Explore Louisville: Tips for Attending The Kentucky Derby – Wanderlust, and Coming Home.
And, they're off! The first Saturday in May is almost here, and that means Derby time in the Bluegrass is upon us. As a lifelong Kentuckian and former Derby Princess, I have many fond memories of the most exciting two minutes in sports, and I look forward to dressing up, picking my favorite horse, and toasting friends with a mint julep every year. If you're one of the lucky few who will be spending Derby Day at Churchill Downs, I offer a few tips that might make your day a little more fun.
It's pronounced Looavul. If you're visiting from out of town, mak e sure you know how to pronounce Louisville. It's not Lewis-ville or Louie-ville. It's Looavul. (Mr. Wanderlust is convinced that the closer you can get to a one-syllable, Lou'v'l, the more Kentuckian you are.) Locals will look at you strangely if you say it incorrectly, so get it right.
Cash is not optional. Bring more cash than you think you'll need. Cash is required to place a bet, pay for parking, and buy from some beverage vendors, and you don't want to be that person holding up the line while you search your wallet for spare change. Plus, the ATM lines are always long, and it's no fun spending an hour waiting on a cash machine and missing the festivities.
You'll be walking (a lot!), so plan your shoe wardrobe accordingly. Derby Day is a very fun and very long day at Churchill. The gates open at 8:00 a.m., and the first post (race start) is at 10:30 a.m. If you're like me, you'll want to get there early and soak up every minute. That's a great attitude for the day, but it means that your feet will be put to the test. I'm never willing to forego the perfect stilettos to bring an outfit together, but I am a realist and hate that burn in the ball of my foot that only a woman who's worn heels for too long can understand. These insoles designed for high heels are a lifesaver. If you're one of the crazies who insists on wearing heels and giving up some comfort, I highly recommend picking up some insoles. I also recommend bringing a pair of sandals in your purse to put on when your feet just can't take it anymore. Just remember, you can't carry a purse that's more than 12″ x 12″.
Wear a hat or fascinator, and own it its ridiculousness. One of my favorite things about Oaks and Derby is the parade of adorable (and sometimes ridiculous) attire that invades Churchill Downs. Ladies, pick your hat or fascinator first, and then pick your dress. I've worn both a hat and a fascinator, and I prefer a fascinator. Although hats look great, they're big, and the seats at Churchill are small and close together. Most of the "boxes" have six metal folding chairs, and the dividers are metal rails. In such close quarters, I find it annoying to be constantly thinking about the position of my large hat compared to the location of my friends, so the fascinator is the more enjoyable choice for me. That said, whatever your fancy, wear an outfit and headpiece you love and rock it out. That goes for gentlemen, too. Pick a tasteful straw hat, pair it with your favorite pastel threads and the perfect bowtie, and strut your stuff all day long.
Wear sunscreen, even if it's cloudy. Spring in Kentucky means that the weather can change in an instant. Even though the forecast for this year's Derby looks bleak now, you never know when the sun will come out and shine bright on our Kentucky home. If that happens, and you have seats without a cover, you'll want sunscreen and could quickly be miserable without it.
Speaking of weather, bring a poncho if there's even a slight chance of rain. I've spent a Derby Day in the beautiful sunshine, and I've spent an Oaks Day waiting on race delays under the grandstand because of severe storms. I have fond memories of both, but I'm guessing that wouldn't be the case if I hadn't brought a poncho on the rainy day. You may feel silly, but I promise that you'll feel less ridiculous wearing a clear poncho over your perfectly planned outfit than you will if your once-fabulous attire is dripping wet. Another tip: bring a trash bag that will fit your entire hat. It will keep it safe if you have to walk back to your car in the rain, and it doubles as a cute (ha!) cover for your hat if the rain slows to a drizzle just before post time.
Bring a few comfort supplies. No matter where your seats or infield patch of grass are located, you'll be in a demanding environment for the day, and that can wreak havoc on your body. If you can fit it in your 12″ x 12″ bag or pocket, I suggest bringing a small stash of band-aids, aspirin, bobby pins, hair ties, blotting paper, and baby wipes. It may seem unnecessary, but if you've ever been in need of one of those items and didn't have it, you'll understand the value of lugging them around just in case.
Drink at least one Mint Julep. Kentucky is famous for its bourbon, and the Derby is famous for its signature bourbon drink: the Mint Julep. Some Kentuckians like them, and others don't. They're certainly an acquired taste and not something I would recommend if you don't like bourbon. However, if you're going to the Derby, you have to at least try one and keep the souvenir Derby glass. A word of caution: they're basically bourbon, sugar, and water over ice, so pace yourself and stay hydrated with something other than juleps. You've spent all that money on the tickets, the outfit, and the transportation, it would be awful to be sick and miss the main event because the bourbon hit harder than expected.
While you're at it, try an Oaks Lily too. The Kentucky Oaks is always the Friday before Derby Day and celebrates the top fillies in thoroughbred racing. Pink is the signature color of the day, and the Oaks Lily is the signature drink. It's one of my favorite cocktails and contains vodka, Triple Sec, cranberry juice, and sweet and sour mix. It comes in a collectible stemless wine glass with a fresh fruit garnish. Very refreshing!
Make your Derby bet early. The lines at the betting wi ndows are always long, and even though people-watching with a drink while you wait is fun for a few minutes, the new wears off quickly. I suggest reading the Racing Form on your way to the track, making your picks, and placing bets on multiple races each time you go to the window. For the Derby, make your pick early, and make your bet early. That way, there's no risk that you'll miss the betting opportunity, and you won't spend the day second-guessing your pick.
At least learn the basics of reading a program, even if you don't understand it all. Pick up a program when you walk into the track so that you'll know when each race is scheduled to start, what horses will be running, and what jockeys will be riding. The program contains a wealth of information about every horse: its breeder, its trainer, its jockey, its hometown, its parents, how it performs on different surfaces, how it performs in races of different lengths. You want to know it? It's probably in the program. If you know how to read the details, they can be a big help when picking your winners. However, it's just as acceptable to pick your favorites based on fun things like names, lucky numbers, and silk colors, and if your long-shot bet comes in, you'll walk away happy with your unstudied choice!
Walk around, and see all the things. Although it may be tempting to stay in your seat and rest your tired feet, muster the strength to walk around and see as much as you can while you're at Churchill Downs. Many Kentuckians never attend an Oaks or Derby, and it's a once-in-a-lifetime experience for many who do. Seize the opportunity to see everything you can while you're there. Visit the paddock, walk over to the infield, go to the gift shop, buy an Oaks Lily or Mint Julep in a souvenir glass, take way too many pictures with your friends—do it all, and remember how much fun you had.
You can still buy a ticket! You can buy a ticket at the gate at Churchill Downs on Derby Day, and for $80, you're in the general admission mix. You'll be able to walk around the Paddock, where you can see the horses warming up before every race, and you can visit the infield. You might not see the horses run in a race, but you can certainly see horses preparing to run and watch the races on the Downs' enormous jumbotron screen (the world's largest 4K video board). Word to the wise: if you're planning to spend the day in the infield, do not wear your nicest clothes. With thousands of people occupying a relatively small patch of grass, mud often occurs, and things get messy. Dress in something that makes you feel cute and comfortable, and you'll be good to go. Just leave the stilletos and white bucks at home.
Consider going back to Churchill Downs on a day other than Oaks or Derby Day. Churchill Downs has racing in April-June, September, October, and November, and the crowds on virtually any other day except Oaks, Derby, and Thurby (the Thursday before Derby) are exponentially smaller. That means you can wander around most parts of the grandstand, leisurely explore the Paddock, and make a stop at the Kentucky Derby Museum. The Museum is wonderful with exhibits that both adults and children can enjoy. I highly recommend it!
P.S. If you can't make it to Derby at Churchill, consider watching it at Keeneland in nearby Lexington. Keeneland is one of the oldest racetracks in the country, and (in my humble opinion), it has a beauty that Churchill Downs just can't match. Although Keeneland only has races during April and October, its grounds are open to the public on Oaks and Derby Day for the biggest Derby party outside of Louisville. You can bring in coolers and chairs, have a picnic, place your bets, and watch the race with thousands of your closest friends on Keeneland's big screen.
Whatever you do, enjoy the beauty of Kentucky on its favorite holiday!


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The south coast of Cornwall, England is lighting up cinema screens as the starring location in Richard Curtis's new film, About Time.
The latest film from the man behind Notting Hill and Love Actually follows the story of Tim who at the age of 21 discovers that he can travel in time. When his father tells him that the men in his family have the ability to travel through time Tim sets out to make the world a better place... by getting a girlfriend.
Of course, as with all good Rom-coms, this isn't as easy as he first thought.
The film follows Tim (Domhnall Gleeson) from the Cornwall coast to London where he trains as a lawyer, he then meets the beautiful but insecure Mary (Rachel McAdams). They fall in love, he travels through time, things happen, he tries to change them and finally after a lot of events he wins her heart. Along the way he uses his powers to create the perfect proposal, a great wedding speech and he also manages to save his best friend from disaster.
Tim also finds out that while creating his perfect life his power cannot save him from the sorrows that affect all families, everywhere.
About Time is a comedy about 'love and time-travel which discovers that, in the end, making the most of life may not need time-travel at all'.
The feel-good rom-com was part filmed in the St Austell Bay area of Cornwall during 2012. The secluded Vault beach near Gorran Haven features in the film, while the St Austell Rugby Club was converted into a pop-up Hollywood production office.
Tim's family home is an impressive private Cornish residence which serves as a central location for the plot and also serves an anchor as the lead character moves between Cornwall and London.
About Time is the latest in a long line of film productions to choose Cornwall as a filming location. 'Summer in February', starring Downton Abbey's Dan Stevens, and Brad Pitt's 'World War Z' recently featured scenes filmed in Cornwall.
Richard Curtis spent time in Cornwall researching locations before filming began on his new movie. He even cast a Cornish local, Rebecca Chew, who was working at a seaside cafe in Polkerris, Cornwall, after she served pizza to Curtis and his family. He was so impressed with her that he later contacted her to cast her as a waitress in the film. She can now be seen in the film serving Domhnall Gleeson in a scene.
The official song for the film, 'How Long Will I Love You' by Ellie Goulding also feature images of Cornish beaches, further reflecting the beautiful locations that star in 'About Time'.
Tourist Boards have long realised the importance of welcoming movie productions to their shores.
With a blend of Hollywood Royalty, a beautiful love story and stunning locations, TLTB can't wait to watch in the cinemas with a box of popcorn for a teary, lovely Rom Com.


A little help to bust a move?
I need some help in toning up and would love to get some help from some of you fitness fanatics.. I can see that a lot of you are doing well and figured you could help me.
I'm no spring chicken when it comes to fitness and I can move the lbs as I do swim most days before work (although not lately as I've had to put my membership on hold and I'm getting 3 more hours of work done to my tattoo on the 1st and can't swim for approx 3 weeks after).. Anyway, I just need help to tone some area's up.
My main gripe is my moobs (although I get told I don't have any, but I clearly do) and also my gut which isn't as bad as it used to be but is still there.
I don't have any weights and can't really afford to buy any currently so I'm wondering if someone would so kind as to help me figure out a routine I can stick to up until I go swimming again and also afterwards which will tone my pecs and my gut up.. And also my arms while i'm there!


Allie Sheridan's world is falling apart. She hates her school. Her brother has run away from home. And she's just been arrested. Again. This time her parents have finally had enough. They cut her off from her friends and send her away to a boarding school for problem teenagers. But Cimmeria Academy is no ordinary school. Its rules are strangely archaic. It allows no computers or phones. Its students are an odd mixture of the gifted, the tough and the privileged. And then there's the secretive Night School, whose activities other students are forbidden even to watch. When Allie is attacked one night the incident sets off a chain of events leading to the violent death of a girl at the summer ball. As the school begins to seem like a very dangerous place, Allie must learn who she can trust. And what's really going on at Cimmeria Academy.
Night School is one of those books that sneak up on your heart before you even know it. I was immediately enamoured by the striking characters and wanted to throw myself into the seductive and intriguing world of Cimmeria Academy. I lost myself in the addictive story and it was a struggle to leave Allie's side for even a second! Boarding schools, secret societies, mysterious boys and hidden pasts...I think I have a pretty good reason to be obsessed with this series! What a brilliant debut novel by Daugherty - I absolutely cannot wait to jump headfirst into the sequel.
Night School is filled with delicious romance, containing an intense love triangle you just won't be able to resist. When she was alone and afraid upon entering the school, the gorgeous and French Sylvain takes her under his wing, acting like a perfect potential boyfriend. Having popularity and power at the school as well as gentlemanly charm, Allie never expected broody Carter West to warn her about letting him in. Allie has her hands full no matter which way she turns, unsurprisingly because both love interests ensnared my heart upon first meeting. Whereas Sylvain offers her an effortless and dazzling ride, every moment she shares with Carter is sizzling with palpable passion and shocking intensity. Don't be expecting a cheesy romance between two-dimensional characters because you 100% will not find it. All three are extremely well developed and either man would suit Allie perfectly. Night School had me tossing and turning in bed with these struggles but I'm desperate to experience it all over again!!
No matter how much I gush about this book and its complex storyline, nothing will beat you actually reading it yourself. There are so many more important elements of the story that I haven't even begun to discuss but boy will you be overjoyed when you crack this baby open! I know I've said it a lot this year, but this book is on my favourites shelf! If you trust me at all, YOU WILL READ THIS. Jump into this thrilling world and explore the complicated lives of the elite, whilst trying to solve the mind-boggling puzzles Daugherty just dares you to. Sleep with your eyes open otherwise you might find yourself dead before the night's through; who can you trust in a place where everyone has a secret? There is an overwhelming amount of engrossing build-up but you will finish this book feeling mushy, exhilarated and completely satisfied. I can't say it enough - a brilliant brilliant read that will please even the most picky reader!
5. Students in certain advanced areas of study take part in Night School. Only a few, select students are offered this opportunity; if you are not among them, you must not attempt to interfere with or observe Night School. Anyone attempting to do so will be expelled.
6. The identities of those involved in Night School are secret. Anyone who attempts to find out their identities will be punished.
7. ALL Night School activities are secret. Any member of Night School found to be divulging the details of those activities will be punished severely.
Find C.J. on Twitter, Goodreads, Facebook, her website and blog.
Buy Night School from Amazon and The Book Depository.
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CVS/pharmacy retail website featuring online access to prescription information, ExtraCare acco…Moreunt management, online shopping and more.
an organization of the U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts our…More seas and skies, guides our use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve our understanding and stewardship of the environment which sustains us all.
REI Cooperative provides gear for camping, hiking, climbing, cycling, paddling, skiing gear and…More clothing; product information, how-to, and sale items.
Magazine focused on business resources for the entrepreneur.
Global provider of voice, data and Internet services.
Free national morning commuter newspaper.
Full details on forthcoming BBC TV and radio programmes.
Independent developer and publisher of interactive entertainment software for various platforms…More. Corporate information, videos, tips and hints, and customer support.
Provides customers with prices for flights, hotels, and rental cars.
Timetable and reservations for train tickets, purchase railcards.
A resource site for Webmasters, focusing on web site design, promotion, submission, positioning…More, marketing and profitability. Articles by noted Web professionals.
Publishes mass circulation newspapers and magazines. Provides company profile, investor informa…Moretion, career opportunities.
Babylon is a leading global provider of language and search solutions, the Company operates in …More200 countries.
Provides high-speed mobile broadband service in circles like Mumbai, Delhi, Haryana, Maharashtr…Morea, Karnataka. Download speed up to 3.1 Mbps and upload speed up to 1.8 Mbps.
POLITICO covers political news with a focus on national politics, Congress, Capitol Hill, the 2…More012 presidential race, lobbying, advocacy, and more. POLITICO's in-depth coverage includes video features, regular blogs, photo galleries, cartoons, and political forums.
Offers broadband access, digital TV, mobile and fixed-line telephony services.
International chain. Offers store locator, menu, and product information.
Online retail outlet for over 10,000 digital product vendors and their 100,000 active affiliates.
Organization for mature adults 50 and above. Information on health, long-term care, economic se…Morecurity, independent living and consumer issues.
24 hour online news service. Online arm of the Naspers newspaper group.
National, regional, and world news from Zee Telefilms.
A big, broad discussion forum for Nigerians. Covers dozens of topics including romance, technol…Moreogy, careers, business, and entertainment. With over half a million members, the number one Nigerian community online continues to grow.
Collection of links to main news stories, including especially those connected with the state.
Provides forecasts for the entire country.
Offers a variety of accounts for personal or business customers. Includes information about mor…Moretgages, savings and investments.
Online edition of daily paper offering breaking news, weather, sports, web specials on current …Moreevents, and Chicago area guides. Features members' area for subscribers.
A directory of new and used cars. Includes news and features, road tests, competitions and events.
Real estate and property listings. Includes information on buying and selling, tips on building…More, an auction timetable and other helpful resources.
Official site, with information on Lottery, results, and online sales.
Features headlines, stories, video, polls, and analysis.
Searches job sites, newspapers, associations and company career pages for employment advertisem…Moreents.
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Office Depot, Inc. is a global supplier of office products and services. The company was incorp…Moreorated in 1986 with the opening of our first retail store in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. In fiscal year 2008, we sold $14.5 billion of products and services to consumers and businesses of all sizes through our three business segments: North American Retail Division, North American Business Solutions Division and International Division. Sales are processed through multiple channels, consisting of office supply stores, a contract sales force, an outbound telephone account management sales force, internet sites, direct marketing catalogs and call centers, all supported by our network of crossdocks, warehouses and delivery operations.
Information on the campuses and all areas of the printing press.
Automotive site, focus on new and used car sales,dealer network, car recommendation and host of…More other personalized value added service for car owners.
A weekly covering politics, general interest news and entertainment.


text:
Dreifuß (, von  und ) ist allgemein die Bezeichnung für ein dreifüßiges Gefäß oder Möbel, im Besonderen aber für ein Gestell, auf das ein Gefäß aufgesetzt werden kann. Dreifüße sind in nahezu allen Zeiten und Kulturen zu finden. Sie gehörten neben dem (Koch-)Kessel zur Grundausstattung der Wandervölker. Später wurden sie zum Symbol des Sieges über Haus und Herd des Feindes; sie wurden daher oft als Siegespreis öffentlich ausgestellt und als Weihgeschenk der Obhut einer Gottheit unterstellt.

Am bekanntesten wurde der Dreifuß in seiner Funktion als Sitz der Orakelpriesterin Pythia in Delphi. Für den chinesischen Dreifuß siehe unter Ding (Gefäß).

Formen

Für den griechischen Kulturraum sind folgende Erscheinungsformen und Phasen zu unterscheiden:

 Cyprische Dreifüße sind eine Sonderform orientalischer Stabdreifüße und wurden schon zu Beginn des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr. hergestellt. Sie wurden meist aus Bronze gegossen und ornamental verziert. In seltenen Fällen zeigt der obere Kranz Tierfiguren, doch meist ist der Schmuck abstrakt. Cyprische Dreifüße wurden seit der submykenisch-protogeometrischer Zeit auch auf die Peloponnes und griechische Inseln importiert; Fundstücke sind etwa aus Kreta, Athen und Tiryns belegt. Diese frühen Dreifüße dienten als Kessel- und Gefäßuntersätze und wurden wohl in der Regel dazu benutzt, diese Gefäße über das Feuer zu stellen, so dass Speisen und Badewasser darin erwärmt werden konnten.

 Geometrisch-griechische Dreifüße wurden ab der protogeometrischen Zeit und bis ins 7. Jh. v. Chr. geschaffen. Auch sie trugen normalerweise einen Kessel, der aber flach und eher schalenartig war. Er hatte zwei hochgestellte Ringhenkel. Während der Kessel selbst meist aus Bronze getrieben wurde, waren die Henkel wie auch die Beine und der figürliche Schmuck häufig gegossen. Die Ringhenkel zeigten häufig figürlichen Schmuck, vor allem Pferde und Krieger, aber auch andere plastische Figuren. Der übrige Schmuck war eher einfach und geometrisch. Diese Dreifüße wurden vor allem in den Heiligtümern entdeckt, z. B. in Olympia.

 Griechische Stabdreifüße wurden von Beginn des 7. bis zum Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts produziert. Kessel und Untersatz waren nun grundsätzlich getrennte Konstruktionen. Die Dreifüße bestanden zunächst aus Eisengestänge mit Bronzefittings; in der späteren Zeit wurden sie ganz aus Bronze gegossen. Das bekannteste Exemplar ist der Dreifuß von Metapont, der sich in Berlin befindet.

 Etruskische Stabdreifüße waren eine Weiterentwicklung der griechischen Stabdreifüße. Auch sie wurden – häufig in Vulci – aus Bronze gegossen, zeigten aber reichen figürlichen Schmuck. Ihre Blütezeit waren das 6. und das 5. Jh. v. Chr.

Der Dreifuß von Delphi

Die Einführung des Dreifußes als Gegenstand der Verehrung in Delphi ist möglicherweise auf die Atheneverehrung der Kreter zurückzuführen, denen die Errichtung sowohl des Apollon- als auch des Atheneheiligtums bei Delphi zugeschrieben wird. Mehrere antike Kunstwerke, so auch das Relief am Giebel des Schatzhauses der Siphnier in Delphi, setzen einen Mythos um, nach dem Herakles seinem Halbbruder Apollon den Dreifuß von Delphi raubte. Er war zur Entsühnung nach Delphi gekommen, nachdem er in einem Anfall von Verblendung seine Kinder und Iphitos getötet hatte. Da aber Mörder keinen Zugang zum heiligen Bezirk hatten, wurde er abgewiesen und sah sich gezwungen, gewaltsam einzudringen und den Dreifuß zu entführen, um seine Rehabilitation zu erzwingen. Es kam zu einem Kampf mit Apollon, der erst durch das Eingreifen des Zeus beendet wurde. An der Stelle, an der die Versöhnung stattgefunden hatte, wurde die Stadt Gythion gegründet.

Der Dreifuß als Gerät der Mantik
Der Dreifuß ist eng mit dem Apollonkult verbunden. Ob Pythia grundsätzlich auf einem Sitz, der mit seinen drei Beinen über die Erdspalte gestellt wurde, aus der die inspirierenden Gase aufstiegen, vorzustellen ist, oder ob sie auch auf einem Kessel gesessen haben kann, der seinerseits auf den Dreifuß gesetzt wurde, ist umstritten.

Es ist jedenfalls anzunehmen, dass schon vor der Einsetzung der Pythien eine Verbindung zum Orakel von Delphi bestand. Aufgrund der engen Beziehung zwischen den Gottheiten Apollon und Dionysos ging der Brauch, Dreifüße als Weihegaben aufzustellen, auch von den Apollon- auf die Dionysosheiligtümer über, während andere Gottheiten nur ausnahmsweise und in der Regel auf Weisung Apollons mit Dreifußgaben bedacht wurden. Obwohl auch als Anathema verwendet, stand der Dreifuß wohl, soweit ihm über den praktischen Alltag hinaus Bedeutung zugewiesen wurde, immer in Zusammenhang mit dem Glauben an Orakel und göttliche Eingebungen.

Der Dreifuß in Goethes Faust
Auch Goethe benutzt in den letzten Szenen des ersten Akts des Faust II den Dreifuß als Symbol tiefer Erkenntnis, die sich der Magier und Seher Faust bei seinem Abstieg in die Unterwelt, dem "Gang zu den Müttern",  mit einem Schlüssel  eröffnen soll. Ein Bezug zum gleichseitigen Universaldreieck, das laut Plutarch (Verfall der Orakel, Kap. 22) aus 183 Welten besteht, und zur innerhalb des Dreiecks befindlichen Fläche, dem Feld der Wahrheit, ist nicht auszuschließen; zumindest gab Goethe seinem Gesprächspartner Johann Peter Eckermann einen Hinweis auf Plutarch.

Einer weiteren Deutung zufolge hat der Schlüssel als Phallussymbol und der Dreifuß als weiblicher Schoß zu gelten. Damit wäre Fausts Beschwörung der Geistererscheinungen Paris' und Helenas als symbolischer Zeugungsakt zu verstehen und in einen gewissen Zusammenhang mit dem Thema "Mütter" gestellt.

Schließlich ist noch darauf hinzuweisen, dass die gesamte Szene in einem ironisch gebrochenen Kontext steht: Faust soll auf Verlangen des Kaiserhofes und zu dessen Unterhaltung die Geistergestalten heraufbeschwören; Mephisto erklärt sich zunächst, ähnlich wie im ersten Teil der Tragödie bei Fausts Verlangen nach dem reinen, unschuldigen Gretchen, als machtlos und nicht zuständig und verschafft seinem Kumpan – wie er Faust in diesem Zusammenhang einmal selber nennt – dann doch die nötigen Requisiten. Im Souffleurkasten kauernd, verfolgt er anschließend Fausts Geistervorführung. Diese kann durch eine Laterna magica ermöglicht werden, die aber ihr Bild nicht, wie herkömmlich, auf eine Wand, sondern auf den aus dem Dreifuß aufsteigenden Rauch projiziert.

Der Dreifuß als Wertgegenstand und Währungseinheit

Sowohl der dreibeinige Unterbau als auch der metallene Kessel eines Dreifußes galten als geschätzte Geschenke und teure Wertgegenstände. Die Werteinheiten  und  (Kessel) auf Münzen aus Knossos und Gortyn beweisen, dass es sich bei den frühen Dreifüßen um regelrechte Zahlungsmittel gehandelt haben muss. Auch in den homerischen Epen wird der hohe Wert mehrfach betont und sogar durch Vergleiche recht genau angegeben. In der Odyssee (XV, 84) wird der Wert eines Dreifußes mit dem eines goldenen Bechers oder eines Paars Maultiere gleichgesetzt, in der Ilias (VIII, 290) gar mit dem eines Pferdegespanns samt Wagen oder einer Frau. Auch unter erhofften oder tatsächlich überreichten Geschenken werden häufig Dreifüße aufgelistet.

Bei sportlichen Veranstaltungen wurden häufig Dreifüße als Preise ausgesetzt, so etwa von Achilleus in der Ilias (XXIII, 264). Aber auch Siege auf musischem Gebiet wurden mit Dreifüßen belohnt. Während allerdings ursprünglich wohl die Sieger in diesen Wettkämpfen ihre Preise mit nach Hause nehmen und nach Gutdünken verwenden konnten, waren die Siegerdreifüße in späteren Zeiten dazu bestimmt, als Weihegeschenke an Ort und Stelle zu verbleiben (Herodot I, 144). Besonders große Anathemata benötigten einen stützenden und erhöhenden Unterbau. Daraus lässt sich die Entstehung der Dreifußstatuen erklären, die, figürlich ausgearbeitet, die Stabilität der Konstruktion erhöhten und eine zentrale mittlere Stütze unter dem Kessel oder der Schale ermöglichten. Die Dreifußbasen dieser – oft von siegreichen Choregen – öffentlich aufgestellten Weihegeschenke entwickelten sich bis hin zu Dreifußbauten. Ein bekanntes Beispiel dafür ist das Lysikratesmonument.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Friedrich Wieseler: Ueber den delphischen Dreifuss. In: Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Bd. 15, 1870, , S. 221–318 (Auch: Sonderabdruck).

Weblinks

Archäologie (Klassische Antike)
Archäologischer Fachbegriff
Griechische Orakel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Your research was a great opportunity to know about the five philosophical schools in China for me.
The stories give me many questions to think.
The key is the word "is".
When this "is" is interpreted as "equal to", that is, when "white horse is not equal to horse", Mr. Gongsun said that it was established; when this "is" was interpreted as "belonging", that is, "white horse does not belong When the horse was in this collection, what Mr. Gongsun said was not true. Mr. Gong Sun is indeed a sophistry. He has stolen the concept because the meaning of the guard obviously means "the white horse belongs to the collection of horses." Mr. Gong Sun will use the illiterate guards of the guards and will be willing to misrepresent "white horse equals the horse."


iMovie Step. Open iMovie in "Finder" and open your video. Step. Click the iPhoto tab and drag a photo up to your video timeline to use as a background, or click "Import" and "Import Pictures" in the toolbar if the image is not located in your iPhoto library.
Just make sure your file has a transparent background so you can superimpose the image over your video, if desired. Select File > Import, find the file you want to import, and then click Import. The graphic file now appears in the Project panel (choose Window > Project to reveal it).
Video of the Day credit: Image courtesy Microsoft Switch to the "Fill" tab and pick a background color, or leave the option set to "No Color" to add a pattern without a background color.
To add background music to a certain part of video clips, drag the music to the video on where you'd like to begin, release the mouse button when you see the green Add (+) symbol to add background music to iMovie videos. You can select the clip and while the border turns grey, drag the slider to extend or shorten the background music.


Also people, places & events. Theme of "being in right mind, working hard, others not working, and possibly writing past the sunset….
Photos:- Lead photo = The Bears with their "100 up" sign, Try Harder or hard whatever, end of day sunset, and a losing weight me!
Poems:- 1) An Inside Job, 2) Promise for tomorrow, 3)The Farmer and the Magpie and 4) Effortless.
Being "well chuffed and grateful" I will start with our "100 up" success of a hundred lovely people on here with us, including many nationalities, countries, cultures and opinions!
Bless you all, for every one of you being on here supports me, and thus the excellent charity Help for Heroes I support and donate to, giving me renewed confidence and encouragement to strive further. THANKS!!!
With deeds that need correction.
Or it like a cancer grows.
Should that be your resolve.
Or leave others all deceived?
You will never be believed.
That on your inside grew!
Easy then and just what to do! Well is actually what I tend to do, for if I'm not happy and something is affecting me I usually go into attack mode or deal with it quickly somehow!
My monthly article for The Sussex Newspaper online for February was published earlier this month and is entitled "None so blind?" and of course well worth a read, even for the poems therein!
The website has been "spruced up" and changed a bit, not too obvious but nicely done (thanks James) and improved. Did you/can you see the changes? NO clues come ON ????
On Saturday February 17th I was again featured on the now "international" East London Radio show "Talking Stories" hosted by the suave and smooth Tony Cranston (cheers man, one back there lol). Sorry no easy link but is easy to find and I'm reading out my poem "Jigsaw", a fairly "spicy" romantic one, (be still S P ) ???????? about 3/4 through. Me being me, it is not in this blog but I WILL put in soon and it is in my 4th book !!!
I have some new booked "gigs and ventures" arranged soon, all donating to Help for Heroes, so more details a bit later on that..????
MORE news further on but now a "poem break" and one on sunsets that I often work beyond, and from my 2nd book, and also an early "newspaper published" offering.
Like a picnic for your eye.
It has to demonstrate its might.
With cheer instead of sorrow.
All keen to show its bloom.
Is with bad decisions we make!
Not a regular themed style or subject from me, but hey you never know what I am going to produce, but it WAS an early one. ????
Back to more news and further "expansion" involves Andrew at the wonderful Mantel Farm Catsfield ????, who is now going to have one of my poems quarterly in the farms excellent monthly magazine. I have already had two poems in the magazine.
Of course the lovely "Chicken Kerry" ????????is still about there, but I suspect hiding a bit as not seen her for a while.????
This coming Friday another of my poems "Heartfelt" ( O K !!! I will post that one next time too) will be in a great (Eastbourne area) local newspaper of The Volunteer Hub run by the energetic (or manic, lol says "I") Helen. The astute on here will recall that I wrote, and read to the "Great, Good and Supreme" last January 2017 at the Volunteer launch my poem for them "Volunteer"!
Another little bit of "fame" is that I have now been mentioned on the excellent "Mellow Magic" show hosted by the wonderful Lynn Parsons ???? 20.00 – midnight Monday to Friday on Magic radio. I love the show and regularly listen while writing away, so the mentions and "resident poet who occasionally contacts" was well appreciated thanks Lynn!
The last couple of poems are on people, Errrrr, "less active than others" (LAZY), so the first of these two from my 2nd book, "More Poetic Views of Life"…..
But takes all that can be found.
Not thinking they've done wrong.
That bit extra they take out!
Took yours you'd not yet tasted.
Then just squanders more, and spends.
Such a commitment is a sin!
Like the farmer's gathered hive.
For ours or the farmer's pains!
Last but not least on the "nice news" front was an "overseas phone call" from a (self titled) "Major Fan" and supporter Suanne from South Africa, who regularly reads, feeds back and critiques my poems for me, (one of several highly valued ladies who does this) and also supports me with advice and encouragement. The phone call with contrasting accents was interesting as well as pleasant.
Last poem and again on "energy challenged " people, and from my latest book "Life Presented in Verse". It actually started out as a "vague" piece but soon turned into this….
Proclaim the coming time of spring.
Those who contribute the least.
Whilst waffle can baffle brains.
To improve or make correction.
That in the effort they abstained.
Only what will effect them.
So that's another Blog finished and I hope you enjoyed it, (again?) hopefully . Thus from Ted n Beth and "I" who remain "often imitated but never duplicated" it is goodbye for now, as The Journey Continues WONDERFULLY….


This weekend's long run was supposed to be a 14 miler around one of my well-trodden loops which, as you might expect, is getting a little bit tedious now. I decided just before I went out to mix it up a little as I have been doing recently and take a couple of random turns to see where they go. After the first couple of miles I decided to go off-road down a signposted footpath – which proved to be a bit of an error as it took me across a pretty sodden field and within seconds my feet were soaked. Still, I pressed on and eventually emerged a little off-course from my loop onto a familiar road and just as I was about to cross I saw the Crystal Palace transmitter on the distant horizon and thought "oh what the hell" and turned south. It's roughly a year since I did my 21 mile run down to Tower Bridge and as I tend to carry an Oyster card (in case I injure myself and need to hop on a bus/train etc) I thought I'd see how far 14 miles would take me. It was also a very nice, crisp and sunny autumn day which is just perfect running conditions for me.
As it turns out, 14 miles got me to St John's Wood – just a few hundred yards up from Edgware Road tube but by then I was on a roll and had no intention of stopping! At 15 miles I rounded Marble Arch and headed into Hyde Park past a very crowded speakers corner. Another mile and I was crossing Piccadilly into Green Park and heading for the Palace and the Mall. Halfway down the Mall I sighted Big Ben and originally decided to make that my goal so headed on down the Mall to Trafalgar Square and down Whitehall, dodging the Burmese protest march and crowds as Big Ben loomed. As I reached the tower I was showing just shy of 17.5 miles on my Garmin so I carried on to the riven and along the Embankment to try and make it a nice round 18 miles before I stopped. As luck would have it, I hit 18 miles just before Somerset House which is just along from Embankment tube and decided that with a marathon in 2 weeks time I should probably call it a day.


text:
Posts Tagged 'working life'
EFP Brief No. 237: Creative Foresight Space (CFS) for Enhanced Work Milieux
Friday, December 21st, 2012
This brief presents the concept of Creative Foresight Space (CFS), which is an alternative workspace as well as a foresight methods-based processing platform for a new kind of proactive and innovative working culture. CFS is a concept to stimulate both creativity and futures thinking. It combines physical, digital, virtual and peer-to-peer collaborative approaches for innovative and social futuring in organisations. It is designed especially to meet the challenges posed by the transition from information society to a meanings society. CFSs also provide a diverse platform for special futures workshops – called Futures Cliniques. CFSs enhance work milieus, augment work motivation as well as strengthen futures thinking and foresight competence.
Linking Innovation to Foresight in Corporations and Organizations
Innovations are born where there is enough encouraging space for creativity. Companies and organisations striving for innovation are increasingly interested in creating workplaces and workspaces that promote interaction, creativity and innovation. Companies and organisations have an immense unused potential to develop creative and innovative work environments. Such development can be linked to the attraction of regions or towns.
As the operational environment of companies and organisations has changed, foresight has gained more ground in their operations. Companies should link foresight both to their strategy work and innovation processes. In order to bring systematic foresight and innovation processes into a company, the whole organisation needs to be committed to a new way of thinking. This, in turn, requires a new culture of managing as a part of a whole new working culture. Such new culture of managing may flourish if new kind of work milieus are enabled.
Creative Foresight Space (CFS) will provide a new type of work milieu as integrated into ordinary offices. CFS links innovation processes (creative thinking) to foresight processes (futures thinking).
The project on Creative Foresight Space was initiated to find out the possibilities of developing better work environments. This was sought for by supporting the processes of organisational change through a Creative Foresight Space that encourages creativity and futures thinking. In addition to developing the concept of creative foresight space, the project included a wider foresight process that concentrated on the knowledge and expertise needed in the future.
Enhancing Creative Work Milieux for Future Thinking and Well-being
The theoretical objective of the study was to develop a concept of an innovative and experimental working space to stimulate at the same time creativity, futures thinking and wellbeing at work.
The concrete aims of the study were to design visually stimulating Creative Foresight Space (CFS) 1) to host participatory foresight sessions, especially Futures Cliniques, 2) to provide a space for self-organised futures exploration, 3) to demonstrate and apply several methods developed in futures research for futures sense-making and innovative problem solving for companies, public institutions, regions and citizens. CFS and Futures Cliniques were designed as a structured process, employing user-friendly multisensory instruments for open futures learning.
Part of the study was to probe possible futures for societal development and for the future of work. This was conducted through literature surveys, interviews (https://sites.google.com/site/futuremediac/videos–presentations) and participatory foresight sessions held in two regional CFS pilots.
The ultimate purpose of CFS was to help decision-makers by opening up vistas and even unexpected prospects for future developments at a longer and broader perspective than standard strategy.
Futures Wheel, Table, and Window
Creative Foresight Space (CFS) is a methodological umbrella concept, developed at Finland Futures Research Centre (FFRC) within the project. It manifests itself as a futures gallery or social futures learning hub, to enhance working milieus in all kind of organisations. It also acts as a platform for participatory, co-creative foresight sessions. Such sessions were structured as special Futures Cliniques. In Futures Cliniques several foresight methods are used to probe futures for the subjects selected.
The methods demonstrated and applied in all Futures Cliniques included for example the Futures Wheel, which is an easily applicable and discussion-oriented tool, and the Futures Table. In particular, the Futures Window was used, which is a visual presentation of weak signals, stimulating the futures work to follow watching it (Heinonen & Hiltunen 2012).
On average, at least five different foresight methods are always being demonstrated and used within a Futures Clinique. The Futures Research Methodology CD Version 3.0 (Glenn & Gordon 2009) produced by the Millennium Project (http://www.millennium-project.org/) was also frequently employed. In addition, material from the iKnow project (Ravetz et al. 2011; http://community.iknowfutures.eu/) was used and further elaborated. Besides foresight methods, also several innovation techniques were being applied in Futures Cliniques, e.g. the method of de Bono's (1985) Six Thinking Hats. The participants were not required to be familiar with any of the methods beforehand. Instead the idea was to enable futures learning – both content-wise and methods-wise.
The visual design and mood of the Creative Foresight Space is a method in itself, aiming at multi-sensory futures exploration. In some of the sessions, emphasis was laid on visualisation and visual material from cartoons to pieces of art were experimentally used to nourish the participants' imagination (Heinonen & Kurki 2011).
Two concrete cases of CFS were installed for a certain period of time (ca. six months) for experimenting. During the experiments, all the results were carefully identified and documented. One of the cases was CFS set up in Helsinki City Library in 2010 (in Finland). The other case was implemented inside a technology Centre Innopark in Hämeenlinna region (in Finland).
The concept of CFS can be implemented in two separate modes: the Stimulus version or the Slow version. The Stimulus version aims to excite and explode imagination and through such stimulation enhance creativity. The Slow version, on the other hand, enhances creativity through elements soothing the visitor and letting time and space for new ideas or understanding to emerge. This kind of futures learning (Heinonen, Kurki & Ruotsalainen 2012) can be achieved through slow motion digital walls, or by providing niches for silence and solitary futures exploration.
Shift Toward Meaning Society
The most important socio-economic trend identified during the project was the shift from the information society towards the meanings society.
Applying this shift to work, the central findings were the need for new organization models, radical mixing of different industries and branches, as well as utilizing prosumerism (producers + consumers) in a new work paradigm.
Adding to these a set of new competences and skills were identified. The diamond of seven competences that are critical for future work life in 2020 was presented.
The future of work in ubiquitous interaction
The future of work and the future economy will be shaped especially by changes in two intermingling areas: the technologies used and people's ways of life.
The guiding technology for the future will, quite unsurprisingly, be the Internet with its different applications and services. The Net will affect our culture deeply. The values and norms of web 2.0 will spread to the entire society – and the workplace. Digital natives will take participation, bottom-up approaches, collaboration and sharing for granted. They are intrinsically motivated rather than extrinsically influenced.
Adding to this, people strive more and more for a life that is personally and individually meaningful. The source of meaningful experiences can be anything, be it consumption, work, arts, or social relationships.
The Internet and other key technologies and services (e.g. cloud computing, mobile devices, application services) together with the strengthening ethos of self-expression are leading away from the information society to a new societal form, the meanings society. This transition will have a significant impact on how we work and on the organizations in which we work.
Despite automation work will not disappear. People are simply doing what gadgets are not capable of – taking care of creative, non-routine and un-linear tasks. Nevertheless, by 2050, work can transform in such a deep way that one can declare the end of work as we know it. We might see a return to the roots of work, to the time before the institution of paid work.
Work per se is an act of creativity, which aims at satisfying our material and immaterial needs. People enjoy working, because it manifests their best qualities: creating, solving problems, using ones skills and crafts, developing one self. Working creates the experience of autonomy as well as binds people to each other through the division of labour. Work is an act of individualism as it is that of collectivism.
Instead of the institution of paid work under an employee, in the future self-organizing peer-to-peer production and prosumerism could form the basic framework for work institution. In the future, the ideal worker may not be a diligent toiler with narrow expertise, but an enthusiastic and ingenious amateur (Heinonen & Ruotsalainen 2012). Workers know well their field of expertise, but are curious and interested in a myriad of things. Engineers cherish the ideal of the Renaissance Man. Of the general work competences especially time competence, systems competence and meanings competence are needed.
Meaning Competence as a New Skill
Especially meanings competence can be of most crucial importance in the future. Production in the creative economy is in essence cultural meanings. Communication is carried out through meanings. Production aims more and more at products and services which aid in identity production and constructing a personally meaningful way of life. This is not solely a concern of the creative class, but all industries have to take into account this change in society and consumer demand.
Meanings competence is the ability to create and interpret meanings, construct and communicate social reality. Workers need meanings competence not only as tool, but also as a skill to construct one's work as comprehensible, fulfilling and meaningful. Jobs will be less and less clearly defined, and workers must learn to "define" their jobs for themselves. Creating meanings competence is a social process, which calls for interaction competence: culture is by definition social, shared. Creativity, stories and innovations can only be created in socially livable environments, in which the interaction between individuals is fluid. Socially lively work means also taking consumers along in the production process: it is the best way to ensure that the products and services will be deeply meaningful. Essentially, meanings competence is not only a matter of work life, but people will increasingly strive at creating their life meaningful and purposeful.
Danger of Work Becoming too Big
The most important trend identified considering working life was not only the mixing together of different industries but different spheres, values and procedures: consumers becoming producers (and producers consumer-like), work becoming leisure-like (and vice versa).
This development has several benefits, as it helps making work more meaningful and products more demand-matching. However, it contains serious threats: instead of work becoming more meaningful and fulfilling, it can attain too big a role in our lives. Furthermore, these issues are linked with the emerging theme of the changes between public and private spheres.
Perhaps not by 2020, but most probably by 2050 technology has melted to become an inseparable part of our environment, but also of ourselves. Our thinking, communication, work and leisure are intermediated, supported and enhanced by technology. One of the most prominent effects of technologies is the dramatic fertilization of communication. Vivid communication promotes openness, which on its part promotes innovation. We are increasingly living a life of ubiquitousness and transparency. It is a matter of further investigation what are the pros and cons of this development.
Testing New Techniques, Products and Processes
Examples of the main topics that were dealt with in Futures Cliniques are:
Future Concepts of Urban Housing and Sustainable Multi-Locality
Radical Innovations on Combating Climate Change
The Future of Library
The Future of Technology Centres
The Intertwining Futures of Work and the Internet
The Utilization of 3D Worlds
Emerging Digital Culture
Meaning and Time Competence as Future Work Skills
Clients for recent Futures Cliniques conducted by Finland Futures Research Centre include for example the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, the Finnish Innovation Fund, Technology Centre Innopark and Helsinki City Library.
For each Futures Clinique the participants were selected to represent different industries, branches and fields. The heterogeneity of the participants and co-creative methods used resulted in various progressive and future oriented ideas. For example, the Futures Cliniques considering the futures of libraries helped in redesigning of the activities of Helsinki city library "Kohtaamispaikka" (Meeting Point).
The participating case organisations profited from the project in the form of new ideas for future development. In addition to the core concept (CFS), it was possible to test some of the tentative ideas, as well as the new techniques, products, services and processes of the participating organisations in the workshops. The participants also received all the material created in the project and in the Futures Cliniques conducted within the CFS.
The results of the project were also presented in the media, which both disseminated information and made the project more influential on local and even regional level, thus giving the participating organisations a means for marketing. The project also added to the wellbeing of the participating organisations' employees. Visiting the Creative Foresight Space and attending Futures Cliniques were often regarded as legitimate out-of-official-role behaviour and relaxation with futures-oriented intellectual stimulation. Concrete input for regular work was provided by the ideas and innovation germs picked up from CFS, together with adoption of a more holistic and longer-term looking ahead.
Democracy and Participation to Profit from Creative Public Spaces
The project implicated the untapped possibilities of collaborative, co-creative and peer-to-peer foresight activities. Participatory foresight or planning methods could be used considerably more in policy and decision making processes. In government, each Ministry could have its own Creative Foresight Space. Large companies and organisations could have their own Creative Foresight Space, while smaller enterprises could share a common CFS, located e.g. inside a technology park, science hub or conference centre.
Another central issue is the planning and designing of public spaces. The concept of CFS could be implemented not only in corporations, but in public spaces and public enterprises too. This would not only improve work-related wellbeing but benefit democracy and participation. For citizens, libraries and educational institutes would be ideal places for futures learning through Creative Foresight Spaces.
Ubiquitous digital technologies and Internet-platformed solutions have a huge potential to provide for creative processes as well as participatory policy planning and democratic decision making. The potential of Internet-based technologies and services should be further examined especially in conducting virtual foresight workshops, cross-fertilised with face-to-face Futures Cliniques.
The project on Creative Foresight Space with the introduction of this hybrid concept for futures learning, and with its documentation of the results from two experimental cases is the first step. The second step is to disseminate the experiences of these cases to make a concrete call for further action. The concept of Creative Foresight Space and of Futures Cliniques could be revisited for involving policy-makers more directly in the foresight processes. These tools can be utilised to enable decision-makers, experts/researchers, planners, and citizens to collaborate − crowdsourcing the futures, "learning" the futures.
Authors: Sirkka Heinonen sirkka.heinonen@utu.fi
Juho Ruotsalainen juho.ruotsalainen@utu.fi
Sofi Kurki sofi.kurki@utu.fi
Sponsors: European Regional Development Fund, City of Helsinki, Technology Park Innopark
Type: single issue
Organizer: Finland Futures Research Centre, University of Turku, Future of Media and Communications Research Group, Sirkka Heinonen, sirkka.heinonen@utu.fi
Duration: 2009-2011 Budget: N/A Time Horizon: 2020 Date of Brief: 7.7.2012
Download EFP Brief No. 237_Creative Foresight Space for Enhanced Work Milieux.
de Bono, Edward (1985). Six Thinking Hats.
Glenn, Jerome & Gordon, Theodore (ed.) (2009). Futures Research Methodology version 3.0. CD. Millennium Project. Washington D.C.
Heinonen, Sirkka & Hiltunen Elina (2011). Creative Foresight Space and the Futures Window: Using
visual weak signals to enhance anticipation and innovation. Futures vol 44, 248-256.
Heinonen, Sirkka & Kurki, Sofi (2011). Transmedial Futuring in Creative Foresight Space. In publication: Wagner, Cynthia G. (ed.) (2011). Moving from Vision to Action. Essays published in conjunction with the World Future Society's annual meeting. pp. 119-128. World Future Society, Maryland.
Heinonen, Sirkka, Kurki, Sofi & Ruotsalainen, Juho (2012). Futures Learning for Future Work. From Know How to Know Why. Manuscript. Forthcoming.
Heinonen, Sirkka & Ruotsalainen, Juho (2012). Towards the age of neo-entrepreneurs. World Future Review, Journal of Strategic Foresight.
Ravetz, Joe, Popper, Rafael & Miles, Ian (2011). iKnow ERA Toolkit. Applications of Wild Cards and Weak Signals to the Grand Challenges & Thematic Priorities of the European Research Area. European Commission. http://community.iknowfutures.eu/pg/file/popper/view/11926/iknow-era-toolkit-2011
Website of the Research Group of the Future of Media and Communications (FMC), University of Turku
https://sites.google.com/site/futuremediac/
Tags: collaborative aproach, creativity, meanings society, working culture, working life
Posted in EU, Finland, Information and communication technologies (ICT), Socio-economic sciences and the humanities, until 2020 | Comments Off on EFP Brief No. 237: Creative Foresight Space (CFS) for Enhanced Work Milieux
EFP Brief No. 206: Future Strategies for Ageing Management in the Working World of Salzburg Province
The projected demographic change and the resulting necessity of a longer working life represent considerable challenges for (1) the individual quality of life and work of employees, (2) the innovative capacity and productivity of companies and (3) the negotiability of the welfare state. As its goal, the foresight project set out to analyse the concrete situation and development potential of the working world in the Province of Salzburg and depict the options for taking action at the micro-level (individual), meso-level (organisations) and macro-level (socio-political actors) in the form of scenarios. The project placed particular emphasis on transferring research results into practice.
Demographic Change in Salzburg Province
As in all of Europe, Salzburg Province also conforms to the population development trend that has been evident now for decades: a rising number of older people in retirement in contrast to a consistently sinking number of younger people of employment age. Because of this, a longer term of employment is required in order to secure the social systems and to maintain economic strength.
Simultaneously, the employment-related difficulties are increasing for those in the workforce, for instance, through more rapid and increasingly complex work processes, time pressure or the devaluation of professional qualifications over time. In addition, a lack of professional specialists is expected, which is heightened further by the demographic development.
In order to meet the challenges arising from the change in population structures and the workforce, it is important to become proactive and take determined measures in a timely fashion.
In research and politics, the need for action is recognised in principle; however, there are deficits in implementing large-scale and in-depth problem-solving options in practice. Therefore, the project begins with sensitising and supporting actors in implementing age management in the working world.
Flaws in Existing Concepts
Existing concepts…
… neglect the holistic perspective, are attentive exclusively to the target group of employees who are already older at present, and focus only on certain fields of action;
… do not give enough attention to individual actors whose interests often contradict each other and result from short-term thinking;
… presuppose that companies have a certain resource potential. These concepts are therefore not suitable to the general conditions of the smaller companies characteristic of Salzburg Province.
In addition, many actors appear to be overwhelmed by the complexity of the problem and the numerous recommendations of how to tackle it. They often react to this by postponing necessary measures or even refusing to take action.
A Holistic View on Ageing in the Working World
Against this background, a two-part project structure emerged. First of all, it was important to grasp the specific situation in Salzburg Province in a basic research phase and to analyse the developmental stages to be expected in each of the topic areas and fields of action at the different societal levels (individuals, organisations, socio-political actors) that are significant for the further development of the regional labour market. Parallel to this, the project sought to identify the factors so far preventing employment appropriate for an ageing workforce. A further emphasis of this research phase was how age management concepts should be conceived for small companies to be able to apply them.
On the other hand, the focus was placed on attempts to put the research findings into practice in an implementation-oriented transfer phase. Particular attention was paid to the enterprise and branch structure of Salzburg Province. The transfer phase involved an awareness-raising process regarding age management in the working world. The target groups here were both the companies as well as their employees – from the apprentice on up to the senior employee.
The aim of the project "Future Strategies for Ageing Management in the Working World of Salzburg Province" is to set impulses for a working world in which companies facilitate the work capabilities of employees and societal structures are created to enable longer employment with a high quality of work life for everyone. In the process, it is important to take the diverse fields of action into consideration that together form a working world appropriate to ageing (Fig. 1).
Innovations for Demographic Change in Work Life
The target variables in the basic research phase were (1) the individual quality of life and work of employees, (2) the innovative capability and productivity of the companies and (3) the negotiability of the welfare state. With an eye to these main target variables, we analysed the challenges resulting from the ageing of the population for individuals, companies and socio-political actors and determined the measures to be taken to establish a living and working environment appropriate to ageing and the barriers in the way of implementing urgently needed measures. The complexity of the problems was described from multiple perspectives using the scenario technique in which the potential consequences of successful or, in some cases, unsuccessful age management was systematically varied on several levels.
Methodical Procedure
In an initial step, we reviewed the findings in the relevant research literature and of previous projects. In a second step, we conducted interviews with regional and supra-regional experts who were able to give a first overview of the relevant factors regarding developments in the working world.
Expanding on the analysis of research to date and the explorative interviews with the experts, a total of four extensive structural analysis workshops (MICMAC) were organised for the central fields of action (education, health, business operations and society). These structural analyses were conducted by involving regional actors who were noted for their positions of authority and professional competence in each particular field of action.
Based on the workshop results, influential factors decisive for the working world of Salzburg Province were identified and their reciprocal effects were described in a consistency analysis. Systematic variations allowed projecting numerous potential paths of development in the Salzburg working world. The three most plausible and significant development tracks were then compactly designed as scenarios.
In this way, the first project track led to differentiated scenarios that illustrate the complexity of the topic while allowing to integrate the individual research results. Thus, the scenarios primarily enabled formulating the comprehensive and complex connections resulting from the demographic changes for the company context and beyond. They were meant to create awareness for the problem and were used as the basis for a second, practice-oriented project track, involving a maximum diversity of actors across all sectors. This second step was aimed at devising ways of giving higher priority to the necessary long-term structural and behavioural changes over short-term planning horizons.
Scenarios: Creating a Working World Appropriate for Ageing
The scenario process revealed that the degree of activity on the political and operational level is significant for establishing age management in the working world. Political and operational activity thus form two axes along which the scenarios vary, leading to three conceivable scenarios. The fourth scenario in this scheme based on active political and reactive operational activity was excluded as implausible.
Scenario 1: Everyone for Him/Herself
In the first scenario, neither political nor company actors are actively involved in age management in the working world. Everyone struggles on his or her own and is driven by the demands prevailing in the modern working world.
Scenario 2: Leader of the Pack
The second scenario depends on high initiative within the company itself. With persistence and readiness to make investments, a few succeed in mastering the challenges of a changing working world. The political initiative is missing that is necessary to push the less innovative and strong enterprises towards appropriate management of ageing.
Scenario 3: Salzburg Gets Busy
In this scenario, the political and organisational actors take collaborative action and establish suitable working structures. Step by step, they create a working world appropriate to ageing.
Involving Older Employees, Young Workers & Socio-political Actors
The second line of the project centred on putting the research results into practice. Three scopes of application with different priorities were realised in order to make use of the lessons learned from the scenarios in the working world.
The first module was to develop a model for age management in small and medium-sized businesses. Considering the particular situation especially of small-sized businesses, we developed instruments for assessing the current situation and sensitising actors to the problem of demographic change and devised measures to address the challenges. In a scenario workshop, employees were able to expand on what they expected regarding their own future career.
A second module aimed at sensitising young workers. The apprentices were given opportunities to become familiar with the topic of "Labour and Age" in a creative way. They received information about the demographic change and its consequences for the working world and were instructed in a theatre workshop about preparing for the future challenges to be faced.
The third and most important use of the scenarios was to sensitize socio-political actors. The scenarios provided a means of demonstrating to politicians, social partners and public institutions the underlying factors and connections and allowed to derive recommendations for action to establish age management in the working world.
The practical experience modules were carried out in close collaboration with the Salzburg Occupational Health Services Centre for healthful employment, which plans to implement the project results in its future work with companies and their employees.
Individual and Structural Adaptation Strategies
Demographic changes take place over relatively long periods of time. Seen from one angle, this enables projecting demographic trends relatively reliably, but it also makes it more difficult to influence them in the short- and medium-term. For the actors in Salzburg Province, this means two things: they can influence the process of demographic change only to a very limited extent, and in shaping the working world, the task consists mostly of adapting to future developments with expectancy and efficiency. Against this background, the research process brought forth the following findings:
Successfully surmounting the challenges of demographic change requires that the actors in Salzburg Province coordinate their efforts. A particular responsibility falls to the political actors who are in charge of the general structural conditions providing the framework for the job market in Salzburg Province. Due to the complexity of the topic and the economic structure of the region with its many small businesses, it is hardly realistic to expect any comprehensive initiative on the organisational level, or as the case may be, independent initiative on the individual level. Decisive factors for the formation of age management in the working world in Salzburg Province are closely linked with the amount of political action, on the one hand, and with the amount of involvement at the company level, on the other. Individual behaviour in the working world in Salzburg Province can be viewed as a consequence of action at higher levels of social organization and cannot be expected to act as a major force in initiating change.
Actual age at the onset of retirement:
The workforce must adapt to a longer working life. The political goal is to prolong working life and delay retirement. Early retirement based on exceptional circumstances and in cases of hardship is now more difficult. What measures are taken at the level of legislation and implementation will be decisive as to whether the extension of working life will be cushioned by welfare state regulations in socially responsible ways or whether the additional burden must be carried by each and every individual alone.
Working capability:
The prerequisite for a longer working life is maintaining the ability to work. This poses a problem particularly in professions defined by hard physical labour and mental stress. Here it is rarely possible to remain healthy and motivated until legal retirement age. Thus, the primary goal must be to retain the individual ability to work. This pertains most of all to physical and mental health but also to skills and motivation.
Skilled workers:
It is worth considering that a shortage of qualified workers in the wake of demographic change could lead to competition for the "best and brightest", a situation already found today to some extent within some companies. Companies as well as the Salzburg Province itself are well-advised to shape the economic and other framework conditions so that the region remains an attractive economic location.
Qualification and job market:
Not every group in the job market can be expected to live up to the demands of life-long learning. For this reason, we can assume that there will be stronger polarity in the job market between a group of well to very well qualified workers and a group of rather poorly qualified ones.
The better qualified will be highly sought after in the future and will perform challenging tasks whereas the rather poorly qualified workers will be left with the simpler and fairly stressful activities. The situation of the less qualified will worsen in the future due to the fact that certain qualifications will probably be required even for simple jobs. The demands in regard to knowledge, skills and proficiency will tend to rise even for positions requiring lower qualifications. Initiatives will thus be required in order to profitably integrate this part of the workforce in the working world throughout their entire working life.
More strongly integrating women and retaining the ageing population in the job market would contribute to better utilising the potential workforce and better distributing stress in the working world. A very effective measure to that effect is improving structures for childcare.
Attitudes and values:
Less concrete but no less effective than welfare state and company regulations are the ideas entertained throughout society about the working world. The images of the working world in the minds of the general population have a considerable influence on behaviour in the labour market, for instance, concerning job preferences and choice of profession. Deficit-oriented perceptions of ageing, stereotypical gender roles or assumptions about the stages in an employment biography strongly affect individual working behaviour. Changes in the "labour market culture" in the service of age management in the working world could be one of the most powerful influences of all.
Authors: Katja Linnenschmidt katja.linnenschmidt@fh-salzburg.ac.at
Dirk Steinbach dirk.steinbach@fh-salzburg.ac.at
Elmar Schüll elmar.schuell@fh-salzburg.ac.at
Sponsors: Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)
Type: Regional foresight project covering a single issue
Organizer: Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Centre for Futures Studies
Duration: 11/2008–10/2011 Budget: € 400,000 Time Horizon: 2030 Date of Brief: Dec 2011
EFP Brief No. 206_Future strategies for ageing management in Salzburg Province
Ilmarinen, Juhani; Tempel, Jürgen (2002): Arbeitsfähigkeit 2010 – Was können wir tun, damit Sie gesund bleiben? VSA Verlag, Hamburg.
Steinbach, Dirk; Linnenschmidt, Katja; Schüll, Elmar (2011): Zukunftsstrategien für eine alternsgerechte Arbeitswelt – Trends, Szenarien und Empfehlungen. LIT-Verlag. Vienna.
www.fhs-forschung.at/zfz
Tags: aeging management, demographic change, scenarios, working life, working patterns
Posted in Austria, brief, Geography, Health, National, Regional, Socio-economic sciences and the humanities, Themes, Time Horizon, until 2030 | Comments Off on EFP Brief No. 206: Future Strategies for Ageing Management in the Working World of Salzburg Province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl