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Leveraging the SDGs for Sustainable Growth in Kano
HomePublicationsLeveraging the SDGs for Sustainable Growth in Kano
GOVERNOR of Kano State, Dr. Abdullahi Ganduje has articulated a blueprint for the sustainable development of Kano State whose capital, Kano city has been a major commercial and industrial centre in Nigeria's North West geo-political zone from the pre-colonial times.
It focuses on poverty alleviation through the strengthening of agro-food value chains, assurance of quality education, the enhancement of women's empowerment and the creation of an enabling environment for peace in the state. The government of Kano State considers the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 Agenda into its 2016-2025 development plan an important component of its overall development strategy.
Since the implementation of the SDGs commenced in January 2016, Governor Ganduje has shown strong commitment to the mainstreaming of the global goals into the state development plan. This commitment has been backed by action as the governor has put in place key institutional frameworks required for the successful implementation of the SDGs.
To ensure effective coordination of the SDGs across the state, he appointed Zulyadaini Sidi Mustapha as his Senior Special Adviser on SDGs.
Leveraging the SDGs for socio-economic development, Governor Ganduje is pursuing the strategic goal of transforming Kano State into a modern economic powerhouse. To achieve this goal and lay a solid foundation for the implementation of the SDGs, the governor had in 2016 launched the Kano State Development Plan 2016-2025. He declared at the launching that his vision was "to transform the state into a knowledge-based, agriculturally industrialized and commerce-friendly society with sustainable growth and appreciable living standards for all citizens."
The critical area on which Ganduje's blueprint for the sustainable development of Kano State focuses is poverty alleviation, ensuring quality education, enhancing women's empowerment and job creation.
Although Kano is the commercial nerve of Northern Nigeria and potentially the commercial hub of the entire Sahel region, a significant proportion of its residents live below the poverty line and are exposed to various vulnerabilities. The United Nations report on Nigeria's Poverty Index conducted in 2014 put the poverty rate of Kano State at 76.4%.
Interestingly, the Ganduje administration has initiated laudable programmes and projects targeted at alleviating poverty in Kano State. Realising that the agricultural sector holds a lot of promise towards ensuring food security, industrialisation, revenue generation, creation of employment and poverty reduction, the administration has continued to accord it the priority it deserves.
To evolve a comprehensive policy for the development of the agricultural sector, the Ganduje administration had in 2015, set up a 35-man Agricultural Technical Committee headed by Professor Hafiz Abubakar, Deputy Governor of the state, who is also the Commissioner for Education, Science and Technology. The committee, composed of highly knowledgeable professionals, experienced academics and experts in various fields, proffered various recommendations to the State government on how to revamp the agricultural sector and effectively utilise it as the new driver of inclusive growth and prosperity.
The implementation of the committee's recommendations started in earnest. In order to enhance the capacity of farmers, the state government employed an additional 742 extension workers to train them in modern farming practices with the aim of increasing crop yields and weaning them from the age-old subsistence farming that is in most cases not productive. The Kano State government followed the training up with disbursement of over N4 billion as assistance to local seed producers.
The government also resuscitated the Kano State Agricultural Supply Company (KASCO) and Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KNARDA) for the supply of insecticides, quality seeds, adaptable farm implements and provision of extension services to farmers. The sum of N164, 942,400 was approved for the procurement and installation of a new fertilizer blending machine for KASCO.
The government equally procured 500 units of irrigation pumps which were distributed to dry-season farmers at the cost of N45 million. It approved N20 million for the purchase of two combined harvesters which were allocated to the State Wheat Farmers Association and granted N100 million interest-free loan to the association for the purchase of quality seeds which were distributed to its members. In addition, government gave N16 million assistance to the association to purchase six tractors with implements.
To further galvanize farmers into action, government earmarked N200 million for its tractorization programme under which tractors are provided for farmers' associations at subsidized rate.
Other interventions toward assisting farmers in Kano State to boost food production include the approval of N213, 400,000 for the purchase of 5,000 units of petrol engine water pumps and combined harvesters which were distributed to Fadama farmers and Water Users' Association and the grant of N200 million loan to the State Wheat Farmers Association for the 2015/2016 cropping season. This enabled them to meet the production level of 75,000 hectares and the demand of flour millers.
The state government also provided fertilizer subsidy worth N2 billion to farmers for the production of 50,000 metric tonnes of fertilizer while some 60 local Fulani herdsmen were trained abroad on artificial insemination.
To ensure that farmers access credit to boost productivity, the Kano State government has tapped into the Anchor Borrowers' Programme (ABP) of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). About N2 billion is being sourced for farming related activities in the state through the scheme.
Many residents of Kano State are also benefitting from the National Social Safety Net Programme (NASSP). The programme is aimed at empowering poor and vulnerable households in the state. In July, 2017, Mr. Peter Papka, the National Coordinator, National Safety Net Coordinating Office (NASSCO), organised a training workshop on Community Based Targeting Team (CBTT) for identification of the poor and vulnerable in Kano. He said 180 persons identified from the 15 poorest local government areas of Kano Stat were trained on CBTT process that would guide identification of the beneficiaries in the selected areas. He said the Federal government would work in partnership with the state Ministry of Planning and Budget to identify the poor and vulnerable households in the state and maintain the social register of the beneficiaries under the programme.
Governor Ganduje said the state government had earmarked N500 million for the implementation of a similar programme in the state. He noted that the programme would go a long way in alleviating the hardship being experienced by the less-privileged in the society.
Another poverty alleviation initiative of the Ganduje administration is empowerment programme for the teeming local tea sellers in the state. In October 2017, about 5,200 tea sellers drawn from the 44 local governments areas of the state were empowered by the government with N280 million, ostensibly to boost their sales. Each of the beneficiaries was given N40, 000 as take off grant.
Alhaji Murtala Sule Garo, Commissioner for Local Government and Community Development, said that the various empowerment programmes that have been undertaken by the present administration have ensured the training of over 100,000 youths in various trades across Kano State.
In a bid to empower the youths to become self-reliant and employers of labour, the Kano State government in conjunction with the Office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on SDGs had in May 2017 organised a training workshop for 7,000 youths in the state on Google digital skills. On completion of ICT training, the government equipped participants with laptop computers and other necessary equipments they needed to start-up their business.
Governor Ganduje said the programme was considered imperative because the present day life is driven by digital knowledge.
The Kano State government is also constructing a multi-billion naira Integrated Skill Acquisition Centre in the state capital with a view to filling in the gaps in the trades and services such as electric wiring, plumbing, mechanics, and masonry offered in the state which requires citizens' participation.
Enhancing quality education
Governor Ganduje acknowledges Quality Education (SDG-4) as an instrument for the attainment of the 17 other global goals in Kano State. He had expressed his determination to uphold the sanctity of education in his inaugural speech on assumption of office on May 29, 2015. "It is universally accepted that the foundation of qualitative education starts from the basic or primary level. This administration intends to take necessary measures in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, with a view to ensuring that all children are enrolled in primary schools nearest to them as soon as they attain school age," Ganduje said.
To facilitate the transformation of the education sector, Professor Hafiz Abubakar, Deputy Governor of the State, was also named the Commissioner of Education, Science and Technology. As a veteran academic who was Deputy Vice-Chancellor (DVC, Academics) at the Bayero University, Kano (BUK) before his election as Deputy Governor, Professor Abubakar has been working hard to turn education in the state around.
On November 30, 2015, the Ganduje administration proclaimed a renewed effort targeted at revolutionizing the state's education sector into a more qualitative, vibrant, efficient and result-oriented one. To solve the myriads of problems besetting the education in the state, the Kano State Education Promotion Committee and the Local Government Education Promotion Committee were set up to monitor and evaluate rehabilitation projects in schools across the state. The two committees were also given the task of paying regular visits to schools with the aim of ensuring prompt attendance of pupils and teachers and monitoring quality delivery of knowledge.
The government disbursed N440 million to the Education Promotion Committees in the 44 local government areas of the state as take off funds and challenged them to involve other individuals and groups to assist financially in improving the quality of infrastructure in the schools.
With the support of the Education Promotion Committees, the state government has renovated many primary and post-primary schools. Professor Abubakar said that "government will continue to be steadfast in the provision of all the necessary educational infrastructures, such as the provision of instructional and learning materials, construction of additional classrooms, offices, laboratories and libraries as well as maintaining the existing ones."
He expressed joy that the efforts of the government towards ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education the state are yielding positive results. According to him, it has not only improved the delivery of quality service in the education sector, especially learning outcomes in schools but led to increase in enrolment of pupils and students in schools. He said that Kano State has over three million pupils and 6,000 schools which is the highest number in any state in Nigeria. Through the policy of compulsory and free primary education, the state government is making concerted efforts to absorb the over three million Almajiri children studying in Quranic schools into the formal education sector.
To further enhance quality education, the Kano State government has ensured the training and retraining of the basic education teaching staff. Over 2,000 teachers have been sponsored to acquire the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE). Another measure taken by the Ganduje administration to motivate teachers and enhance quality education was the promotion of over one thousand teachers who were stagnated without promotion for over 10 years.
Based on Governor Ganduje's passion for education, the sector has continued to take the lion's share in Kano State budget. For instance, in the state's 2017 budget, the sum of N17.5 billion was allocated to education. The sum of N500 million was earmarked for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of classrooms, N640 million for the construction of staff residences, while N8 billion was set aside for capital projects in the education sector. The administration also approved N1 billion for the completion of abandoned technical colleges in the state.
Tertiary institutions in the state have been provided with the requisite fund to enhance quality education. In 2017, N2.4 billion was utilised for the completion of some projects in the North West University, Kano. The Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil is another tertiary institution in the state which has witnessed the completion of notable capital projects such as halls, lecture theatres and laboratories.
Gender equality and women's economic empowerment
The Ganduje administration places emphasis on gender equality, especially the empowerment of women and girls to reach their full potential.
In its quest to find a lasting solution to the socio-economic problems facing women in Kano State, the Ganduje administration held a one-day strategic empowerment forum for women in September 2015. Declaring the forum open, the governor described it as a paradigm shift in the way women issues are addressed. He frowned at the pathetic conditions of many women in their matrimonial homes and promised that his government will no longer condone the oppression of the female gender. He was particularly piqued about the high rate of divorce in the state and promised that government will no longer fold its hand to watch such acts of injustice happening in the society.
He further stressed the need for the Muslim society to rethink the issue of early marriage, saying the girl-child should be given the opportunity to acquire education. "It is only through sound education that the woman will lead a good life and train her children correctly but denying her such right is synonymous to denying her a good and fruitful life," he said.
Ganduje added that it was in his quest to give women in the state a new lease of life that he appointed many women into sensitive positions in some government agencies. Indeed, Governor Ganduje has been gender-sensitive to an extent because he has so far appointed about eight women as chief executives of government agencies and has two women as members of the executive council.
In her speech, Hajia Zubaida Damakka Abubakar, who was then the Commissioner for Women Affairs and Social Development, said the forum was aimed at providing a platform for women from all walks of life to brainstorm and come up with measures to improve the lives of Kano women which would be integrated into the government action plan.
In further demonstration of its interest in the wellbeing of women, the Ganduje administration had launched the Kano State Action Plan for the Domestication of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) on Women, Peace and Security (WPS), in Kano on May 27 2016. Governor Ganduje pledged that with the action plan, the state will punish those involved in all forms violence against women, especially domestic, sexual and gender-based violence.
United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1325 provides the framework for women's participation in decision-making, conflict prevention, peace processes, and their protection against all forms of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and human rights abuses especially during violent conflict.
Hajia Abubakar, erstwhile Commissioner for Women's Affairs acknowledged the potential impact of the Kano State Action Plan (SAP) in terms of addressing violence against women and girls. "This document will help provide guideline on how best to protect women and ensure they are included in peace-building processes," she said.
As the Ganduje administration strives to eliminate unwritten customs and traditions which discriminate against women, the Emir of Kano, Muhammadu Sanusi II is also supporting government's efforts in this direction. He said recently that he was on the verge of proposing a law which will restrict poor men in the emirate from marrying many wives.
The monarch said he has been able to establish a connection between polygamy, poverty and terrorism, hence he would ensure that the law would be passed by the Kano State government as a way of addressing gender imbalance in the society. He said: "The law will address what Islam says on marriage, it will outlaw forced marriages, it will make domestic violence illegal, it will put in conditions that you need to fulfil before you can marry a second wife, it will spell out the responsibilities of a father beyond producing a child. It is a big law which covers a whole range of issues from consent to marriage, to maintenance, to divorce, to maintenance of children and inheritance. It will be the first time in northern Nigeria that a Muslim law on personal status will be codified."
Sanusi, who said there was nothing wrong with polygamy if it was practised properly, maintained that women must be given the opportunity to thrive.
Apart from its efforts in building a society devoid of gender discrimination, the Kano State government is also empowering women through various initiatives. In 2016, the Kano State government launched the first segment of the Ganduje Mass Economic Empowerment Programme (G - MEEP) for 520 women and youths from across the state. The beneficiaries were presented with grinding machines, sewing machines, spaghetti-making tools and Masa/Kosai fryers and a working capital of N5, 000 each.
Ganduje explained that the administration was investing in the development of skills, talents and entrepreneurship of women and youths so as to address unemployment, which is one of the biggest challenges of the state.
In August 2017, the Kano State government flagged off the training of 6,700 more women in various skills. The participants, selected from 44 local government areas of the state received training on how to prepare local delicacies and other trades to enable them to be self-reliant. The beneficiaries were given a token amount as a start-up capital to enable them to set up businesses of their choice after the training.
Governor Ganduje said that the training was aimed at empowering women not only to become self-reliant, but to enable them to be employers of labour in their respective communities. The governor has also promised to continue to empower women, recalling that his government has recently trained 200 women on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and provided them with computers, laptops and other communication accessories. The government has equally trained 50 women on auto mechanic at the Peugeot Automobile Nigeria (PAN) in Kaduna while over 1,936 women were trained on nursing, particularly to help pregnant women in the rural areas to deliver safely.
Hajiya Yardada Bichi, Commissioner for Women Affairs and Social Development said that the state government recently released the sum of N101.8 million for the training of the women in various skills.
About 3,000 women from Kano State have also received training on various skills through the 'Future Assured Programme', the pet project of Mrs Aisha Buhari, wife of President Muhammadu Buhari. Mrs Buhari urged women to engage in income generating activities and promised to continue championing the cause of women in the areas of education, health and empowerment.
Dr. Hafsat Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, wife of the Governor of Kano State said her happiness knew no bounds because the training of women has translated to more economic activities for the women in Kano State.
Ganduje's decent work score card
The administration of Governor Ganduje has to a large extent protected labour rights and promoted secure environment for its workers. To promote inclusive and sustainable employment and decent work for all, the Ganduje administration has been creating job opportunities for its people. It has also accords priority to workers' welfare.
Governor Ganduje considers prompt payment of workers' salaries a prerequisite for economic development. Therefore, while some state governments in Nigeria owe their workers backlog of salaries due to the economic difficulties in the country, the Kano State government under Governor Ganduje has ensured prompt payment of workers' salaries. It has also been remitting monthly pension deductions timely.
Malam Muhammad Garba, Kano State Commissioner for Information, Youths and Culture, said that although the monthly wage bill of the Kano State government for its 151,000 workforce which is N9.2 billion is a big burden, the state government considers it an obligation that must be fulfilled to promote decent work.
The Kano State government has recently established the salary and wages directorate as part of efforts to ensure transparent salary administration for the state's civil servants. Addressing workers to mark the 2017 Workers Day, Governor Ganduje noted that the welfare of workers has been one of the major priorities of his administration since inception. While expressing happiness with the cordial relationships between his government and labour unions in the state, he promised that his government would continue to put in place various policy frameworks that promote inclusive and sustainable employment and decent work.
The government is also encouraging private investors to invest in Kano State so as to create employment opportunities for its people. Isyaku Umar Tofa, Chairman, Kano State Investment Promotion Agency said that the rising confidence among the investing community within the state explains why the state government recently signed Memoranda of Understanding with 10 different companies which have so far invested N146 billion in the state. Some of the new investors in Kano State are Black Rhino/Dangote Group which is constructing a 100-megawatt solar project estimated at $150 million, St. Meer International Investment and Management Company which is investing $120 million in a similar project. In addition, Shandong Ruyi Technology Group, a multinational Chinese company is investing $600 million into the textile and garment sector of Kano State.
The Kano State government has been making concerted efforts to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
In May, 2017, the state government approved the release of N300 million as counterpart funds for the take-off of the first phase of projects, under the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP).
NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate five erosion sites in Kiru, Ungoggo, Dwakin Tofa, Nassarawa and Tarauni local government areas. Governor Ganduje said that the selection of the sites was predicated on the fact that the erosion has not only engulfed considerable hectares of productive agricultural land but also destroyed several houses, and other infrastructural facilities, thereby threatening the means of livelihood of thousands of inhabitants living in those areas.
He added that the programme will further play a crucial role of complementing the state government's efforts of Sustainable Land Use Practices and reforestation by putting back vegetation cover on farm lands, some deforested reserves and communal forest areas through conventional and social forestry practices in collaboration with relevant stakeholders.
Dr. Amos Abu, Task Team Leader (TTL) of NEWMAP said the erosion intervention projects being financed by the World Bank are geared towards reducing vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted communities.
The Kano State government has also been fighting the menace of desertification and other ecological problems through the annual tree planting campaign, establishment of shelterbelts and rehabilitation of existing ones. All these measures have enhanced sustainable environment for food production and safe human habitation in Kano State.
The Kano State government regards the prevalence of peace and security as critical for sustainable development. Governor Ganduje has continuously highlighted the fact that there can be no development without peace and vice versa, and neither development nor peace can thrive without the respect for human rights.
Prior to the administration of Governor Ganduje, Kano had suffered its fair share of extremist violence, ethno-religious intolerance, attacks and conflicts, armed banditry and cattle rustling. But since the inception of the Ganduje administration, it has adopted strategies which have brought peace in Kano State. The state government has been supporting the police and other law enforcement agencies to check the criminal activities of bandits and kidnappers in the state. One of the measures adopted to curb kidnapping is the Kidnapping, Abduction and Forced Labour Amendment Bill which has been passed by the Kano State House of Assembly.
Additionally, the government has been providing the police and other security agencies with operational vehicles to enable them effectively patrol all nooks and corners of the state and ensure that criminals are not given the opportunity to wreak havoc. For instance, in August 2017, the Kano State government gave out operational vehicles to security agencies in the state worth N300 million.
The Kano State government is also motivating judicial officers to perform optimally by ensuring speedy dispensation of justice. During the swearing-in of Justice Nuraddeen Umar Sagir as the Kano State Chief Judge in July, 2015 , Governor Ganduje had charged the judiciary to make the process of justice delivery fast, cheap and affordable to the common man, so that it can be delivered to deserving persons as and when due.
However, Justice Sagir noted recently that the state judiciary was understaffed by professionals to the extent that a single judge handles 20 cases in a day. This, he said, is unethical going by the standard of the judicial system.
Nevertheless, Governor Ganduje has promised that his administration would give the judiciary all necessary support to overcome such any challenge which could impinge the dispensation of justice.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Usually referred to as Austin's most scenic area, Northwest Austin properties feature beautiful hill country views at every turn. While the neighborhoods in Northwest Hills are serene and quiet, this area of Austin in located only minutes away from several high-tech companies, excellent restaurants and great shopping spots like the Domain, Lakeline Mall and Arboretum. Northwest Austin consists of established communities containing several well-regarded schools, charming homes and lush, green parks. The majority of homes in this area feature mature trees, spacious floor plans, gorgeous views and good-sized lots.


The history of the Arctic Ocean during the Cenozoic era (0–65 million years ago) is largely unknown from direct evidence. Here we present a Cenozoic palaeoceanographic record constructed from >400 m of sediment core from a recent drilling expedition to the Lomonosov ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Our record shows a palaeoenvironmental transition from a warm 'greenhouse' world, during the late Palaeocene and early Eocene epochs, to a colder 'icehouse' world influenced by sea ice and icebergs from the middle Eocene epoch to the present. For the most recent ∼14 Myr, we find sedimentation rates of 1–2 cm per thousand years, in stark contrast to the substantially lower rates proposed in earlier studies; this record of the Neogene reveals cooling of the Arctic that was synchronous with the expansion of Greenland ice (∼3.2 Myr ago) and East Antarctic ice (∼14 Myr ago). We find evidence for the first occurrence of ice-rafted debris in the middle Eocene epoch (∼45 Myr ago), some 35 Myr earlier than previously thought; fresh surface waters were present at ∼49 Myr ago, before the onset of ice-rafted debris. Also, the temperatures of surface waters during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (∼55 Myr ago) appear to have been substantially warmer than previously estimated. The revised timing of the earliest Arctic cooling events coincides with those from Antarctica, supporting arguments for bipolar symmetry in climate change.
Sluijs, A. et al. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature doi:10.1038/nature04668 (this issue).
Pagani, M. et al. Arctic's hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature (submitted).
Brinkhuis, H. et al. Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean. Nature doi:10.1038/nature04692 (this issue).
We thank the IODP European Science Operator (ESO), led by the British Geological Survey; the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, who provided shiptime for Oden as well as the ice and fleet management; icebreaker Captains Årnell, Backman, Davidjan, Haave, Shirley, Smith and Vikström, and the crews of Oden, Vidar Viking and Sovetskiy Soyuz; and Seacore Ltd, who provided the drilling services. This research used samples and data provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. Author Contributions J.B. was the lead investigator on the ACEX proposal to IODP. K.M. and J.B. conducted much of the project planning with support from J.F. J.B. and K.M. led the expedition. Ship- and shore-based core analyses were conducted by the IODP 302 science party (H.B., S.C.C., T.C., G.R.D., F.E., J.G., M.J., R.W.J., M.K., J.K., N.K., A.K., N.M., J.M., T.C.M., D.M., J.O., M.O., H.P., B.R., D.R., T.S., D.C.S., R.S., K.S., I.S., N.S., K.T., M.W. and M.Y.). Additional sediment analyses were conducted by M.F. and P.K. Geophysical data were collected and analysed by W.J. and Y.K.


text:
from django.db import models
from django_countries.fields import CountryField
from django.utils.text import slugify
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse

from phonenumber_field.modelfields import PhoneNumberField
import os,datetime
from uuid import uuid4
from imagekit.models import ImageSpecField
from imagekit.processors import ResizeToFill, ResizeToFit
from sorl.thumbnail import ImageField

from festival.models import Project

from material.models  import Album

def path_and_rename(instance, filename):
    document_path(instance, filename, 'poster', 'images')

def poster_path(instance, filename):
    return filename
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    # get filename
    slug = slugify(instance.title+'-'+instance.dir_by)
    filename = 'mykonos-biennale-2015-film-festival-{}-{}{}'.format(slug,'poster', ext)
    return os.path.join('images', filename)

def location_image_path(instance, filename):
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    # get filename
    slug = slugify(instance.name)
    filename = 'mykonos-biennale-2015-{}-{}{}'.format('location', slug, ext)
    return os.path.join('images', filename)

def image_path(instance, filename):
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    # get filename
    slug = slugify(instance.film.title+'-'+instance.title+'-'+instance.film.dir_by)
    count = instance.film.filmfestival_image_related.count()
    filename = 'mykonos-biennale-2015-film-festival-{}-{}-{}{}'.format(slug, instance.image_type, count,  ext)
    return os.path.join('images', filename)

def headshot_path(instance, filename):
     document_path(instance, filename, 'headshot', 'images')

def screenshot_path(instance, filename):
     document_path(instance, filename, 'screenshot', 'images')

def still_path(instance, filename):
    document_path(instance, filename, 'still', 'images')

def document_path(instance, filename, prefix='document',path='documents'):
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    slug = slugify(instance.film.title+'-'+instance.film.dir_by)
    filename = 'mykonos-biennale-2015-film-festival-{}-{}{}'.format(slug, prefix, instance.id, ext)
    return os.path.join(path, filename)

class Award(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    image  = ImageField (upload_to='awards',  max_length=256, blank=True)
    description  = models.TextField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "{} {}".format(self.name, self.description)

class Reward(models.Model):
    film = models.ForeignKey('Film')
    award = models.ForeignKey('Award')
    description  = models.TextField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "{} {}".format(self.film.title, self.award)

class Location(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    image  = ImageField (upload_to=location_image_path,  max_length=256, blank=True)
    address =  models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    url = models.URLField(blank=True, default='')
    embeded_map =  models.TextField(blank=True, default='')

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('location', args=[self.slug])

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.slug = slugify(self.name)
        super(Location, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Program(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('program', args=[self.slug])

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.slug = slugify(self.title)
        super(Program, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Day(models.Model):
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['date']
    program = models.ForeignKey(Program)
    date = models.DateField()
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    runtime = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    start_time = models.TimeField(default="21:00")

    def number_of_films(self):
        return self.screening_set.count()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "{} {}".format(self.program, self.date)

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.slug = slugify(str(self))
        super(Day, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

    def build_timetable(self):
        previous_screening = None
        runtime = 0
        count =  10
        for screening in self.screening_set.all():
            runtime += screening.film.runtime
            screening.schedule(previous_screening)
            screening.save()
            previous_screening = screening
            print "%02d-%03d-%s %s" % ( self.date.day, count, slugify(screening.film.title), screening.film.projection_copy_url)
            count +=10
        self.runtime = runtime
        self.save()

    def first_screening(self):
        try:
            return self.screening_set.first()
        except Screening.DoesNotExist:
            pass

    def last_screening(self):
        try:
            return self.screening_set.last()
        except Screening.DoesNotExist:
            pass

class Screening(models.Model):
    class Meta:
        ordering  = ('id',)
        get_latest_by ="start_time"

    day = models.ForeignKey(Day, blank=True, null=None)
    pause = models.IntegerField(default=3)
    film = models.ForeignKey('Film')
    location = models.ForeignKey('Location', blank=True, null=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    start_time = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, default=None)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "{} {} {}".format(self.day.program, self.start_time, self.film.title)

    def schedule(self, previous_screening=None):
        if previous_screening:
            self.start_time =  previous_screening.start_time
            self.start_time  += datetime.timedelta(minutes=previous_screening.film.runtime+previous_screening.pause)
        else:
            self.start_time = datetime.datetime.combine(self.day.date, self.day.start_time)

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.slug = slugify(str(self))
        if self.id is None:
            self.schedule(self.day.last_screening())
        super(Screening, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Film(models.Model):
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['ref']
    DRAMATIC_NIGHTS = 'Dramatic Nights'
    VIDEO_GRAFITTI = 'Video Grafitti'
    DANCE = 'Dance'
    DOCUMENTARY = 'Documentary'
    FILM_TYPES_CHOICES = (
        (DRAMATIC_NIGHTS, 'Dramatic Nights'),
        (VIDEO_GRAFITTI, 'Video Graffiti'),
        (DANCE, 'Dance'),
        (DOCUMENTARY, 'Documentary'),
    )
    SELECTED = 'SELECTED'
    UNDECIDED = 'UNDECIDED'
    OUT = 'OUT'
    ENTRY_STATUS_CHOICES = (
     (SELECTED, 'Selected'),
        (UNDECIDED, 'Undecided'),
        (OUT, 'Out'),
    )
    WITHOUTABOX = 'WITHOUTABOX'
    FILMFREEWAY = 'UNDECIDED'
    OTHER = 'OUT'
    FILM_SOURCE_CHOICES = (
     (WITHOUTABOX, 'Withoutabox'),
        (FILMFREEWAY, 'Filmfreeway'),
        (OTHER, 'Other'),
    )

    ref = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    source = models.CharField(max_length=30,
                                      choices=FILM_SOURCE_CHOICES,
                                      default=WITHOUTABOX)

    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    original_title = models.CharField(max_length=200,blank=True, default='')
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    dir_by = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    sub_by = models.CharField(max_length=128, default='')
    contact_email = models.EmailField(blank=True, default='')
    contact_phone =  PhoneNumberField(blank=True, default='')
    posted_on_facebook = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    subtitles = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    language= models.CharField(max_length=128,blank=True, default='')
    actors = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    year = models.CharField(max_length=4)
    runtime = models.IntegerField()
    country = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    #coming = models.BooleanField(default= False)
    projection_copy = models.BooleanField(default= False)
    projection_copy_url = models.URLField(blank=True, default='')
    present = models.BooleanField(default= False)
    when = models.CharField(max_length=64,blank=True, default='')

    log_line = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    synopsis = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    synopsis_125 = models.TextField( blank=True, default='')
    synopsis_250 = models.TextField( blank=True, default='')
    first_time = models.CharField(max_length=164,  blank=True, default='')
    twitter = models.CharField(max_length=164,  blank=True, default='')
    facebook = models.CharField(max_length=164,  blank=True, default='')
    other_social_media = models.CharField(max_length=164,  blank=True, default='')
    directors = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    screenwriters = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    producers = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    exec_producers = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    co_producers = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    cinematographers = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    product_designers  = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    art_directors = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    editors = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    sound_editors = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    composers  = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    screenings  = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    status = models.CharField(max_length=164,   choices=ENTRY_STATUS_CHOICES, default = UNDECIDED)
    url = models.URLField(blank=True, default='')

    trailer_url = models.URLField(blank=True, default='')
    trailer_embed = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    genres = models.CharField(max_length=128, blank=True, default='')
    niches = models.CharField(max_length=256, blank=True, default='')
    info = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    directors_statement = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    production_notes = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    film_type = models.CharField(max_length=30,
                                      choices=FILM_TYPES_CHOICES,
                                      default=DRAMATIC_NIGHTS)

    crew = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')

    poster  = ImageField (upload_to=poster_path,  max_length=256, blank=True)
    poster_thumbnail = ImageSpecField(source='poster',
                                      processors=[ResizeToFit(150,300)],
                                      format='JPEG',
                                      options={'quality': 60})
    poster_for_download = ImageSpecField(source='poster',
                                      processors=[ResizeToFit(1000,1000)],
                                      format='JPEG',
                                      options={'quality': 90})
    stills = models.ForeignKey(Album,  blank=True, null=True)
    project = models.ForeignKey(Project, blank=True, null=True)
    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('film-detail', args=[self.slug])

    @property
    def thumbnail(self):
        if self.poster:
            return self.poster
        else:
            stills = self.filmfestival_image_related.all()
            if stills:
                return stills[0].image

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.slug = slugify(self.title+'-'+self.dir_by)
        super(Film, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Person(models.Model):
    film = models.ForeignKey(Film)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    what = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    email = models.EmailField(blank=True, default='')
    country = CountryField(blank=True, default='')
    phone = PhoneNumberField(blank=True, default='')
    headshot  = models.ImageField (upload_to=headshot_path,  max_length=256, blank=True)

class Material(models.Model):
    film = models.ForeignKey(Film, related_name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_related")
    title = models.CharField(max_length=128, blank=True, default='')
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200)
    info = models.TextField(blank=True, default='')
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.title:
            self.title = self.film.title
        self.slug = slugify(self.title)
        super(Material, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Image(Material):
    STILL = 'Still'
    SCREENSHOT = 'Screenshot'
    IMAGE_TYPES_CHOICES = (
        (STILL, STILL),
        (SCREENSHOT, SCREENSHOT),
    )
    image_type = models.CharField(max_length=len(SCREENSHOT),
                                      choices=IMAGE_TYPES_CHOICES,
                                      default=SCREENSHOT)
    image = models.ImageField (upload_to=image_path,  max_length=256, blank=True)

class Documentation(Material):
    file = models.FileField(upload_to=document_path, max_length=256, blank=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I'm flabbergasted and honoured, you mention our song! Thanks. I love what you made of it. And can't wait to discover how you will rock us with your new cd. Good luck with the recordings and keep up the writing, I'll do too. See you later alligator.


We've released some improvements to our Event Details card: Recurring events will be automatically detected, making it easier for you to see past notes on that series. Next time you're in a recurring meeting with your team or customer check-in, you'll be able to see what agenda, notes and actions were recorded in the last interaction so nothing falls through the cracks!
We've added the ability for you to email notes to people outside of your Hugo team. Actions are supported in this feature, so next time you share notes with someone on the other end of the phone or table, they'll also be able to see which actions you triggered and have confidence that the work has been captured and scheduled!
Support for checkboxes has been added to the Hugo note field. These are great for setting an agenda ahead of time or tracking takeaways at the end of a meeting.
If attendees in your meeting note match a contact/company/deal in your CRM, Hugo will automatically detect that and add an action to your note that will log an activity on Publish. This is great for teams in Sales, BD, Success, and Support - they can continue sharing notes with the team in Hugo without having to remember to update their CRM.
A single Hugo note can update your team in Slack, log CRM activities, create tasks and file tickets with a single click!
A big thank you 🙏 to all of our users who helped inform and refine these features. Keep the feedback coming!


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← Does Jerome Powell Hear the Alarm Bells from Flattening Yield Curve?
A free one-hour video is now available (see below) which should settle the debate once and for all that the Dodd-Frank legislation of 2010 has failed to deliver the needed reforms to Wall Street's corrupt culture and fraudulent business models and that nothing short of restoring the Glass-Steagall Act is going to make the U.S. financial system safe again.
Don't let the grainy quality of the video turn you off (it was made from a live webinar): the integrity of the voices will quickly reassure you that you are watching something powerful and critical to the future of the U.S.
Dr. Marcus Stanley is the Policy Director of Americans for Financial Reform, a coalition of more than 250 national, state, and local groups who have come together to advocate for reform of the financial sector. Stanley has a Ph.D. in public policy from Harvard University and previously worked as a Senior Economist at the U.S. Joint Economic Committee.
Nomi Prins is a renowned author whose last book, All the Presidents' Bankers, is a seminal work on the problematic relationships of Wall Street bankers and U.S. presidents over the past century. Prins is also a respected former veteran of Wall Street investment banks where she reached a top rung as Managing Director of Goldman Sachs.
Bartlett (Bart) Naylor is the Financial Policy Advocate for the nonprofit, Public Citizen, which since its founding in 1971 has served as the voice of the American people in Washington D.C. Naylor is an expert on corporate governance, financial markets and shareholder rights and previously served as Chief of Investigations for the U.S Senate Banking Committee.
Heather Slavkin Corzo is the director of the AFL-CIO Office of Investment and served as the chair of the Americans for Financial Reform task force on derivatives regulation from 2010 through 2013. Corzo holds a law degree from Boston University School of Law.
Also appearing in the video is Mayo Makinde, representing Our Revolution in NW Ohio. The grassroots organization, an outgrowth of Senator Bernie Sanders campaign for President in 2016, has been an active supporter of the restoration of the Glass-Steagall Act.
One fraudulent business model cited by Stanley was the CDO market – a $640 billion market which Stanley says lost 65 percent of its value after being sold as AAA-rated securities, "the Gold Standard," says Stanley. He compares this to going to a grocery store you trust and bringing home your food to find out that two-thirds of it is toxic.
The speakers urge American citizens to become engaged in the battle to restore the Glass-Steagall Act by calling their members of Congress and demanding that they add their sponsorship to the bills that have been introduced in both the House and Senate to bring back the complete separation of insured depository banks from their high-risk casino cousins, the investment banks of Wall Street. The phone number to reach either your Senator or Congress Member is 202 224 3121.


These files consist of all or part of the following: photography, "Welcome Aboard" pamphlets, official histories, news clips, decommissioning documents, scrapbooks, and operational highlights. Please note that cutter logbooks are found at the collections of the National Archives.
These files cover each distinct lightship that served with the Lighthouse Service or Coast Guard as well as the various stations these vessels were moored on. The files consist primarily of photography along with limited documentation dating from the World War II-era to the mid-1980s.
These files cover significant maritime disasters, including merchant vessel incidents, floods, hurricanes, oil spills, and major search-and-rescue incidents. The files consist of photography, some official documentation, and newsprint. Please not that his collection consists of incidents since 1950 up to the advent of the electronic age of the late-1990s.
These files consist of official biographies of senior officers and famous Coast Guard personnel. Please note that official personnel jackets of retired and/or deceased personnel are held by the National Archives.
These files consist of photography of the various types of aircraft that Coast guard has flown along with subject files for most Coast Guard-related aviation subjects.
These files consist of photography of most of the lighthouses and lighthouse stations in the United States. Many date from the later-19th Century through the 1970s and include official photos of the light towers with many having images of the keepers' quarters and other buildings on the light station's grounds.
These files consist of photography of Coast Guard, Life-Saving Service, and Lighthouse Service deports, offices, and shore stations.
These files consist of a wide-range of materials regarding a number of diverse subjects including the history of the Service's various missions, roles during the nation's wars, minorities, uniforms, and women, among others. The files are arranged alphabetically.
This collection consists primarily of personal record collections, scrap books, photographs, official and personal correspondence, and order books, etc., that were put together and kept by various Coast Guardsmen.
Atkins Hall, on the campus of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, circa 2014.
The Coast Guard Historian's Office is located here.
This collection consists of several thousand books, pamphlets, manuals, directives, instructions, and newsletters that deal specifically with the Coast Guard or are Coast Guard publications. Most significant are the old manuals, service publications and back issues of most of the periodicals published by the service.
The Coast Guard Historian's Office photography collection is one of the largest collections of Coast Guard-related photography in the world. It consists of hundreds of thousands of distinct photographs, negatives and slides dating from the post-Civil War-era to the early 1990s. Images include lighthouses, cutters, lighthouse tenders, light vessels, combat images (especially from World War II and Vietnam), personnel, life-boat, and air stations.
The Historian's Office maintains an active collections management program, including art and artifacts, manuscripts, and personal collections. Contact our office at history@uscg.mil for further information, including on how to donate personal collections to the Special Collections archive.
The Historian's Office manages the Coast Guard's Curatorial Services Program, which collects, stores, preserves, restores, and loans heritage assets including art and artifacts. These include historic art, lighthouse lens, ships' bells and binnacles, aircraft and their assorted parts and equipment, small boats, uniforms, weapons, among many others.
Museums wishing to locate items to borrow for display should contact our office at history@uscg.mil for further information.
The Coast Guard Historian's Office is responsible for the U.S. Coast Guard Museum, which is located on the grounds of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. The museum curator is in charge of the museum and also curates a significant portion of the Coast Guard's historic artifacts.
The Historian's Office no longer has the resources available to print brochures, art, and line-drawing sets, but they are available in the photo gallery and document resources available on this website. We will continue to publish new material to our website as .jpg image files and .pdf documents as it becomes available.


Fits Pentax, Minolta, Canon, Nikon and Ricoh Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) Cameras i.e. has a detachable lens cameras.
Please specify the brand of camera you are using as each T mount is brand specific.
Depending on the specific model of your camera you may also need a variable camera adapter .
This 1.25" accessory can be used three ways: as a 2X Barlow for visual use, as a prime focus T-adapter, or as a "Barlowed" T-adapter for double the magnification and the benefit of extra inward focus travel.


text:
Eduardo Villaseñor Peña (n. 1945 - f. 20 de noviembre de 1994). Fue un político y empresario mexicano, miembro del Partido Revolucionario Institucional, se desempeñó como Gobernador de Michoacán durante 21 días en 1992.

Eduardo Villaseñor fue un destacado empresario agrícola de la zona de La Piedad, ciudad de la que era originario; en 1990 fue elegido Presidente municipal de La Piedad, al año siguiente, 1991, pide licencia a la alcaldía y es postulado candidato del PRI y electo diputado federal a la LV Legislatura por el IV Distrito Electoral Federal de Michoacán.

Solicita licencia a la diputación federal al ser postulado como candidato a la gubernatura en 1992, su candidatura causó sorpresa por no ser considerado alguien con gran experiencia política sino mayormente dedicado a actividades empresariales, en las elecciones, sumamente competidas se enfrentó principalmente con el candidato del PRD, Cristóbal Arias Solís. De acuerdo a los resultados oficiales resultó elegido gobernador y como tal fue declarado por el Congreso de Michoacán, sin embargo, el PRD desconoció los resultados alegando fraude electoral y exigiendo la anulación de las elecciones, se iniciarion movilizaciones masivas en todo el estado y en Morelia fue bloqueado el Palacio de Gobierno, en consecuencia, el 15 de septiembre de 1992 Eduardo Villaseñor tomó protesta como gobernador en una sede alterna, mientras Cristóbal Arias asumía también simbólicamente la gubernatura; sin posibilidades de gobernar y perseguido por las protestas, Eduardo Villaseñor solicitó licencia a la gubernatura 21 días después, el 6 de octubre, oficialmente por un año, pero no volvió a ejercerla.

Murió en un accidente carretero al salir de su rancho en las cercanías de La Piedad, el 20 de noviembre de 1994, siendo aún gobernador constitucional con licencia.

Véase también
 Elecciones estatales de Michoacán de 1989
 Elecciones estatales de Michoacán de 1992

Fuentes

Nacidos en La Piedad de Cabadas
Gobernadores de Michoacán
Diputados de la LV Legislatura de México
Miembros del PRI de Michoacán
Políticos de Michoacán
Presidentes municipales de La Piedad
Fallecidos en La Piedad de Cabadas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Havana Charter
September 19, 2020 by Trent Beard
Information about Havana Charter in free legal resources:
Havana Charter in US treaties.
Havana Charter in UN treaties.
Havana Charter in UN Treaty Series website.
Havana Charter in OAS treaties and agreements.
Havana Charter in EU treaties.
Havana Charter in EU international agreements.
Havana Charter in UK's treaty obligations.
Havana Charter in documents of the UN.
Havana Charter in World Bank documents.
Havana Charter in UN International Law Commission (ILC) documents.
Havana Charter in documents from the international criminal courts and the UN (PDF).
More about Havana Charter in this legal plataforma.
Definitions about Havana Charter in the law dictionaries.
Havana Charter in EU legal acts.
Havana Charter in EU consolidated texts.
Havana Charter in IP national laws.
Havana Charter in IP treaties.
Summary of Havana Charter
Havana Charter and the GATT Policy Negotiations
Hierarchical Display of Havana Charter
Concept of Havana Charter
Characteristics of Havana Charter
Translation of Havana Charter
Thesaurus of Havana Charter
Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
(Main Author: William J. Miller)
In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Havana Charter: A multinational agreement concluded at Havana in 1948, which called for establishment of an International Trade Organization (ITO) to govern world trade. The ITO never came into force, primarily because of opposition in the US Congress, leaving the "provisional" GATT as the sole institution providing a foundation for the multilateral trading system. See entry underInternational Trade Organization in Section III.
Trade > International trade > Trade relations > Trade agreement > GATT
See the dictionary definition of Havana Charter.
Spanish: Carta de La Habana
French: Charte de La Havane
German: Havanna-Charta
Italian: Carta dell'Avana
Portuguese: Carta de Havana
Polish: Karta hawańska
Trade > International trade > Trade relations > Trade agreement > GATT > Havana Charter
Association agreement (EU)
Stabilisation and association agreement
ACP-EU Convention
European Association Agreement
Association Council (EU)
Associated country
Community legislative programme
ITO Charter
Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
Protocol of Provisional Application Protocol of Provisional Application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Provisional Application: The legal device that enabled the original Contracting Parties [...]...
Havana Convention 1928 Embracing mainstream international law, this section on havana convention 1928 explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "havana convention 1928" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
Multilateral Steel Agreement Multilateral Steel Agreement (MSA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multilateral Steel Agreement (MSA): A proposed agreement that would phase out tariffs, eliminate [...]...
Torquay Round Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
Grandfather Clause Grandfather Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Grandfather Clause: A provision in the GATT and other trade agreements permitting signatories to retain domestic [...]...
State Trading Nations State Trading Nations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Nations: Countries that rely on government entities instead of private corporations to conduct their [...]...
GATT Round GATT Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Round: A cycle of multilateral trade negotiations conducted under the auspices of the GATT. Each Round has constituted a [...]...
Madrid Agreement Madrid Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Madrid Agreement: Formal name is the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks. An [...]...
Offer List A list of products, usually prepared in conjunction with multilateral trade negotiations, upon which a nation is prepared to negotiate trade liberalization; the list may also identify products that are to be specifically exempted from discussion.......
State Trading Enterprises State Trading Enterprises and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Enterprises: Entities established by governments to import, export, or produce certain products. [...]...
Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
Modifications Modifications and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Modifications: Alteration or withdrawal of trade concessions previously made within GATT. Contracting Parties are [...]...
Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
Geneva Rounds Geneva Rounds and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Geneva Rounds: The first and fourth GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in Geneva, Switzerland. The [...]...
International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
Plurilateral Plurilateral and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Plurilateral: In GATT parlance, refers to a consultation or negotiating session involving more than two countries [...]...
Annecy Round Annecy Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Annecy Round: The second GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in...
Consultations Consultations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Consultations: Any GATT member that believes its trade interests have been adversely affected by changes in the trade [...]...
Framework Agreement Framework Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Agreement: A package of agreements negotiated during the Tokyo Round, dealing with (a) differential and [...]...
Quadrilateral Quadrilateral ("Quad") and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Quadrilateral ("Quad"): In GATT parlance, a meeting involving senior trade officials or [...]...
GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
Tokyo Declaration The pronouncement of a 1973 gathering in Tokyo of foreign, finance, and trade ministers of the major industrial nations, meeting to discuss economic and trade problems. The joint communique issued by the ministers called for increased trade through the elimination of tariff and nontariff [...]...
Confrontation and Justification A mechanism employed during multinational trade negotiations to define the positions of the various national delegations. Typically, each participating nation submits to its trading partners a statement of views, proposed tariff cuts, et cetera. During a series of meetings each nation is [...]...
Principal Supplier A nation that serves as the major source of supply to another country for a specific product.......
Punta Del Este Declaration Punta del Este Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Punta del Este Declaration: A declaration adopted by trade ministers of GATT member countries in September [...]...
Functioning of the GATT System Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS): Designation for a negotiating group in the Uruguay Round [...]...
Non-application Non-application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Non-application: In the context of Uruguay Round discussions of a proposed Multilateral Trade Organization, refers to a [...]...
Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
Protocol of Accession Protocol of Accession and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Accession: A legal document that recognizes the rights and obligations agreed to as a consequence of a [...]...
Gats Gats in International Trade Meaning of Gats, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The General Agreement on Trade Services is a World Trade Organization agreement that is the first multilateral agreement provide legally enforceable rules covering all [...]...
Kennedy Round A series of international trade discussions commencing in Geneva in May 1964, under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). The discussions were prompted by ......
Negotiations Item-by-Item Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Item-by-Item Negotiations: A method of tariff negotiations in which the expected trade effects of each [...]...
Rebalancing Rebalancing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rebalancing: A term used in GATT agriculture negotiations, referring to the ability to shift import protection from one [...]...
Entities Entities and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Entities: In the context of the GATT Government Procurement Code, refers to government departments or ministries and their [...]...
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna Known commonly by the acronym CITES, a multilateral agreement to suppress international trade in endangered species of wildlife and plants. The convention was signed at Washington in 1973; in 1984, sixty-nine nations were signatories. Adherents to the convention pledge to interdict the [...]...
Time Charter The charter of a vessel for a specific period of time, during which the vessel will respond to operational direction from the charterer.......
Bareboat Charter A time charter under which the charterer assumes full operational control of the chartered vessel, to include providing officers, crew, and supplies. A bareboat charter is also known as a demise charter.......
Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free Trade Agreement: An agreement between two or more countries establishing a free trade area (FTA)....
Nonviolation Complaints Nonviolation Complaints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nonviolation Complaints: In GATT dispute settlement negotiations, refers to provisions allowing the Contracting [...]...
Most-favored-nation A privilege granted to a nation to have customs duties levied upon its products at the lowest rate offered to any other nation. Customarily, the extension of most favored nation status is reciprocal. See tariff (Customs).......
Reciprocity Summary of Reciprocity Bilateral reduction of trade barriers; each nation reduces its barriers in return for similar concessions by the other nation. Reciprocity is an official policy of the United States, originated by the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934.(Main Author: William J. [...]...
Trade Policy Review Mechanism Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM): A process of examination in the GATT Council to provide [...]...
Snapback Snapback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Snapback: Provisions in a trade agreement that allow a signatory to temporarily rescind concessions under specified [...]...
Off-Charter The termination of a vessel charter agreement, freeing the vessel to pursue other cargoes. Off-charter should not be confused with off-hire, in which the payment of hire is suspended for some reason, but the contract remains in force.......
Preliminary Duties Preliminary Duties and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Preliminary Duties: Duties imposed on a provisional basis during the course of an antidumpinginvestigation, following [...]...
Tokyo Round The seventh, and latest, round of multilateral trade negotiations sponsored by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). Running from 1973 to 1979, the Tokyo Round resulted in......
Obligations The Legal History of ObligationsThis section provides an overview of Obligations ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Obligations in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford [...]...
Voluntary Restraint Agreement Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA): An arrangement by which an exporting country takes steps [...]...
Pipeline Protection Pipeline Protection and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Pipeline Protection: In international negotiations on protection of intellectual property rights, refers to the [...]...
Environmental Dumping Environmental Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Environmental Dumping: Refers to an unfair trade practice whereby an exporter achieves a cost advantage over its [...]...
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 8 Contents General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s General Agreement on Tariffs ... Read more...
Semiconductor Agreement Semiconductor Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Semiconductor Agreement: A bilateral agreement concluded in 1986 between the United States and Japan to open the [...]...
Negotiating Group Negotiating Group and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Negotiating Group: A group of country delegates in a GATT Round charged with planning and managing multilateral [...]...
Authors' Rights Authors' Rights and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Authors' Rights: A term used primarily in Latin American countries to refer to copyrights....
Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
De Facto Membership De Facto Member of GATT and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of De Facto Member of GATT: A former dependency of a GATT member that since attaining independence has applied the [...]...
Concession Summary of Concession An undertaking by one nation to reduce a tariff rate, increase a quota, or otherwise relieve an economic impediment to trade, usually in response to like concessions from trading partners. In addition to such reciprocal concessions, a nation may offer special duty [...]...
Auto Pact Auto Pact and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Auto Pact: (Formally known as the Automotive Products Trade Agreement.) A bilateral agreement signed in 1965 between the [...]...
Panel of Experts Panel of Experts and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Panel of Experts: In the GATT dispute settlement process, an ad hoc group of impartial and knowledgeable trade experts [...]...
East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
Subsidies Code A multilateral agreement arising out of the Tokyo Round of trade negotiations sponsored by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details), or GATT. The code, also known as the Agree......
Trade War Introduction to Trade War Trade War, economic tug-of-war between nations in which each side tries to limit the other's exports while flooding the other's market with its own goods." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "http://lawi......
Madrid Union Madrid Union and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Madrid Union: Formal name is the Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods. [...]...
Multilateral Agreement Multilateral Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Multilateral Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A international agreement involving three or more parties. For example, the GATT (General Agreement o Tariffs and Trade) has been, since its [...]...
Technical Data Information that can be transferred to overseas users only in accordance with export control regulations. The Office of Export Administration regulations (Part 379) define technical data as: Information of any kind that can be used, or adopted for use, in the design, production, manufacture, [...]...
Free Riders Free-Riders Free-Riders and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free-Riders: In the context of the Uruguay Round discussions of a proposed Multilateral Trade Organization, [...]...
Horizontal Reduction Horizontal Reduction and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Horizontal Reduction: Negotiated cuts in tariff rates by the same percentage for all parties to an agreement. Also [...]...
Forum Shopping Forum Shopping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Forum Shopping: Refers to the ability of countries to take advantage of differing procedures fordispute settlement under [...]...
Tariff Rates Column 2 Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Column 2 Rates: US tariff rates assessed on imports from countries not receiving most- favored-nationtreatment. Most [...]...
Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes betweenStates and Nationals of Other States Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Convention on Settlement of Investment [...]...
GATT Codes GATT Codes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Codes: Agreements negotiated under GATT auspices to remove or lessen the trade-distorting effects of nontariff measures [...]...
Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
Disciplines Disciplines and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Disciplines: In GATT parlance, refers to members' substantive obligations undertaken by members to refrain from [...]...
Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
Ad Referendum Definition of Ad ReferendumIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Ad Referendum : (Latin: to be further considered) Denoting a contract that has been signed although minor points remain to be decided....
International Trade Organizations ContentsInternational Trade OrganizationsIntroductionResourcesSee AlsoFurther Reading International Trade Organizations Introduction This entry concentrates on the structure, role and competence of the ... Read more...
Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
South-South Trade South-South Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of South-South Trade: In the parlance of the 1970s and 1980s, refers to trade among developing countries ("the [...]...
Bretton Woods System Bretton Woods System and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bretton Woods System: The general term for the international monetary and financial system established after World [...]...
European Energy Charter 12 Contents European Energy Charter ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries European Energy Charter ... Read more...
Boycott Summary of Boycott A conspiracy or coalition for the purpose of impeding the commerce of another. Boycotts are often attempts to advance political objectives by economic means and fall into two categories; the primary boycott, in which a party to the boycott refrains from trading with the [...]...
Quantitative Restriction A limitation on the quantity of a given commodity that may be imported into a country during a specified period of time. A quantitative restriction is manifested as a Quota ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for further [...]...
Counterfeit Code Counterfeit Code and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Counterfeit Code: A draft agreement, initiated in the closing stages of the Tokyo Round but never concluded, which [...]...
Framework Agreements Framework Agreements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Agreement (2): Also known as a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, or TIFA. A bilateral agreement [...]...
Treatment Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D): Preferential treatment given to industrial countries [...]...
Codex Alimentarius A document published by the Codex Alimentarius Commission establishing international standards for raw and processed food products. The commission was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization in conjunction with the World Health Organization. Member states of either the FAO [...]...
Procedural Protectionism Procedural Protectionism and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Procedural Protectionism: Abusive administration of import control procedures allowed under GATT (especially [...]...
Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
WTO WTO in International Trade Meaning of Wto, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Trade Organization was established by the Uruguay Round in 1995 as successor to the GATT (General Agreement o Tariffs and Trade), the WTO is the only global organization [...]...
Government Procurement Code A multinational agreement among trading nations, concluded at Geneva in April 1979, opening government purchasing contracts to competitive bids from firms in other signatory nations. The code was adopted by the United States as Title III of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 and provides that, [...]...
Contracting Party Contracting Party and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Contracting Party provided by the European Union Commission: A contracting party is a State or an Intergovernmental Organisation or other entity with treaty making capacity that has expressed its consent to be bound by a [...]...
North-South Trade North-South Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of North-South Trade: In the parlance of the 1970s and 1980s, trade between the developed market economies ("the [...]...
Conference Summary of Conference An association of steamship lines operating over a specific trade route, formed for the purpose of setting freight rates and service standards to be applied uniformly by all the member carriers. The Shipping Act of 1916 empowers the Federal Maritime Commission to [...]...
Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
United States Trade Representative An office, with ambassadorial rank, created by Congress to direct U.S. trade negotiations during the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds. Known previously as the special trade representative and the special representative for trade negotiations, the office was reorganized with expanded powers by Executive [...]...
Nontariff Measures Nontariff Measures (NTMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nontariff Measures (NTMs): A broader term than NTBs, including not only import-restricting barriers but also [...]...
Sectoral Reciprocity Sectoral Reciprocity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sectoral Reciprocity: The objective of equalizing levels of protection applying to international trade in a [...]...
Harmonized System Known formally as the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.. a product statistical classification system based upon the Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature (CCCN) and designed to replace various statistical classification schemes now employed by various trading nations....
Standstill Standstill and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standstill: A commitment undertaken at the outset of a GATT negotiation to refrain .from legislating or implementing new [...]...
National Trade Estimate National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report: A report on significant foreign trade barriers published in [...]...
Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
Trade-Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Designation for a Uruguay Round "' [...]...
Grey Area Grey Area Measures and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Grey Area Measures: Import relief measures taken outside the scope of GATT rules by countries seeking to protect [...]...
Asia Dynamic Asian Economies (DAEs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Dynamic Asian Economies (DAEs): In recent OECD discussions and publications, this term has been used to [...]...
Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
European Energy Charter PART I DEFINITIONS AND PURPOSE ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS As used in this Treaty: (1) "Charter"means the European Energy Charter adopted in the Concluding Document of the Hague Conference on the European Energy Charter signed at The Hague on 17 December 1991; signature of the [...]...
Suspension Agreement Suspension Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Suspension Agreement: A legal agreement between an exporting firm and the government of an importing country [...]...
Notification Notification and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Notification: In the context of GATT, refers to the procedure of informing the GATT Secretariat of a change in a [...]...
Nontariff Barriers Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nontariff Barriers (NTBs): Measures other than tariffs that burden or restrict international trade. NTBs may [...]...
Customs Classification Customs Classification and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Classification: The determination of the appropriate category in which a traded product is classified for [...]...
Call Call and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Call: A request by an importing country for consultations with an exporting country concerning products whose shipments during a [...]...
Working Party Working Party and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Working Party: An ad hoc subgroup established by the GATT Council to address a specific trade policy issue, such as a [...]...
Cross-Retaliation Cross-Retaliation and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Cross-Retaliation: Retaliation in one sector of trade, such as agriculture, to counter unfair actions or violations of [...]...
Environmental Trade Measures Environmental Trade Measures and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Environmental Trade Measures: Trade measures applied by importing or exporting countries in conjunction [...]...
Categories Commercial law, H, International law, su1 Tags GATT, HA, International Commercial Law, International Trade, Trade, Trade agreement, Trade Policy, Trade relations
Single European Act

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BERLIN (AP) — A 43-year-old man who lived in isolation at his parents' home in Bavaria for three decades has been taken to a psychiatric hospital, and police say they're investigating whether the parents did anything wrong.
Police spokesman Juergen Stadter said Wednesday that police went to the home in Freienfels, near Bayreuth, on Sept. 21 after receiving a tip and found the man in a neglected condition. Stadter said he was "unkempt, unwashed, but well nourished."
Stadter said the man wasn't constrained and had several rooms to himself. He added: "We're investigating whether he stayed inside for all those years of his own will."
Police are investigating the man's parents, who are in their late 70s, on suspicion of possible deprivation of freedom and causing bodily harm by neglect.