text:
Local start-ups prepare for launch
The Covid-19 pandemic has sent many airlines spinning into financial ruin, and some will not survive the industry's largest crisis. However, there are start-up airlines that are defying the bleak environment and persevering with plans to launch operations. While there is no doubt they are entering service during extremely challenging market conditions, they do have some advantages. Aircraft are much cheaper to obtain now, and airlines can start at a scale that suits the depressed demand - which is a luxury the incumbents do not have, with their fleets that were designed to suit the pre-pandemic world. Competition will also be less fierce for the immediate future, giving the start-ups some breathing space to establish a foothold.
In the former Yugoslav region, several airlines are looking to start operations. They include ETF Airways, which is closest to launch, the ambitious Dubrovnik-based premium long haul carrier Pragusa.One, another Croatian start-up being set up by the boss of Germany's Sundair, as well as Slovenia's SouthEast Airlines and Montenegro's new national carrier ToMontenegro.
Based on its current plans, ETF Airways intends on taking delivery of its first Boeing 737-800 aircraft later this month or in early April. The AerCap leased jet will be used for charter flights. ETF intends on focusing on routes from the Croatian Adriatic coast, such as Dubrovnik, Pula, Split and Zadar, to airports in France, Germany and the UK. As EX-YU Aviation News learns, the airline has been in discussions with local tour operators over making its aircraft available to shuttle passengers to the Croatian coast on their behalf.
Elsewhere in Croatia, the owner and CEO of German charter carrier Sundair intends on launching a new airline this coming summer. Although initially planned to commence operations in late April or early May, its first flight is now expected during the third quarter. The airline is currently working on obtaining an AOC [Air Operator's Certificate]. Meanwhile, the UK-registered Pragusa.One has set out an ambitious plan to commence flights from Dubrovnik and Prague to a number of destinations in the United States, Canada, China, Japan, South Africa, Malaysia and Singapore with a fleet of Airbus A330 and A350 aircraft. Based on reports, the carrier will apply for an Air Operator's Certificate in April and has secured incentives from its base airports.
SouthEast Airlines hopes to launch operations from either Ljubljana or Maribor in Slovenia this June with its initial focus being on charters and ACMI (aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance) wet-lease flights. The carrier has already finalised contracts for a demanding charter season this coming summer. Its initial focus will be on European Union markets. The airline will acquire an Airbus A320 jet in order to commence operations but intends on growing its fleet by adding another aircraft of the same type by the end of the year, with a total of six planned by 2023. Cabin crew are currently undergoing training.
Montenegro hopes to establish its new national carrier by June following the collapse of Montenegro Airlines. The state has acquired two Embraer E195 jets for the carrier, however, its CEO noted the fleet will grow in line with demand, with up to six jets currently planned. The airline's first route from both Podgorica and Tivat will be Belgrade. There are also a few other destinations that are of interest, but their launch will depend on whether those markets are open at the time ToMontenegro commences operations, as well as demand and cooperation with tour operators. These markets include Russia and a select few in Western Europe.
croatia ETF Airways Feature montenegro slovenia ToMontenegro
Question is, will any of them work.
With three start ups in Croatia I'm hoping at keast one has some success.
*least
NoraBassaYou 01:42
SouthEast Airlines hopes to launch operations from either Ljubljana or Maribor in Slovenia.
idnas 09:16
I like livery of SouthEast Airlines.
Me too. Looks good.
I think the airline being created by Sundair boss has greatest chance of success.
I would think the new Montenegrin national airline had the greatest chance considering it's getting state money.
Petar 09:24
I work in the hospitality (5-star hotels) in Dubrovnik.
Organized travel (groups) is dead and will be so for at least 2 more years. This year and next year, there is a chance for a semi-decent season in Croatia and Dubrovnik which will be based on the individual travels, however 2 peak months tops in July and August. Next year, maybe 3 months.
And that may be a stretch/wishful thinking.
Groups are an important element in helping airline operations stay afloat in the shoulder season (April/May, Sept/Oct).
Asian groups were filling Qatar, OU and EK planes, whose pax eventually ended up in Dubrovnik hotels in shoulder season.
I hope for the best, but honestly I dont have high hopes.
At least not for 2021, maybe 2022.
Interesting. Do you think these airlines don't have a chance of any successful start.
ETF stands the most chance IMO. They seem to understand the underserved charter market aspect in Croatia, for both outbound and inbound travelers. However, I think the name is a huge fail (i base this on an experience as a brand and marketing manager), so that may cost them in the end. If they are only going to focus on B2B and fly on behalf of no name airline for xy tourost agencies, then the name is not as relevant.
Actually ETF won't stand a chance because OU is finally getting its act together. They started digitalizing themselves and they will a huge focus on the coast now. This will help them stabilize their finances so that they can go back to their full potential.
@Anonymous that is very optimistic perception... I wouldn't rely on Croatia Airlines too much...
None of these startups will harm OU.
I also don't see (even if they launch) hurting OU. They do very few charters. Maybe it stimulates them to do more in this area.
DAD 15:37
@Petar
You are right. As much as we'd like to see a partly recovery this year- it won't happen.
Let's hope for 22.
Who is financing all of this?
Private investors.
State for ToMontenegro
Hope some will work out.
Good luck to them, they will need it. Meanwhile Wizz Air moved five aircraft into long-term storage: 1x A320 and 4x A321.
G-WUKC, G-WUKD, G-WUKI, G-WUKJ & G-WUKL
Dozens of aircraft are in long term storage, it's only Wizz UK. Five 320s had been returned to the lessor in the last two months with others to follow.
I can't believe this Pragusa airline has already received support from the airports. Crazy
Or that the Slovenian airline has charter contracts already.
And then people complain when their flight is ruined or is not happening. Like all those new W6 bases and flights. They announce then with so much fanfare but in the end they silently cancel them, no word of it.
I think ETF would really benefit the Croatian coast
Indeed...and finally make Croatian tourism based on full year not only few months in year. Imagine having charter flights from Scandinavia to Croatian coastline during winter months... I bet the demand for these flights would be insane... I really hope ETF will become one of the strongest players in Croatian aviation industry.
My work enables me to have access to industry-high articles on global finance/business covering all sectors, i.e. travel, airlines, hotels being one of many. Initially like many (both experts or just casual observers) I thought this will last 2020 and will start picking up fast in 2021. That it seems, was wrong. This will be 'new normal' for some time, maybe 2-3 years more. Tourism will come back but in a different format not the same as it was. It will take probably 3-5 years for us to come back to 2019 levels or to the level of safety we had in 2019 as humans. No doubt this is probably the worst hit on travel/tourism since WWII. Many will not survive, but survivors will explode. I think we might have then decade like crazy 1920s when world wanted to catch up to lost years of Spanish Fever/WWI. This calamity hit sectors/jobs that you would never thought would be hit hard, like pilots for example. They got decimated and who would have thought. Local travel will recover faster, cars/smaller hotels in nature with limited capacity. Big tours, groups, huge hotels, big flights, mega destinations.........they will take longest to recover. I hope I am wrong and I hope we fully recover in 2 years, i.e. mid 2023.
Very good comment 👍
Hope it can work, but what will they all do in winter?
ACMI in other parts of the world (or Europe)
Create charter trips for Africa just like Enter Air and Travel Service do...don't forget Croatian coastline has a great weather conditions compared to the north. Having charter flights and bringing retired population to Split or Dubrovnik must be really good opportunity. Plus unpredictable situation in Europe gives big advantage to charter operators for adhoc and last minute flights compared to scheduled carrier. If Istra is green area with least infections, in less than a week charter trip with flight ticket and accomodation can be arranged. I try to remember what Dubrovnik Airline did in 2008/2009 crisis and they did good job even in the middle of the crisis!
Why hasn't Trade Air done something like this?
There are so many ACMi airlines around the world that will be doing this and there will be much less need for ACMI leases in the years to come as so many aircraft are grounded.
This is exciting. I wish them all the best.
What a time to launch a new airline...
Anyone who wants to start up an airline at this time must be very bold. Wish them good luck.
It's the best time to launch a new airline. It's like buying stocks, buy low-sell high. It would be bad move to start in 2019 when market have reached the top. With current prices and market conditions it is reasonable decision. Don't forget people working in the management have more internal data than random people commenting on forum with no previous aviation business experience.
Actually with established carriers in a crisis and the price of leased aircraft at record low levels this is a time of great opportunity.
I feel all of these will end up in the same bag with the other unsuccessful airlines.
I hope that these ideas will become a reality.
ToMontenegro is the only one that will get off the ground.
Start up epidemic.
The only question is will they suspend flights before they start flying or afterwards
It doesn't necessarily have to be like that. With these start up airlines in Croatian, I think the main question is what sort of capital do they have. Who is behind them. Because all of these airlines go belly up because they don't have cash, meaning they don't have a strong financial backing.
Is there anybody who really believes this?
I hope this succeeds and support any kind of enthusiastic idea, especially in aviation industry.
Due to low plane leasing rates, it is quite easy to set up an airline now a days.
Despite the pessimism i see good chances of at least some of these succeeding.
I've lost all trust in Croatian start-ups
I don't get the point in all of this
It's good to see various airlines operating in Croatia and not only depending on the flag carrier compared to other countries in the region. My personal favourite is SouthEast. Good luck to Hrvatska!
Southeast is in Slovenia...
Why is everyone so negative towards this? Sure some of these plans are a bit out there but they are all seeking an AOC and things are moving in the right direction, so they have already proved some people wrong.
Completely unrealistic.
The fact of the matter is that they are sticking to their plans for now.
Any investment in the region is welcomed but I never heard of anyone getting an AOC swiftly.
Because they are trying to start a business now when demand is still soft to the region. Seems like Croatia and Montenegro won't be hot destinations this summer. Eurowings just added a second A320 to Dortmund and not a single destination was added to these two countries while they only announced seaside flights. It won't be a good year, quite a bad one actually.
I hope this happens.
Interesting article. I wish them all luck, naturally. I may be a bit more optimistic than many, but critically, we need 2 things;1) the EU vaccination rate to improve fast 2) infection rates to fall. Last year without vaccination, we had strong demand for DBV in July and Aug, there's no reason for that to be worse. I'm a bit less confident the EU will get it right in terms of vaccine volumes. However, the 2 strongest markets for DBV are UK and USA, both storming ahead in vaccinated population percentage.
Separately, some airlines are reporting to shareholders they expect a subdued start to the season, but are already considering options to extend their flights to the end of November to make up lost ground. As already said, this is a great time to start an airline if you have strong investors, when people can travel, demand is expected to be high. That should give them enough revenue to make it through winter, and then 2022 is a whole new ball game. If the virus is managed well through winter, pent up demand for international travel could be extreme.
Plan for the worst, hope for the best and you never know. Every day brings a new surprise at the moment!
I struggle to understand why ETF thinks charter flights from PUY, ZAD, SPU,DBV to UK will work.
Charter flights carrying tourists to holiday destinations in Europe were replaced years ago by LCC's ( low cost carriers).
tour operators used to charter an aircraft from A to B and needed to fill it. Iften they sold seats to other tour operators yet the flight remained THEIR charter flight.
LCC's offered a seat rate costing much less than that if a charter flight and without the need to sell all seats on the flight..to make a profit.
Some may point to TUI Airways. the tour operator and the airline have the same group ownership
But it is a LCC too. anyone can but seat only. i have bought LGW to PUY one way in May for under 100 GBP.
So i wonder where ETF believes it will find tour operators to charter flights to Croatia when it is easier, cheaper and less restrictive just to buy seats on EasyJet, Wizz, Ryanair, BA, ..even OU ..and even TUI and Jet2 (the airlines..both sell seat only)
Not totally replaced by LCC... especially in corona times people need guarantee they will fly to destination. LCC are very often cancelling flights last minute. My friends got their flight to Athens cancelled last summer, not even due to travel restrictions but due to low pax booking number. This is why I think charter will work out in coming years. Maybe after we return to normal they will need to adjust their model to other markets and areas but for time being they have good advantage of fresh capital and competition that is weaking every day by grounding their fleet. Plus don't forget Croatian tourism is dead by winter. ETF might start connecting Croatia will exotic destinations in wintertime. I would rather fly with them to Hurghada than to fly with Turkish Airlines via Istanbul.
This year Dubrovnik announced good bookings but also they expect many last minute trips due to uncertain situation. ETF Airways is Adhoc and charter airline so they will be on standby exactly for these ocassions. Evenmore, LCC is not always cheap. Especially if you include your baggage. ETF Will most probably include baggage in ticket price and in deal with touroperators or hotels, total cost of the trip might be the same but will more safety and guarantee that flight will happen.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Los timanaes fueron un pueblo indígena que habitaba durante la conquista española en el Valle del Río Timaná y por todo la riba derecha del río Magdalena hasta la desembocadura del río Suaza en el departamento colombiano del Huila.

Según los cronistas castellanos Herrera y Fray Pedro Simón, el origen del municipio de Timaná corresponde a la existencia en esta zona de la tribu de los indios timanaes, yalcones y apiramas, mandados por los caciques Inando, Pionza, Añolongo, Meco, Timano y la Gaitana. Según el jesuita Juan de Velasco, el territorio de los timanaes estaba entre el de los paeces (al occidente) y el de los andaquíes (al oriente).

Aunque para algunos estudiosos, hablaban una lengua de la familia lingüítica chibcha, Adelaar considera el idioma como una lengua no clasificada por falta de datos seguros.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Friede, Juan (1953) Los andakí, 1538-1947; historia de la aculturación de una tribu selvática. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Véase también
 Gaitana
 Andaquí
 Yalcón
 Tama
 Pijao
 Nasa (Paez)

Pueblos indígenas de Colombia
Historia de Huila

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"""
scan the SCANDIR every SLEEPTIME for new idfiles and process them.
idfiles are pushed into a queue instance where MAXTHREAD workers are waiting
and processing the idfiles.
Processing means, add / remove or change the password of a kdc user principal.
Every idfile can only be processed once, then it is removed

(c) 2010, marco.hoehle@unibas.ch
"""

import os
import logging
from threading import Thread
from Queue import Queue
from Queue import Empty
from time import sleep
from datetime import datetime
import UniDomain.UniDomain as UniDomain

SCANDIR = "/home/idmsync/queue/"
SLEEPTIME = 1
MAXTHREAD = 8

KEYTAB = "/root/janitor/janitor.keytab"

#-------------------------------------------------------------
class Worker(Thread):
    def __init__(self, princ, queue):
        self.queue = queue
        self.princ = princ
        Thread.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        while True:
            try:
                idfile = self.queue.get(timeout=4)
            except Empty:
                if __debug__: logging.debug("%s - queue is empty, terminate." % self.getName())
                return()
            try:
                self.process(idfile)
            except IOError:
                logging.warn("%s - %s does not exist but was still in queue, removed." % (self.getName(), idfile))

    def process(self, idfile):
        threadID = self.getName()
        if __debug__: logging.debug("%s - process %s " % (threadID, idfile))
        fd = open(idfile, "r")
        pwd = fd.read()
        uid = idfile.split("/")[-1]
        princ = self.princ
        if pwd:
            if __debug__: logging.debug("%s - got user %s\n" % (threadID, uid) )
            if len(princ.authen.list_users(uid)) == 0:
                if __debug__: logging.debug("%s - \'%s\' - does not exists, create new." % (threadID, uid) )
                logging.info(princ.authen.add_user(uid,pwd))
            else:
                if __debug__: logging.debug("%s - \'%s\' exists, change password " % (threadID, uid) )
                logging.info(princ.authen.change_user_password( uid, pwd))
        else:
            if len(princ.authen.list_users(uid)) > 0:
                logging.info("%s - got user %s with NULL password (remove user from KDC)." % (threadID, uid) )
                logging.info(princ.authen.delete_user(uid))
        try:
            os.unlink(idfile)
        except OSError:
            logging.warn("%s - another thread seems to have cleanup up our linkfile %s." % (threadID, idfile) )

def serv_forever(SCANDIR=SCANDIR):
    while True:
        userlist = os.listdir(SCANDIR)
        if userlist:
            roger = UniDomain.janitor(KEYTAB=KEYTAB)
            if __debug__: logging.debug(userlist)
            queue = Queue()
            [ Worker(roger, queue).start() for i in range(MAXTHREAD) ]
            [ queue.put("%s/%s" % (SCANDIR, uid)) for uid in userlist ]
            logging.info("(%s) processing queue (%d items) ... " % (datetime.now(), len(userlist)) )
            while not queue.empty():
                sleep(SLEEPTIME)
            logging.info("(%s) queue done." % datetime.now() )
            roger = None
            sleep(10)
            os.system("killall kadmin")
        sleep(SLEEPTIME)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
    try:
        logging.info("(%s) Daemon started, press CTRL+C or send sighup/sigterm/sigkill to exit" % datetime.now())
        serv_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        logging.info("(%s) Daemon stopped via keystroke" % datetime.now())

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
22 Pa. Code § 49.111. Supervisory Certificate.
SUPERVISORY CERTIFICATES
§ 49.111. Supervisory Certificate.
(a) The Department will issue Supervisory Certificates for positions in the schools of this Commonwealth to persons who:
(1) Have completed 5 years of satisfactory certified experience in the area in which the Supervisory Certificate is sought.
(2) Have completed an approved graduate or approved alternative program preparing the applicant for the responsibilities of supervising in the program area and of directing the activities of certified professional employees.
(3) Present evidence of satisfactory achievement in assessments prescribed by the Department under § 49.18(a) (relating to assessment).
(4) Are able to help students achieve under Chapter 4 (relating to academic standards and assessment).
(5) Meet the following standards:
(i) The supervisor understands the central concepts of organizational leadership, tools of research and inquiry and principles of teaching and learning that make supervision effective and efficient.
(ii) The supervisor understands how all children learn and develop and configures resources to support the intellectual, social and personal growth of all students.
(iii) The supervisor knows and understands effective instructional strategies and encourages and facilitates employment of them by teachers.
(iv) The supervisor uses an understanding of individual and group motivation to create a professional development environment that engages teachers to develop and apply effective instructional techniques for all students.
(v) The supervisor is an effective communicator with various school communities.
(vi) The supervisor organizes resources and manages programs effectively.
(vii) The supervisor understands and uses formative and summative assessment strategies to gauge effectiveness of people and programs on student learning.
(viii) The supervisor understands the process of curriculum development, implementation and evaluation and uses this understanding to develop high quality curricula for student learning in collaboration with teachers, administrators, parents and community members.
(ix) The supervisor possesses knowledge and skills in observation of instruction and conducting conferences with professional staff that are intended to improve their performance and enhance the quality of learning experiences for all students.
(x) The supervisor thinks systematically about practice, learns from experience, seeks the advice of others, draws upon educational research and scholarship and actively seeks out opportunities to grow professionally.
(xi) The supervisor contributes to school effectiveness by collaborating with other professionals and parents, by using community resources, and by working as an advocate to improve opportunities for student learning.
(b) Notwithstanding the requirements of subsection (a), and excluding Special Education Supervisory Certification, the Department may issue additional Supervisory Certificate areas to individuals who already hold a valid State Supervisory Certificate if they demonstrate competency in the requested supervisory area by one of the following:
(1) complete 12 Department-approved credits of collegiate study in the supervisory area sought, or
(2) achieve a passing score on the applicable content test.
(c) For Supervisory Certificates issued under paragraph (b), 5 years of service in the area is not required.
(d) A Supervisory Certificate for either Curriculum and Instruction or Pupil Personnel Services will be issued to persons who:
(1) Have 5 years of satisfactory professional certified service in the school program area for which the comprehensive certificate is sought.
(2) Have completed an approved graduate or approved alternative program preparing the applicant for the broad area, districtwide supervisory functions specified by the endorsement area of the certificate.
(3) Present evidence of satisfactory achievement in assessments prescribed by the Department under § 49.18(a).
The provisions of this § 49.111 issued under sections 1317 and 1319 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P.S. § § 367 and 369) (Repealed).
The provisions of this § 49.111 amended September 12, 1980, effective September 13, 1980, 10 Pa.B. 3665; amended September 24, 1999, effective September 25, 1999, 29 Pa.B. 4954; amended July 14, 2006, effective July 15, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 3655; amended April 22, 2022, effective April 23, 2022, 52 Pa.B. 2451. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (372249) to (372251).
Notes of Decisions
Professional Employee
Person who had been certificated as a teacher but not as a supervisor and who wished to contest her ''demotion'' from a supervisory position to a teaching assignment was not a ''professional employee'' for purposes of requiring a hearing under section 1151 of the Public School Code of 1949 (24 P. S. § 11-1151). School District of Philadelphia v. Brockington, 511 A.2d 944 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986); appeal denied 523 A.2d 1132 (Pa. 1987).
This section cited in 22 Pa. Code § 19.3 (relating to nonteaching professional employee effectiveness rating tool); 22 Pa. Code § 49.161 (relating to Supervisor of Career and Technical Education); and 22 Pa. Code § 49.163 (relating to Career and Technical Administrative Director).


text:
Bölkow va ser un fabricant d'aeronaus d'Alemanya Occidental amb base a Stuttgart, i posteriorment a Ottobrunn.

Història
L'empresa va ser fundada l'any 1948 per Ludwig Bölkow qui, des del 1955 junt a Emil Weiland, havia desenvolupat, helicòpters per Bölkow Entwicklungen KG.

El mes de juny de 1968, Bölkow es va fusionar amb Messerschmitt AG per formar Messerschmitt-Bölkow, una combinació que va crear l'empresa d'aeronaus més gran d'Alemanya Occidental, amb unes vendes totals properes als 150 milions de dòlars (del 1968). Aquesta fusió va ser promoguda pel govern alemany. El mes de maig del 1969, l'empresa es va tornar a fusionar, aquest cop amb Hamburguer Flugzeugbau (HFB), formant Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB). MBB va ser comprada per Daimler-Benz a principis de la dècada de 1990, esdevenint part de DASA, la qual, al 2000 va passar a formar part d'EADS.

Productes

Aeronaus

 Bölkow Bo 207
 Bölkow Bo 208 Junior
 Bölkow Bo 209 Monsun
 Bölkow Phoebus, variants A, A1, B, B1, B3, C planadors

Helicòpter
 Bölkow Bo 46
 Bölkow Heidelbergrotor Sistema de rotor experimental
 Bölkow Bo 70 Projecte amb experimental "Heidelberg Rotor"
 Bölkow Bo 102
 Bölkow Bo 103
 MBB Bo 105
 MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 projecte de Junta amb Kawasaki

Míssils
 Cobra (míssil)
 HOT (míssil)
 MILAN
 Roland (míssil)

Referències

Fabricants d'aeronaus europeus
Empreses d'Alemanya


text:
GM commits to be carbon-neutral by 2040
General Motors is the latest automaker to make a carbon neutral commitment.
By Katie Fehrenbacher
The largest U.S. automaker, General Motors, has pledged to become carbon-neutral by 2040, an ambitious plan with a deadline a decade sooner than many global automakers.
While GM previously had aimed to become a "zero-emissions automaker" by 2050, the news unveiled Thursday both ramps up and codifies the company's plans. The commitment includes a strategy to "eliminate tailpipe emissions" from light-duty new vehicles by 2035.
The amped-up ambition shows how global automakers are increasingly setting more aggressive paths to transition away from fossil fuels, the resource that has been the key to powering their industry for a century. Most are embracing batteries as the next-generation fuel resource and prioritizing electrification as the key technology that will power vehicles of the future.
A handful of automakers have made carbon-neutrality pledges, but GM's is one of the most ambitious. Last summer, automaker Ford pledged to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. European automakers including Daimler have made similar commitments — in 2019, the German company pledged to make its cars carbon-neutral by 2039. Volkswagen also has said it aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050.
GM Chief Sustainability Officer Dane Parker, who spoke on this topic at VERGE 20 in October, said on a media call Thursday morning that the carbon-neutral commitment includes Scope 3 emissions. For GM that includes emissions from the tailpipes of its vehicles, which account for 75 percent of the company's carbon footprint.
GM's Factory Zero program is building a new generation of EVs in a Detroit factory that will run on zero-emission power.
Close Authorship
Transitioning GM's vehicles to electric is the key goal to achieving this. Parker confirmed on the call that GM aims to stop making new gas-powered light-duty vehicles by 2035. By 2025, 40 percent of GM's cars will be zero-emission vehicles, the company said.
GM said it worked with the Environmental Defense Fund to develop the EV commitment. GM announced last year that it plans to invest a massive $27 billion into electrifying its product lines.
GM's other emissions come from powering its operations, and the emissions of its suppliers. GM plans to source 100 percent of its energy in the U.S. from renewables by 2030, and globally by 2035. That accelerates the company's previous clean energy goal by five years. Any remaining carbon emissions will be offset, according to the company.
Several months ago, the decarbonization commitments from GM might have seemed unexpected. The automaker had sided with the Trump administration to block California from setting more stringent clean car standards than the federal government.
However, in November — following the election of U.S. President Joe Biden — GM abruptly reversed that decision and stopped backing the Trump administration's efforts to undercut stricter fuel efficiency.
Shortly after that decision, and earlier this month, GM used the virtual stage of the Consumer Electronics Show, to showcase its electric vehicle technology and to unveil a new division focused on electric delivery and an electric delivery van. FedEx said it would be GM's first customer for the division, BrightDrop.
Want more great analysis of electric and sustainable transport? Sign up for Transport Weekly, our free email newsletter.
Katie Fehrenbacher
Climate Tech Journalist
@katiefehren
10 tips to electrify your fleets
Made in America: A lithium supply chain for EV batteries
3 tips for how cities can be more entrepreneurial
How climate tech startups can survive and thrive in the downturn
10 questions for lithium giant Albemarle's CEO
See all by Katie Fehrenbacher


Tewkesbury Kitchens & Bathrooms - Bathrooms, Home Improvements, Kitchens based in Rotherfield, East Sussex.
Robert Tewkesbury Kitchens & Bathrooms is a construction, furniture build and installation company specializing in creating bespoke spaces for residential projects. Founded by Robert Tewkesbury in 2005 and now working exclusively alongside the design studio Gloss Estate run by Helen Pais, it has grown to encompass interiors for a wide variety of clients including kitchens, bathrooms, bedrooms, stairs, studies, wine rooms, new builds, full house renovations, barn conversions and recently projects abroad.
The workshop is based on Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, where Helen also runs her design studio. Although we are not bound to one style, you can always expect our approach with a touch of wit, humor and the blend of tradition with modern sophistication. We offer full service design and manage each project from concept to completion.
Build, installation and project management is represented by Robert Tewkesbury personally. Robert is a cabinet maker by trade and has built a mass of experience in all associated building trades He has been making fine kitchens and bathrooms from before the dinosaurs existed. With all that time and experience, staying calm and cool is what he is known best for, besides true craftsmanship.


Large king size master room available in a beautiful bright and airy 3 bedroom apartment, which features a large living area with plenty of morning sun, comfortable sofa and a big screen TV. We have a spacious wrap around balcony with a lovely open view towards North Head and glimpses of Manly harbour, perfect for having breakfast. Fully equipped kitchen with gas stove and oven. The modern bathroom has an internal laundry and the toilet is separate.
The room is a very large KING size room, which comfortably fits a king size bed as well as additional furniture such as bedside tables, a book shelf or chest of drawers. There is also a massive built in wardrobe across the length of the room with 4 mirrored sliding doors and plenty of storage! The room is bright and airy with a lovely leafy outlook and the big window has a fly screen. It also faces away from the road and is nice and quiet.
We are in a great location just one block back from all the buses to the city or a 10 min. walk to the ferry and Manly Corso shops, as well as a quick 7 min. walk to Manly beach. There is no off-street parking but we can offer a permit for street parking and we also have extra storage available for a bike or surf board.
Electricity, gas and unlimited internet are split evenly between the 3 of us. Works out to be approximately $20 per person per week.
Household & cleaning items we tend to share, cleaning is done weekly and the duties are taken in turn.
Hi, we are two working professionals in our mid thirties and have lived in Manly for over 6 years. We love the beach lifestyle and are out and about a lot, but enjoy coming back home to a relaxing place. We enjoy the occasional glass of wine and a shared dinner, but mostly cook our separate meals especially during the week.
Hi, I'm Tanja, originally from Switzerland, Aussie citizen for over 5 years now and I work in Marketing. On the weekends you'll find me at the beach, snorkeling or catching up with friends in Manly and making the most of the beautiful area. I like to travel, go on hikes, and camping trips.
Hey, I'm Jana, Czech, living in Sydney for over 6 years. I work in the city as a landscape architect. I love my active lifestyle - you will most likely find me playing beach volleyball. I am always up for a good hiking trip & any outdoors adventures.
We prefer someone who is a professional working full time, and an easy going, respectful, and tidy flatmate. Someone who enjoys a good chat and occasional shared dinner/drinks but also needs their own space and prefers to go out to socialise (we are not a party house). No couples or students please.


text:
El FTSE 250 (, Financial Times Stock Exchange 250 Index, también conocido como Footsie 250) es un índice de capitalización mesurado de 250 empresas británicas en la Bolsa de Londres. Son las empresas más grandes seleccionadas trimestralmente de la 101 a la 350, teniendo su cotización principal en el índice. Promociones y degradaciones del índice se dan trimestralmente y tendrán lugar en marzo, junio, septiembre y diciembre. Este índice se calcula en tiempo real y se publican cada minuto.

Los índices relacionados son el FTSE 100 (que enumera las 100 mayores empresas), el FTSE 350 (que combina el FTSE 100 y 250), el FTSE SmallCap y el FTSE All-Share (que es la agregación de las FTSE 100, FTSE 250 y el FTSE SmallCap).

Un buen número de empresas dentro de este índice son fondos de inversión. Al 30 de septiembre de 2008, la capitalización de mercado neto de índice FTSE 250 161 mil millones de libras esterlinas (o 13 por ciento del FTSE 100).

Lista de las compañías en el FTSE 250

Reflejando el reemplazo de Aricom con Peter Hambro Mining efectivo el 22 de abril de 2009.

En orden alfabético:

 3i
 3i Infrastructure
 888 Holdings
 ARM Holdings
 Aberdeen Asset Management
 Aberforth Smaller Companies Trust
 Absolute Return Trust
 Aegis Group
 Aggreko
 Alternative Investment Strategies
 Aquarius Platinum
 Arriva
 Ashmore Group
 Ashtead Group
 WS Atkins
 Avast
 Aveva
 BBA Aviation
 BH Global
 BH Macro
 BSS Group
 BTG
 Babcock & Brown Public Partnerships
 Babcock International Group
 Bankers Investment Trust
 Baring Emerging Europe
 A.G. Barr
 Barratt Developments
 Beazley Group
 Bellway
 Berkeley Group Holdings
 Big Yellow Group
 BlackRock World Mining Trust
 Bluebay Asset Management
 Bluecrest Allblue Fund
 Bodycote International
 Bovis Homes Group
 Brewin Dolphin
 Brit Insurance Holdings
 British Assets Trust
 British Empire Securities and General Trust
 Britvic
 N Brown Group
 Burberry Group
 CSR
 Caledonia Investments
 Carillion
 Carpetright
 The Carphone Warehouse
 Catlin Group
 Charter
 Chaucer Holdings
 Chemring Group
 Chloride Group
 City of London Investment Trust
 Close Brothers Group
 COLT Telecom Group
 Computacenter
 Connaught
 Cookson Group
 Cranswick
 Croda International
 Daejan Holdings
 Daily Mail and General Trust
 Dairy Crest Group
 Dana Petroleum
 Davis Service Group
 De La Rue
 Debenhams
 Dechra Pharmaceuticals
 Derwent London
 Dexion Absolute
 Dignity
 Dimension Data
 Domino Printing Sciences
 Domino's Pizza UK & IRL
 DSG International
 Dunedin Income Growth Investment Trust
 Dunelm Group
 Eaga
 EasyJet
 Edinburgh Dragon Trust
 The Edinburgh Investment Trust
 Edinburgh UK Tracker Trust
 Electra Private Equity
 Electrocomponents
 Emerald Energy
 Enterprise Inns
 Euromoney Institutional Investor
 Evolution Group
 F&C Asset Management
 F&C Commercial Property Trust
 Ferrexpo
 Fidelity European Values
 Fidelity Special Values
 Fidessa Group
 Filtrona
 Finsbury Worldwide Pharmaceutical
 FirstGroup
 James Fisher & Sons
 Foreign & Colonial Eurotrust
 Forth Ports
 GKN
 Game Group
 Genus
 Go-Ahead Group
 Goldman Sachs Dynamic Opportunities
 Great Portland Estates
 Greene King
 Greggs
 HMV Group
 HSBC Infrastructure Company
 Halfords Group
 Halma
 Hansard Global
 Hargreaves Lansdown
 Hays
 Helical Bar
 Henderson Group
 Heritage Oil
 Hikma Pharmaceuticals
 Hiscox
 Hochschild Mining
 Homeserve
 Hunting
 IG Group Holdings
 IMI
 ITV
 Impax Environmental Markets
 Inchcape
 Informa
 Intermediate Capital Group
 International Personal Finance
 Interserve
 Investec
 JKX Oil & Gas
 JPMorgan American Investment Trust
 JPMorgan Asian Investment Trust
 JPMorgan Emerging Markets Investment Trust
 JPMorgan European Fledgling Investment Trust
 JPMorgan European Investment Trust
 JPMorgan Fleming Mercantile Investment Trust
 JPMorgan Indian Investment Trust
 JPMorgan Japanese Investment Trust
 Jardine Lloyd Thompson Group
 Keller Group
 Kesa Electricals
 Kier Group
 Ladbrokes
 Law Debenture
 Logica
 London Stock Exchange Group
 MITIE Group
 Marston's
 McBride
 Meggitt
 Melrose
 Melrose Resources
 Merchants Trust
 Michael Page International
 Micro Focus International
 Millennium & Copthorne Hotels
 Misys
 Mitchells & Butlers
 Mondi Group
 Moneysupermarket.com
 Monks Investment Trust
 Morgan Crucible Co
 Morgan Sindall
 Mothercare
 Mouchel Parkman
 Murray Income Trust
 Murray International Trust
 National Express Group
 Northern Foods
 Northumbrian Water Group
 Novae Group
 PZ Cussons
 Pace
 PartyGaming
 PayPoint
 Perpetual Income & Growth Investment Trust
 Persimmon
 Peter Hambro Mining
 Polar Capital Technology Trust
 Premier Farnell
 Premier Foods
 Premier Oil
 Provident Financial
 PV Crystalox Solar
 QinetiQ
 RIT Capital Partners
 RPS Group
 Rank Group
 Rathbone Brothers
 Redrow
 Regus
 Renishaw
 Rentokil Initial
 Restaurant Group
 Rightmove
 Robert Wiseman Dairies
 Rotork
 SDL
 SSL International
 SVG Capital
 Salamander Energy
 Savills
 Scottish Investment Trust
 Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust
 SEGRO
 Shaftesbury
 DS Smith
 SOCO International
 Spectris
 Spirax-Sarco Engineering
 Spirent
 Sports Direct
 St. James's Place
 Stagecoach Group
 SThree
 Stobart Group
 Synergy Health
 Talvivaara Mining Company
 Tate & Lyle
 Taylor Wimpey
 Telecity Group
 Telecom Plus
 Temple Bar Investment Trust
 Templeton Emerging Markets Investment Trust
 Thames River Multi Hedge PCC
 Tomkins
 Travis Perkins
 TR Property Investment Trust
 Tullett Prebon
 UK Commercial Property Trust
 Ultra Electronics
 United Business Media
 VT Group
 Vectura Group
 Venture Production
 Victrex
 W H Smith
 Weir Group
 Wellstream
 Wetherspoons
 William Hill
 Witan Investment Trust
 Wolseley
 Wood Group
 Xchanging

Referencias

Índices bursátiles de Reino Unido


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My guess would be that anyone reading this probably likes to own movies and to watch them more than once. For the most part, that's a good thing and I agree with it. However, I think there are some movies that should not receive additional viewings. This is not because these films are poor – in fact, I mean pictures that I liked the first time through - but simply because they don't hold up well to the second screening. Whatever affection I originally had for the piece gets destroyed.
For some reason, Kevin Costner films feature prominently in my "Shouldn't have watched that again!" derby. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Dances With Wolves, Field of Dreams… These are all movies that I liked that first time out but altered my opinion upon further review.
However, it had been a while since I last saw Field of Dreams, so I thought I'd give it another chance. Now that I've seen it again, I've concluded that Dreams is actually a pretty decent little movie and much better than I thought the second time through it. It's not the greatest thing I've ever seen, but it's a fairly enjoyable and occasionally moving piece.
You know, right now I'm not even terribly sure what turned me off about Dreams in the first place, but I think it was probably the frequently overly reverent attitude it displays towards baseball. This isn't because I don't like the game; in fact, I'm a lifelong baseball fan who counts it as easily his favorite sport. Nonetheless, I can't stand the whole "baseball as America" rhapsodizing that so frequently occurs. Whenever baseball starts to get viewed as some sort of mythological, unifying source, that's when I head for the exits; please keep George Will, Ken Burns and their ilk away from me.
Not that I deny the ways that baseball can tie people - especially fathers and sons - together. I can definitely relate to the experiences of Ray Kinsella (Costner), who never knew how to talk to his dad but could usually connect to him through baseball, so I perfectly understand the message being sent. I think that's largely the reason Dreams worked for so many people, because lots of us see our own experiences depicted on the screen.
However, some people push the baseball-America metaphor way too far, and that's what turns me off. Thankfully, Dreams avoids that trap for the most part. I could have lived without Terence Mann's (James Earl Jones) speech at the end, but other than that, there's not too much baseball religion happening here. Really, as has been said many times before, the movie isn't about baseball; it's about relationships and regrets, and baseball simply is the vehicle that motivates the story.
Actually, the use of baseball in the film is quite a clever device if for no reason other than that it helps draw men in to the story. Essentially, Dreams meets most criteria to be a "chick flick," but it's rarely thought of that way. The fact that sports are involved makes the picture more accessible for a male audience.
Field of Dreams appears in an aspect ratio of approximately 1.85:1 on this single-sided, double-layered DVD; the image has NOT been enhanced for 16X9 televisions. The lack of 16X9 enhancement was just one of the problems that marred this presentation.
Sharpness occasionally took a hit. Some of this came from the lower resolution of the non-anamorphic transfer. I noticed quite a few instances of jagged edges as well as some shimmering, and wide shots tended to be moderately soft and undefined. Mild edge enhancement came along for the ride as well; haloes contributed to the movie's occasional impression of softness.
Source flaws were another concern. The film seemed grainer than usual, and I noticed sporadic examples of specks, grit, nicks and other blemishes. Though these never became heavy, they created more than a few distractions.
Colors sometimes looked good, as the movie boasted a rich, natural palette. However, the tones could be too heavy, so I thought colors weren't as vivid as they should have been. Blacks seemed somewhat inky, and shadows tended to be moderately muddy. This wasn't a bad enough transfer to fall to "D" territory, but it disappointed nonetheless.
Don't expect much from the film's Dolby Surround 2.0 soundtrack either, though it seemed acceptable for a film of this one's age. The soundfield was pretty subdued through most of the flick. Music showed passable stereo definition, and a few scenes opened up the mix to a minor degree. For instance, the shots at Fenway Park presented decent spread to the side and rear channels. Otherwise, this was a low-key mix without much to impress the listener.
Audio quality also was satisfactory but not much more. A few lines sounded a little stiff, but most of the dialogue was reasonably natural and concise. Effects played a small role and didn't do much to stand out from the crowd. Those elements were acceptably defined, though, and not an issue. Music fared best of all, as the movie's score appeared fairly lively and rich. Lows could be slightly loose, but I thought the music was usually pretty good. Overall, this ended up as a pretty average soundtrack.
In terms of extras, we start with an audio commentary with director Phil Alden Robinson and director of photography John Lindley. Both sit together for this running, screen-specific chat. They discuss story issues and the adaptation of the original novel, sets and shooting in Iowa and elsewhere, cast and performances, baseball training, visual issues and cinematography, score and audio, various effects, and general production notes.
Most of the DVD's other supplements fall under the banner of The Field of Dreams Scrapbook. The main attraction here is a one-hour, 28-minute and 45-second documentary entitled A Scrapbbok. It mixes movie clips, archival materials, and interviews. We hear from Robinson, author WP Kinsella, producer Larry Gordon, head baseball coach Rod Dedeaux, production designer Dennis Gassner, farm owner Don Lansing, composer James Horner, and actors Kevin Costner, Burt Lancaster, Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, Timothy Busfield, and Ray Liotta.
Hidden inside the "Language Selections" menu for the "Scrapbook", movie music lovers will find a pleasant surprise: a stereo rendition of James Horner's Score. This runs during the documentary and appears to offer the entire score for the film. I think it's odd the DVD's producers hide this option, but it's a nice bonus anyway.
Back inside the many "Scrapbook" options, we locate the flick's Shooting Script. This allows us to flip from page to page and check out the screenplay. The interface is less than user-friendly, but it's a cool addition to the set.
More frames pop up in the Production Stills. We get a whopping 368 photos from the set and the film. Though the quality is pretty good, again the interface causes problems. You can't do anything other than flip from one to the next, so God help you if you want to see picture 187 again. Still, I like the photos themselves.
Next we get some Articles About Doc Graham. These cover 98 screens as they tell us about the real-life character who inspired the movie's "Moonlight". They're fascinating historical documents.
Potpourri includes a few stillframe odds and ends. We get facts about Joe Jackson and a few others as well as photos of the legendary player and additional historical baseball figures. The "Potpourri" also includes unused storyboards, publicity shots and ad campaigns before the "Scrapbook" area ends with the movie's trailer.
A few text elements finish the DVD. Production Notes offer a short synopsis of various filmmaking subjects; we've already heard these elsewhere, but they provide a good summary. We also get serviceable Cast & Filmmakers biographies for Robinson and actors Kevin Costner, Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster.
While I was prepared to dislike Field of Dreams, I actually found it to be fairly charming and entertaining. Whatever aspects of the film turned me off in the past melted away as I got caught up in its gentle fantasy and emotion. The DVD presents mediocre picture and sound but compensates somewhat with an excellent roster of extras. Though the disc doesn't give us the film at its best, at least we get a fine flick with a lot of useful supplements.


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General Richards, the Chief of the General Staff, will also face battles closer to home in order to ensure his troops have the equipment and support they need.
His outspoken predecessor General Sir Richard Dannatt was frequently at odds with ministers over the issue, and Gen Richards acknowledged he would be a "hard act to follow".
One of the main challenges he will face in Whitehall is the forthcoming strategic defence review (SDR) as all three services seek to protect their share of the military budget. All main parties have committed to holding a root and branch review after the next election.
Gen Dannatt's departure from the Army is unlikely to mean that ministers have heard the last from him. He now takes up the post of chairman of the Royal United Services Institute think-tank – a perfect platform from which to expound his views, unfettered by any last constraints of office.
Separately, the head of British forces in Afghanistan said that more air support would be "of benefit". But Brigadier Tim Radford said that although extra unmanned aerial drones and helicopters would be useful, he has adequate resources to do his job.


text:
Das Margel-Institut (kroat. Margelov institut) ist ein nichtstaatliches Institut der jüdischen Minderheit in der Republik Kroatien. Direktor des Instituts ist Alen Budaj.

Gründung
Gegründet wurde das Institut am 23. Februar 2007 in der kroatischen Hauptstadt Zagreb. Die Namensgebung des Instituts geht auf den kroatischen Rabbiner Mojsije Margel zurück.

Aufgabengebiete
Seit der Gründung hat sich das Institut zur Aufgabe gestellt, gegen jegliche Formen des Antisemitismus, Rassismus und sonstiger Diskriminierungen, bezüglich von Abstammung und Religionszugehörigkeit innerhalb der kroatischen Gesellschaft entgegenzuwirken. Es setzt sich für ein gegenseitig fruchtbares kroatisch-jüdisches Miteinander ein. Dazu stellt es in verschiedenen Projekten die jüdische Geschichte und Kultur auf dem Gebiet Kroatiens vor. Ein weiteres Aufgabengebiet des Instituts ist die Bewahrung der jüdischen Kulturgeschichte, Religionsgeschichte in Kroatien und das Erinnern an den Holocaust.

Das Margel-Institut in Zagreb arbeitet mit den Instituten Simon Wiesenthal Center in Jerusalem und dem Jasenovac Research Institute in New York zusammen.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (kroatisch, englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Antisemitismus
Menschenrechtsorganisation
Holocaustgedenken
Judentum in Kroatien
Organisation (Zagreb)
Gegründet 2007
Menschenrechte in Kroatien


text:
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Home / All Blog Posts / What is the Entourage Effect and why does it matter?
What is the Entourage Effect and why does it matter?
CBD, full-spectrum, pure CBD isolate, hemp, broad-spectrum CBD, the list of terms and labels go on and on.
If you are new to CBD and your only idea of cannabis is as a stereotype in a Hollywood movie, then these terms could become somewhat daunting and a little more than confusing.
If you have done some research and have looked into CBD and using hemp plants to support your general wellbeing, chances are you've come across these terms. One term that may be popping up that sounds like a TV series is the 'entourage effect'. So, what exactly is the entourage effect, should it matter to you and how does it affect you?
The answer is yes, it matters- especially if you want to make informed and conscious decisions before you purchase any kind of hemp oils or products derived from cannabis plants.
Aside from being a controversial development in research, what is the entourage effect? Although THC and CBD are among the terms people are most familiar with, there are other compounds that could add to the overall effects of THC, CBD and the cannabis plant in general.
The entourage effect involves the phytocannabinoids and terpenes naturally occurring in cannabis plants. The main gist of the entourage effect is that the full spectrum enhances the beneficial properties of the CBD oil or balm, as opposed to the effectiveness of CBD isolate.
What are full-spectrum CBD products?
In full-spectrum CBD products, you will find all the naturally occurring compounds such as terpenes, phytocannabinoids (sometimes even THC), and flavonoids.
Now, you may have also heard of broad-spectrum products. Broad-spectrum means that they have gone through more vigorous processing than a full spectrum product, but still contain all the compounds except for THC. Isolates are another type of product, and these products are usually put through even more stringent filtration so that the end result is just one cannabinoid, typically CBD, and will be labelled as CBD isolates.
Is there one 'best product? The answer is not as clear as people would like it to be, especially because research is continuously evolving as it is still relatively in the juvenile stages. Let's take a closer look at the entourage effect and see if full-spectrum CBD products are the right ones for you.
How is CBD Linked to the Entourage Effect?
Research suggests that the entourage effect enhances the overall qualities of CBD oil. This concept covers how the many compounds within the cannabis plant interact with each other, and our bodies' endocannabinoid systems. This synergistic effect means that the overall 'team' of cannabinoids and compounds is stronger than the individual effects of CBD isolate alone.
The entourage effect was first uncovered in 1998. Researchers Shimon Ben-Shabat and Raphael Mechoulam were studying cannabis plants and the effects they could potentially have on certain conditions, and the potential side effects thereof.
What did the research find?
Their research revealed how full-spectrum CBD oils and our bodies' endogenous cannabinoids respond to the plants' metabolites and molecules. This response was heightened when the endocannabinoid system was introduced to the full spectrum of compounds.
If we examine CBD products, then it means that CBD's effects are enhanced and supported by other naturally occurring cannabinoids such as CBDV, CBN, and even THC. Furthermore, terpenes and flavonoids could also assist in the effectiveness of CBD.
This synergistic interaction among the terpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, cannabinoids, and other naturally occurring compounds is dubbed the entourage effect.
There are approximately 500 known compounds in the cannabis plant, 100 of which are phytocannabinoids. The other compounds are mainly composed of fatty acids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Aromatherapy is based on the wellness effects of terpenes, while flavonoids are studied for their soothing benefits and other effects.
Dr. Ethan Russo, the current director of research and development at the International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute in Prague, describes the entourage effect quite poetically as he likens them to an ensemble of musical instruments. The entire ensemble of compounds could offer benefits that pure CBD isolate products do not.
Furthermore, there are a plethora of articles published by the British Journal of Pharmacology detailing the studies of the entourage effect. One particular area of study has been how the entourage effect could be useful in 'taming THC' because CBD and other compounds have been found to reduce the side effects often brought on THC.
If you are looking for the best CBD products, it could be worthwhile to check out full-spectrum products from our product page. If you are concerned about THC content, then you may find that a broad spectrum product may work out best for you.
However, no matter what the label states, it is recommended that you always check the third party lab reports or the certificate of analysis. This ensures that you can be certain of the cannabinoid content and amount of THC in the product you are purchasing. This is particularly important for people concerned about THC popping up on routine drug tests.
Does this mean CBD Isolate products shouldn't be given a chance? It does not mean you should abandon the idea of CBD Isolates. The entourage effect simply suggests that full plant extracts could offer further benefits. If you are curious to see how CBD isolate products work for you, by all means, give them a try. Just be sure to always purchase quality CBD products, which you can find on our website.
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Home Heroes Spider-Man Spider-Man: Homecoming
The Chronology of The MCU [Based On Spider-Man Homecoming]
Discussion in 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' started by Ultraman, Jul 8, 2017.
R_Hythlodeus Nerd Supreme
AlluAllu said: ↑
Iron Man 3 isn't even that much of a problem if one assumes that Tony's symptoms didn't start until much later the battle of NY.
but that date is set: 13 years after the conference. And 13 years after 99/00 puts it at 12/13. It can't happen earlier or later, there's no wiggle room
#51 R_Hythlodeus, Jul 11, 2017
Best said: ↑
I already tried explaining to him man, don't bother.
I doesn't even matter, since Homecoming in his eyes clarly is a deliberate retcon tailored to suit exactly his desires. putting CW in 2016 by evidence doesn't change that, because Homecoming retconned anything ayway, just because Neil and Feige agree that Neil should no longer be forced at gunpoint to look at his IM3 BluRay
Silvermoon Made To Be Ruled
R_Hythlodeus said: ↑
So I'm not the only one that's going
at the way that NealKenneth is trying to spin this? Good to know
#53 Silvermoon, Jul 11, 2017
AvengerPA Registered
Okay, let's take a look at the evidence we have:
December 31st 1999/January 1st 2000 - fixed date, Tony at the conference in Bern, meets Yinsen, Killian et al. (IM3)
February 14th 2008 - fixed date, Killian find candidates for the Extremis program (date shown in IM3)
2010 - IM (6 months before IM2 as stated by Senator Stern in IM2)
2011 - Fury's big week (Fury mentions in TA that the events of Thor happend 'last year')
2012 - the Battle of New York/ the Incident (year given in AoS S2E06 A Fractured House)
December 2012 - IM3
September 9th 2013 - set date, Grant Ward is promoted to Level 7 and gets a new ID batch with it's date clearly visible in AoS S1Eo1 Pilot
November 2013 - Thor The Dark World (Darcy states that Thor was gone for over 2 years since the events of the first Thor, set in 2011, A calender can be seen in the movie saying November)
First Half of 2014 - Winter Soldier (Falcon states they're looking for the Winter Soldier for two years in Civil War, given that Rogers says he's 95 in TWS it has to happen before July 4th)
2014 - GotG, Got2 v2 ('34 years later' than the '1980' opening scene of the first movie)
January 6th 2015 - This google+ post
May(?) 2015 - AoU (in CW it is mentioned by Tony that 'Spencer decided to spend his summer in Sokovia' which is when the battle of Sokovia happend. Zemo says he spent over a year planning his revenge. So early summer, really, May probably
July 17th 2015, set date, Scott Lang is released from prison (WHiH)
December 2015, Peter Parker was bitten by a spider (He had this power for 'six months' in CW)
May 3rd, 2016 - set date, WHiH coverage of Lagos Incident
June 2016 - Vienna International Center bombing, stated as 'one month after Lagos' (or Lagos was stated as 'last month' something along that line)
August or September 2016 - Start of Homecoming, judging by the 'two months later'. Assuming CW happend late in June, September is more likely, given that August is an akward time to go to High School (as is June for having homework, frankly, but I have no idea when summer holidays in the US usually end)
that's the bits that are working, now for the onscreen bits that didn't work:
2020 - the events of Homecoming (8 years after the Battle of New York)
edit: rereading this, I noticed I forgot Visions line in CW about the '8 years since Tony Stark announced himself as Iron Man' which, going by all other evidence surprisingly doesn't work neither with earlier given dates. So either IM is set in 2008 instead of 2010 which doesn't work with the dates given in TA and IM2 or CW is set in 2018, which means, since Cap is still 95 in TWS, Falcon and Cap started looking for Bucky in 2016, two years after the events of TWS and after AoU. This would also mean that the date of the WHiH footage for CW is wrong by 2 years.
It still doesn't make any sense in relation to the 2020 date of Homecoming, though. There's still a gap
2016 seems to be the year Dr. Strange started his training under the Ancient One, I can't remember any exact dates given in canon. IF Strange started experimenting with the Eye of Agamoto around May/June 2016 however, there might be an in universe reason for both Vision's 'eight years' and Toomes' 'eight years', as in Strange broke time completely in early summer 2016
Peter Quill was kidnapped in 1988 when he was 10 years old, not in 1980.
#54 AvengerPA, Jul 11, 2017
AvengerPA said: ↑
Yeah, I just rewatched thhe start of GotG, because that bothered me too. I was going off memory there, knowing it was set in 2014. but it says '26 years later' putting it still in 2014, so everything is fine.
were '1980 - 34 years later' the dates from Vol. 2? I have no copy of that movie around
I think so. I at least seem to recall the 1980 showing on screen when it shows Meredith and Ego (so Peter was 8 when he was abducted... not 10) - don't recall if they did a "34 years later" (but they might have)
AlluAllu Registered
I agree. What I meant was that Iron Man 3 isn't necessarily holding Avengers to 2012.
#57 AlluAllu, Jul 11, 2017
but Agents of SHIELD is
TheVileOne Registered
Once again, there is no repairing Homecoming saying Avengers happened eight years before.
#59 TheVileOne, Jul 11, 2017
Yes. Choosing "Homecoming fix" would decanonize Agents of SHIELD. I suspect sooner or later one of the films will contradict tv-shows anyway.
I'm warming up to the headcanon that Doctor Strange broke time.
TheVileOne said: ↑
the sad thing is, when I can come up with a working timeline based on only on screen dialogue, on screen dates and the occasional WHiH stuff in about an hour of research, how easy and fast it should be for those people at MS to simply double check the dates with established continuity?
metaphysician Not a Side-Kick
Honestly, this still bothers me *vastly* less than setting the start of Dr Strange post-Winter Soldier.
#62 metaphysician, Jul 11, 2017
Faith_Cassidy Registered
Interesting side note: the main events of Homecoming are indicated as taking place eight years after the Battle of New York, which may lead you to assume that the citizens of the MCU are living in the distant future of 2020 even as we're still languishing in 2017. Not so, says Marvel Studios head, Kevin Feige. "Very rarely do we ever put specific dates on our movies," he tells Yahoo Movies. "Nowhere in The Avengers will you see it say, '2012.' It more or less corresponds to the not-too-distant future. We try to keep it slightly vague as to the specific date of any single event."
https://www.yahoo.com/movies/explaining-spider-man-homecoming-easter-eggs-212204779.html
#63 Faith_Cassidy, Jul 11, 2017
TheJediBrah Registered
It really, really does though. Iron Man 3 is clearly supposed to be set no more than a few months after Avengers. Trying to fit the MCU timeline into the "8 years later" mistake in this film is pointless, it's simply not going to work.
Go and watch Avegers and Iron Man 3 and try to tell me that it makes any sense for 4+ years to have passed between. You can't, because it doesn't. The MCU films were always supposed to happen in real time AFAIK, Cap was thawed in 2011, Battle of NY was mid-2012, this is all pre-established canon.
Now don't get me wrong, you can twist and squeeze in any way to make things fit a retconned timeline, but there is always going to be something in the MCU films that is wrong, time-line wise.
Either this "8 years later" is a mistake and is wrong, or a dozen other things are mistakes and are wrong. Personally I'd rather we just accept this was a mistake and the Spiderman clearly isn't set 8 years after Avengers than do what Marvel seem to be trying to do and make a whole bunch of terrible sloppy retcons all just to try to make "8 years later" fit.
#64 TheJediBrah, Jul 12, 2017
Faith_Cassidy said: ↑
Honestly, it sounds like tapdancing by Kevin Feige.
TheJediBrah said: ↑
Agreed, specially with the bolded
The problem is, Feige, those few times that you DO Have dates specifically stated (IM3, or even every time Cap (or someone else) makes reference to how long ago he went into the ice (because he went into the ice at a very specific time which then dates - if even roughly - when the comment is made), both GotG movies have a year attached to them due to (like IM3) using basic math). Fans notice, fans pay attention and keep track because we like to create our timelines, and will call you out when inconsistencies pop up.
ToilesHeroiques Registered
2008 : Iron Man
2009 : Iron Man 2 / The Incredible Hulk / Thor
2010 : Captain America - The First Avenger / The Avengers
2012 : Iron Man 3
2013 : Thor - The Dark World / Captain America - The Winter Soldier (december)
2014 : Guardians of the Galaxy / Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2015 : Avengers - Age of Ultron / Ant-Man
2016 : Doctor Strange
2016-2017 (Freshman) : Captain America - Civil War (june 2017)
2017-2018 (Sophomore) : Spider-Man - Homecoming (september 2017)
2018-2019 (Junior) : Avengers - Infinity War / Avengers 4 / Spider-Man 2
2019-2020 (Senior) : Spider-Man 3
IM/IM2 (6 months) ; IM2/TIH/T (same week) ; T/TA (last year) ; TWS (Steve Rogers is 95) ; TWS/CW (almost 4 years without supervision) ; TA/SMH (almost 8 years) ; A4/SM2 (few minutes)
#67 ToilesHeroiques, Jul 12, 2017
ToilesHeroiques said: ↑
Sorry, I don't agree with that (especially the bolded). To me, if you increase the time between Avengers and IM3 you lose some of the characterization for Tony in just how paranoid and how mentally broken he's become after his near death experience in Avengers. 35 suits in a 6 month time frame (meaning less than a week spent on each suit) says a lot more about his mental state than if he has a year and a half (or whatever) to create 35 new suits - it doesn't have the same effectiveness. Not to mention, while naturally everyone is different... but from what I understand, it's more common for PTSD to appear within the first few months after the traumatic event...those where it manifests years later isn't as common.
I also don't see The Winter Soldier happening in December (this is the northeast we're talking about, if it were December... it would look like December in Washington D.C. At the very least, all the trees in the movie would not still have vibrant green leaves on them).
I agree with others that have said that when Ross is referring to "4 years without supervision" (given that he included the Battle of New York in his little video montage) - he was counting from the time that they first formed as a team.... in Avengers (because I could easily see him assuming that since SHIELD ended up being infested with HYDRA, the Avengers never really had true supervision from the beginning)
Maybe more like 2+ years. And yeah, the movie works better as it was originally intended. But I just can't understand how a continuity error that requires extra effort (claiming it happened more years ago than in real life) could happen in big production like this. That makes me think that this was totally intentional regardless of the numerous inconsistencies it causes. I should just accept those inconsistencies, but I'm that sort of fan who likes to make fixes in headcanon. And I think it's amazing how well "Homecoming fix" can be made to fit spoken dialoque.
We can see 2013.10.12. So october or december (december is a better placement for AoS).
But... 1999/2000 + 13 years = 2012/2013 ; "Six months since New York" isn't in the movie + if we move IM3, this breaks the timeline for AoS.
Venom 1988 formerly Ultimate_Venom
Wow I never noticed that before
#71 Venom 1988, Jul 12, 2017
This goes with my previous 'props are not always right'. The chances that artists in charge of creating the overlays were given the exact details of the day/month that Batroc was going to be interrogated? Eh...I don't know that it's incredibly likely. Things like that I can see being a case of them working on the overlay (having a general idea of what the PTB's would like it to look like) realizing that videos like that usually have some type of date stamp and just throwing on the date that they completed their work on the overlay.
Fall/Winter in D.C. does not have as much green on the trees as the film does... if they had intended on it taking place in Fall/Winter, the season would look appropriate to a northeast fall/winter - there would be trees that have (at least started - if not already gone completely) to turn the vibrant reds and yellows that trees back east get in Fall. It looks much more like spring/summer in the film. And out of the two (since it's much more noticeable), I'm more inclined to go with what the season looks like over a 'pause and zoom in' "prop" (or the digital version of a prop))
You're right that 6 months since New York is not in the movie proper, but it was stated by PTBs that it was meant to be 6 months in between and the 6 months really does make more sense for Tony's mental state than it being a year or more.
Also, not that I'm inclined to move IM3 (I've already made clear that I prefer keeping the dates for IM3), *if* it were to be moved how would doing so break AoS? Already IM3 takes place before the first season of AoS starts (season 1 starts fall 2013).. the only important thing IM3 has in regards to AoS (that I can think of off the top of my head) is that Extremis has to exist before AoS starts up (as it's part of the concotion being used to try and recreate supersoldiers). Unless you're suggesting moving IM3 LATER than December 2012?
And again, just my opinion
Yeah but it clearly must be an error right? Because why would they deliberately change the timeline by like 3 years?
I just can't see any reason to or what they would gain by doing it so it must just be simply a genuine blunder, which like you said begs the question: how? In a movie this big with this much oversight how does that slip through?
spider-neil spins a web any size!
They dug themselves into a whole with the 'Eight years later'. Why didn't they just say 6 years later?
I'll tell you why. Because the little kid in Iron Man 2 (2010) that IM saves from the Hammer Drones is supposed to be Peter Parker (according to the producers).
THEREFORE, in 2010 Peter would have been 8. No way is that kid 8 years old, he's more like 5 or 6.
#74 spider-neil, Jul 13, 2017
spider-neil said: ↑
No way is that kid 8 years old, he's more like 5 or 6.
That kid is Max Favreau, though. The son of Jon, who was born 2001 and would have been 8 at the time that scene was shot
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Norwegian campaign WW2
Posted on January 7, 2023 by PrepHole Contributor
Just how the FUCK did the Allies lose this battle? Germany had a shit tier navy, while the British and French navies was literally the strongest on earth combined with the second strongest in Europe.
Was it a fluke? Was Allied leadership absolutely braindead for all of 1940?
france and the uk had a serious attitude problem and norway had no desire to fight
Norway was the most motivated one. The problem was they literally got stabbed in the back by Britain after Narvik and the French weren't motivated to fight outside of France
The Royal Navy was the strongest in the world but its strength was diluted across the entire world while Germany's was concentrated almost entirely in the North Sea. Despite this, the Germans paid a high price for Norway:
>The German losses at sea were heavy, with the sinking of one of the Kriegsmarine's two heavy cruisers, two of its six light cruisers, 10 of its 20 destroyers and six U-boats. With several more ships severely damaged, the German surface fleet had only three cruisers and four destroyers operational in the aftermath of the Norwegian Campaign.[1][113] Two torpedo boats and 15 light naval units were also lost during the campaign.[114] Two German battleships and two cruisers were damaged during the campaign.[115]
>Official German sources give the number of German aircraft lost during the Norwegian Campaign as 90, with other estimates by historian François Kersaudy ranging as high as 240.[114]
>In transport ships and merchant vessels, the Germans lost 21 ships at 111,700 tons, around 10% of what they had available at the time.[116]
So, they were quite literally decimated?
German sources give the number of German aircraft lost during the Norwegian Campaign as 90, with other estimates by historian François Kersaudy ranging as high as 240.[114]
One of those was a Messerschmitt Bf109 that was shot down by my grandpa.
I'm pretty sure he would regret it, if he were still alive to see what the West has made of the victory won by him and his comrades.
if you like your authoritarian system so much then just go to north korea
Dude he would eat a burger then try to beat the bitch out of you
How did he bag a 109? Didn't they mostly send 110s due to range?
It's shame that one of your grandpa children racemixed
Get out and get fucked. Literally.
pretty sure he would be disappointed in the 4chanchud social reject his grandkid turned into.
comparable loses at worst, favorable for Germany at best
Not at all. Put those losses against the total fleet strength of both navies. Or even compare the Home Fleet alone with the German Navy. The Germans lost a far greater % of their naval power
The home fleet alone had more capital ships in theater than Germany had destroyers and capital ships. The RN itself may be stretched, but the home fleet was not.
You know what the funniest part about this was? Hitler asked for a general who was experienced in that part of the world to plan the invasion. The closest they could get was one who was briefly assigned to train Finns after WW1, who bought a travel guide to Norway at a nearby store and planned the whole thing in an afternoon.
I can give a nuanced reply, but that's not how PrepHole works. So ill tell the truth in a way that almost sounds like a shitpost, but it isn't: the incompetence and cowardice of the Home Fleets Admiralty simply cannot be understated up until nearly the end of the war.
> the incompetence and cowardice of the Home Fleets Admiralty simply cannot be understated up until nearly the end of the war.
What a retard. Why would Britain use a fleet that is meant to protect itself from invasion to help Norway? Britain was always playing the long game a more than prepared to let other nations get conquered.
Sit and build up with Allies then go for Italy then Germany. Fuck Norway.
The little fighting they did was a token gesture like sending troops to Greece. 'Hey guys we fought for you all along and defended your home land, now you will favour us post war'
Ah yes, the age old strategy of letting your opponent seize key terrain
>Why would Britain use a fleet that is meant to protect itself from invasion to help Norway?
Because defending Norway means threatening Germany's best source of Iron ore in Sweden. By securing Scandinavia, the Allies could strangle German war industry.
The bongs got defeated everywhere, why would Norway be different?
The Allies weren't there to defeat the Germans. The English forces came to Norway to invade it, or rather take control of key cities along the coast including Narvik, and had planned for an easy conquest. Forces allocated to this were mostly a fleet element that was many times bigger than the Norwegian one, and light infantry including French Foreign Legion and Polish units. At the last minute they found the Germans in front of their very noses, did some very quick thinking and attacked the Germans instead. They were abysmally outfitted for that task. Things ground on for a while until Germany went Blitzkrieg and then the English went home, leaving the Norwegians holding one town and little more.
>t. Norwegian
is this not known for the common ww2 fag?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alphabet
Norway is an inpregnable mountain fortress once occupied by a competent force.
Nonsense. The country is wide open for most of the map. It has been invaded again and again. We've had seven wars with Sweden alone!
>Bongland plinks Norway now and again with a few commando raids
>Ties up 300,000 German soldiers that could have been used in France with basically a few ships and commandos
>Deletes 50% of Germanys destroyers and puts there entire Navy on light duties
Doesnt seem too bad
how many of those 300,000 were actually part of the occupation force and not just members of the Kriegsmarine / Luftwaffe or retreating forces from Finland?
Yes the famous Divisions of the 199th Infantry, 230th Infantry, 270th Infantry, 269th Infantry, 274th Infantry, 280th Infantry, 710th Infantry etc. Equal to any Panzer Division and would turned the tide in the East and Normandy.
Not worth it, especially for the aluminium.
Seriously though; the German occupation forces in Norway (as opposed to the invading ones) were for the most part second line forces. Quite more capable forces like the SS and gebirgsjager ones passed through Norway but weren't stationed there. There were complaints from the high command that units stationed in Norway were getting less fit, not more, due to generous food supplies and little training.
>Seriously though; the German occupation forces in Norway (as opposed to the invading ones) were for the most part second line forces.
The same calibre of forces manning the Atlantic wall. They also still need fed and equipped.
Because it wasn't decided at sea, it was decided on land.
They didn't. Germany succeeded simply by winning in France, forcing the brits to abandon the fight.
Yes, the British leadership was retarded. Their "plan" was to wait until Germany violated Norwegian territory - or use the winter war as ruse - in order to themselves invade and occupy northern Norway and Sweden.
British war planning was literally delusional early war, and they mainly acted reactively on German initiatives. Britain believed that the invasion of Norway was in fact an attempt to break the blockade and disrupt shipping in the Atlantic. Even after sinking the Rio de Janeiro and being told by Norway that the survivors admitted to being part of a force to invade Norway, Britain shifted their focus to the west.
Churchill tried to invade Norway three times in the period november 1939 to april 1940. The forces were recruited and trained, and ships were allocated, but he could not get the parliament's approval. Having the germans attack first would circumvent that political hurdle, as it indeed eventually did. And as at Gallipolli, Churchill underestimated the enemy badly. There was no way whatsoever for the british forces with its existing resources to capture the now occupied cities.