text:
Protocols for biological assessment
Application of the Water Quality Guidelines to groundwater
Evaluating multiple pressures and stressors
Effects-based physical and chemical stressor guidance
Physical and chemical stressor guidance
Stressors unrelated to water quality
This information updates the recommendations of the biological monitoring protocols that were provided in Volume 2, Appendix 3 of the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guidelines for fresh and marine water quality.
ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) contained nine groups of protocols (some of which were subdivided into separate methods) for biological indicators (see Appendix 3 of Vol. 2 of ANZECC/ARMCANZ 2000). Some of these protocols are now out of date or alternative procedures have been developed since the publication of ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000).
Instead of providing detailed protocols, this updated information advises users to seek the latest relevant methods and protocols for a chosen biological response indicator in the peer-reviewed, international, published literature and also as provided or advised by relevant national, state or territory governments. Note that handbooks (e.g. Hauer & Lamberti 1996, Gibson et al. 2000, Davies et al. 2001, CCME 2011, Anderson & Davis 2013) can quickly become dated and, like those in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000), should be treated as starting points for a thorough search of the relevant literature. Simpson and Batley (2016) provided recent surveys of protocols for assessing sediment quality (see Section 1), and there will likely be developments and improvements of these protocols as research and implementation progress.
This information should be used in conjunction with ANZG (2020), which describes issues that guide the choice of biological response indicators (also termed ecosystem receptor indicators). Some of the links on this page are for particular programs or jurisdictionally specific processes. The onus is on the user to justify the selection of indicators so that they are fit for the project purposes based on the current understanding and management goals determined in Step 1 and Step 2 of the Water Quality Management Framework (ANZG 2018). For example, using a rapid biological assessment protocol may be inadequate to investigate an unexpected event. Conversely, such a protocol may be suitable for implementing a broad-scale monitoring program.
Protocols for biological assessment of sediments
Detailed protocols for the assessment of indicators of sediment quality are provided in Simpson and Batley (2016), which is downloadable from the CSIRO website. These comprise protocols for:
whole sediment bioassay using the marine microalga Entomoneis cf. punctulata
10-day whole sediment sub-lethal (reproduction) and acute toxicity tests using the epibenthic amphipod Melita plumulosa
whole sediment sub-lethal (reproduction) and acute toxicity tests using the copepod Nitocra spinipes
10-day whole sediment lethality tests and 30-day bioaccumulation tests using the deposit-feeding benthic bivalve Tellina deltoidalis
10-day whole sediment sub-lethal (reproduction) and acute toxicity tests using the freshwater chironomid Chironomus tepperi
whole sediment acute and sub-lethal toxicity tests using the freshwater pond snail Physa acuta
whole sediment bivalve biomarker assays using Tellina deltoidalis and Anadara trapezia
ecotoxicogenomics: microarray analysis of gene expression in sediment biota.
Protocols for biological monitoring of waters
Various agencies provide guidance about sampling protocols for particular biological indicators and programs. Most of the links on this page refer to particular programs for a given government agency, and such programs may not cover all applications of biological response indicators. For the convenience of users, these links provide information about biological response indicators specific to each country, state, territory or major regional program at the time of writing. None of these sources will provide comprehensive information for all possible situations, and users should liaise with agencies and stakeholders to ensure the appropriate indicators are selected and the acceptable protocols are used.
Similarly, some industry-specific protocols may become available or be recommended under some circumstances. For example, appropriate indicators and sampling protocols for assessing impacts of salmonid farming on rocky reefs are discussed by Valentine et al. (2016), and Nichols et al. (2017) canvas options for improving rapid biological assessment protocols using freshwater macroinvertebrates.
The National Environmental Monitoring Standards are being developed to ensure consistency for monitoring applications throughout New Zealand. Development of this website is ongoing.
Protocols for field sampling of freshwater fish in both wadeable (Joy et al. 2013) and non-wadeable (Hicks 2013) habitats have been published.
The National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (New Zealand Government 2017) mandates the use of the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) (Stark & Maxted 2007) for freshwater macroinvertebrates. Policy Objective CB1(aa) requires councils develop a monitoring plan that includes macroinvertebrate community monitoring. Under Policy Objective CB3, every regional council must:
use the MCI
establish methods under Policy CB2 to respond to an MCI score below 80, or a declining trend
ensure the methods:
investigate the causes of declining trends or where the MCI score is below 80
seek to halt declining trends
seek to improve an MCI score if it is below 80, unless this is caused by naturally occurring processes, pest or unwanted organism, or by infrastructure listed in Appendix 3 of New Zealand Government (2017).
Additional guidance relevant to New Zealand includes:
protocols for sampling macroinvertebrates in wadeable streams (Stark et al. 2001)
stream periphyton monitoring manual (Biggs & Kilroy 2000)
Sediment Assessment Methods, which provides protocols and guidelines for deposited fine sediments in flowing waters (Clapcott et al. 2011)
community-based (i.e. 'Citizen Science') protocols are given in the Stream Health Monitoring and Assessment Kit (NIWA 2016).
New Zealand users should be aware that frameworks and tools continue to be updated and developed (e.g. Macroinvertebrate metrics for the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (Clapcott et al. 2017)). Consequently, users should consult with relevant agencies to ensure that the biological protocols adopted are consistent with best practice and current policy.
Australia – national level
National level biological assessment protocols exist for both freshwater and marine ecosystems and, as noted through the subsequent sections, can be recommended or adopted by the states and territories. A summary list is provided below.
The Australian River Assessment System (AusRivAS) is a prediction system used to assess the biological health of Australian rivers, developed under the National River Health Program (NRHP) in 1994. AUSRIVAS has two streams, Bioassessment and Physical assessment, with the former providing protocols for macroinvertebrate assessment. The AusRivAS website provides access to protocols, training as well as regional (state and territory) AusRivAS models.
The National Environmental Science Program (NESP) Marine Biodiversity Hub has published field manuals for marine sampling (Przeslawski & Foster 2020). The primary aim of the manuals is to ensure that data collected by marine sampling platforms at different times and places across Australia are directly comparable. They include, but are not limited to, protocols for sampling via autonomous underwater vehicles, different methods of videography and different towed approaches.
Survey guidelines for threatened fish species (SEWPaC 2011) have been published to provide guidance for the assessment of Australia's threatened fish species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
The National Investigation and Reporting Protocol for Fish Kills (Commonwealth of Australia 2007) encourages a consistent national approach in the response to major fish kill incidents in freshwater, estuarine and marine waters. The protocol aims to streamline the investigation and reporting of major fish kill incident, and sets out the recommended minimum requirements for each stage of the management of a fish kill incident, including preparedness, investigation and reporting activities.
At the time of writing, no specific protocols had been identified for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Typically, the national or New South Wales (NSW) protocols are adopted in the ACT.
The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment – Water Group uses a range of indicators and monitoring programs to track and assess river health (DPIE 2020). These indices focus on freshwater inland and coastal rivers above the tidal limit.
The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment – Environment, Energy and Science Group focuses on the use of ANZG (2018) and AusRivAS for assessing estuarine waterway health (Department of Planning, Industry and Environment 2019), and brief advice is provided for macroinvertebrate sampling. An example of water quality monitoring reporting is provided for one regional area (Midcoast Council 2018), within which some details are provided about specific methods.
Other NSW Government agencies such as Department of Primary Industries – Fisheries and the Environmental Protection Agency may also carry out monitoring programs and should be consulted as needed for appropriate protocols.
General advice for using the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) Guidelines for NSW is provided here. Note that this document was published in 2006 and has not been updated to reflect the current Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (ANZG 2018). Consequently, it should be read in conjunction with ANZG (2018).
The use of AusRivAs modelling is discouraged in the Northern Territory; however, the collection and sample processing methods prescribed in Lloyd and Cook (2001) and Lamche (2007) are applicable to stream assessment where appropriate when coupled with rigorous experimental design.
AUSRIVAS procedures for family-level Northern Territory models are described in the Northern Territory AusRivAs sampling and processing manual (Lloyd and Cook 2001), and for genus-level (and family-level) in the Darwin-Daly regional AusRivAs models (Lamche 2007). Methods for the assessment of condition of riparian zones are described in Dixon et al. (2006).
The Supervising Scientist Branch of the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment undertakes annual biological monitoring in receiving waters downstream of the Ranger uranium mine. Protocols for toxicity monitoring (early detection) and quantitative macroinvertebrate sampling (biodiversity assessment) are provided in Supervising Scientist Division (2011, 2013).
Several biological indicators that are relevant to water and sediment quality have protocols described in the Queensland Government Water monitoring and sampling manual (DES 2018). Queensland's WetlandInfo site (DES 2020) contains a full assessment toolbox with a filterable search function enabling identification of multiple assessment techniques. Additionally WetlandInfo contains a list of approved inventory methods in Queensland.
Additionally, the following protocol from ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) is currently applicable in Queensland:
8.1.2.1 Stream, Lakes and Wetlands – Algae, Macroinvertebrates, Freshwater Fish, Turtles and Community Metabolism (although often modified for specific regional report cards), including Methods 3A(ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and 3B.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) has a number of different biological monitoring protocols including the Reef 2050 Water Quality Improvement Plan Marine Monitoring Program (GBRMPA 2020), Eye on the Reef (GBRMPA 2011) and Incident Response (GBRMPA 2013) monitoring protocols. Endorsed protocols are available at the GBRMPA ELibrary.
As with other Australian State and Territory regulations, a number of the Queensland protocols assume that the user has the necessary permits (e.g. general fisheries permit), ethics and scientific use approvals to use them. This may include, for example, an exemption to default bag limits, such as for molluscs or particular fish species, depending on the needs of the monitoring program.
The South Australian Environment Protection Authority drives the aquatic ecosystem monitoring and reporting program in marine water and inland surface waters (EPA South Australia 2020).
The use of AusRivAS (Method 3A(i) in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)) is discouraged, although rapid assessment of macroinvertebrates via a rapid field pick under Method 3A(ii) is still applicable.
The Environment Protection Authority (EPA South Australia 2018) has provided details on the rationale and method for the assessment of South Australian inland waters (rivers and creeks) and this is used in its statewide monitoring, evaluation and reporting program.
The Tasmanian Environmental Protection Authority provides overviews of water quality issues and monitoring programs (EPA Tasmania 2013) and guidance for biological monitoring (Environment Protection Authority 2020), while the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment provides information on assessing river health (DPIPWE 2016a).
The health of waterways is assessed using standard bioassessment methods based on the Tasmanian River Condition Index (NRMSouth 2009) and AusRivAS. The Tasmanian River Condition Index includes rapid biological assessment protocols for algae, macroinvertebrates (based on AusRivAS), fish and riparian vegetation. The intended uses of the index are itemised in DPIPWE (2016b), and links to various protocols are provided.
Contextual information (e.g. degree of flow modification) that could be helpful in selecting indicators can be found in the Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystem Values Database.
Users in Victoria should consult with the relevant agencies (e.g. Environment Protection Authority Victoria) to ensure that protocols adopted for biological indicators are consistent with current policy and guidance.
Victorian EPA has developed the following relevant publications:
The rapid biological assessment methodology for rivers and streams (EPA Victoria 2003) is to be used whenever rapid bioassessment is to be undertaken for purposes required by the Environment Protection Act 1970. (This publication replaces publication 604, which was issued in June 1998.)
The environmental quality guidelines for Victorian lakes (EPA Victoria 2010) identifies indicators and their values for assessing the ambient condition of Victorian lakes. Managers are encouraged to use the methods outlined in this manual and provide feedback to the Environmental Protection Authority Victoria to further develop them.
Similarly, the environmental water quality guidelines for Victorian riverine estuaries (EPA Victoria 2011) provides a framework and tools for assessing their environmental condition. It provides guideline values that describe the condition of reference-quality estuaries, which can be used as an indicator for the assessment of other estuaries. This publication describes the development and use of these indicators.
Risk based sediment quality assessment guidelines have been adopted (SEPP Waters 2018) for freshwater, estuarine and marine sediments, based on an adaptation of the methods in Simpson and Batley (2016).
Additionally the Victorian Algal Management Framework (DELWP 2018) provides guidance on the preparedness and response arrangements for harmful algal bloom coordination within Victoria.
Rapid biological assessment protocols for freshwater macroinvertebrates under AusRivAS are provided in the Western Australia AusRivAS sampling and processing manual (van Looij 2009).
Rapid biological assessment protocols for fish and crayfish within south-west waters are provided as part of the South-west Index of River Condition (SWIRC) by the Department of Water (Storer et al 2020b). The SWIRC also incorporates standard methods for collection of information (field and desktop) needed to support species expectations or to diagnose changes in aquatic communities (summary provided in Storer et al 2020a). Sampling protocols for particular fish species are available through the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 threatened fish sampling protocols (SEWPaC 2011).
Apart from particular programs, such as monitoring the health of Cockburn Sound (Environmental Protection Authority 2005), there are no compulsory protocols for marine water. Some general guidance for indicator selection is provided in a technical guidance document for protecting the quality of Western Australia's marine environment (Environmental Protection Authority 2016).
The WA Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development maintains a Fish Kill Response Manual for the investigation and management of fauna mortality events in fresh, estuarine and marine waters. The manual contains protocols and procedures for sampling water and affected biota and is used by relevant State Government agencies. While it is not published, it can be requested from DPIRD at the following email address: fishkill@dpird.wa.gov.au.
Additionally, the following protocols from ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) are currently applicable to marine waters in Western Australia:
8.1.1.1 Broadscale assessment of ecosystem 'health', seagrass shoot density and depth limit
8.1.1.2 Early detection of acute and chronic changes including benthic infauna community composition (marine), coral health (marine) and Method 9
8.1.2.2 Marine and estuarine systems Methods 6 and 7.
Guidance and advice for selecting and monitoring suitable biological indicators to assess pressures from dredging and related activities will be forthcoming. The guidance will be based on research completed in 2019 through the Dredging Science Node of the Western Australian Marine Science Institution (WAMSI 2014). This research identified and quantified the critical pressure fields associated with dredging programs and the responses of key biota to those pressures.
Murray–Darling Basin
The Murray–Darling Basin Authority generally does not develop protocols, preferring to rely on national guidance. However, for cyanobacteria counts, comparison values are included in the Basin Plan in Section 9.18 (Commonwealth of Australia 2018), which provides reference to the National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Water (NHMRC 2008). For all other physical and chemical water quality targets, the Murray–Darling Basin Authority refers to national guidelines.
However, the Sustainable Rivers Audit program (MDBC 2004) used some biological indicators for water quality characterisation between 2004 and 2006. Table 2 of MDBC (2004) identified the indicators used, with subsequent sections and tables of the report providing additional detail. This was not a protocol; rather, it was a framework that allowed use of the best available information to characterise water quality, consistent with the principles of the ANZG (2018) Water Quality Management Framework.
Anderson, JT & Davis, CA (eds) 2013. Wetland Techniques, Volume 2, Organisms. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. Accessed 12 April 2017.
ANZECC/ARMCANZ 2000. Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No 4. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
ANZG 2018. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Australian and New Zealand Governments and Australian state and territory governments, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
ANZG 2020. Ecosystem receptor indicators. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. CC BY 4.0. Australian and New Zealand Governments and Australian state and territory governments, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Biggs, BJF & Kilroy, C 2000. Stream periphyton monitoring manual. Prepared for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CCME 2011. Protocols manual for water quality sampling in Canada. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Accessed 6 March 2018.
Clapcott J, Wagenhoff, A, Neale, M, Storey, R, Smith, B, Death, R, Harding, J, Matthaei, C, Quinn, J, Collier, K, Atalah, J, Goodwin, E, Rabel, H, Mackman, J & Young, R 2017. Macroinvertebrate metrics for the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Cawthron Report No. 3073, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Clapcott, JE, Young RG, Harding JS, Matthaei CD, Quinn JM & Death RG 2011. Sediment Assessment Methods: Protocols and guidelines for assessing the effects of deposited fine sediment on in-stream values. Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Commonwealth of Australia 2007. National Investigation and Reporting Protocol for Fish Kills. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT.
Commonwealth of Australia 2018. Basin Plan 2012. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT.
Davies, J, Baxter, J, Bradley, M, Connor, D, Khan, J, Murray, E, Sanderson, W, Turnbull, C & Vincent, M 2001. Marine Monitoring Handbook. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom. Accessed 6 March 2018.
DELWP 2018. Algal management framework, Victorian Blue-Green Algae Circular. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Melbourne, Victoria, December 2018.
Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2013. Port Phillp Bay marine algal bloom response plan. Government of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria.
Department of Planning, Industry and Environment 2019. Monitoring and reporting on water quality. NSW Government. Accessed 23 June 2020.
DES 2018. Monitoring and Sampling Manual: Environmental Protection (Water) Policy. Department of Environment and Science Government, Brisbane, Queensland.
DES 2020. WetlandInfo. Department of Environment and Science Government, Brisbane, Queensland. Accessed 12 August 2020.
Dixon, I, Douglas, M, Dowe, J & Burrows, D 2006. Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition, Version 1 (for use in tropical savannas). River and Riparian Land Management Technical Guideline Number 7, Land and Water Australia, Canberra.
DPIE (2020). Water in New South Wales – River Health. Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Sydney, NSW. Accessed 12 August 2020.
DPIPWE 2016a. Assessing river health. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Government of Tasmania. Accessed 24 June 2020.
DPIPWE 2016b. Tasmanian River Condition Index. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Government of Tasmania. Accessed 24 June 2020.
Environmental Protection Authority 2005. Manual of standard operating procedures: For environmental monitoring against the Cockburn Sound environmental quality criteria (2003–2004). A supporting document to the State Environmental (Cockburn Sound) Policy 2005. Environmental Protection Authority Report 21. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia.
Environmental Protection Authority 2016. Technical Guidance – Protecting the Quality of Western Australia's Marine Environment. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia.
Environment Protection Authority 2020. Technical Guidance for Water Quality Objectives (WQOs) Setting for Tasmania. Environment Protection Authority, Hobart, Tasmania.
EPA South Australia 2018. Rationale and method for the assessment of inland waters (rivers and creeks) in South Australia. Government of South Australia, Adelaide.
EPA South Australia 2020. Monitoring. Government of South Australia, Adelaide. Accessed 24 June 2020.
EPA Tasmania 2013. Water. Government of Tasmania, Hobart. Accessed 24 June 2020.
EPA Victoria 2003. Rapid bioassessment methodology for rivers and streams. Guideline for Environmental Management. Publication 604.1. EPA Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria.
EPA Victoria 2010. Environmental quality guidelines for Victorian lakes. Publication 1302. EPA Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria.
EPA Victoria 2011. Environmental quality guidelines for riverine estuaries. Publication 1347.1. EPA Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria.
GBRMPA 2011. Eye on the Reef weekly monitoring training manual. A complete guide to monitoring your site. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland.
GBRMPA 2013. Reef Health Incident Response System Second Edition. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland.
GBRMPA 2020. Marine monitoring program. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland.
Gibson, GR, Bowman, ML, Gerritsen, J & Snyder, BD 2000. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters: Bioassessment and biocriteria technical guidance. EPA 822-B-00-024, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Hauer, FR & Lamberti, GA (eds) 1996. Methods in stream ecology. Academic Press, San Diego.
Hicks, A 2013. Fish surveys in non-wadeable systems. Environment Southland, Invercargill, New Zealand.
Joy, M, David, B & Lake, M 2013. New Zealand freshwater fish sampling protocols. Part 1 Wadeable rivers and streams. The Ecology Group – Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Lamche, G 2007. The Darwin-Daly regional AUSRIVAS models – Northern Territory. User Manual. Report 06/2007D. Aquatic Health Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts, Darwin.
Lloyd, J & Cook, S 2001. Northern Territory AUSRIVAS. Australian River Assessment Scheme: sampling and processing manual. Northern Territory Department of Lands, Planning and Environment, Darwin.
MDBC 2004. Sustainable Rivers Audit Program. Murray–Darling Basin Commission, Canberra, Australia.
Midcoast Council 2018. Midcoast Council waterway and catchment report. Midcoast Council Natural Systems, Forster, NSW.
New Zealand Government 2017. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014. Updated August 2017 to incorporate amendments from the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Amendment Order 2017. New Zealand Government, Wellington.
NHMRC 2008. Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Water. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, ACT.
Nichols, SJ , Barmuta, LA, Chessman, B, Davies, PE, Dyer, FJ, Harrison, ET, Hawkins, CP, Jones, I, Kefford, BJ, Linke, S, Marchant, R, Metzeling, L, Moon, K, Ogden, R, Peat, M, Reynlodson, TB & Thompson, RM. 2017. The imperative need for nationally coordinated bioassessment of rivers and streams. Marine and Freshwater Research, 68(4), 599–613.
NIWA 2016. Stream health monitoring and assessment kit. National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand. Accessed 23 June 2020.
NRMSouth 2009. The Tasmanian River Condition Index Aquatic Life Field Manual. NRMSouth, South Hobart, Tasmania.
Przeslawski R & Foster S [Eds.] 2020. Field Manuals for Marine Sampling to Monitor Australian Waters, Version 2.Report to the National Environmental Science Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub. Geoscience Australia and CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.
SEWPaC 2011. Survey guidelines for Australia's threatened fish: Guidelines for detecting fish listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
Simpson, SL & Batley, GE 2016. Sediment Quality Assessment. CSIRO Publishing. Accessed 28 October 2016.
Stark, JD & Maxted, JR 2007. A User Guide for the Macroinvertebrate Community Index. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Cawthron Report No.1166. Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Stark, JD, Boothroyd, IKG, Harding, JS, Maxted, JR & Scarsbrook, MR 2001. Protocols for sampling macroinvertebrates in wadeable streams. New Zealand Macroinvertebrate Working Group Report No.1. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Sustainable Management Fund Project No. 5103. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand.
Storer, T, White, G, O'Neill, K, Galvin, L & van Looij, E 2020a. The South West Index of River Condition, Method overview 2020, River Science Technical Series 1, Healthy Rivers program, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Perth. In press.
Storer, T, White, G, O'Neill, K, Christie, E, Galvin, L % van Looij, E 2020b. The South West Index of River Condition, Method summary – Aquatic biota 2020, River Science Technical Series 2, Healthy Rivers program, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Perth. In press.
Supervising Scientist Division 2011. Environmental monitoring protocols to assess potential impacts from Ranger minesite on aquatic ecosystems: In situ toxicity monitoring – freshwater snail, Amerianna cumingi, reproduction test. Internal Report 588, March. Supervising Scientist, Darwin.
Supervising Scientist Division 2013. Environmental monitoring protocols to assess potential impacts from Ranger minesite on aquatic ecosystems: Macroinvertebrate community structure in streams. Internal Report 591, July 2013. Supervising Scientist, Darwin.
Valentine, JP, Jensen, M, Ross, DJ, Riley, S & Ibbott, S 2016. Understanding broad scale impacts of salmonid farming on rocky reef communities. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Hobart, Australia.
van Looij, E 2009. WA AUSRIVAS sampling and processing manual. Water Science Technical Series Report No. 13. Department of Water, Perth, Western Australia.
WAMSI 2014. Dredging Science Node. Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia. Accessed 24 June 2020.
This update on protocols for biological assessment was compiled by Dr Ross Smith (Hydrobiology Pty Ltd) and Dr Leon Barmuta (University of Tasmania) and reviewed by Dr Chris Humphrey (Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment), Dr Graeme Batley (CSIRO) and Dr Rick van Dam (WQadvice).


The cooking method used here is not the traditional way to make risotto, but is simplifies it and turns out well. Vegetarians can use vegetable stock and vegans and those sensitive to dairy can omit the cheese but increase the salt to taste.
In a large heavy saucepan, heat oil over medium-high heat. Cook mushrooms, garlic, onion, and pepper; stirring until mushrooms are browned and moisture is evaporated.
Stir in 3½ cups of the stock and wine, along with the rice; bring to a boil. Cover and simmer over low heat for 10 minutes. Meanwhile, trim asparagus, cutting diagonally into 1 inch pieces.
Add asparagus to pan along with lemon zest. Cook, covered, for 10 minutes or until liquid is almost absorbed, asparagus is tender-crisp and rice is still slightly firm to the bite. Stir in remaining stock and wine, along with the cheese until mixture is creamy. Serve immediately.


text:
Download Dice Hunter MOD APK v5.1.3 For Free
Dice Hunter is a dice game with a turn-based system that will put your luck to the test.
0/5 No votes
Greener GrassVersion
100MGet it on
Dice Hunter is a dice game with a turn-based system that will put your luck to the test. Dice Hunter not only relies on chance, but it also requires players to have enough abilities to deal with any risks.
A tactical turn-based role-playing game
This game features a rich and expansive gameplay, with many various components that will allow players to feel all of the game's core. Furthermore, the gameplay is quite complex, resembling a board game with tactical tactics and turn-based gaming. Players depend on not just chance, but also the strength of the army they lead. Furthermore, the gameplay will provide players with several possibilities to earn extra bonus points and expand their monster squad.
Dice Hunter Mod
In this game, the player takes on the role of a Dicemancer, capable of transforming enemies into magical dice and utilizing them as part of his body on the battlefield. A dice may have up to six faces, which indicates that each of the dice's six powers can be used by the player. Players may employ six distinct kinds of dice on the battlefield, giving them a total of 36 abilities. Players can only activate six talents at a time, but in a turn-based strategy game, that's too much for them to handle.
If the dice reveal an offensive skill, the player may pick any opponent target to activate. However, if the player has defensive talents, they will activate and protect the player on one or more later turns. After being transformed into dice, monsters may employ unique abilities to assist their master. Because their abilities are so varied, gamers will find a variety of ways to put them to good use. Even players may combine talents from a variety of dice to generate an effect that has a significant impact on the adversary.
Dice Hunter Mod Apk
The player will go on a new journey in the realm of "Dice Hunter" and battle a variety of enemies. Players may capture creatures along the journey and use them as part of the dice. Monsters that have been transformed into dice may be developed dependent on the player's progress. The player's monster will gain a percentage of the player's experience after a winning fight, and after the player has accumulated enough experience, the player may level up for them. Their form and strength will grow as they level up, providing additional help to the player.
Players will be able to participate in a variety of exciting events as long as they play this game. Players are always rewarded in a variety of ways throughout these events. Players will be rewarded depending on their progress as long as they demonstrate exceptional skills throughout the tournament.
Dice Hunter Free Download
Dungeons is an excellent area to hone your talents and increase your Dice's power. In addition, uncommon creatures may arise in dungeons, which may be captured if the player overcomes them. Dungeons also deliver a lot of experience points and money, which will help players become stronger in the future.
Related Article: Download Survival City MOD APK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Edmund G. Ross
"Edmund Ross" redirects here. For Trinidadian musician, see Edmundo Ros.
Edmund Gibson Ross (December 7, 1826 – May 8, 1907) was a politician who represented Kansas after the American Civil War and was later governor of the New Mexico Territory. His vote against convicting President Andrew Johnson of "high crimes and misdemeanors" allowed Johnson to stay in office by the margin of one vote. As the seventh of seven Republican U.S. Senators to break with his party, he proved to be the person whose decision would result in conviction or acquittal. When he chose the latter, the vote of 35–19 in favor of Johnson's conviction failed to reach the required two-thirds vote. Ross lost his bid for re-election two years later.
Edmund Gibson Ross
United States Senator
from Kansas
James H. Lane
Alexander Caldwell
13th Governor of New Mexico Territory
Nominated by
Lionel Allen Sheldon
L. Bradford Prince
(1826-12-07)December 7, 1826
Ashland, Ohio, U.S.
May 8, 1907(1907-05-08) (aged 80)
Albuquerque, New Mexico Territory, U.S.
Fannie Lathrop (m. 1848)
Newspaper editor and publisher
Branch/service
11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
Company E, 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
2 Start of career
3 Military service
4 United States Senator
4.1 Andrew Johnson impeachment
5 Later career
Ross was born in Ashland, Ohio, on December 7, 1826, the third of fourteen children born to Sylvester Ross Sr. and Cynthia (Rice) Ross.[1] He was educated locally and at age 11 was apprenticed as a printer at the Huron, Ohio, Commercial Advertiser.[1] In 1841 he moved to Sandusky, Ohio, to join the staff of the Sandusky Mirror, which was owned by his brother Sylvester.[1] For several years in the late 1840s and early 1850s, Ross was employed as a journeyman printer and typesetter, traveling throughout Ohio and to several nearby states to accept temporary work whenever it was available.[2] A Democrat who opposed slavery, in 1852, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he worked on first the Milwaukee Free Democrat and then the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel.[1]:1-2 In 1854, Ross was one of several Milwaukee residents who came to the aid of Joshua Glover, an escaped slave who had been recaptured and was being held at the local jail.[2]:22 The group stormed the jail, freed Glover, and enabled his escape to Canada.[2]:1-2 At the founding of the Republican Party, Ross' anti-slavery leanings caused him to join the new organization.[1]
Start of careerEdit
An opponent of slavery, during the 1850s dispute over whether to admit Kansas to the union as a free state or a slave state, Ross moved to Topeka, Kansas, as did several of his family members, who were also opponents of slavery.[1] The dispute sometimes resulted in violence, and Ross joined the antislavery side's militia.[1] He became a leader of the free state movement as publisher of the Topeka Tribune from 1856 to 1858 and founder of the Kansas State Record in 1859.[1] He joined the board of directors of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and was one of its chief promoters.[1] In 1859, Ross was elected a delegate to the Kansas constitutional convention of 1859 to 1861.[1]
Military serviceEdit
A supporter of the Union during the Civil War, Ross joined the Union Army as a private in 1862. He was commissioned as a captain in command of Company E, 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The regiment took part in several battles in the southwestern and western United States, including Second Battle of Lexington, Battle of Little Blue River, Second Battle of Independence, Battle of Byram's Ford, Battle of Westport, Battle of Mine Creek, and Battle of Platte Bridge Station/Battle of Red Buttes. He was promoted to major during the war and was mustered out after the surrender of the Confederacy in 1865.
United States SenatorEdit
After the war, Ross returned to Kansas to continue his newspaper career and was editor of the Kansas Tribune from 1865 to 1866.[1] In 1866, the governor of Kansas appointed Ross to the U.S. Senate as a Republican, filling the vacancy caused by the death of James H. Lane.[1] The state legislature subsequently elected him to complete Lane's term, and he served from July 19, 1866, to March 3, 1871.[1] He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the term which began on March 4, 1871. During his Senate service, Ross served as chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (Fortieth Congress) and the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Forty-first Congress).
Andrew Johnson impeachmentEdit
Ross is best known for casting the decisive vote which acquitted Andrew Johnson during his 1868 Presidential Impeachment trial. Some people have claimed that Ross voted against the conviction due to concerns about his colleague Samuel C. Pomeroy receiving patronage from Benjamin Wade, and as a means to receive patronage favors from Johnson. Others claim Ross cast his vote because he genuinely believed that Johnson had the right to replace Edwin M. Stanton, since he had been appointed during the Lincoln Administration. Still others give voice to the opinion that, though the Kansas Senator did believe Johnson guilty of breaking the Tenure of Office Act, he did not believe that offense worthy of impeachment. Kansas newspapers thought clearly that Ross voted against his radical leanings in supporting Johnson because of the influence of his old Civil War colonel, Thomas Ewing Jr., an ardent Johnson supporter at the time.[3] Later in life, Ewing wrote Ross that he felt Ross was "preeminent for courage" among men—not only for his physical courage in battle but also for opposing Johnson's impeachment. "In making [that] decision, you knew perfectly well that it could consign you to private life and the vehement denunciation of almost all your party friends."[4] However, there is significant evidence that suggests Ross was bribed.[5]
Edmund G. Ross is one of eight U.S. Senators featured in Profiles in Courage, the 1956 Pulitzer Prize-winning history co-written by then-Senator John F. Kennedy and Theodore Sorensen in commemoration of past acts of political courage in Congress.
Later careerEdit
Upon retirement from the Senate, Ross went back into the newspaper business briefly, launching a publication in Coffeyville, Kansas.[6] He left the Republican Party after 1872 and was affiliated with the Democrats.[1] In 1880, he ran unsuccessfully for governor of Kansas. A trip to New Mexico in 1882 had a positive effect on his health and he moved there permanently.[1] He studied law and passed the bar, afterwards practicing in Albuquerque and beginning work on a history of the Johnson impeachment.[1]
From 1885 to 1889, Ross served as governor of New Mexico Territory, appointed by President Grover Cleveland.[1] He served as secretary of the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration from 1894 to 1896. In 1896, he published his book History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.[7] Time caused Kansans to look on Ross more favorably with respect to his role in the Johnson impeachment. In 1907, General Hugh Cameron of Lawrence visited Ross in New Mexico and brought testimonials from many citizens of Kansas.[1]
DeathEdit
Ross died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on May 8, 1907. He was interred at Fairview Memorial Park Cemetery in Albuquerque.[8]
In 1848, Ross married Fannie Lathrop (1827-1899) in Sandusky, Ohio.[1] Their children included Lillian, Arthur, Pitt, Flynt, Edmundie, Kay and Fannie.
FootnotesEdit
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Cade, Leslie A. (1991). "Biographical Note, Edmund G. Ross". Edmund G. Ross Collection, Manuscript Collection No. 491. Topeka, KS: Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
^ a b c Ruddy, Richard A. (2013). Edmund G. Ross: Soldier, Senator, Abolitionist. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8263-5374-0 – via Google Books.
^ Ronald D. Smith, "Thomas Ewing Jr., Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General," Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8262-1806-3. See the discussion at pp. 292–299.
^ Thomas Ewing Jr. to Ross, July 16, 1894, Thomas Ewing Jr. Papers, Kansas State Historical Society.
^ Stewart, David O. (April 24, 2009). Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy (Reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster Digital Sales Inc. pp. 185, 186, 188, 189, 242, 269, 278, 279, 280, 282, 285, 292, 297–99, 309. ASIN B0027G6X7E.
^ Ross, Edmund G. – KS-Cyclopedia – 1912 Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ross, Edmund G. (1896). History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, by the House of Representatives, and his trial by the Senate for high crimes and misdemeanors in office, 1868. Santa Fe, New Mexico: New Mexican Printing Co. p. 1 – via HathiTrust.
^ "New Mexico & Politicians of the Past". Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
Bumgardner, Edward, 1949. The Life of Edmund G. Ross. The Fielding-Turner Press, Kansas City, Missouri.
Lamar, Howard R. "Edmund G. Ross as Governor of New Mexico Territory." New Mexico Historical Review 36#3 (1961): 177+
Roske, Ralph J. "The Seven Martyrs?." American Historical Review 64#2 (1959): 323-330. in JSTOR
Ruddy Richard A. Edmund G. Ross: Soldier, Senator, Abolitionist (2013) online review
United States Congress. "Edmund G. Ross (id: R000445)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-03-18
Works by Edmund Gibson Ross at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Edmund G. Ross at Internet Archive
Andrew Johnson: Saved by a Scoundrel
"Edmund G. Ross". Find a Grave. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Edmund G. Ross" dated 2006-01-02, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
James H. Lane U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Kansas
Served alongside: Samuel C. Pomeroy Succeeded by
Lionel Allen Sheldon Governor of New Mexico Territory
1885–1889 Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_G._Ross&oldid=936230507"


Village At West Ashley Charleston SC Homes & Properties For Sale | James Schiller & Assoc.
Village at west ashley Charleston SC has one properties for sale on MLS. Homes for sale in Village at west ashley subdivision have an average list price of $395,000 ranging in price from $395,000 to $395,000. The average size property is 1,710 square feet. Largest for sale 1,710 sqft & smallest 1,710 sqft. Houses for sale Village at west ashley or all real estate listings by price, size, neighborhood & age in Charleston SC.


text:
Lloyd Vanden Hoek
Lloyd Vanden Hoek, 88, of Mitchell, SD died Thursday, May 22, 2014 at Firesteel Healthcare Center. Funeral services will be 10:30 AM Tuesday, May 27, 2014 at First Reformed Church. Visitation will be Monday, May 26, 2014 from 6 to 8 PM at the Will Funeral Chapel with a prayer service beginning at 7:00 PM. Burial will be in Graceland Cemetery at Corsica, SD. Approximately 2:00PM.
Lloyd Vanden Hoek and his twin sister, Lois were born in Corsica, South Dakota to Arie and Anna (Dykshoorn) Vanden Hoek on February 27, 1926. Lois preceded him in death in 1938 when they were only 12 years old.
He grew up in Corsica where he met the love and strength of his life, Irene Schryvers. They were united in marriage on February 11, 1949. To this union three daughters were born; Sheryl, Marcia and Laura.
In Lloyds early years he drove truck for Tony Doorn. After Lloyd and Irene married, they farmed near Harrison and Corsica before retiring in 1988. In addition to farming, Lloyd worked part time for a few years for Corsica Sale Barn and drove school bus for Corsica Public Schools for 20 years. He took much pride in never having had an accident and watching "his bus kids" grow up.
During his retirement years he started golfing and even got a hole-in-one. He was able to play up to the age of 85, when health issues forced him to pack away his clubs.
Despite his sometimes gruff demeanor, he was totally dedicated to his wife of 65 years, his daughters, granddaughters and great grandchildren.
Lloyd was a lifetime member of the Harrison Reformed Church, Grace Reformed Church in Corsica, and First Reformed Church in Mitchell.
Preceding him in death were his parents, his twin sister, his sister Arla (Vanden Hoek) VerSteeg, and son-in-law Gary Plagmann.
Lloyd is survived by his wife, his daughters Sheryl Plagmann of Mitchell, Marcia Taylor (Jim Jarratt) of Granbury, TX, and Laura Docken (Jack Docken Jr.) of Mitchell; granddaughters Heather Mergen (Todd) of Sioux Falls, Katy Stulc (Ryan) of Rapid City, Leah Taylor (Alexander Forozan) of Berkley, CA and Cindy Docken (Barry Geiman) of Plankinton; great-grandson Aiden Mergen and great-granddaughter Willa Forozan; sister-in-law Loretta Van Genderen (Delmar) and brother-in-law Don VerSteeg (Janelle) and many nieces and nephews.


From the night of July 16 into July 17, 2018, on the 100th anniversary of the shooting of the Royal family, His Holiness Patriarch Kyrill of Moscow and All Russia served the Divine Liturgy on a platform [altar] in front of the memorial temple "On the Blood" in honor of All Saints of Russia in Ekaterinburg. The platform [altar] was constructed on the square in front of the main doors of the upper church where is located the "Tsar's Room" - [now] a side altar in honor of the Royal Passion-Bearers, erected on the site of the murder of the royal family.
The Divine Services at the place of the martyric end of the Holy Royal Passion-Bearers and their faithful servants became the culmination of the Royal Days in the Ekaterinburg Metropolia, dedicated to the centenary of the tragic events. The Holy Royal Passion-Bearers: Emperor Nicholas Alexandrovich, Empress Alexandra Theodorovna, the Heir Alexis, the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia accepted their martyric end 100 years ago, in the night of July 16-17, 1918, in the basement of the Ipatiev House. In the years 2002-2003 the Memorial Church "On the Blood" was build in the place of the Ipatiev House, which had been destroyed in 1977.
Also serving was Archpriest Maksim Minyailo, senior priest of the Temple "On the Blood", Hieromonk Kyrill (Koritko), Secretary of the Ekaterinburg Diocese, as well as clergy of the Ekaterinburg Diocese [and other dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church, including Deacon Alexander Petrovsky from the Diocese of Chicago & Mid-America].
The Divine Services were visited by: the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President in the Urals Federal District N.N. Tsukanov; Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region E.V. Kuyvashev; Chairman of the State Duma Committee of the Federal Assembly on the Development of Civil Society, Issues of Public and Religious Associations, S.A. Gavrilov; Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Region L.V. Babushkina; Chairman of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society S.V. Stepashin; Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Fund "Elisavetinsky-Sergievskoe Enlightenment Society" A.V. Gromov; Leadership of the Sverdlovsk region and the city of Ekaterinburg; Representatives of the House of Romanov: Grand Duchess M.V. Romanova, O.N. Kulikovskaya-Romanova, P.E. Kulikovsky-Romanov, L.A. Kulikovskaya-Romanova.
Praying at the Liturgy were residents of Ekaterinburg and numerous pilgrims who arrived in the capital of the Urals from various regions of Russia, as well as from foreign countries: Azerbaijan, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, China, Lithuania, Moldova, New Zealand, Serbia, the United States of America, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, France, Estonia, South Korea, and Japan. Not far from the Church "On the Blood" a tent camp for nourishing and providing rest to pilgrims was set up.
The hymnography was provided the Choir of the combined clergy of the Ekaterinburg diocese (Choir Director: Priest Alexei Rusin) and the Hierarchal Choir of the Holy Trinity cathedral of Ekaterinburg (Choir Director: M.Yu. Litvinenko).
A live broadcast of the Patriarchal Divine service was streamed on the Soyuz television channel and on the patriarchia.ru portal. Numerous believers watched the broadcast on large screens installed on Tsar Street alongside the Temple "On the Blood".
A special petition for the departed was included: "Again we pray for the repose of the souls of the departed servants of God murdered in this very place: John, Alexis, Anna and all who were killed in the years of the atheistic repression; in camps, in dungeons and in bonds from wounds, diseases and famine; those tortured in bitter labors and all who performed the spiritual exploit [podvig] of being confessors [of the faith], and that they may be forgiven every transgression both voluntary and involuntary."
Before the Communion of the laity, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill addressed the faithful with a First-Hierarchal word [sermon].
His Holiness donated a [large] hanging cross to the Church "On the Blood", and for the other parishes in the Ekaterinburg Diocese 15 [liturgical] altar gospels.
At the conclusion of the Divine Liturgy, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia led the traditional Royal Cross Procession from the place of martyrdom of the Holy Royal Passion-bearers and their faithful servants, to the monastery of the Holy Royal Passion-Bearers in the Ganin Yama tract (distance - 21 km). The route of the procession: Tsarskaya St., Tolmacheva St., Lenin Ave., Tatishcheva St., Bebel St., Technical St., Reshetskaya St., Railway Forest Park, Shuvaqish Hamlet - Ganina Yama Tract.


Pool Inspections Webster Groves, MO. Are you considering buying a home with a pool? If so, you need a Webster Groves pool specialist to ensure that its system is in good shape and in good working order for all of the parties and other warm weather events you are already planning. It might seem like a good idea to put in an offer as soon as possible on a home with a pool to ensure that another homebuyer doesn't beat you to it, but it's essential to be patient and have a thorough pool inspection done first. A pool inspection in Webster Groves, MO, can prevent you and your family from purchasing a non-updated, cracked, or faulty pool. Our pool inspection services in Webster Groves, MO, are difficult to beat and will ensure that you are buying a home with a high-quality and modern pool system. If you are ready to schedule a pool inspection in Webster Groves, MO, contact our pool specialists today for more information.
There are dozens of pool companies in MO, but when you select Savannah Pools for your pool inspection in Webster Groves, MO, our pool technicians will perform a detailed 26-point inspection. Our pool inspections include an in-depth assessment of your pool's structural conditionand make absolutely sure that your shimmering pool is running as smoothly as possible. While other pool companies might leave you in the dark on what their pool inspection includes, our experienced specialists will offer you a detailed report that grades the quality of your pool's outer and inner parts. If you are searching for a pool inspection company in Webster Groves, MO, that is proud of their work and dedicated to making sure that your property's pool is in the best possible shape, schedule a consultation with our pool inspection company in Webster Groves, MO.
Our pool inspection services are unbeatable in the Webster Groves area. The attention to detail and positive, professional service that our pool inspection specialists provide has made Savannah Pools the go-to pool inspections company in Webster Groves, MO. If you or someone you know is interested in pool inspection services in Webster Groves, MO, feel free to contact Savannah Pools today to schedule a free consultation.


text:
La Arrocera är en ort i Mexiko.   Den ligger i kommunen El Fuerte och delstaten Sinaloa, i den västra delen av landet,  km nordväst om huvudstaden Mexico City. La Arrocera ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt La Arrocera är mycket platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Cerro de los Bateques,  meter över havet,  km öster om La Arrocera. Runt La Arrocera är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Los Mochis,  km väster om La Arrocera. Trakten runt La Arrocera består till största delen av jordbruksmark.

I trakten råder ett hett ökenklimat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är augusti, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är augusti, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är april, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Sinaloa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Electric Toast is the first piece to be performed on the Z-26 Musical Tesla Coil, and was used as its advertising music.
Smooth Techno, originally composed for a game, was edited slightly so it could could be played by the Tesla Coils.
All Tesla Coils used in the Tesla Coil videos are made by the amazing people at Zeusaphone.com. The recordings were filmed by them as well. The coils are duophonic, meaning that they can play two notes at a time.
The duophonic Tesla Coils used in the recordings are capable of producing sparks up to 26 inches in length (about 66 cm), and stand at around the same height.


I'm Chris Measures and I've spent the last 18 years creating and implementing PR and marketing campaigns for technology companies. I've worked with everyone from large quoted companies to fast growth start-ups, giving me unrivalled experience and ideas.
I'm now director of Measures Consulting, a new agency that uses this expertise to deliver PR and marketing success for technology businesses.


text:
The feature stories below were contributed by Michael's family, close friends, collaborators and fellow musicians to remember his life and music. Learning resources, as well as updates about new releases of Michael's music, live performances, book and film projects related to his life and career will also be posted here.
Read fan stories and submit your own in the Fan Club area.
SUBSCRIBE to the Taproot newsletter to be notified when new stories are posted.
Upcoming Michael Hedges Biography
by Jake White
A comprehensive biography of the life and music of Michael Hedges is in development.
"Remembering Michael Hedges" 20-Year Tribute Concert
by Jeff Titus
Read a recap and watch clips from the 2017 Michael Hedges Tribute concert organized by Jeff Titus.
Discovering Michael's Music
by Andy McKee
Andy McKee shares the story of how he discovered Michael's music. Plus, a video of Andy recording Ragamuffin.
Music that Moves Your Soul
by Calum Graham
Calum Graham shares the story of how he was introduced to Michael's music. Plus, a video of Calum playing "Dirge" with Michael Manring.
The Definition of Impossible
by Andrew Gorny
Andrew Gorny on how he started learning to play Michael's music, and where it's taken him. "Nailing all of the notes is one thing. Getting the techniques right is another...."
The Early Days of the New Varsity Theater
by Randy Lutge
Michael's longtime friend and manager of the New Varsity Theater, tells the story of first meeting Michael at the New Varsity Theater.
Michael Wins 1997 Grammy for Oracle Album
by Brendan Hedges
Just after his death, Michael won a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album. His family accepted the award on behalf of Michael's two young children.
Michael Hedges/Rhythm, Sonority, Silence Book
by Stropes Editions Ltd
Michael Hedges/Rhythm, Sonority, Silence was originally released in 1995. The acclaim it received upon first release established its place as a seminal document that created a new standard for printed music for fingerstyle guitar. The book was re-issued in 2020.
Titles/Tunings Database by Stropes Editions Ltd.
A new tuning database for several artists, including Michael Hedges. Search by title, album or tuning, and use tones to tune up your guitar, right on the page!


I know what you are, but what am I?
Every day the Comey firing becomes less like a slow-motion car crash and more like a multi-car pileup that a tractor-trailer fishtails into before exploding. Today Trump offered his latest version of the events that led to the FBI Director's firing—this is at least the third or fourth revision—but at least this sounds like it contains kernels of the non-Russian truth. Trump says the firing was entirely his decision, and here's why.
In his first extensive comments since the Comey firing, an interview with NBC News, Trump said of Comey, "He's a showboat, he's a grandstander, the FBI has been in turmoil." Just humor me for a moment and turn that one around, because the first rule of Trumpspeak is that whatever he says is usually the opposite of the reality of the situation, and he's often actually talking about himself. "I'm a showboat, I'm a grandstander, the Presidency has been in turmoil." There, that makes much more sense.
I mean—seriously here, people. Has there ever in the history of American politics or American reality television been a more showboating grandstander than Donald Trump? And is there anything Donald Trump hates more than anyone hogging his spotlight? While Russian collusion is likely to be the nail in Trump's Presidential coffin, I fully believe that he hated Comey's high profile, tendency to speak and act independently, and refusal to toe the Trump party line.
It's true that Comey's public declarations on the Hillary Clinton e-mail situation are what earned him condemnation across the aisle. But it's not like Comey's on Twitter every night in the middle of the night insulting his detractors, calling the media fake, and issuing blatant lies about, say, how Obama and "wiretapp"s. Other than his statements and when he's been called formally to testify, Comey keeps the low profile required for the nation's top spook.
Mr. Trump said Mr. Comey reassured him first at a private dinner and then two other times during phone conversations. He acknowledged that he had directly asked the F.B.I. director if he was being investigated.
Remember when Bill Clinton had a brief meeting with Loretta Lynch on the tarmac of an airport while Hillary's emails were under investigation and the Republicans and the conservative press had a multi-week nervous breakdown screaming about ethics? I await their condemnation of the jaw-dropping impropriety of the president asking Comey to tell him personal information about an ongoing investigation. They also discussed Comey staying on at the FBI at the same dinner, according to the Guardian, which is the least subtle form of threatening someone's job I've seen outside of a restaurant scene in The Godfather. Only the mafia would never be this stupid.


Unit planning begins with the standards. The state has adopted the Common Core State Standards, so that is where I begin. The following standards pertain to the idea of reading, analyzing, and writing arguments.
RI.8.1 Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
RI.8.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.
S/L.8.3 Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the evidence and identifying when irrelevant evidence is introduced.
S/L.8.4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a range of formal and informal tasks.
W.8.1 Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.
a. Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.
c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
Phrasing copy and pasted from http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy.
Author Jim Burke has broken the standards down to help understand what is needed to produce the outcome. With this help, I created a list of objectives.
1. Define and identify the parts of an argument: claim, evidence, warrant, counterclaim, and rebuttal.
2. Define and identify types of claims: fact, values, and policy.
3. Distinguish between claims with support and those without support.
4. Define and identify some common fallacies use in argument.
5. Distinguish between arguments that are sound and those that have fallacies.
6. Define relevant/sufficient evidence and evaluate arguments based on those ideas.
7. Evaluate point of view with respect to spoken argument: subject, occasion, audience, purpose, and speaker.
8. Identify various propaganda techniques and how they may apply to a speaker's message.
9. Evaluate a speaker's argument with regards to claim and supporting evidence.
10. Distinguish between effective and ineffective spoken arguments and explain the differences.
Burke, Jim. The Common Core Companion, the Standards Decoded, Grades 6-8: What They Say, What They Mean, How to Teach Them. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Literacy, 2013. Print.
I then tweaked the objectives to create student clear targets in the form of "I Can" statements.
1. I can define and identify the parts of an argument.
2. I can define and identify types of claims.
3. I can distinguish between claims with support and those without support.
4. I can define and identify some common fallacies.
5. I can distinguish between arguments that are sound and those that have fallacies.
6. I can define relevant and sufficient evidence and evaluate arguments based on those ideas.
7. I can evaluate point of view with respect to spoken argument.
8. I can identify common propaganda techniques and how they apply to a speaker's message.
9. I can evaluate a speaker's argument with regards to claim and supporting evidence.
10. I can distinguish between effective and ineffective spoken arguments and explain the differences.
11. I can write an argument in a formal style that is logical and provides supporting details with credible references.
12. I can use words, phrases, and clauses to make my argument coherent and explain the relationships between and among claims, counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
This entry was posted in Ideas and tagged Argument, CCSS, Clear Targets, Common Core, Standards, Unit Planning on November 4, 2013 by shoulded.


text:
Beim RBU-6000 (, Reaktiwnaja bombometnaja ustanowka) handelt es sich um einen russischen Wasserbombenwerfer. Das Waffensystem ähnelt entfernt dem britischen Hedgehog-Werfersystem aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Beschreibung
Das Waffensystem wurde in den frühen 1960er-Jahren, wahrscheinlich 1961, eingeführt und findet Verwendung auf vielen russischen Kriegsschiffen. Es sind zwölf Werferrohre im Kaliber 213 mm hufeisenförmig angebracht. Gesteuert wird das System vom Feuerleitsystem Burja, das auch das System mit kürzerer Reichweite RBU-1000 steuern kann. Üblicherweise werden die Granaten in Salven von einem, zwei, vier, acht oder zwölf Projektilen verfeuert. Verschossen werden ungelenkte RGB-60-Wasserbomben. Das Nachladen verläuft automatisch mit dem Autoladesystem 60UP aus einem Munitionslager, das sich unter Deck befindet und bis zu 96 Projektile vorrätig hält. Zudem kann der RBU-6000 auch zum Küstenbombardement verwendet werden.

Das gesamte Waffensystem wird im Russischen auch als "Smertsch-2" ("Смерч-2", deutsch: "Tornado-2") bezeichnet.

Beim RPK-8-System handelt sich um eine modernisierte Variante des RBU-6000-Systems, das 90R-Raketen abfeuert, die im Wasser gesteuert werden können. Somit können bis zu 1000 Meter tief laufende Ziele vergleichsweise zielgenau bekämpft werden. Der 19,5 kg schwere Hohlladungsgefechtskopf kann die Außenhülle von U-Booten durchschlagen. Zudem kann das RPK-8-System gegen Torpedos eingesetzt werden. Die Reaktionszeit wird mit 15 Sekunden angegeben. Das System hat eine Trefferwahrscheinlichkeit von 80 %.

Technische Daten

Raketenwerfer
 Gewicht: 3100 kg (leer)
 Länge: 2,0 m
 Höhe: 2,25 m
 Breite: 1,75 m
 Höhenrichtbereich (in Grad): −15° bis +60°
 Seitenrichtbereich (in Grad): 180°

RGB-60
 Gewicht: 110 kg
 Gefechtskopf: 25 kg
 Durchmesser: 0,212 m
 Länge: 1,83 m
 Reichweite: 350 m bis 5800 m
 Tiefe: 10 bis 500 m
 Sinkgeschwindigkeit: 11,5 m/s

90R
 Gewicht: 112,5 kg
 Gefechtskopf: 19,5 kg
 Durchmesser: 0,212 m
 Länge: 1,83 m
 Reichweite: 600 m bis 4300 m
 Wirkungsradius: 130 m
 Tauchtiefe:
 U-Boote: 0 bis 1000 m
 Torpedos: 4–10 m

Schiffe

Auswahl von Schiffsklassen, die mit RBU-6000-Werfersystem ausgestattet sind bzw. waren:
 Grischa-Klasse (Projekt 1124)
 Kara-Klasse (Projekt 1134B)
 Kaschin-Klasse (Projekt 61)
 ORP Kaszub (Projekt 620)
 Kresta-I-Klasse (Projekt 1134)
 Kresta-II-Klasse (Projekt 1134A)
 Koni-Klasse (Projekt 1159)
 Kotlin-Klasse (Projekt 56K / A/ AE)
 Kriwak-Klasse (Projekt 1135)
 Neustraschimy-Klasse (Projekt 1154)
 Poti-Klasse (Projekt 204)
 Parchim-Klasse (Projekt 133.1)
 Schiwalik Klasse (Projekt 17)
 Udaloy-Klasse (Projekt 1155)
 Kirow-Klasse (Projekt 1144)

Andere russische Wasserbombenwerfer
 RBU-1000
 RBU-1200
 RBU-2500
 RBU-12000

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 RBU-6000 (englisch)

Waffensystem (See)
Granatwaffe
Militärtechnik der Roten Armee


We are proud to inform you on the publication of our first Sustainability Report for CISA Exportadora, our export company in Nicaragua.
Leonardo Morales, our CFO, was a guest speaker at the Global Agribusiness Conference in Amsterdam and spoke about Robusta coffee production in Nicaragua and how it is improving the livelihoods of the coffee community of Nueva Guinea in the south Caribbean coast of the country.
On Friday, April 13th, Mercapital, BFP (Banco de Fomento a la Produccion) and the Inter-American Development Bank, got together to make the official public announcement of the financing of U$1 million dollars to Mercapital.
Recently, Seeds for Progress Foundation received the National Award for Social Responsibility in Education in the category of Scholar Infrastructure given by the Ministry of Education of Nicaragua.
We have partnered with the Nicaraguan Association of Agrichemicals (ANIFODA) to establish a free collaboration program, to train local coffee producers in the correct use and handling of phytosanitary products, and the disposal of empty containers of agrochemicals.
Our Chairman, Mr. Jose Antonio Baltodano, participated as a panelist at the Business Future of the Americas conference which was held in Nicaragua for the first time this year.
Monimbo Coffee, from our Premium Estates to Starbucks Reserve.
We are proud to share that Monimbo, a member of our Premium Estates, has been selected by Starbucks as one of their special reserves. Starbucks Reserve coffees, are limited editions of the most exceptional coffees Starbucks has to offer.
Five schools from the coffee growing communities of Jinotega will have access to drinking water and safe water storage thanks to Mercon Coffee Group and Caffè Nero.


text:
Balacra affinis is a moth of the  family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

References

Balacra
Moths described in 1910
Insects of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Erebid moths of Africa


text:
One Tall Voice: Retirement from controversy
jr00576
Section: Opinions
Last year, my friend and mentor Kevin Montgomery wrote an article announcing his retirement as a columnist. He claimed that Brandeis was too apt to commit character assassination, and his skin was no longer thick enough to handle this attack. Montgomery also talked about the insults he received, and the numerous consequences this assault had on his life. At the time, I discouraged Kevin from retiring. I had too felt the sting of popular discontent. Even after my first article about being a Conservative at Brandeis, I had experienced the irritation of being called ignorant and homophobic. Nevertheless, I knew that this displeasure was a sacrifice that must be had to benefit the community. Kevin and my articles were at least presenting a different perspective, spurring debate, and providing other positive benefits to Brandeis at large. One year later and wiser, however, I now see the validity of Kevin's actions. Like him, I can no longer take the negative consequences of being "controversial." Like my colleague, my mind is no longer strong enough to take the negative effects of going against the grain. I therefore announce my retirement from writing any more controversial articles, loudly voicing any contrary opinions, and doing anything that may be perceived as popularly offensive.
I have come to realize that these various instances of character assassination and attack are part of a greater social phenomenon. After writing about my conservative values, I was branded "homo-phobic," after discussing race, I was labeled a "racist." In our world, it has become abundantly clear to me, that no one who takes positions against the status quo can appease everyone. Our society seems to favor the people who don't go against the grain, individuals who attempt to befriend everyone without making any firm conviction known. I have seen this phenomenon even at Brandeis itself. It is amazing how rewarded these social chameleons are as they integrate themselves into any social group. It is unfathomable how beneficial it us to stay the comfortable course, go along with the crowd and appease everyone.
This is an absolutely horrific situation. People like Kevin and I, and anyone who wishes to raise their voice to the crowd should deserve appraisement. We are the people adding to the community, we are the voices that are sparking debate. All people, who dare to speak things that may make some uncomfortable are the ones going outside the safety of anonymity and adding to our community all the while. Without these people, the world would continue on its course, unmoved by any other forces. People who raise their voice against the status quo are the ones who lend progress to society. Without these opinions, a unique flavor of our world would be eliminated.
My experiences also illustrate another characteristic of the Brandeis community and, in fact, the world at large. People just simply loved to voice opposition. Whether it is at a local town meeting or in a letter to the editor in a school newspaper, many have this insatiable desire to be annoyed or take offense over something. This is especially prevalent at Brandeis. With such a homogenous community that shares many of the same beliefs, people are just craving at the chance to jump on anyone who thinks in the contrary. With all the liberal propaganda and no other point of view, people have been indoctrinated to believe that certain ideologies are just ignorant, offensive and close-minded. My fellow columnists and I have fallen victim to this characteristic of our community and I can take it no longer.
I never meant to offend anyone; I never meant to cause harm. I just want people to see me for the happy, goofy kid that I am. Yet, taking certain positions has opened me up to attack and allowed people to assail my character along with my beliefs. I can no longer take this attack. And so, I promise that from now until I graduate, I shall not write another column that I think will offend. I also vow not to discuss politics in public when I think it will put me in a pitched battle against people who believe me to be close-minded and dumb. I will tread this middle ground; I shall no longer place myself vulnerable to attack. I now know how Kevin Montgomery must have felt after all of his articles, and like him, I must announce my retirement from this type of expression.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />

    <title>statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvstdnormcdf — statsmodels 0.6.1 documentation</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />

    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/statsmodels_hybi_favico.ico"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="top" title="statsmodels 0.6.1 documentation" href="../index.html" />
    <link rel="up" title="Distributions" href="../distributions.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvnormcdf" href="statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvnormcdf.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.NormExpan_gen" href="statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.NormExpan_gen.html" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_static/facebox.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/examples.css" type="text/css" />

Navigation

          index

          next |

          previous |

Install
  |

Support
  |

Bugs
  |

Develop
  |

Examples
  |

FAQ
  |

Distributions |

statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvstdnormcdf¶

statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvstdnormcdf(lower, upper, corrcoef, **kwds)[source]¶

standardized multivariate normal cumulative distribution function

This is a wrapper for scipy.stats.kde.mvn.mvndst which calculates
a rectangular integral over a standardized multivariate normal
distribution.

This function assumes standardized scale, that is the variance in each dimension
is one, but correlation can be arbitrary, covariance = correlation matrix

<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />

Parameters:
lower, upper : array_like, 1d

lower and upper integration limits with length equal to the number
of dimensions of the multivariate normal distribution. It can contain
-np.inf or np.inf for open integration intervals

corrcoef : float or array_like

specifies correlation matrix in one of three ways, see notes

optional keyword parameters to influence integration

maxpts : int, maximum number of function values allowed. This

parameter can be used to limit the time. A sensible
strategy is to start with maxpts = 1000*N, and then
increase maxpts if ERROR is too large.

abseps : float absolute error tolerance.

releps : float relative error tolerance.

Returns:
cdfvalue : float

value of the integral

See also

mvnormcdf

cdf of multivariate normal distribution without standardization

Notes

The correlation matrix corrcoef can be given in 3 different ways
If the multivariate normal is two-dimensional than only the
correlation coefficient needs to be provided.
For general dimension the correlation matrix can be provided either
as a one-dimensional array of the upper triangular correlation
coefficients stacked by rows, or as full square correlation matrix

Examples

>>> print mvstdnormcdf([-np.inf,-np.inf], [0.0,np.inf], 0.5)
0.5
>>> corr = [[1.0, 0, 0.5],[0,1,0],[0.5,0,1]]
>>> print mvstdnormcdf([-np.inf,-np.inf,-100.0], [0.0,0.0,0.0], corr, abseps=1e-6)
0.166666399198
>>> print mvstdnormcdf([-np.inf,-np.inf,-100.0],[0.0,0.0,0.0],corr, abseps=1e-8)
something wrong completion with ERROR > EPS and MAXPTS function values used;
                    increase MAXPTS to decrease ERROR; 1.048330348e-006
0.166666546218
>>> print mvstdnormcdf([-np.inf,-np.inf,-100.0],[0.0,0.0,0.0], corr,
                        maxpts=100000, abseps=1e-8)
0.166666588293

Previous topic

statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.NormExpan_gen

Next topic

statsmodels.sandbox.distributions.extras.mvnormcdf

This Page

Show Source

Quick search

    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
      <input type="text" name="q" />
      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    </form>

    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.

        © Copyright 2009-2013, Josef Perktold, Skipper Seabold, Jonathan Taylor, statsmodels-developers.
      Created using Sphinx 1.3.1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Top-Rated Sellershadesexpress consistently earns high ratings from buyers thanks to fast shipping and excellent service.
The store policy offers returns within 14 days only and we will deduct 15% restocking fee to cover our expenses associated with the transaction. Shipping and handling are not refundable. Please note that 15% restocking fee partially will cover our expenses associated with the transaction. If for some reason you do not agree with the store return policy please do not purchase the item. We do our best in order to deliver all goods as advertised and make you a happy customer.


Allaah has made mankind a successive authority upon the earth, wherein man lives and worships Allaah; He has granted man great ability of mind and has created for him upon the earth things which he can invest in and utilize in the obedience of Allaah; so glad tidings for the one who utilizes the earth's resources in the obedience of Allaah and woe to those who utilize them in His disobedience.
Other narrations related to the preconditions of the Hour include the saying of the Prophet : "Before the Hour, dealing in trade will become widespread." Electronic trade has overwhelmed the markets and is in the billions of dollars. He also informed us that of these signs will be: "…the spread of adultery and fornication" as in the narration in the book of Imaam Bukhaari . In the narration of Imaam Al-Haakim he said: "Immorality will spread…" - In excess of four hundred thousand pornographic websites are present on the Internet which spread immorality worldwide.
Another relationship between the Internet and the preconditions of the Hour is highlighted in the narration in the book of Imaam At-Tabaraani where the Prophet said: "Before the Hour, dealing in Ribaa (i.e., interest and usury) will become widespread." It is well known that on the Internet, dealing in Ribaa is widespread and many banks have established websites and set the cost of a customer transaction via the Internet as only ten cents, whereas the cost of a live transaction inside a bank building costs one dollar and seven cents; this is an indication that as time passes, dealings inside bank buildings will become obsolete and all banking transactions will be done via the Internet by people who are at home or in their offices. These banks are institutions that have been established on Ribaa and their proliferation on the Internet has become evident. Additionally, the use of credit cards on the Internet is also widespread. The prohibited use of cards like Visa, MasterCard and American Express, all of which entail dealing in Ribaa, causes the wrath of Allaah to befall the one using them.


text:
Networking Careers & Certifications
Networking careers and certifications
Tech Accelerator What is wireless communications? Everything you need to know
Prev Next How to set up a business Wi-Fi network CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service)
5 most valuable wireless network certifications
Wireless networking skills are in high demand. Having a top-notch wireless network certification can help networking newbies and pros stand out among job candidates.
Ed Tittel, Mary Kyle Inks
Few technologies continue to flourish with the same vigor as wireless networking.
Since the introduction of Wi-Fi (802.11) in 1999, wireless technologies have taken the world by storm. We've seen wireless networking standards go through six major generations, with Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) introduced in February 2021. Now, Wi-Fi is nearly ubiquitous around the world, especially in developed countries.
In years to come, planned updates to the Wi-Fi standard are expected to compete head to head with wired last-mile networking technologies. From its initial capabilities at 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps, Wi-Fi is now pushing the 1 Gbps boundary with the latest standard.
All this change and evolution explain why wireless networking skills and knowledge are prized in the workplace and why wireless networking certifications are in high demand.
The wireless networking certification landscape
While examining the many IT certifications that include wireless networking coverage, we found nearly 20 such offerings that included at least some Wi-Fi content. Thus, the five certifications put forward in this article represent only the most popular elements in that list.
What is wireless communications? Everything you need to know
A history of wireless for business and a look forward
Wireless network capacity planning and requirements
12 types of wireless network attacks and how to prevent them
For this survey, we chose the following certifications:
two Cisco credentials -- Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Enterprise Wireless;
the latest iteration of CompTIA Network+; and
two elements from the Certified Wireless Network Professional (CWNP) program, specifically Certified Wireless Network Administrator (CWNA) and Certified Wireless Technician (CWT).
According to SimplyHired, an entry-level worker in wireless networking can expect to make between $40,000 and $70,000 per year, depending on location. As IT professionals climb the skills and experience ladder, their compensation grows as well. Midlevel wireless networking professionals' salaries range from $80,000 to $110,000. The most senior workers tend to earn $100,000 and up.
Clearly, if workers have extensive knowledge and skill in wireless technologies, they can expect to make more money. But it's also important to understand that local job markets and pay scale exert tremendous influence on paychecks, benefits and bonuses. At the highest levels, we found salaries topping out in the $180,000 to $200,000 range, almost exclusively in major metro areas, such as Los Angeles, New York City, Silicon Valley, Austin and so forth.
Conducting the survey
With an initial list of just under 20 candidate certifications, we visited four popular job posting sites to select our final choices, based on hits appearing in current job postings. The data was collected in late October 2022. Values presented in the following table are best understood as representative ballpark figures rather than cast-iron counts of job openings.
The wireless networking job market has some interesting wrinkles around our final certification choices, as we explain below. The table shows the results of our job board surveys with search strings used in quotes to the left and results for the job posting sites at the right.
Top 5 wireless networking certifications with job count snapshots
This table shows various wireless network certs and the job posting numbers associated with them. This online search was conducted in October 2022.
Online search (certification) SimplyHired Indeed LinkedIn LinkUp
"wireless networking"
"CCNA (Cisco)"
"CCNP Enterprise Wireless (Cisco)"
"Network+ (CompTIA)"
"CWNA (CWNP)"
"CWT (CWNP)"
This table leads off with a general search on the term wireless networking in job postings. This helps to set the stage for such jobs that also mention certifications, including the other items in the table. The four job posting sites are well known and support U.S.-wide job searches. The four sites are SimplyHired, Indeed, LinkedIn and LinkUp. In the sections that follow, we describe and delve into our selected wireless networking certifications.
1. Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
The Cisco Certified Network Associate certification is an interesting case. Cisco once offered a specialized wireless version of CCNA, but now, it no longer does. Nevertheless, CCNA still includes substantial wireless coverage -- somewhere between 25% and 35% -- in its curriculum and exam. This explains why the CCNA job count numbers are higher than the other more narrowly focused wireless certs in the table above. In other words, CCNA jobs can involve nonwireless work, too. In fact, changing the search to CCNA plus wireless networking drops the job count numbers by about 50%.
The current CCNA curriculum is divided into six major topic areas: network fundamentals, network access, IP connectivity, IP services, security fundamentals, and automation and programmability. The CCNA is regarded as one of the best and most demanding entry-level networking fundamentals certifications. It's a great starting point for networking professionals working in all areas of networking, including wireless.
CCNA details
Exam: 200-301 CCNA (120 minutes, $400)
Provider: Pearson VUE
Renewal cycle: 3 years
Materials: Cisco's CCNA page includes links to self-study courses and texts, learning network videos, practice test banks, online study groups and so forth. The company's official training course, "Implementing and Administering Cisco Solutions," is one of many options for exam training and preparation available to candidates. The cost is $800 and up; local currency variations may apply.
2. Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Enterprise Wireless
While CCNA is an entry-level, all-around networking fundamentals certification, the CCNP Enterprise Wireless track is midlevel and more narrowly focused on enterprise wireless networking platforms, tools and technologies. The exam includes more than 50% of wireless networking coverage and content.
As with CCNA Wireless, the official CCNP Wireless program was retired in 2020. Interestingly, the job counts for CCNP Wireless averaged over 1,000 higher at each job site than the new certification's name. We think this indicates that markets take a while to catch up with certification programs and that midlevel wireless certifications remain valuable, whether or not they're in sync with Cisco's current slate.
Cisco uses the same exam, 350-401 Implementing and Operating Enterprise Network Core Technologies, for multiple credentials: CCNP Enterprise, Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Enterprise Infrastructure, CCIE Enterprise Wireless and Cisco Certified Specialist - Enterprise Core. It covers implementing core enterprise networking technologies in dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) situations, virtualization, infrastructures, network assurance, security and automation. A single course, "Implementing and Operating Cisco Enterprise Network Core Technologies," covers the lot as well.
One of two additional wireless certifications exams is also required to earn the CCNP Enterprise Wireless credential: 300-425 Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks or 300-430 Implementing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks. Courses for each are also available. These exams are where the wireless networking focus comes to the fore.
CCNP Enterprise Wireless details
350-401 Enterprise Network Core Technologies (120 minutes; $400)
300-425 Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (120 minutes; $400)
300-430 Implementing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (120 minutes; $400)
Materials: As with CCNA, Cisco's CCNP Enterprise webpage includes links to self-study courses and texts, learning network videos, practice test banks, online study groups and so forth. The company's various official training courses are also linked there. The official curriculum is just one of many options for exam training and preparation available to candidates. The cost is $1,000 and up. Instructor-led training is usually more costly than online alternatives. Local currency variations may apply.
Beyond CCNP Enterprise Wireless, Cisco also offers Specialist and CCIE wireless credentials. CCIE is something of a pinnacle certification for many IT professionals. CCIE has been evergreen in the category of top technical certifications since its introduction in 1993 and virtually guarantees a six-figure income to its holders.
3. CompTIA Network+
The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) is a consortium of research and academic institutions, organizations and other parties interested in developing and advancing computing and personnel development. CompTIA sponsors many IT certifications, including the entry-level Network+ credential. Along with CompTIA A+, a general computing technology certification, and Security+, a cybersecurity fundamentals certification, Network+ fills out something of a triumvirate of popular entry-level credentials.
Since its introduction in 1999 -- the year the first Wi-Fi specifications, 802.11a and 802.11b, were commercialized -- Network+ has grown to incorporate more wireless networking coverage. Today, its content includes at least 20% wireless-specific coverage, and half of the overall material has at least some bearing on wireless networks.
Network+ is regarded as a strong general entry-level networking certification. It's somewhat less taxing than CCNA and less focused on Cisco-specific technology. Exam objectives include five domains: networking fundamentals, network implementations, network operations, network security and network troubleshooting. All these domains have wireless-related content.
The old Network+ exam, N10-007, is being retired by the end of 2022. A new Network+ exam, N10-008, is also available and good through the end of 2025. Over the years, the Network+ exam has increased its focus on topics that include wireless networking, cloud computing, network operations and virtualization.
Network+ details
N10-007 Network+ (90 minutes, $358)
Materials: The CompTIA Network+ Exam preparation page has several helpful resources, including e-learning, virtual labs, study guides, online and instructor-led training, and more. There are countless self-study options. Amazon is a good source for study guides, practice tests and other materials.
4. Certified Wireless Network Administrator (CWNA)
The Certified Wireless Network Administrator certification is part of the multicredential CWNP program, which includes fundamentals, entry-level, midlevel, expert and specialist certifications. It's basically a primary source for wireless networking credentials across the entire career spectrum.
CWNP was founded in 1999, coincident with the commercial release of its primary focus: Wi-Fi networking technologies. CWNA is the program's anchor certification and aims to empower network administrators to properly design, implement, maintain and secure Wi-Fi networks. Additional credentials in the program include wireless security, protocol analysis and design.
The CWNA certification requires candidates to pass the current exam, CWNA-108, which expires at the end of 2023. A newer exam, CWNA-109, will be available in September 2023. Candidates should plan for and take the correct exam based on their target exam date. For the time being, CWNA-108 is the only option. This exam is divided into nine domains, including the following: radio frequency (RF) technologies; antenna concepts; wireless LAN hardware and software; network design, installation and management; wireless standards and organizations; 802.11 network architecture; WLAN security; troubleshooting; and how to perform site surveys.
Like CCNP Enterprise Wireless, CWNA is aimed at networking professionals who work with wireless networks daily. And, while the program doesn't garner the same attention as Cisco credentials, it's regarded as a solid source of general, vendor-neutral wireless networking skills and knowledge. Thus, it's a great alternative for those who may not work in Cisco-based networking environments.
CWNA details
Exam: CWNA-108 (90 minutes, $250)
Materials: An official study guide is available through Amazon in paper and e-book format; there are also numerous third-party titles. Online training likewise comes in official and unofficial forms at a range of prices, along with practice tests and more. The CWNA page includes links for related news, classes and events. Candidates can find ample ways to self-study or take courses to prepare for the CWNA exam.
5. Certified Wireless Technician (CWT)
This is the CWNP's entry-level certification, specifically aimed at technical professionals charged with installing, configuring and troubleshooting basic wireless networking equipment and assisting users with wireless networking issues. Topics covered include setting up wireless LAN clients -- such as PCs, cellphones and tablets -- configuring service set identifiers and security settings, and making wireless client connections work.
Although entry-level in scope and coverage, CWT is a hands-on, operational certification, not just a review of networking fundamentals. It provides the basics to those who want to work daily with wireless networks.
The CWT-101 exam is required to earn this credential. It covers four information domains: understanding basic RF hardware and functions, identifying 802.11 features and functions, identifying WLAN hardware and software, and understanding organizational goals.
CWT details
Exam: CWT-101 (90 minutes, $150)
Provider: CWNP (online-only exam)
Materials: Preparation options are provided on the CWT page. Although the link points to the old version of the exam, the page is indeed up to date. Those options include a live training class, a self-paced training kit, study and reference guide, a practice test and various e-learning options. Third-party options are also available online.
Go wireless, go certify
There's no doubt wireless networking technologies are an important part of modern IT infrastructures. Aspiring IT professionals must know at least something about this technology to get their jobs done. Those who are willing to roll up their sleeves and pursue this area of IT systematically will find job opportunities and options coming their way.
Cisco CCNA practice test: Try these 20 exam questions
This was last published in December 2022
Dig Deeper on Networking careers and certifications
By: Damon Garn
9 wireless questions for Cisco's CCT, CCNA exams
By: Deanna Darah
Guide on wireless networking concepts for CCT, CCNA exams
Learn the basics of wireless networking for exam prep
Two Game-Changing Wireless Technologies You May Not Know About –Intel
Built for Business, Built for Now –Intel
Compare 6 major network certifications for 2023 – Networking
Wireless LANs -- 'CCNA Official Exam Certification ... – ComputerWeekly.com
9 wireless questions for Cisco's CCT, CCNA exams – Networking
Understanding how long iPhones can last in the enterprise
Organizations may want to use the devices they invest in for as long as possible, but how long does Apple support iPhones? ...
How organizations should handle mobile device lifecycles
Understanding the mobile device lifecycle can help IT manage endpoints from purchase to retirement, with different tools and ...
How does Android 13 work profile improve IT management
When users bring personal Android devices to the workplace, IT should consider using work profiles on these devices. Learn about ...


text:
Q: PhalconPHP: how to autoload I've found this page on autoloading with PhalconPHP:  http://docs.phalconphp.com/en/latest/reference/loader.html
I understand what I need to do to set up the loader.  However, my question is, now that I have a $loader variable...  what do I do with it?  Is there something I need to attach it to?  My guess was to add it to the $di, but the $di doesn't seem to have a 'loader' key.
// Creates the autoloader
$loader = new \Phalcon\Loader();

//Register some namespaces
$loader->registerNamespaces(
    array(
       "Example\Base"    => "vendor/example/base/",
       "Example\Adapter" => "vendor/example/adapter/",
       "Example"         => "vendor/example/",
    )
);

// register autoloader
$loader->register();

// ***  What goes here?

Thanks!

A: Also don't forget, if you are using composer it's always easier (and often better) to stick with it's autoloader for any vendor-specific packages as well as your own code if it follows PSR-0, which it should.
# composer.json
{

    "require": {
        "…": "…"
    },
    "autoload": {
        "psr-0": {
            "": "../src"
        }
    }
}

// Include composer's autoloader in your index.php.

include __DIR__ . '../vendor/autoload.php';

A: // Creates the autoloader
$loader = new \Phalcon\Loader();

//Register some namespaces
$loader->registerNamespaces(
    array(
       "Example\Base"    => "vendor/example/base/",
       "Example\Adapter" => "vendor/example/adapter/",
       "Example"         => "vendor/example/",
    )
);

// register autoloader
$loader->register();

$var = new Example\Base();

Specified namespaces and classes will be loaded automaticly when you want to use them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Potted into an ornate black oval pot with matching ceramic drip tray.
This beautiful indoor bonsai tree has a charcater trunk with lovely roots which wind up the start to the trunk.
A lovely Chinese Elm indoor bonsai tree in a black oval ceramic bonsai pot with matching drip tray.
This is the exact bonsai you will receieve!