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Your packaging doesn't seem green, what gives?


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Q: Apache vs Weblogic session times I'm working on a web-application which stores some info on the session, this has to stay active for at least 2 hours. ( a bit like a shopping-cart).
I'm working with Apache in front of multiple weblogic instances.
The Apache is for caching + just some RR-balancing.
In my web.xml I have configured a session-time out of 120 minutes.
But now I'm wondering about all these Apache settings
like the general "Timeout,KeepAlive,KeepAliveTimeout"
and also those that I can specify within the "balance-config", which currently is
SetHandler weblogic-handler
WebLogicCluster serv1:port1,ser2:port2
ConnectTimeoutSecs 10
ConnectRetrySecs 2
KeepAliveEnabled ON
KeepAliveSecs 15
WLCookieName WLBALANCECOOKIENAME
so here I can specify another KeepAliveEnabled / KeepAliveSecs
Do I have to put everything on keepalive=YES and  the seconds to 7200+?
This make sure my 2 hour session-timeout of web.xml will be respected?
the general "timeout" I can probably put lower because from what I understand this is for long-requests/responds.

A: KeepAlive is not linked to session timeouts on weblogic.
The KeepAlive in the apache server is for improved performance by using a reusable pool of connections from the Apache plug-in to the WebLogic Server. If the connection is inactive for more than 30 seconds, (or a user-defined amount of time) the connection is closed and returned to the pool.
Still it is recommended to set KeepAlive ON and set the KeepAliveSecs 15 as default.
Now on to your main problem of enabling a 2 hour session timeout. Note: 2 hours is a high amount (the default is only 30 mins) and your Weblogic servers will be using up more memory keeping the session details alive.
I assume you are relying on Apache to direct to the correct Weblogic server based on the user's JSESSIONID. In that case - Apache will send the request to the correct Weblogic server in your cluster - and the user's session will stay alive on that server. Unless you switch on session replication which is another memory hogger.
But to answer your question, your 120 minutes should be respected based on the <session-timeout> setting in web.xml
It is also possible to set this in weblogic.xml, but the overriding one is web.xml

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Innovative outreach increases adoption of sustainable winegrowing practices in Lodi region
California Agriculture > Volume 62 > Number 4 > review article
Cliff Ohmart, Lodi Winegrape Commission
California Agriculture 62(4):142-147. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v062n04p142
C. Ohmart is Sustainable Winegrowing Director, Lodi Winegrape Commission. US EPA Region 9, the CalFed Bay Delta Program and the Great Valley Center provided partial funding for the first edition of the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook; the California State Water Resources Control Board provided partial funding for the second edition.
The widespread adoption of sustainable winegrowing practices depends not only on rigorous science, but also on its effective delivery to growers. The Lodi Winegrape Commission (LWC) created a unique self-assessment workbook and implementation program for increasing the adoption of sustainable winegrowing practices. This project was based on results from published research projects — many generated by UC scientists — and on-farm demonstration projects carried out by LWC growers and vineyard consultants. Data from two grower surveys shows that the program led to the increased adoption of specific sustainable winegrowing practices in the Lodi region. It has also served as a model for programs in other wine regions, including in California and New York.
Sustainable agriculture and the related but legally codified organic agriculture have been evolving since the 1920s (Francis and Youngberg 1990). Their importance and implementation have increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Organic agriculture focuses on inputs (e.g., pesticides and fertilizers), with growers following specific practices to become certified. Over the last 10 years, sustainable agriculture has received increased attention from academia, in the media and on the farm. Sustainable agriculture, unlike organic, is not codified at a national level and has the flexibility to address important emerging issues for California agriculture such as water use, air quality, energy use, greenhouse-gas production, wildlife habitat and human resources (Ohmart 2004b).
The California wine industry, relative to other U.S. agriculture sectors, has invested a significant amount of effort in encouraging the adoption of sustainable practices in vineyards and wineries (Dlott et al. 2002; Ohmart and Matthiasson 2000; Ohmart et al. 2008; Ackerman et al. 1996) (see page 133). The growers in Lodi have been leaders in this endeavor.
Growers in the Lodi region have embraced sustainable winegrowing practices since the early 1990s.
The Lodi Winegrape Commission (LWC) was formed in 1991 by a grower vote. The commission's boundaries are those of California crush district no. 11, in northern San Joaquin County and southern Sacramento County. There are approximately 100,000 acres of winegrape vineyards in this crush district, producing about 20% of California's total wine-grape crush. Part of LWC's original mission was to develop an areawide sustainable winegrowing program. To accomplish this, LWC formed an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program in 1992, consisting of regular grower meetings, field days, a newsletter and a Web site.
In 1995, with help from a Biologically Integrated Farming Systems grant from the UC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, LWC established on-farm demonstration vineyards where a range of sustainable winegrowing practices were implemented and the results tracked. In 2000, LWC published the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook: A Self-Assessment of Integrated Fanning Practices (Ohmart and Matthiasson 2000), and in 2005 launched California's first third-party-certified sustainable winegrowing program, the Lodi Rules for Sustainable Winegrowing (Ohmart 2008; Ohmart et al. 2006).
Growers interested in practicing sustainable winegrowing face three main challenges: defining it, implementing it in the vineyard, and measuring the impacts of implementation (Ohmart 2004a). Once defined, growers must translate sustainable viticulture into day-to-day farming practices. Ideally, practices are based on research results from studies such as those in this issue of California Agriculture. Finally, growers must be able to measure the resulting impacts on farming operations, including on wine grapes and wine quality, farming costs, ecosystem quality and human resources.
The aim of the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook was to increase sustainable winegrowing practices by Lodi growers, and establish benchmarks of adoption to track change over time. The workbook and implementation program were the first of their kind to apply the Environmental Management Systems model (Martin 1998) to wine grapes. They have affected grower attitudes about IPM and increased the adoption of farming practices (Dlott and Dlott 2005). Moreover, the workbook has influenced wine industries in California, Washington state, New York and parts of Australia (Bernard et al. 2007; Dlott et al. 2002; Wise et al. 2007). In 2008, LWC published the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook (2nd ed.) (Ohmart et al. 2008), greatly expanding the content of the first edition.
In 2005, the Lodi Winegrape Commission launched California's first third-party certification program for sustainable winegrowing.
Defining sustainable winegrowing
There is no universally accepted definition of sustainable agriculture, and the paradigm continues to evolve. In 2001, the California Association of Winegrape Growers (CAWG) and the Wine Institute formed a joint committee to develop a sustainable winegrowing program that could be implemented statewide. They crafted the following definition: "Growing and winemaking practices that are sensitive to the environment (Environmentally Sound), responsible to the needs and interests of society-at-large (Socially Equitable), and economically feasible to implement and maintain (Economically Feasible)" (Dlott et al. 2002). This definition is often referred to as the three "E's" of sustainability. These 3 E's are common themes reflected in other proposed definitions of sustainable agriculture (ASA 1989; Francis and Youngberg 1990). This simple but comprehensive definition has been widely adopted within the California wine industry, including by Lodi growers.
Implementing sustainable practices
This definition must be translated into farming practices used to grow wine grapes. In 1998, Lodi growers needed a tool to help them increase the adoption of sustainable winegrowing practices and track the level of adoption over time. An industrywide search identified two promising models. First/the Positive Point System (PI'S), developed by the Central Coast Vineyard Team (CCVT), allows winegrape growers to assess the level of sustainability in their vineyards (Ackerman et al. 1998). The second was Farm∗A∗Syst self-assessment workbooks.
Lange Twins Winery, based in Acampo, credits the Lodi commission as "a catalyst in shaping our philosophy. We have developed our sustainable techniques through their guidelines."
Farm∗A∗Syst, established in 1991, is a partnership between government agencies and businesses to prevent pollution on farms, ranches and in homes using confidential environmental assessments. It is a national program supported by the U.S. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Farm∗A∗Syst's approach is based on the Environmental Management Systems (EMS) model as a standard process to develop goals, implement them, measure success and make further improvements (Martin 1998; WCED 1987).
Based on this model, producers in the United States, Canada and Australia developed self-assessment workbooks for dairy, cotton and other crops. The Farm∗A∗Syst workbooks help growers to identify farming practices that are beneficial from an environmental perspective and those that are having negative impacts; create action plans and timetables to address practices causing environmental concern; and obtain information to help develop and carry out action plans.
The Farm∗A∗Syst workbook model had two attributes that other self-assessments, such as the Positive Point System, lacked. One was that farming issues in the workbook are addressed using a four-category system rather than simple "yes/no" answers. The other encourages growers to develop action plans to address the concerns discovered during the self-assessment. After problems are identified, the action plan puts a grower on the path of continual improvement.
TABLE 1. Fifty six of 105 issues addressed in the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook, providing examples from each of the seven chapters
The Lodi growers chose to adopt the EMS/Farm∗A∗Syst model, then established goals and principles for the program through facilitated discussion (Ohmart and Matthiasson 2000). By doing so they took ownership of the program, helping ensure wide adoption by their peers. They felt growers would be much more likely to use a workbook developed by other stakeholders in their region than one developed by an outside group.
Previous Farm∗A∗Syst workbooks focused on environmental concerns and placed educational information in appendices. Lodi growers chose to not only address important environmental issues but also focus on farming practices that affect wine-grape quality. Furthermore, they chose to integrate throughout the workbook educational information about the most important topics to aid growers in developing their action plans.
Writing the Lodi workbook
No textbooks are devoted to sustainable winegrowing, and the most recent general viticulture text is almost 35 years old (Winkler et. al. 1974). However, advances have continued since then, as shown in publications by UC researchers and other institutions on specific aspects of wine-grape growing, such as Grape Pest Management (Flaherty et al. 1992), Cover Cropping in Vineyards (Ingels et al. 1998) and Deficit Irrigation of Quality Winegrapes Using Micro-irrigation Techniques (Prichard et al. 2004) (see also Adler 2002; Broome et al. 2000; Petersen et al. 1978; Schwankl et al. 1993; Smart and Robinson 1992). There is also a substantial pool of knowledge about sustainable wine-growing in the collective experience of growers, farm advisors, research scientists and others. To take advantage of this published and collective knowledge, a 17-member committee was recruited to develop the workbook, which included Lodi wine-grape growers, vineyard consultants, UC researchers and farm advisors, wildlife biologists, and representatives of the U.S. EPA, Natural Resources Conservation Service and Farm∗A∗Syst.
Following the Farm∗A∗Syst model, the next step was to identify all issues that related to growing wine grapes in the Lodi region, not just those pertaining to inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides. The committee identified 105 issues, which were categorized into seven chapters: viticulture, soil management, water management, pest management, habitat, human resources and wine quality (Ohmart and Matthiasson 2000) (table 1).
The committee then created worksheets for each issue listing farming practices available to Lodi wine-grape growers to address them. Each practice influences one or more of the three E's of sustainability, either positively or negatively. In some cases a practice might be positive for one and negative for one or both of the others. For example, a pesticide may be effective and inexpensive but also highly toxic to workers and wildlife.
After the practices were listed for each issue they were arranged into four categories on each worksheet, with category 1 for least-sustainable practices, getting progressively more sustainable in categories 2 and 3, and ending with the most-sustainable practices in category 4 (table 2). Decisions on what practices to list and the level of sustainability for each were based on research results, as well as on the knowledge and experience of the committee members.
TABLE 2. Worksheet for issue no. 11 in soil management chapter of Lodi Winegrower's Workbook.
The final step in writing the workbook was to add educational information about specific issues and practices. The workbook was not intended to be a textbook on wine-grape growing, but the committee believed that certain scientific information should be included, either as a stimulus for growers to find out more or as practical guide to create and carry out action plans.
Implementing the workbook program
It takes growers about 3 hours to complete the 105 worksheets. There is a summary evaluation sheet for each chapter on which growers record their level of sustainability based on whether their practices best match category 1, 2, 3 or 4. In the subsequent review of the summary evaluation sheets, issues are identified where improvements can be made and an action plan is created. The most serious concerns are identified by issue scores of 1 or 2.
We decided the best way to get busy growers to look at the workbook in depth was to assemble small groups and go through it with them. Key growers in the district were asked to invite 5 to 10 of their neighbors over to fill out the workbooks together. During the first 18 months after the first workbook was published in 2000, 36 workshops were attended by 265 growers managing about 60,000 acres of Lodi vineyards (about two-thirds). Growers took their host role seriously, in some cases trying to out-do each other by serving snacks, wine and coffee; one workshop was held in a pizza parlor.
Measuring adoption
Measuring the level of adoption for sustainable farming practices is difficult, because sustainable agriculture addresses all aspects of farming and encompasses a huge range of practices that fall all along the continuum of sustainability. The four-category worksheet of the Farm∗A∗Syst workbook model is excellent for dealing with this complexity. The evaluation scores from the workbook can be used to assess the level of adoption for an individual vineyard and grower as well as for a group of growers in a region or larger geographic area.
An individual grower can use the evaluation sheets as a summary of their assessment. If they carry out one or more action plans, their vineyard practices can be reassessed after one or two seasons to track improvements over time. Likewise, a group of growers in a region can pool their evaluations into a common database. For example, LWC created a Microsoft Access database to capture and summarize self-assessments from growers willing to anonymously share their vineyard evaluations.
Assessment data from a group of vineyards and/or growers can be summarized in several ways. One is to calculate an average "score" for each workbook issue. For example, if the average for issue 11 shown on table 2 is a 3, then the average vineyard in the database maintains a winter cover crop, has water diversions on any long slopes and no tillage is done. We have used these data summaries to determine which farming issues require more attention in LWC grower outreach meetings. Likewise, growers can see how they compare to the regional average.
Growers managing more than two-thirds of vineyard acres in the Lodi region have assessed their practices using the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook.
Assessing impacts on practices
We attempted to measure the impact of LWC's outreach program on farming practices by conducting grower surveys of more than 700 members of the LWC in 1998 and 2003. The goals were to: assess the quality of LWC's outreach program, including the workbook; identify the sources of educational information used by growers and how important they are; measure the impact of LWC's outreach program on specific farming practices; assess perceptions of IPM; and gather demographic information.
Since LWC's outreach program has focused on IPM — from its inception in 1992 until the publication of the Lodi Winegrower's Workbook in 2000 — the 1998 survey questions focused on IPM. The 2003 survey also focused on IPM, including many of the same questions, so that the results would be comparable. As a result, data presented here is primarily related to IPM.
Fig. 1. Percentage of growers using specific practices for (A) pest monitoring, (B) insect pest management, (C) mite management, (D) disease management, (E) weed management and (F) other IPM practices for pest management, based on grower survey results from 1998 and 2003. Source: Dlott and Dlott 2005.
The 1998 and 2003 grower surveys where designed and carried out by Dlott and Dlott (2005), based on the mail and telephone survey Total Design Method (Salant and Dillman 1994; Dillman 2000), with guidance from the LWC Research Committee. Two weeks after the first mailing, a reminder/ thank-you postcard was mailed to all growers, managers and pest control advisors (PCAs). Replacement questionnaires were mailed to those who had not returned their questionnaires at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the initial mailing. The response rate in both years exceeded 44%, making the results statistically accurate to plus or minus 5%.
Since its inception in 1992, LWC's outreach program emphasized the importance of monitoring to manage vineyard pests, so growers were asked how their monitoring practices had changed (fig. 1A). By 1998, a large portion of growers had changed their monitoring practices, and there was a modest-to-large improvement in all categories between 1998 and 2003. For example, in 2003, 78% reported monitoring more frequently, up 12% from 1998; and 70% reported monitoring more systematically, up 21%. Monitoring for beneficial insects did not change appreciably, remaining at just under two-thirds, but 63% of respondents reported an increase in the amount of monitoring time per trip, an increase of 8%.
The percentage of growers using IPM to manage insects, mites, diseases and weeds, as well as other IPM practices, showed a modest-to-large increase in adoption in all but 4 of the 20 practices surveyed (figs. 1B–F). The increase in implementation of several practices exceeded 20% from 1998 to 2003. We hypothesize that growers increased monitoring more systematically (fig. 1A), most likely because when monitoring, one quickly realizes that systematic monitoring provides data that is comparable from one vineyard to another and from one time to another. Growers increased their adoption of dust-reduction strategies because of an increased appreciation for its role in mite outbreaks, as well as increased air-quality concerns in the Lodi region.
The increased use of computer models for disease forecasting (fig. 1D) is most likely explained by a general increase in the use of computers by growers from 1998 to 2003. Finally, the increase in replacement of pre-emergent herbicides with contact herbicides for under-the-vine weed management (fig. 1E) is likely due to an increase in grower appreciation of groundwater contamination by certain pre-emergent herbicides such as simazine.
The small increase in rate of adoption for some practices, such as monitoring more frequently (fig. 1A), reduced insecticide rates (fig. 1B), irrigation management for mites and diseases (figs. 1C and D) and reduced herbicide rates (fig. 1E) is likely due to the adoption rate being so high in 1998 that there was not much room for a large increase in 2003.
By 2002, growers managing over two-thirds of the vineyard acres in Lodi had assessed their practices using the workbook. Since the workbook program was the major outreach effort carried out by LWC between the two grower surveys, the increases in adoption of farming practices can at least in part be attributed to the workbook program.
Shifting the paradigm
The paradigm of sustainable winegrowing continues to evolve. Because it encompasses all aspects of a farming operation and a wide range of practices, it is useful to think of it as a continuum from "not sustainable" on one end to "very sustainable" on the other. A perfectly sustainable vineyard is not likely, in part because what is considered sustainable today may not be rigorous enough tomorrow. Moreover, growing grapes leaves an environmental footprint and there will always be something that can be done to make that footprint smaller. The world of sustainable agriculture is one where the horizon is always receding; this is a source of frustration for some wine-grape growers because it is human nature to want to arrive at an end-point rather than at some point along a continuum.
A Farm∗A∗Syst self-assessment workbook is well suited to dealing with this situation. First, it encompasses the complete range of practices for each farming issue, from less sustainable to most sustainable. Second, for every farming issue, it provides a road map of practices, showing growers exactly what their level of sustainability is and what they can do to improve. Third, it encourages them to create and carry out action plans to make improvements. And finally, it provides an objective measurement to help growers track themselves either individually or as a group. In the future, metrics around sustainable winegrowing will need to move past simply tracking practices and include performance measures, such as the amount of energy expended and gallons of water used per ton of grapes produced, as well as balancing multiple factors along with farm-gate income.
Implementing the workbook program through small workshops around the kitchen table in growers' homes and shop benches was unique and has had numerous positive outcomes. It got growers to open the workbook and discover its value so they would use it. As growers did the self-assessment they would ask the person next to them how they dealt with certain farming issues. Invariably lively discussions ensued, with growers sharing valuable information. Finally, the workbook program gave the Lodi growers a real sense of meeting the challenges of sustainable winegrowing as a community, and led to increased adoption of IPM practices.
Lodi-Woodbridge Winegrape Commission www.iodiwine.com
California Sustainable Winegrowing Alliance www.sustainablewinegrowing.org
Central Coast Vineyard Team www.ccvt.org
Farm∗A∗Syst www.uwex.edu/farmasyst
Sustainable Viticulture in the Northeast www.vinebalance.com
Washington Guide to Sustainable Viticulture www.vinewise.org
Ackerman D, Bettiga L, Bianchi M, et al. Central Coast Vineyard Team Positive Point System. Practical Winery Vineyard. 1998. 29(1):12-24.
Adler S. California Vineyards and Wildlife Habitat. Sacramento, CA.: Calif Assoc Winegrape Growers. 96 p.
[ASA] American Society of Agronomy. Decisions reached on sustainable agriculture. 1989. Agron News (Jan). p 15.
Bernard M, Horne PA, Papacek D. Guidelines for environmentally sustainable winegrape production in Australia: IPM adoption self-assessment guide for growers. 2007. Austral N Zeal Grapegrower Winemaker (March):24–35.
Broome JC, Scott IC, Hoffman B. Growers' Guide to Environmental Regulations and Vineyard Development. Sacramento, CA.: UC Sustainable Agriculture Research Education Program and California Association of Winegrape Growers. 110 p.
Christensen LP, Dokoozlian NK, Walker MA, Wolpert JA (eds.). Wine Grape Varieties in California. 2003. UC ANR Pub 3419, 188 p.
Dillman DA. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (2nd ed.). 2000. New York: J Wiley. 464 p.
Dlott J, Dlott F. Lodi-Woodbridge Winegrape Commission 2003 and 1998 Grower Questionnaires: 2003 and 1998 Report of Results. 2005. www.lodiwine.com/Grower_Survey_LWC_Final_report.pdf . 53 p.
Dlott J, Ohmart CP, Gam J., et al. The Code of Sustainable Winegrowing Practices Workbook. 2002. Wine Institute and Calif. Assoc. Winegrape Growers. 477 p.
Flaherty DI, Christensen DI, Lanni T, et al. Grape Pest Management. 1992. UC ANR Pub 3343. 400 p.
Francis CA, Youngberg G. Sustainable agriculture — An overview. In: Francis CA, Flora CB, King LD (eds.). Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones. New York: J Wiley. p 1–12.
Ingels CA, Bugg RL, McGourty GT, Christensen LP. Cover Cropping in Vineyards. 1998. UC ANR Pub 3338. 162 p.
Martin R. ISO 14001 Guidance Manual. 1998. National Center for Environmental Decision Making Tech. Rep. NCDER/98–06. www.iso14000–iso14001-environmental-management.com . 97 p.
Ohmart CP. The Challenges to implementing sustainable viticulture. Wines Vines. 2004a. 85(10):40-2.
Ohmart CP. What does sustainability really mean?. Wines Vines. 2004b. 85(11):20-3.
Ohmart CP. Lodi Rules certified wines enter the marketplace. Practical Winery Vineyard. 2008. 29(5):32-42.
Ohmart CP, Matthiasson S. Lodi Winegrower's Workbook: A Self-Assessment of Integrated Farming Practices. 2000. Lodi, CA.: Lodi-Woodbridge Winegrape Commission. 145 p.
Ohmart CP, Storm CP, Benbrook CM. Lodi Rules certification advances sustainable viticulture. Practical Winery Vineyard. 2006. 27(6):7-23.
Ohmart CP, Storm CP, Matthiasson S. Lodi Winegrower's Workbook (2nd Edition). 2008. Lodi, CA.: Lodi Winegrape Commission. 350 p.
Petersen LP, Kasimatis AN, Jensen FL. Grapevine and Nutrition Fertilization in the San Joaquin Valley. 1978. UC ANR Pub. 4087. 40 p.
Prichard T, Hanson B, Swankl L, et al. Deficit Irrigation of Quality Winegrapes Using Micro-irrigation Techniques. 2004. UCCE Dept. of Land, Air, Water Res. UC Davis. 89 p.
Salant P, Dillman DA. How to Conduct Your Own Survey. 1994. New York: J Wiley. 232 p.
Schwankl L, Hanson B, Prichard T. Low-Volume Irrigation. 1993. UC Irrigation Program, UC Davis. 116 p.
Smart R, Robinson M. Sunlight into Wine: A Handbook for Winegrape Canopy Management. 1992. Winetitles: Adelaide, Aust. 88 p.
Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA. General Viticulture. 1974. Berkeley, CA: UC Pr. 710 p.
Wise A, Martinson T, Hawke J, et al. New York Guide to Sustainable Viticulture Practices: Grower Self-Assessment Workbook. 2007. Cornell Univ Cooperative Extension. www.vinebalance.com .
[WCED] World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. 1987. Oxford Univ Pr. 398 p.
Ohmart C. 2008. Innovative outreach increases adoption of sustainable winegrowing practices in Lodi region. Calif Agr 62(4):142-147. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v062n04p142.
Cliff Ohmart

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Our Associate Members
Our Country Partners
Has the ACP group a future after Cotonou?
In 2020 the Cotonou Convention will expire. Then the trade, aid and development mechanism that links 79 nations in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (the ACP) to Europe may well come to end without any successor agreement being put in pace.
How this has come about says as much about the way in which the world has changed since the Convention was agreed in 2000 as it does about thinking that seeks to keep in place a special arrangement that linked Europe to its former colonies, without recognising the need to demonstrate value and achievement.
The existing Convention is the successor to mechanisms stretching back to the Yaoundé Conventions of 1963 and 1969 and the Lomé Conventions I to IV that followed between 1975 and 2000, and may well be the last that seeks to bring together three geographically distant regions largely tied now by a common experience.
Recently, the German Development Institute, the Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, together with the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) published a paper 'Towards Renewal or Oblivion' which reviewed the prospects for continuing a single co-operation arrangement between Europe and the nations of the ACP.
The document adds to a number of studies and discussions that have taken place at many levels in the ACP and Europe, but crucially focusses on perceptions within the ACP.
It makes clear what has been apparent since the EU's decision to bring into being region-specific Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs); Europe prefers a regional approach to its external relations. The report highlights within this context, as the Caribbean already knows, the fact that the Pacific and Caribbean elements of the ACP are not seen in Europe's capitals as anywhere near as important as Africa, and in the case of the Pacific is largely considered a matter best left to the strategic interest of nations on the Pacific Rim.
It also makes clear as is apparent to anyone who discusses the issues with those in Brussels from the ACP, there is a disconnect between the enthusiasm that exists for the continuation of the agreement and the actual delivery of objectives.
The report's authors put this down to the fact that the delivery of the agreement is in effect outsourced to experts, is understood only by a select group of officials and representatives and has become arcane. In other words, it is neither understood nor considered relevant by those it is meant to benefit.
They also point to a number of other factors that challenge its continuation: the arrangements are seen as primarily related to development assistance; the ACP as a group have not had a significant influence on global governance, despite this being a widely held aspiration; there are other vehicles that ACP nations are involved in that have overlapping remits; the ACP member states have not demonstrated their interest by supporting its institutions and its decisions financially; and the prevailing sense that the aggressive way in which the EPA negotiations have been conducted by Europe has engendered a deep mistrust of the EU.
The study concludes that there are three options that the EU and the ACP might consider: regionalising Europe's relationship with the ACP, which is what will happen anyway if no successor to the Cotonou Convention is agreed; upgrading the existing Cotonou Convention in a way that reflects current realities, but with a lesser focus on development assistance; and ensuring that in any regional agreement as many aspects of Cotonou's key provisions are maintained.
The short and accessible study deserves a wider audience in the Caribbean than the select group of experts and officials which the study describes; not least because it points to the changed reality of the region's future relationship with Europe, and the Caribbean's failure in recent years, along with the rest of the ACP, to turn emotional solidarity to practical advantage.
There also much that the report does not say about the ACP or what might happen to it without a successor to the Cotonou Convention.
In the Caribbean most stakeholders, and in particular the private sector, have lost interest in Cotonou or its possible successor, and there is virtually no debate in the media on the likelihood of Cotonou's demise, or on the future of the ACP relationship.
This is because the Caribbean's relationship with Europe has already been regionalised through the EPA's formalising of trade and development relations with CARIFORUM and the agreement of an overarching Caribbean-specific framework document setting out the nature of the future political, economic and relationship with Europe: the Joint Caribbean-EU Partnership Strategy.
In Europe itself, the sense is that the Member States including the EU's former colonial powers have moved on. Strategically Europe looks at the world in a different way. China, Venezuela, Brazil and others are recognised as playing a greater role in the region. The Caribbean, with the exception of Haiti, is considered, as it were, too wealthy in comparison to the poorest developing nations, and in future development assistance will only be provided on a regional basis in the areas of security, the environment and private sector led development.
Moreover, the absence of understanding amongst European electorates of the reasons for sustaining a privileged relationship with former colonies at a time of rising domestic concern about austerity and migration has changed the political dynamics in the relationship.
As a consequence, a Europe of 27 states, increasingly distracted by its own problems, has asked itself why should the parts of the ACP have any greater significance than say Central America, and seemingly, the answer at high policy levels is that it should not.
This is not to imply that Europe thinks that any ACP region does not matter, but from its perspective, now feels the utility of a single ACP group has much less relevance or attraction.
In many respects the ACP was a child of the cold war, reflecting a practical response to the desire of the West to ensure that the future development and political orientation of its existing and former colonies.
For the organisation to have a future it needs youth, vigour, new thinking and a raison d'être rather than the language of solidarity and process, no matter how important the ACP's shared history and experience has been.
Emotional solidarity between the ACP nations remain strong, but the facts suggest that the grouping may have an uncertain grip on the future if it cannot identify and promote to a changing Europe a clear reason why there should be a successor to the Cotonou Convention.
David Jessop is the Director of the Caribbean Council and can be contacted at david.jessop@stagingcaribbean.wpengage.uk
©2023 All rights reserved The Caribbean Council


Aviary is unlike any other bar you're likely to have visited - there's no bar, no bartenders and no bottles on display. Drinks are made back-of-house, then served in a restaurant setting, with restaurant formalities. It is very formal. Dare I say, a tad poncy.
You arrive at a standing wait area right next to the kitchen with floor to ceiling 'caging' separating the guests from the preparation area. (The caging has given rise to a popular understanding of why the restaurant is called Aviary - though actually they were looking for a title that phonetically chimed with its sister restaurant Alinea).
Instead of bartenders, Aviary boasts chefs, working to a strict kitchen regimen worthy of Escoffier. Each chef on the rota is restricted to just five or so drinks each. And rather than using one shaker, rinsing it, then using it again, at Aviary there are some 250 tins, so chefs take a fresh one from a stack in a well, and kitchen porters collect the stacks of spent ones to wash up. Drinks are made not at a bar, but a large table which has integrated wells for equipment and ingredients, refrigerated drawers and slots for garbage below.
The kitchen includes an ice room where some 40 different kinds of ice are kept. There's numerous flavours of ice, hollow ice spheres and custom ice moulds. Separately, a huge blast freezer serves as a glass chiller, and there are two enormous Clinebell ice machines, chilling and circulating water to create perfectly clear ice.
When their table is ready, guests are led through to the main area 76-seat lounge. Resembling a formal restaurant, the long plush room is divided and made more intimate by high back groupings of crescent-shaped seats. Banquet seating sweeps around round tables opposite scallop-shaped swivel chairs. The space is modern in design and luxurious in feel. It's seating only - no standing.
Floor staff are carefully briefed about all the drinks, their ingredients, how they are made and presented, though their role is more analogous to a waiter making a recommendation in a restaurant than the repartee you expect between a bartender and his customer. The service is friendly and very attentive -overly so at times.
Eighteen cocktails occupy the second page of the eight page concertina menu with the soaring birds on the first page aligned to each cocktail, the relative position of bird to drink indicating the style of each cocktail. The further the bird is away from the name so the more intricate that cocktail is. Perhaps not as helpful as knowing how sweet, strong, long or indeed how good a drink is but it's a clever indicator all the same.
Gasps of 'wow', 'ooh' and 'ah' can be heard as the theatrical cocktails are delivered to the guests' tables, each concoction, more bizarre than the last. But how does the drink taste? The servers seek a critically assertive reply after delivering every drink and accompanying dish. We found the drinks on the sweet side. I can only describe one dish as being gloopy. In our opinion there's a touch of 'emperor's new clothes' to people's assessment of the cocktails at Aviary.
We recommend avoiding the formality of the above. Instead head to The Office, a speakeasy style bar hidden near the restrooms in the basement below. Accessing the main bar upstairs is a breeze - book ahead or just walk-in. However, The Office is a different matter and unless you want to book for a private party (it holds 26) you'll need to be invited or know someone who knows someone.


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text:
Life as an Architect - in Tokyo
Tokyo, like New York, Paris, London, and Berlin, is a complex metropolis, filled with architectural masterpieces—unique, innovative buildings, both historical and contemporary. Tokyo is a wonderland of architecture, and for this reason, it has long been one of my favorite cities—a visionary metropolis of both fantasy and reality. For the architecture enthusiast (or for any foreigner visiting this amazing city), endless visits are required to fully experience and understand the quintessence of its fabric; and there are no shortcuts.
In his new book, My Life as an Architect in Tokyo, published by Thames & Hudson, Kengo Kuma has succeeded in encapsulating the city's history up to the present day, helping us fully appreciate Tokyo's architecture through a memorable and in-depth tour of his city; a trip filled with inspiration and surprises. Through the ruins of both the 1923 Great Earthquake and the bombing of WWII, we learn of Tokyo's urban landscape from its early times through the 20th century, and how the changes in the Japanese economy has impacted the built fabric. Kuma's pocket-sized book, which conveniently allows you to carry it in your bag while touring the city, will provide you with a wholly new experience when traveling through Tokyo's neighborhoods. Like every metropolis, Kuma says, Tokyo is comprised of a collection of 'hoods' or 'villages.'
Tokyo's dynamic architecture, dating back to the 17th century, and the stories of those who created Tokyo, are told in the most fascinating way by arguably the most famous Japanese architect outside of Japan. Kuma, who is known for creating magical designs that merge Japanese vernacular and its materials—wood and paper—with the contemporary, has written a poetic tribute to the place where religion and lifestyle are integrated within its aesthetics.
His fascination with the world of architecture started in his childhood, where as a young boy, he first saw the Yoyogi National Gymnasium, which Kenzo Tange designed for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics (above). This stunning example of Japanese modernism was the turning point in his decision to become an architect. Those Olympic games, he says, "marked the peak of Japan's rapid economic development." Through his account, we learn the fabric of Tokyo, its history and the contemporary, and in this context, he relates the story of his own architectural designs.
We learn about each one of Tokyo's villages, and through them, about Kengo Kuma's own architecture. Omotesando, for example, Tokyo's leading fashion street, lined with elm trees, is the home of Tokyo's largest shrine. Now, it is the home of flagship stores housed in some of the most spectacular architecture, from Neil Barrett boutique by Zaha Hadid; Dior by SANAA, and Herzog & de Meuron's Prada house made of glass walls shaped like curved, diamond panes. Kuma designed One Omotesando for the LVMH group, covered in wooden louvres—thin lines of wood that evoke the iconic elm trees.
Take this little book and visit Tokyo. Get on the train and explore this metropolis as an insider. And do not forget to visit Kuma's new masterpiece, the Olympic stadium, which he was selected to design as the centerpiece of the 2020 Olympic Games, a project which was infamously taken away from Zaha Hadid. It is yet another example of how the Japanese vernacular is present in today's architecture.
Kengo Kuma, Ginzan Onsen Fujiya in Yamagata, Japan, 2008. Photo by Daici Ano.
Kengo Kuma, SunnyHills, Minami-Aoyama, Tokyo.
Kengo Kuma, taircase in a timber pavilion in Tokyo. Photo by Kobayashi Kenji.
david ebner link
DANIELLA, THANK YOU FOR YOUR PIECE ON KENGO KUMA ,
I WAS NOT FAMILIAR WITH HIS WORK. I ORDERED HIS BOOK.
I AM SO IMPRESSED WITH HIS IDEAS AND HOW COMMITTED HE IS TO HAVING THEM CRAFTED AT SUCH A HIGH LEVEL.
HAPPY NEW YEAR, DAVID


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The water tank volume: 0.9 cubic dimensions 910x1000x1000 (l x w x h) (mm). Firefighters are calculated at 75 kilograms per person.
Vehicle notes: The water tank volume: 0.9 cubic dimensions 910x1000x1000 (l x w x h) (mm). Firefighters are calculated at 75 kilograms per person.


Unforgettable Events is a wedding planning business based in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, which also serves the Scranton, Selinsgrove, Lewisburg, and Williamsport areas. As the name suggests, this business approaches every wedding with the goal of making it simply unforgettable. They have been serving couples and helping them plan weddings since 2004. As you prepare for your big day, let the team take care of all your details so that you can focus on celebrating your love story and creating memories.
Roxanne was a DOC for my wedding. She was very helpful in organzing and planning, especially during the month before the wedding. She did all of the decorating for my reception and ceremony and really made my vision come to life. She was absolutely worth the money we spent and I would recommend anyone to hire a DOC, and anyone in the area to hire Roxanne in particular.
We loved our experience with Roxanne. She went out of her way to make sure our day was perfect and that we had everything we needed. Her draping installations and rental decor with absolutely stunning and I regretted not hiring her on as my day of wedding planner because I know she would have knocked it out of the park! If you need someone to handle any and all of your wedding decisions, she's the gal!
This is a must for all brides!
I could not imagine what my wedding day would have been like without Roxanne and her staff. She went above and beyond from the very beginning. Throughout the entire wedding planning she was extremely organized, friendly, helpful in providing suggestions and was always checking with me on certain things. I never had to worry about anything she was tasked with and she always went well above all of my expectations. On my wedding day she was the first one there and the last to leave. Everything was set up exactly how I wanted it, not one tiny detail was missing. She did not miss a beat. The whole day was extremely smooth from start to finish..not one hiccup! I know for sure this was because of Roxanne. She continuously put me at ease and reassured me I had nothing to worry about and she was right. I would hire her 100 times over! I could never thank her enough. Her services are an absolute must!
I always recommend 'Unforgettable Events' when Brides ask me who to call for Wedding Planning !
Roxanne is a beautiful and fun young lady who really knows what she is doing. I highly recommend her as a coordinator.


text:
Bremen és una població dels Estats Units a l'estat de Kentucky. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 365 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Bremen tenia 365 habitants, 164 habitatges, i 110 famílies. La densitat de població era de 238,9 habitants/km².

Dels 164 habitatges en un 24,4% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 48,2% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 13,4% dones solteres, i en un 32,9% no eren unitats familiars. En el 28,7% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles el 16,5% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,23 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 2,74.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 20,8% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 6,3% entre 18 i 24, un 27,9% entre 25 i 44, un 24,4% de 45 a 60 i un 20,5% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 43 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 84,1 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 31.136 $ i la renda mediana per família de 36.094 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 24.712 $ mentre que les dones 19.844 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 14.959 $. Entorn del 10,6% de les famílies i el 10,5% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Entitats de població de Kentucky

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Published On: Mon, Apr 8th, 2013
Featured / Local | By Edition
Active hurricane season expected by CWC
WILLEMSTAD – According to the Caribbean Weather Center the region must be prepared for an active hurricane season this year.
On December 5, 2012, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued an extended-range forecast predicting an above-average hurricane season. In its report, the organization called for 15.4 (±4.3) named storms, 7.7 (±2.9) hurricanes, 3.4 (±1.6) major hurricanes, and a cumulative Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of 134, citing the forecast for slower-than-average trade winds and warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures. While no value was placed on the number of expected landfalls during the season, TSR stated that the land falling ACE index was expected to be above average
CaribbeanHurricane
InterCaribean must issue bank guarantee under duress
Fruit and vegetable sales along the road is getting out of hand
Refinery's new operator faces major challenges


text:
package org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.wizard;

import com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.project.wizard.AbstractExternalProjectImportProvider;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VirtualFile;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.util.GradleConstants;

/**
 * @author Denis Zhdanov
 */
public class GradleProjectImportProvider extends AbstractExternalProjectImportProvider {

  public GradleProjectImportProvider(GradleProjectImportBuilder builder) {
    super(builder, GradleConstants.SYSTEM_ID);
  }

  @Override
  protected boolean canImportFromFile(VirtualFile file) {
    return GradleConstants.EXTENSION.equals(file.getExtension()) ||
      file.getName().endsWith("." + GradleConstants.KOTLIN_DSL_SCRIPT_EXTENSION);
  }

  @Nullable
  @Override
  public String getFileSample() {
    return "<b>Gradle</b> build script (*.gradle)";
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


in peace and harmony. Malaysia has a lot places of interest that showcase its rich natural, a historical and cultural beauty which are able to cater to the tastes of every tourist. The friendly warmth of the people and the cheapest vacation destinations in the region making Malaysia the most favorite tourist destination among the tourists.
With a population of 29 million, Malaysia set to be one of the developed countries in the world. Its population consists of Malays, Chinese, Indians, Kadazan and many other races. Malays are the majority in this country with national language "Bahasa Malaysia" being converted by all the people in Malaysia.
The weather here is comfortably warm throughout the year and is been recognized as the ideal place to travel anytime throughout the year.
Its Capital Kuala Lumpur is the metropolitan city with modern sophistication coupled with the old charm of the city in its heart. Let the city night life's warmth welcome you to a modern and sophisticated city with a mix of multicultural events, new and traditional, from the different ethnics in Malaysia.
Malaysia is full of events and celebrations throughout the year long with celebrations such as Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Deepavali, Christmas Day, Thaipusam, Religious Celebration from all the races. Open houses held by the political and community leaders are the most common celebration open for all in Malaysia and tourists during the festival.
Foods here are fantastic and delicious. We have quite a wide range of local foods which are able to attract the taste of our travelers.


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Spyware and Browser Hijacking Software. Are You Infected?
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