Starcloth is a great way to upgrade your event, it obscures cables and equipment from view whilst adding a glamorous sense of occasion. We have 6×3 metre sections of thick black star cloth studded with static white lights available to hire, Flame Retardant for your safety.
This starcloth flashes and flickers to the beat of the music, making it suitable for any mobile DJ or band who require a professional looking backdrop behind their booth or stage area. As its illumination source is LED it produces extremely sharp, pointsof light, yet they are much less costly than fibre optics, which were used in light curtains of the past.
Great for outdoor Events and Party's.
This lightweight bubble machine features barrel rolling wands which produces an impressive amount of bubbles.
Our remote controlled QTFX-B4 PROFESSIONAL BUBBLE MACHINE produces an extremely high amount of bubbles, with 4 fans for maximum output and quick dispersion.
With a wheel base for easy transportation and positioning and a quick drain tap at the rear it couldn't be easier to use.
Lightweight, easy to Carry around, Doesn't take long to set up.
he Equinox DJ Booth LED Starcloth System, CW is designed for the Equinox DJ Booth and projects white star lighting effects thanks to the 72 x 5mm white LEDs. The fast fixx velcro tabs make the Starcloth incredibly easy to install and has low reflective, fire retardant material for a safe, reliable performance. Included with the Starcloth is a carry bag and advanced DMX controller with multiple functions including sound activation, auto run/fade, chase modes and more.
The 1.5M LED Flame Machine from Equinox creates an extraordinary dramatic flame effect and is a must for stages, events, discos and restaurants etc. With it's 54 Ultra Bright 10mm LEDs (R: 27, B: 27) the LED Flame machine's breath taking effects will inject heat into any party and can be run continuously all night long without any worries about overheating and replacing any lamps.
Provided as pair for maximum effect.
Brings and instant party atmosphere, filling the space with bright and bubbly colours!
Utilising quad-colour LED technology the Q Colour adds intense colour to stages and performers. The fixture has a rugged chassis and provides exceptional quality, coverage and ease of use. With the ability to run built-in programs and perform full RGBW colour mixing with or without DMX control the fixture is perfect for architectural work and installation.
The Le Maitre Pea Souper is the original dry ice machine and now industry standard, the Le Maitre Pea Souper is ruggedly constructed and portable. With straightforward operation and variable output, the Le Maitre Pea Souper is convenient and capable giving 5 minutes of fog production.
This fantastic DMX Controller gives complete control over uplighting with a tap of the foot. Featuring 4 pedals for blackout, auto, audio and flood modes.
Acme has reinvented the classic gobo flower effect by powering it with a mega bright, long-lasting 250watt LED Lamp. Featuring a superior glass optical system, the new Gobo Flower produces showers of moving gobos that can be projected on walls and dance floors. Their rich, saturated colours far outshine those of conventional gobo flowers, and they will never fade.
iRock 5B Scan Light Effect multi gobo barrel light with many effects only seen in high end lighting equipment. It is DMX controllable as well as sound activated and automatically switches between sound activation and demo mode when no music is detected. The iRock can also be linked with other iSolution products to create mirrored or syncronized effects.
Classic mirror ball FX for the 21st Century!
Looks great on a plinth!
The KAM ultimate Star Cluster laser is a wide angle lighting effect with floor-to-ceiling stars and patterns, with easy to chosse combi buttons to set the scene quick, DMX and comes complete with a 4 button remote control.
The Equinox Pegasus 2 has two red, single green and a single violet laser apertures for an immense four colour quad laser light show. More than 100 laser patterns with over 300 laser effects are controlled by micro-stepping motors which ensure a smooth performance of the unit.
See our unique 3D laser in action below or scroll down to view full specification. Available to Hire by the day from Stevenage!
Great programs including Christmas, New Years Eve, Birthday and Halloween.
This easy to use laser from KAM will improve any lighting show. Simply type your message on the keyboard, select a theme or setting and this clever machine will beam it onto a hard surface.
Instant laser text! You type – it appears!
Create personalised messages for your audience!
Wireless, portable battery powered LED uplighters.
The Cougar Pack from Acme is the latest addition to the ever growing range of LED lighting effects. Featuring two LED DMX goboflowers each powered by a single Ultra Bright 10W white LED, the Cougar pack produces an array of rich saturated colours through its 11 gobos which constantly change to the beat of the music and look superb when projected against walls and dance floors.
Their intense, vibrant colours far outshine those of conventional gobo flowers and will never fade.
With 4 DMX channels to control the shutter/strobe speed, gobo selection, rotation and dimming, the Cougar Pack can create stunning cutting-edge intelligent light shows.
In addition to DMX control the Cougar pack can also be run in sound active or auto mode via its built in programmes.
Also included in the pack is a CA-8 hand controller for instant lighting shows at your fingertips and 1 x DMX cable to link the units together master/slave for a coordinated light show.
perfect starter pack with three simple to use fixtures that provide great cover and variation. Also great for expanding an existing setup this package features two linkable quad moonflower effects. These Eyebars consists of a staggering 64 red, 64 green, 64 blue, 32 white and 32 amber LEDs producing 256 narrow beams of light that give fantastic throw over a long distance. Ideal for running in Master/Slave mode with the included DMX cable they can also be set up to work in Auto, Sound Active and DMX modes. In a robust metal housing and weighing in at only 3.5kg the Eyebar is great for touring musicians, DJ's or installations.
The Equinox Interceptor MKII is a great looking lighting effect, ideal for mobile discos, parties or club installs and represents fantastic value for money. This effect light features 2 x 10W CREE quad-colour LEDs (RGBW) that create multi-coloured beams of light that rotate and twist at varying speeds via its 16 lenses. The Interceptor works via sound activation or DMX with stunning built-in patterns.
LED Laser KAM GoboStar White.
The Kam KSM Vegas – A High powered vertical smoke machine with multicolour LED FX.1500w heater.
Removable 2.5 litre tank capacity.
Supplied with wireless remote control.
Available in 6×3 metre sections, our Star Cloth is thick and flame retardant. With several settings available, the LED 'stars' will set the atmosphere and flash or twinkle all night!
This lightweight centrepiece fires out dozens of amazingly bright red, green, blue, white and amber beams, reflecting from mirrors that tilt up and down. Suitable for mobile DJs along with clubs and discos, the Triclops is an exciting LED centrepiece effect which creates a superb lightshow. The fixture can be operated in sound active, auto, master/slave or DMX modes.
Powerful and compact LED Uplighters with a variety of modes and colours – they can even 'dance' to the music.
Uplighters sit on the ground and are positioned to flood the wall with colour from the floor to ceiling. Our Uplighters each hold 229 LEDs each and can be set to spectrum of colours.
LED Uplighters are surprising small and take up very little floor space. Strategically placing 6-8 uplighters will transform any space into a warm and welcoming room.
Our LED Uplighters can also be used in DMX mode which makes them ideal for stage shows and dance floors!
These 40cm mirror balls are ideal to be used with pinspot lights and a motor, creating a beautiful starry effect on the walls and ceilings. Great for parties, events or even shop window displays and venue decoration.
Powerful Moving Head for Pro DJ, clubs & smaller discotheques. Excellent optics for sharp gobos and big light output. Several working modes: 5 DMX-channels (pan, tilt, gobo wheel, color wheel, strobe/shutter) Stand alone, 1 unit (internal microphone) Master/Slave, several units (internal microphone) Optional CA-8 controller for additional functions available 11 dichronic colours + white, rainbow effect. 14+1 fantastic gobos , Blackout and variable strobe, Built in programs and micro for easy stand alone 'Master/slave' mode!
Fantastic moving head light effect! With quick and easy installation, simple addressing, and pre-programmed function.
Enjoy various lighting shows at your fingertips.
The Equinox Orbital is a compact moving head, powered by a high output 25 watt LED source that hammers out rotating gobos and colours with stunning brightness and precision. Despite its immense brightness, the Orbital consumes only 106 watts of power. Inside the lightweight and sleek housing is a multitude of high end features and effects, including 7 rotating gobos plus white and a separate colour wheel featuring 8 colours plus white. Also included in its armory is a variable speed strobe effect and 0-100% dimming.
4 x Par Can Lights on a tripod with 4 x coloured gels. Controller can be set to static or flash. Lamps are 300 watts. Available in long nose chrome or short nose in black.
DMX address can be set remotely by iLead controller.
Gobo wheel: 14 gobo's plus open blackout, including 1 replaceable gobo, 2 glass gobos, 1 effect gobo, and 10 metal gobo's.
Smoke Machine – Small but powerful. Great for house parties, small venue or pub.
An ideal machine for easy operation that is perfect for smaller venues.
Not suitable for use where a smoke detector is active.
Smoke fluid medium density. Hanging bracket and clamp provided.
Fluid Consumption Rate : 60 min / 0.8 litre.
Wired switch. On and Off.
A compact powerful smoke machine with a 1000 watt heater. The DJ Blaster 1000 produces a jet of dense smoke to help emphasise lights and add impact to shows. It can be used with the supplied wired remote control or a wireless remote, that can work up to 25 metres away. Two LEDs on the rear let you know when the fogger is ready and warming up. The liquid level indicator is clear to see on the back so there is no need to run out of liquid. Use it on the floor or hung from a lighting stand or trussing. Supplied with 5 litres of haze fluid.
Perfect for dance parties or spooky themed parties! Our smoke machines are extra large, produce enough smoke to fill a large room in 3-4 seconds and feature wireless remotes. high output 566 cubic metres per minute, 1x wireless remote, DMX board control option . Warning, turn off when not in use, do not let the machine run out of smoke liquid when running.
The VS-1500 is designed to cater for mobile DJs and bands who want a high output fogger.
Inside its sleek metal housing is an electronic thermal control taking care of the heat exchanger temperature ensuring a perfect fog every time.
A removable built-in LCD timer remote control with a 2.5M cable length is fitted neatly into the back of the unit to allow control from a distance. Extra DMX cables can be added to achieve further control distances.
Buttons on the VS-T remote controll include interval, duration, output, manual and DMX modes, giving the user total control over times and fog volume on each burst.
Soundlab Snow Machine – Great for making artificial snow flakes. Houses large container for prolonged usage. Ideal for parties, events, theatre or any performance where a snow effect is required. Includes controller for snow flake volume adjustment.
A great heavy duty snow machine, it has a decent fan and throws the high out put of the snow a long way.
From just £30 per day!
The portable and compact Nebula Blizzard is the ideal companion for anyone who needs to launch an avalanche of foamy snow at a moment's notice. Mount at floor level and you have a blanket of ground cover. Fix to truss or a lighting bar and create your own foam party with foam falling over the audience. A screw-top 1 litre tank holds Lanta Snow Fluid securely enough to prevent accidental spills from knocks and bangs.
With the power to transform any dance floor the Firecracker is the product of cutting-edge lighting technology. Small and compact, the fixture comes with a durable, high-tech plastic case that protects it from damage during transportation, set-up and breakdown. The Firecracker lets users change strobe speeds and adjust dimming from 0-100% percent via a standard DMX lighting controller. Speed and dimming control knobs are also located on the rear of the unit for DJ's who want to operate the Firecracker without a controller. The strobe also can be set to operate in sound-active mode, in which it will flash along to the beat of the music.
UV (Ultra Violet) lights make whites and bright colours glow in darkened rooms. Perfect for neon or white themed parties our great range of UV lights are sure to impress. Also known as Black Lights, the UV light projected from these units will make all bright colours glow!
Soundlab 1224 mm UV Blacklight Cage Fittings & tubes.
A high quality metal enclosure for blacklight tubes. Product features a ballast instant start, hanging brackets, and metal mesh grill. Finished in black.
This powerful 400W UV cannon will fill a variety of venues with an outstanding UV glow. The unit has been specially designed to house a 400W blacklight lamp (not included) and also features a protective front grille and hanging bracket. This high output fixture will transform any event, club, bowling alley or stage by creating a wide spread of atmospheric UV light.
A very quick and easy way to get the party started, turn on the UV lights!


More than 50 commercial displays from LG Electronics have earned Crestron Connected certification for enhanced control system compatibility.
By joining forces with Crestron Electronics, LG has created a broad portfolio of digital signage monitors designed to provide customers a higher level of integration convenience and reliability. To date, eight series of LG digital signage displays available worldwide – in 32- to 65-inch class sizes – are certified as Crestron Connected. Other models are undergoing certification testing.
As part of the Crestron Connected program, LG is embedding Crestron control software into its commercial displays, which allows certified partners to natively connect, communicate and monitor activity from one central location. Because each display can be connected directly to the Crestron Network and recognized as a native Crestron device, customers will be able to monitor and manage their LG displays through any web-enabled computer or mobile device without the use of an external control system. LG commercial displays also can show emergency messaging from Crestron controls.


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Revision as of 03:16, 9 November 2012 by Kurt Schwenk (Talk | contribs)
1.3 RELATED LINKS AND DOWNLOADS
1.8 NSF/SICB INITIATIVE: GRAND CHALLENGES IN ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY
1.10 BOOKS:
Office: Pharmacy-Biology Building Rm. 600
Lab: Pharm-Bio 410, 412
Lab phone: 860-486-4158
Kurt with 3 black racers (photo by K. Hurme)
Kurt with 6 black racers... and multiple bites (photo by L. Jones)
Kurt with western ringneck snake (Diadophis) in Calif.
Grad student Diego Sustaita (Rubega lab) and lab iguana, Buster, during weekly 'beermorph' discussion
RELATED LINKS AND DOWNLOADS
My Guide to Scientific Paper Citation Formatfor undergraduates
PhD student Bill Ryerson's page
Former PhD student Dr. Tobias Landberg's page (postdoc with Howard Whiteman, Murray State Univ, KY)
Former PhD student Dr. Nirvana Filoramo's page (Asst. Prof, Worcester State Univ., MA)
Collaborator, Gunter Wagner's page (Yale Univ., CT)
Kurt demonstrates proper strangulation technique to comparative anatomy students
Kent Wells' Herpetology field trip. UConn herpetologists Wells, Schwenk and Elizabeth Jockusch 3rd, 4th and 6th from left
Mammalogy class at the Bronx Zoo, 10 Nov. 2011
Eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platyrhinos) tongue-flicking. Photo by K. Schwenk.
BIO 1102 Foundations of Biology
(spring 2010)
(spring 2010; next offered fall, 2012)
Mammalogy Class Pictures Page
(spring 2011; next offered fall 2013)
Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) tongue-flicking. Photo by K. Schwenk and C. Smith
Undergrad Leah Herity is studying skin structure related to chemoreception in iguanas
Happy undergraduate student, Leah Brown-Wilusz, with bloodworms in the salamander room
Happy graduate student, Tobias Landberg, in the lab. Tobias is a ppostdoc with Howard Whiteman, Murray State Univ, KY.
Happy graduate student, Tobias Landberg, in the field (with copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix)
Students in my laboratory develop their own, independent research programs under my supervision. Although I expect there to be some overlap or mutual interest in student projects, I do not require students to work in my specific research areas. Ideally students will incorporate elements of morphology, evolution and/or function into their projects. Purely ecological or conservation-related projects are discouraged (because they lie outside my areas of expertise), although these can be elements of a research program centered on the former topics. Although I am best able to supervise work on squamate reptiles, I am open to projects dealing with any vertebrate group. I principally do laboratory-based work, but recent graduate students have included significant field components in their research. Applications from potential doctoral students are preferred, but doing a Masters is also possible.
There are eight vertebrate biology faculty in the department (4 herpetology, 2 ornithology, 1 ichthyology, 1 mammalogy), and along with postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, they constitute a very active and interactive research group. We have informal weekly meetings called Vertlunch in which we read and critique recent papers (and laugh a lot) and every Friday at 4:00 the Schwenk and Rubega labs (and others) meet for Beermorph in which - well, it's pretty self-explanatory. For those morphologists with a developmental bent, we also have sporadic meetings of an Evo-Devo Journal Club in which we read and discuss current literature. And this is not to mention, of course, the frequent graduate seminars on various topics offered by faculty in the department, as well as weekly departmental seminars and occasional 'Tuesday Evening Seminars' run by the EEB graduate students. All-in-all, a very active place where you can be intellectually challenged and exposed to a variety of viewpoints - often while drinking at the same time.
NSF/SICB INITIATIVE: GRAND CHALLENGES IN ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY
Lab grad students Sara Horwitz, Lauren Jones and Bill Ryerson after recent snake hunt.
Bill completed his Masters with Steve Deban at the Univ. of South Florida—he left Tampa in a hurry...
At the January, 2009, annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB) in Boston, William Zamer of the National Science Foundation challenged the Society to determine what the 'grand challenge questions' are for future work in organismal biology. As the largest comparative, organismal professional society in the country (and probably the world), SICB was called upon to organize organismal biologists to help shape future funding in the field by identifying integrative and forward-looking research arenas that would not only contribute to basic knowledge in organismal biology, but would also tie-in with interest-areas targeted by the Obama administration. SICB President Rich Satterlie called a series of meetings and discussions among the SICB Executive Committee, and on the basis of these discussions, a four-person subcommittee was appointed, with me as Chair, to produce a brief, initial document to be distributed among NSF staff immediately (as required by NSF's budget meeting schedule). This draft document has been expanded into a full-length manuscript that appeared in the first 2009 issue of the Sociey's journal, Integrative and Comparative Biology. Subsequent issues of the journal feature additional 'perspective' pieces written by other organismal biologists targeting more specific topics. The aim of the documents posted here, as well as the other essays published in ICB, is to stimulate broader discussion in the field about future research initiatives and novel, collaborative and synthetic research directions. SICB (and NSF) hopes that additional discussion will further develop and refine the 'grand challenges' in organismal biology. In the near future, face-to-face meetings are planned to broaden and extend the initiative, and these meetings, it is hoped, will lead to concrete advances and funding opportunities for organismal biology, an area that has been chronically underfunded for many years.
The 'grand challenges' initiative is presently in full swing. Additional essays on organismal biology are appearing regularly in ICB and workshops wer held at the 2010 and 2011 annual SICB meetings directed at broadening participation and developing methods for implementation. I have contributed my own ideas with regard to the latter in an invited BioScience essay (below).
You can download the preliminary 'grand challenges' NSF document HERE
You can download a reprint of the published 'grand challenges' paper by Schwenk et al. (from Integrative and Comparative Biology) HERE.
You can download a reprint of the BioScience 'Viewpoint' essay by Schwenk on strategies for implementing the 'grand challenges' program HERE.
You can link to the SICB website for further information.
For other questions/comments, please contact me directly: kurt.schwenk@uconn.edu
Buy it now! A bargain at only $233... (or better yet, email me and other authors for free reprints of their chapters!)
Ryerson, W., and K. Schwenk. Kinematics of chemosensory tongue-flicking in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (in prep).
Schwenk, K., and W. Ryerson. Biomechanics of chemosensory tongue-flicking in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (in prep).
Ryerson, W., and K. Schwenk. Kinematics of terrestrial versus aquatic chemosensory tongue-flicking in water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) (in prep).
Ryerson, W., and K. Schwenk. Why snakes flick their tongues: the fluid dynamics of chemical sampling (in prep)
Filoramo, N., and K. Schwenk. Tongue tips, tropotaxis and the mechanism of chemical delivery to the vomeronasal organs in fork-tongued squamates (Reptilia) (in prep)
Ryerson, W., and K. Schwenk (2012) A simple, inexpensive system for digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) in biomechanics. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:127-140. (JEZA featured paper)
Ryerson, W. and S. Deban (2010) Buccal pumping mechanics of Xenopus laevis tadpoles: effects of biotic and abiotic factors. J. Exp. Biol. 213:2444-2452.
Schulp, A. S., E. W. A. Mulder and K. Schwenk (2005) Did mosasaurs have forked tongues? Neth. J. Geosci. 84:359-371.
Schwenk, K., and G. P. Wagner. (2003) Constraint. Pp. 52-61. In: Key Words and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. B. K. Hall & W. M. Olson (eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge. or GOOGLE BOOKS
Schwenk, K. (2000) Tetrapod feeding in the context of vertebrate morphology. Pp. 3-20. In: Feeding: Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates. K. Schwenk (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego. Warning: Large File
Schwenk, K. (2000) An introduction to tetrapod feeding. Pp. 21-61. In: Feeding: Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates. K. Schwenk (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego. Warning: Large File
EMAIL (kurt.schwenk@uconn.edu) FOR HIGH QUALITY HARD COPY
Willimantic Chronicle'
Schwenk, K. (1988) Comparative morphology of the lepidosaur tongue and its relevance to squamate phylogeny. In: R. Estes & G. Pregill (eds.). Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 569-598. Warning: Large File

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Successful businesses are built on relationships and relationships are built on the ability of people to connect and understand each other. To give yourself the best chance of connecting with someone, use their virtual presence to have a better understanding of their hardwiring. Study the hints that people are broadcasting online. Five minutes of observation and research might allow you to adapt your approach to better connect in person.
Let's look at emails, for example. If you receive email from a client or a prospective customer who you have never met before and the email is brief, to the point and could have been easily conveyed in the subject line, then they probably have a very big picture and energy driven personality type. Perhaps their email failed to use proper grammar or spell check as they just wanted to get the point across and move on to their next opportunity or task.
When you meet with energy driven prospects, anticipate that the minute details will bore them. Get to the bottom line as they do when they communicated with you.They might not care about how your company, service or product works but they just want to know what it does and how that affects their situation. Rapport building is still essential with this group but perhaps with a little less small talk than normal.Typically, a half completed LinkedIn profile that only highlights accomplishments is another clue.
If the email is very methodical, in outline form and asks many questions, that is a tip off that the client or prospect is more of an analytical type. They prefer heavy research, data and numbers to back up what you are educating them on. Expect them to take a longer time in making decisions. They may view your small talk as superficial and would prefer that you go through the details of the presentation.
To speed up their decision making process or connection process, do not present too many options for them to dissect. Make the next steps in the process predictable. Frequently check in, ask what they are thinking and what additional information they need to make the best decision. The analytical types will usually have very complete and by-the-book LinkedIn profiles.
If you get an email from someone who goes off on tangents not related completely to the business at hand, they will have a highly personal approach to business. Usually, they want extra warm up time when they first meet you and want to know more about you as a person than as a professional. The good news is you will probably leave these meetings with a new best friend if you follow their lead. The bad news is, it doesn't mean that any business got accomplished.
Spend the extra time to understand who these people are and how they feel towards the business at hand. Also, don't cheerlead too much about your product or company, but more about why you are involved. Frequently ask for their opinions and connect your proposal to how it will positively affect the people they surround themselves with. The social/personal drivers will have many friends on their networks and be very active on their social networks. They have an addiction to sharing their feelings and life with the people on their networks. Be sensitive to their decisions and encourage their opinions to build the best connection.
Every person and situation is different but use these hints as general rules of thumb to enhance your connectivity in new relationships.


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American election campaigns in the 19th century
Election Day in Philadelphia 1815 by John Lewis Krimmel, picturing the site of Independence Hall[1] and demonstrating the importance of elections as public occasions
In the 19th century, a number of new methods for conducting American election campaigns developed in the United States. For the most part the techniques were original, not copied from Europe or anywhere else.[2] The campaigns were also changed by a general enlargement of the voting franchise—the states began removing or reducing property and tax qualifications for suffrage and by the early 19th century the great majority of free adult white males could vote (Rhode Island refused until a serious rebellion took place in 1844). During the Reconstruction Era, Republicans in Congress used the military to create a biracial electorate, but when the troops were removed in 1877, blacks steadily lost political power in the increasingly one-party South. After 1890 blacks generally lost the vote in the South.
The system was characterized by two major parties who dominated government at the local, state and national level, and enlisted most voters into a loyal "army" of supporters. There were numerous small third parties that usually were short-lived or inconsequential. The complex system of electing federal, state and local officials meant that election campaigns were both frequent and consequential in terms of political power. Nearly all government jobs were distributed on a patronage basis to party workers. The jobs were honorific and usually paid very well. The best way to get a patronage job was to work in the election campaign for the winning party, and volunteers were numerous. Elections provided Americans with much of their news. The elections of 1828–32, 1854–56, and 1894–96 are usually considered realigning elections.
Army styleEdit
Political parties in the 19th century thought of themselves as armies—as disciplined, hierarchical fighting organizations whose mission it was to defeat a clearly identified opponent.[3] If defeated themselves, they knew how to retreat, regroup, and fight again another day. If they won, then the victory was sweet. In an era when many if not most political leaders had experience as militia officers, and perhaps had engaged in actual combat, structuring parties along a militaristic chain of command seemed logical enough. To fight a political battle, the party had to develop a chain-of-command. The heads of the state and national tickets were normally the acknowledged leaders. After the election leadership reverted to the state and county committees, or sometimes to state "bosses," with little power held by the national chairman. County committees sent delegates to the state convention, where state nominees were selected. In turn, the county committees were based on local conventions — mass meetings that were open to any self-identified partisan.[4] In the 1790s Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton created their supporting parties by working outward from the national capital, as did the Whigs in the 1830s. On the other hand, major third parties typically emerged from the state level, including the Anti-Masons, Republicans, Know-Nothings and Populists.[5]
Theodore Roosevelt, before he became president in 1901, was deeply involved in New York City politics. He explains how the machine worked:
The organization of a party in our city is really much like that of an army. There is one great central boss, assisted by some trusted and able lieutenants; these communicate with the different district bosses, whom they alternately bully and assist. The district boss in turn has a number of half-subordinates, half-allies, under him; these latter choose the captains of the election districts, etc., and come into contact with the common healers.[6]
Recruiting partisansEdit
Politics in an Oyster House (1848) by Richard Caton Woodville
By 1800 the Jeffersonian Republicans had a well-developed system for recruiting troops throughout the country, and a correspondence system state and local party leaders used to keep in touch. As a Boston Federalist complained, "The jacobins have at last made their own discipline perfect; they are trained, officered, regimented and formed to subordination in a manner that our own militia have never yet equaled." The Federalists began to imitate their opponents' tactics, but were always too elitist to appreciate the value of a grass roots movement. The Democratic-Republican caucus in Congress chose presidential candidates for the party, while the Federalists invented (in 1812) a much more flexible system of a national convention. Unlike the caucus, the convention represented voters in every district, and the delegates were chosen specifically for the task of selecting candidates. By the 1830s, the standard had been established that participation in the convention identified the person with the party and required him to support the nominees selected at the convention. It was possible to bolt a convention before candidates were selected, as the southern Democrats did in 1860, and Roosevelt's supporters did in 1912. New York Democrats were perennially split into Hard and Soft factions, and the Whigs sometimes split as well. Typically, both factions claimed their ticket was the one true legitimate party ticket.[7]
William Jennings Bryan perfected the technique of multiple appeals in 1896, running simultaneously as a regular Democrat, a Silver Republican, and a regular Populist. Voters of all parties could vote for him without a crossing their personal party loyalty. Most states soon thereafter banned the same person running on different tickets—one man, one party, one platform became the usual rule (except in New York, where third, fourth and fifth parties have flourished since the 1830s).[8]
Mobilizing votersEdit
Turnout soared after 1824
Main article: Ethnocultural politics in the United States
The basic campaign strategy was the maximum mobilization of potential votes. To find new supporters politicians systematically canvassed their communities, talking up the state and national issues of the day, and watching which themes drew the best responses. In such a large, complex, pluralistic nation, the politicians discovered that citizens were especially loyal to their own ethno-religious groups. These groups had distinctive moral perspectives and political needs. The Whigs and Republicans were especially effective in winning support among pietistic and evangelical denominations.[9] During Reconstruction (1866–1876), the Republicans dominated the South with their strong base among African-Americans, augmented by Scalawags. The Democrats did much better among Catholics and other high-church (liturgical) groups, as well as among those who wanted minimal government, and among whites who demanded that African Americans not be granted political or social equality.
Americans arguing politics in 1854 while neglecting the farm chores; painting by Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait (1819–1905)
As the parties developed distinctive positions on issues such as the modernization of the economy and westward expansion, voters found themselves attracted to one party or the other. The Whigs and Republicans aggressively supported modernizing the economy, supporting banks, railroads, factories, and tariffs, and promised a rich home market in the cities for farm products. The Whigs always opposed expansion, as did the Republicans until 1898.[10] The Democrats talked of agrarian virtues of the yeoman farmer, westward expansion, and how well rural life comported with Jeffersonian values.[11]
Both parties set up campaign clubs, such as the Wide Awakes where young men paraded in torchlight processions wearing special uniforms and holding colorful banners. By the late century the parties in the Midwest combined to turn out over 90 percent of the eligible electorate in entire states, reaching over 95 percent in 1896 in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Ohio. Some counties passed the 100-percent mark, not because of fraud, but because the parties tracked people down whom the census had missed. Fraud did take place in municipal elections in large cities, where the ward-heelers could expect tangible rewards. Apart from some Reconstruction episodes in the South, there was little fraud in presidential elections because the local workers were not in line for presidential rewards.
The best way to build enthusiasm was to show enthusiasm. The parties used rallies, parades, banners, buttons and insignia to display partisanship and promote the theme that with so much strength, victory must be inevitable. The side that lost was usually surprised, and tended to ascribe defeat to preternatural factors, such as bad weather or treachery.[12]
Internal communicationsEdit
The parties created an internal communications system designed to keep in close touch with the voters. They set up networks of activists in every county charged with visiting every potential supporter in a specified neighborhood, especially in the critical last days before the election. These workers, of course, comprised the activists who attended conventions and ultimately selected the candidates. This intensive face-to-face networking provided excellent information in both directions—the leaders immediately found out what the rank-and-file liked and disliked.[13]
The first communications system was a national network of partisan newspapers. Nearly all weekly and daily papers were party organs until the early 20th century. Thanks to the invention of high-speed presses for city papers, and free postage for rural sheets, newspapers proliferated. In 1850, the Census counted 1,630 party newspapers (with a circulation of about one per voter), and only 83 "independent" papers. The party line was behind every line of news copy, not to mention the authoritative editorials, which exposed the "stupidity" of the enemy and the "triumphs" of the party in every issue. Editors were senior party leaders, and often were rewarded with lucrative postmasterships. Top publishers, such as Horace Greeley, Whitelaw Reid, Schuyler Colfax, Warren Harding and James Cox, were nominated on the national ticket.
Kaplan outlines the systematic methods by which newspapers expressed their partisanship. Paid advertising was unnecessary, as the party encouraged all its loyal supporters to subscribe:[14]
Editorials explained in detail the strengths of the party platform, and the weaknesses and fallacies of the opposition.
As election neared, there were lists of approved candidates.
Party meetings, parades and rallies were publicized ahead of time, and reported in depth afterward. Excitement and enthusiasm was exaggerated, while the dispirited enemy rallies were ridiculed.
Speeches were often transcribed in full detail, even long ones that ran thousands of words.
Woodcut illustrations celebrated the party symbols and portray the candidates.
Editorial cartoons ridiculed the opposition and promoted the party ticket.
As the election neared, predictions and informal polls guaranteed victory.
The newspapers printed filled-out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. Everyone could see who the person voted for.[15]
The first news reports the next day, often claimed victory – sometimes it was days or weeks before the editor admitted defeat.
After 1900, William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer and other big city politician-publishers discovered they could make far more profit through advertising, at so many dollars per thousand readers. By becoming non-partisan they expanded their base to include the opposition party and the fast-growing number of consumers who read the ads but were less and less interested in politics. There was less political news after 1900, apparently because citizens became more apathetic, and shared their partisan loyalties with the new professional sports teams that attracted growing audiences.[16][17]
Whitelaw Reid, the powerful long-time editor of the Republican New York Tribune, emphasized the importance of partisan newspapers in 1879:
The true statesman and the really influential editor are those who are able to control and guide parties....There is an old question as to whether a newspaper controls public opinion or public opinion controls the newspaper. This at least is true: that editor best succeeds who best interprets the prevailing and the better tendencies of public opinion, and, who, whatever his personal views concerning it, does not get himself too far out of relations to it. He will understand that a party is not an end, but a means; will use it if it lead to his end, -- will use some other if that serve better, but will never commit the folly of attempting to reach the end without the means....Of all the puerile follies that have masqueraded before High Heaven in the guise of Reform, the most childish has been the idea that the editor could vindicate his independence only by sitting on the fence and throwing stones with impartial vigor alike at friend and foe.[18]
Financing partiesEdit
Campaigns were financed internally for most of the century. Aspirants for office volunteered their services as speakers; wealthy leaders contributed cash, and patronage appointees not only worked for the party but also donated 2 to 5 percent of the salaries. The problem with the system was the winner's curse: in a close election, campaign managers promise the same lucrative jobs over and over again. If they lost it made no difference; if they won they faced an impossible task, which was guaranteed to alienate supporters. Abraham Lincoln, for example, was a leading western supporter of Zachary Taylor in 1848, and wanted in return to be named Commissioner of the Land Office. Instead, he was offered a job in Oregon which, while paying well, would terminate his career in Illinois. Lincoln declined, and left the party. After civil service reform ratcheted into place late in the century, new revenue sources were needed. Mark Hanna found the solution in 1896, as he systematically billed corporations for their share of the campaign.[19]
The crusadeEdit
The most exciting—even passionate—campaign was the crusade.[20] A new body of intensely moralistic politicians would suddenly discover that the opposition was ensconced in power, was thoroughly corrupt, and had plans to utterly destroy republicanism. Americans were profoundly committed to the principle that republicanism could never be allowed to disappear, so crusades roused their emotional intensity. The American Revolution itself had followed this formula, as did Jefferson's followers in 1800. Andrew Jackson in 1828 started the Second Party System by crusading against the "corrupt bargain" that had denied him the White House in 1824, and again against the Bank of the United States in 1832.[21] Republicans began the Third Party System by crusading against slavery in 1856 (but not in later years), while Greeley rang the charges against Grant's corruption in 1872. The most dramatic crusade was that of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, as he identified the gold and monied interests as responsible for depression, poverty and plutocracy. The way to deal with crusaders was not to defend the status quo but to launch a counter-crusade, attacking the crusaders as crazy extremists. Thus Jefferson was attacked as an atheist, Jackson as a murderer and duelist, Fremont as a disunionist, and Bryan as an anarchist.[22]
Democracy in practiceEdit
In the 1820s every government office was elected, or chosen by elected officials. After 1848 many states revised their constitutions so that judges were elected to fixed terms, and had to campaign before the voters like everyone else. Unlike other countries, many different offices were elected, with election days staggered so there was little respite from constant campaigning. As the politicians discovered more potential blocs of voters, they worked to abolish the traditional property standards for suffrage. The principles of republicanism seemed to require that everyone be eligible, and indeed actually vote. Several states allowed immigrants to vote before they took out citizenship papers; elsewhere the parties facilitated the naturalization process. By mid-century, practically every adult white male was a potential voter—or indeed, an actual voter, as turnout nationwide reached 81 percent in 1860. America stood in stark contrast with Europe, where the middle classes, peasants and industrial workers had to mobilize to demand suffrage. Late in the century, Americans did create farmer and labor movements, but most were nonpartisan, and those that fielded candidates rarely lasted more than an election or two.[23]
Democracy and artEdit
George Caleb Bingham's The County Election, 1852
George Caleb Bingham (1811–1879) was an American artist whose paintings of elections in the 1850s are used by historians to explain the complexities and details of grassroots democracy. The paintings were on tour for years, as Americans paid money to see themselves in political action.[24]
Bingham's Election Series comprises three paintings: The County Election, Stump Speaking, and The Verdict of the People. Bingham intended for the series to reach a national audience rather than Missourians alone. To spread his idea of free people and free institutions, he exhibited his paintings in Washington and urged the Library Committee of Congress to purchase them so American leaders could view them. When the Library Committee of Congress decided not to purchase his trio, he lent the paintings to the Mercantile Library Association in St. Louis.[25]
The County ElectionEdit
George Caleb Bingham's Stump Speaking, 1853–54
The first painting made for the Election Series shows the voting process in Missouri.[26] The County Election depicts a variety of people from several different social classes, such as young boys playing a game, two men talking about the election happening around them, and a mass of men walking up the stairs to vote.[27] A banner shows the words, "The Will of the People The Supreme Law", a credo that had great meaning for Bingham. He believed that people had a right to share their ideas; he also believed that he lost his seat in the legislature in 1846 due to his failure to follow the people's will.
A mill in the painting's background provides both a local detail and a reference to a Whig candidate who used a mill as a political symbol. The cedar barrels are evocative of another Whig candidate, who used these as his political symbol.[28] In his first painting of The County Election, Bingham showed two men flipping a coin beneath a judge. The two people represent ex-governor Marmaduke's bet that he had placed on the election of Bingham versus his opponent, Erasmus Sappington. Bingham also purposefully kept the scene outside to represent universal suffrage, one of his beliefs. The openness of the setting shows that politics should happen in the open rather than behind the curtains of the government. The idea of universal suffrage aligns with Bingham's idea of the will of the people: everyone should have the right to vote because the will of the people should be the supreme law. One critic complained that the painting made a mockery of American principles by including details such as the drunkard voting in the foreground. The critic claimed that by showing drinking and gambling as part of the election process, Bingham was defaming the political process.[29]
Stump SpeakingEdit
George Caleb Bingham's The Verdict of the People 1854–55
In the second painting of the trio, Stump Speaking, a politician persuades Missourians to vote in his favor. Depicted are three figures who stand out because of their startling bright white clothing: the "Stump Speaker", the "Outstanding Citizen" (the seated man opposite of the speaker), and the "Small Businessman" (the young child in the middle of the painting). Before creating the painting, Bingham had made preliminary sketches of the three aforementioned people, who represented his ideas of the past, present, and future of American politics. The "Outstanding Citizen", as Bingham's sketch refers to him, represents the past, as the man's sharp edges and fine clothes show how he is unwilling to bend his beliefs, and instead works among the people. His sharp edges contrast with the softer curves of the "Stump Speaker", the character who represents the present of American politics. The "Stump Speaker" appears to be swaying the assembled crowd by bending to the people's desires, shown by the curving arm that is outstretched to the audience. The "Small Businessman" represents the future. That child shows how people are starting to focus more on their money, as the child does, and less on politics, parallel to how the child is detached from the debate surrounding him. The three people represent "the Jeffersonian past, of statesmen and gentlemen farmers; the Jacksonian present, of demagogues, party hacks, and gullible citizens; and a materialistic future of isolated citizens with no common public life at all."[30]
The Verdict of the PeopleEdit
Puck cartoon ridiculing Republican Senator John Sherman for his use of "bloody shirt" memories of the Civil War.
The last painting of Bingham's Election Series, The Verdict of the People, tells the end of the story represented in the series. In this painting, Bingham included several political motives and ideas regarding slavery, temperance, and a representative government. During the early 1850s, the temperance movement grew and more states were abolishing alcohol. A book by Herman Humphrey, Parallel between Intemperance and Slavery, associated the cause of anti-slavery to that of temperance. Bingham showed his view on intemperance and slavery by painting a banner that said, "Freedom for Virtue Restriction for Vice." The banner referred to temperance by saying that the vice and alcohol would need to be restricted for the people to be free. The banner then references Bingham's ideas of slavery by using the connection of the temperance movement and the anti-slavery movement to show that Bingham thought negatively about slavery and shared that view with intemperance.[31]
Puck MagazineEdit
Puck Magazine was a political humor magazine that generally favored Democrats and poked fun at Republicans. "Waving the bloody shirt" was a phrase used to ridicule opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of political martyrs. The phrase gained popularity with a fictitious incident in which Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts, when making a speech on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, allegedly held up a shirt stained with the blood of a carpetbagger whipped by the Ku Klux Klan during the Reconstruction Era. While Butler did give a speech condemning the Klan, he never waved a bloody shirt.[32]
Ethnocultural politics in the United States
First Party System, 1790s–1820s
Second Party System, 1820s–1850s
Third Party System, 1850s–1890s
Fourth Party System, 1890s–1930s
Mass media and American politics
^ Milo M. Naeve, John Lewis Krimmel: An Artist in Federal America (Associated University Presses, 1987), pp. 76–77.
^ H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (1978) p. x
^ Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America: a history of election practices (1989) p, 93
^ Ostrogorski, Moisei (1910). Democracy and the party system in the United States: a study in extra-constitutional government.
^ William B. Hesseltine, The Rise and Fall of Third Parties (1992), ch 1–2
^ Theodore Roosevelt (1897). The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: American ideals. Collier. pp. 132–33.
^ William Safire, Safire's political dictionary (2008) p. 308
^ Peter H. Argersinger, "'A Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review in JSTOR
^ Richard L. McCormick, "Ethno-Cultural Interpretations of Nineteenth-Century American Voting Behavior," Political Science Quarterly (June 1974), 89#2 pp. 351–377 in JSTOR
^ Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (1984) p. 183
^ Major L. Wilson, Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815–1861 (1974) ch 3
^ Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest (1971) ch 2
^ Moisei Ostrogorski, Democracy and the organization of political parties (1902) vol 2 pp. 280–98 online
^ Richard L. Kaplan, Politics and the American press: The rise of objectivity, 1865–1920 (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p 78.
^ These were replaced by secret "Australian ballot" after 1890, which were printed by the government and listed all the candidates impartially. Eldon Cobb Evans, A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States (1917) online.
^ Richard Lee Kaplan, Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865–1920 (2002) p. 76
^ Mark W. Summers, The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994)
^ Whitelaw Reid, American and English Studies, Vol. II (1913), pp. 258–60
^ Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (1993), ch 1
^ Leon D. Epstein, Political parties in the American mold (1989) p. 109
^ Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (2003) p. 17
^ Richard J. Jensen (1971). The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888–1896. U. of Chicago Press. pp. 284–86. ISBN 978-0-226-39825-9.
^ Nathan Fine, Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States 1828–1928 (1961) ch 1
^ Paul C. Nagel (2005). George Caleb Bingham: Missouri's Famed Painter and Forgotten Politician. pp. 72–75.
^ Nancy Rash, The Painting And Politics of George Caleb Bingham (Yale University Press, 1991).
^ Shapiro, Michael (1993). George Caleb Bingham. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.
^ Laura Rigal, "Black Work at the Polling Place: the Color Line in 'The County Election'." Common-place: the Journal of Early American Life 9.1 (2008). online
^ Groseclose, Barbara (1987). "Painting, Politics, and George Caleb Bingham". American Art Journal.
^ Nagel, Paul (2005). George Caleb Bingham : Missouri's Famed Painter and Forgotten Politician. University of Missouri.
^ Casper, Scott (1991). "Politics, Art, and the Contradictions of a Market Culture: George Caleb Bingham's 'Stump Speaking'". American Art.
^ Rash, The Painting And Politics of George Caleb Bingham (1991).
^ Budiansky, Stephen (2008). The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox. New York: Viking. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0-670-01840-6. OCLC 173350931.
Argersinger, Peter H. "New perspectives on election fraud in the Gilded Age." Political Science Quarterly (1985) 100#4 pp. 669–687.
Argersinger, Peter H. Representation and Inequality in Late Nineteenth-Century America: The Politics of Apportionment (2012)
Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (1995)
Baker, Jean. Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Cornell University Press, 1983.
Calhoun, Charles W. Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (2008) 243 pp.
Campbell, Tracy. Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742–2004 (Basic Books, 2005)
Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanigan, Nancy H. Zingale. Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History (1990)
Dinkin, Robert J. Voting and Vote-Getting in American History (2016), expanded edition of Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. (Greenwood 1989) online 1989 edition
Ellis, Richard J. and Kirk, Stephen. "Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptual Change and Institutional Development" Studies in American Political Development 1995 9(1): 117–186. ISSN 0898-588X
Evans, Eldon Cobb. A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States (1917) online
Fuller, A. James, ed. The Election of 1860 Reconsidered (Kent State University Press, 2013). p. 271. online review
Gerring, John. Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996 (1998).
Gienap, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (Harvard University Press, 1987)
Gould, Lewis L. Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans Random House, 2003.
Grinspan, Jon, "'Young Men for War': The Wide Awakes and Lincoln's 1860 Presidential Campaign," Journal of American History 96.2 (2009): online.
Hilpert, John M. American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign (U Press of Mississippi, 2015). xii, 349 pp.
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Jensen, Richard. "Armies, Admen, and Crusaders: Types of Presidential Election Campaigns", The History Teacher, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jan. 1969), pp. 33–50
Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Politicos: 1865–1896.
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Keller, Morton (1977). Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America.
Kleppner, Paul (1979). The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures.
Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered". Polity 35#1 (2002) pp. 29+., focus on 1884
McCormick, Richard P. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (University of North Carolina Press, 1966).
Maisel, L. Sandy, ed. Political Parties and Elections in the United States: An Encyclopedia. Garland, 1991.
Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896.
Mayfield, Loomis. "Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh," Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1993) 29#1 59–84 in JSTOR
Morris Jr., Roy. Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 (2007)
Ostrogorski, M. Democracy and the organization of political parties (1902) vol 2
Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (8 vols.).
Rosenof, Theodore. Realignment: The Theory That Changed the Way We Think about American Politics (2003)
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Schlesinger, Arthur, and Fred Israel (eds.) History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896, ed. 1971
Schlozman, Daniel. When Movements Anchor Parties: Electoral Alignments in American History (Princeton University Press, 2015) xiv, 267 pp.
Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), long essays by specialists on each time period:
includes: "State Development in the Early Republic: 1775–1840" by Ronald P. Formisano; "The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics: 1790–1840" by David Waldstreicher; "'To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs;": 1820–1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; etc.
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Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000)
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (2003)
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"The Campaign of 1840: William Henry Harrison and Tyler, Too" high school level lesson plans and documents
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Saying goodbye: Sir Richard Branson has draped himself in the Union Flag to promote his business in the past. He is pictured here in Dubai in 2006. Now he is living on his holiday island of Necker in the British Virgin Islands. Photo: MailOnline News.
Sir Richard Branson has left Britain and is living on his holiday island of Necker, it emerged today.
The decision to leave the country for the British Virgin Islands is a turnaround for the charismatic 63-year-old entrepreneur, who has draped himself in the Union Flag to promote his business.
However, a spokesman for the Virgin Group founder said he had been there for seven years and stressed it made no difference for tax purposes whether he was in the UK or British Virgin Islands.
He sold his Oxfordshire mansion to his children Holly, 31, and Sam, 28, for £1.35million in August last year - but the transfer is said to have taken place up to five years ago, reported The Sunday Times.
Sir Richard - who is said by Forbes to be worth almost £3billion - had also sold his mansion in Holland Park, west London, around seven years ago after putting it up for sale for £17.5million.
The British Virgin Islands has a zero rate of income tax and a maximum 'payroll tax' of 8 per cent - much lower than the rate of up to 50 per cent Sir Richard might have to pay if he was a UK resident.
Non-residency rules mean Sir Richard is permitted to be in Britain between 46 and 183 days a year.
Sir Richard said on the Virgin website today: 'We are fortunate enough to live on Necker, the most beautiful place in the world, because it is our home where we can live life to the full.
'I have not left Britain for tax reasons, but for my love of the beautiful British Virgin Islands and in particular Necker Island, which I bought when I was 29 years old, 34 years ago as an uninhabited island on the edges of the BVI.
His spokesman said: 'After almost 40 years of working in the UK, Richard, now in his 60s, chose to live on his island Necker in the British Virgin Islands, an island he bought in 1979.
'He moved there more than seven years ago, but rather than retiring there, he spends 90 per cent of his time starting not for profit ventures and raising millions for charity through speeches and other charitable engagements.
Sir Richard bought Necker Island in 1978 and has regularly hosts parties for friends and family, including A-list celebrities such as Leonardo DiCaprio, Prince Harry and Jennifer Lopez.
Two years ago a devastating fire believed to have been caused by lightning burned down the island's Great House while 20 guests were staying there.
Oscar-winning actress Kate Winslet saved his 90-year-old mother Eve by picking her up and taking her out of the house to safety.
well saw why they calling us a tax haven?
They trying to squeeze us to get more money for wars to invade helpless countries. Yeah they don't put a dime into the BVI and now the UK Government trying to take what we built. So they label us tax haven. I thought we were obe, mbe, obgyn, etc... That nonsense label in being apart of the British empire and yet they put labels like tax haven on us. Well then if we are tax haven then yeah ok, at least we kept a few dollars to keep you from invading other helpless countries, ya nut jobs.. Branson welcome home, build a school or something with your virgin brand on it. In Tortola so we can see.


The Montcalm at the Brewery wears its quirky heritage with pride, an award-winning transformation from historic brewery to handsome five star hotel. With period features at every turn, it stays faithful to its past as the eighteenth century base of Whitbread & Co, but it's also every inch the twenty-first century hotel you'd expect of a superbly central City of London location. A refreshing blend of elegance and informality, it's the ideal urban retreat, welcoming wide-eyed explorers and time-pressed business travellers alike to the true heart of London.
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Worsening of hepatitis B virus infection. Your healthcare provider will test you for hepatitis B virus (HBV) before starting treatment with SYMTUZA®.If you have HBV infection and take SYMTUZA®, your HBV may get worse (flare-up) if you stop taking SYMTUZA®.
Do not take SYMTUZA® with any of the following medicines: alfuzosin, carbamazepine, cisapride, colchicine (if you have liver or kidney problems), dronedarone, elbasvir and grazoprevir, ergot-containing medicines (such as: dihydroergotamine, ergotamine tartrate, methylergonovine), lomitapide, lovastatin or a product that contains lovastatin, lurasidone, oral midazolam (when taken by mouth), phenobarbital, phenytoin, pimozide, ranolazine, rifampin, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) or a product that contains St. John's wort, sildenafil when used for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), simvastatin or a product that contains simvastatin, or triazolam.
Cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide are from Gilead Sciences, Inc. On December 23, 2014, Janssen and Gilead Sciences, Inc. amended a licensing agreement for the development and commercialization of a once-daily single-tablet regimen combination of darunavir and Gilead's TAF, emtricitabine and cobicistat. Under the terms of the agreement, Janssen and its affiliates are responsible for the manufacturing, registration, distribution and commercialization of this single-tablet regimen worldwide.
HIV at a patient's first clinic visit: the RapIT randomized controlled trial. PLoS Medicine. 2016;13(5):1‐19.


Carl Walker was unable to make meeting so email reflector overview was postponed until a later date.
Ian suggested we set up a "Read-Only" focus group area for public viewers that we control. Ian will investigate a strategy this week and share a proposal during the next meeting.
Jim: What level of diagnostics are we going to support at the system level? System Test at the factory is not the same thing as System Test in fthe field.
Peter: I can't see the feasibility of a USERCODE for diagnostic preservation.
Jim: It was just an example.
Jim: The Key to SJTAG is the Test Manager and how it controls the vectors and test data in the system.
Ian: We should be worried about getting what is failing back into service. We are needing to get the system back into use and not so much worried about diagnosis. If it fails, it will be shipped to a repair depot to go through a subsystem or board level test with greater diagnostic detail.
Jim: We need to get the relevant information to the failure.
Jim: We don't want to erase or reprogram at the system level - especially FPGAs and CPLDs like we do in production test.
Brad: I disagree. If a board is down because the FLASH was corrupted (either during a failure to update the FLASH or dropped bits), the replacement of the board may take more than a day if someone must be dispatched to replace the Field Replaceable Unit (FRU). If one is able to reprogram the FLASH from the multi-drop or system JTAG port, that would most likely be faster then dispatching someone to the field site.
Brad: describes system that is separated by several km where update via bscan is useful.
Jim: I think we need to focus on System Update and System Diagnosis separately.
Brad: Systems are shrinking into boards with mezzanines that used to be full systems a few years ago. We now need to diagnose down to subunit FRUs instead of system level FRUs.
Jim: indicates this should be done using gateways.
Brad: What I see coming is the need to diagnose down to the failing "Logical Unit" and no longer to the FRU. Thus, logical units may be bypassed dynamically with the SERDES switches that are beginning to connect logical units on the boards to be able to keep a board in service but running at less then optimal performance.
Brad/Jim: Discussion on how this chain partitioning should be done.
Jim: The test manager should be in charge of when the tests are to be applied to what modules on the board.
Brad: It is not the test manager's role to determine the state of the board (e.g., in-service, off-line) but the role of the system diagnostic software that also is responsible for the functional tests. Some 1149.1 operations may be performed on a board that is operating normally in the system as non-intrusive SAMPLEs.
Brad: SAMPLE provides a snapshot of the board's signal state that is useful for determining root cause of failures.
Someone indicated that doing this sample work could lead to real large vector sizes.
Carl: A lot of education is needed in industry. Most users feel System Test is done with a Functional Test approach. Why not do System Test as a structural test like what is done at production testing. Carl finds many people want full diagnostics at the system level because they have it at production test and see the power of it there.
Brad: The evolution of embedded boundary scan in AT&T then Lucent and now Alcatel-Lucent shows that GO/NO-GO was a fine start, but once people realize the value of embedded boundary-scan testing and begin using it in more places than just in field test, the begin to demand better diagnostics at run-time.
Jim: I can understand this because boundary scan gets you more of a detail of where it fails to reduce repair cost.
Carl: How do we manage the cost advantages for using system level JTAG? If we are able to show the cost advantage, people will understand our point better.
Brad: talked about an ITC paper from 1994 describing a system that implemented system level boundary scan and that the primary drive was the deterministic nature of testing that boundary scan structural tests provide. Test coverage is easily calculated.
Ian: We can continue the discussion on the SJTAG Forum site since time was running out.
Brad: For next time be thinking about how to deal with a 4 wire interface for the ATCA Hub boards that are also serving as the Shelf Manager. Thus, the 4 pins must be bidirectional since the HUB is able to be a Test Manager as well as a slave for the external tester or its mate HUB. The method used in MicroTCA will not work. There are some concerns people have with a configurable star to support such features.
Jim: make the 4 pins addressable, use a different bus to set if it was JTAG or not, indicates that first device just need to be addressable, he will try to block diagram it for next meeting.
We need to think about another meeting time since Patrick Au is unable to join the Monday 8am calls.
Ian to look into general observer solution for visibility of our work to outsiders.
Many thanks to Peter for supplying his notes to assist in recording the meeting.


Another great day on the Namekagon River! I decided to do a little exploring by poling up river near Larsens Landing going almost to the HWY 63 bridge crossing. Lots of fishy looking water with out a lot of foot traffic from what I could tell. If you have never tried canoe poling, you should, great way to cover a lot of water, plus you don't need to worry about a shuttle.
Water levels were perfect for wading. Late afternoon water temps were between 48 and 50 degrees. Very breezy today, 15-25 mph gusts. The air temps warmed up into the upper 60's. The good thing was the wind blowing from the south, so I got a little help poling up river. Mostly sunny, with a some high thin clouds.
15 browns in total, mostly covering a lot of water wading downstream swinging streamers. I did get a few on nymphs, but mainly interested in covering new water. Biggest fist was around 15". I did break my Brook trout record, 15" inches!! I've never fished the Cable area of the Namekagon River, but know that brook trout exists in the river and have caught a few above the Hayward area. I had the best day for brook trout on the river today. They were going hard on the streamers. Once you catch one, you most likely in a stretch where more of them are holding. They don't exists in all areas of the river. You have to put the leg work in to find the better holding areas. Caught 4 more from 10"-13" inches, but lots of nippers and a few that unbuttoned. Now I can understand the old reports from years ago about catches in the pounds. Please cherish this precious resource for generations to come.
Remember to de-barb those hooks and practice CnR.
This is very informative river fishing report which you have share your blog. It is very important to keep fishing report because it would be help your next trip.
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At GBN, we take great pride in the work we are able to do to spread the kingdom of God. We rejoice and give God the glory when we hear of someone who was helped by our network.
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Home/Cabinet dentaire/What To Do When A Loved One Is Diagnosed With Cancer, According To Four Cancer Survivors
What To Do When A Loved One Is Diagnosed With Cancer, According To Four Cancer Survivors
What To Do When A Loved One Is Diagnosed With Cancer, According To Four Cancer Survivors – Nouvelle mise à jour 2023
Don't make the cancer about you
Don't disappear once the treatment is over
Don't treat me like a victim
Call before you visit
Lire plus d'articles connexes What To Do When A Loved One Is Diagnosed With Cancer, According To Four Cancer Survivors dans la même catégorie
How to find the right words when someone close to you has been diagnosed with cancer.
Illustration by Getty Images
Figuring out what to say or do when a loved one has been diagnosed with cancer is never easy. Four survivors tell Chatelaine what they wished people knew when they were sick.
"Just say, 'I'm here if you need me,' and actually be there and check in. Sending a message means a lot, even if it's a week or a month since you last spoke. But sometimes it's like people want to be part of someone else's tragedy. Are you here because you genuinely care? Don't let someone else's suffering be your suffering. My cancer is not an opportunity to share with your co-workers or strangers. Be supportive and be there—otherwise, don't make it about you." —Leigh Wall, 41, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, papillary thyroid cancer survivor
"During treatment, there was a lot of support and everyone was in my corner. But when cancer treatment finishes, that actually becomes the loneliest time. You're in survival mode during treatment, and afterward I almost felt abandoned or isolated. I felt like people didn't care anymore. It's like, 'Oh, she's done treatment. So, she's cured.' But the two years or more after the last dose of radiation was the hardest time of my cancer journey, both physically and emotionally, due to the sudden lack of support. I wanted people to realize I was still healing from cancer, and I still needed that love and attention. And it was gone." —Marcella Sanderson, 49, Newmarket, Ontario, breast cancer survivor
"The radiation I had when I was 18 [to treat Hodgkins lymphoma] was terrible. I lost my hair. I lost weight. I was very sick. And because of that intense radiation, I developed other cancers, like breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Unfortunately, I've been told that I can't have any more chemotherapy or radiation. So, basically, if I'm diagnosed in the future and we don't extract the tumour, then that's it. But you have to live with that and deal with it. I would say I'm a good survivor. I battled it. I'm happy. I don't get upset about it. And I downplay it. I find people make too much of it, like, 'Oh, you have cancer, you poor thing.' I don't like for people to feel that way. Oftentimes, I don't even want to talk about it. I'm not a fragile creature. I don't like pity. And I like to forget about it sometimes." —Debbie Hannon, 66, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Hodgkins lymphoma, breast cancer and thyroid cancer survivor
"It was instinctual for all my friends and family to jump in and help. They wanted to cook for me, do my laundry, clean my house, keep me company. But living with cancer was messy and gross, and I didn't always want people to witness that. I wished they would call first and say: 'When you're ready and you want some help with cleaning, please call me.' Those would be magic words. I really wanted more time and space to process my emotions, because there were so many, and I didn't want people to witness that. I wish that I was more assertive at the time. But assertiveness required an energy I didn't have." —Grace Imperial-Prasad, 53, Richmond, British Columbia, colon cancer survivor
Sonia Gómara asume la presidencia del Comité Organizador de EXPODENTAL - Dental News.es
Cabárceno cuenta desde hoy con la Casa del Oso, una zona educativa para fomentar la conservación de la especie - Turismo de Cantabria - Portal Oficial de Turismo de Cantabria - Cantabria


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Q: Layout PySimpleGUI IndexError: list index out of range im using GUI in a client using PySimpleGUI and im trying to to understand why im getting an IndexError: list index out of range the second time it activates
from my understanding the text im trying to show is too long for the computer to handle but i dont know how to fix it.
def main():
    server_msg = ""

    with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as sock:
        server_address = (SERVER_IP, SERVER_PORT)
        sock.connect(server_address)

        while server_msg != '8|':
            sock.sendall(get_client_msg().encode())
            server_msg = sock.recv(1024).decode()
            if server_msg.split("|")[0] != '8':
                layout = [[sg.Text(server_msg.split("|")[1])],
                          [sg.Button('Ok')]]
                window = sg.Window('Pink Floyd', layout)
                event, values = window.read()

                window.close()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


KidZania Singapore has finally announced their latest airline partner yesterday and they are scheduled to open in April 2016! We've been eagerly anticipating it's opening for a long time and it's finally happening soon!
Well in case, you're not familiar with KidZania,. they are an interactive indoor edutainment centre where kids can experience the world of adults in a kid sized city. Here children get to take on jobs like daddy and mummy and are inspired to pursue their dreams through diverse role-playing activities where they can earn a salary and learn some useful life skills like money management, taking instructions and working with others.
We took Sophie to KidZania in Bangkok last October, so here's a review of what KidZania offers and what you can expect from Kidzania Singapore too!
If you're planning to take your kids to KidZania, do book your tickets online to enjoy a 15% discount. Silly us only found out about the offer a day before our visit and they had at least two days of advance purchase to to enjoy discounts though I don't see it on their website now. But in any case, this was something I discovered too late so I don't want you to miss this offer like me.
Since we took Sophie to Babyboss in Taipei before ( yikes, i didn't even blog about that leg of our Taiwan trip yet!), she still has fond memories of the experience and the concept of it even though it was 3 years ago. This goes to show how much of an impression it left on her and what a great immersion experience it will be for kids when there is hands-on interactive play.
KidZania is located on the 5th level of Siam Paragon, that is connect to the Siam station by BTS. At Siam Paragon, you'lll also find Siam Ocean World , another key attraction if you're going to Bangkok with kids.
Doors open at 10am on weekdays and 10.30am on weekends and public holidays and I recommend you to go early as it may get crowded especially during weekends, term breaks and of course their local holidays.
According to their website, there are more than 80 activities and trades that kids can experience. Before we entered, we tried to set Sophie's expectation right that we may only be able to cover 5 -6 jobs since we were planning to stay for 5 hours and there was a school excursion the day we went.
We learnt a couple of lessons from our last visit to Babyboss in Taiwan and got Sophie to decisively join the queue once she decided what she wanted to do while one of us went to check out the rest of the city.
But before we got started, we need to visit the bank to cash out her cheque where she received 50 KidZo, which is the currency kids will earn and use to pay for services or buy things in KidZania.
The first stop – the Fire Station!
After putting on their fire fighter uniform, these little fire fighters had to attended a briefing to understand what their duties entailed. Of course, you don't have to worry about the language barrier as KidZania gets lots of overseas tourists and there'll always be staff to find out if any kids need translation.
Once the briefing is over, they get to hop on the fire engine that will take them to the site that needs their quick thinking to extinguish the fire. This usually causes a commotion as the fire engine really travels round KidZania operated by a adult and lots of kids will follow behind too.
Well done brave fire fighters!
After the task is accomplished, Sophie got her first KidZo for a job well done!
The pilot and flight attendant were really popular jobs and there was always a snaking queue for it! So if your kids are keen on these openings, do make a beeline for them the moment the themepark opens.
On level two, we spotted a few bottling and assembly line for Meiji (our favourite brand of milk), coca cola, some peanuts brand which I forgot.
Since there were already a few boys in the line for the Meiji Milk Factory, I got Sophie to join them so that they can quickly hit 8 kids and start the activity.
To find out if a certain activity is suitable for your child, you can check out the information like recommended age, duration required for the task, amount of KidZo that can be earned and the numbr of kids they take in for the activity.
The bottling plant is really functional where kids can learn the process of how milk is bottled and the nutritional value it contains. For such a task, the staff emphasized the importance of having clean hands while they carried out their role.
See how proud Sophie was of her very own bottled strawberry milk that she got to take back. And while she gets to earn Kidzo in some other activity, she had to pay 10 Kidzo for this task as she gets to take back her own product.
Along the way, we spotted this amusing scene where the little detectives were trying to find the perpetrator of a crime scene and look how the officer was trying to get the detectives to identify him.
The next establishment that caught Sophie's eye was the vet clinic which she particularly liked as she learnt about the ins and outs of being a vet. The staff was very patient too and gave each child a chance to perform check-ups for the (stuffed) cat according to a simple check-list on a card.
As I peered inside, I noticed how realistic the vet clinic was and they even had an assortment of pets.
They even have a 2-storey hospital that housed the doctors, nurses, surgeons and nannies for babies! Plus parents can observe their children from these spy camera within the hospital.
Besides learning about what it takes to be a dentist, kids will also learn about basic dental care, the proper way to brush their teeth, flossing, which I thought made it more interesting as these are knowledge that kids can use everyday.
Open your mouth and say Ahhhh….
The last occupation that Sophie did was a Gas Station attendant, something which she is very familiar as Daddy always has to make a pit stop there for.fuel.
If you're hungry, there are also restaurants and cafes within KidZania like the Amazon Café, McDonalds, Oishi Japanese Shop, City Square Cafeteria, as well as different food carts.
Alternatively, kids can take part in activities where they get to prepare their meals and enjoy them for example at the Oishi Japanese Shop, where they learn to make sushi, treats from the culinary school or Meiji milk that you see above.
I feel that the best age to get the most of the KidZania experience is 5 years old and above where the child is able to understand simple instructions and is confident of being on their own since parents are not allowed to accompany them for their activity.
But that said, Sophie did go to Baby Boss when she was younger at 4 years old and she had a blast there! Kids from 2 years old have to buy a ticket but it's probably better spent at the Safari World.
Imagine Sophie's delight when I told her that KidZania is opening in Singapore. And what makes it unique is that out of all the 22 KidZania cities located worldwide, KidZania Singapore will be the only KidZania to showcase the an actual life-size decommissioned Boeing 737 within its City.
Role-playing is a timeless and universal part of everyone's childhood and that's really the attraction of KidZania where kids learn by experiencing different professions, how a city works, financial literacy, living in a community and how to work both independently and as a team, as well as actual life skills.
Sophie obviously can't wait to go to KidZania and even asked if I can plan a playdate for her and her friends so that they can have, in her words, "the best day ever"!


This fact sheet addresses four common questions concerning residual contamination. Q: What is residual contamination? A: Radioactive material or beryllium that remains at a work site after activities related to nuclear weapons production has stopped. Q: How many sites did NIOSH evaluate for residual contamination? A: 219 Atomic Weapons Employer work sites for residual radioactive contamination and 72 Beryllium-vendor work sites for residual beryllium contamination. Q: Should I be concerned about residual radioactive contamination? A: We would have to know the specifics of your case to answer that question. Generally, exposures from residual contamination are lower than exposures that occurred during the covered work period. The highest exposure occurs during active handling and processing of radioactive materials. Q: What if NIOSH evaluated residual, radioactive contamination at my work site but my dose reconstruction has already been finished and I did not receive payment? A: NIOSH will review your dose reconstruction to see if the information on residual contamination will make a favorable difference in your dose reconstruction. If so, NIOSH will re-work the dose reconstruction to include that information.
The meeting convened at 8:30 a.m., Mountain Time, at the Hotel on the Falls, 475 River Parkway, Idaho Falls, Idaho, James M. Melius, Chairman, presiding.
The meeting convened telephonically at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time, James M. Melius, Chairman, presiding.


Can I install Matomo on one server and track visits on websites that are hosted on other servers?
You can track as many websites as you like that are hosted on the same server as Matomo (Piwik), or hosted on several external servers. Only the server that hosts Matomo needs to run PHP and MySQL.
Note about https: Matomo (Piwik) automatically detect if the page being tracked is https (SSL) and would include the piwik.js in secure mode from your Matomo server.