text:
<?php

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;

class CreateMenusTable extends Migration
{
    /**
     * Run the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function up()
    {
        Schema::create('menus', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->increments('id');
            $table->string('menu_name');
            $table->text('menu_description');
            $table->decimal('menu_price');
            $table->string('menu_photo')->nullable();
            $table->integer('category_id')->unsigned();
            $table->integer('stock_qty');
            $table->integer('minimum_qty')->default(1);
            $table->integer('id_mealtime')->nullable();
            $table->boolean('menu_status');
            $table->timestamps();

            $table->foreign('category_id')->references('id')->on('categories');
        });
    }

    /**
     * Reverse the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function down()
    {
        //
        Schema::dropIfExists('menus');
    }
}


text:
NGC 6709 ist ein offener Sternhaufen vom Trumpler-Typ III2m im Sternbild Adler am Nordsternhimmel. Er hat eine Helligkeit von 6,7 mag und einen Winkeldurchmesser von 13 Bogenminuten. Der Haufen ist rund 3.500 Lichtjahre vom Sonnensystem entfernt.

Entdeckt wurde das Objekt am 29. Juli 1827 von John Herschel.

Einzelnachweise

Individueller offener Sternhaufen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fr. Peter Kiarie was a visiting priest from Kenya who worked in the Diocese of Brooklyn. In June 2002, Fr. Kiarie was arrested and criminally charged with child sexual abuse. Fr. Kiarie met the survivor at Blessed Virgin Mary Help of Christians in Woodside, New York. He allegedly took the survivor on a day trip to Rockaway Beach, New York City, New York, where he sexually abused the survivor. Fr. Kiarie rejected a plea bargain that would have given him ninety days in jail and demanded a trial by jury. In April 2003, a jury found Fr. Kiarie not guilty of child sexual abuse. Immediately after he was acquitted, Fr. Kiarie expressed his intent to return to Kenya as soon as possible.
Fr. Peter Kiarie was ordained a priest in 1993 and is a missionary priest of the Holy Ghost Fathers religious order. Fr. Kiarie went on a speaking tour in New York to raise money for Kenya churches. He preached at Blessed Virgin Mary Help of Christians in Woodside, New York.


text:
in: Articles containing Japanese-language text, 1967 births, Living people,
People from Fukuoka (city)
Hiroya Oku
Fukuoka, Fukuoka
Yahiro Kuon
Youth Manga Awards (1988)
Hiroya Oku (奥 浩哉 Oku Hiroya?, born September 16, 1967 in Fukuoka, Fukuoka) is a mangaka who is the creator of Gantz, Zero-One and HEN, all of which have been serialized in Young Jump. He is currently working on Phase 3 of Gantz, due to be released in October 2009. His manga often contain explicit violence and gore, as well as sexual situations.
He won the second prize of the Youth Manga Awards in 1988, under the penname Yahiro Kuon.
He designed a character for Namco Bandai's Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 fighting game, Soulcalibur IV named Shura.
1 About Oku
1.1 Favorite things
1.2 Most hated thing
About Oku
"I would say my favorite things right now are girls in manga with girlish faces and huge tits that just jump out at you!" [1]
Most hated thing
He has stated his hatred of cat ears on a girl.
Hen - There are two series of Hen; the first, with kanji, ran for 13 volumes -- the first three are short story collections, and the remaining ten are a romantic comedy in which both leads are male. The short stories were later repackaged as "Aka" and "Kuro."
The second series, 8 volumes, with the title only in romaji, is a romantic comedy in which both leads are women.
Zero One
Ran from 1999-2000, for only three volumes, about a video game tournament. It was not successful, and ended abruptly.
Gantz - Currently 27 volumes. The first eight have been adapted into the two seasons of the Anime, with the final episodes of the Anime consisting of a different story that the manga follows.
Me~teru no Kimochi, Love Laughs at Locksmiths - 3 volumes in all, about a shut-in or hikikomori falling in love with his young stepmother after the death of his father.
↑ page 215 for Gantz volume 8, official English release
Hiroya Oku at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
Ain't it Cool articles mentioning Hiroya Oku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Working outdoors or doing some activities there is much safer if you are careful enough. It is enjoyable to do things outdoors but you need to know that there are also risks that you should be prepared for. Nature can do harm if you are not careful while you are outdoors. Respecting the place and knowing warning signs is very important if you will do outdoor activities. Awareness of the dangers and risks will give you a great time outdoors. You can put yourself and your group in danger if you don't know what these risks are.
One of the biggest outdoor risks is the weather. The weather can easily ruin your plans, cause injuries, and cause illness. It is good to monitor the weather forecast before you go outdoors. Don't go if you worry about bad weather. You should trust your senses if it does not jibe with the forecast. Forecasts can change quickly in some parts of the country and in certain seasons, and you don't want to get caught in it while you are outdoors. Bring clothes for every kind of weather, including wind and water-proof coats.
There are many irritating insects that can bother you when you are outdoors. With fly repellent and antihistamine creams, you can drive the insects away. You need to know how to remove ticks and to spot pests. Calling pest control services to deal with bugs that you have brought home from the outdoors is the only way to get of its infestation.
It can be awesome as well as dangerous to spot wild animals outdoors. Wild animals are wild animals that can easily turn on anyone that threatens them especially if they have babies. Passing through beat territory requires you to make a lot of noise.. When you make noise, bears will avoid you coming since they are don't want to cross paths with humans. Always follow bear safe procedures when camping. You should not let foods or leftovers hang around your tent' hang you food and disposed of your leftovers.
Risks are everywhere in different terrain. Slippery river crossings or uneven paths are common. If you are not careful and if you are not wearing the right kind of footwear, you can hurt yourself in these hurdles. Supportive walking boots with a high level of grip and is waterproof are the right footwear to use. Always pay attention to the ground you are crossing. If there is worry in your heart, then you should not take the risk. Mountain paths are narrow and steep and if you are not used to climbing them, it can be very hard work on your part.


text:
2021 G-Day details set
This is from the UGA Athletic Dept.
(Photo by Lance McCurley)
ATHENS —— University of Georgia football fans will get their first glimpse of the 2021 Bulldogs on Saturday, April 17, when the Red team faces the Black team at the annual G-Day intrasquad game in Sanford Stadium. The 2021 G-Day game is presented by Piedmont Healthcare.
Kickoff time and broadcast information for the G-Day game have yet to be determined.
Last season the UGA Athletic Association enacted a number of game-day policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these policies will remain in place for the G-Day game.
Tickets for the G-Day game will be $10 each and all tickets will be handled digitally. Proceeds from ticket sales will go to local charities, which will be announced at a later date.
Once again, attendance at G-Day will be limited to approximately 20-25 percent of full capacity at Sanford Stadium. Attendance at all three home games in the 2020 season was listed at 20,524. All seating will be reserved and in groups intended to maximize social distancing.
Ticket sales will be offered to all 2020 and/or 2021 Hartman Fund donors, and ticket requests can be submitted beginning Monday, March 1 through Wednesday, March 3.
Ticket priority access will be given in the following order:
• 2020 Hartman Fund donors who were only allocated tickets to the canceled Vanderbilt game this past season. Magill Society members will also be included in this initial group.
• 2020 Hartman Fund donors who converted any amount of their remaining balance towards COVID-19 UGA Athletics Fund.
• All remaining 2020 and/or 2021 Hartman Fund donors.
The Georgia Bulldog Club (TGBC) Priority Points will be used to allocate tickets in each of these groups in the event that all available tickets are sold. Reserved ticket locations will be based on cumulative TGBC Priority Points among those who request tickets.
• UGA Faculty, Staff and Students will receive communication from the Athletic Association Ticket Office with the opportunity to request G-day tickets.
• All remaining tickets, if available, will be on sale to the general public on Monday, March 15.
Parking for G-Day will be available in campus lots beginning three hours prior to kickoff. A valid G-Day game ticket must be shown to enter any on-campus parking lot, except for the following lots, which are reserved for internal use and will be accessible by special permit only:
• Tate Center Deck and surface lot
• Clark Howell parking lot
• Sanford Drive and Field Street
• Lower East Campus Road lot
Handicapped parking will be available in the Tate Center Parking Deck and East Campus Road lot with a state-issued handicap parking permit and valid G-Day game ticket.
Tailgating will not be permitted on campus for G-Day.
Fans will be required to wear a face-covering to enter Sanford Stadium and while moving within the facility. Face coverings may be removed or lowered when seated in a socially distanced manner. COVID-19 sanitizing and mitigation practices will be in place. Hand sanitizer stations will be located throughout the stadium. Attendants will be available at restrooms and concession stands for cleaning and sanitizing protocols.
Stadium gates will open two hours prior to kickoff.


text:
Q: PhantomJS - select html element I am using phantomJS and I want to select element from html webpage.
Here is my code in phantomJS:
var page = require('webpage').create();
var url = 'http://localhost:9001/build/browser/index.html';

page.open(url, function (status) {
  if (status === 'success') {
    var input = page.evaluate(function() {
      return document.querySelector('[fill="#ffcc00"]');
    }, 2000);
    console.log(input);
    phantom.exit();
  }
});

Here is my html:

                                <svg class="leaflet5" >
                                    <g>
                                        <path stroke="#000000" fill="#ffcc00" class="leaflet6" ></path>
                                    </g>
                                </svg>

How to select this element using querySelector?

A: You need to use return !!document.querySelector('path[fill="#ffcc00"]')  it will return true if the selector is exist, otherwise false.
var page = require('webpage').create();
var url = 'http://localhost:9001/build/browser/index.html';

page.open(url, function (status) {
  if (status === 'success') {
    var input = page.evaluate(function() {
      return !!document.querySelector('path[fill="#ffcc00"]'); // returns true if the selector is exist, otherwise false.
    }, 2000);
    console.log(input);
    phantom.exit();
  }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Runaway Bride: People Who Were Engaged But Never Made It To the Alter Tell Why
Dec 7, 2017 at 11:35 am | By Emily Hingle
These breakups led to better things
You may think that you've found the love of your life, and it's only natural to ask that person to marry you. But just because they said yes doesn't mean that they're taking that commitment seriously. Heading toward the altar can scare people into trying to end their relationships because it's all becoming too real. They may push their partner away or cheat fearing that they're going to be trapped in a marriage before they're ready. At the worst, an engagement can be a final attempt to save a wavering relationship. Unfortunately, it only harms things more.
Though it hurt to break it off at the time, these people realized that it was for the best in the end.
Credit: Peter Bernik/Shutterstock
Credit: Borysevych.com/Shutterstock
She started hanging out with an old group of high school friends and just changed. She became extremely nasty over wedding plans, telling me we had to have the exact same number of guests on both sides. If I had one more guest than she did, she made me remove someone from my side.
I knew if I moved forward it would have ended in divorce, so I just ended it before it got to that. (JoeyBlaze)
Credit: Photographee.eu/Shutterstock
She had anger issues before I popped the question, but I ignored them. Waited six years for it to change and hopefully get better all the while trying everything I could to help (helped pay her college, let her move in, took her entire family to Hawaii, paid for counseling, etc).
Then my dad died. Nothing hits you harder than knowing I didn't just waste my time, but I wasted his too. He'll never see his grandkids or be at my wedding or be there for all the things he should have been had I manned up and moved on when I knew things weren't going to work like he told me years ago.
It's my biggest regret in life, but something I won't make again. I broke it off, and I am much happier now and looking for that special someone. (CrashTestDummie)
Double Damage
Credit: Antonio Guillem/Shutterstock
Got engaged to my pregnant girlfriend. Four months before the wedding, she calls it off saying she doesn't feel the love anymore. A week after that, I came home early from my second job to surprise her and see if we can work things out and found her in bed with the guy who would have been my best man.
Turns out they've been shacking up for six months, and she planned to leave me for him as soon as he broke things off with his wife (who was to be her maid of honor).
I decided to speed up the process by telling his wife what I found. Instead of leaving her, the guy ditches my fiancée to try to salvage his marriage. (Toofpasties)


Don't miss out on this incredible corporate housing experience! Right in the middle of the vibrant SoCo District, the ultimate Austin experience is just outside your door. Explore Soco and all of its interesting eateries and retailers. Enjoy the effortless drive into Downtown Austin just a couple blocks away. Your fully furnished apartment at The State House is the perfect choice for convenience, comfort, and luxury.
SoCo, SoCo, SoCo! Live in the most vibrant area in Austin right down the street from downtown!


Notifiable disease conditions required by Texas Health and Safety Code (Chapters 81, 84, and 87) can be found at www.dshs.texas.gov/idcu/investigation/conditions. Outbreaks or any unusual occurrence of a condition/disease should be reported, even if it is not on the List of Notifiable Conditions.
Read more about disease reporting in the Texas Health and Safety Code in Chapter 81 Communicable Disease, then 81.041 Reportable Diseases.
Read more about rules in the Texas Administrative Code, Title 25, Part 1, Chapter 97 governing control measures and reporting of communicable diseases.
See Additional Disease Reporting Resources for more information including Guidelines and Tools for Outbreak Response.


text:
Leszek Kopciuch THE ETHICAL NOTIONS AND RELATIVISM IN
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 28 (41) 2012
Leszek Kopciuch Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
THE ETHICAL NOTIONS AND RELATIVISM IN CULTURE. IN THE CONTEXT OF GERMAN MATERIAL ETHICS OF VALUES
A variability of culture and its material components is a general and well-known phenomenon in our history. We all know that moral ideas and ethical convictions change during the history. Their evident expression are concrete moral theories and codices, which ever contained some specified ethical notions and terms. These transformations are treated usually as a basic argument, proving the legitimacy of ethical and moral relativism. The aim of this paper is not to demonstrate the whole problem of the relativism, ethics and its notions. It aims rather at analyzing the comprehension of cultural relativism in context of three central ethical notions (value, validity, ought) formulated in main ideas of German material value-ethics, and particularly in theories formulated by Max Scheler (1874–1928), Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950) and Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889–1977). In particular, there are three questions which are foreground in the analyzed problem: (1) an understanding of the moral value, moral validity and moral ought; (2) an understanding of the phenomenon of cultural variability within moral ethos; (3) criticism and refutation of the ethical relativism in the context of distinctions and notions used in writings of those authors. I endeavour, then, by referring to the ideas of German value-ethics, to examine whether it is possible to explain moral changes and plurality in culture, without a moral relativism. By saying "a moral relativism in culture", I mean the conception stating that a value, firstly, does not exist independently from human valuing and secondly, that this valuing depends on the human's decision, will or feeling. What is, then, a value? According to relativists, it is a product of human acts (will, decision, feeling, action, individual and social needs, social opinions and conventions). Thus, there are always people which create the axiological ISBN 978–83–7431–350–6
Leszek Kopciuch site of the real world. Without human conscience and activity the world will lost, of course, its axiological attributes. That question requires, firstly, to be undertaken in the context of material value-ethics, because it offers the solution which consolidates relativism with moral absolutism. Secondly, it is a perspective which allows us, as I hope, to avoid many of absurdities and antinomies appearing in the postmodernist, subjectivistic and emotivistic theories, however not losing the phenomenon of the historical variability of values and changing human valuations. And thirdly that is a phenomenological conception which offers the largest and most precise understanding of the value in the 20th century. The first and main argument, that the German material ethics of values gave against ethical relativism is, in my opinion, an idea of the emotional feeling of values (Wertf¨ uhlen, Wertgef¨ uhl).1 This value-feeling2 demonstrates a value primary and indirect. Nobody can create it arbitrarily or eliminate it directly. That is why it is possible to interpret a value-feeling as the first and basic phenomenological argument against relativism. It demonstrates, as "passive" human experience, that value-being and value-hierarchy are objective and independent from the human value-consciousness, will, action or attitudes. There are rather value-feeling and value-preferring, Scheler states in Formalism in Ethics, which are always a basis in which the purpose of will is grounded: "Nothing can become a purpose that was not first a goal!".3 Hartmann formulates in his Ethics the same opinion: human will is grounded in the value-consciousness, in that human will a value is always given already.4 A value-feeling, however, has an emotional nature which causes, naturally, many critiques and reproaches.5 Furthermore, a value-feeling is changing in the history and other different cultures or civilisations. Can we, then, 1 See also: L. Kopciuch, Krytyka relatywizmu etycznego u Nicolaia Hartmanna (Critique of Ethical Relativism in Nicolai Hartmann), "Edukacja Filozoficzna" 2006, Vol. 41, pp. 157–163. 2 About an idea of axiological feeling see e.g.: R. Zaborowski, Nicolai Hartmann's Approach to Affectivity and Its Relevance for the Current Debate Over Feelings, in: The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann, ed. R. Poli, C. Scognamiglio, F. Tremblay, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin–Boston 2011, pp. 159–175. 3 See: M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values. A New Attemt Toward the Foundation of an Ethical personalism, transl. by M. S. Frings and R. L. Funk, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois 1973, p. 40. 4 See e.g.: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, transl. by S. Coit, with a new introduction by A. A. M Kinneging, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick– London 2007, pp. 192–194. 5 From a different points of view. See e.g.: V. Kraft, Foundations for a Scientific Analysis of Value, red. H. L. Mulder, Vienna Circle Collection, Vol. 15, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht–Boston–London 1981.
The Ethical Notions and Relativism in Culture... really found our axiological knowledge on value-emotions? Can we really find some emotions which will have a universal and intersubjective character? And can we really speak about a cognitive role of emotions in general? These questions cause that it becomes necessary, also in material ethics of value, to give some other types of arguments against relativism. And, in my opinion, there are particular notions and distinctions in the structure of values which have this function to realize. Let us first reconstruct a phenomenological idea of the value in general. There are objectivistic and absolutistic understanding of value which are proposed in the material value-ethics. Scheler notes that moral values are objective and ideal entities and noematas:6 they are "irreducible, basic phenomena of emotive intuition"7 existing independently on the real world. In Hartmann a value has an ideal being8 and is an ideal essence: "The mode of Being peculiar to values is evidently that of an ideal self-existence. The values are originally patterns of an ethical ideal sphere, of a realm with its own structures, its own laws and order. This sphere is connected organically with the theoretical ideal sphere, the logical and the mathematical, as well as with that of pure essences in general".9 In Hildebrand the values are founded in God.10 A different position was represented only by Hans Reiner, who did not make decisions about a metaphysical position of value at all.11 So if we ignore the differences existing in their ideas, we can say that in Scheler, Hartmann and von Hildebrand a moral value is interpreted as an essence (Wesenheit) existing independently from the real 6 See also: P. Orlik, Fenomenologia świadomości aksjologicznej (Max Scheler – Dietrich von Hildebrand) [The Phenomenology of Axiological Consciousness (Max Scheler – Dietrich von Hildebrand)], Wydawnictwo IF UAM, Poznań 1995, pp. 89–115. 7 See: M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, p. 265. 8 How is character of this ideality and objectivity of value, ontological or rather only epistemological, is a question, which in this place we can ignore. I analyzed this problem in the other place already. See: L. Kopciuch, O dyskusjach na temat statusu wartości (z historii materialnej etyki wartości) [On the Discussions concerning Status of the Value (of the History of the Material Value Ethics)], "Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia" 2010, Vol. V, fasc. 2, pp. 153–164. See also: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 217–219. See also: E. Kelly, Material Value-Ethics: Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann, "Philosophy Compass" 2008, Nr. 3/1, pp. 5–6; F. Kraenzel, Nicolai Hartmann's Doctrine of ideal values, "Value Inquiry" 1994, Nr. 18, pp. 299–306; A. Kinneging, Hartmann's Platonic Ethics, [in:] The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann, pp. 195–220. 9 N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, p. 221. 10 See: D. von Hildebrand, Ethik, 2. Aufl., Gesammelte Werke, Bd. II, Verlag Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1973, pp. 169–174. 11 See: H. Reiner, Wertethik nicht mehr aktuell?, "Zeitschrift f¨ ur philosophische Forschung" 1976, Bd. 30, Heft 1, pp. 93–98; See also: id., Die Grundlagen der Sittlichkeit. Zweite, durchgesehene und stark erweiterte Auflage von Pflicht und Neigung, Verlag Anton Hain, Meisenheim am Glan 1974, p. XI.
Leszek Kopciuch opinion of real subject. Such general perspective implicates, perforce, a question about the cultural and historical relativism and its legitimacy. To answer this question, it is necessary to give the basic distinction between value itself (Wert) and its validity (Geltung). It is also necessary to demonstrate, more exactly, a characteristic for phenomenological ethics idea of the human value-feeling. A distinction between value itself and its validity was clearly formulated by Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann. Scheler holds that for being of the value it does not matter whether a man experiences values.12 He stress also: "For example, the wretchedness of the world of values belonging to the great masses of our culture and times does not rest on general human subjectivity of values. It rests on other ground, which determine in part man's natural view of the world in general and in part the common views of man our civilisation".13 And Nicolai Hartmann notes, that by saying about the socalled "relativity of values" we mean a dependence their validity on the changing historical and cultural situations.14 A validity15 (Geltung) is not an element of value itself. It is only a moment of the real world, i.e. it appears in the real human axiological consciousness (Wertbewußtsein). This way it is possible to think that a value itself, by losing its importance and validity, does not lose its ideal being. The value itself takes its actuality in some particular, concrete real situations only. E.g. a value of freedom takes its current events during the war; value of measure takes its importance only in situation of wastefulness. Hartmann holds that a value, and more exactly its content, is ever related to the concrete real situation. In result, a value takes always its current validity only when adequate type of this situation appears. The variability of situations causes the variability of the validity of value. Thus, a historical 12
See: M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, p. 266. Ibid., p. 267. 14 See: N. Hartmann, Das Wertproblem in der Philosophie der Gegenwart, in: id., Kleinere Schriften, Bd. III: Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1955, p. 330: Ist also die sog. »Relativit¨ at der Werte« vielmehr nur die geschichtliche Unbest¨ andigkeit ihres Aktuellseins und der ihm folgenden »Geltung«, so l¨ ost sich das R¨ atsel, warum sie so hartn¨ ackig den Werten selbst nachgesagt wird: das geschieht deswegen, weil man immer die Geltung f¨ ur die Seinsweise der Werte selbst hielt. Das hat sich als Irrtum erwiesen, und damit f¨ allt die Relativit¨ at des Wertvollseins als solche hin". See also: E. Kelly, Material Ethics of Value: Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann, "Phenomenologica" 203, Springer, Dordrecht–Heidelberg–London–New York 2011, pp. 125–131; L. Kopciuch, Krytyka relatywizmu etycznego u Nicolaia Hartmanna, pp. 157–170. 15 But it is necessary to accent that a term "validity" (Geltung) appears in works of Hartmann in several, different meanings (validity as axiological character of the value itself; validity as term near to actually-ought-to-Be; validity as an element of ethos). 13
The Ethical Notions and Relativism in Culture... relativism of value is only a relativism of the validity, not of the value itself, because Hartmann believes that value takes its importance only in some kinds of situations and in other their types it lose it.16 Therefore, this way interpreted axiological relativism seems to be only some theoretical misinterpretation and its source is a fact that we do not have a clearly distinction between value itself and its validity. This way we have the first insight into relation between ethical notions and relativism already. This insight, however, becomes distinct only after we explained the structure of the value and its relation to the validity. There is a distinction between two moment of the value itself, which we have to consider now. Scheler and Hartmann both describe a value as a composition of two main moments. The first one is an exact axiological component (an axiological form of value, value character) and the second one is an only ontological factor (a matter of value). Hartmann notes: "The moral value of trust is not trust itself. The latter is only the material – a specific and generally describable relation between person and person. The value character of trust is not this relation – and not only not the real relation between particular persons, but also not the idea of such a relation altogether".17 So that is only a matter18 of value that corresponds relationally with the concrete type of situation in culture. An exact axiological character of the value does not change. A result of this distinction is the thesis stating that it is possible to explain a variability of human valuing by not accepting a relativism. The main problem in this conception is only that a relativist does not accept that distinction, because usually he identifies a value with its validity. That is why a basic importance has a distinction between two different kinds of the value-feeling as a primary knowledge about the values. As a phenomenological description demonstrates, this real value-feeling is independent from the human will and its intentional wishes.19 In this primary and receptive value-feeling a value is ever "self-given". The subject has here 16 N. Hartmann, Vom Wesen sittlicher Forderungen, in: id., Kleinere Schriften, Bd. I: Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1955, p. 305: "Es folgt darin darin dem Aristotelischen Gesetz des Lebensgebietes bzw. der jeweilig aktuellen Lebenslage. Und je nachdem, welches Lebensgebiet unter gegebenen Verh¨ altnissen das vordringliche ist, dessen ihm zugeh¨ orige Werte sind auch im Wertbewußtsein der Menschen die vordringlichen und bestimmen den Typus der Moral". 17 Id., Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, p. 217. 18 About a phenomenological understanding of term "material" see: E. Kelly, Material Ethics of Value, pp. 8–9. 19 See: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 189–194; M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, pp. 30–45.
Leszek Kopciuch only a receptive character and his primary knowledge about value appears in a such receptive acts of the "Getroffensein". If we have a correct understanding of this situation, we can see, at once, that a main relativistic argument (telling that subject "creates" the values) is mistaken. There are no people which create the values. There are rather the values which create the people as a spiritual persons. Therefore, we may also have an unreal value-consciousness, e.g. a consciousness made by axiological illusion or sensual passions.20 Hartmann agrees with Scheler and von Hildebrand in this matter. However, he states clearly that axiological illusion proves implicitly that a value has an ideal and objective existence. Paradoxically, an illusion proves that does exist its object, value itself. An analogical idea was formulated in writings of von Hildebrand. In his Ethics, by analyzing a position represented in the "French sociological school", he demonstrates an error appearing in the identification of the value and social axiological "conventions". Its representatives state that the notion "moral value" means only the objectification of the social convictions. As Anatol France says, an act is bad because it is socially convicted, and not inversely.21 If an action or attitude are socially approved, then they have, of course, a positive moral value. And if they are socially criticized, they have a negative value. In such conception, the value is indeed, independent from the opinion of individual person but it is always determined by the opinion of the society. There are two possible interpretations of this situation which are rejected by von Hildebrand: (1) the moral values do not exist at all and they are only some "illusions"; (2) the moral values exist only as some "conventions". But if we want to interpret the value as some "illusions", von Hildebrand notes, we have to reject a phenomenology and its "necessary intelligible essences" (notwendige intelligible Wesenheiten).22 And if we want to interpret the value as only some kinds of "conventions", we do not understand how, at all, we can criticize the moral "conventions" which are accepted in other communities. Such criticism (e.g. criticism of Nazism) implicates impliedly the existence of objective, or at last independent from the social opinion, values which determine and make possible this criticism. And finally, von Hildebrand states: the theory saying that a value is a product of the social conventions do not need to negate the objective existence of value because this theory, precisely, says only what is considered as a value in the given concrete community. 20 21 22
See: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 99–104. See: D. von Hildebrand, Ethik, p. 117. See: ibid., p. 120, 123.
The Ethical Notions and Relativism in Culture... Returning to the general distinction between a value and its validity, we endeavour now to explain what are the reasons causing change the validity of values. There are two main explanations here:23 (1) the objective answer: the objective historical change of the social and political situations which open or close an actuality and validity of the value (that was forth of all the idea of Hartmann); (2) the subjective answer: the limitation, errors and illusions appearing in the human value-feeling and value-cognition, e.g. a ressentiment (Scheler, Hartmann, von Hildebrand), a valuation delusion (Scheler, Hartmann, von Hildebrand ), a valuation blindness (Scheler, Hartmann, von Hildebrand), a transference of value attention (Hartmann), a blindness of subsumtion (von Hildebrand).24 On the one hand, there are only the different kinds of the validity (Geltung) which are dependent on the real world and human value-knowledge. And, on the other hand, there are only values as the ideal essences itself which are independent from the real value-consciousness. We see, therefore, that terminological distinctions (a value and its validity, a matter and axiological form of the value) permit to explain a variability of historical moral ethos without accepting its relativistic interpretation. The next question is: what is a structure of the moral ought and what is the relation between ought and changing culture? A distinction between a value itself and its ought, so deeply specific for the German material value-ethics, was formulated in the beginning of this school by Max Scheler in clearly opposition to Kant's formalism.25 This distinction defines, naturally, a main difference between a formal and material ethic in general. In Int Can we, then, speak about many kind of ought? Rather does only one type of ought exist? It seems, as one can hear usually, that the plurality and 23 See also: Z. Zwoliński, Byt i wartość u Nicolaia Hartmanna [Being and Value in Nicolai Hartmann], PWN, Warszawa 1974, pp. 298–302. 24 See: M. Scheler, Ressentiment, ed. by L. A. Coser, transl. by W. W. Holdheim, Schocken, New York 1972 [Das Ressentiment im Aufbau der Moralen]; N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 226–232; D. von Hildebrand, Sittlichkeit und ethische Werterkenntnis. Eine Untersuchung u ¨ber ethische Strukturprobleme, dritte durchgesehene Ausgabe, Patris Verlag, Vallendar-Sch¨ onstatt 1982; D. von Hildebrand, Substitute f¨ ur wahre Sittlichkeit, in: id., Idolkult und Gotteskult, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. VII, Verlag Josef Habbel, Regensburg 1974; D. von Hildebrand, Wahre Sittlichkeit und die Situationsethik, in: id., Situationsethik und kleinere Schriften, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. VIII, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1973, pp. 17–164. See also: P. Orlik, Fenomenologia świadomości aksjologicznej (Max Scheler – Dietrich von Hildebrand), pp. 143–161. 25 See: M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, pp. 5–7, 163–239.
Leszek Kopciuch historical change of moral ought prove the legitimacy of moral relativism. That is the question which must be explained now. There are two kinds of the oughtness, Scheler notes, which we have to distinguish: an ideal ought and an normative ought. The ideal ought is invariable and unreal. It is connected with the value itself and founded on it. Its character is independent on the real situation and its concrete matter. Unlike the ideal ought, the normative oughtness assumes a "bad" human nature. It assumes that people are inclined to act inconsistently with the value. So it has a repressive character and, what is most important, it is related to the concrete real situation. Scheler says: "According to the nature of the ideal ought, one can speak of an ought only when a value is given in its non-being; so, according to its nature, an imperative pertains to a posited value to which a conation is related, but not in original intention. When, on the other hand, this is a case, it makes no sense to speak of »duty«, »norm« or »imperative«. However, on the basis of what we have said, this implies that an (ideal) ought-not-to-be of a conation is a foundation of every imperative proposition. Throughout history, therefore, prescriptions have always preceded prescriptions (e.g. Decalogue)".26 In Hartmann an oughtness in general divides into three kinds: an ideal ought-to-Be (ideales Seinsollen), an actual ought-to-Be (aktualles Seinsollen) and a real ought-to-Do (reales Tunsollen).27 It is necessary to remind here an opinion formulated by Scheler in "Preface" to the third edition of his Formalism in Ethics: "I would like to stress here that I consider Hartmann's new analyses of »ideal« and »normative« oughtness as valuable refinement of the analyses of »value and ought« in my Formalism".28 Therefore, what is a sense of the distinctions proposed by Hartmann which were so good esteemed by Scheler? Firstly, Hartmann, like Scheler, speaks about the ideal ought-to-Be. But it is now the moment of the value itself: "There is something absurd in the thought that a value is a thing that ought to be only in so far as its matter is unreal. That a man ought to be honest, straightforward, trust worthy, is something which does not cease to be because somebody actually is so. The man ought to be even as he then is".29 Secondly, he distinguishes the actual ought-to-Be. It appears only when the real situations do not 26
M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, p. 211. See: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 247–270. 28 M. Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, p. XXVIII (foodnote 10). 29 N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, p. 247. 27
The Ethical Notions and Relativism in Culture... realize the matter of the value yet. There are two main conditions which it depends on: (1) a value is not realized; (2) there is given a concrete real situation to which this value is related. As we see, this ideal ought-to-Be is most independent from the real world and its variability. But ideal value as an ideal being refers always relationally to reality. Its matter is some model for the real situation and its ought-to-Be is ought to-Be in the real world. Clearly, the dependence on the reality grows larger at the actual ought-toBe. It presupposes that in reality it does not realize a value which should be realized. Therefore it depends on the existence of the real situation and its matter. Hartmann states that the greatest dependence appears at the real ought-to-Do. There are three conditions on which depends this oughtness: (1) a value is not realized; (2) there is given a concrete real situation to which refers this value; (3) there are some people for whom a realization of value is real possibility in general: "The Ought – and ultimately the value – therefore, of course, determines the real also; not unconditionally, however, and not directly, but only by the roundabout route through the practical subject, through the medium which senses values and is capable of directing events. The real determination, which issues from the moral values, is an indirect, interrupted determination, and on that account is also conditioned by the point of interruption".30 Another example of such detailed distinctions, which lead to the refutation of relativism, one can find in the theory formulated by von Hildebrand (especially in Moralia). Firstly, like Scheler and Hartmann, Hildebrand speaks about a general ought-to-Be (Seinsollen). Secondly, he distinguishes a moral ought-to-Do. It characterizes only these values which realization depends on the human free will and which are realizable in action at all. Thirdly he distinguishes the oughtness which is meaning as a moral duty or obligation.31 How is a precise structure of the distinguished kinds of oughtness and how is their relation to human personality and freedom, are the questions, which in this place we can ignore. However, we have now to ask about detailed relation between oughtness and relativism. Is it really a truth that historical variability of ethos proves that relativism is correct? Hartmann demonstrates that three kinds of oughtness depend, in the different way, on the reality, but they do not prove the relativism. An adequate expression 30
Ibid., p. 259. See: D. von Hildebrand, Moralia. Nachgelassenes Werk, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. IX, Verlag Josef Habbel, Regensburg 1980, pp. 64–67. See also: Ch. Hillebrand, Die Wertethik bei Dietrich von Hildebrand, Dissertation, Zentral-Verlag f¨ ur Dissertationen Triltsch, D¨ usseldorf 1959, pp. 9–11. 31
Leszek Kopciuch for this dependence is not "relativism" but "relationism". There are only ethos, evaluations, actual and real ought, which change in the cultural history of man. In Scheler, only a normative oughtness depends indirectly on the reality and in von Hildebrand, like in Hartmann, only its second and third kind. Therefore, Scheler and Hartmann von Hildebrand propose the terminological distinctions in ethics, which implicate that ethical relativism is a theoretical fallacy. So it seems to be founded in the incorrect theory and description of value and evaluation because a culture and its historical variability prove the change of valuation only. So the next general argument against relativism, especially stressed by Hartmann, is a thesis about not-identity between relativism and relationism.32 A general solution here is the same like in all previous distinctions showing a mistake contained in relativism. The detailed analyze demonstrates that a relational reference between value and real world must not be interpreted like relativism. Some relations, Hartmann notes, have an absolute character.33 There are three kinds of this relational reference between value and real world. Firstly, that is a reference of the matter of value to the real situation (it was analysed already). Secondly, a value is always related to the human person as a subject and object of the moral conduct or action. Thirdly, that is a reference of value of goodness to the person which for a moral value is always some goodness. We find here, naturally, an incorrect identification of the moral value and the value of goodness that, indeed, appears always with the moral values but is not identical to them. There are, then, two different values which we have to distinguish: a moral value itself and a secondary, only co-occuring value of goodness. A friendly action is ever an important goodness for the person that is its object and beneficiary. But a moral value (its existence and its level in the hierarchy) is independent from the value of goodness. However, also this value of goodness refers to the person relational only, not relative. No one, Hartmann states, can arbitrary decide what is good for him. An umbrella is such goodness when it rains and the warm shoes when it is cold. In this context it is also necessary to remind a distinction formulated by D. von Hildebrand. He distinguishes three kinds of motivating objects: (1) the subjective satisfying objects; (2) the objective goodness for the person; (3) the values them-
32 The role od this arguments was stressed by Roman Ingarden. See: R. Ingarden, Uwagi o względności wartości [Remarks on Relativity of Values], in: id., Studia z estetyki, PWN, Warszawa 1970, p. 210. 33 See: N. Hartmann, Moral Phenomena. Volume One of Ethics, pp. 207–210.
The Ethical Notions and Relativism in Culture... selves.34 I partially agree with Hildebrand because the subjective satisfying objects are given for us in the other experience then objective goodness or moral values. However, as I hold, we should not forget that subjective satisfying objects are usually founded in the objective status of the person and the real world in general.35 Let us now remind the main thesis formulated by Scheler, Hartmann and von Hildebrand. Firstly, a main but, unfortunately, connected with the great difficulties argument against relativism is (and, as I think, it should be) an idea of primary and emotional value-feeling. This idea is founded in the general position represented in material value-ethics and its emotionalism. Secondly, there are distinctions between value itself and its validity and, next, between the different kinds of oughtness, which complete this primer argument. However, there is some paradox in the phenomenological ethics of values, that its argument typically phenomenological seems to be less conclusive than other arguments, which, evidently, do not have a typically phenomenological character and appear in other conceptions too.36 In this context on can understand a historical development of the material valueethics after Scheler and Hartmann.37 A cultural variability and diversity, so stressed in the contemporary theories of civilisation (e.g. by A. Toynbee, F. Koneczny or, contemporarily, by S. Huntington), proves, indeed, that an axiological universum has a plural and complex character, but it does not prove the ethical relativism. A change of situations generates a change in human value-consciousness and its spectrum only. Finally, we should also ask a question about the legitimacy of described conceptions. There are, as I hold, the solutions which are partially correct. A value and its value-character are given in the emotional acts of valuefeeling. It concerns, however, only the axiological side of value, not its matter (or content). A matter of value can be experienced and recognized in the context of concrete, real, cultural and historical situations. Therefore, comprehension proposed by material value-ethics, partially, needs the critical and modified continuation. It is necessary, firstly, to search a solutions uniting emotionalism and rationalism in the ethics (and in the axiology in 34
See: D. von Hildebrand, Ethik, pp. 39–68. See: L. Kopciuch, Wolność a wartości. Max Scheler – Nicolai Hartmann –Dietrich von Hildebrand – Hans Reiner [Freedom and Values. Max Scheler–Nicolai Hartmann– Dietrich von Hildebrand–Hans Reiner], Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2010, pp. 94–97. 36 See e. g.: K. Twardowski, O tak zwanych prawdach względnych [On So-called Relative Truths], Lwów 1934. 37 See e.g. H. Reiner, Wertethik nicht mehr aktuell?, pp. 93–98. 35
Leszek Kopciuch general). Secondly, in particular in context of contemporary conflicts and challenges, it is required to look for the value-synthesis which allows to limit the cultural differences in the emotional value-consciousness. But there are only the concrete ethical and axiological investigations in which we can state whether this perspective is realisable at all. SUMMARY In this paper a relation between moral relativism and selected ethical notions formulated in the German material ethics of values is examined. Firstly, I demonstrate the understanding of structure of value in writings of Scheler, Hartmann and von Hildebrand. Secondly, I endeavour to prove that there are notions of value itself and its validity which allows to criticize the legitimacy of the moral relativism. Thirdly, I analyze a different kinds of the oughtness (an ideal ought, a normative ought, an ideal oughtto-Be, an actual ought-to-Be, a real ought-to-Do). The aim of this analysis is to demonstrate that the historical and social relativity of the normative oughtness (also of the actual and real oughtness) does not contradict the invariability of the ideal ought-to-Be.
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 28 (41) 2012 Leszek Kopciuch Maria Curie-Skłodowska University THE ETHICAL NOTIONS AND RELATIVISM IN CULTURE...
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In the early hours of Thursday morning, Port Elizabeth police arrested a 41-year-old man after a shootout broke out while police officers were following up on a tip-off about a stolen cellphone tower batteries in Nkabalaza Street, Kwadwesi.
According to police spokesperson, Captain Andre Beetge, during the incident, police officers found four cellphone tower backup batteries on the suspect and another six batteries were found hidden in a bushy area close to the tower.
The value of the batteries is approximately about R36 000.
Captain Beetge said that, on their arrival to the crime scene, officers spotted a white VW Golf with four occupants that attempted to flee from police.
"The vehicle collided with a wooden lamp-post and all four suspects got out of the vehicle and started shooting at the police members," he described.
"The two police members returned fire, and managed to arrest one of the suspects. The other three managed to evade arrest and fled on foot. Nobody was injured during the exchange of fire."
Capt Beetge said that the 41-year-old suspect will be charged for theft and possession of stolen property.
He will be appearing in the New Brighton Magistrate's Court on Friday.
SAPS Motherwell Cluster Commander, Major General Dawie Rabie, applauded the arrest and added "Our community needs to assist police in identifying these suspects. These thefts can affect cellphone users' connection to the cellphone networks and we need to work together to get these thieves off the streets and behind bars."


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Lopa (italijansko Monte Leupa) je 2.406 m visoka gora v zahodnem delu Julijskih Alp, na italijansko-slovenski meji. Nahaja se v osrednjem delu skupine Kanina severovzhodno od Prevale - od nje ga ločuje škrbina in vmesni greben Golovca - Vršičev pod Lopo (2.285 m). Proti vzhodu se od Lope nadaljuje greben Konjskih polic, Grdega in Hudega Vršiča, kjer se zaključuje na globoki škrbini. Na severno italijansko stran pada z vršnega grebena široko ostenje, medtem ko na jug prepada s strmimi travnatimi in skalnatimi pragovi na melišče nad dolino Krnice. Normalni pristop na vrh Lope poteka z vzhodno ležeče škrbine po nezavarovani stezi, označeni z možici.

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Help us remind the city of their responsibility to manage development in our city's neighborhoods!
Did you know that an average PCC supermarket receives 25-35 truck deliveries daily? The delivery dock and front curb on Madison are not sufficient for the volume of deliveries, leading to trucks spilling into the street, blocking traffic. Shoppers and trucks will use the same, solo entrance on Madison to enter and exit. The City has said they will not add a traffic light or center turn lane-- forcing frustrated west-bound drivers to turn right, diverting traffic through smaller neighborhood streets when a left turn becomes impossible. On-street parking will be lost—and no one has adequately assessed how much, where, or what the impacts will be. Most supermarkets are on corner sites, aiding the heavy flow of traffic from shoppers and delivery trucks. This is a mid-block site, with a single entrance for deliveries and shoppers, on an already congested patch of East Madison. Drivers from 82 apartments will enter and exit the garage on Dewey.
If you want Madison Valley to grow in a manner that maintains it's walkable character, rather than turning into a car-centric stop along Madison, then say NO to reckless development and help fund our appeal. Show the City you care about your neighborhood. Your support matters!


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Extensions to BTEC Level 1 and Level 2 First Awards in England and Northern Ireland
We are pleased to announce that the following BTEC Level 1/Level 2 First Awards are being extended in England and Northern Ireland to a last registration date of 31 December 2021 and final certification date of 31 December 2023. The previously published dates were 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2021 respectively.
Only the seven asterisked (*) First Awards have been approved for 2020, 2021 and 2022 Key Stage 4 Performance Tables in England.
All of these BTEC First Awards will continue to contribute towards GCSE performance in schools in Northern Ireland.
BTEC Level 1/Level 2 First Awards in:
601/4530/4 Animal Care*
600/4796/3 Application of Science
600/4781/1 Art and Design*
600/4786/0 Business (2018 revised version)
600/6814/0 Children's Play and Learning Development*
600/6817/6 Construction and the Built Environment (2018 revised version)*
600/6831/0 Creative Digital Media Production
600/4788/4 Engineering
600/4782/3 Health and Social Care
600/7044/4 Hospitality
600/4789/6 Information and Creative Technology
600/6818/8 Music*
600/4785/9 Performing Arts
600/4787/2 Principles of Applied Science
601/0926/9 Public Services
600/4779/3 Sport (2018 revised version)*
600/6512/6 Travel and Tourism (2018 revised version)*
The DfE reserves the right to remove a qualification from Performance Tables if it no longer meets the required characteristics or if policy changes mean it is no longer eligible for inclusion.
BTEC First Award withdrawals
The three qualifications below will be withdrawn in England and Northern Ireland. The last registration date is 31 December 2019 and the final certification date is 31 December 2021:
601/0925/7 Engineering Electronics and Computer Control Technologies
601/3319/3 Engineering Materials and Manufacturing
601/0924/5 Engineering Design and Product Investigation


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Gaslighting about Gas Emissions and Acid Rain
Acid rain used to be a big problem in Salt Lake Valley. As local farmers sought to curb its impact, they found themselves getting "gaslit" about gas emissions from nearby smelters, both in court and in their own fields.
Water normally means life for farmers and their crops. But in the early 1900s, when smelters in the Salt Lake Valley were processing 6,000 tons of ore per day, their gas emissions caused deadly acid rain. Farmers fought the smelting companies to protect their crops, but with few regulations on toxic emissions, they were at a disadvantage.
Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide gas from smokestacks reacts with moisture in the air and rains down, bleaching plants and poisoning animals. In 1904, Salt Lake Valley farmers sued the American Smelting and Refining Company -- known as "ASARCO" -- for damages from the rain. Some smelters relocated or installed rudimentary filtration systems, but farmers remained convinced that acid rain still damaged their crops. In response, ASARCO and other companies established their own farms near their smelters and hired teams of botanists to research the problem. The scientists conducted over 3500 experiments in 1915 alone, and discovered other important factors that led to crop failure, such as temperature and humidity. Armed with their scientific methods, smelters farmed successfully. One company even took its crops to the 1917 Utah State Fair, showcasing barley, corn, and dairy products all grown in the shadow of its smokestacks.
These bushels of visibly unaffected produce undermined the authority of local farmers, who did not have the benefit of new technologies or teams of scientists. Farmers hoping to receive compensation for damages from continued acid rain were often portrayed by company lawyers as simply bad at their jobs. Newspapers called them "smoke farmers" who blamed every issue on nearby smelters just to make a buck. Anti-farmer sentiment rose after more than 400 farmers won their court case against ASARCO and four other companies, which shut down all but one smelter in the Valley and cost hundreds of local jobs.
Still, some good came from the war over acid rain in Salt Lake Valley: company farming near smelters helped researchers discover better agricultural technologies, and the Utah Agricultural College -- now Utah State University -- expanded its research field stations. Yet, it would not be until the 1960s Clean Air Act that sulfur dioxide emissions began to be reined in.
By Megan Weiss for Utah Humanities © 2022
Image: "Smoke farmer" political cartoon, Salt Lake Tribune, December 28, 1906. As tensions rose about precious water in issues such as acid rain, religious differences were often brought to the fore. Mormon farmers were mocked for supposedly making money off suing smelters instead of raising crops, then going to LDS Church authority Joseph F. Smith to seek advice. Although Salt Lake Valley's smelter war is often remembered as being a Mormon Farmer vs. Gentile Smelter conflict, many of the smelters employed Mormon workers as well. Image courtesy Utah Digital Newspapers.
See Michael A. Church, "Smoke Farming: Smelting and Agricultural Reform in Utah, 1900-1945," Utah Historical Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2004); "Looking for Dividends," Salt Lake Tribune, December 28, 1906, Utah Digital Newspapers, accessed June 2022; Jeffrey D. Nichols, "The Salt Lake Valley Smelter War," History Blazer, April 1995; John E. Lamborn and Charles S. Peterson, "The Substance of the Land: Agriculture v. Industry is the Smelter Cases of 1904 and 1906," Utah Historical Quarterly 53 no. 4 (1985).
Agriculture, County: Salt Lake, Date: 1900-1920, Industry, Water
By Megan Weiss for Utah Humanities © 2022, "Gaslighting about Gas Emissions and Acid Rain ," Utah Stories from the Beehive Archive, accessed January 28, 2023, https://www.utahhumanities.org/stories/items/show/432.


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Downsizing Into Retirement - Is It the Right Thing To Do?
Downsizing Into Retirement – Is It the Right Thing To Do?
Approaching retirement? Downsizing your home can be your best option.
If you are on the cusp of retirement, you may be thinking about calling a real estate agent and putting your home on the market, but is downsizing in your golden years the best thing to do? Now that the real estate market has rebounded from the 2007 bubble and the mortgage is paid in full or close to it, should you sell the home you worked so hard for, or should you stay put and enjoy the fruits of your labor?
Do You Have a Strong Support Structure?
Now that you are entering a new phase of your life, a stable support structure will be more critical than ever. If you want to take off and travel the world, having a trusted neighbor who can watch over your home will suddenly matter a great deal.
If you have spent years in your current home and have built strong relationships with those around you, it can be hard to give all that up. It will take time to create a strong support structure in your new, smaller home, and you may never be able to recreate the relationships you have worked so hard to foster.
Will the Extra Cash Make a Meaningful Difference in Your Life?
One of the most persuasive arguments for downsizing into retirement is financial. For many retirees, the roof over their head is their single most significant asset, and there is a strong temptation to tap that cash.
If you need the money, moving into a smaller and more affordable home and pocketing the extra cash certainly makes sense. But before you make your move, take a step back and think about how will use that extra cash. Will the money you realize from your home sale make a meaningful difference to your life and lifestyle, or will the improvements be marginal at best.
Do not forget to factor things like moving expenses and the cost of upgrades into your downsizing equation. If you have lived in your home for decades, you may need to make some improvements to attract modern buyers. Add that to the cost of moving the essentials and discarding any accumulated junk and the financial picture could look a lot less rosy.
It is essential to think about where you will live once you sell your home and put the money to work elsewhere. Will you stay in the same town, move to another part of the state or head to another state altogether?
According to U.S. Census Bureau, 50% of retires who downsize choose to purchase a home within the same community. For most who to decide to leave California, choose to live in Florida, Texas, New Mexico or Arizona.
If you plan to relocate, how much do you know about your chosen location? Are property taxes high or low? What does the housing market look like? Is the area as safe as where you live now? Is the region senior-friendly, with lots of things to see and do? If you do not know the answers to all these questions, you need to do more homework.
Downsizing into retirement can make a lot of sense, but it is not always the right choice. If you are thinking about retirement, you have some additional work to do. Now is the time to think about where you want to live, what you want to do and how you will occupy all that newfound free time.
View area single story homes for sale now available.


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Verocai Arthur
Label: Far Out
Genre: Freestyle / Nu Jazz / Funk / Afro
Dispatched within 5-10 working days
Remastered from the original tapes, Encore features 11 original compositions from Arthur with guest musicians including Azymuth, Ivan Lins and a nine-piece string section. The highly anticipated follow up to Arthur's eponymous debut album from 1972, Encore saw Arthur joining the dots over 35 years to create a modern classic of Brazilian music that, like his debut, combined Brazilian influences with his take on American soul and cinematic experimentation, and shows Arthur's sound is as poignant now as it ever was.
In the mid-2000's, following on from Marcos Valle, Joyce and of course Azymuth, Arthur Verocai joined the long-line of Brazilian musicians whose music was to be introduced to a whole new legion of fans by Far Out. The story of 'Encore' of course begins with Joe Davis, Far Out's head honcho who stumbled upon Arthur's debut in a dusty record store in downtown Rio in the late 80s. At the time of its release in 1972 critics panned Arthur's debut and both the album and artist subsequently vanished into obscurity. Fast forward to winter 2004 and Joe's at the studio of Far Out Recording artists Harmonic 313 – aka production duo Mark 'Troubleman' Pritchard and Dave Brinkworth – playing them some of his favourite Brazilian albums. Dave recalls the moment Joe put on Arthur's debut, "As soon as the needle hit the record and we heard the fantastic arrangements, songs and sounds, Arthur completely blew our minds".
Three months later and Dave was in Brazil with Arthur Verocai, and the plans for what was to become 'Encore' were being laid down. Produced by Dave, 'Encore' sees Arthur on incredible form, the 35 plus years between the recording of his debut and this the follow-up just melting away as Arthur picked up the (conductor's) baton once again to create 11 epic tracks of stirring samba-soul and experimental cinematic movements that sees him creating a record to rival his debut.
Born in Rio de Janeiro on 17 June 1945, Arthur Verocai began his professional music career in 1969 and over the next few years he was responsible for the orchestration of albums by Ivan Lins, Jorge Benjor, Elizeth Cardoso, Gal Costa, Quarteto em Cy, MPB 4 and Marcos Valle, among others. In the 1970s he was hired by Brazil's biggest TV station, TV Globo, as musical director and wrote the arrangements for many of the stations biggest shows. In 1972, following the success Arthur had with the production of Ivan Lins 1971 album "Agora", Arthur recorded his self-titled debut album on Continental Records. 'Arthur Verocai' challenged the musical conventions of the day, combining Brazilian influences with folksy soul and lo-fi electronic experimentations of American artists like Shuggie Otis or the orchestration of producer Charles Stepney.
Azymuth: Azymuth
Azymuth: Demos (1973-75) Vol. 1
Maunick Daniel: Macumba Quebrada
Ipanemas: Call Of The Dogs
Adolfo Antonio: Viralata
Dila: Dila
One Drop Forward: Come One Day / Dub One Day
Womack Bobby: The Bravest Man In The Universe
Family Atlantica: Cosmic Unity
Arrested Development: Best Of


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Former SPLM secretary calls for "kicking out" of Tut Kew and Akol Koor
Posted By: Admin January 4, 2021
South Sudan's former Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army's Secretary for External Affairs has criticized the Security Advisor, Gen. Tut Kew Gatluak and head of the Internal Security Bureau Gen. Akol Koor.
The vocal politician who is also a Presidential aspirant has called for removal of Tut Kew and Akol Koor. According to her, the two are very DANGEROUS for the nation and must be removed by the people.
Screenshot of her Facebook Post
Both Akol and Tut's work to handle the Security sector of the country and it has been widely and firmly criticized advocates, politicians and even army generals themselves. The power they possess is greatly decried.
READ ALSO: The National Security Service Must be Changed – Human Rights Watch
According to latest report by human rights watch on South Sudan, the South Sudan National Security (NSS) must be removed or rather restructured.
Suzzane Jambo served for more than 6years as Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army Secretary for External Affairs.


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Samra Kesinovic and Sabina Selimovic, two teenage Muslimas from Austria, have left Europe for Syria, where they plan to die waging jihad (after having their bodies used by the male jihadists). Am I a racist and an Islamophobe for wishing that someone had told these girls the truth, namely, that Islam is a false religion that no one should be dying for? How many young girls must throw their lives away for the sake of Allah before we're allowed to speak the truth about Islam?
Al Arabiya News—Two Austrian teenage girls that authorities believe were tricked into travelling to Syria to fight for Islamist rebels are currently being searched for by Interpol.
Samra Kesinovic, 16, and Sabina Selimovic, 15, disappeared from their homes in the Austrian capital of Vienna on April 10, the Daily Mail reported.
However, the girls' parents found a slew of posts of social media networks that suggested that had gone to fight for a "holy war" in Syria.
The girl's parents - who are originally Bosnian refugees who settled in Austria after the ethnic conflicts of the 1990's - claim that the messages are not being written by the girls.
They also said that the two girls had recently started frequenting a mosque run by radical Vienna-based Islamic preacher Ebu Tejma.
The fathers of the girls are said to be abroad looking for their daughters, who have not been in contact with their parents.
Photos on the girl's pages on social networking giant Facebook show them holding AK47 assault rifles.
i predict a lot of divorces and marriages in their futures to satisfy syrian jihadis.
All these poor things are doing is throwing their lives away for the devil.
The god of the Quran, Allah/Satan, is laughing his head off and is delighted that two of God's creatures are honouring him by sacrificing their lives to him.
But obviously, since the devil is coming to nothing, then this is a total waste.
The god of the Quran, Satan, and his servant, Muhammad, have absolutely no power to give us anything good. All their promises are just lies (John 8:44). To say otherwise is blasphemy against the Creator since He alone is the true source of all good (Genesis 1:31).
Better to follow Christ, who is truly the Almighty (John 1:1-14; Revelation 1:8 etc.), and who cannot lie and by whom we are promised eternal life (revelation 21:1-4), and who, since He is God, actually has the power to deliver on His promise.
Muta marriage: prostitutes for Allah, to satisfy the bent up sexual urges of the jihadis.
The true love of Allah and the true nature of Islam.
You are neither a racist nor an Islamophobe (a silly term since Muslims are phobic even of justified criticism of Muslim excesses).
We have read the story and already know how it ends. So of all people, the Christian is the least desperate.
Rather, it will be all those (like yourself), who reject the Christ of the original scriptures found in the Bible, who will find themselves in a desperate situation on judgement day.
Better to turn to Christ now while you still have the opportunity.
You ask the question "Am I a racist and an Islamophobe?", and the answer as you well know is definitely "yes". This is not to say that I agree with IS or jihad, I'm only judging from the conetnt in your posts.
You seem to have attracted quite a few like minds as well.
Bigbadwolff said: "You ask the question 'Am I a racist and an Islamophobe?', and the answer as you well know is definitely 'yes'.
Interesting. A "racist," by definition, is someone who believes that one race is superior to another. So tell me, which race do I believe is superior to another race, and which statements of mine show that I view one race as superior to another?


Hillary Clinton has no scruples about her support of abortion on demand – even with another grandchild on the way.
On Tuesday, she boldly celebrated the anniversary of Roe v. Wade within hours of her daughter Chelsea's pregnancy announcement. The infamous U.S. Supreme Court case opened the doors to legalized abortion through all nine months of pregnancy, and led to the deaths of about 61 million unborn babies in the United States.
At the same time, her daughter Chelsea was joyfully announcing her pregnancy with her third child.
A twice failed presidential candidate, Clinton almost certainly knew about her daughter's pregnancy when she posted that tweet. She more than likely knew when she lobbied for New York's radical new pro-abortion law earlier this month as well. The New York law allows unborn babies to be aborted for basically any reason up to birth.
It's hard to believe that Clinton is unaware that her radical pro-abortion position cheapens the life of her own precious grandchild.
African pro-life advocate Obianuju Ekeocha did not shy away from calling Clinton downright evil.
It's true. Clinton's position is evil. On the campaign trail in 2016, she abandoned her husband's old "safe, legal, rare" position on abortion and openly advocated for the killing of the unborn for any reason up to birth. Clinton also declared her intentions to force taxpayers to pay for elective abortions. These policies would have allowed even more unborn babies to be brutally killed in their mothers' wombs.
Every year, nearly 1 million unborn babies are aborted in America. It's time for that evil to end and for pro-abortion politicians like Clinton to be called out as the hypocrites they are.


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Once the winter snow disappears, the renewed Colorado landscape unveils a statewide network of mountain-bike trails. Bike racks quickly replace ski racks and bikers of all experience levels enjoy amazing rides that span red-rock shelves and creekside tracks to high mountain passes and aspen-lined loops. Find your perfect ride below.
Boreas is a great family ride that starts out on a wide road — formerly an abandoned narrow-gauge rail bed — and splits off into forested singletrack that twists past historic mining relics. The trail fits the bill for an afternoon or early evening ride for those seeking a quick adventure with stunning mountainside views.
The Pineridge Natural Area is within pedaling distance of Fort Collins and offers gentle rolling hills and smooth trails for novice bikers wanting to get a feel for the sport. A web of trails ribbons past Dixon Reservoir, wetlands and high-grass prairie teeming with local wildlife.
A local favorite, this trail starts near downtown Aspen, runs alongside Hunter Creek and opens up to a gorgeous wildflower meadow. The shaded path crosses several bridges and climbs more than 700 feet in the first mile along steep, rocky terrain before mellowing into rolling singletrack.
Work up a sweat with this easily accessible ride west of Vail. Tight-turning singletrack jogs through thick woods before journeying into sloping sagebrush fields. Three sections start with short climbs followed by exciting descents down rolling trails for a fun mix of ups and downs. Check out Eagle's photo trail-navigation feature to see nearly every inch of the ride.
Often voted among the state's top trails, Buffalo Creek's secluded loop rests in the foothills southwest of Denver. The thrill of gravity attracts riders to the slickrock sections and hairpin turns that cruise by striking rock formations. Minimal work reaps maximum rewards as long, steady climbs lead to even longer stretches of downhill.
Not for the faint of heart, Zippity-Doo-Da is as whimsical as its name suggests and offers intense swooping downhill and technical singletrack. The trail rips through western Colorado's desert landscape in an eight-mile loop, sweeping along steep ridges, over sheer edges and past the spectacular Bookcliffs rock formations.
Endurance and a good set of lungs are key for this long-distance, high-altitude ride. The technical rider's playground begins at the top of Monarch Pass and is loaded with boulders and trees along much of the trail. The tough climb tops out at about 11,960 feet and then drops riders onto exhilarating downhill through rock gardens and eventually over a streambed.
The expert trail of all expert trails, this bucket-list ride climbs 7,500 vertical feet in under 13 miles to the top of Pikes Peak. The Barr Trail begins with a section of switchbacks called "the incline" and continues on a relentless climb to a rock arch and more steep switchbacks. Be prepared for fast-changing weather and colder conditions above treeline along with challenging loose pea gravel and large boulders. Find other things to do on Pikes Peak.


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The one handed keyboard.
Made for the way you hold your phone|
Swipe Gestures
Delete by swiping back following the curve of the keyboard.
Return by swiping forward following the curve of the keyboard.
Shift by swiping up in the direction perpendicular to the curve of the keyboard.
Caps Lock by swiping up in the direction perpendicular to the curve of the keyboard 2 times.
The ergonomic fan shape allows keys to be reached with a natural side-to-side motion of the thumb rather than an awkward in-and-out motion required by most other mobile keyboards.
With about a million known phrases, Thumbly is able to provide intelligent suggestions for the words you are about to type. Words are automatically corrected and new words can be learned by tapping the quoted (") suggestion.
A convenient toggle switch allows you to switch the keyboard into left and right handed modes.
Copyright © 2015 Ronald McLaren.
Apple, the Apple logo and iPhone are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc.


-- Не спит ли Таменунд? -- воскликнул он. -- Что за голос раздается в его ушах?
Неужели к детям ленапов снова возвращается лето?
Adrian Gideon писал(а): Official announcements come when they're officially ready.
Scotty писал(а): Jeez, were all of you guys asleep when I mentioned new novels four weeks ago?
JadeHellbringer писал(а): And who the hell are you?
A guy who sat in on the Demo Agent meeting when Loren Coleman announced it and told us we were free to spread the word. It boggles me how a tumblr tag gets people more excited than words straight from the top.
For Ezra Payne and the Stealthy Tiger mercenaries, professionalism is everything. Hired to assist in the bitter, bloody fighting on the planet Hall, they quickly earn a decisive victory for their employer. They settle afterward in for a needed period of rebuilding, and a few months' peace before moving on to the next contract.
But their respite does not last. More mercenaries, hired by the Allied Mercenary Command itself, land on Hall. They believe the Tigers' employer to be league with the Word of Blake, a shadowy interstellar organization that worships technology, and which has been building its own empire among the worlds around Terra.
The Tigers want nothing of this battle, but war rages across the Inner Sphere. The hard-fought cease-fire cannot last, even on Hall, and when every faction is embittered and fueled by fervor, peace has no chance at all.
As a new conflict erupts, will the Stealthy Tigers' BattleMechs be enough to save them? Or will the looming threat of renewed war engulf them in its fiery embrace?
Despite internal power struggles, the techno-disciples of the Word of Blake continue their relentless march to bring the worlds surrounding Terra under their control. Each planet that falls under their influence brings them one step closer to full dominion over the birthplace of the Inner Sphere.
Meanwhile, during the uneasy peace after the Second Civil War, Victor Davion and his allies struggle to bring another Star League conference together to confirm the next League. But with two Great Houses rebuilding after the fight, and a third nowhere to be found, his fears that the summit may fall apart seem to be coming true. This also dismays the Word of Blake representatives, who attempt to force the remaining leaders back to the table—and allow them to keep working in secret—by any means necessary.
In the early days of 3068, very little certainty exists in the Inner Sphere, and what little there is often comes in dread tidings. The Star League is dead—the great hope for peace after the Federated Commonwealth Civil War has failed. The cooperation among Houses that stopped the Clan Invasion is no more. And while that news alone would be enough to darken the new year, conflict has already broken out on a scale unseen for decades. Legends are falling. Worlds are being torn apart. And the whole of the Inner Sphere is poised on the edge of a conflict that may sunder it completely.
Sixteen years ago. the Com Guard stood against the might of the combined Clans on a quiet little world called Tukayyid. Today, their mighty armada returns to the cradle of mankind to reclaim their ancestral home from the Word of Blake, which captured it a decade earlier. Today, they will enact Case White: an overwhelming assault to free Terra itself. For the Com Guard, sixteen years of tolerating the Word of Blake's zealotry has finally come to an end. With the Star League disbanded, it falls again to the Com Guard to bring peace to the Inner Sphere.
While there are hundreds of mercenary units throughout the Inner Sphere, only a handful have risen to galaxy-wide fame. The Gray Death Legion. Wolf's Dragoons. The Northwind Highlanders. And the Kell Hounds.
"Not the Way the Smart Money Bets": Morgan and Patrick arrive on the mercenary staging world of Galatea to start building their unit. But getting caught between a local general and a criminal organizing gladiatorial games on-planet puts the brothers in a perilous situation, and Patrick is forced to face the local 'Mech hero in single combat—to the death.
"A Tiny Spot of Rebellion": Fresh off their victory over local criminals, the brothers Kell are faced with a growing religious rebellion led by a local bishop with a lofty goal of ruling the entire planet, and using the populace to achieve his aims. They're assigned to put down the uprising, but can they find a way to do that without having to battle the civilians pressed into service as holy soldiers?
К сожалению, особого свежачка не наблюдается, Уроборос доедает себя. Я лично жду вторую книгу "Основателей кланов" для сверки текста (о третьей, видимо, придется забыть).
Новый роман Лорена Коулмена расскажет вам о джихаде через десять лет после того как он всем надоел и закончился.
В этом есть смысл, потому как старые издания не так-то просто найти в, кхм, лицензионных магазинах. Это мы с вами тут архив собрали и храним книги на полках. А как быть с теми, кто в хобби пришел, скажем, позавчера?
К тому же это электронные издания. Скорее всего, раньше они официально не выходили в принципе. Ту же серию "Secrets of Power" я читал в фантастически кривом виде с горой опечаток и ошибок распознавания.
RNC_Dron писал(а): В этом есть смысл, потому как старые издания не так-то просто найти в, кхм, лицензионных магазинах. Это мы с вами тут архив собрали и храним книги на полках. А как быть с теми, кто в хобби пришел, скажем, позавчера?


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Posts Tagged As: Abraham Lincoln
Some proud President days
When it comes to ensuring the equality of all citizens, especially gay citizens, it can seem that Presidents lag far behind legislators, judges, and society at large. It would be easy to compile a large litany of abuses that Presidents have heaped on the non-heterosexual community. But there have also been days in which Presidents took action that is laudable and to their credit. And, just some steps that I included because they amuse me.
Here are a few (but certainly not all) moments in which Presidents and our community interacted:
February 23, 1778 – Baron Friedrich von Steuben arrived to offer his services General George Washington (not yet President) and his Continental Army. Steuben was probably Washington's best military asset, as he provided the training and structure that had been up until then missing from the Americans. Steuben's methods would be utilized for the next century and a half. Although Washington officially did not tolerate homosexual acts (drumming out an officer caught in the act of, um, fraternizing), Steuben's reputation – and accompaniment of handsome men – did not dissuade the General from placing him in authority. One could even suggest that "don't ask, don't tell" was the military policy from the start.
March 4, 1857 – President James Buchanan was sworn into office. Buchanan was a bachelor who had lived for 15 years with Alabama Senator William Rufus King (King had died in 1852, after serving as Vice President for less than a month). While evidence of the two as a couple is not overwhelmingly conclusive enough to convince those who are inclined to dismiss any historical inclusion of non-heterosexuality (the nieces of the two men burned their correspondences), contemporaries certainly seemed to think of them in this manner. Buchanan was our only bachelor President, a sin that would certainly be seen as a liability today.
March 5, 1861 – President Abraham Lincoln was sworn into office. While rumors about Lincoln were less pronounced than those about his predecessor, his space sharing was even more intimate than that of Buchanan. In his late 20's he met Joshua Speed, moved in with him, and shared his bed for the next four years. The two exchanged flowery letters expressing devotion, and C. A. Tripp, in The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln, argued that Lincoln was primarily same-sex attracted. Dissenters argue that sharing beds was common in an era in which beds were scarce. However, they are a bit less adamant about a shortage of beds in the White House when Lincoln shared his bed with David Derickson, his bodyguard, when Mary Todd Lincoln was away. Whether, indeed, Lincoln was primarily homosexual in orientation, he was certainly unconventional in his bed-mate patterns and worthy of mention.
November 1, 1978 – The Briggs Initiative was on the California ballot, for a November 7 vote. If passed, it would have banned gay man and women from working in California's public schools. Ronald Reagan, the prior Governor and soon to be President, wrote an editorial in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner opposing the bill, saying "Whatever else it is, homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles. Prevailing scientific opinion is that an individual's sexuality is determined at a very early age and that a child's teachers do not really influence this." This was an official follow-up on a September interview in which he expressed his opposition, and the timing of the editorial is closely associated with a massive shift from strong support to overwhelming opposition. In January 1981, the decorators for Nancy Reagan are the first known gay couple to spend the night in the White House.
January 20, 1993 – President Bill Clinton was sworn into office. Clinton was the first President elected with a campaign which included specific gay rights provisions and shortly into his term, Clinton sought to fulfill his promises by lifting the ban on open service of gay personnel. He ran into immediate opposition in Congress and ultimately signed off on the "compromise" that became Don't Ask, Don't Tell as well as the Defense of Marriage Act, both of which still haunt us. But for a brief shining moment the world looked full of promise. In October 1997, Clinton nominated James Hormel, an openly gay man and significant contributor, to be Ambassador to Luxembourg. After a year and a half of opposition from conservative Senators, Clinton employed a recess appointment in May 1999 and Hormel was sworn in the following month.
February 23, 1996 – Former President Jimmy Carter, writing in the LA Times, called for a rejection of "the politics of hate." He stated, "We must make it clear that a platform of 'I hate gay men and women' is not a way to become president of the United States." On April 5, 2004, in an interview with the American Prospect, he set himself in opposition to George Bush's election campaign against same-sex couples. "I personally, in my Sunday-school lessons, don't favor the religious endorsement of a gay marriage. But I do favor equal treatment under the law for people who differ from me in sexual orientation." In December of the following year, he reiterated, "My own belief is that there should be a distinction between so-called gay marriages, which I look upon as a possibility of a church- ordained blessing of God on a union, which I think should be between a man and a woman. But at the same time, that people who do have gay union in a court or in secular terms not relating to religion, should be treated with complete equality."
September 18, 2001 – Michael Guest was sworn in as Ambassador to Romania. Unlike James Hormel, this George W. Bush appointment was based on civil service record and received Senate confirmation. This early in W's first term, there was considerable optimism that he would oversee an inclusive administration.
October 29, 2001 – Reporter Deb Price ran an article based on an interview with former President Gerald Ford. To her surprise, Ford endorsed non-discrimination and declared that gay couples should have the same tax and Social Security rights as married heterosexuals. "I think they ought to be treated equally. Period." That year Ford joined the Republican Unity Coalition, an organization dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party, thus becoming the only President to engage in pro-gay activism. Shortly before his 2006 death, Ford discussed with his Episcopal priest the divisions in the denomination over the place of gay congregants in the church. In his homily, his pastor noted, "He said he did not think (such inclusive steps) should be divisive for anyone who lived by the Great Commandments and the Great Commission — to love God and to love neighbor." Ford was the only President who was not elected to any position by the American voters at large. He was sent to Congress by the people of Grand Rapids. After the resignation of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, Ford was selected as a replacement based primarily on his reputation for honesty and integrity, and he become president upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.
The current President has promised to be a fierce advocate for our community. And history will advise us of the most favorable action that President Barack Obama will take in his administration. To date, we are thankful for statements made during the election cycle, for Bishop Robinson's inaugural prayer, for several gay appointments, and for current efforts to reverse the ban on open service in the military. Let's hope we have much for to celebrate next Presidents' Day.
Undoubtedly, I've omitted several milestones, for which I apologize. Feel free to praise Presidents in the comments section (for today, let's try and keep it to praise. We'll start the criticism again tomorrow.)
Tags: Abraham Lincoln, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, George Washington, Gerald Ford, History & Culture, James Buchanan, Ronald Reagan, Today In History
Happy Bicentennial, Mr. President
History has its favorites. Circumstances and personality sometimes meet in such a way as to forever bind a name with world changing events. And time strips away those conflicting realities that may contradict the myth leaving us with an untarnished champion, someone greater than their experiences, a symbol of an ideal.
One such man who stands for an institution greater than he made it is President Abraham Lincoln. Honest Abe is the American Hero, the greatest president that ever presided; a poor boy who though hard work and humble wit advanced to save the nation in its most perilous hour. And although there is a current movement to rehumanize the man, in the minds of most he will be the Great Emancipator, the one who held the Union together and freed the slaves.
Four years ago, C.A. Tripp (posthumously) published The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln, in which he argues that Lincoln was primarily same-sex attracted. This book was met with a flood of indignant rebuttals.
I found Tripp's book to be fascinating, though not necessarily proof. Tripp presented only circumstantial evidence and, though there was a lot of it, there was no smoking gun.
But I found those who argued against Tripp to have but the flimsiest of denials for Tripp's strongest points ("there was a bed shortage and men often shared beds for years and wrote flowery love notes to each other"), accompanied by an absolute silence on his subsidiary evidence (surely there was no bed shortage in the White House). They seemed more motivated by protecting Lincoln's image from such a 'vile slander' than they did in applying any professional curiosity to the matter.
But there is a lesson to be learned. We all want to own a part of President Lincoln and his legacy. Lincoln – a flawed man all too human – took the right positions on the right issues and transcended his own mortality.
On this, the 200th anniversary of Lincoln's birth, let us all strive to live so that others in distant decades will want to claim us as their own.
Tags: Abraham Lincoln, History & Culture, Today In History