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US5851960A - Method of performing well drilling operations with a foamable drilling fluid - Google Patents
Method of performing well drilling operations with a foamable drilling fluid Download PDF
drilling fluid
Patty L. Totten
Bobby L. King
James E. Griffith
Halliburton Co
1997-10-23 Application filed by Halliburton Co filed Critical Halliburton Co
1997-10-23 Priority to US08/957,268 priority patent/US5851960A/en
B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING, DISPERSING
B01F17/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing or foam-producing agents
B01F17/0085—Mixtures of compounds
C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
C09K8/14—Clay-containing compositions
C09K8/18—Clay-containing compositions characterised by the organic compounds
C09K8/22—Synthetic organic compounds
C09K8/38—Gaseous or foamed well-drilling compositions
A foamable drilling fluid for use in well operations such as deep water offshore drilling where risers are not employed in returning the fluid to the surface mud pit. A preferred foamable drilling fluid comprises a prehydrated clay such as bentonite, sea water, a surfactant selected from the group consisting of α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates, and a stabilizing surfactant consisting of cocoamine betaine. The stabilized foam drilling fluid resists foam breakdown upon drilling cessation, prevents fluid loss to reduce filter cake buildup and increases the carrying capacity of cuttings and other solids. In addition, a foamable drilling fluid is provided including an hydraulic material selected from the group consisting of Portland cement, siliceous material like fumed silica, blast furnace slag and pozzolans such as fly ash. The hydraulic material solidifies the filter cake, reduces the filter cake permeability, and provide better bonding between the filter cake and cement slurry.
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/525,885 filed on Sep. 8, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,910.
The present invention relates generally to a drilling fluid, and more particularly, to a foamable drilling fluid for use in well operations such as deep water offshore drilling.
A variety of fluids are known for use in drilling wellbores. Conventionally, a wellbore is drilled using a drilling fluid that is circulated through the wellbore; after the wellbore is drilled, the circulation of the drilling fluid is stopped, the well is logged and a string of pipe is run in the wellbore. After the pipe is run, the drilling fluid in the wellbore is cleaned up by circulating drilling fluid downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the wellbore while removing drilling solids and gas therefrom. Primary cementing operations are then performed in the wellbore, i.e., the string of pipe disposed in the wellbore is cemented therein by placing a cementing composition in the annulus between the pipe and the walls of the wellbore.
Single phase (liquid only) water based drilling fluids are commonly used in both onshore and offshore operations wherein two phase (liquid and gas) often referred to as foamed drilling fluids are typically used only in onshore drilling operations. Conventional offshore drilling fluids consist of sea water as the base fluid and are circulated from the well annulus to the sea floor.
Offshore well completions at depths in excess of 2000 feet of water are often referred to as "deep water" operations. In certain deep water operations, such as in the Gulf of Mexico, the formations where conductor pipe is cemented that is less than 2000 feet below mud line (BML) are generally young geologically and are not well consolidated. The formations generally are the product of erosion from the continental shelf. This can cause numerous problems in cementing the casing in the wellbore.
Some standard offshore drilling operations for drilling the conductor casing intervals do not utilize a riser for returning the drilling fluid to the surface mud pit wherefore acceptable drilling fluids must be environmentally safe for return to the sea floor. As a result, most offshore drilling fluids consist essentially of sea water.
Numerous offshore drilling problems result from not having a riser to return drilling fluids to the mud pit and from using primarily sea water as the drilling fluid. Importantly, the use of sea water alone provides little or no fluid loss control, and the use of fluid loss additives therewith is uneconomical because risers are not used and the drilling fluid is lost when circulated to the sea floor. Fluid loss from a sea water based drilling fluid allows the cuttings and particulates circulated during drilling to form the basis of a thick mud filter cake build up in the annulus, which compromises the long term integrity of the cement job because filter cake buildup against the formation face provides a pathway for undesired water or sand flow.
Hence, numerous advantages are gained when a stable two phase (liquid and gas) foamed drilling fluid is used in offshore drilling operations. The stable foamed drilling fluid, which consists of system analogous to an emulsion with gas as the internal phase and liquid as the external phase, has low fluid loss which results in less filter cake buildup in the annulus of the well and a better cement job. The foaming action imparts greater volume to the starting fluid volume. Larger fluid volumes improve cuttings removal because the concentration of cuttings in the mud often reaches a saturation point in these drilling operations. At the saturation point, the only way to remove additional cuttings from the well is to increase the fluid volume pumped. The viscosity of the foamed drilling fluid allows effective lifting of relatively large particles having a diameter of several inches. This characteristic of a foamed fluid is particularly important in a large annulus where any fluid encounters reduced velocity and thereby reduced cuttings carry-capacity. Density of the foamed fluid is easily adjusted through control of the amount of gas used in foaming the fluid thereby increasing the operational ease of handling. Decreased leak-off from the foamed fluid results in less clay swelling thus reducing the chances of having washed out portions in the wellbore. Also, the foamed fluid has a lower hydrostatic pressure which reduces the chance of fracturing the formation when low fracture gradients are present in the wellbore.
Known foam drilling fluids are used in conjunction with risers or the like for returning the fluid to the rig floor. Hence, the foam fluids are unstable and breakdown when the drilling action ceases or the fluids are returned such that the cuttings are easily separated from the returns and the fluid can be recirculated into the well. Additionally, the unstable foamed fluid will release suspended cuttings and allow them to return downhole if the drilling action ceases while the fluid is in the wellbore.
As provided by the present invention, a stable foamed fluid does not breakdown and return cuttings downhole if the drilling action ceases, which is especially desirable in wellbores having a large annulus. To date, no stable foamed fluids have been used in operations having risers because the volume of the returns would be unmanageable without foam breakdown. Hence, in well operations without risers, it is desirable to provide a stabilized foam drilling fluid which is environmentally safe since returns are circulated to the sea floor.
Furthermore, it is desirable to have a foamed drilling fluid which includes hydraulic materials to setup the filter cake and by-passed mud thereby preventing many of the problems presented herein. The hydraulic material solidifies the filter cake, reduces the filter cake permeability, and provides better bonding with conventional cement slurries. Nevertheless, until now, no foamed drilling fluid containing an hydraulic material has been provided.
By the present invention a stable and environmentally safe foamable drilling fluid is provided. In addition, a foamable drilling fluid having an hydraulic material, such as Portland cement, siliceous material like fumed silica, blast furnace slag or pozzolans such as fly ash is provided.
Wellbores are commonly drilled using a rotary bit connected to a string of drill pipe. The drill pipe and bit are rotated and a drilling fluid is circulated downwardly through the drill pipe, through ports in the drill bit and then upwardly through the annulus between the drill pipe and the walls of the wellbore to the surface. The drilling fluid transports cuttings produced by the drill bit to the surface.
The present invention provides a stable and environmentally safe foamed drilling fluid for use in offshore drilling operations where the foamed fluid is circulated to the sea floor. As such, a preferred foamable drilling fluid comprises a starting fluid made from a clay such as bentonite, attapulgite or sepiolite and is prehydrated with fresh water, sea water, or common salt solutions. Further, the preferred foamable drilling fluid includes sea water, a foaming surfactant for foaming the fluid and a stabilizing surfactant for stabilizing the foamed fluid. The foaming surfactant is selected from the group consisting of α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates. A sufficient amount of stabilizing surfactant, such as cocoamine betaine, is used in the fluid for reducing foam breakdown upon drilling cessation, reducing filter cake buildup and increasing the carrying capacity of cuttings and other solids.
In addition, a foamable drilling fluid is provided which includes an hydraulic material selected from the group consisting of Portland cement, siliceous material like fumed silica, blast furnace slag and pozzolans such as fly ash. The hydraulic material solidifies the filter cake and any bypassed mud, reduces the filter cake permeability, and provides better bonding with conventional cement slurries.
It is, therefore, a general object of the present invention to provide a stabilized foamed drilling fluid composition.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a foamable drilling fluid composition and method for use in deep water offshore drilling operations.
A further object of the present invention is the present invention to provide a foamable drilling fluid containing an hydraulic material.
Yet, a further object of the present invention is to provide a foamable drilling fluid which is environmentally safe.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the description of preferred embodiments which follows.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As mentioned above, the foam drilling fluid composition and methods of the present invention are for use in well drilling operations, and particularly in deep water offshore drilling where a riser is not being utilized. The present invention provides a stable and environmentally safe foamable drilling fluid composition and methods of use therefor. Additionally, the present invention provides a foamable drilling fluid including an hydraulic material.
A preferred starting fluid comprises a clay such as bentonite, attapulgite or sepiolite which is prehydrated in fresh water, sea water, or salt solution to form a slurry. Water, preferably sea water, brine or other common salt solution, is added to the starting fluid in the range from about 0 bbl to about 2 bbl per bbl of starting fluid slurry. A foaming surfactant for use in foaming the drilling fluid is selected from the group consisting of α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, and salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates.
A preferred foaming agent which can be used is a sodium salt of alpha-olefinic sulfonic acid (AOS) which is a mixture of compounds of the formulas:
X H(CH.sub.2).sub.n --C═C--(CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 Na!
Y H(CH.sub.2).sub.p --COH--(CH.sub.2).sub.q SO.sub.3 Na!
wherein:
n and m are individually integers in the range of from about 6 to about 16;
p and q are individually integers in the range of from about 7 to about 17; and
X and Y are fractions with the sum of X and Y being 1.
This foaming agent is available from Halliburton Energy Services under the trade name "AQF-2™."
Another particularly preferred foaming agent is a surfactant having the formula:
H(CH.sub.2).sub.a (OC.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.3 OSO.sub.3 Na
a is an integer in the range of from about 6 to about 10.
This surfactant is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services of Duncan, Okla., under the trade designation "CFA-S™."
Another available foaming agent is comprised of an oxyalkylatedsulfonate, and is referred to by Halliburton Energy Services, Duncan, Okla. under the trade designation "FDP-C485."
Still another surfactant which can be used is an alcohol ether sulfate of the formula:
H(CH.sub.2).sub.a (OC.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.b SO.sub.3 NH.sub.4.sup.+
a is an integer in the range of from about 6 to about 10; and
b is an integer in the range of from about 3 to about 10.
This foaming agent is available from Halliburton Energy Services under the trade designation "HOWCO-SUDS™".
Another suitable foaming agent is comprised of alkylpolysaccharides and is commercially available from Seppic, Inc. of Fairfield, N.J. under the trade designation "SIMUSOL-10." The foaming surfactant concentration is provided in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of water (BVOW).
The preferred stabilizing surfactant consists of cocoamine betaine and is available under the tradename "HC-2" from Halliburton Energy Services of Duncan, Okla. The stabilizing surfactant concentration is provided in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% BVOW. A sufficient amount of stabilizing surfactant is used for stabilizing the foamed drilling fluid (i.e. the foamed drilling fluid will not significantly breakdown in the wellbore upon drilling cessation).
Barite may be added to the drilling fluid composition as a weighting material for achieving a desired drilling fluid density. In addition, an hydraulic material may be added to the composition wherein the hydraulic material is selected from a group consisting of Portland cement, siliceous material like fumed silica, blast furnace slag and pozzolans such as fly ash. The barite and/or hydraulic material are added in the drilling fluid in an amount necessary for achieving a desired density of the unfoamed drilling fluid composition. The density of the unfoamed drilling fluid composition can range from about 9 to about 17 lbs/gal, while the density of the foamed drilling fluid composition is in the range from about 6 to about 13 lbs/gal. The preferred density of the unfoamed drilling fluid is in the range of about 13 lb/gal to about 15 lb/gal, while the preferred foamed drilling fluid density is about 9 lb/gal to about 12 lb/gal.
Various preferred ranges for the drilling fluid composition are set out below.
______________________________________Preferred Ranges for Different Materials                 Amount                 (% Barite/                           Starting                 Hydraulic Density         (% BVOW)                 Material)*                           (lb/gal)______________________________________Class F Fly Ash:Surfactants:"HOWCO SUDS"/"HC-2" ®           2/1       75/25     15"AQF-"2/"HC-2"  4/2       85/15     15Class C Fly Ash:Surfactants:"AQF-2"/"HC-2"  2/1        0/100    13Silicalite(Compacted Powder or Liquid):Surfactants:"AQF-2"/"HC-2"  4/2       50/50     13SLAG:Surfactants:10/"HC-2"" ®           4/2        0/100    15"AQF-2"/"HC-2"  1/0.5      0/100    15______________________________________ *Percent in an amount necessary for achieving a desired density of the unfoamed drilling fluid composition in the range from about 9 to about 17 lbs/gal
Other fluid loss control additives, such as carboxymethylcellulose, starch, co-polymer of NNDMA & AMPS, poly anionic cellulose, and/or dispersants such as sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride and lignin based materials, can be utilized in the drilling fluid.
The drilling fluid composition provided herein is premixed using conventional rig equipment such as mud mixing pits, and is preferably foamed using a tee foam generator. The tee foam generator is comprised of a choke nozzle (part no. 439.00272), ceramic insert (part no. 643.0355) and T-body (425.80463), each of which is available from Halliburton Energy Services of Duncan, Okla. The tee foam generator introduces nitrogen, compressed air or other suitable gas into the drilling fluid composition.
The methods of using the foamable drilling fluid composition in deep water offshore drilling operations basically comprise the steps of drilling a wellbore; providing a foamable drilling fluid as described herein; foaming the drilling fluid; and circulating the foamed drilling fluid composition in the wellbore. The foamed fluid may be used in periodic sweeps of the wellbore as staged with conventional drilling fluids. Further, the circulating foamed drilling fluid may include the hydraulic material which either with activation or time will solidify the filter cake.
To further illustrate the present invention, and not by way of limitation, the following examples are provided.
EXAMPLE I
Dynamic fluid loss tests were performed using sweeps of the foamed drilling fluid composition of the present invention at a test temperature of 60° F. and a pressure of 120 psi. The recipes of the compositions tested and the test results are set out in TABLE I, below.
Each of the compositions included prehydrated bentonite (at a concentration of 30 lb/bbl bentonite in fresh water), sea water and barite, while some of the compositions included either blast furnace slag, fumed silica or fly ash (Class C). Various amounts of foaming surfactant, stabilizing surfactant and additional fluid loss additives were employed in the testing. The data indicates the grams of filtrate which were collected over time using a "METTLER" Balance.
Referring now to TABLE I, it is seen that optimum filtrate ranges are provided using various concentrations of hydraulic materials and surfactants.
TABLE I______________________________________Dynamic Fluid Loss Tests(Test Temperature 60° F. - Preusure 120 psi)TEST NO.    I*     II*    III* IV*   V*    VI*______________________________________Sea Water (bbl)       1      1      0.5  0.5   0.5   0.5Barite %.sup.a       100    100    100  85    85    85Other Material %.sup.a       0      0      0    Slag 15                                C Fly Silica-                                Ash 15                                      lite 15Unfoamed Density       15     10.5   15   15    15    15(lb/gal)Foamer % BVOW"CFA-S"     4      --     --   --    --    --"AQF-2"     --     0      4    4     2     4HC-2 Stabilizer %       2      0      2    2     2     2BVOWOther fluidloss additive"PAC-L" (ppb).sup.b       1      1      --   1     0.75  1"X-TEND" II (ppb).sup.b       --     0.2    --   --    --    --"HALAD*-4" (ppb)       --     --     --   --    1.5   --______________________________________ *Prehydrated Bentonite (bbl)  30 lb bentonite in 1 bbl freuh water .sup.a Percent of barite and other hydraulic material is added in an amount necessary for achieving a desired density of the unfoamed drilling fluid composition in the range from about 9 to about 17 lbs/gal .sup.b "PACL" and "XTEND II" additives were obtained from Baroid Drilling Fluids, Houston, Texas
Fluid Loss Rate at grams per minute  TEST NO.Time (Minute)    I       II      III*  IV    V     VI**______________________________________  0.5    28.8    --      23    5.6   --    -- 1       23      5.29    7.2   4.2   9.1   14.1 2       3.6     0.99    3.9   --    1.8   1.6 5       2.57    0.73    2.7   1.75  0.98  2.4310       1.62    0.52    1.8   2.41  0.88  1.115       1.14    --      1.4   --    0.62  0.8620       1.08    0.38    1.3   --    0.48  0.8630       1.06    0.3     1.25  0.74  0.37  0.7140       0.54    0.3     0.93  0.58  0.33  0.5550       0.63    0.23    0.86  0.51  0.32  0.5860       0.56    0.26    0.75  0.53  0.54  0.4970       0.54    0.26    0.7   0.48  0.3   0.3580       0.53    0.18    0.68  0.47  0.23  0.3190       0.5     0.2     0.62  0.39  0.18  0.31______________________________________ *Sea water was reduced to 0.5 bbl from 1 bbl **50% active liquid Silicalite
EXAMPLE II
Foam stability and rheology tests were performed at room temperature, unless indicated otherwise, using various foam drilling fluid compositions containing hydraulic materials including either fly ash (Class C), blast furnace slag, compacted silicate or fly ash (Class F). The recipes of the compositions tested and the test results are set out in TABLES II, III, IV and V, below.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Class C Fly Ash    Prehydrated     Sea     Class C                  Initial       FoamedSample    Bentonite     Water         Barite*             Fly Ash*                  Density                      "AQF-2"                           "HC-2"                                Density                                    FoamNo. bbl   bbl %   %    ppg % BVOW                           % BVOW                                ppg Stability__________________________________________________________________________1   1     1   0   100  13  4    2    --  too thick to foam2   1     1   50  50   13  4    2    9.7 thinner, stable3   1     1   85  15   13  4    2    10.1                                    stable4   1     2   15  85   13  1    0.5  9.7 viscous, stable5   1     2   0   100  13  2    1    9.7 stable__________________________________________________________________________Rheology(rpms - dial reading from a rotary viscometer)Sample No. 600    300       200                     100       6  3__________________________________________________________________________1     --     --        -- --        -- --2     112    92        81 66        28 253     80     62        50 35        12 114     186    141       128                     117       59 565     110    94        88 79        34 31__________________________________________________________________________ *Percent of barite and other hydraulic material is added in an amount necessary for achieving a 13 lb/gal density of unfoamed drilling fluid.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________SLAG    Prehydrated     Sea          Initial       FoamedSample    Bentonite     Water         Barite*             Slag*                  Density                      "AQF-2"                           "HC-2"                                Density                                    FoamedNo. bbl   bbl %   %    ppg % BVOW                           % BVOW                                ppg Stability__________________________________________________________________________1   1     1   0   100  15  4    2    10.5                                    too thick to foam2   1     1   0   100  13  4    2    9.8 stable3   1     1   15  85   15  4    2    10.4                                    stable4   1     1   50  50   15  4    2    10.4                                    stable5   1     1   85  15   15  4    2    9.9 stable.sup. 6.sup.a    1     0.5 85  15   15  4    2    9.7 stable__________________________________________________________________________Rheology(rpms - dial readings from a rotary viscometer)Sample No. 600    300       200                     100       6  3__________________________________________________________________________1     175    161       148                     123       48 352     82     70        67 63        32 233     93     74        68 62        48 354     78     56        41 34        27 255     60     38        30 24        21 196     113    74        62 49        33 32__________________________________________________________________________ *Percent of barite and other hydraulic material is added in an amount necessary for achieving a 13 lb/gal density of unfoamed drilling fluid .sup.a 1.0 "PACL" additive was added (grams/1600 cc volume)
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________(Fumed Silica)    Prehydrated     Sea     Fumed                  Initial       FoamedSample    Bentonite     Water         Barite.sup.a             Silica.sup.a                  Density                      "AQF-2"                           "HC-2"                                Density                                    FoamedNo. bbl   bbl %   %    ppg % BVOW                           % BVOW                                ppg Stability__________________________________________________________________________1   1     1   15  85   13  4    2    --  too thick* to foam2   1     1   50  50   13  4    2    10  stable*3   1     0.5 85  15   15  4    2    10.5                                    stable4   1     1.5 75  25   15  2    1    9.8 stable5   1     0.5 85  15   15  4    2    10  stable             (active)**__________________________________________________________________________Rheology(rpms - dial readings from a rotary viscometer)Sample No. 600    300       200                     100       6  3__________________________________________________________________________1.sup. --     --        -- --        -- --2.sup. 126    81        67 50        22 193.sup.1 190    126       102                     71        30 294.sup.2 144    96        78 57        31 305.sup.3 138    86        69 47        16 15__________________________________________________________________________ *15 g "Supericizer **Liguid Suspension of fumed silica (50% active) .sup.a Percent of barite and other hydraulic material is added in an amount necessary for achieving a 13 lb/gal density of the unfoamed drilling fluid .sup.1 0.75 g "PACL", 1.5 g "HALAD344" added (grams/1600 cc volume) .sup.2 0.5 g "PACL", 1 g "SSMA" added (grams/1600 cc volume) .sup.3 1 g "PACL" additive (grams/1600 cc volume)
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________Class F Fly Ash    Prehydrated     Sea     Class F                  Initial         FoamedSample    Bentonite     Water         Barite*             Fly Ash*                  Density                      "AQF-2"                             "HC-2"                                  Density                                       FoamNo. bbl   bbl %   %    ppg % BVOW % BVOW                                  ppg  Stability__________________________________________________________________________1   1     1   85  15   15  2      1    10   not stable2   1     1   85  15   15  4      2    10.5 stable3   1     1   75  25   15  (Howco Suds)2                             1    9.6  stableRheology(rpms - dial readings from a rotary viscometer)Sample No. 600  300 200 100 6   3   Other Additives grams/1600 cc__________________________________________________________________________                          volume1      300+      187 137 79  10  7   4 g "LAP-1".sup.1, 0.7 g "SSMA".sup.22     192  139 105 70  53  45  1 g "PAC-L"3     225  147 116 78  21  19  4 g "LAP-1", 1 g "LP-55"__________________________________________________________________________ *Percent of barite and other hydraulic material is added in an amount necessary for achieving a 13 lb/gal density of the unfoamed drilling flui .sup.1 "LAP1" is an additive obtained from Halliburton Energy Services, Duncan, Oklahoma .sup.2 "SSMA" is sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride available from Alco, a division of National Starch and Chemical Company in Bridgewater, New Jersey
Referring now to TABLES II-V, it is seen that foam stabilities are provided using various hydraulic materials.
The present invention of utilizing foamed drilling fluid has a number of benefits, such as increasing the drilling fluid viscosity for cleaning the wellbore and carrying solids, imparting fluid loss control to the drilling fluid, adding volume to the original fluid, imparting gel strength to stabilize the wellbore and minimize washed out regions, and allowing easy adjustment of the drilling fluid density.
Thus, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those which are inherent therein. While numerous changes may be made by those skilled in the art, such changes are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. A method of performing drilling operations comprising the steps of:
drilling a wellbore;
providing a foamable drilling fluid comprising a prehydrated clay, water, a foaming surfactant present in an amount sufficient to foam said drilling fluid, a stabilizing surfactant present in an amount sufficient to reduce breakdown of said drilling fluid when foamed, and a hydraulic material;
foaming said drilling fluid; and
circulating said foamed drilling fluid in said wellbore.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said clay is selected from bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said water is selected from fresh water, sea water or brine.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said foaming surfactant is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said foaming surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of said water.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said stabilizing surfactant comprises a cocoamine betaine.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said stabilizing surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by volume of said water.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said drilling fluid comprises barite.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said barite and said hydraulic material are collectively present in said drilling fluid in an amount necessary for providing said drilling fluid with an unfoamed density in the range from about 9 to about 17 pounds per gallon.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic material is selected from Portland cement, siliceous material, blast furnace slag, or pozzolans.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the density of said foamed drilling fluid is in the range from about 6 to about 13 pounds per gallon.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said clay is selected from bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite; said water is selected from fresh water, sea water, or brine; said foaming surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of said water and is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates; said stabilizing surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by volume of said water and comprises a cocoamine betaine; said hydraulic material is selected from Portland cement, siliceous material, blast furnace slag, or pozzolans; and wherein the density of said foamed drilling fluid is in the range from about 6 to about 13 pounds per gallon.
13. A method of performing drilling operations comprising the steps of:
providing a foamable drilling fluid comprising a prehydrated clay, water selected from sea water or brine, a foaming surfactant present in an amount sufficient to foam said drilling fluid, a stabilizing surfactant present in an amount sufficient to reduce breakdown of said drilling fluid when foamed;
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said clay is selected from bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite.
15. The method claim 13 wherein said foaming surfactant is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein said foaming surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of said water.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein said stabilizing surfactant comprises a cocoamine betaine.
18. The method of claim 13 wherein said stabilizing surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by volume of said water.
19. The method of claim 13 wherein the density of said foamed drilling fluid is in the range from about 6 to about 13 pounds per gallon.
20. The method of claim 13 wherein said clay is selected from bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite; said foaming surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of said water and is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates; said stabilizing surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by volume of said water and comprises a cocoamine betaine; and wherein the density of the foamed drilling fluid composition is in the range from about 6 to about 13 pounds per gallon.
21. The method of claim 13 further comprising a hydraulic material selected from Portland cement, siliceous material, blast furnace slag, or pozzolans.
22. The method of claim 13 wherein said drilling fluid comprises barite.
23. The method of claim 13 wherein said drilling fluid comprises a hydraulic material and barite wherein said hydraulic material and barite are collectively present in said drilling fluid in an amount necessary for providing said drilling fluid with an unfoamed density in the range from about 9 to about 17 pounds per gallon.
providing a foamable drilling fluid comprising a prehydrated clay, water, a foaming surfactant present in an amount sufficient to foam said drilling fluid, and a stabilizing surfactant present in an amount sufficient to reduce breakdown of said drilling fluid when foamed wherein said stabilizing surfactant comprises a cocoamine betaine;
26. The method of claim 24 wherein said foaming surfactant is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates.
30. The method of claim 24 wherein said clay is selected from bentonite, attapulgite, or sepiolite; said foaming surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 1% to about 4% by volume of said water and is selected from α-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, or salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates; said stabilizing surfactant is present in said drilling fluid in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by volume of said water; and wherein the density of said foamed drilling fluid is in the range from about 6 to about 13 pounds per gallon.
31. A method of performing offshore drilling operations comprising the steps of:
circulating a foamed drilling fluid in the wellbore; and
circulating the foamed drilling fluid into the offshore water at the sea floor.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the drilling operations are at depths in excess of 2000 feet of water.
33. The method of claim 31 wherein the foamed drilling fluid comprises:
a prehydrated clay;
water;
a foaming surfactant present in an amount sufficient to foam the drilling fluid;
a stabilizing surfactant present in an amount sufficient to reduce breakdown of said drilling fluid when foamed; and
a gas present in an amount sufficient to foam said drilling fluid.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the drilling fluid further comprises a hydraulic material.
US08/957,268 1995-09-08 1997-10-23 Method of performing well drilling operations with a foamable drilling fluid Expired - Lifetime US5851960A (en)
US08/525,885 US5716910A (en) 1995-09-08 1995-09-08 Foamable drilling fluid and methods of use in well drilling operations
US08/957,268 US5851960A (en) 1995-09-08 1997-10-23 Method of performing well drilling operations with a foamable drilling fluid
US08/525,885 Division US5716910A (en) 1995-09-08 1995-09-08 Foamable drilling fluid and methods of use in well drilling operations
US08/525,885 Expired - Fee Related US5716910A (en) 1995-09-08 1995-09-08 Foamable drilling fluid and methods of use in well drilling operations
US08/957,268 Expired - Lifetime US5851960A (en) 1995-09-08 1997-10-23 Method of performing well drilling operations with a foamable drilling fluid
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text:
package Chat;

public class Constants {

	public static final int AS_PORT = 7777;
	public static final int TGS_PORT = 7778;
	public static final int CLIENT1_PORT = 5001;
	public static final int CLIENT2_PORT = 5002;
	public static final String HOST = "127.0.0.1";

	public static final String IV = "RandomInitVector";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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[Source: SportAccord] SportAccord President Raffaele Chiulli led the praise of Regional SportAccord Pan America 2019 as the inaugural event drew to a close yesterday at the Greater
Search begins for 2023 UCI Cycling World Championships CEO
[Source: EventScotland] Recruitment is underway for the position of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the 2023 UCI Cycling World Championships along with four Independent Board Members.
My Herculean feat and Titanic disaster
I have been asked to talk on the subject of Herculean feats and Titanic disasters. My Herculean feat and Titanic disaster happened in 2012.
Fort Lauderdale ready to welcome sporting world to inaugural Regional SportAccord Pan America 2019
[Source: SportAccord] Hundreds of leading sports officials and executives are arriving in Fort Lauderdale from across the globe to explore development opportunities in the Americas
9th Dec, 2019
Queensland government confirms it backs 2032 Olympic Games bid
The State Government of Queensland confirmed on Monday 9th December that it has given the green light to bidding for the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
World Choir Games 2020 breaks records
Registration for the World Choir Games 2020 closed on December 2, with a record 542 choirs from 69 countries and regions registering.
Nitro Circus kicks off host city procurement process with TSC
(Source: The Sports Consultancy) Nitro Circus, the world's largest action sports brand, has appointed The Sports Consultancy
2nd Dec, 2019
Stunning Ekaterinburg to host SportAccord 2021
[Source: SportAccord] SportAccord is delighted to announce that the dynamic and historic Russian city of Ekaterinburg will host the 2021 edition of the annual World Sport & Business Summit.
Scotland and Queensland sign events MOU at Host City 2019
[Source: EventScotland] EventScotland and Tourism and Events Queensland (TEQ) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) during a meeting between the two organisations at Host City 2019.
Event leaders chart their course together at Host City 2019
300 delegates and 30 exhibitors from all around the world gathered in Glasgow over two days to hear a range of high-profile speakers from the fields of sport, culture, business and medicine deliver
GL events UK enters new global collaboration
Scott Jameson, GL events UK managing director, commented: "This partnership was the natural progression of the two organisations working together to deliver major events including the Gold Coast 20
Major event leaders resolve to innovate and cocreate at Host City 2019
Around 300 delegates heard high-profile figures, including David Lappartient, President of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Sir Craig Reedie GBE of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
21st Nov, 2019
Choir Games ambassadors to open Host City 2019 conference
Singing unites nations.
Thank you for the music! How Choir Games impact cities
Choir Games shape their host cities in a unique way.
Inspiring you to tap into the purple pound
At London 2012 Paralympics, Steven Hawking stated, "We are all different, there is no such thing as a standard or run-of-the-mill human being, but we all share the same human spirit".
How do you recoup a £1 billion investment?
On the surface, the investment of £1 billion on a new stadium could have been better timed.
Leading the content revolution
Host City 2019, the largest meeting of sports, business and cultural events, is delighted to be working with Strategic Partner and Silver Sponsor, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) – the world'
UCI shares Host City's philosophy of "Innovate, Reformulate, Co-Create"
Host City: What are your expectations of Host City 2019 and its theme of "Innovate, Reformulate, Co-Create"?
Munich to host multi-sport European Championships in 2022
[Source: European Championships Management] The EC2022 Board is pleased to announce that Munich will host the 2022 European Championships following unanimous approval of their bid by the participat
WTA Montreal ATP City Association Youth Olympics India intelligent parking Marketing Stuttgart Leeds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Which Schools Have Online Video Game Design and Programming Degrees?
Show Related Q&As Video Game Programming Degree Programs Where Can I Find Video Game Design Career Training in Washington State? Online Video Game Design Schools What Are the Courses in a Bachelor's Degree Program in Video Game Design?
If you're drawn to games and technology but have a busy schedule at work and home, online degree opportunities in video game design might be a good fit for you. Learn about distance education programs in video game design and programming in the following article. Schools offering Game Production degrees can also be found in these popular choices.
Online video game design and programming degrees provide students with the creative vision to conceive game ideas and the technical know-how to make them a reality. An online video game design and programming education can be found through several web-based programs in game design and game production. Read on to learn more about some of these online opportunities.
What Are the Courses in a Bachelor's Degree Program in Video Game Design?


text:
package pl.java.scalatech.config.h2;

import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.sql.DataSource;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
import org.springframework.dao.annotation.PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaDialect;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.Database;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import net.sf.log4jdbc.tools.Log4JdbcCustomFormatter;
import net.sf.log4jdbc.tools.LoggingType;
import pl.java.scalatech.jpa.CustomHibernateJpaDialect;
@Profile(value="h2")
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackages = "pl.java.scalatech.repository")
@PropertySource("classpath:spring-data.properties")
@Slf4j
public abstract class JpaConfig {

    @Autowired
    private Environment env;

    @Value("${dataSource.driverClassName}")
    protected String driver;

    @Value("${dataSource.url}")
    protected String url;

    @Value("${dataSource.username}")
    protected String username;

    @Value("${dataSource.password}")
    protected String password;

    @Value("${hibernate.dialect}")
    protected String dialect;

    @Value("${hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto}")
    protected Boolean hbm2ddlAuto;

    @Value("${hibernate.show.sql}")
    protected Boolean showSql;

    @Value("${jpa.package}")
    protected String jpaPackage;

    @Value("${jpa.hikariMaxPoolSize}")
    protected int maxPoolSize;

    @Value("${jpa.hikariConnectionTimeoutMs}")
    protected long connectionTimeoutMs;

    @Value("${jpa.hikariIdleTimeoutMs}")
    protected long idleTimeoutMs;

    @Value("${jpa.hikariMaxLifetimeMs}")
    protected long maxLifetimeMs;

    @Value("${jpa.hikariRegisterMbeans}")
    protected boolean registerMbeans;

    public abstract void dataSourceConfigure(HikariConfig hikariConfig) throws SQLException;
    public abstract Database dataBase();

    @Bean
    public DataSource datasource() throws SQLException{
        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
        dataSourceConfigure(config);
        config.setMaximumPoolSize(maxPoolSize);
       // config.setConnectionTimeout(connectionTimeoutMs);
        config.setIdleTimeout(idleTimeoutMs);
        config.setMaxLifetime(maxLifetimeMs);
        config.setRegisterMbeans(registerMbeans);
        config.setPoolName("pool");

        HikariDataSource dataSource = new HikariDataSource(config);
        return dataSource;
}

    @Bean
    public PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager() {
        return new JpaTransactionManager();
    }

    @Bean
    public PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor exceptionTranslation() {
        return new PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor();
    }

    public Map<String, Object> jpaProperties() {
        Map<String, Object> props = new HashMap<>();
        /*
         * props.put("hibernate.cache.use_query_cache", "true");
         * props.put("hibernate.cache.region.factory_class", "org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory");
         * props.put("hibernate.cache.provider_class", "org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory");
         * props.put("hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache", "true");
         */
        return props;
    }

    @Bean
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean entityManagerFactory() throws SQLException {
        log.info("+++ entityManagerFactory started ...");
        LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean lef = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
        lef.setJpaDialect(customJpaDialect());
        lef.setDataSource(datasource());
        lef.setJpaVendorAdapter(jpaVendorAdapter());
        lef.setJpaPropertyMap(jpaProperties());
        lef.setPackagesToScan(jpaPackage); // eliminate persistence.xml
        return lef;
    }

    @Bean
    public JpaVendorAdapter jpaVendorAdapter() {
        HibernateJpaVendorAdapter hibernateJpaVendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
        hibernateJpaVendorAdapter.setShowSql(showSql);
        hibernateJpaVendorAdapter.setGenerateDdl(hbm2ddlAuto);
        hibernateJpaVendorAdapter.setDatabase(dataBase());
        hibernateJpaVendorAdapter.setDatabasePlatform(dialect);
        return hibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
    }

    @Bean
    public Log4JdbcCustomFormatter logFormater() {
        Log4JdbcCustomFormatter formatter = new Log4JdbcCustomFormatter();
        formatter.setLoggingType(LoggingType.SINGLE_LINE);
        formatter.setSqlPrefix("SQL:\r");
        return formatter;
    }

    public JpaDialect customJpaDialect() {
        return new CustomHibernateJpaDialect();
    }

}


text:
Production-spec Maruti Ignis spied undisguised for the first time
14/12/2016 - 17:23 | Maruti Ignis, Maruti Suzuki, Spy pictures | Aravind Jayachandran
Will go on sale on January 13, reportedly.
The production-spec Maruti Ignis has been spied undisguised for the first time by Team-BHP reader, RavenAvi. The Ignis is reported to launch for sale in India on January 13, although Maruti Suzuki has not confirmed the launch date, yet.
The Maruti Ignis spied seems to be the top-end variant, featuring gloss black 16 inch alloy rims, LED DRLs, Bi-Xenon projector headlamps, rear windscreen wiper, black ORVM caps and a gloss-black painted roof. However, it doesn't feature silver roof rails or chrome door handles that were seen in the Maruti Ignis Concept at the Auto Expo 2016.
The exterior color of the Ignis spied appears to be finished in the Baleno's Fire Red color. It measures 3,700 mm long, 1,660 mm wide, 1,595 mm high, has a wheelbase of 2,435 mm and ground clearance of 180 mm.
The Ignis is reported to launch in both 1.2 K12B petrol and 1.3 DDiS diesel variants with an AMT option, and will be Maruti's second product to ride on the Baleno's lightweight platform. To be sold through Maruti's NEXA dealerships, the Ignis is expected to be launched at prices ranging between INR 5.5 Lakhs – INR 7.3 Lakhs (ex-showroom).
[Source: Team-BHP]
Maruti Ignis Concept


text:
Senator Biden makes it up out of thin air
The article What Senator Biden says it says: What the article says:
Kenneth Ayotte & David A. Skeel, Jr., Why Do Distressed Companies Choose Delaware? An Empirical Analysis of Venue Choice in Bankruptcy (manuscript dated October 18, 2004) "Using a multivariate regression analysis, [Ayotte and Skeel] concluded that LoPucki's study is faulty." The article makes no criticism whatsoever of any of my studies.
Robert K. Rasmussen & Randall S. Thomas, Whither the Race? A Comment on the Effects of the Delawarization of Corporate Reorganizations, 54 Vanderbilt Law Review 283 (2001) "LoPucki's study has been repeatedly criticized by a number of important scholars. Vanderbilt law professors Robert Rasmussen and Randall Thomas analyzed LoPucki's methodology and concluded that it is significantly flawed . . . ." In an early draft of their article, Rasmussen and Thomas charged that a certain aspect of the my research was "seriously flawed." They removed that charge prior to publication and in the published version said they "have no quarrel with [LoPucki's] factual findings." Page 285.
Harvey R. Miller, Chapter 11 Reorganization Cases and the Delaware Myth, 55 Vanderbilt Law Review 1987 (2001) "One of the country's premier bankruptcy law practitioners, Harvey Miller, conducted a statistical study on the issue and concluded that LoPucki's claims are 'the stuff of myths.'" Miller doesn't claim to have statistically disproven any of my claims.
"This Article does not dispute that the recidivism rates for . . . reorganizations are higher in Delaware than in all other jurisdictions minus the Southern District of New York." Page 2004.
"While critics of Delaware contend that there is something wrong with how the Delaware Bankruptcy Court deals with reorganization cases, their critiques are the stuff of myths." Page 2017.


If you want to use "special" characters like & © ½ you have to type a reference code in the HTML document or most browsers will not reproduce the correct character.
The most reliable way to insert special characters is to use decimal entity notation. Some characters have four methods of reference: named, decimal, hexadecimal, and UTF-8 (Unicode). The most universally understood form across browsers and platforms is decimal, but the named versions are likely to be easier to remember.
This is a list of some common special characters and their codes. All these codes start with an ampersand and end with a semi-colon. Note that because the ampersand is used to signal to the browser that what follows is a character code, the ampersand has its own code too!


text:
Q: How do I use Yarn's `.pnp.js` file? Using Yarn 2, the default installation method creates a .pnp.js file (Plug'n'Play) instead of a node_modules directory.
How do I use this file to run my Node application?

A: To run a Node application with Yarn's Plug'n'Play you must preload the .pnp.js file using the --require flag.
node --require ./.pnp.js foo.js

Note: Make sure that the --require path starts with ./ or ../.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Making World on Fire
Clip: Ep1 | 2m 51s
The cast describe what it was really like to film the epic and international series.
The Cast's Favorite Wartime Songs
The stars of World on Fire share their personal favorite World War II era tunes!
Re-Creating Warsaw
Get a behind-the-scenes look at how 1930's Warsaw was re-created for the series.
Emotionally gripping World War II drama World on Fire premieres on Sunday, April 5, 2020.
World on Fire, an adrenalized, emotionally gripping and resonant World War II drama, follows the intertwining fates of ordinary people in five countries as they grapple with the effects of the war on their everyday lives. Starring Helen Hunt, Sean Bean, Jonah Hauer-King and more, the series premieres on Sunday, April 5, 2020 at 9/8c.
Funding for MASTERPIECE is provided by Viking and Raymond James with additional support from public television viewers and contributors to The MASTERPIECE Trust, created to help ensure the series' future.
Filming Begins on World on Fire Season 2
Filming has begun on the return of the MASTERPIECE and BBC hit drama World on Fire. Season 2 will take viewers from the streets of Britain into occupied France, Nazi Germany, and to the sands of the North African desert, where British troops struggle to adapt to a very different kind of combat.
Explore Masterpiece Shows


Potato chips and projects are very similar. You are never satisfied with just one. And even if you eat so many chips or do so many projects that you feel a bit weak in the knees and unsettled in the stomach, it doesn't take too long to forget about the bad and continue with the good! And the beauty and frustration of projects is that once you finish, you just can't stop. You are happy you finished, but you immediately start thinking about how you can improve upon it and make the project even better!
That is how I came up with Night Bike 2.0. The first version was great, but I thought I could make it even better. And in the two years since I first published Night Bike (seen here), I've revamped it into the far more advanced and sophisticated version 2.0.
The hurdles I ran into while using my Night Bike were that the paint dimmed after awhile, and I preferred the crisp glow that you get just after charging the paint. I also struggled with my own space cadet nature and sometimes would forget to take it out of my work closet to charge before I left and then was sorry out of luck.
I needed some more glowing security on a budget because I'm definitely not made of money!
So after two years of tinkering with electrical circuits by dusting off some high school physics and a lot of help from the google, I've come up with Night Bike 2.0.
This bike is fantastic, I can store it away in my closet at work and if I forget about it there is no need to worry! I can charge it as I ride. I added violet LED lights which are placed to evenly charge the paint on the tires as you peddle (the blue dulled fastest) and to charge the frame as well! There are many settings to choose from on the bike so it can just be extra "flashy" if you want it to be.
Hopefully with this instructable you'll find this addition fairly easy, I've tried to endure all the headaches for you :) and as always I will comment if there are questions!
> Matches (To heat the heat shrink tubing), heat gun will also work.
Surprisingly bikes are very conducive to a lot of electrical wiring for lights! The frame itself is a natural way to conceal wires and to protect them from the elements.
Alright so let's dig in!
With a pencil in hand you will need to mark where to you have to drill in the frame of the bike. My bike needed a total of 18 holes. You want to try to minimize the number of holes you make! I started with the switch because I knew that I wanted that directly where the handle bars meet the top tube of the frame. It makes it easy for me to click on and off. So I put an x there for a hole. Next, I needed to figure out where I wanted the battery pack. I put it underneath the seat because that would hide it. I also wanted to make sure that in case I grew 6 inches in my old age instead of shrinking I could adjust my seat all the way up and still have the battery pack reach the lights. So I added an extension to be connected where the seat post meets the top tube. So now the top tube will have the hole to connect the battery pack to the switch and the switch to the rest of the lights!
The battery pack will power the switch, and all other wiring will come from the switch making one continuous loop. So now I wanted lights on the bottom of the top tube, both of the back seat stays, the fork, the seat and the handlebars. Figure 1 shows this clearly.
In order to light up all of these parts I began at the switch. I marked a small hole at the bottom of the top tube beneath the switch, and another one underneath the battery pack so the wire from the first light strip could go back into the frame. Next I marked a hole .... you know what this is too many words! Take a look at the diagram, that picture is really worth a million of my words.
Also keep in mind that with a different bike layout you will need different holes. You are essentially creating a complex loop in your bike and you need to keep the loop connected, not broken, and the loop of wire is interrupted only by lights. The holes are there so that the wire will come out to connect the lights, and go back in the bike until it will pop out for the next light strand.
Follow the arrows, or create your own schematic like the one below to help you through!
will help prevent the drill from slipping, and preserve the paint.
-As you maneuver around the drill, you'll find it isn't conducive to tight spaces. You might have to adjust your holes accordingly.
After all the drilling, I had to put back on my patience cap to begin the wiring and pull out my sketched schematic to guide me. The switch that I bought came with a schematic (to let me know which was the power input, and which was the output for the lights), and it had a lot of excess wire. I saved this wire for extending the connectors, and that was really convenient because it has positive and negative wires in one bundle, so I didn't have to do the whole shindig twice.
Be patient and be mindful! Start with the switch and end with the switch! Keep in mind you are making one loop.
-When you feed the wire through the bike, it's so light that it might not pull itself towards the other hole. I did some improvising and using the chain from a dog-chain necklace, I crimped one end to the wire and fed the other end through. This made it heavy enough to fall towards the other hole. Then I used a bright light and some very narrow pliers to pull the wire out the rest of the way.
Boiled down to a very simple sentence, for the wiring you are essentially connecting a bunch of connectors together with LED lights in between them. The dilemma here is that the connector pieces will not fit through the small drilled holes, and the wire is not long enough to be fed through some parts of the bike. So cut every connector in half. After wire is fed through the holes via the above method, you will then need to solder the respective parts of the connector to each end of the wire. Once the wire is through the holes, strip the ends, and put three pieces of heat shrink tubing on it. One piece for the negative wire, one piece for the positive and one over both. After a SOLID soldering job is complete use a match to shrink the tubing onto the positive and negative wire. A match just seems cooler than a heating device though that works too. Careful not to burn yourself or the heat shrink because you will have to start over. Then purely for aesthetics shrink the other piece of heat tubing over the two smaller ones.
Tip: Please make sure that your soldering job is well done. You don't want a faulty joint holding you back at the end!
Part 4: Power it up baby!
The loop for the switch should now be complete! And that is fantastic... but you have no power! So now you need to supply a line of power to the switch to light up the hole bike.
I wanted the power supply beneath the seat for easy access and concealment. The battery pack had an output wire that was not long enough in the event that I wanted to adjust my seat up and down. So I also had to cut that in half and solder in an extension.
The schematics of the switch had a power wire and I wired that to the hole at the base of the seat and top tube. I soldered on the female connector so that the output wire of the battery pack would fit in nicely and could be disconnected at my own leisure. Put some batteries in the battery pack and you are so ready for TESTING the fruits of your labor! Get excited. And hope and pray that you made really good solder joints, and nothing went too far awry! But never fear, I have a troubleshooting section.
Part 5: The Grand Reveal!
If all the lights turn on, CONGRATS. Get yourself a nice mug of hot cocoa and admire the lights.
More than likely one or more of the lights are not functioning. Before you pull your hair out there may be a quick fix! If more than one light isn't working, remember that this is a single loop, so if one light isn't working, then all the lights in the circuit after that one won't work either. So go to the first problem light and work from there.
The first thing to check is the connector to light link. The connectors are cheap (I'm not made of money remember?) but they will work. I would disconnect the connector and try snapping it back on. If that still seems finicky, scrape a little of the excess plastic off of the top of the LED lights so that the connector teeth can more easily attach to the lights. If that doesn't work... then I'm sorry but it's time to check your soldering.
If you have a volt meter, that is the easiest way to check if a current is running through your soldering joint to see if that is the problem.
Also once you readjust the connector to make it work, you should definitely tape that sucker up so it doesn't get jostled out of place again.
If you've tinkered around and still have no luck, give me a shout in the comments! I'll do my best to help you problem solve.
So as I am looking towards Night Bike 3.0, which let's face it is inevitable, there are some thoughts I already have a brewing.
1. First of all I am looking to use a rechargeable battery pack with a waterproof case. That would ease my mind and my wallet with my current system of battery usage, it's just not sustainable. I've gotta go green! I would also like to find a means to velcro it to the seat (rather than tape, which isn't as classy).
2. Next I am in the hunt for clear electrical tape that I would use in place of the zip ties and to also reinforce the sticky substance on the back of the LED lights for a tighter bond. This clear tape could be used over the connectors as well to protect them from the elements.
3. Honestly, adding more lights couldn't hurt the bike at all!
5. It would be great to find a switch that would allow me to make the LED's "dimmable." That way they can be on all the time, but wouldn't steal from the star of the show, the glowing paint! It would be more of an enhancement to the paint rather than an entity all on its own. I am looking at this dimmer currently.
Otherwise ENJOY the bike. Safety and Style. BOOM!
I have a very primative setup compaired to this, but I repurposed a battery from an old laptop and used pvc glue to seal all cracks and holes.
for attaching leds, 3M make a 2 sided tape for car moldings and emblems that you can find in most any auto parts store. it's thin foam so has some give to it for mild curves and textures, and since it's made for the outside of cars there's no amount of bike abuse that it can't handle.
I love the effect and need a similar system for my vehicle but unfortunately the drill points will could weaken ANY frame material to the point of catastrophic failure . I suggest for no movement points you can pass the power thru adhesive copper strips used for PCB repair , paint or decals will cover. For the forks you can pass the power thru any small gauge wires wrapped around the break cables . my 2 cents keep working on it , it looks great .
Thanks for the suggestion, if folks don't want to drill they can take a look at your tips. Though I am really confident my bike isn't near catastrophic failure even with a few small drill holes. It's sturdy as an ox.
I'm an engineer you always assume the lowest poorest construction ... no one wants to see someone hurt ..
To help with tape adhesion, clean the area with rubbing alcohol then warm it up with a blow dryer, real warm.
That's a good tip, I was just worried about the paint surrounding the LED, so didn't want to go too gung-ho with rubbing alcohol to clean it up.
Back when I was in the custom car biz we used acetone and toluene to prep for attaching groups effect kits. I think rubbing alcohol would be safe. This was to remove any dirt or wax. Since yours is fresh, non baked, paint a real good washing would certainly be a must.
As far as the holes weakening anything..... Someone needs to take their paranoia hat off and use some common sense. A 1/4" hole isn't going to weaken anything, even one of those bamboo frame rigs could stand that, and do during manufacturing.
Another option for your tape/zip tie dilemma could be a hot glue gun. It dries clear and can be used to reinforce solders/wires/LEDs. Great ible!
I didn't even think about a hot glue gun! I might try a dab of it.
hahahahah thanks for the comment!
Thanks for the instructable. One tape that is close to electrical tape that is clear is "3M Plastic Tape" It's a very good quality tape and comes in lots of colors + clear. There are also some battery holders which are 100% enclosed and could easily make them water tight (at mouser.com) They're only about a buck each.
So which paint and source do you now reccomend?
It sure would. I love the zipper bag you have for the electronics under the seat!


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P.S. My name is Adele.


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A Durango High School-student created Twitter account bashes teachers with a religious slur and inferences to domestic violence and sexual assault. Durango School District 9-R is working to remove the site for its abusive statements and because it uses the copyrighted logo without permission.
Cyberbullying on social media has been happening across the country, and now, after a couple of episodes at Durango High School involving students bullying students, it's a case of students cyberbullying teachers.
A Twitter handle established in mid-October, which contains a profanity and uses both the term 9-R and the Demons' copyrighted logo, has a feed full of obscenities, a religious slur, accusations of inappropriate actions with students and suggestions of domestic violence regarding teachers at Durango High School. Tweets like these can damage teachers' careers and reputations.
The site currently has 84 followers, many of them using their full names and photos, and several of them are involved in extracurricular activities such as sports, making them subject to both the Student and the Activities codes of conduct.
Dan Snowberger, 9-R superintendent, said in an email that a number of actions are being taken.
The school district in both of the previous cyberbullying cases was able to have the sites removed, mostly for impersonation – illegally using the school's logo – and abusive content.
The school district tries to address the problem and educate students on responsible social media usage in several ways, Popp said in another email.
But Nyquist said a lot of responsibility falls on parents.
The only real authority the district or the college has to ask that a site be taken down is misuse of the logo, Nyquist said.
Two other student-made Twitter sites, both of which have been dormant for at least eight months, refer to things two DHS coaches say and use profanity in the handles. They do not use the copyrighted DHS logo.
The school district told the Herald earlier Thursday, when the newspaper pursued the story because it is cyberbullying, that they believe media coverage validates the behavior and encourages copycats.
"We regret that The Durango Herald chooses to highlight these activities in their paper and as a result is party to the slander," Snowberger said in his email.


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text:
package armelastic_test

import (
	"context"
	"log"

	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity"
	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/elastic/armelastic"
)

// Generated from example definition: https://github.com/Azure/azure-rest-api-specs/tree/main/specification/elastic/resource-manager/Microsoft.Elastic/preview/2022-07-01-preview/examples/AssociatedFiltersForDeployment_list.json
func ExampleListAssociatedTrafficFiltersClient_List() {
	cred, err := azidentity.NewDefaultAzureCredential(nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("failed to obtain a credential: %v", err)
	}
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := armelastic.NewListAssociatedTrafficFiltersClient("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000", cred, nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("failed to create client: %v", err)
	}
	res, err := client.List(ctx, "myResourceGroup", "myMonitor", nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("failed to finish the request: %v", err)
	}
	// TODO: use response item
	_ = res
}


Striker Gonzalo Higuain has joined Chelsea on loan from Juventus for the remainder of the season, the Premier League club have announced.
But the deal has come too late for the Argentina striker to face Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup semi-final, second leg on Thursday, manager Maurizio Sarri has said.
Higuain has switched to the Premier League club from Juventus after his year-long loan spell with AC Milan was cut to less than six months.
The 31-year-old did not sign before Wednesday's midday deadline and cannot therefore play against Spurs at Stamford Bridge in a match Chelsea trail 1-0 from the first leg.
Higuain's spell at Milan started with six goals in seven games but he has only scored once in his last 12 appearances.
Sarri hopes he will rediscover the form that saw him score 38 times in their final season together at Napoli in 2015-16.
"He has had some difficulties recently, but we're hoping we can raise him back to his best form," the Italian coach added.
"He's still scored eight goals in a team that isn't at the same level as Juventus.
Sarri was keen to boost his goalscoring options after dropping misfiring Spain forward Alvaro Morata and deploying playmaker Eden Hazard as a 'false nine' in recent games.
Asked if the arrival of Higuain was a sign that the club are behind him, Sarri said: "I hope so. I think the club agree with me when I told them my opinion about the team.
Chelsea are in the fourth and final Champions League qualifying spot in the Premier League standings, three points ahead of Arsenal who beat them 2-0 on Saturday.


text:
Q: how to upload multiple images and display on website using one button in Laravel How to upload multiple images and show on webpage using one button in Larvel?
Means images are selected and uploaded with one button not two buttons.

A: You must create a migration to create the database table, the model and the form to manage the load process from the frontend side, and after making sure to validate the correct file type
'filename' => 'required',
'filename.*' => 'image|mimes:jpeg,png,jpg,gif,svg|max:xxxx'

and finally, store the images in the database.
Follow this tutorial https://appdividend.com/2018/02/05/laravel-multiple-images-upload-tutorial/