Mysterious haze wraps around the beginning of the Revolution gloomy mysteries, then the music rises in the artistic whirlwind, giving the dominant position to the keyboard passages, but the guitars create a very worthy support for cosmic motifs. The vocals complement the musical image with a tired grinding sound, as if making sounds in the agonizing expectation of an imminent death. But then the music seems to rise from the abyss, enveloping everything around with sparkling passages and bright fairy motives, filling the first track of the Pharaoh Overlord - Zero album with progressive epic and bright melodic decisions.
First, a pulsating rhythm comes to the forefront of the music, leaving behind a melodious whisper, sometimes rising in guitar tones over the main musical canvas. In this pensive melody, the waves of a guitar solo are sometimes raised, then the vocals supplement with their severe and deep sound music, which successfully resists the desire to transform it, but the vocal can condense the sound, make it richer and more severe. In the instrumental part Maailmanlopun Ateriana sound returns to the intro manner, vocals can only short-term union of rage and drive in musical impulses, but the composition ends as thoughtfully and artistically, as it began.
Recalling the old video games, the 8-bit motifs of the Meanwhile introduction are weaved in the waves of nostalgic memories of childhood. But electronic impulses degenerate into mysterious trends of unclear predictions, mysteriously and unclearly varying their influences. Then the vocals try to penetrate into the electronic solutions, making their way through the jungle of the source code, trying to leave an indelible trace in the programs.
Blowing in a stream of impetuous drive, the vocal leads the Lalibela Cannot Spell Zero musical parties after their reflections, sweeping the turbulent waves of diverse passages interwoven in the vague lace of progressive ornaments.
As if resting after zeal and rapid pulsations, Satavuotiaiden Salaisuus envelops with the atmosphere of a mysterious ballad juggling progressive musical finds, weaving together the cosmic tales of musical motifs in the enchanting, hilarious melodic mysteries.
The notes of the blues make their way into the final album's track I Drove All Night By My Solar Stomp, turning into pulsating rock "n" roll motifs, shrouded in a sparkling shawl of cosmic tendencies and sparkling trends of musical artistry.


text:
Le'Veon Bell Wanted to Warn Fantasy Owners He'd Miss All of 2018 Season
Tim Daniels@TimDanielsBRTwitter LogoFeatured ColumnistAugust 1, 2019
Mark Brown/Getty Images
New York Jets running back Le'Veon Bell said Thursday he wanted to warn fantasy football owners he planned to sit out the entire 2018 NFL regular season after he decided not to sign the one-year contract associated with the Pittsburgh Steelers' franchise tag.
Bell explained that his inability to alert fantasy owners about his absence before their drafts is the reason he posted an apology Monday on Twitter.
"I wish I could've told fantasy owners some type of way, like, 'I'm not playing this year,' so they wouldn't have picked me," he told reporters. "That's the only thing I really apologized for, because a lot of people picked me not even knowing if I was coming back."
Le'Veon Bell @LeVeonBell
this is loooong overdue!! but I want to take a moment to apologize to all the fantasy owners who picked me last year, I'm sorry I couldn't pull through for y'all...but trust me, this year's about to be wayyyy different, I'm bringing the 🏆🏆 this year 😈😈 https://t.co/IvANCzwJ6F
The 27-year-old Michigan State product, who signed a four-year, $52.5 million contract with the Jets, didn't hesitate when asked where he should land in this year's fantasy drafts.
"First," he said.
Bell at least belongs in the conversation for the No. 1 overall pick since he'll take on a workhorse role for what should be a much-improved Jets offense led by quarterback Sam Darnold.
The dual-threat running back led the NFL in touches with 406 as a member of the Steelers in 2017. He also averaged 129 yards from scrimmage across 62 regular-season appearances for Pittsburgh.
Those are elite numbers, and a year away from the league may have provided more of a healing benefit than any type of negative impact.
Bell does have ample competition for the top fantasy spot from other running backs. It's a group led by the New York Giants' Saquon Barkley, Dallas Cowboys' Ezekiel Elliott, New Orleans Saints' Alvin Kamara and Carolina Panthers' Christian McCaffrey, though Elliott's holdout is a real concern.
But Bell sounds like a man on a mission, so it wouldn't come as a surprise if he does end up being the fantasy MVP at season's end.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c---------------------------------------------------------------------

      subroutine init_comm

c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c---------------------------------------------------------------------

c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c
c   initialize MPI and establish rank and size
c
c This is a module in the MPI implementation of LUSSOR
c pseudo application from the NAS Parallel Benchmarks.
c
c---------------------------------------------------------------------

      implicit none

      include 'mpinpb.h'
      include 'applu.incl'

      integer nodedim
      integer IERROR

c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c    initialize MPI communication
c---------------------------------------------------------------------
      call MPI_INIT( IERROR )

c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c   establish the global rank of this process
c---------------------------------------------------------------------
      call MPI_COMM_RANK( MPI_COMM_WORLD,
     >                     id,
     >                     IERROR )

c---------------------------------------------------------------------
c   establish the size of the global group
c---------------------------------------------------------------------
      call MPI_COMM_SIZE( MPI_COMM_WORLD,
     >                     num,
     >                     IERROR )

      if (num .lt. nnodes_compiled) then
         if (id .eq. 0) write (*,2000) num, nnodes_compiled
2000     format(' Error: number of processes',i6,
     >          ' less than compiled',i6)
         CALL MPI_ABORT( MPI_COMM_WORLD, MPI_ERR_OTHER, IERROR )
      endif

      ndim   = nodedim(num)

      if (.not. convertdouble) then
         dp_type = MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION
      else
         dp_type = MPI_REAL
      endif

      return
      end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Magenta friends, please join us in Toronto for this special event, featuring Greg Girard (who will be in attendance) and the publication Tokyo-Yokosuka 1976-1983.
Join us in Toronto for the exhibition and book launch of Tokyo-Yokosuka 1976-1983 by Greg Girard. His photographs from Tokyo-Yokosuka are artifacts of a pre-bubble Tokyo, before it acquired imaginative shape as the late 20th Century's default for a 21st Century city. Television, cinema, newspapers and magazines were the prevailing outlets for information and entertainment. The US Seventh Fleet, based in nearby Yokosuka, was a reminder of the late Cold War realities of the day.
These photographs, largely unseen since they were first made, reveal a pre-Blade Runner Tokyo, just before neon-drenched near-future Asian megacities entered the popular imagination. Girard's Tokyo mixes post-war scruffiness with a transitional modernity, moments before the city (and Japan) slow-motion exploded into our late 20th Century consciousness.
Order your own copy of Tokyo-Yokosuka 1976-1983 here.


text:
Tennessee Journalism Hall Of Fame
"Recognizing individuals who have demonstrated outstanding skill in their Journalism field"
Members | 2013 Members | 2014 Members | 2015 Members | 2016 Members | 2017 Members | 2018 Members | 2019
About Contact Bylaws Nomination Page Links
Aug 12, 2014 at 09:47 am by Hooper
Sanford, a longtime editor with The Commercial Appeal in Memphis, now holds the Helen and Jabie Hardin Chair of Excellence in Economics/Managerial Journalism in the Department of Journalism at the University of Memphis. The Mississippi native joined The Commercial Appeal in 1977 and was part of the reporting team that covered the 1977 death of Elvis Presley, rising through the newsroom to become managing editor and editor of opinions and editorials before moving into academia in 2011. A nationally recognized speaker on journalism ethics, education and the First Amendment, Sanford is the recipient of the Silver Em Award from his alma mater, the University of Mississippi, and the annual print journalism award at the University of Memphis was named in his honor.
Sam Venable
Alex S. Jones
Luther Masingill
Joe Birch
ContentEngine © 2018


text:
Coronavirus government response
Masks for some White House staffers, but none for Trump, as mixed messages continue
Photos show the impact of what experts say is a simple but critical precaution.
ByABC NEWS
White House senior advisor to the president Jared Kushner wears a protective face mask in the Rose Garden before President Donald Trump holds a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak response press briefing at the White House, May 11, 2020.
Kevin Lamarque/Reuters
Even as the coronavirus has infected two staffers inside the White House West Wing, including a personal valet who brought Diet Cokes to him in the Oval Office, President Donald Trump has not been photographed wearing a mask, as he continues to disregard warnings from health experts.
An unidentified valet places a glass of soda on President Donald Trump's desk as he engages in an interview with Reuters during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) response at the White House, April 29, 2020.
Carlos Barria/Reuters
Over the weekend, when he held a meeting Saturday with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the relatively tight quarters of the Cabinet Room, no one wore masks -- except, notably, the Secret Service agents standing in the background, charged with protecting him.
President Donald Trump flanked by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley (3rd from right) and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Hyten, right, meets with military leaders and national security team in the Cabinet Room of the White House, May 9, 2020.
Mandel Ngan/AFP via Getty Images
Tune into ABC at 1 p.m. ET and ABC News Live at 4 p.m. ET every weekday for special coverage of the novel coronavirus with the full ABC News team, including the latest news, context and analysis.
President Donald Trump points as he and first lady Melania Trump greet a group of World War II veterans during a Victory in Europe Day 75th anniversary ceremony at the World War II Memorial in Washington, May 8, 2020.
Tom Brenner/Reuters
And he didn't wear one on Friday when he marked VE Day with World War II veterans in their 90s.
Members of the White House staff and the U.S. Secret Service stand along the West Wing colonnade prior to President Donald Trump holding a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak press briefing in the Rose Garden at the White House, May 11, 2020.
Then, on Monday afternoon, the White House issued a new directive saying anyone entering or working in the West Wing, near the Oval Office, was required to wear a mask. A couple of hours later, during the president's Rose Garden news conference, many staffers could be seen wearing masks.
The president's son-in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner was spotted wearing one -- a photographic first for a top official inside the White House complex.
President Donald Trump speaks during a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak response briefing in the Rose Garden at the White House, May 11, 2020.
Asked about the scene, Trump said, "Just about everybody has a face mask on. They've learned about face masks, the good and the bad. By the way, it's not a one-sided thing, believe it or not, but our country has learned, our country has been incredible," Trump said, without explaining what he meant.
And why had it taken so long -- 30 days after the CDC guidance -- and why wasn't he wearing one? Because people didn't get that close to him, he said, adding he gave the order.
A customer has her temperature tested prior to entering the Apple Store at Bondi Junction on May 07, 2020, in Sydney. Apple stores across Australia reopened on Thursday, after closing temporarily in response to the COVID-19 outbreak.
Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images
Meanwhile, ordinary Americans are being told to wear masks -- and some governors have mandated them inside grocery stores, nail salons and the like.
A worker paints a woman's nails at a nail salon amid the coronavirus pandemic in Austin, Texas, May 8, 2020, following a slow reopening of the Texas economy.
Sergio Flores/AFP via Getty Images
While many have been doing so, others go without, often in protests Trump has encouraged.
People gather near Huntington Beach Pier to protest Gov. Gavin Newsom's order to temporarily close state and local beaches in Orange County, during the outbreak of the coronavirus virus, in Huntington Beach, California, U.S., May 1, 2020.
Kyle Grillot/Reuters
So, the public may have gotten a confusing, mixed message from the president -- and from Vice President Mike Pence, who was noticeably not wearing a mask on a Friday trip to Iowa, just a short time after his close aide, press secretary Katie Miller, had tested positive.
Vice President Mike Pence listens to a question from Temple B'nai Jeshurun Rabbi David Kaufman during a discussion with local faith leaders, May 8, 2020, in Urbandale, Iowa.
Charlie Neibergall/AP
He did keep his social distance at an event with faith leaders, encouraging them to resume in-person church services, where a rabbi wore a mask but others didn't.
Vice President Mike Pence speaks during a visit to the General Motors Ventec ventilator production facility with Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb in Kokomo, Ind., April 30, 2020.
Michael Conroy/AP
About a week ago, Pence did make a point of wearing a mask when he visited a General Motors plant making ventilators in Indiana.
Vice President Mike Pence, not wearing a mask, tours Mayo Clinic facilities supporting the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) research and treatment, in Rochester, Minn., April 28, 2020.
Nicholas Pfosi/Reuters
That was two days after, having faced public rebuke for not wearing a mask while visiting COVID-19 patients at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, he conceded he'd been wrong, saying he didn't think he had to because he was tested regularly.
Health experts say the problem with that thinking, echoed by the White House on behalf of the president, is that you can test negative one day and then be positive the next, depending on exposure, even without symptoms -- and it's likely you could infect someone else -- if not wearing a mask.
Late Monday, a senior administration official said Pence work a mask while working in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, but said he didn't go to the White House.
New Yorkers in Prospect Park during nice weekend weather as social distancing guidelines remain in place to limit the spread of coronavirus on May 2, 2020 in New York City.
Yana Paskova/Getty Images
Over the weekend, thousands of Americans, as they have been doing, ventured outside in the warmer spring weather -- a mix of those wearing masks -- and those who weren't.
US President Donald Trump looks on during a meeting with military leaders and his national security team in the Cabinet Room of the White House in Washington, DC on May 9, 2020.
Meanwhile, on Monday, The Federalist, an influential conservative news outlet the president has often re-tweeted, published an article arguing, "President Trump needs to exhibit strength and leadership in this crisis, he can't do that from behind a mask."
ABC News' Ben Gittleson and Jordyn Phelps contributed to this report.
This report was featured in the Tuesday, May 12, 2020, episode of "Start Here," ABC News' daily news podcast.
"Start Here" offers a straightforward look at the day's top stories in 20 minutes. Listen for free every weekday on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, the ABC News app or wherever you get your podcasts.
What to know about coronavirus:
How it started and how to protect yourself: coronavirus explained
What to do if you have symptoms: coronavirus symptoms
Tracking the spread in the US and Worldwide: coronavirus map


text:
Young School namesake, 92, remembered as 'icon' in Burlington Township
Gianluca D'Elia @gianluca_delia
B. Bernice "Bunny" Young, served the Burlington Township school district for 37 years, taking on the role of principal when she was 22.
BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP — The community is mourning the loss of a local educational icon, beloved former principal and teacher, B. Bernice "Bunny" Young, who is the namesake of Young Elementary School.
Young, who passed away Friday at Virtua Hospital in Willingboro at age 92, began her teaching career in her hometown of Burlington Township in 1948 while she was in her early 20s, first as a teacher, and then a teaching principal — one of New Jersey's youngest at the time — for the Shedakar and Beverly Road schools. She then served as principal of the Pinewald School until she retired in 1984, when the school was named after her.
Young was a lifelong resident of the township. She attended The College of New Jersey, where she earned her bachelor's degree, and received her master's degree in education from Rutgers University in Camden.
"Mrs. Young will be greatly missed," Superintendent Mary Ann Bell said. "After her retirement, she would come back to Young School to be a guest reader for the children at her namesake. Her dedication to the children, families, and staff of Burlington Township will never be forgotten."
"I always knew Mrs. Young to be a kind and helpful individual who was compassionate regarding children's learning," said Joyce Payne, the former Young School principal who took over for Young when she retired. "She was very willing to help me in my early years as principal. She had a gentle spirit which was infectious."
Young's cousin, Ellen Iuliucci, of Mount Laurel, remembered her for her kind spirit.
"I've never heard anyone say a mean thing about her," Iuliucci said. "She was extraordinarily generous and well-liked by the neighbors. She warmed everyone."
School district employees of both the past and present hailed Young as a role model who, even after her retirement, continued to devote time to her school.
"She definitely was an icon in our district. B. Bernice Young meant the world to Burlington Township," said Liz Scott, the school district's community relations director. "She participated in our Read Across America events and always made herself available to the students and staff."
Young's friend Leslie Tucker, a former Burlington Township teacher, said Young had a strong work ethic, and that she "wore many, many hats."
"She was my first principal when I started teaching in 1970," Tucker said. "I was from out of state, and had no relatives down here. After she retired, we did a lot and traveled together. I couldn't have met a better principal."
She remembered Young as a leader who brought people together.
"People loved to work for her. It was a family, and we were all good friends because of Bunny," Tucker said.
A viewing for Young will be held from 9 to 11 a.m. Wednesday at St. Paul Roman Catholic Church in Burlington, where Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at 11 a.m. followed by entombment in Laurel Hill Cemetery Mausoleum.
In lieu of flowers, Young's family has requested memorial contributions be made to the Burlington Township Schools Scholarship Committee, P.O. Box 66, Burlington, NJ 08016.


Aaron Draplin is an incredibly talented and prolific graphic designer, and I'm a huge fan. I had the pleasure of hearing him speak a few years back. Even got to shake his hand (solid, warm grip), get a signed South Cackalackee Draplin poster, and grab a photo with him. He was as great in person as I had imagined him to be. Who lives up to that? Awesome.
I follow Aaron's blog and work, and like all of his friends and fans, I was shocked and saddened to hear the news of his Dad's sudden passing last October.
If you've been on this site before, you know I did a lot of writing about my Dad after he died in 2009. I did a lot of reading, too. All, I suppose, in an attempt to make sense of his death, his life, my feelings, and who in the world I was supposed to be without him. And, I suppose, to keep him "alive" even after he was gone.
Aaron wrote about his Dad, too. His 30 Day Sad For Dad series is full of heartbreaking, funny, warm, and honest moments of grief and memory. And I couldn't be more grateful that he wrote his way through them. Some men speak kindly about their Fathers. Some men revere them.
And meet my Dad, if you haven't already.
It's strange. When Dad died, I learned that the fathers of two friends from high school had died around the same time. In those early days when my grief was at its most raw, I thought of my friends and imagined what they were going through. Sometimes they commented on posts I wrote about Dad, and I think somehow it all helped us feel a little less alone.
Reading Aaron's posts about his Dad made me remember those feelings, even now, 4 1/2 years later, and again, I feel less alone.
Thanks to Aaron for writing down the things we're often afraid to even say. And, for sharing his Dad with us. I wish I could've met him. And I wish he'd met mine.
What a wonderful way of honoring the life of his father.


text:
Delahaye Barn-Find Offered No-Reserve at The Auburn Auction
One of the more romantic offerings at Worldwide's 4th annual Labor Day extravaganza, The Auburn Auction, represents every serious collector's dream. Restorer and Chrysler enthusiast, Jeff Carter and his wife Lisa, on an ongoing hunt for early Chryslers, made the ultimate discovery in a Washington barn. The dusty 1948 Delahaye 135M Chapron DHC they awakened from a 35 year slumber, complete with vintage volcanic ash from the 1982 Mount St. Helen's eruption, began life as a Paris show car, retains complete originality, has had just a handful of owners from new, and remarkably still runs and drives. This outstanding example of one of the most significant series of French vehicles ever conceived, with coachwork by master craftsman Henri Chapron, is offered completely without reserve and will go home with the very fortunate highest bidder on the evening of Saturday, September 3rd.
Since its discovery earlier this year, the car's history has been extensively researched. Henri Chapron's daughter, Noelle, has revealed original factory records indicating that it was displayed at the Salon d' Automobile in Paris in 1949 on the Chapron stand, confirmed again by the founding President of Club Delahaye, himself a Delahaye salesman after the second world war. Subsequently sold to a wealthy French gentleman living in Meknes, Morocco, the car still bears its original Moroccan license plate. In 1958, an American Air Force pilot traded his 1955 Lincoln Convertible for the Delahaye in Morocco, later shipping it to New Orleans, and then driving it through California up to Spokane, WA, before eventually trading it in to Empire Lincoln Mercury for a brand new 1964 Lincoln convertible. The next owner was a jeweler who kept it for a few years and then traded it to Don Rohrer's Select Cars for a 1959 Cadillac Coupe. In 1966, the car was sold to the owner of the farm in whose barn it was discovered in 2011, having been moved there in 1976 with just 61,397 miles showing on the odometer.
"This is a remarkable barn find that has not only survived with completely original panels, chassis, paint and interior, but also runs and drives," said Rod Egan, Principal & Chief Auctioneer. "Whether it's fortunate new owner chooses to simply maintain the mechanicals and enjoy it untouched, or completely restore it, this wonderful motorcar is sure to be much sought after by the serious collector."
Visitors to The Auburn Auction can look forward to an astonishing range of consignments presented over the three day sale, including an exceptional 1912 Rolls-Royce 40/50 HP Silver Ghost London to Edinburgh Type Tourer by Mann Egerton, one of most accurate and original component Silver Ghosts known to exist, an unrestored 1939 GMC Futurliner #3, one of only twelve built in 1941 for the Parade of Progress, the most original example known, and a fully documented 1965 Shelby Mustang GT 350 Competition Model, one of only 36 ever made and once again the most original of its kind. No less than six No Reserve collections have been consigned, including the Fred Kohl Estate Collection, a selection of spectacular hot rods including the multiple award winning 1934 Chevrolet "Phantom" Sedan-"Instigator". Full details on all of this year's consignments are available by calling Worldwide at 1.260.925.6789, or online at WWGauctions.com, where interested parties can download the full digital catalogue along with information on schedules, bidder registration and ticket sales . The Auburn Auction is scheduled for Friday, Saturday & Sunday, September 2nd, 3rd & 4th, at the Worldwide Auction Park, and following the success of last year's expanded sale, this year's event gets bigger and better again, with a car corral, vendor booths and great food, all running in parallel with three days of auction action. The More Great Cars segment of the sale runs from September 2nd- 4th from 10am daily, with Saturday evening's Main Event on September 3rd at 6pm.
← Eisenhower Limousine Consigned for Auburn Sale
2011 Motorclassica Concours Announced →


text:
package com.oshare.thirdparty.utils;

import java.util.Properties;

public class ConfigUtil {

	private static Properties p = new Properties();

	public static String getProperty(String key) {
		return p.getProperty(key);
	}
}


Left your holiday shopping to the last minute? Don't get your tinsel in a tangle, we have just the thing! Give them the gift of a more comfortable, planet-friendly period this holiday season.
Choosing the right reusables for someone else's period can be pretty tricky, but you don't have to make an 🍑 out of u and me. Hook them up with a Lunapads gift card and let them treat themselves to the perfect period products for them!
Lunapads gift cards can be sent to anyone with an email address. They ship right away (electronically) with simple instructions on how to redeem online. Get yours in $25, $50, $100, $150, and $200 increments.


text:
The Israeli Aggression and its Consequences
Posted by MLToday | Sep 1, 2006 | Communist Forum
I. Introduction:
The National council of the Lebanese communist party discussed in its periodical meeting the report presented by the political bureau about the Israeli aggression against Lebanon (from 12 July to 14 August, 2006).
Here are the results of the discussions and the main duties of the Party on the local and international levels.
II. The Attacks were previously planned and the kidnapping of the two soldiers was an excuse:
Out of what has been published in the United States of America and other places (in Israel too) about the early planning of the American-Israeli aggression on Lebanon, there is a kind of consensus that the Israeli retaliation toward "Hezbollah" operation in 12 July, in which two Israeli soldiers were kidnapped and about 8 were wounded, went far beyond the operation itself. It is out of argument that the American administration, from the moment of the Israeli attacks to the moment of "cessation of hostilities" in 14 August, has acted as the manager of the aggression. It decided the targets, the escalation steps, negotiating on behalf of Israel, supporting the Israelis with the jost powerful and sophisticated weapons to be used in their attacks on Lebanon.
This is not a simple continuation of the traditional role of the American administration, which is to support Israel, but it is more than that. Israel appeared as just an American tool.
A. Israeli's Aims:
No doubt Israel has exploited the kidnapping of its two soldiers to achieve its aims:
• Revenge from Lebanon, its people and resistance, which have faced the Israeli attacks since 1982 up till 2000 and was able to defeat Israelis for the first time in the Arab-Israeli wars.
• Benefiting from the unlimited American support to get rid of "Hezbollah" arms and threat.
• Weakening Lebanon as a competitor to Israel in so many fields and mess in the Lebanese unity and strength to achieve the Israelis greediness in the Lebanese water and part of its territories.
• Frustrating the Palestinian people by showing the Arab impotence. That ease the way to control the Palestinians especially that the Israelis are given the full authority to use all their savageness to control the pedestrians.
• Giving the legitimacy for the leaders who came after Sharon, especially that the two leaders of this team, the prime minister and the minister of defense, are not from military background. The victory gives them a stable and powerful ruling period.
B. The American Aims of the Aggression
The United States of America also has goals from the aggression on Lebanon. The American president has assured that what is happening in Lebanon is one chain of "war on terror" which includes "Hezbollah", Syria, Iran and "Hamas" and Condaliza Rice has said that a new Middle East will emerge from this war??! It became so clear that Washington is facing more difficulties in Iraq, with all what it has achieved in it from a continuous destruction, killing, ethnic fights to religious fights. Also it became clear that the United States is not able to achieve any more progress in Iraq and even those who care a lot about its interests started to call for a gradual withdrawal. In addition to that we can notice the renewal of the problems of the Americans and their allies, in Afghanistan in a serious way. This gave the Americans, and their allies, the need to achieve a sort of victory to reshape their policy image in the Middle East in a way that can be marketed in the U.S.A. The resistance in Lebanon appeared as an easy target according to the wrong interpretation of the American ambassador in Lebanon and the majority in the Lebanese government, especially after the political campaign against the resistance and "Hezbollah". These wrong interpretations and the political campaigns gave the idea that disarming the resistance and "Hezbollah" is an easy target and a popular demand. The Israeli attacks as a military attempt to impose the resolution 1559 after the American administration showed "patience" towards the plans of the Lebanese government to implement it. That is why the American administration thought that through the military aggression it could achieve more than one goal:
• Eliminating one of the terrorist organizations, associated to the resisting "axe of evil" in the region.
• Handling the power to their allies in Lebanon and promoting the idea of the victory of the "Cedars Revolution" and the victory of democracy.
• Putting more pressure on Syria through building a military base in Lebanon like the ones that exist in Jordan, Turkey and Iraq.
The Aggression was put away from its targets, its first declared target, the recruitment of the two kidnapped soldiers and punishing those who penetrated the Blue Line. In fact this target was away for a month and few days. Getting back the two kidnapped soldiers was neglected because the Americans and the Israelis hoped to achieve further dangerous goals. A lot have been said and written about that. Achieving victory would have meant:
• Opening an internal war in Lebanon to eliminate "Hezbollah" and its allies and all the national forces
• Adressing warnings to Syria and Iran similar to those, which were addressed to them when the States invaded Iraq, but this time they were going to be more practical. That's why some Israelis said it is a full war and it is American war.
• Pushing the Arab political regimes that support the States to be more loyal to the States.
III. "Hezbollah" and the steadfastness
From the other side "Hezbollah" was working on another line. It has announced more than once its commitment to get back the detainees. On its path to realize its promise "Hezbollah" had fought twice with Israel in less than a year. One of them took place in Sheba Farms, which is under the Israeli occupation and the other one was in Al Ghaggar village, which half of it is under the Israeli occupation.
So any success to "Hezbollah" would strengthen its internal role especially when facing the Israelis and these successes would form a support to its internal and external allies. Iran the main supporter for "Hezbollah" would appear stronger in facing the American and the Israelis threats regarding Iran's right to own the nuclear technology.
The conflict between Israel and Lebanon releases Syria and supports its position in facing the American pressures. It is possible to say that "Hezbollah" operation went beyond just kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. in this context a lot of surprises appeared:
• The level of savageness of the Israeli attacks
• Complete American enrolment in the attacks
• Saudi Arabia and Jordan considered "Hezbollah" operation as an "adventure" and "Hezbollah" and who stands behind him are responsible for this "adventure"
• Part of the Lebanese was enrolled in the American-Israeli attacking plans, even though the role of this part was not so crystallized. That goes back to the stand of "Hezbollah" in the face of the attacks. That is why "Rice" yelled at the March 14 leaders, when all met at dinner at the American embassy in Beirut using tough language.
• "Hezbollah" was able to face the attacks and its military, media and leadership structure were not affected.
In the attacks scenarios it is possible to say the planners and the attackers expected to finish the war through the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and specially the Israeli air forces within one week or maximum two weeks.
These expectations were not met because "Hezbollah" was able to face the attacks and at the same time it was able to bombard Israel. The Israeli air forces failed and the land invasion also failed. Israel was not ready to afford these levels of losses on the military and on the political levels.
Those who were following up the American position can notice the level of the American embarrassments. The Israelis have killed a lot of the civilians and committed many massacres (jost of those who killed were children). The Israeli bombing targeted everything without any exceptions from humans to constructions. These brutal attacks were not aiming "Hezbollah" forces. So Washington found itself in a very critical position. Not because these forces, were not able to achieve victory but also the operation needs longer time. What made the operation more complicated is that the Israeli forces bombed the UN forces on purpose. Before bombing the UN forces the Israeli also bombed the journalists' convoys, the ambulances, the relief convoys, and the locations of the Lebanese army.
The resistance continuous victories day after day during the aggression and the Israeli massacres against the civilians showed the collapse of the IDF forces and their mistakes went into high unacceptable levels, which embarrassed their friends. The mass movements on the Arab and international level, were mobilized to oppose the Israeli attacks thus strengthening the internal solidarity and kept away the possibility of internal conflicts. These events were crystallized in the fourth week of the attacks. So those who relied on"internal sectarian conflict", wether spontaneous or organized, started to search for "cease-fire" conditions that ensure their position after the attacks.
Part of the February 14 leaders, were enforced to confess that the resistance has won, and the Arab governments, which blessed the attacks, were enforced to change their positions. Also some European countries changed their position after they have seen the ugliness of the Israeli attacks and massacres against the civilians, France is an example. Only the Americans insisted on giving more time and refused the cease-fire hoping that the Israelis would achieve some victories.
The internal Israeli conflict among the politicians and the army leaders within the government and the opposition started after the third week of the attacks on Lebanon.
IV. Resolution 1701
The American administration worked so hard through its big officials (especially the President and the minister of foreign affairs) to ensure an international atjosphere that supports the Israeli aggression. It concentrated on condemning "Hezbollah" and the forces that support "terror" (Syria and Iran), as the American administration call them, and sending multinational forces out of UN control to disarm "Hezbollah" and eliminate him. This was translated through American-French resolution, which was presented to the Security Council. That is why the U.S.A refused any cease-fire unless it is related to the previous two conditions. The field developments and the reactions toward what was going on the ground were not in that direction. The Lebanese government proposed the "seven points" that starts with immediate cease fire, international force (with the same authority as UNIFIL), liberation of Shebaa Farms including the idea of putting it temporary under the observation of international forces and the exchange of the detainees, as a base for what Lebanon wants.
The confusing acceptance of "Hezbollah", on the governmental level, of the Resolution 1701 reflected the great division inside the government and the way of the negotiations that were held by Mr. Fouad Senioura, the Lebanese prime minister.
The government whose prime minister cried in the moment of victory was not negotiating strengthened by the realities of the field victory but it negotiated depending on the strong points of Israel and ignoring the Lebanese strong points!!! This was an indication of a certain political dimension. the Lebanese government through its negotiations ignored the victory of the resistance and maximized the pressure of the number of the displaced and the huge amounts of destruction. In this way it was supporting the American view in an indirect way and appeared closer to the American demands .the government, away from the ministry of foreign affairs and with semi negotiations with the parliament speaker, Nabih Berri, showed a kind of betrayal to the resistance and accepted the Israeli conditions in an indirect way. The government was in fact satisfied with the formal negotiations and sometimes strengthened some articles that eventually ease the besieging of the resistance.
Marjeaoun military base issue is an obvious example of the governmental betrayal to the resistance and the way the government was managing the negotiations. The prime minister's negotiations was inspired by a very strange concept of national sovereignty that doesn't see violation by an American attack (friend) or Israeli attack (enemy) but by the presence of people resisting those attacks. for him there must be no resistance in order to enjoy the sovereignty?!!
The Lebanese Communist Party considers the resolution 1701 as a political defeat to the military resistance achievements, internationalizing Lebanon's internal affairs, which is against the Lebanese sovereignty and another form of mandate. The Resolution gave Washington and Israel what the war failed to give them. The Lebanese governmental show off about the diplomatic achievements which was covered by the parliament speaker who praised "the political resistance"of the government is not more than a proof of the ability of the American to let their goals pass through in a blurred way. The chapter 7 is in the Resolution because unclear articles in the Resolution give the international forces the ability to be diverted from its planned goals and go beyond them while the Lebanese government cannot benefit from those unclear articles. The jost obvious betray in this Resolution is that it does not mention "permanent immediate cease fire".
In this way the resolution will be a conflictive issue. We shall see conflict about its general implementations, conflict about the priorities and conflict about the articles that must be implemented and the others which will remain on paper.
In fact the conflict has already started, Israel tried through its attacks on the border and sometimes in side the country and through the space, land and sea besieging to present itself as mandated for implementing some articles of the Resolution!!!
An international campaign of condemnation faced this Israeli's attitude and practices; its failure to occupy important positions in the south of Litani river, and the vulnerability of the positions where it stayed, were essential elements disabling Israel from taking initiative on the ground.
Under such atjosphere morally inconvenient to the enemy ,the immediate and brave return of the Lebanese displaced people created another confusion to Israel and Washington and deprived them from an important card, that is blackmailing and controlling this return. With this full return of the displaced people, the Israelis found themselves in a more hostile and dangerous atjosphere which enforced them to withdraw some of their troops and in some cases they were accompanied by UN forces. in this context the cabinet decided to send the Lebanese army to the South according to Resolution 1701. 8500 Lebanese soldiers were sent to the south of Litany River and deployed in all the region except some villages in Marjeaoun and Bint Jbail provinces.
Some intercepted informations say that the main European countries participating in the "international forces" have spoken with "Hezbollah", and even negotiated the leadership of this party, about the role, the deployment, the limits and the function of the forces. This was about limiting the role of the international forces to the south of Litani River without touching "Hezbollah" weapons in the north of Litany River. On the other side "Hezbollah" promised to have no armed appearance in the region and no military bases. The general secretary of UN Kofi Annan confirmed this information.
That does not mean there must not be a kind of fear from having conflict between the two sides. The Israelis and the Americans repeated so many times that they would not give back the occupied Sheba Farms to Lebanon because it confirms "Hezbollah" victory.
V. The Conditions of the Aggression:
The attacks have grave direct and indirect effects. Since the very first moment of the aggression the Lebanese government announced that it is not responsible for this happening and it didn't know that "Hezbollah" was going to kidnap Israeli soldiers. The government declared it does not endorse or cover this operation. This position was in line of that of the group of March 14, "the Majority".
The parliamentary elections last summer lead to the formation of a "coalition of the four" or "Quartet" that includes political forces from the groups of March 14 and March 8. Those forces were "Hariri Movement", the socialist progressive party, "Hezbollah" and "Amal Movement". They reached a deal about the elections including the electoral law, the joint lists and the formation of the present government under the leadership of the actual Prime Minister, Mr. Fouad Senioura. In its declaration in front of the parliament the government stressed the importance of the resistance, its determination to liberate the detainees and Shebaa Farms by 'all means".
Internal and external conflicts following the elections created a new situation. The majority, which promised not to be against the resistance, dramatically changed its position and endorsed the resolution 1559.
The majority wanted to get rid of the president of the republic and implant a president from their camp in order to complete their control on the power. On the other side the group of March,8 insisted on cooperating with the current of General Aoun "the free patriotic movement" and negotiated the issue of reaching an understanding concerning the new President or using the parliamentary minority to keep the actual President. the slogan of changing the president 'brought by Syria" according to the majority met with a Franco-American demand to the government to take all necessary measures to implement the remaining part of the resolution 1559. the majority was given time according to its request in order to implement that resolution. but with the time a new real balance appeared in the country and this mission became impossible to accomplish. Syria at the same time was overcoming the difficulties it faced since the assassination of President HARIRI. The Syrian –Iranian coalition started a pressure on the Americans in Iraq, on the nuclear issue and against Israel mainly through the Iranian president who re-used old language regarding the existence of Israel and he went on to question the holocaust. The above mentioned new balance was asserted through the "national dialogue conference" hold last march.
These circumstances hindered the plans of the majority in the government to implement what they have already promised the Americans and others to do. That is why the Americans were ought, in order to recapture the initiative in the region through Lebanon, to enter directly in the conflict as well as Israel as a tool to them with its acknowledge points of strength.
It is worth mentioning in this context that the majority lost the momentum it got since the assassination of Hariri till the elections because of its policy of total dependence, which was a matter of complain, and namely the dependence on the American administration. The subordination to the American mandate transformed Lebanon again into a field that does not function according to internal conflicts only but also according to American dictates. This situation hindered the credibility of the majority in what is related to independence and sovereignty. This in turn gave their competitors the possibility to justify their previous and actual relations with Syria and made it public because " the Syrians are not foreigners" compared to Americans who are against the Arabs, support Israel, the enemy, occupy Iraq, and are trying to control the Middle East by force and to divide it into small parts. Other reasons for the weakness of the majority are corruption, holding the authority alone (in May 10, 2006 250,000 persons participated in a demonstration against the majority) and their economical program lead by Mr. Senioura.
VI. The Various Results and The Effects:
We will not go into the details of the variety and the effects of the aggression now because that will be completed later as we get more information. We will just underline the following issues:
A. A new victory over Israel, the enemy: Israel used all the power it has. The IDF used all the weapons, Aerial, land and sea ones but it failed to achieve any victory on the contrary the IDF lost the battle. This put a critical question to the "undefeatable army" as the IDF calls itself.
B. The ability of the resistance to face all the attacks of the IDF and its sophisticated weapons was supported by the people who stand by the resistance. These atjospheres lead the enemy to loose its goals.
C. The Lebanese government appeared divided and every component looked against the other one.
D. Lebanon was destroyed. Some Arabs, here we mean some Arab political regimes, paid their tuitions because they supported the Israeli attacks on Lebanon. The reconstruction is being done now under a government that has the highest debts in the world in respect to its GDP, corrupted and sectarian.
E. So many issues were put on the table because of the Israeli aggression such as the government and its future role, the arms of "Hezbollah" and the role of these arms especially if Shebaa Farms and Kafarshouba Hills are liberated, and the release of the detainees from the enemy prisons.
F. "Hezbollah" ability to face the attacks raised the following questions: what about the political balance in the country? What about the traditional sectarian balance? What about loosing this victory because of the sectarian divisions in the country and the direct relations between some sects and foreign countries?
G. What about the need to release a national program out of all of these sectarian divisions that unite the country and protect the victory of the resistance?
VII. The Regional Effects:
The Israeli attacks are equal to a war against the whole region. The Israeli newspapers talked about a "front" supported by some powerful persons in the American administration, Israeli governors, some Arab countries and part of the Lebanese majority, who are in the government!!!
This has raised some issues that will last for a period of time
— What is the meaning of the Arab League when its General Secretary announces its impotence?
— The Arab countries that have treaties with Israel did not call on the Israeli ambassador to tell him/her to discuss with him/her about what is happening in Lebanon or tell him/her their refusal to what is happening. At the same time we witnessed the mobilization of the largest popular movements in condemnation to the Israeli attacks and ringing the bell to the betrayal of some political regimes. These movements opened the horizon for the street to move and it is our task to follow up these trends and movements in order to develop them since the governments cannot and do not want to incorporate them and also "Hezbollah" is not qualified to.
— The resistance ability to face the attacks gave the ability to change the equation of the Arab – Israeli conflict. The equation, which says that the Arabs are always the losers, now is not correct.
— The Arabs are now talking about raising the issue of Palestine in the Security Council.
— The Israeli started to talk about their readiness to start negotiations with Syria to break the Syrian Iranian relations. They are ready to negotiate with Syria even if the price is to give back the Golan Heights.
— This reality gave the Palestinian people more strength for their struggle to get back their liberty.
VIII. The International Effects:
The direct enrollment of the USA in the Israeli war against Lebanon, more specifically against the resistance, gave it a special character. that explains why Roma meeting was held. The international policy showed its concerns about the policy of USA. It was obvious when the Italian minister of foreign affairs announced that Mrs. Condaliza Rice is the responsible for impeaching immediate cease-fire thus giving the green light for the IDF to continue its attacks and to kill more innocent people. If the American-Israeli attacks was able to success that would leave great effects in and out of the Middle East. With all USA influence in international organizations (UN, Security Council and other committees related to UN) it faced a kind of isolation when French and Europeans moved away from American policies. The Arab governments that support USA became so embarrassed.
On the other side the demonstrations that took place all over the world and especially in Europe, where the left parties with cooperation with our party had great role in mobilizing the street, have participated in increasing the awareness of people to the idea of liberation and showed the meaning of national liberation.
The war against Lebanon highlighted the core of the struggle in the region, which is the Palestinian's right to have a state. In Finland meeting, where the foreign affairs ministers of Europe met, there was a criticism to the American unilateral decision in the region and its continuous support to Israel. Kofe Annan has announced on certain level, after the Americans had stopped the Security Council from doing its role, what Amro Moussa had said about the Arab League.
IX. Losses, Relief and The Economical Situation:
Some institutions estimates the indirect and direct loses are about US 15 billion dollars. The Israelis had announced that they have targeted the Lebanese infrastructure and they pushed Lebanon 10 year backward. The American supported this idea and announced that they accept it as long as Mr. Senioura government does not fall!!! That made Lebanon a destroyed country not only once but twice the first time because of the Israeli attacks and the other time because of its government, Mr. Senioura.
These economical loses had a political role after the attacks that is why "Hezbollah" rushed to absorb its consequences. It started directly to pay rents for those who lost their homes; they are 10,000s and promising to rebuild the destroyed homes. Some Arab countries, which supported the Israel attacks, started to donate to Lebanon to absorb the Lebanese people angriness.
With the present corruption in the governmental system we have to be aware of how these donations are going to reach to the people who are affected by the Israeli attacks. These operations need a clear and honest observation of the whole presses and being under the sectarian interests.
X. Our Role and Duties:
From the first moment we declared our support the July 12 operation, the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers by "Hezbollah" for the sake of exchanging our detainees in the Israeli prisons. This was a normal thing to happen but the abnormal was that the Majority refused this action even though some of its components are partners with "Hezbollah" in the government and they always flatter the resistance actions.
We condemned the Israeli aggression in all its forms and announced that in our meetings on all levels. We also called all the comrades who live in the areas of the Israeli attack to resist. We criticized the governmental denial of its sympathy to the resistance.
The Political Bureau was active in more than one direction:
— Wide internal political contacts to strengthen the internal situation and consistent appeal for a "national meeting" to form a network of safety but we failed because some forces wanted to wait for the results of the aggression.
— Working to form unity in the attacked regions against the attackers.
— Participating in the relief actions and helping the displaced people.
— Making the widest possible contacts with the communist parties and the friendly parties, the Arab and the non-Arab ones, to form a solidarity front.
— Asking our organizations abroad to launch campaigns to disclose the Israeli objectives and their brutality.
— Calling the communist parties to visit Lebanon to witness the brutality of the aggression ad show their solidarity with us. (The general secretary of the Greek communist party (Crd Papareega) was the first to visit Lebanon in the very first days of the Aggression)
— Meeting with visiting delegations to explain the American and Israeli objectives.
— The Political Bureau organized many activities through adhoc committees to help the people during the attacks
— Even though "Al Nidaa", the party magazine, was out of print for a period of time but we were able to publish our opinions in the media and through the party website.
XI. The Contribution of Our Party in Facing The Aggression:
We called the comrades to resist where they are located and this took place with cooperation with the other resisting forces. Our military forces were weak but we did our duties especially that the air attacks were massive and so brutal this sort of attacks weaken our resistance too. With all of these negative factors, lack of weapons and air attacks, the comrades faced the Israeli IDF when they were able to resist. 13 comrades were killed during the attacks some of them were fighting like, in Jammalieh village" and others were killed when they were saving the people.
We faced so many gaps during the attacks on all levels and because the situation is not clear and the war is not over yet we have to deal with these gaps in the correct way to find the jost successful methods to minimize them.
XII. the Continuing Conflict:
We can talk about preliminary conclusions now as we have to resume and deepen our search about the new period of the aftermath of August 14:
Great changes took place in Lebanon and the Majority goals became clear with their betting on foreign forces to disarm the resistance. They may intensify their attempts as the NATO forces working under UNIFIL umbrella were deployed and try to impose the implementation oft resolution 1701.the widening of the sea besieging according to the government request out of the mentioned resolution can be also another tool to increase their pressure.
1. The army deployment in the south along with a declaration from the resistance that it will support him from behind, a development that changed the traditional statusquos there, means that hezbollah will be more involved in the internal affairs.
These changes will activate the internal conflict. The present governmental situation is not acceptable anymore. The ghost of changing UNIFIL forces targets is heavily present which may lead to a conflict between "Hezbollah" and UNIFIL
2. The struggle over the role of Lebanon in the Arab-Israeli war will be different. This conflict will continue but in wider form which may take new shapes in the Lebanese-Arab, Lebanese-Israeli and Lebanese-Syrian relations.
3. The reconstruction will take complicated long discussions.
4. The region is still living the consequences of the American invasion to Iraq and the continuous Israeli attacks on the Palestinians.
XIII. The Conflict Over Resolution 1701:
The Israeli leaders say what is related to them in this resolution is the return of the two kidnapped soldiers and disarming "Hezbollah". The present situation shows the brutality of the struggle about the priority articles, which must be first implemented.
The insistence of official Lebanon and the people of Lebanon on balanced implementation to the resolution that liberate occupied Lebanese territories and its detainees make the Lebanese situation work in the proper way.
The Majority goes on internationalizing Lebanon and that means to Americanize Lebanon. This action will lead to destroy e Lebanese-Lebanese, Lebanese-Arab and Lebanese-Syrian relations. All of these events push us to find a new equation to save Lebanon. It must be through negotiations about the present political system, which drives Lebanon toward Americanization. So this system must be changed with a system that works for the sake of Lebanon interests.
This must be done through:
1. Enforcing Lebanon unification and strengthen its Arabic position against the American plan and against the Israel, and supporting the Palestinians people to have their independent state, Jerusalem its capital, and the right for the Palestinians to go back to their country.
2. Put the party initiative in negotiations to form a united national government. Its role is to put modern democratic electoral law depends on ratio rule and out of the sectarian bases. Put a new plan for the reconstruction and development and doing early elections and calling for electing new president. These initiatives from the party are an introduction to go out of the political present crises, the sectarian attractions which in itself could destroy the achievements of the resistance victory and steadfast that may put the country in front of a critical situation. Forming this entrance to toward the political system reforms and establishing the government of law and institutions and democracy (we can notice that some traditional forces started to talk about these reforms too) could save the country from what is facing.
3. Announce emergency economical plan on the short, middle and long terms. This plan is to control the public debts, treating the effects of the Israeli attacks, improving production in Lebanon
4. Ensuring that Lebanon is an Arab country, sovereignty and independence out of the sectarian or external forces because the people of Lebanon have deserved their independence and sovereignty.
5. Treating the crisis between Lebanon and Syria through direct negotiations between the two countries out of the American internationalism to this issue.
XIV. The Party Role in The Coming Period:
We are in front of a new period that requires from our party to develop its approaches in many fields; this should be the task of all its organizations, friends and those who care about the presence of the party as a force of change that can contribute to the salvation and the proper solutions to the problems in Lebanon.. in the aftermath of the 14th of August we are all bound to see substantial changes in the local and regional political setick. these changes shall carry within them new possibilities out of which only the fittest will survive.
Underlining the policy of the party and its natural positioning in appealing for the establishment of the state on the basis of the reform of its political system is a solid asset that shall enable the party to activate its role as a resisting party without being sectarian and a party for change without carrying arms or being supported by demographic weight. the party shall also employ its broad network of international relations in a political action plan aiming at reflecting the slogans of the party and its program composed of the national liberation, the political reforms towards democracy and the socio-economic development. This will push the party forward into the core of the political life in Lebanon.Crystallizing all that in the context of a plan that objectively accompany the developments and seek to mobilize all the available resources, is of vital importance and may have a historical value, in order to contribute substantially to the elaboration of the future of our country.
All the communists and their friends and the left forces and democratic ones are called to do their best as they did during the glorious battles against the Israeli occupation and their struggle for the national democratic revolution that failed. their role is essential to enable the left in Lebanon the holder of a prestigious national and social history, to be an active part in the heart of the struggle to protect the resistance and build real democracy. All the communists and the leftists in our Arab world are called to play a major role in elaborating the alternative of the resistance to face the American project of the new or larger Middle East along with struggle to bring about democracy and serious reforms in their countries.political reforms, democracy and participation are more than ever necessary for the success of our confrontation with the American projects and they shall give that confrontation a better shape and finest content.A democratic leftist national liberation movement in the Arab world can only lead to the success the historical struggle of our people for national and social renaissance.
Finally, we assure that the coming period in Lebanon is open to so many possibilities and this must be a motive for us to work to define the direction of development. This opportunity does not occur but when the sectarian choices face the destructive dimension of their crisis and that is exactly what we are seeing today.
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The diversity of our research encourages interdisciplinary and collaborative projects within the department and also with colleagues in the Faculty of Arts and other faculties in the university.
Our research groups, primarily period-based with cross-cutting thematic strands, are designed to align with Faculty research centres/clusters and University institutes, and to support the development of innovative projects and grant applications. Combining complementary research strengths, our groups are inclusive and dynamic: each of us belongs to at least one group and many of us belong to more than one.
Thematic strands work across the chronological groups to generate innovative research directions and new team projects – strands include text editing, history of the book, science and medical humanities, environmental humanities, digital humanities, poetry and poetics, and transnationalism.
We have a distinctive profile in this area, covering Old and Middle English, history of the language, metrics, and the multilingual literatures of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland in dialogue with their continental neighbours. This group is closely aligned with the Faculty Research Cluster, 'Borders and Borderlands', and with the Faculty Centre for Medieval Studies. Thematic approaches include text editing, history of the book, digital humanities, poetry and poetics, and transnationalism.
Early Modern to 1780
A substantial group of senior and early-career staff with particular strengths in Shakespeare, Renaissance literature, book history, Scottish literature, and the 'long eighteenth century'. This cluster is aligned with the Faculty Centre for Material Texts and has links with other Faculty groups and clusters, especially 'Early Modern Studies'. Thematic approaches include text editing, history of the book, science and medical humanities, environmental humanities, and digital humanities.
Romantics and Victorians
This group works across British, American, and colonial literatures of the period, including African-American and Indian literatures. This group shares research interests with a number of Faculty clusters and Centres, including 'Romantic and Victorian Studies', 'Global Feminisms', the Centre for Material Texts, Centre for Environmental Humanities, Centre for Black Humanities, and Centre for Humanities, Health and Science. Thematic approaches include text editing, history of the book, environmental humanities, science and medical humanities, and transnationalism.
Modern and Contemporary Literature
Investigating the links between literature and modernity, research interests include women's writing, eco-criticism, nationalism, medico-scientific writing and war. The group is aligned with the Faculty Research Clusters, 'Modern Britain Research', 'The Embodied Mind', and Global Feminisms and with the Faculty Research Centres in Environmental Humanities, Health Humanities and Science, and Material Texts. The group collaborates with the university's Brigstow Institute and works closely with the Bristol Poetry Institute in the Faculty of Arts. With a number of practising poets and writers in the department, this group explores the theory and practice of creative writing and the relationships between writers, readers, and the cultural industries.
Global Literatures
Part of our mission to represent world literatures in English, this substantial cluster covers literatures from Britain, Ireland, America, the African continent, and India. We have significant diversity in the field of American literature, from nineteenth to twenty-first century writing and including African American literature. The group has close links with several Faculty research clusters, including 'Global Feminisms', 'Colonial and Postcolonial Societies', and 'Global Slaveries'. It is also active in the Faculty Centre for Environmental Humanities and Centre for Environmental Humanities, and it shares research activities with the Bristol Institute for Migration and Mobility Studies.
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text:
Bertel Evert Strömmer, född 11 juli 1890 i Ikalis, död 18 april 1962 i Tammerfors, var en finländsk arkitekt. Strömmer arbetade som Tammerfors stadsarkitekt åren 1918-53 och de flesta av hans verk ligger i Tammerfors. Strömmer ritade såväl privata som allmänna byggnader. Till Strömmers mest kända verk hör Grand Hotel Tammer och Tammerfors busstation samt stadshuset i Kemi.

Bertel Strömmer var son till apotekare Sven Evert Strömmer och hans hustru Elin Ida Fredrika Fabritius. Han tog studenten år 1908 och utexaminerades som arkitekt år 1913. År 1914 gifte Strömmer sig med Ros-Mari Nordenswan som han fick åtta barn tillsammans med.

Verk
 Grand Hotel Tammer, Tammerfors, 1928
 Björneborgs vattentorn, 1935
 Tammerfors busstation, 1938
 Tempohuset, Tammerfors, 1938
 Stadshuset i Kemi, 1940
 Merikoski kraftverk, Uleåborg, 1941–47
 Huberska huset, Tammerfors, 1947–48

Referenser

Externa länkar

Finländska arkitekter under 1900-talet
Finländska stadsarkitekter
Män
Födda 1890
Avlidna 1962
Personer från Ikalis

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The Celestial Body ('CB') — The Sun, a Moon, a planet, and stars — have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout our existence. Ancient civilizations relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to determine seasons, months, years from "celestial body" time to modern day coders and software developers' "computer people" time.
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These Terms and Conditions set out below ("Terms of service") apply to your use of the PIKA Website located at www.pika.io , the PIKA Mobile applications and the PIKA Platform (as defined below). The PIKA Platform facilitates marketing and promotions including but not limited to membership, points and reward programs for, on behalf of, or involving participating third party businesses ("Merchants" or "Channel Partners") that provide products and services to registered members of the PIKA Platform. Channel Partners may include suppliers, franchisors or landlords of one or more Merchants, with whom you may not have any direct interaction.Please read these Terms carefully. By executing the Registration Form or using the PIKA Platform, You (as defined below) acknowledge that You understand and agree to be bound by these Terms. If You do not agree to these Terms, do not use the PIKA Platform.
Your use of the PIKA Platform includes the ability to enter into agreements and/or to make transactions electronically. You acknowledge that your electronic submissions constitute your agreement and intent to be bound by and to pay for such agreements and transactions. Your agreement and intent to be bound by electronic submissions applies to all records relating to all transactions you enter into through, using or in relation to, the PIKA Platform, including notices of cancellation, policies, contracts, and applications. In order to access and retain your electronic records, you may be required to have certain hardware and software, which are your sole responsibility.
As legal owner of PIKA platform we reserves the right to modify these Terms at any time with or without prior notice, and any changes made will become effective immediately upon posting of the revised Terms.
we shall have the right to suspend or terminate the operation, in whole or in part, of the PIKA Platform for whatever reason. All PIKA Merchant Credits/points earned prior to the termination and rewards offered by the PIKA merchant stores may be cancelled at the sole option of of the legal owners of PIKA Platform. In the event of any suspension or termination of the PIKA Platform, You agree to hold us free and harmless from any claim, damage, loss, expense, suit or liability whatsoever, arising from such suspension or termination.
Registration Form shall mean the electronic application form which shall be executed by an end-user to be eligible to use the PIKA Platform and its functionalities.
Short Message Service or SMS refers to a communication protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile phone devices.
Terms refer to these Terms and Conditions, as amended from time to time.
You refer to an individual or entity that executes the Registration Form or uses the PIKA Platform.
PIKA Account refers to the account designated by the us for each PIKA User to which PIKA Merchant Credits/points may be stored and redeemed on the PIKA Platform.
PIKA Merchant Credit/points refers to credit or reward points that are honored on the PIKA Platform.
PIKA ID refers to the identification detail like PIKA QR Code, any PIKA application installed on a PIKA User's smartphone, or the PIKA User's mobile number duly registered on the PIKA Platform. It is used to identify the PIKA User and interact with the store tab.
PIKA Merchant refers to any business establishment duly licensed to do business and accredited by us to honor PIKA Merchant Credits/points for use within the PIKA Platform. PIKA Platform refers to the PIKA system owned and operated by us wherein PIKA Users can earn and avail of credits and rewards from PIKA Merchants. This includes, but is not limited to, physical in-store hardware, PIKA IDs, PIKA Accounts, PIKA Merchant Credits , online information system and marketing communications system used in connection with the PIKA Platform..
PIKA Transaction refers to a transaction between a PIKA User and PIKA Merchant that is honoured on the PIKA Platform.
PIKA User refers to You and other users of the PIKA Platform.
2.2. Any person at least thirteen years of age or the legal age for a user to be considered legally a major (the higher of the two) and not suffering from any legal disability other than minority may register as a PIKA User.
we reserve the right to discontinue or cancel your registration in our sole and absolute discretion without notice to you if you do not use the PIKA Platform for an extended period of time, if you breach any of these terms and conditions or any applicable law, if we conclude that your conduct impacts on our name or reputation or violates our rights or those of another party, or as we otherwise think fit.
If you chose to cancel your account or if your account is otherwise terminated by us, all of your user content may remain on the PIKA Platform even after your account has been cancelled. You are not authorised to sell or transfer any account obtained through PIKA.
PIKA may assign or otherwise transfer any or all of its rights arising out of these Terms of Service without having to obtain your consent and will notify you of any such assignment or transfer.
3.1. For every eligible PIKA Transaction, You shall earn the corresponding PIKA merchant Credits/points based on the total price paid to the PIKA Merchant. The total amount of PIKA Credits earned from each PIKA Transaction will be reflected in the PIKA app. For every pika transactions You may get credits based on the configuration from specific PIKA Merchants.
3.2. We reserve the right to add or deduct Points/credits from Your PIKA Account, following reconciliation of data from the PIKA Merchants and other sources or other justifiable reason based solely on its discretion.
3.3. PIKA Merchant Credits accrued to Your PIKA Account shall not be considered as cash or cash substitutes. PIKA Credits have no cash or monetary value and cannot be exchanged for or withdrawn in cash.
3.4. Earned PIKA Merchant Credits are not transferable to any person or entity and cannot be transferred to any other PIKA Account.
4.1. You must provide Your PIKA ID to the PIKA Merchant before redeeming any of Your earned PIKA Merchant Credits/Points.
4.2. Redemption of PIKA Merchant Credits constitutes an exchange of earned PIKA Merchant Credits with the equivalent value of goods and/or services from the PIKA Merchant..
4.3. Once a valid redemption of the PIKA Merchant Credits has been made, the same cannot be cancelled, revoked or changed unless otherwise provided by these Terms.
5.1. The details of a PIKA Transaction are presumed to be true and correct unless You notify us in writing of any disputes thereon within seven days from the date of the relevant PIKA Transaction. If no dispute is reported in writing within such period, the details in a PIKA Transaction Confirmation are considered conclusively true and correct.
5.2. Disputed transactions shall only be credited back to the Your PIKA Account once we are reasonably satisfied that the claim or dispute has been properly processed, investigated and proven in Your favor.
5.3. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there shall be no reversal of PIKA Transactions made through Your error, mistake or negligence.
6.1. PIKA Merchant Credits have a validity period of 1 year from the date of earning the points. PIKA/PIKA merchants reserves the right to change the policy which will be shared to pika users through the PIKA app.
7.1. You shall be responsible for the security of Your PIKA ID. All transactions made using your PIKA ID are conclusively presumed to be made by You and You shall be liable therefor.
7.2. The proper care of Your PIKA ID, as well as the confidentiality thereof shall be Your sole responsibility. In case of loss of Your PIKA ID, You shall immediately inform us of such loss within 24 hours by calling PIKA support . All PIKA Transactions made prior to the report of loss shall continue to be Your liability.
8.1. Your PIKA Account has no maximum storage limit unless otherwise specified by the merchant for their specific businesses.
9.1. Your PIKA Account will be considered dormant if You do not have any PIKA Transactions, PIKA Credit redemptions, or web or mobile logins over a 12-month period. PIKA Merchant Credits in dormant accounts shall be forfeited and the account deleted from the PIKA Platform.
10.1. We shall have the right to automatically suspend or bar Your PIKA ID if it has reason to believe that Your PIKA ID was or may be used for fraudulent or suspicious transactions or by an unauthorized person, subject to its sole discretion.
10.2. We shall have the right to temporarily or permanently suspend Your PIKA ID due to any failure to comply with these Terms, other relevant laws and government regulations or any other unauthorized use of the PIKA Platform or any part thereof, subject to its sole discretion.
10.3. We reserve the right to forfeit or cancel PIKA Merchant Credits in Your PIKA Account in case of fraud or abuse relating to the use of Your PIKA ID and/or accrual of PIKA Merchant Credits, subject to its sole discretion.
10.4. You acknowledge our authority to suspend or bar your PIKA ID and/or forfeit or cancel earned PIKA Credits and accordingly, You agree to hold us free and harmless against any and all consequences of such suspension, barring, forfeiture or cancellation, or any loss or damage which You may suffer as a result thereof. You accept that we may, but shall not have the obligation to, inform You prior to taking action pursuant to this clause.
11.1. Your PIKA ID is only valid for the purposes of recording valid and eligible PIKA Transactions with PIKA Merchants. Anvaya shall not be liable in case Your PIKA ID is used for other purposes.
11.2. Any products or services you purchase in connection with the PIKA Platform are not purchased from PIKA , rather they are purchased from the Merchant. PIKA's role is as a marketing or sales agent or media platform for the Merchant, who is promoting their business through the PIKA Platform. You acknowledge that the Merchant is the seller of the products and services and is solely responsible for the provision of any goods, services or benefits which you believe you are entitled to. We make no warranty, express or implied, regarding the PIKA Platform and its functionalities. The use of the PIKA Platform is offered on as "AS IS", "AS AVAILABLE" basis without warranties of any kind, other than warranties that are incapable of exclusion, waiver or limitation under the laws applicable to these Terms. Without limiting the foregoing, We make no warranty (1) as to the content, quality, or accuracy of data or information provided by us hereunder or received or transmitted using the PIKA Platform; (2) as to any service or product obtained using the PIKA Platform; (3) that the PIKA Platform will be uninterrupted or error-free; or (4) that any particular result or information will be obtained.
11.3. We shall not be liable for any undelivered goods or services, defects, damages and after-sales services offered or provided by PIKA Merchants. We do not give any warranty whatsoever in connection with the goods or services of the PIKA Merchants.
(f) any misrepresentation or fraud by or misconduct of any third party.
11.5. Subject to the dispute procedure under these Terms, PIKA and its related bodies corporate, and their respective officers, employees, agents, contractors, licensors and suppliers shall not be liable for PIKA Merchant Credits not recorded in Your account for whatever reason, including but not limited to, malfunction of the POS Terminal or force majeure beyond the control of all parties concerned.
13.1. In the event of that a claim is made or an action filed by You against PIKA and its related bodies corporate, and their respective officers, employees, agents, contractors, licensors and suppliers, the aggregate liability b us shall not in any event exceed P1,000.00 or the amount of damages suffered by You, whichever is lower.
14.1. You agree PIKA and its related bodies corporate, and their respective officers, employees, agents, contractors, licensors and suppliers, will not otherwise be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential or indirect damages, loss or corruption of data, loss of profits, goodwill, bargain or opportunity, loss of anticipated savings, reputational damage, or any other similar or analogous loss or damage arising out of or relating to your access to, or use of, or inability to use, the PIKA Platform or any content, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, negligence, in equity or any other legal theory, and whether or not we knew or should have known of the possibility of such damage.
Without limiting the above,you agree that PIKA or its related bodies corporate or their respective officers, employees, agents, contractors, licensors or suppliers are free and harmless from any liability to any third party, and to indemnify us against all liability, damages, losses, claims, costs and expenses, penalties and taxes, including legal costs, incurred in connection with Your use of the PIKA Platform. You further agree that we shall not be held liable for any loss or damage resulting from any and all errors unintentionally committed, any computer software or hardware errors (including computer viruses) resulting in the failure to complete a transaction. Neither shall we be held liable for any loss or damage caused by any act or omission of any third party, such as a provider of telecommunication services, internet service provider, or for any circumstances beyond Our control such as severe weather, flood, earthquake or other natural disasters, fire, war, strike, acts of civil or military authority, equipment failure, interruption or failure of electricity and communication facilities.
14.1. You authorize us to collect any information obtained by us in relation to Your use of the PIKA Platform. Such information may include Your demographic, behavior, location or photo. You hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agree that we may use, process, disclose, transfer or otherwise deal with all such information in whatever manner and for whatever purpose as we may deem fit and proper, without further notice to You.
14.2 If you share or send any ideas, suggestions, changes or documents regarding our existing business ("Feedback"), you agree that (i) your Feedback does not contain the confidential, secret or proprietary information of third parties, (ii) we are under no obligation of confidentiality with respect to such Feedback, and shall be free to use the Feedback on an unrestricted basis (iii) we may have already received similar Feedback from some other user or it may be under consideration or in development, and (iv) By providing the Feedback, you grant us a binding, non-exclusive, royalty-free, perpetual, global license to use, modify, develop, publish, distribute and sublicense the Feedback, and you irrevocably waive, against PIKA and its users any claims/assertions, whatsoever of any nature, with regard to such Feedback.
Please provide only specific Feedback on Our existing products or marketing strategies; do not include any ideas that Our policy will not permit it to accept or consider.
Notwithstanding the abovementioned clause, we or any of our employees do not accept or consider unsolicited ideas, including ideas for new advertising campaigns, new promotions, new or improved products or technologies, product enhancements, processes, materials, marketing plans or new product names. Please do not submit any unsolicited ideas, original creative artwork, suggestions or other works ("Submissions") in any form to us or any of our employees. The purpose of this policy is to avoid potential misunderstandings or disputes when our products or marketing strategies might seem similar to ideas submitted to us. If, despite our request to not send us your ideas, you still submit them, then regardless of what your letter says, the following terms shall apply to your Submissions.
Terms of Idea Submission You agree that: (1) your Submissions and their Contents will automatically become the property of PIKA and its owners, without any compensation to you; (2) We may use or redistribute the Submissions and their contents for any purpose and in any way; (3) there is no obligation for us to review the Submission; and (4) there is no obligation to keep any Submissions confidential.
15.1. Without giving reason or notice, and without prejudice to other provisions of these Terms, we have the absolute discretion (a) to refuse to approve any PIKA Transaction even if there is sufficient available PIKA Merchant Credits; (b) to suspend, terminate or cancel Your right to use the PIKA Platform and/or its functionalities; (c) to impose, increase or decrease PIKA Transaction limits; and/or (d) to introduce, amend, vary, restrict, terminate or withdraw the benefits, services and privileges with respect to or in connection with the PIKA Platform and its functionalities, whether specifically relating to You or generally to all or specific PIKA Users. You agree to hold us free and harmless from any claim, damage, loss, expense, suit or liability whatsoever, arising from its exercise of its rights under this clause.
16.1. PIKA does not take any fees from pika users. In the event that PiKA decides to charge you for the application You agree to pay such fees and charges related to Your PIKA Account and PIKA ID and their use, as may be imposed by the corporate entities incharge of PIKA Platform. Fees and other charges, shall be inclusive of all applicable Philippine taxes and shall be debited from Your PIKA Account or paid up front .
17.1. Unless You expressly notify us otherwise, You agree to receive promotional messages either by email, SMS or other communication channels of PIKA Platform, including its agents and assigns, which communication and promotional messages may be based on the Your location and other information.
17.2 Some of the Services are supported by advertising revenue and may display advertisements and promotions. These advertisements may be targeted to the content of information stored on the Services, queries made through the Services or other information. The manner, mode and extent of advertising by Us on the Services are subject to change without specific notice to you. In consideration for Us granting you access to and use of the Services, you agree that we may place such advertising on the Services.
Part of the site may contain advertising information or promotional material or other material submitted to us by third parties or Users. Responsibility for ensuring that material submitted for inclusion on the PIKA Platform or mobile apps complies with applicable international and national law is exclusively on the party providing the information/material. Your correspondence or business dealings with, or participation in promotions of, advertisers other than PIKA found on or through the PIKA Platform and or mobile apps, including payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, shall be solely between you and such advertiser. We will not be responsible or liable for any error or omission, inaccuracy in advertising material or any loss or damage of any sort incurred as a result of any such dealings or as a result of the presence of such other advertiser(s) on the PIKA Platform and mobile application.
17.3 By accessing the Services through a mobile or other device, you may be subject to charges by your Internet or mobile service provider, so check with them first if you are not sure, as you will be solely responsible for any such costs incurred.
18.1 All intellectual property rights included in or associated with the PIKA Platform, including but not limited to patents, copyrights, trademarks and service marks, are owned or licensed by us, and all right, title and interest in and to the PIKA Platform and the associated intellectual property is ours.
You are not authorised to copy, distribute, re-publish, upload, post, modify, reverse engineer or transmit any intellectual property except as specifically authorised by us in writing. Your are not authorised to remove copyright, trademark or other intellectual property or proprietary notice or legend contained on the PIKA Platform.
Any PIKA mobile applications which may be made available for you to download is licensed, not sold, to you. You are granted a limited, non-transferable, non-exclusive licence to download, install, use and run for personal, non-commercial use one copy of each PIKA mobile application on each mobile device which you own or control, and which is able to run the PIKA mobile application.
19.1. Failure, omission or delay on the part of PIKA to exercise its rights or remedies under these Terms shall not operate as a waiver of rights.
21.1. If any clause or part of a clause of these Terms shall be, or be found by any authority or court of competent jurisdiction to be, invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the other clauses or parts of such clauses of these Terms, all of which shall remain in full force and effect.
22.1. These Terms shall be governed by the laws of India. The Courts of law at Bangalore District, Karnataka State, India shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes arising under this agreement.