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Home Resources Blog October 2018
ISO 13485 Transition Key Changes
The standard format and layout is an element that has seen very little change. The format and layout of ISO 13485:2016 follows the previous version of the standard, while the high level structure (HLS) of the new ISO 9001 standard, and many others, paves a new method of management system implementation.
The "annex-SL" layout of other new standards places more emphasis on organizations deciding how much control they need to implement based on risk and regulatory requirements; however it seems the working group for ISO 13485 were yet to be convinced of this new layout when they addressed the update to the standard.
By its' nature, the medical device industry has a high requirement for documentation and record keeping, but conversely the automotive industry also has higher requirements for this and the new IATF 16949 standard has adopted the HLS. Perhaps the next update to ISO 13485 will incorporate this layout, but for now the old remains, including the requirement for a quality manual and "preventative action" instead of "risks and opportunities".
For organizations that implement both ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 13485:2016, Annex B lists the interrelationships between the two where they exist and highlights where they are not in correspondence. However, the only clauses that cannot be identified to correspond between the two are those unique to medical devices as before (e.g. medical device files, cleanliness and contamination control).
While we are investigating the annexes, Annex A includes a correspondence of changes from the old version of ISO 13485 to the new one and can be used to identify to the sub-clause where the changes are to be found (but we will run through some of these with commentary on some important ones).
Relationship to the new EU regulations
The standard was prepared with the EU medical device directives in mind and released a corrigendum to cover it. The Z annexes (the three at the front of the document) reference the standard against the directives to demonstrate which elements go towards supporting compliance with the directives.
Remember, conforming to the standard does not imply compliance to the directives, so organizations will need to check their system against these requirements as well and Annex Z helps this process along.
With the new EU medical device regulations published and the transition dates set (2020 for medical devices and implants, 2022 for IVD), this information will become moot soon enough. It is likely that at least another corrigendum to again demonstrate how the standard corresponds to the regulations in its' current state, though again each organization will be required to review their systems against the regulations to check for compliance.
With the standard so fresh out of the gates, it is unlikely that an entire new revision will be issued when a corrigendum will cover this; as the regulation was already in discussion at the time of this issue of the standard, some elements have already been included, such as UDI. However, it may not be surprising if a new revision is published around 2022 when the IVD regulation is implemented and, as discussed already, this may adopt the HLS of the other standards being published.
Recurring themes in this revision
Most of the new and amended requirements of this revision can be identified as corresponding to one (or more) of the following themes evident in the document:
Plan, do check, act: the emphasis on the plan here is deliberate; several processes now require evidence of planning, either directly stated or inferred by the manner of the requirements and records. For the latter point, human resources is a good example of this, as you will see in the blog. The PDCA cycle is management system 101 and although planning has been a requirement of quality standards for a long time this is being further highlighted going forward. In particular, planning is beneficial for processes and changes that are multi-disciplinary, where risks must be considered or where decisions can result in unforeseen impacts. Remember, failure to plan is planning to fail…
Risk based thinking: risk is specifically stated (or, again, implied) as a basis for decision making in many clauses in the standard. Straight out of the gate, in section 4.1, risk is discussed as a driving in factor in deciding the level of control the QMS must have over the organizations processes. Risk is discussed in the context of this document as always being related back to the risk of conformity of the medical devices and not, for example, business risk; though this could be considered, the priority is medical device conformance to requirements of the organization, the standard and regulations. This therefore extrapolates to risk the device has on patients and users. Risks are to be identified and addressed appropriately and ISO 14971 (risk management in medical devices) can offer further support in implementing risk management.
Evidence based decision making: data should be gathered and used to inform decisions. This can be used in conjunction to risks when making decisions; risk assessment outputs are data after all. Justifications and rationales are required to be documented for many steps where decisions are made and ownership of those decisions becomes traceable ultimately to top management, who are responsible for the resources making those decisions. This is an auditing tool, but first it is a tool for organizations to make the right decisions that provide safety for them, their customers and their patients.
Details and examples: It's all in the details. The standard now has extra information in many areas of how requirements can be met for a given clause. Examples include the methods of control that can be applied to a process and methods for preserving products. These can help an organization decide on how to control a process and, again, the number and type of controls to be implemented should be based on risk inherent in the process and how it can impact the medical device.
Special processes: QMS for medical devices has rightly been standalone due to risk and level of scrutiny, but also due to the specialism of the industry. There are several special processes and elements of the QMS, such as medical device files, contamination control and cleanliness, sterilisation and identification. In the new revision more detail has been included for many of these, in some cases they have even received new sub-clauses to highlight their importance.
Record keeping: Many elements of the above require records to be kept, as well as documented procedures made (or updated) to include the new requirements. As already touched upon, where decisions are made records must be kept to identify who and why.
These have been highlighted in the rest of this blog where they correspond to risk, records, planning and decision making.
Adoption of the risk based approach is first discussed in the general requirements section. Here it related to implementation and maintenance of procedures and the validation of software used as part of the management system. The depth and detail of these is based on the risk the process or software has on product quality, so a high risk process should have more detailed procedures and software controlling it should have a higher degree of validation carried out.
There is now a requirement for organizations to protect documents and records from deterioration and loss and to protect confidential health information gathered by the organizations activities, such as through clinical studies, post market surveillance, vigilance and incident reporting. The latter point shouldn't be surprising with the recent interest in protection of personal data that the European Union has had, with organizations already required to comply with related regulation for information security and access.
Management responsibility and resources
Management review has some new inputs, namely monitoring and measuring results for the system and products and reporting to regulatory authorities. There is also a new output relating to changes to regulatory requirements and how these will be met. The former point in particular highlights the standards focus on evidence based decision making and that top management should take this on board as well.
Importantly, there is now a requirement to have a documented procedure for management review and that the interval between management review meetings is to be documented. This will allow auditors to better identify where management review is late or not carried out completely and the responsibility to carry it out is on top management.
The human resources clause includes new documentation requirements for processes to:
Establish competence
Provide training
Ensure awareness
These processes were a requirement previously but now they must be documented and so be demonstrated to be implemented in a controlled manner and planned; meeting these requirements effectively can be achieved through planning training and awareness activities with staff. The work infrastructure must now be planned so as to prevent product mix-up (i.e. zoning) and ensure orderly handling of product from one process to another, promoting processing in a logical manner. The work environment must now have documented requirements where it can affect product conformity, such as requirements to control bioburden and prevent electrostatic discharge. Contamination control has become its own sub-clause with expanded requirements for where product must be clean or sterilized following manufacture process steps.
The lists of requirements in many clauses in product realization have been expanded upon, focussing on provision of resource and competence of personnel. Design and development has also seen a focus on recording of decision making and collection of data as records to be maintained. The end goal is to demonstrate evidence based decision making and planning in design and development, where test data is gathered and acted upon rationally and logically with consideration to the requirements of the customer, organization and regulations.
Design and development has seen a requirement for management of interfaces between design interfaces removed, though this function may still be a requirement of internal procedures where determined by the organization. The contents of design reviews must include identification factors (product being reviewed, attendees and date) and input requirements must be available for verification and validation (i.e. they must be measurable as outputs).
There are now more documents and records needed for verification and validation activities, including:
The plans for the activities
Interface considerations (i.e. usability engineering)
Product to be used for validation
Records of the activities
New sub-clauses have also been added detailing requirements for design transfer to production and maintenance of design files. There is now a need for documented procedures for design transfer and records of the results and conclusions of transfer activities must be retained. The design file must include the output documents of the preceding design clause, including records of changes to design, and so act as a history of the product design and decision making.
Supplier evaluation has been strengthened following scandals in the medical device sector; organizations now have more requirements for ensuring product and material from outside the organization conforms.
The standard now lists requirements for supplier selection criteria that focus on:
Effect of supplier performance on the quality of the medical device
Risk associated with the medical device
Meeting regulatory requirements.
Monitoring and re-evaluation of suppliers now require planning by the organization and action must be taken if requirements are not met, proportionate to the risk of the supply on conformity of the medical device.
Changes to supplied product and material are also under closer scrutiny; organizations must now include an agreement with the supplier to notify in the event of any changes (where appropriate) and if the organization becomes aware of changes in verification activities they must take action to ensure the change does not affect product realization or the finished device.
This sub-clause therefore has two phases to consider; the suppliers must agree to notify of changes but the organization must also check product to ensure this is adhered to and, where change is necessary, verification that the change is suitable must be carried out and recorded.
Production/service provision
More detail on how requirements can be met have been added, including:
Types of process controls that may be utilized
Situations where procedures may be required
Methods to achieve product preservation
Record requirements for servicing and validation activities
"Special processes" have also seen additional requirements:
A new scenario has been added to the list of when contamination control can be required
Requirements for sterile barrier systems have been implemented
Procedures for validation requirements following process changes
Procedures for the use of statistical techniques in validation activities
Software validation is given some more attention in this clause for where it is used as a part of production or service provision, with the requirement for a documented procedure for these activities. Again, the extent of the validation process is proportionate to the risk associated with the use of the software and consequences any failure may have on the finished products' conformity.
This requirement may cause concern to some organizations, particularly those who use customised or modified systems to control manufacture or production planning. However, assessment of process risks will highlight where activities must be carried out to validate software and choosing a supplier of software who conduct validation on the software and its customisations may be beneficial in meeting this requirement by mitigating risks.
Unique device identifiers is a new requirement in the identification clause; organizations that have a regulatory requirement for UDI must document a system for applying UDI. The FDA in the United States has already initiated a UDI programme that, as of September past, is now live for all devices. In the EU, UDI must be implemented for class III devices and implantable in 2021 with other device classes to be added in 2 year increments. Aside from this, the sub-clause also includes more details on requirements for identification through product realization, particularly for monitoring, measuring, inspection and release purposes.
Measurement, analysis and improvement
Feedback has been expanded, indicating that it should come from production and post-production activities and that it should feed as an input back into risk management processes. Two new sub-clauses have been added to detail requirements for complaint handling and reporting to regulatory bodies, requiring documented procedures and records of activity for each to be retained. There was also a requirement added for identification of test equipment used for measuring activities, the intention being that equipment used for product conformity assessment can be traced.
The sub-clause for control of non-conforming products has been expanded; more detail is given regarding kinds of controls that can be implemented, requirements for concessions and re-works and records to be retained from issuance of advisory notices. The requirements for non-conformance detected before and after delivery have been separated to better highlight actions to be taken, and their order, based on the risk associated in each case.
The need to include results of investigations and rationales for decision making has been added, further supporting the organizations need to demonstrate evidence based decision making. This is conjunction with the concession requirements, which states concessions must be justified, with evidence and rationale demonstrating that regulatory requirements are still met and the persons authorising release of product are identified.
Other new requirements for the clause include determination of appropriate methods of data analysis, including statistical techniques and the extent of their use, in the procedures for data analysis. Service reports and audits have also been added to list of data inputs. Corrective actions and preventative actions now require a verification step to ensure they have not generated adverse effects.
There is now also a requirement that any necessary corrective action is taken without undue delay. Though subjective and not really expanded upon in the standard, the planning and documenting of actions to be taken still must be performed and it stands to reason that decision making regarding timelines is included here and is based on risk; corrective actions should not result in generation of new risks and should deal with the root cause of non-conformity.
Final points: what is missing?
Overall a lot of effort has been placed into addressing the points referenced earlier; risk, decision making, record keeping and planning. It is worth remembering when reading this list of new requirements that they have come about largely in response to the new approach of the HLS (though it is not directly embraced, the concepts it is focusing on more are also being highlighted in the revision of ISO 13485).
However, these have also come about due to recent controversies, scandals and concerns in the medical device industry. Many of these requirements tighten controls and provide more audit trails and the new upcoming MDR also has this in mind. To an organization these may appear challenging, but a lot of it is simply documentation of processes and ideas already implemented. And besides, it is worth remembering that any of us could become patients at any time; the thought that the medical devices we are exposed to are coming under increasing scrutiny must provide a degree of reassurance that we are in safe hands.
There are some notable elements of the new HLS that are not implemented as completely as in the other updated standards. The requirement for a management representative for example was removed from ISO 9001:2015 but is still present in ISO 13485:2016. The ownership of the QMS remains with top management in both cases, however this has become more clear in ISO 9001, although responsibility for its' every day running is handed down in the organization. Preventative action has been raised previously and with good cause; it's role in the planning of operations is far more clearly demonstrated in ISO 9001:2015 due to its' strategic redeployment to clause 6.
And finally, continual improvement remains a divisive subject here. Where ISO 9001 now requires an organization to continually improve performance, ISO 13485 requires organizations to ensure and maintain the continued ability of the QMS to meet requirements. This may not seem so important when reading the actual clauses, but it comes from a simple concept; a QMS for medical devices either meets requirements or does not, so continual improvement implies that it is not meeting requirements at some point in time and must be improved to do so. To avoid this implication, continual improvement as it exists in the HLS is not included in ISO 13485.


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Following the news last week that the 2018 Golden Globe Race rules did not meet the regulations of the French Federation de Voile (FFV), the two organisations met to discuss the future of the race.
The officials of the 2018 Golden Globe Race have released a statement following their meeting with the full board of the FFV on Thursday (14 December) to discuss all aspects of the organisation, operation, safety and security considerations for race, starting from Les Sables d'Olonne on July 1st 2018.
They released a statement saying: "Discussions were cordial and very productive. It was agreed at an early stage of the meeting that all participants in the room have sailing at heart and hold great respect for the spirit and essence of the original Golden Globe Race as the foundation for all current around the world solo sailing.
The GGR organisers respect the FFV's position and were happy for the opportunity to present their case that serious and professional consideration has been given to producing responsible safety, security and risk minimisation for this challenging adventure, recreating the original 1968 Golden Globe.
The FFV also explained that they must work within current legislative requirements of both the French Government and World Sailing. They suggest that the 2018 Golden Globe may be more of an adventure and maritime event than a true yacht race. In principle, the FFV is not against the event, understand that the 2018 Golden Globe Race is recreating history and want to promote the heritage of solo sailing.
The FFV (Fédération Française de Voile/French Sailing Federation) has announced that the rules for the Golden Globe Race, set to start from Les Sables d'Olonne on July 1st next year, do not meet their regulations, thus the event cannot start and end in France.
The vice president of the FFV, Henry Bacchini, told the French news website, acu.fr, that the organisation of the race "does not fit at all, at all, in all the necessary safety, health, etc. processes".
He added that the Golden Globe Race is a "completely random and dangerous test".
Don McIntyre, the Chairman of the 2018 Golden Globe Race, said of the announcement: "We have opened discussions with the FFV and have already changed some critical elements of the Rules, and are working hard to accommodate all their suggestions. We have a meeting with the FFV set for December 14 to discuss these issues so I am at a loss to understand why the FFV would go public before that meeting.".
Jean-Luc van den Heede, who has completed five solo circumnavigations, and is a competitor in the Golden Globe Race, said: "I have some experience with races that everyone predicted would be impossible, dangerous, suicidal etc. During the build-up to the first Mini Transat Race which started from England in 1977, the French skippers were very much targeted by the French Maritime Affairs who wanted to prevent us from competing. It was hardly better in the second edition …until the race became French, and a few years later, Mr Le Pensec, the Minister of the Sea, started the race.
The race will see up to 30 skippers will sail single-handed around the world without the aid of modern technology.
The event is intended to be a recreation of the 1968 Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, in which Robin Knox-Johnston became the first person to complete a solo non-stop circumnavigation.
Competitors will have to navigate and sail using the same equipment available to the original 1968-69 competitors, although they will be equipped with a satellite phone, which has GPS disabled, to provide daily updates and interviews with race control.
Each boat will also include a satellite tracking device, from which the skipper will not be able to access a GPS position.
For safety, they will also carry a sealed box containing a chart plotter and another satellite phone. If they are forced to break into the box, the competitors will be able to continue in the race, but within the 'Chichester Class" as if they have made one stop.
The Golden Globe Race 2018 was supposed to start in the UK but after event organisers failed to secure financial backing, it was decided that the event will start in France instead.


Every year, federal agencies spend billions of dollars on commercially available IT products and services through the Federal Supply Schedule program. Now state and local governments have the same opportunity under a law that took effect May 7.
Cooperative purchasing, as it is known, potentially could open an enormous market for IT schedule contractors. While there are procedural and practical hurdles that will discourage some state and local buyers from participating, the sheer magnitude of the possible market is compelling.
Look at the numbers: 50 states, 3,139 counties, 19,365 incorporated municipalities, 30,386 minor subdivisions, 3,200 public housing authorities, 14,178 school districts, 1,625 public education institutions of higher learning and 550 tribal governments are among those authorized to buy IT products and services through the FSS program.
To implement the new law, the General Services Administration released an interim rule that adds a subpart (GSAR 538.70) to its acquisition regulations. Importantly, the proposed subpart and its associated contract clauses do not require FSS contractors to sell to state and local entities; rather, participation is voluntary.
When an eligible entity places an order against a federal IT schedule contract or a corporate schedule contract that includes IT products or services, the schedule contractor must either fill the order or specifically decline to do so within five days of receiving it, unless the contract allows for longer response time. Notably, the contractor must fill all orders it doesn't decline within the five-day period, so it is important for contractors to establish a reliable tracking system for receiving and responding to orders.
When the schedule contractor accepts or fails to decline an order, a new contract is formed between the ordering entity and the contractor. It incorporates by reference all terms and conditions of the schedule contract, except the disputes clause, the patent indemnity clause and the portion of the commercial item contract terms and conditions that apply only to federal agencies.
The ordering entity may include terms and conditions required by statute, regulation or ordinance, but only to the extent that they do not conflict with the terms and conditions of the schedule contract. This is an important change from the proposed version of the rule, as it allows reasonable tailoring of FSS orders, on either the entity's initiative or the contractor's insistence, to state and local procurement laws and liabilities.
It remains to be seen how state and local entities will manage potential conflicts between contract clauses mandated by state law and those required by a schedule contract. In cases where the entity's terms and conditions are a matter of policy, the agency may be able to waive them.
However, state and local laws that have been translated into mandatory contract clauses cannot be so easily ignored. Therefore, some state and local entities may need to change their laws to facilitate ordering from the federal IT schedule.
The interim rule encourages parties to resolve disputes through alternative dispute resolution, but further provides that disputes "may be litigated in any state or federal court with jurisdiction over the parties," applying federal procurement law and, if pertinent, the Uniform Commercial Code.


text:
Rukszyn () – wieś na Ukrainie, w obwodzie czerniowieckim, w rejonie dniestrowskim. W 2001 liczyła 3438 mieszkańców, wśród których 3414 wskazało jako ojczysty język ukraiński, 17 rosyjski, 5 mołdawski, 1 gagauski, a 1 inny.

Przypisy

Wsie w obwodzie czerniowieckim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee Ushers in Luxury Sound by McIntosh®
An Exclusive World-Class Audio System for the World's Most Awarded SUV
McIntosh Laboratory
Jan 07, 2021, 19:17 ET
BINGHAMTON, N.Y., Jan. 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The all-new 2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee, now with three rows of seating, will debut with the auto industry's only sound system made by the legends in luxury home audio, McIntosh Laboratory. Available first in the 2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee L, the MX950 McIntosh Entertainment System is available in Overland and Summit models and comes standard when equipped with the Summit Reserve Package.
(PRNewsfoto/McIntosh Laboratory)
The collaboration between McIntosh and the Jeep® brand has been a match made in America. The Jeep® brand understands McIntosh's goal is to carry its exceedingly high standards for sound into vehicles in an authentic way. That said, this partnership didn't happen overnight.
Seeds for MX950 McIntosh Entertainment System for the Jeep® Grand Cherokee were planted four years ago when engineers from both organizations collaborated on the Grand Wagoneer concept vehicle revealed this past September. And now with the Jeep® Grand Cherokee L, customers will soon be able to experience what it is like having a McIntosh Entertainment System with them on-the-go. It is sure to be "Legendary Performance in Motion."
For over seven decades, McIntosh has been on the leading edge of high-end home audio and popular culture with sound systems handcrafted in their factory in Binghamton, NY. The company's amplifiers were used to power the original Woodstock and the Grateful Dead's groundbreaking "Wall of Sound" which cemented McIntosh's reputation as a true American icon.
But McIntosh is no stranger to car audio, having delved into both OEM and aftermarket fitments in the 1990s. In the new millennium, McIntosh developed custom solutions for Harley Davidson special editions, and the 100th anniversary edition of the Ford GT. The MX950 McIntosh Entertainment System for the Jeep® Grand Cherokee will take sound quality to the next level, much the same way Jeep® Grand Cherokee has repeatedly reset the bar in sport utility vehicles.
"We understand that customers don't just want great sound," said Charlie Randall, President of McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. "They want to get a full sensory experience. And that's why it was so important that we left no stone unturned to deliver a true McIntosh Entertainment System for the Jeep® Grand Cherokee L. We're thrilled to bring our brand to a whole new group of people who may never have experienced McIntosh before."
To ensure McIntosh luxury home audio experience was replicated in the vehicle, engineers from both companies worked hand-in-hand to fuse form and function into the system architecture. Engineers constantly went back and forth between the test vehicle and the McIntosh Reference Room itself to ensure a truly authentic McIntosh experience, even in a car. The resulting system is so revolutionary, it doesn't just bring the performance to you, it brings you to the performance.
The MX950 McIntosh Entertainment System boasts 19 speakers in 12 optimal locations to deliver precision sound through every inch of the vehicle and a 17-channel amplifier delivers up to 950Watts of power. The system has LD/HP® speaker design to lower distortion and McIntosh Power Guard® for unrivaled clarity even at very high-volume levels. The most advanced materials technologies were used to make components lighter, yet stronger, so speakers respond faster in delivering timely sonic reproduction. The occupants are enveloped in a massive sweet spot to hear music with zero coloration, just as the artist intended.
The shared vision between Jeep® and McIntosh was to integrate the same level of authenticity and design language from the McIntosh home audio products into the Jeep® Grand Cherokee. The system incorporates McIntosh's iconic styling cues such as the metal ridged control knobs, in the look and feel that have made McIntosh instantly recognizable to fans around the world. Backlit logos on the door speaker grilles accent the vehicle's interior lighting with McIntosh's signature blue. The Jeep® Grand Cherokee L's subwoofer grille is emblazoned with the McIntosh "Mc" logo as it appears in McIntosh Monogrammed Heatsinks™. It is truly a treat for the eyes as well as the ears!
The 2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee L is equipped with the MX950 McIntosh Entertainment System and will arrive in Jeep dealerships in the second quarter of 2021.
About McIntosh
Founded in 1949, McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. is known for offering distinguished quality audio products, superior customer service and the ultimate experience in music and film. All McIntosh products are handcrafted at the Binghamton, NY factory by over 150 employees with a passion for music and the McIntosh heritage. McIntosh continues to define the ultimate home entertainment experience for discriminating consumers around the world, with the iconic "McIntosh Blue" Watt Meters globally recognized as a symbol of quality audio. Since its inception, McIntosh has been powering some of the most important moments in music history and pop culture. From President Lyndon Johnson's inauguration speech to Woodstock to the famous Grateful Dead "Wall of Sound," McIntosh has not only witnessed history, it has shaped it. With McIntosh, customers have the ability to create their own premium audio experience – and truly live their music. For more information please visit www.McIntoshLabs.com.
Julia Lescarbeau
SOURCE McIntosh Laboratory
www.McIntoshLabs.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rest In Peace The Hurricane
By Editorial Dept
Rubin Hurricane Carter
Rubin Hurricane Carter, the middleweight boxing contender who spent 19 years in prison after being wrongly convicted of a triple murder, has died in Toronto, Carter, 76, died of complications from prostate cancer.
Carter spent 19 years in prison for a triple killing in New Jersey before a federal judge ruled in 1985 that he and John Artis, who was with Carter on the night of the shootings, did not receive fair trials and released them.
Artis was with Carter when he died early Sunday morning, Carter had lived in Toronto since his release from prison.
Prison allowed him to do two things: shed the illusions and anger that spurred his youthful delinquency, and come to the realization that his destiny might lie in fighting for justice. He was a title-seeking prizefighter no more.
But first, he had to scrap his way out of prison.
Hatred and bitterness and anger only consume the vessel that contains them. It doesn't hurt another soul, Carter told CNN. If I were to allow myself to continue to feel that anger and the bitterness of being a victim, I would have never survived prison itself. Prison can deal with anger; prison can deal with hatred because prison is about all those things. So I had to overcome those things.
Rubin Carter & John Artis
Carter became an activist for the wrongly convicted after his release and was the first executive director of the Association in Defense of the Wrongly Convicted from 1993 to 2004.
Rubin will be remembered by those at AIDWYC who were fortunate enough to have worked with him as a truly courageous man who fought tirelessly to free others who had suffered the same fate as he, the group said in a statement.
We will continue to fight against wrongful convictions, a battle that Rubin valiantly fought until the day he died. Rest in peace Rubin, your battle is over but you will never be forgotten.
There was a time when boxing enthusiasts were giddy about Carter's future. He was fast and powerful, hence his sobriquet, and despite being short for his weight class (5-foot-8), he became a Madison Square Garden and television fixture.
Rubin-hurricane-Carter
Ring magazine declared him one of the top middleweight contenders in 1963 after he knocked out 11 of his first 15 professional opponents.
His shaven head, prominent mustache, unwavering stare and solid frame made him an intimidating presence in the ring decades before such a look became commonplace, according to the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.
Following a loss in his only title bout in 1964, Carter precipitously fell from grace, losing seven of his 15 final matches before being fingered in a 1966 triple homicide at the LaFayette Bar and Grill.
He was convicted and sentenced to three life terms the following year. The ruling was later overturned, but Carter was convicted again in 1976, a year after Bob Dylan co-wrote a song declaring his innocence. That conviction, too, was tossed out, and Carter walked out of prison in 1985. In 1988, a Passaic County prosecutor filed a motion to dismiss the charges.
By that time, Carter was a cause celebrity. In addition to the Dylan tune, his case had drawn the attention of a heavyweight counterpart, Muhammad Ali, and actor Burt Reynolds, among others.
The Sixteenth Round
His plight has also inspired at least a half dozen books, including his own autobiography, written from prison. A major motion picture that opened years after Carter's release would earn actor Denzel Washington his fourth Oscar nomination.
Rubin Carter-Denzel Washington golden-globes
God bless Rubin Carter and his tireless fight to ensure justice for all, Washington said Sunday.
The 1999 film played a key role in introducing Carter to an audience that had not followed his two-decade legal saga, but the ex-boxer said Washington, in a way, also introduced him to himself.
In his 2011 book, Eye of the Hurricane: My Path from Darkness to Freedom, Carter explained that he was not perfect and conceded guilt to a host of regrettable crimes including assaults and robberies — but not murder.
Those crimes, he said, were perpetrated when he was blind, operating unconsciously — a recurring theme in his book — and they were the product of the anger to which he succumbed growing up under Jim Crow, he said.
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Showing results for tags 'tooth identification'.
This is a recent acquisition from everyone's favorite auction site. It's 6.8 cm and was reportedly collected from Ouled Abdoun. I was curious what you all thought. For what it's worth, it was listed as hainosaurus. Thanks!
Hi all! New(and hopefully frequent) user here. I was hoping someone could provide a definitive ID for this tooth. I've had it in my possession for a couple of years, after spotting it amongst a jumble of shark teeth, and can't for the life of me decide whether to outright call this a croc tooth or not? The only info that came with it was the locality - Hell Creek. It has quite large serrations down one side (counted 11 per cm), with a heavily worn tip & large damage to one side. The top-down/bottom-up shape is quite rounded, but not completely circular (you can see for yourselves in the third & fourth pics. Any help much appreciated!
I have been trying to identify this one from books & forums, so far no luck. Very curious what this is. It's about the size of a dime.
I found these teeth at post oak creek and and am wondering if someone can help me identify them. I am guessing racoon? Look to be fossilized. Thanks for any help?


← I love to tell the story of Jesus and His love!
Maria, thanks for the information on Philip. I commend his leniency towards the Anabaptists, which was quite radical compared to many of the other early Protestant monarchs and theologians. I sympathise with the Anabaptists on their insistence on re-baptism for all those who had been baptized as infants into Catholicism who subsquently accepted Christ as adults or as responsible minors and also for their belief that the church should not be allied with civil government. Of course, we know the Anabaptist movement fragmented and delved into some unorthodox theology, but I think their dissension was a good influence on the Reformers, who were inclined to perpetuate some of Rome's customs.
Tom, good morning! Yes, I agree that Philip did well and is to be commended. He was faithful to the Lord's command to love our neighbor. If he had not gone his own way on the issue of marriage his influence might have been greater. But he was very human. And yes, I understand the desire of Anabaptists to be re-baptized when they believed. We are anabaptists of a sort. Thank you for reading! I was hoping you'd see this because we've often discussed the issue of the church-state.
Good morning to you, Maria! Yes, I really enjoy posts on church history. Some Catholics accuse the Reformation of being a ploy for Protestant monarchs to escape Roman servitude, and I'm sure there was some of that, but there were also those who genuinely accepted Christ and followed Him the best way they knew how at that time like Philip.
Tom, both things happened, I too believe.
Nilda, thank you! Praise God forevermore! I will visit your blog too.


Located in the Louise district, close to all local amenities, this beautiful apartment offers 140 m² of living area. Situated on the first floor of a magnificent Art Deco building constructed by Emile Galle in 1929, it is arranged as follows: entry hall leading to a double living room (with open fire, high ceilings with mouldings and herringbone parquet flooring), a dining room, a professionally equipped kitchen with breakfast bar, and a study; a night-time corridor offering access to two bedrooms, a bathroom (with WC and double basin), a shower-room and a utility room. Also includes 50 m² of outdoor space comprising a paved courtyard and a pretty garden, in addition to a cellar and a bicycle store. The shared facilities at the residence include a roof terrace, an elevator, an alarm system and an interphone. Common charges: 100 EUR per month. Option for an underground parking space: 100 EUR per month extra. Energy rating: TBC.


text:
Title: Nova Scotia
Subject: Royal eponyms in Canada, List of Canada Games, 2010 Sobeys Slam, Little League World Series in Canada, List of heliports in Canada
Collection: 1867 Establishments in Canada, Acadia, Atlantic Canada, British North America, Former British Colonies, Former Scottish Colonies, Maritimes, Nova Scotia, Provinces and Territories of Canada, States and Territories Established in 1867
Nouvelle-Écosse (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit
(Latin: One defends and the other conquers)
Largest metro
English (de facto)
Nova Scotian
Type Constitutional monarchy
Lieutenant Governor John James Grant
Premier Stephen McNeil (Nova Scotia Liberal Party)
Nova Scotia House of Assembly
Federal representation
(in Canadian Parliament)
House seats 11 of 308 (3.6%)
Senate seats 10 of 105 (9.5%)
July 1, 1867 (1st, with ON, QC, NB)
Ranked 12th
Total 55,283 km2 (21,345 sq mi)
Land 53,338 km2 (20,594 sq mi)
Water (%) 2,599 km2 (1,003 sq mi) (4.7%)
Proportion of Canada 0.6% of 9,984,670 km2
Ranked 7th
Total (2011) 921,727 [1]
Density (2011) 17.28/km2 (44.8/sq mi)
Total (2011) C$37.015 billion[2]
Per capita C$39,025 (11th)
Postal NS
ISO 3166-2 CA-NS
Atlantic: UTC-4
Postal code prefix
Red spruce
www.gov.ns.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories
Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland", pronounced ; French: Nouvelle-Écosse) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and constitutes one of the four Atlantic Canada provinces.[3] Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Latitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada,[4] with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton Island and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727,[1] making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Climate 2.1
Overview 3.1
17th and 18th centuries 3.2
19th century 3.3
Demography 4
Population since 1851 4.1
Counties by population 4.2
Ethnic origins 4.3
Language 4.4
Government, law and politics 6
Fine arts 7.1
Film and television 7.2
Literature 7.3
Music 7.4
Sports 7.5
Endemic cuisine 7.6
Tourism 7.7
Bibliography 11
Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin[5] and is the recognized English-language name for the province. In French it is called "Nouvelle-Écosse," which is a literal translation from Latin to French. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which also simply means New Scotland. The province was first named in the 1621 Royal Charter granting the right to settle lands including modern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspé peninsula to Sir William Alexander in 1632.[6]
Map of Nova Scotia.
Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island. The province's mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km (42 mi) from the ocean.[7] Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is also part of the province, as is Sable Island, a small island notorious for its shipwrecks,[8] approximately 175 km (110 mi) from the province's southern coast.
Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is closer to continental than to maritime. The temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean.
Described on the provincial vehicle-licence plate as Canada's Ocean Playground, Nova Scotia has a climate that is primarily influenced by the sea. Nova Scotia's cold winters and warm summers are modified and generally moderated by ocean influences. The province is surrounded by four major bodies of water: the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the east.
The province includes regions of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'kma'ki (mi'gama'gi).[9] Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when the first European colonists arrived.[10] In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in Canada and the first north of Florida at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia.[11][12]
The British Conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. It was formally recognized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht. Cape Breton Island (Île Royale) was returned to the French in the Treaty of Utrecht. What is now New Brunswick was still a part of the French colony of Acadia. The name of the capital was changed from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. The capital of Nova Scotia was changed from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax in 1749. In 1755, the vast majority of the French population (the Acadians) were expelled and replaced by New England Planters who arrived between 1759–1768.
In 1763, most of Acadia (Cape Breton Island, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) and New Brunswick) became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate colony. Nova Scotia included present-day New Brunswick until that province was established in 1784 after the arrival of United Empire Loyalists.[13] In 1867 Nova Scotia was one of the four founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation.[14]
17th and 18th centuries
Fort Edward – The oldest blockhouse in North America (1750).
The history of Nova Scotia was significantly influenced by the warfare that took place on its soil during the 17th and 18th centuries.[15] The Mi'kmaq had lived in Nova Scotia for centuries. The French arrived in 1604, and Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians were the predominant populations in the colony for the next 150 years. During the first 80 years the French and Acadians were in Nova Scotia, there were nine significant battles as the English and Scottish (later British), Dutch and French fought for possession of the colony. These battles happened at Port Royal, Saint John,[16] Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia), Jemseg and Baleine. During the 17th Century there was the Acadian Civil War (1640–45).
Beginning with King William's War in 1688, there were six wars in Nova Scotia before the French were defeated and peace was made with the Acadians and Mi'kmaq:
Edward Cornwallis, first governor of Nova Scotia.
King William's War (1688–1697),
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713),
Father Rale's War (1722–1725),
Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755)
French and Indian War (1754–1763)
The battles during these wars were primarily fought at Port Royal, Saint John, Canso, Chignecto, Dartmouth, Lunenburg and Grand-Pré. Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq, who confined British forces to Annapolis and Canso. A generation later, Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.[17][18] A General Court, made up of the governor and the Council, was the highest court in the colony at the time.[19] Jonathan Belcher was sworn in as chief justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court on 21 October 1754.[19] The first legislative assembly in Halifax, under the Governorship of Edward Cornwallis, met on 2 October 1758.[20] During the French and Indian War (North American theatre of the Seven Years' War), the British deported the Acadians and recruited New England Planters to resettle the colony. The seventy-five-year period of war ended with the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony between the British and the Mi'kmaq (1761). After the war, some Acadians were allowed to return and the British made treaties with the Mi'kmaq.
Sambro Island Lighthouse – oldest lighthouse in North America (1758)
The American Revolution (1775–1783) had a significant impact on shaping Nova Scotia. At the beginning, there was ambivalence in Nova Scotia, "the 14th American Colony" as some called it, over whether the colony should join the Americans in the war against Britain and rebellion flared at the Battle of Fort Cumberland and the Siege of Saint John (1777). Throughout the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by capturing ships and looting almost every community outside of Halifax. These American raids alienated many sympathetic or neutral Nova Scotians into supporting the British. By the end of the war a number of Nova Scotian privateers were outfitted to attack American shipping.[21] British military forces based at Halifax were successful in preventing American support for rebels in Nova Scotia and deterred any invasion of Nova Scotia. However the British navy was unable to establish naval supremacy. While many American privateers were captured in battles such as the Naval battle off Halifax, many more continued attacks on shipping and settlements until the final months of the war. The Royal Navy struggled to maintain British supply lines, defending convoys from American and French attacks such as the fiercely fought convoy battle, the Naval battle off Cape Breton.
After the British were defeated in the Thirteen Colonies, its troops helped evacuate approximately 30,000 United Empire Loyalists (American Tories), who settled in Nova Scotia, with land grants by the Crown as some compensation for their losses. (Nova Scotia was divided and the present-day province of New Brunswick created). The Loyalist exodus created new communities across Nova Scotia, including Shelburne, which was briefly one of the larger British settlements in North America, and infused the province with additional capital and skills. However the migration also caused political tensions between Loyalist leaders and the leaders of the existing New England Planters settlement. The Loyalist influx also pushed Nova Scotia's Mi'kmaq People to the margins as Loyalist land grants encroached on ill-defined native lands. Approximately 3,000 members of the Loyalist migration were Black Loyalists who founded the largest free Black settlement in North America at Birchtown, near Shelburne. However unfair treatment and harsh conditions caused about one-third of the Black Loyalists to resettle in Sierra Leone in 1792 where they founded Freetown and became known in Africa as the Nova Scotian Settlers.
Statue of Joseph Howe, Province House (Nova Scotia), created by famed Quebec sculptor Louis-Philippe Hébert
During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia's contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to lay siege to American vessels.[22] Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was when HMS Shannon escorted the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (1813). Many of the prisoners were kept at Deadman's Island, Halifax.
During this century, Nova Scotia was the first colony in British North America and in the British Empire to achieve responsible government in January–February 1848 and become self-governing through the efforts of Joseph Howe.[23] Nova Scotia had established representative government in 1758, an achievement that was later commemorated by erecting the Dingle Tower in 1908.
Welsford-Parker Monument, Halifax, Nova Scotia – Only Crimean War Monument in North America
Nova Scotians fought in the Crimean War.[24] The Welsford-Parker Monument in Halifax is the second oldest war monument in Canada (1860) and the only Crimean War monument in North America. It commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855).
Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in the American Civil War (1861–1865), primarily for the North.[25] The British Empire (including Nova Scotia) was declared neutral in the struggle between the North and the South. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade with both the South and the North. Nova Scotia's economy boomed during the Civil War.
Immediately after the Civil War, Pro-Confederation premier Charles Tupper led Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, along with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada. The Anti-Confederation Party was led by Joseph Howe. Almost three months later, in the election of September 18, 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature.
In the 19th century, Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of the 19th century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized shipbuilders Donald McKay and William Dawson Lawrence. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured when Joshua Slocum became the first man to sail single-handedly around the world (1895). This international attention continued into the following century with the many racing victories of the Bluenose schooner. Nova Scotia was also the birthplace and home of Samuel Cunard, a British shipping magnate, born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, who founded the Cunard Line.
Throughout the nineteenth century, there were numerous businesses that were developed in Nova Scotia that became of national and international importance: The Starr Manufacturing Company (first skate manufacturer in Canada), the Bank of Nova Scotia, CIBC, Cunard Line, Alexander Keith's Brewery, Morse's Tea Company (first tea company in Canada), among others. (Early in the 20th century Sobey's was established as was Maritime Life.)
Population since 1851
1851 276,854 n/a n/a
1861 330,857 n/a 19.5
1891 450,396 n/a 2.2
1931 512,846 n/a −2.1
1956 694,717 8.1 n/a
1961 737,007 6.1 14.7
1966 756,039 2.6 8.8
2001 908,007 −0.1 0.9
Counties by population
County 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Cape Breton County
Colchester County
Lunenburg County
Pictou County
Hants County
Yarmouth County
Annapolis County
Antigonish County
Digby County
Inverness County
Shelburne County
Guysborough County
According to the 2006 Canadian census[27] the largest ethnic group in Nova Scotia is Scottish (28.3%), followed by English (28.1%), Irish (19.9%), French (17.7%), Aboriginal origin (10.2%), German (10.0%), Dutch (3.9%), Black (2.3%), Italian (1.3%), and Acadian (1.2%). Almost half of respondents (47.4%) identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".
Nova Scotia has a long history of social justice work to address issues such as racism and sexism within its borders. The Nova Scotia legislature was the third in the Canada to pass human rights legislation (1963). The Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission was established in 1967.[28]
Mother tongue in Nova Scotia: Red – majority anglophone, Orange – mixed, Blue – majority francophone.
The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 921,727.
Of the 904,285 singular responses to the census question concerning mother tongue the most commonly reported languages were:
1. English 836,085 92.46%
2. French 31,105 3.44%
3. Arabic 5,965 0.66%
4. Algonquian languages 4,685 0.52%
Mi'kmaq 4,620 0.51%
5. German 3,275 0.36%
6. Chinese languages 2,750 0.30%
Mandarin 905 0.10%
Cantonese 590 0.06%
7. Dutch 1,725 0.19%
8. Spanish 1,545 0.17%
9= Tagalog 1,185 0.13%
9= Persian 1,185 0.13%
Peggys Cove Harbour
Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.[29]
In 1871, the largest religious denominations were Presbyterian with 103,500 (27%); Roman Catholic with 102,000 (26%); Baptist with 73,295 (19%); Episcopal with 55,124 (14%); Methodist with 40,748 (10%), Lutheran with 4,958 (1.3%); and Congregationalist with 2,538 (0.65%).[30] According to the 2001 census, the largest denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 327,940 (37%); the United Church of Canada with 142,520 (17%); and the Anglican Church of Canada with 120,315 (13%).[31]
Lobster fishing boats in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.
Per capita GDP in 2010 was $38,475, significantly lower than the national average per capita GDP of $47,605 and a little more than half that of Canada's richest province, Alberta. GDP growth has lagged behind the rest of the country for at least the past decade.[32]
Nova Scotia's traditionally resource-based economy has diversified in recent decades. The rise of Nova Scotia as a viable jurisdiction in North America, historically, was driven by the ready availability of natural resources, especially the fish stocks off the Scotian Shelf. The fishery was pillar of the economy since its development as part of the economy of New France in the 17th century; however, the fishery suffered a sharp decline due to overfishing in the late 20th century. The collapse of the cod stocks and the closure of this sector resulted in a loss of approximately 20,000 jobs in 1992.[33] Other sectors in the province were also hit hard, particularly during the last two decades: coal mining in Cape Breton and northern mainland Nova Scotia has virtually ceased production, and a large steel mill in Sydney closed during the 1990s. More recently, the high value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar has hurt the forestry industry, leading to the shut down of a long-running pulp and paper mill near Liverpool. Mining, especially of gypsum and salt and to a lesser extent silica, peat and barite, is also a significant sector.[34] Since 1991, offshore oil and gas has become an increasingly important part of the economy, although production and revenue are now declining[32] Agriculture remains an important sector in the province, particularly in the Annapolis Valley.
Nova Scotia's defence and aerospace sector generates approximately $500 million in revenues and contributes about $1.5 billion to the provincial economy annually.[35] To date, 40% of Canada's military assets reside in Nova Scotia.[36] Nova Scotia has the fourth-largest film industry in Canada hosting over 100 productions yearly, more than half of which are the products of international film and television producers.[37]
The Nova Scotia tourism industry includes more than 6,500 direct businesses, supporting nearly 40,000 jobs.[38] 200,000 cruise ship passengers from around the world flow through the Port of Halifax, Nova Scotia each year.[39] This industry contributes approximately $1.3 billion annually to the economy.[40] The province also boasts a rapidly developing Information & Communication Technology (ICT) sector which consists of over 500 companies, and employs roughly 15,000 people.[41] In 2006, the manufacturing sector brought in over $2.6 billion in chained GDP, the largest output of any industrial sector in Nova Scotia.[42] Michelin remains by far the largest single employer in this sector, operating three production plants in the province.
As of 2012, the median family income in Nova Scotia was $67,910, below the national average of $74,540;[43] in Halifax the figure rises to $80,490.[44]
Nova Scotia has a number of incentive programs, including tax refunds and credits that work to encourage small business growth.[45] The province is attracting major companies from all over the world that will help fuel the economy and provide jobs; companies like Blackberry (formerly Research in Motion (RIM)) and Lockheed Martin have seen the value of Nova Scotia and established branches in the province.[46]
Though only the second smallest province in Canada, Nova Scotia is a recognized exporter. The province is the world's largest exporter of Christmas trees, lobster, gypsum, and wild berries.[47] Its export value of fish exceeds $1 billion, and fish products are received by 90 countries around the world.[48]
Government, law and politics
Nova Scotia is ordered by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the monarchy in Nova Scotia is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[49] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each of Canada's nine other provinces, and the Canadian federal realm, and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (presently John James Grant), carries out most of the royal duties in Nova Scotia. In 1937, Everett Farmer was the last person hanged (for murder) in Nova Scotia.[19]
Halifax, the provincial capital
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited, though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, elected House of Assembly and chosen and headed by the Premier of Nova Scotia (presently Stephen McNeil), the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Jamie Baillie) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[50]
Each of the 51 Members of the Legislative Assembly in the House of Assembly is elected by single member plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the lieutenant governor on the advice of the premier, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.[51] There are three dominant political parties in Nova Scotia: the Liberal Party, the New Democratic Party, and the Progressive Conservative Party.
The province's revenue comes mainly from the taxation of personal and corporate income, although taxes on tobacco and alcohol, its stake in the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, and oil and gas royalties are also significant. In 2006–07, the province passed a budget of $6.9 billion, with a projected $72 million surplus. Federal equalization payments account for $1.385 billion, or 20.07% of the provincial revenue. The province participates in the HST, a blended sales tax collected by the federal government using the GST tax system.
Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities; they were amalgamated into Regional Municipalities in 1996.
Hector Pioneer by internationally renowned Nova Scotian sculptor John Wilson, Pictou, Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia has long been a centre for artistic and cultural excellence. The capital, Halifax, hosts institutions such as Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University, Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Neptune Theatre, Two Planks and a Passion Theatre, Ship's Company Theatre and the Symphony Nova Scotia. The province is home to avant-garde visual art and traditional crafting, writing and publishing and a film industry.
Lion carved by Welsford-Parker Monument
Much of the historic public art sculptures in the province were made by the renowned New York sculptor stone sculptor who also built many landmark buildings in the province, perhaps most notably he created the Welsford-Parker Monument.
Some of the province's greatest painters were William Valentine, Maria Morris, Jack L. Gray, Mabel Killiam Day, Ernest Lawson, Frances Bannerman, Alex Colville, Tom Forrestall and ship portrait artist John O'Brien. Some of most renowned artists whose works have been acquired by Nova Scotia are British artist Joshua Reynolds (collection of Art Gallery of Nova Scotia); William Gush and William J. Weaver (both have works in Province House (Nova Scotia)); Robert Field (Government House), as well as leading American artists Benjamin West (self portrait in The Halifax Club), John Singleton Copley, Robert Feke, and Robert Field (the latter three have works in the Uniacke Estate).
Two famous Nova Scotian photographers are Wallace R. MacAskill and Sherman Hines.[53] Two of the most accomplished illustrators were Bob Chambers (cartoonist) and Donald A. Mackay.
Nova Scotia has produced numerous film actors. Academy Award nominee Ellen Page (Juno, Inception) lives in Nova Scotia; five time Academy Award nominee Arthur Kennedy (Lawrence of Arabia, High Sierra) called Nova Scotia his home; and two time Golden Globe winner Donald Sutherland (MASH, Ordinary People) spent most of his youth in the province. Other actors include John Paul Tremblay, Robb Wells and John Dunsworth of (Trailer Park Boys).
Nova Scotia has also produced numerous film directors such as Thom Fitzgerald (The Hanging Garden), Daniel Petrie (Resurrection—Academy Award nominee) and Acadian film director Phil Comeau's multiple award-winning local story (Le secret de Jérôme).
Nova Scotian stories are the subject of numerous feature films: Margaret's Museum (starring Helena Bonham Carter); The Bay Boy (directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kiefer Sutherland); New Waterford Girl; The Story of Adele H. (the story of unrequited love of Adele Hugo); and two films of Evangeline (one starring Miriam Cooper and another starring Dolores del Río – see movie excerpt on YouTube).
There is a significant film industry in Nova Scotia. Feature filmmaking began in Canada with Evangeline (1913), made by Canadian Bioscope Company in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which released six films before it closed. The film has since been lost. Some of the award winning feature films that have been made in the province are: Titanic (starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet); Bowling for Columbine (starring Michael Moore); and The Shipping News (starring Kevin Spacey and Cate Blanchett). Other films include K-19: The Widowmaker (starring Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson) and Amelia (starring Hilary Swank, Richard Gere and Ewan McGregor).
Nova Scotia has also produced numerous television series: This Hour has 22 Minutes, Don Messer's Jubilee, Black Harbour, Haven, Trailer Park Boys, Mr. D, and Theodore Tugboat. The Jesse Stone film series on CBS starring Tom Selleck is also routinely produced in the province.
Original cover 1900.
There are numerous Nova Scotian authors who have achieved international fame: Lesley Choyce (Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea), Thomas Raddall (Halifax: Warden of the North), Donna Morrissey (Kit's Law), Frank Parker Day (Rockbound).
Nova Scotia has also been the subject of numerous literary books. Some of the international best-sellers are: Last Man Out: The Story of the Springhill Mining Disaster (by Melissa Fay Greene) ; Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion 1917 (by Laura MacDonald); "In the Village" (short story by Pulitzer Prize–winning author Elizabeth Bishop); and National Book Critics Circle Award winner Rough Crossings (by Simon Schama). Other authors who have written novels about Nova Scotian stories include: Linden MacIntyre (The Bishop's Man); Hugh MacLennan (Barometer Rising); Ernest Buckler (The Valley and the Mountain); Archibald MacMechan (Red Snow on Grand Pré), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (long poem Evangeline); Lawrence Hill (The Book of Negroes) and John Mack Faragher (Great and Nobel Scheme).
Denny Doherty (left) of The Mamas & the Papas
Nova Scotia has produced numerous musicians. The Holly Cole, opera singers Portia White and Barbara Hannigan, multi-Juno Award nominated rapper Classified, Rita MacNeil, Matt Mays, Sloan, Feist, The Rankin Family, April Wine, Buck 65, Joel Plaskett, Grand Derangement, and country music singer Drake Jensen.
There are numerous songs written about Nova Scotia: The Ballad of Springhill (written by Peggy Seeger and performed by Irish folk singer Luke Kelly a member of The Dubliners, U2 – See video on YouTube); numerous songs by Stan Rogers including Bluenose, The Jeannie C (mentions Little Dover, NS), Barrett's Privateers, Giant, and The Rawdon Hills (See Video on YouTube); Farewell to Nova Scotia (traditional); Blue Nose (Stompin' Tom Connors); She's Called Nova Scotia (by Rita MacNeil); Cape Breton (by David Myles); Acadian Driftwood (by Robbie Robertson); Acadie (by Daniel Lanois – See video on YouTube); and My Nova Scotia Home (by Hank Snow).
Nova Scotia has also produced some significant song writers such as Hank Snow whose songs have been recorded by The Rolling Stones, Elvis Presley, and Johnny Cash.
Music producer Roy Orbison, Glen Campbell, Don Williams, Jesse Winchester and Linda Ronstadt.[55] Another noted writer is Cape Bretoner Leon Dubinsky, who wrote the anthem, "Rise Again," among many other songs performed by various Canadian artists.[56]
Sidney Crosby from Halifax
Sport is an important part of Nova Scotia culture. There are numerous professional sports teams. The Halifax Rainmen of the National Basketball League of Canada are one team that calls Nova Scotia home. The Province has also produced numerous athletes such as Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame.
Endemic cuisine
The cuisine of Nova Scotia is typically Canadian with an emphasis on local seafood. The only truly endemic dish (in the sense "peculiar to" and "originating from") is the "donair", a distant variant of the doner kebab, that is made from thinly sliced beef meatloaf and uses a sweet condensed milk sauce.
Nova Scotia's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture, scenery and coastline.
The Cabot Trail viewed from the Skyline Hiking Trail
Nova Scotia has many museums reflecting its ethnic heritage, including the Glooscap Heritage Centre, Grand-Pré National Historic Site, Hector Heritage Quay and the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia. Others museums tell the story of its working history, such as the Cape Breton Miners' Museum, and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.
Nova Scotia is home to several internationally renowned musicians and there are visitor centres in the home towns of Hank Snow, Rita MacNeil, and Anne Murray Centre. There are also numerous music and cultural festivals such as the Stan Rogers Folk Festival, Celtic Colours, the Nova Scotia Gaelic Mod, Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, the Atlantic Film Festival and the Atlantic Fringe Festival.
The province has Citadel Hill (Fort George) in Halifax.
Nova Scotia has two national parks, Kejimkujik and Cape Breton Highlands, and many other protected areas. The Bay of Fundy has the highest tidal range in the world, and the iconic Peggys Cove is internationally recognized and receives 600,000 plus visitors a year.[57]
Cruise ships pay regular visits to the province. In 2010, Halifax received 261,000 passengers and Sydney 69,000.[58]
A 2008 Nova Scotia tourism campaign included advertising a fictional mobile phone called Pomegranate and establishing website, which after reading about "new phone" redirected to tourism info about region.[59]
The Minister of Education is responsible for the administration and delivery of education, as defined by the Education Act[60] and other acts relating to colleges, universities and private schools. The powers of the Minister and the Department of Education are defined by the Ministerial regulations and constrained by the Governor-In-Council regulations.
Nova Scotia has more than 450 public schools for children. The public system offers primary to Grade 12. There are also private schools in the province. Public education is administered by seven regional school boards, responsible primarily for English instruction and French immersion, and also province-wide by the Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial, which administers French instruction to students for whom the primary language is French.
The Nova Scotia Community College system has 13 campuses around the province. The community college, with its focus on training and education, was established in 1988 by amalgamating the province's former vocational schools.
In addition to its community college system the province has 10 universities, including Dalhousie University, University of King's College, Saint Mary's University (Halifax), Mount Saint Vincent University, NSCAD University, Acadia University, Université Sainte-Anne, Saint Francis Xavier University, Cape Breton University and the Atlantic School of Theology.
There are also more than 90 registered private commercial colleges in Nova Scotia.[61]
Outline of Nova Scotia
Index of Nova Scotia-related articles
Bibliography of Nova Scotia
^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statcan.gc.ca. January 24, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
^ "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2011)". Statistics Canada. November 19, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
^ A new Nova Scotia
^ Nova Scotia, Canada Information. Officialtourism.ca. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Scottish Settlement. Novascotia.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Nova Scotia: The Royal Charter of 1621
^ Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Sable Island Lifesaving and Ship Wrecks Info Sheet. Museum.gov.ns.ca (1999-07-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ the Nation of Mi'kma'ki also includes the Maritimes, parts of Maine, Newfoundland and the Gaspé Peninsula.
^ Info Sheet – The Mi'kmaq. Museum.gov.ns.ca. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Desmond Morton (30 November 1999). Canada: A Millennium Portrait. Dundurn. p. 19.
^ Nova Scotia Archives – An Acadian Parish Remembered. Gov.ns.ca (2009-12-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ In 1765, the county of Sunbury was created. This included the territory of present-day New Brunswick and eastern Maine as far as the Penobscot River.
^ The other two provinces were New Brunswick and the Province of Canada (which became the separate provinces of Quebec and Ontario).
^ John G. Reid. An International Region of the Northeast: Rise and Decline, 1635–1762. In Buckner, Campbell and Frank (eds) The Acadiensis Reader: Volume 1. Third Edition. 1998. p. 31
^ Until 1784, New Brunswick was considered part of Nova Scotia.
^ Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008
^ Thomas Beamish Akins History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
^ a b c "Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court"
^ Statutes at Large of Nova Scotia, Volume 1, 1758–1804.
^ Roger Marsters (2004). Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast, p. 87–89.
^ John Boileau. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of 1812. Halifax: Formac Publishing. 2005. p.53
^ Beck, J. Murray. (1983) Joseph Howe: The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848–1873. (v.2). Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0388-9
^ Paul R. Magocsi; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 165.
^ Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen's University Press. 1998.
^ "Nova Scotia—Canada's population clock". Statcan.gc.ca. November 18, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Bridglal Pachai, (Ed). Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission: 25th Anniversary: A History 1967–1992. 1992.
^ Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2011 Census)
^ A history and geography of Nova Scotia by John Burgess Calkin: p. 88
^ "Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
^ a b Province of Nova Scotia
^ Fish in Crisis. "The Starving Ocean". Retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ Province of Nova Scotia, "Summary of Nova Scotia Mineral Production, 1994 and 1995"
^ Nova Scotia Business Inc. Defence, Security & Aerospace.Retrieved on: October 10, 2008.
^ Nova Scotia Business Inc. Defence, Security & Aerospace.Retrieved on: April 16, 2010.
^ Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation Production Statistics for the 12 Month Period Ended March 31, 2008. Retrieved on: October 10, 2008.
^ Tourism Industry Association of Nova Scotia. Tourism Summit 2008. Retrieved on: October 10, 2008.
^ "Going Global, Staying Local: A Partnership Strategy for Export Development". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
^ Nova Scotia Business Inc. "Key Facts". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Trade Team Nova Scotia. "Information and Communications Technology". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Invest In Canada. "Nova Scotia". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Median total income, by family type, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
^ "Median total income, by family type, by census metropolitan area". Statistics Canada. 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
^ Canada Business. "Tax Refunds and Credits". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Nova Scotia Business Inc. "Locate Your Business in Nova Scotia". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Tower Software. "The Nova Scotian Economy". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Trade Team Nova Scotia. "Fisheries & Aquaculture". Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Canadian Heritage (February 2009). "Canadian Heritage Portfolio" (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer for Canada. pp. 3–4.
^ Library of Parliament. "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ Dawson, R. MacGregor; Dawson, WF (1989). Ward, Norman, ed. Democratic Government in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 16–17, 59–60, 66.
^ "RootsWeb: CAN-NS-GUYSBOROUGH-L JOHN WILSON, Sculptor, 1877–1954". Archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
^ Sherman Hines Museum of Photography: Macaskill Collection. Shermanhinesphotographymuseum.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ "The Emmylou Harris Story". Insurgentcountry.net. September 19, 1973. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ Ahern, Brian. "Brian Ahern – Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
^ Cooke, Stephan (2012-10-01). "Talented artist loved family, music". The Chronicle Herald (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Archived from the original on 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ "Peggy's Cove: Assessment of Capacity Issues and Potential Tourism Opportunities". THE ECONOMIC PLANNING GROUP of Canada. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
^ "2010 Nova Scotia Tourism Indicators". Province of Nova Scotia. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
^ Pomegranate phone? Nova Scotia ad budget goes to cellphone concept video – latimes.com. Latimesblogs.latimes.com (2008-10-30). Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
^ Government of Nova Scotia (1996). "Education Act". Retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ "Registered Colleges for 2010–2011". Province of Nova Scotia. 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
The Nova Scotia Atlas. Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre (Province of Nova Scotia). 2006.
Brebner, John Bartlet. New England's Outpost. Acadia before the Conquest of Canada (1927)
Brebner, John Bartlet. The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the Revolutionary Years (1937)
Creighton, Helen (1966). Songs and Ballads from Nova Scotia. Dover Publications.
Griffiths, Naomi. E. S. From Migrant to Acadian, 1604–1755: A North American Border People. Montreal and Kingston, McGill / Queen's University Press, 2004.
Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008. (ISBN 9780806138763)
Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC., 2007. (ISBN 1425154506)
Murdoch, Beamish. History of Nova Scotia, Or Acadie. Vol 2. BiblioBazaar, LaVergne, TN, 1865.
Pryke, Kenneth G. Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864–74 (1979) (ISBN 0-8020-5389-0)
Thomas Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition) (ISBN 1141698536)
Government of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia at DMOZ
Subdivisions of Nova Scotia
Economic Regions
Cape Breton Island
Halifax Regional Municipality
Southern Nova Scotia
Regional municipalities
Municipal districts
West Hants
Annapolis Royal
Clark's Harbour
Hantsport
Lockeport
Port Hawkesbury
Stellarton
Stewiacke
Wolfville
Incorporated villages
Cornwallis Square
Havre Boucher
Pugwash
List of communities in Nova Scotia
List of people from Nova Scotia
Category:Nova Scotia
Portal:Nova Scotia
Year list
Pre-colonization
New France (1534–1763)
British Canada (1763–1867)
Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945)
Modern times: 1945–1960
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Persons of significance
and territories
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(west to east)
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Nationalisms
Provincial and territorial
Regional tartans
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Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867
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by GDP
by government spending
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Name etymologies
Portuguese overseas empire
1415–1640 Ceuta
1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662 Tangier
1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century Ouadane
1488–1541 Safim (Safi)
1489 Graciosa
1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)
1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour)
1515 São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1455–1633 Anguim
1462–1975 Cape Verde
1470–1975 São Tomé1
1471–1975 Príncipe1
1474–1778 Annobón
1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472 Madagascar3
1498–1540 Mascarene Islands
1500–1630 Malindi
1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659 Saint Helena
1503–1698 Zanzibar
1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511 Socotra
1557–1578 Accra
1575–1975 Portuguese Angola
1588–1974 Cacheu4
1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa)
1645–1888 Ziguinchor
1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá
1687–1974 Bissau4
1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea
1885–1975 Portuguese Congo
1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
2 Or 1600.
3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas)
1507–1643 Sohar
1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648 Quriyat
1515–? Qalhat
1515–1650 Muscat
1515?–? Barka
1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529? Qatif
1521?–1551? Tarut Island
1550–1551 Qatif
1588–1648 Matrah
1620–? Khor Fakkan
1621?–? As Sib
1621–1622 Qeshm
1623–? Khasab
1623–? Libedia
1624–? Kalba
1624–? Madha
1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)
• 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)
• 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)
• 1502–1658
(Coulão / Kollam)
• 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961 Goa
(Kozhikode)
• 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740 Chaul
(Portuguese India)
• 1523–1662 Mylapore
(Porto Grande De Bengala)
• 1531–1571 Chalé
• 1534–1601 Salsette Island
• 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535 Ponnani
• 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612 Surat
• 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961 Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659 Mangalore
• 1579–1632 Hugli
• 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521 Maldives
1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
East Asia and Oceania
1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca
1512–1621 Maluku
• 1522–1575 Ternate
• 1576–1605 Ambon
• 1578–1650 Tidore
1512–1665 Makassar
1537–1999 Macau
1571–1639 Decima (Dejima / Nagasaki)
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1
Portuguese Macau
• 1864–1999 Coloane
• 1849–1999 Portas do Cerco
• 1851–1999 Taipa
• 1890–1999 Ilha Verde
• 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
North America and the North Atlantic Ocean
1420 Madeira
1432 Azores
1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1500–1579? Labrador
1516–1579? Nova Scotia
1500–1822 Brazil
• 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572 Brazil
• 1572–1578 Bahia
• 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro
1536–1620 Barbados
1621–1751 Maranhão
1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento
1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão
1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí
1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies
Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonial architecture
Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
Use mdy dates from March 2012
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Articles with dead external links from August 2011
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Articles with DMOZ links
1867 establishments in Canada
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Little League World Series in Canada
Little League Baseball, Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia, Vancouver, British Columbia
List of heliports in Canada
Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, Nova Scotia


If a purple blanket is what you're shopping for, then the internet is the perfect place to find one! Purple blankets really spice up your decor, no matter whether it's for your bed, your sofa, or even to toss in your car.
Cotton blankets made in purple are probably best for an extra layer of warmth, say, when you need something more when the nights are cool.
They're great for wrapping up under on the couch when watching TV or reading too. Cotton is light, soft and lets your body breathe by allowing moisture to escape.
A purple acrylic blanket will be so soft, you'll never want to put it down! These are a little bit warmer than the cotton ones generally, because they're made of spun polyester and really hold in the warmth.
These acrylic blankets, whether they're purple or not, are incredibly popular, especially with kids! One of my newest favorites are down blankets- and I've seen how beautiful they are in purple. They have down fill inside that will be toasty warm anywhere you need an extra blanket.
Usually, they'll come with satin around the edges for an elegant look you'll be proud to have and enjoy. Wool is a longtime favorite for blankets- and purple just look great! You'll find that wool makes for an exceptionally warm blanket, especially when it's very cold.
The natural fibers are very dense and hold the heat in very efficiently. Sometimes wool traps a bit too much moisture when it's not allowed to air out though. So no matter what type of blanket you decide on, purple is a wonderful, vibrant color that is sure to a welcome addition to your decor.
And the deals you find in purple will make you feel like modern day royalty!


text:
A Hemigymnus a sugarasúszójú halak (Actinopterygii) osztályába a sügéralakúak (Perciformes) rendjébe és az ajakoshalfélék családjába tartozó nem.

Rendszerezés
A nembe az alábbi 3 faj tartozik:
Hemigymnus fasciatus
Hemigymnus melapterus
Hemigymnus sexfasciatus

Források
Wikifajok

Ajakoshalfélék
Halnemek


How are you ensuring a solid connection to the floor so you can move big weight in the squat? A large array of problems with the squat, such as heels rising, knees collapsing and chest falling forwards, can be remedied by simply concentrating on the feet and their relationship to the lift.
Your feet anchor you to the floor and allow you to produce enough force to complete your lift. They are the difference between you hitting a great lift and getting buried under a tonne of plates. Ultimately, your feet are the foundation of your squat. Let me show you.
Stand up and take your normal squat stance. Note what parts of your feet feel like they are anchored to the floor. For most of you, they will just be flat and resting on the floor, not anchoring you much, and not supporting you effectively.
Drive your little toe into the floor. Push it in as firmly as you can. Feel the foot start to engage and the calf come into play.
Repeat this action with your big toe. Drive it into the floor with force and feel the arch on your foot engage as well as the tibialis anterior (front of the shin) tighten. You will already feel much more stable on the floor.
Imagine your heels are like two corkscrews you are trying to screw into the ground. Screw the heels in the direction that would push your knees outwards. Feel your adductors, hamstrings, glutes and quads activate.
Now, you're ready to lift.
The tension generated will assist proper tracking of the knees, support stabilisation of the hips, and keep your heels flat to the floor, all of which are integral to a strong and powerful squat. You should feel a huge shift in tension, a big preloading of the lower limbs, and greater stability. You are now ready to squat in a more supported, safe, controlled, and explosive manner.
Remember, with poor foundations you'll only ever build a one-story bungalow. Build a big foundation with your feet and you'll build a skyscraper of a squat on them.
Teaser photo courtesy of Strength Education.


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text:
Amtrak passenger route will return to Mississippi Gulf Coast
By Mississippi Today
by Sara DiNatale
Amtrak, freight rail companies and the Port of Mobile have struck a deal that will bring back passenger trains to the Mississippi Gulf Coast, connecting Mobile to New Orleans.
A joint statement from all parties – Amtrak, CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway Company and the Port of Mobile – says they "collectively reached an agreement" that supports both freight trains and passenger trains running in the Gulf Coast Corridor.
"This is going to happen," said Southern Rail Commissioner Knox Ross. "Everybody has to do what they said they'd do, but this will be a tremendous boost for the Gulf Coast."
The settlement agreement was filed Monday. The federal board tasked with deciding the route's future was scheduled to vote on the years-long dispute in December. The board had asked the parties to first attempt mediation.
The proposed route would run two trains daily with stops in Bay St. Louis, Pascagoula, Gulfport and Biloxi. Amtrak hasn't run a Gulf Coast route since Hurricane Katrina.
Ross said the details of the agreement are confidential and he doesn't have a timeline of what to expect. A copy of the settlement agreement filed with the Surface Transportation Board had specifics redacted but stated the settlement terms will "completely resolve the dispute" after "several conditions are met in the coming weeks and months."
Amtrak first filed its complaint with the Surface Transportation Board over a year ago, asking the body to step in to settle the dispute over access to the freight-owned tracks.
In the joint statement, the parties ask the board to pause the case as they work through the agreement.
Board members have sat through days worth of testimonies about the track's ability to support both passengers and freight trains over the last several months. Had the parties not settled, the board's Dec. 7 vote would have determined the route's future.
Amtrak had always maintained the route could handle the added passenger train traffic, freight companies and the Port of Mobile worried it could negatively affect business.
The debate largely pitted Alabama officials against Mississippi leaders who have long championed the return of a passenger route to the Gulf Coast as an economic boon.
"Since Katrina, these downtowns have been rebuilt and become very attractive," Ross said, referring to the Mississippi cities on the proposed route. "And this will bring people right to their front door."
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