Schamhaupten) which is near the town of Altmannstein in southern Bavaria. The Jurassic-aged rocks in this area were laid down in a shallow sea, in which were scattered numerous small islands, an archipelago, that provided an environment, superficially similar to that of the Caribbean today. These islands that once covered southern Bavaria, are known as the Solnhofen archipelago, the region from which all known specimens of the genus Archaeopteryx come from. The taxonomic reassignment of the Haarlem specimen to the feathered Anchiornithidae has provided a fresh insight into the evolution of the Avialae and indicates that the first bird-like dinosaurs originated in Asia. During the Middle to the Late Jurassic these creatures migrated westwards, reaching the Solnhofen archipelago of Western Europe some 150 million years ago.
The Haarlem fossil was originally recovered from what was then the eastern end of the archipelago, quite close to the mainland. Unlike Archaeopteryx, anchiornithids were (most likely), unable to fly, and might not have been able to reach the more remote islands offshore. All true fossils of Archaeopteryx found to date were recovered from the lithographic limestone strata further to the west, closer to the open sea. This implies that dinosaurs like Ostromia may have been limited in their distribution, compared to the volant Archaeopteryx.
The researchers speculate that the flightless Ostromia could not have reached the islands furthermost from the mainland whilst Archaeopteryx with its powered flight capability was able to reach outlying islands.
In the diagram above, Ostromia may have been unable to reach the more remote parts of the island chain whilst Archaeopteryx, which was capable of powered flight (its aerial abilities are still debated), would have been more able to "island hop".
Based on these new findings, the researchers postulate that other known Archaeopteryx fossils may need reassessment.
The scientific paper: "Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the Radiation of Maniraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs" by Christian Foth and Oliver W. M. Rauhut published in BMC Evolutionary Biology.
The oldest Archaeopteryx fossil: The Oldest Archaeopteryx in Town?