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Flu scare
Publishing scientific research might help prevent the next pandemic, but there is legitimate fear that critical information could fall into the wrong hands. A moratorium on flu research is giving scientists and policymakers time to hash it out. But how long can it go on?
Credit: Paul Sahre
By Mat Edelson
/ Published Winter 2012
Popular culture has long fixated on the microbe that could lay waste to humankind. Just consider The Andromeda Strain, Contagion, even Stephen King's ode to a fictitious superbug he cheekily named Captain Trips. Consider our neurosis justified. Bubonic plague, tuberculosis, the Spanish flu of 1918, AIDS—all of them claimed millions of lives before running their courses or being controlled, to varying degrees, medically.
Of the above quartet of misery, experts believe the one most poised for a comeback is a highly contagious, potent form of influenza, which actually refers to a broad array of viruses that initially attack the lungs through inhalation. Many flu strains are related to the 1918 version, links that were only discovered after extensive research, including genetic recreation of the 1918 pathogen from frozen and preserved tissue samples beginning in the late 1990s.
It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form.) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human interface could provide clues to stopping the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu.
Given its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding.
This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who contracted H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported in humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious outbreak occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe.) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only counts cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment. Still, compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate.
H5N1's saving grace—and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But given its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs parsing the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and potentially to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.
Instead, the research has come to a voluntary standstill. Thirty-nine of the world's top flu researchers issued a joint statement in the January 20, 2012, issue of Science announcing they were temporarily suspending all work involving "highly pathogenic . . . H5N1 viruses leading to the generation of viruses that are more transmissible in animals," a move applauded and supported by the U.S. government's top research funders. "Congratulations on the voluntary moratorium," Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told hundreds of flu researchers at their July Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance conference, before letting them know the piggy bank was still shut. "But NIAID, NIH, and HHS [Health and Human Services] cannot go along with lifting the moratorium on studies . . . related to pathogenesis or transmission of H5N1 that is performed with U.S. government funds."
At its root, what has frozen the players in their tracks is the same emotion that surrounds the specter of a pandemic: fear. Not of discovery. Nor knowledge. But rather the potential for nefarious use of information gained in such pursuits.
Science has been here before. The question becomes, Have we learned from the past? Johns Hopkins researcher Ruth Faden thinks we have, and that building a consensus among both the scientific and national security communities is the key to moving forward.
Since the days of Los Alamos, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the race to build the bomb, researchers have been forced to confront the so-called dual use research of concern conundrum: that their quest for knowledge could yield results that might end up in the hands of unscrupulous parties or enemies of the state. During the latter stages of World War II, the time line appeared so compressed, the opponent's aggression and intent so obvious, that our domestic national security concerns demanded a full-scale effort to unlock the secrets of the nuclear bomb.
If the Los Alamos scientists had qualms about creating atomic weapons that might someday be turned on their makers, they kept such concerns to themselves—or were too caught up in the rush of discovery to overtly admit them—until it was too late. As Oppenheimer noted when the first Trinity bomb test turned the sky to fire, "A few [researchers] laughed, a few cried." Many broke into spontaneous dance. One, a Harvard physicist, sardonically summed up the mood when he shook Oppenheimer's hand and said, with no irony, "Now we're all sons of bitches."
The fear of bioweapons blasted onto the front page in 1995, when sarin nerve gas attacks killed 13 people in the Tokyo subway system.
At its heart, the dual-use question generally comes down to opposing agendas: national security interests wanting to tightly control information versus scientists who believe investigation and achievement are based upon open dissemination, publication, and replication of results. While the two sides can be united, as they were in World War II, often there is conflict. This is especially true regarding emerging science and technologies. A particularly gray area has been biotechnology. The fear of bioweapons blasted onto the front page in 1995, when sarin nerve gas attacks killed 13 people in the Tokyo subway system. Those concerns escalated in the month after 9/11, when anthrax-laced letters caused five deaths and infected nearly two dozen people. Talk of genetically manipulated "weaponized" anthrax began filling the airwaves, and it didn't take long for both defense analysts and scientists to wonder what other pathogens could be manipulated.
The conversation quickly turned to research on common infectious diseases, the type of work that has saved lives by the millions. Smallpox, polio, TB, measles—each has been either eradicated or greatly controlled, especially in developed countries, because research into its cause, prevention, and potential cure continued unabated.
So, too, is the case with the flu. Research has shown that most modern-day strains of the flu are slight variations on those previously experienced by the public, so a good deal of the human population already has immunity. This, along with annual flu shots for common seasonal strains, limits yearly cases of influenza. But with avian flu and its relative lack of human exposure lurking in the background for the past decade, H5N1 researchers faced a particular dual-use challenge. They felt compelled to determine how the flu could move from animals to humans, mainly by manipulating different genes within H5N1's gene sequence. The idea was to see if a mutated H5N1 form that transmitted well in a lab setting between animals actually resembled something already occurring in nature. If that were the case, public health officials could test birds for the transmissible mutations and attempt to stop a pandemic before the virus entered the human population—for example, by killing off infected farm-raised poultry before the disease could spread to human workers.
Yet the very nature of such experiments raised security implications—so much so that a nearly decade-old government committee actually stepped in for the first time last December to voice concerns that effectively halted publication of certain H5N1 research. When virologists Ron Fouchier of the Netherlands and Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin independently discovered they could inoculate ferrets—which sneeze like humans—with mutated forms of H5N1 and create a potentially airborne transmissible form of the virus, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity voiced objections. In an unprecedented move, the NSABB, an independent body of science and biosecurity experts that consults with federal agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services, strongly urged Science and Nature to delay publication of the papers. The NSABB wanted the authors to alter their respective papers' language to "explain better the goals and potential public health benefits of the research," and notably, exclude the methodology sections that are vital for replication of science. HHS agreed with the suggestions, with an NSABB spokesperson noting, "The recommendations were that the papers not be published in full, that the papers be modified and the results be redacted so that someone with malevolent intent could not exactly replicate the results."
There was plenty of potential fear of bioterrorism surrounding Fouchier's research, much of it generated by the researcher himself. In November 2011, he told Science that the mutated form of H5N1 that he injected into ferrets was "probably one of the most dangerous viruses you can make," and NSABB members agreed. Debate erupted throughout the scientific and national security communities about whether the experiments should have been conducted in the first place. In the midst of the tumult, Fouchier and Kawaoka, backed by 37 of their colleagues, gave themselves the equivalent of a time-out: the research moratorium they agreed to in January 2012.
It didn't take long for Johns Hopkins' Ruth Faden to find herself in the middle of the fray. The public first heard from Faden on the subject on NPR's nationally syndicated Diane Rehm Show last December, where she joined Anthony Fauci, Science Editor-in-Chief Bruce Alberts, and NSABB member and infectious disease policy expert Michael Osterholm. A bioethicist and head of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Faden deftly laid out some of the perspectives of the scientific and defense communities. "We are not a zero-risk culture," she told Rehm. "We have to assume some level of risk when we're pursuing something of great [scientific] importance. The question is, Do we have the mechanisms in place to assure that we are properly assessing the benefits and risk and that we have the plans to manage the risk?"
For Faden, looking at the potential effect of an experiment before the first gene is spliced is vital for the proper handling of dual-use research of concern. That wasn't the case with the Fouchier and Kawaoka studies. In an editorial published in Science just weeks after the NPR appearance, Faden and Ruth Karron, director of the Bloomberg School of Public Health's Center for Immunization Research and the Johns Hopkins Vaccine Initiative, took the NSABB to task for not being able to look at controversial research when it was in the formative stages. They also noted that, in the case of Fouchier and Kawaoka, the NSABB did not accompany its recommendations for holding back full details of the scientists' works with a proposal as to who in the scientific and public health communities should have total access to the science to judge its merits and concerns.
For Faden, looking at the potential effect of an experiment before the first gene is spliced is vital for the proper handling of dual-use research of concern.
By waiting until the ferrets were sneezing across their cages, Faden and Karron essentially argued, the NSABB was put in the difficult reactive position of having to quash information and media rumors of a "superflu" just a security breach away from becoming a terrorist weapon.
"This question [of what to do with information in papers the NSABB finds concerning] should not have caught the NSABB or NIH by surprise," the authors wrote in Science. "According to the chair of the NSABB, that committee was not given the job of developing a system for distributing sensitive information. But if that is the case, then this remit should have been given to some other identified entity when the NSABB was established."
If the authors sound annoyed, their frustration is understandable. Faden, one of the most respected bioethicists in the country, was part of the 2001 National Academy of Sciences committee called in the wake of the anthrax attacks. The committee's charge was to balance dual-use research concerns regarding possible bioterrorism with continuing bioscience advancement.
The committee issued its Fink Report (named after Massachusetts Institute of Technology genetics professor Gerald R. Fink, who chaired the report) in 2004, published under the ominous title Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. The report recommended establishment of the NSABB and also called for numerous other steps, including "harmonized international oversight."
"One of the things we had to acknowledge was that even if the U.S. had a perfect system—and right now we have a nonsystem—but even if it were perfect it really would not make for a secure world if other countries didn't have systems and if the systems didn't work together," says Faden. "This is about collective global action: One of the roles of the NSABB we envisioned would be as the lead entity on the U.S. side to be working with counterparts in other countries to create a global governing structure at the intersection of science and biodefense."
Such is not the case, with Faden and Karron noting in their essay that "in the eight years since [the Fink Report], no coordinated system for oversight of dual-use research, either national or international, has been implemented."
Faden is careful not to take sides in either the publishing or investigators' moratorium—as an ethicist without access to the NSABB's inner workings, she says, "I don't have the expertise on my own to make that call. This is where science and technical experts in this area have to be thinking this through with national security people to make the judgment." However, she notes that scientists have used moratoriums profitably in the past, particularly during the development of the pioneering use of recombinant DNA. In the early 1970s, researchers began introducing DNA from different gene sources—viruses, plants, or bacteria—into host cells to see what grew. Lack of institutional safeguards at the time potentially exposed lab workers—and perhaps the general public, if a genetically modified virus escaped the lab—to unknown hazards. The concerns grew great enough that a National Academy of Sciences committee in 1974 called for a halt to all recombinant DNA research until a comprehensive framework for safely conducting such experiments could be established. This occurred in the landmark Asilomar Conference seven months later, and the moratorium was lifted.
The success of Asilomar isn't lost on flu investigators who agree with the current temporary work stoppage. Andrew Pekosz, an associate professor of molecular biology and immunology in the Bloomberg School, who was not a signatory to the moratorium because his flu lab does not work with H5N1, nonetheless supports the move as a way of restoring public confidence in both the researchers and the research. "When [Fouchier's and Kawaoka's] research came out, there were a lot of people who didn't realize this research was being done under strict containment conditions. That unknown contributes to fear. I think this speaks to the fact that we as scientists need to do a better job of communicating not only what we are doing but how we're doing it. These issues of safety and biocontainment are important to us.
"That's why the moratorium was a good idea," Pekosz continues. "We need to send the message out to the general public that there are issues people want answers about, and rather than just going on like we are, let's all take a break and discuss this and not have pressure of continuing the research and having somebody censor the material before it's released."
Interestingly, the research moratorium may have played a role in resolving the NSABB's publishing dilemma. At the time when Science and Nature announced they were putting a temporary hold on the Fouchier and Kawaoka papers, their move created deep divides, including some surprising responses from notorious free-speech advocates. "We nearly always champion unfettered scientific research and open publication of the results," wrote the New York Times Editorial Board. "[But] in this case it looks like the research should never have been undertaken because the potential harm [from accidental or intentional release of the virus] is catastrophic and the potential benefits from studying the virus so speculative."
Former Johns Hopkins infectious disease expert Thomas Inglesby, now at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, bluntly agreed. He told CNN that, in dealing with the mutated virus, "we are playing with fire. . . . It could endanger the lives of hundreds of millions of persons."
Mount Sinai microbiologist Peter Palese offered a countering view, worth noting since his lab helped reconstruct the 1918 influenza virus in 2005 with NSABB's approval. "During our discussions with NSABB, we explained the importance of bringing such a deadly pathogen back to life," Palese wrote in Nature. "Although these experiments may seem dangerously foolhardy, they are actually the exact opposite. They gave us the opportunity to make the world safer, allowing us to learn what makes the virus dangerous and how it can be disabled." Palese claimed publishing the work allowed other researchers to show that the 1918 flu, should it return, can be combated using "seasonal flu vaccines [and] common flu drugs"— vital information for public health workers and emergency planning.
Both of the controversial flu research papers were eventually published. Upon further review, the NSABB cleared Kawaoka's paper and it appeared in full in the May issue of Nature. NSABB recommended "further scientific clarification" of the Fouchier research, and it appeared, with WHO and NIH support, in the June issue of Science, with a clarified methodology section.
For their part, Science's editors, in a magazine issue completely devoted to H5N1, reflected Faden and Karron's concerns that the NSABB needed international and domestic strengthening. The editors added that they agreed with the NSABB "mechanism," calling the eight-month delay in publishing "a 'stress test' of the systems that had been established to enable the biological sciences to deal with 'dual-use research of concern.'"
"This is about recognizing and ensuring the public's continued trust in science."
Ruth Faden
While the publishing moratorium has ended, the research moratorium goes on. Originally scheduled for 60 days, it is now on an indefinite extension. NIAID's Anthony Fauci has announced a conference, scheduled for this month, to bring together scientists, biosafety experts, NSABB personnel, and the public to further discuss the risks and rewards of continued H5N1 research. International experts have also been invited, with their cooperation absolutely essential to future research: Indonesian scientists have been involved in an ongoing quarrel over the withholding of vital local strains of H5N1 from global researchers if they are not party to data obtained from those strains.
At this point, some scientists appreciate that their colleagues are willing to tread lightly for the time being. The September/October issue of mBio, the journal of the American Society for Microbiology, was dedicated to the topic, with an editorial calling the research pause "a historic moment for science." One contributor, Stanford infectious disease expert Stanley Falkow, supported continuing the moratorium, arguing that it should have started "once the first ferret sneezed." He noted that cloning of certain genes was held up for several years while safety and other concerns were addressed and suggested that the same should hold true of H5N1 research.
On the other hand, in that same issue, Fouchier and Kawaoka, along with moratorium signatory Adolfo García-Sastre, called for the immediate resumption of H5N1 research: "Now we know it is possible that these viruses could adapt to mammals, but without more data, we cannot fully assess the risk or implement appropriate containment measures," they wrote. "To contribute meaningfully to pandemic preparedness, we need to conduct more experiments . . . in a timely manner."
Perhaps there's an awareness that, going forward, what is needed is both standards of practice and, most importantly, transparency of process for the real shareholders in this research. As Ruth Faden notes, "This is about recognizing and ensuring the public's continued trust in science. Being a scientist is an awesome privilege, and scientists have an individual moral obligation to reduce the likelihood that their work will bring about bad consequences for the world."
And getting there, says Faden, means opening dual-use research concerns to all and sharing the burden for its proper application among both scientists and nonscientists. Karron agrees that building consensus is key. "My thought is in this day and age it's important to broadly engage individuals outside your area of expertise when these questions arise," Karron says. "[NIAID's] Tony Fauci said, 'You must engage civil society.' We can learn from each other. It is important to listen, to hear about potential opportunities or threats you may not have considered."
But someone else has.
Mat Edelson is a freelance writer based in Baltimore.
Posted in Health, Science+Technology, Politics+Society
Tagged epidemiology, bioethics, flu, berman institute of bioethics, h5n1, ruth faden
More from the Winter 2012 issue
Abundant thinking about scarcity
Published Winter 2012
If a pandemic were to strike, how would hospitals fairly allocate scarce resources such as vaccines and ventilators? / Johns Hopkins Magazine


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Building firm fined after trench collapsed on worker
By Greg Nelson May 27, 2021 May 28, 2021 Accidents in constuctionTrench collapse
A building firm has been fined after a worker was seriously injured after an excavation collapsed, the builders Harlands Builders Limited have been fined for safety breaches.
Bridlington Magistrates' Court heard that on 26 June 2019, the company was undertaking groundworks at West Farm Stone, Creek Sunk Island, East Riding. The worker had entered an excavation in order to measure the depth when part of it collapsed on him.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found that the excavation had three sheer unsupported sides and was not battered back. The worker was trapped by the collapse and sustained a broken tibia and fibula on his left leg. Other workers were also put at risk as they went into the excavation to free the trapped man.
Harlands Builders Limited of Medina House, Station Avenue Bridlington, East Yorkshire pleaded guilty to breaching Regulation 22 (1) of the Construction Design Management Regulations 2015. The company has been fined £12,000 and ordered to pay costs of £1,139.
Speaking after the hearing, HSE inspector Sarah Robinson, said: "The excavation should have been supported or battered back, and no individuals should have been asked to go into the excavation whilst it was unsafe.
"This incident could have led to the death of the worker. The case highlights the importance of identifying and following any risk assessment that was set in place."
Timber batten prices go through the roof
Plasterboard factory to double size in £140m build

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FFS FIB July 19
Reviews and Photos:
Muzikalia (July 20, 2015/ Spanish)
Domingo del FIB Benicassim 2015
nomepierdoniuna (July 21, 2015/ Spanish)
Portishead, Public Enemy, Blur, FFS, Los Planetas y Joe Crepúsculo ponen todo en su sitio en el FIB 2015
The Fest (Spanish)
FIB 2015: CRÓNICA DOMINGO
The next concert on the same stage, the FIBERFIB, was to FFS , the project which has emerged from the union of the Scots Franz Ferdinand and American Sparks . They have released a great album but also as we had in the chronicle of his passage through the Cruïlla , direct was even better. They started with the two major bombings album "Delusional Johnny" and "The Man Without A Tan", thus became clear the elegance and harmony of the combo. In perfect timing, turning over and ownership with respect and elegance, and charisma beyond doubt they gave "the concert of the festival". Because if there are others who have been at the same level, the novelty of this format gives them the necessary plus for this claim. They continued to show disk and in between placing successes both bands separately and was curious to touch all together as "Achoo" or "The Number One Song in Heaven" by Sparks and "Do you want to", "Michael" or "Take me out" of Franz Ferdinand . The English young people hope to versions of Scots to go crazy, but the whole set was magnificent. They ended as they began, with a great song from FFS , "Piss off"
Adriana Martín PHOTO
FIB 2015, domingo
FFS Europe Tour :


I spent ten years riding motorcycles.
Rachel Kushner Quotes. 9quotes.com, 2018. http://www.9quotes.com/quote/rachel-kushner-499512, accessed 24 April, 2019.
I lost my mom to breast cancer, and then I lost my father three years later. I thought, 'What am I waiting for?' Motherhood has been the greatest gift of my life.
We really wanted to create an album that had no boundary or limit to it. There's nothing to say that we couldn't release a song that belongs on 'The Stage' 20 years into our career. We want it to be an album that constantly grows with what we want to do, and that's what we did.
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We are never complacent. My job is to make us look 10 years out and be prepared.
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I like Baudelaire's sentences quite a lot. I read and re-read him very often.


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You are here: Home/ Press releases/ Press releases/ Press release
Transport Code enables better transport services and flexible business operations
Press release 18.04.2016 16.02 fi sv en
Legal provisions on transport market will be brought together under one act, the Transport Code. The reform aims to support new service models and better respond to the needs of transport users. The Transport Code will make market access easier and promote the interoperability of the different parts of the transport system.
"The Transport Code will develop the transport system into a genuine service package. This has served as a basis for the reform; we want to make sure that users, people and businesses, have access to high-quality transport services. It is no longer necessary or reasonable to provide specific provisions on each transport mode but to enable services that meet the customers' needs," says Ms Berner, Minister of Transport and Communications.
The Transport Code will cover all transport modes. In the first phase, the focus has been on road transport, where the need for changes is most significant. In the legislative proposal, road transport regulation will become closer to the market regulations in force for other transport modes.
As part of a Government key project, the Transport Code will build a growth environment for digital business. In line with the Government Programme, the transport sector will remove obstacles to the development of new services that utilise digitalisation. The Transport Code will promote the introduction of interoperable digital ticket and payment systems by ensuring open information and payment interfaces. The Code is also part of the Government key project on deregulation. The Transport Code will pave the way for the Mobility as a Service concept.
The proposal supports the Government Programme aim of cutting local government costs and con-tributes to the Programme with the overall reform of passenger, postal and goods transport legislation.
The Ministry of Transport and Communications has sent the draft proposal for the Transport Code out for comments. The Transport Code preparation process has been transparent and taken place in close interaction with stakeholders. Discussions with interest groups will continue during the consultation round. The deadline for comments is 23 May and the aim is to submit a government proposal to Parliament in June 2016.
Taxi licences to become company-specific
Entrepreneurship in taxi transport would be made easier with lighter requirements. A taxi transport licence would still be required but it would be made company-specific, and there would no longer be vehicle or driver-specific licences. Requirements for a taxi driver would be made lighter but passenger safety or protection would not be compromised.
A taxi operator would be more free to develop its operations according to demand. Licence quotas and the obligation concerning the area of operation would be abandoned. This way a taxi could take on "return" passengers. This would make the system more flexible and efficient and make the operations easier particularly in sparsely populated areas.
There would no longer be a maximum price for a taxi trip. Clear and understandable information about the price of the trip and the grounds for its determination must be made available before the trip. However, the service provider could determine the pricing model.
Accessible vehicles and availability of services would be ensured, if necessary, with agreements on the needs of the special groups. In transport services paid by society, the service subscriber could set special terms for them.
Small-scale operations and travel chains possible
The Transport Code would provide a framework for the current and future transport services and clarify the role and obligations of different operators.
The provision of services particularly in the countryside and in sparsely populated areas would improve as small-scale non-professional operations would be allowed more flexibility. A licence would no longer be needed for small-scale passenger and goods transport. This would make transport service experiments and new business models possible. The limit for small-scale operations would be a maximum of EUR 10,000 annual turnover. It would be subject to income taxation.
Entrepreneurship in public transport services would also be made easier. In future, a transport licence would be enough, licences for scheduled routes and on-demand transport services would be abandoned. In goods transport, the limit for services subject to licence would be raised to the minimum EU level of 3.5 tonnes. Tractors with a maximum speed of 40 km/h could in future transport goods without a licence. In passenger and goods transport, the qualification requirement of passing a course in entrepreneurship would be removed.
The regulation would also pay attention to the new types of transport services, including dispatch services. A dispatch service provider would make sure that the responsible operator providing transport services holds a transport licence or that the compensations paid remain below the limit of small-scale operations.
The Transport Code would improve the interoperability of different transport modes. It would create a basis for selling the customer the entire transport chain needed as well as the transport services through one operator. In order to create such a travel chain, interoperable ticket and payment systems that communicate with each other via background systems will be needed.
A strong role for the counties
The Transport Code has been prepared in parallel with the reform of regional and county administration.
The counties will play an important role in arranging transport services in their own regions. In the reform of county government, the responsibility for the planning of the regional transport system and provision of the public transport services has been transferred to the counties. With the Transport Code amendments the competent authorities could tailor the transport service provision to meet the needs of a particular area, including its special characteristics. In future, the Finnish Transport Safety Agency, Trafi, would be responsible for the national licences and supervision.
Preparations for the Transport Code continue
In the second phase of the Transport Code preparations, the regulatory reforms will focus on driver training, professional qualifications and transport registers. The aim is to lay the groundwork for new teaching methods and to examine whether it would be possible to regulate competence instead of training. The second phase will also encompass the market regulation on other transport modes. The proposal is meant to be sent out for comments in summer 2017.
In the third phase of the Code, attention will be paid to other provisions that were not covered earlier. At that stage, it will also be ensured that objectives with regard to the transport system and digital services will have been comprehensively covered. A proposal of the third stage preparations is meant to be sent out for comments in summer 2018.
Ms Laura Eiro, Director of Markets Unit, tel. + 358 40 096 9293
Ms Laura Vilkkonen, Director of Basic Services Unit, tel. +358 40 500 0817
Ms Susanna Metsälampi, Ministerial Adviser, tel. +358 50 593 1257
Ms Maija Ahokas, Ministerial Adviser, tel. +358 40 031 6178
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You get to college by performing well in high school. You have tomeet the entrants requirements for GPA and SAT scores.
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Friends, education, experiences and a general perception of things. You will have better paying jobs and you will be able to give out more to the economy.
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text:
The American Experiment is Dead, and it's All Your Fault
"Our contemporaries are constantly excited by two conflicting passions; they want to be led, and they wish to remain free: as they cannot destroy either one or the other of these contrary propensities, they strive to satisfy them both at once. They devise a sole, tutelary, and all-powerful form of government, but elected by the people. They combine the principle of centralization and that of popular sovereignty; this gives them a respite: they console themselves for being in tutelage by the reflection that they have chosen their own guardians. Every man allows himself to be put in leading-strings, because he sees that it is not a person or a class of persons, but the people at large who holds the end of his chain.
By this system the people shake off their condition of dependence just long enough to select their master, and then relapse into it again. A great many persons at the present day are quite contented with this sort of compromise between administrative despotism and the sovereignty of the people; and they think they have done enough for the protection of individual freedom when they have surrendered it to the power of the nation at large. This does not satisfy me: the nature of him I am to obey signifies less to me than the fact of extorted obedience."
Nearly two centuries ago a French diplomat was able to discern the eventual cause of the downfall of the great American experiment. What Alexis de Tocqueville realized was something even he likely could not have foreseen metastasizing into our current situation. He recognized that, in short, this is all your fault. What he couldn't know was the extent to which the administrative despotism would compromise individual freedom, or how our two conflicting passions would lead the people to acquiesce to so tutelary and all-powerful a national government that we no longer even bother to shake off dependence to select our masters, but rather revel in it, and merely choose whichever guardian will pull the chains of our fellow citizens just a little tighter than our own.
The American experiment of a Constitutional, federalist system is dead. In fact, the corpse is bloated and has started to stink a little. Any movement in the corpse you think you see is just maggots and escaping gases and will stop soon enough. Through our combination of the "principle of centralization and that of popular sovereignty" we have managed to vote ourselves into a system that is extremely heavy on the centralization and light on the sovereignty. Unfortunately, whether they realize it or not, this is the way most Americans actually want it.
The reasons some people have for being desirous of more centralized power are easy enough to discern: they're the people Congress is overtly bribing with the People's money. But this leads to the election of people based on promises to curb that overt bribery who, almost without fail, attempt to do so not by simply putting an end to it but instead by coming up with a system that less overtly bribes someone else in order to ensure support in the next election, all the while continuing the original bribery. This continues in a never ending loop of laws and laws to fix laws and laws to fix the laws that fixed the laws, every one of which somehow consolidates more power in Washington.
T.S. Eliot wrote that "humankind cannot bear very much reality," and we can also not bear very much responsibility. The political question of how much governments should do for people, such as poverty alleviation / prevention programs (Social Security) or healthcare (initially in the form of Medicare and Medicaid) became federal issues largely because state representatives and voters were perfectly happy to cede those responsibilities (and most of the blame for the taxes required to fund them) to the federal government. True, states weren't actually required to participate in Medicaid, but they all have since 1982; once the siren song of a new administrative despotism is heard, no amount of wax in the ears can save even the most liberty-loving of populations. How long, really, will any states hold out against the ACA expansions of Medicaid? How long will they hold out under whatever new shell game plan is passed next? The supposed efforts by our current masters to beat back the tide of the inevitable single-payer system is just Xerxes whipping the Hellespont.
So what is to be done by those of us who favor limited government at the federal level, now that we know the people we should be blaming for the current state of affairs are ourselves? That, friends, is the good news: there's nothing we can do so there's really not much use worrying about it. Human nature isn't going to change, and the words of that insightful French diplomat are as true today as they were in 1835. The arc of history leads inevitably to civilizations collapsing, and the remnants of the American system may not survive both the demands of retired boomers and Bernie-voting Millennials. The best advice may ironically come from the noted boomer-era nihilist philosopher James Douglas Morrison: "I don't know what's gonna happen, man, but I want to have my kicks before the whole shithouse goes up in flames."


Kristoff St. John, who was a star of daytime television since 1991, has died at the age of 52. TMZ reported Monday that the longtime The Young and the Restless star died on Sunday. His attorney, Mark Geragos, confirmed the actor's death to USA Today.
St. John was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards for his role as Neil Winters on the CBS show. He won in 1992 and 2008. His character was part of the most prominent black family in daytime TV, with Shemar Moore playing his brother, Malcolm.
Prior to Y&R, St. John had a role on Generations (receiving two additional Emmy nods) and, as a child star, appeared in the miniseries Roots: The Next Generations and the Bad News Bears TV show. He also did episodic work on shows including The Cosby Show, A Different World and Laverne & Shirley.
St. John had been dealing with personal problems in recent years. In November 2014, the actor's son, Julian, died by suicide, and he and his ex-wife boxer Mia St. John sued the mental health facility where the 24-year-old died.
Since then, St. John had received mental health treatment too. Around the third anniversary of Julian's death in 2017, St. John was hospitalized and placed under a 72-hour psychiatric evaluation after allegedly threatening to kill himself.
Twice divorced, St. John became engaged to Russian model Kseniya Mikhaleva in September. St. John is survived by two other children: a daughter, Paris, also with Mia St. John, and a daughter, Lola, with second wife Allana Nadal.


text:
const agent = require('superagent-use')(require('superagent'));

import history from '../models/history'

const unauthorizedRedirect = function(req) {
    req.on('response', function (res) {
        if (res.status === 401) {
            localStorage.removeItem('token')
            history.push('/login');
        }
    });
}

const authHeaders = function(request){
    const token = localStorage.getItem('token')
    if(token) {
        request.set('Authorization', token)
    }
}

agent.use(unauthorizedRedirect)
agent.use(authHeaders)

export default class APIClientFactory {
    static getClient(){
        return agent
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: table view in Model View- ViewModel architecture table view in objective-c is:-
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)theTableView
{
    return 1;
}

// number of row in the section, I assume there is only 1 row
- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)theTableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
    return 1;
}

// the cell will be returned to the tableView
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)theTableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
    static NSString *cellIdentifier = @"HistoryCell";

    // Similar to UITableViewCell, but
    JSCustomCell *cell = (JSCustomCell *)[theTableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellIdentifier];
    if (cell == nil) {
        cell = [[JSCustomCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:cellIdentifier];
    }
    // Just want to test, so I hardcode the data
    cell.descriptionLabel.text = @"Testing";

    return cell;
}

but how to do according to the Model view- viewmodel(MVVM) architecture in objective-c?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Cornerfield Café is a safe welcoming venue for any and all from the wider community to come and experience a friendly all inclusive cafe service. The café is headed up by our staff and supported by a team of volunteers who are always available to talk and encourage those who just drop in.
We serve hot bacon rolls, cooked breakfast and toast with jams.
We serve hot bacon rolls, toast with jams and a selection of freshly made cakes and muffins. It's a place to come and chat and relax over a cup of tea or coffee; a place where people can find support.
The Foodbank is available during our opening times, as will the other services we offer such as energy advice and personal budgeting.
Why not try your hand at crochet whilst you enjoy your tea and cake? Knitters are also welcome.


7 posts and 5 files omitted. Click here to view.
If you aren't drawing every single minute of every single day, you're not drawing enough.
At least I got flats and basic eye stuff down now. And fixed some anatomy things.
The eye size bugs me though. They probably should be smaller.
the left eye (further from camera) is too wide.
better squish, adjusted too-dark eyelashes.


text:
The journey to the site will take up to 40 min.
A minibus or 4 x 4 cars are advised, as the road faces difficulties in some parts.
Take the road to Libohova that runs east from the main highway south of Gjirokastra. Follow this surfaced road, and then just before the town of Libohova take the left turn along the unpaved road to Suhë. Follow this track, which is generally good, and at the first main junction take the right hand turn and follow this uphill. The road has two branches, which then rejoin again at the top of the hill, in the centre. Labovë e Kryqit is a few kilometres away, after the road regains a paved surface and enters the village.
The church is one of the most interesting monuments in Albania, the church of Labova, which is devoted to Saint Mary. The church of Labova e Kryqit is one of the oldest in Albania and once contained a holy relic believed to be a fragment of the true cross. It was from this relic that the village took its name. The relic was stolen during the civil unrest in the early 1990s. The building is typically Byzantine with a high central cupola with nave and aisles arranged in a cruciform plan. A later narthex provides the principal entrance. There are nine distinct levels of frescos painting on the interior walls. The church that we see today is essentially a creation of the 13th century, during the time of the Despots of Epirus, although an original foundation may go back to AD 527-565 and the reign of Emperor Justinian. The keys are held by the custodian: a local who lives across the street.
No entrance fees applied, but donations and contributions are welcomed.


we all are know the electrical voltages are classified into 3 types. low voltage, medium voltage and high voltage. the voltages from 0 to 1000v its called low voltage and voltage from 1000v to 36000v its called medium voltage and above 36000 volt its called high voltage. for handling this high voltage is not easy task. because the switching operation of these high voltage will chance for making flashover. that's why handling these high voltages with safety manner the high voltage switchgear are used. the high voltage switchgear consists of circuit breaker for switching operations, control relays for protection and auto/manual control switches, breaker open and close controls are there. some times that high voltage switchgears keep it for on/off long time duration. so that time it produced high quenching and arc operations that's controlled by highly designed circuit breakers. mostly ABB, OCB and SF6 circuit breakers used in the high voltage switchgears.
Generally VCB Vacuum circuit breaker is not used in the high voltage switchgears because the vacuum circuit breakers does not having that much capability to handling that high voltage short circuit current. that's why mostly prepared sulfur hexa fluoride SF6 circuit breakers. because SF6 circuit breaker gas working as a arc quenching medium. whenever the circuit operate that high current arc can be controlled by these gas quenching medium. there are two different types of SF6 circuit breakers there.
compared to other circuit breaker this SF6 circuit breaker having lot of advantages. the SF6 circuit breaker having gas that hexa fluoride is having less impact to environment. so it will not pollute the environment. the maintenance of SF6 circuit breaker is very less compared to other circuit breaker.
Another mostly used high voltage switchgear circuit breaker is Air blast circuit breaker. the ACB circuit breaker the compressed air act as arc quenching medium. when ever the breaker operated that produced arc could be controlled by this compressed air quenching medium.
the oil circuit breaker also widely used high voltage switchgear circuit breaker. here oil is used for arc quenching medium. there are two types of oil circuit breaker is there.
the types of high voltage switchgear is classified based on the uses. there are two types of high voltage switchgears are there.


text:
HomeAircraft CarriersStunning graphics show UK's future (twin-island) supercarriers
Stunning graphics show UK's future (twin-island) supercarriers
January 9, 2013 David Cenciotti Aircraft Carriers 13
Not as large as U.S. flattops but 280 meters in length hence longer than the London's Palace of Westminster: this is the size of HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales, UK's Royal Navy future flagships.
The team behind the future aircraft carriers have produced a series of rendering whose aim is to demonstrate the scale of the carriers. To give a better idea of the size of the 65,000-tons leviathan, the artists put the HMS Queen Elizabeth, on the Thames next to the Palace of Westminster, and the HMS Prince of Wale,s at Victory Jetty in Portsmouth.
Last summer, UK's helicopter carrier HMS Ocean, currently Britain's biggest warship, was docked on the Thames at Greenwich with several helicopters on board as part of the anti-terrorist effort put in place for the London Olympics.
The two aircraft carriers, that will host the F-35B (the Short Take Off Vertical Landing version of the Joint Strike Fighter that will replace the Harrier "jump jet" untimely retired as a consequence of 2010's spending review), are expected to enter service later this decade.
Noteworthy, unlike any previous design, the new aircraft carrier will feature a twin-island on the flight deck.
Image credit: Royal Navy / UK MoD
UK to stand up its first F-35 Squadron in 2014
[Special Feature] World's first nuclear aircraft carrier USS Enterprise retires. For the moment.
U.S. Navy catapults X-47B combat drone for the first time
Navy's F-35C gets VFA-101 high-visibility markings
F-35B
HMS Prince of Wales
HMS Queen Elizabeth
NATO Patriot missiles start arriving in Turkey
Close call: Russian Tu-22M Backfire bomber take off uses ALL of the runway
Hornet Ball 2014: the best naval aviation video of the year
October 23, 2014 David Cenciotti Aircraft Carriers, Military Aviation, Top Stories 20
Once again, Hornet Ball is the best naval aviation video of the year. The Hornet Ball (Strike Fighter Ball Pacific) is an annual event consisting of all the West coast Naval F/A-18C Legacy Hornet and […]
Top Gun director Tony Scott commits suicide. He personally paid 25,000 USD to keep an aircraft carrier on course and shoot the F-14s backlit by the sun
August 20, 2012 David Cenciotti Aircraft Carriers 5
On Aug. 19, at around 12.30 pm, Tony Scott, film director of Top Gun, committed suicide by jumping from a Los Angeles county bridge. Although he directed and produced many successful movies, his most famous […]
There's a place in London where RAF Typhoons will buzz your car during the Olympics
May 4, 2012 David Cenciotti Military Aviation 1
If you plan to visit London during the Olympic Games and you are an aviation geek, I suggest you to pay a visit to one of the best (temporary) spotting places ever. Judging by the […]


Beverly Forsch, age 89 of York Nebraska died December 2, 2018. Beverly was born September 2, 1929 to Bernhard and Dora (Hohensee) Hellwig at the Hellwig Farm 3 miles south of Daykin, Nebraska. She was baptized in infancy at St. John Lutheran Church in Daykin, Nebraska and later at the age of 12 was confirmed June 21, 1942 and was also married at the same church in 1954.
Beverly helped on the family farm as a young girl driving the tractor, helping with harvesting, milking cows and many other farm chores. She loved the outdoor farm life. After 8th grade graduation her parents wanted her to attend Fairbury High School to receive a secretarial and bookkeeping degree and also join the Fairbury High School Band. This was during gas rationing time and Fairbury was 16 miles from the farm. So at age 14 it was necessary for her to stay in Fairbury to attend high school. Her parents rented her a small sleeping room apartment where she stayed during the week. She sometimes would be able to come back to the farm on weekends except when she worked as a waitress at the Bluebird Cafe during her junior and senior years. Beverly graduated from Fairbury High School in 1947 and was a proud member of the Fairbury High School Band.
Immediately after her graduation she began her secretarial and bookkeeping career and was employed in the County Treasurer's Office in the Jefferson County Courthouse and after three years she was promoted to the Register of Deeds Office where she remained for four years until her marriage. On June 13, 1954 she was married to Alvin Forsch at St. John Lutheran Church, Daykin, Nebraska. Alvin was serving in the U.S. Navy at that time and was stationed at Mare Island, Vallejo, California. The couple moved to Vallejo where they resided for two years until Alvin received his Honorable Discharge on June 22, 1956. Beverly was employed in a secretarial position at Prudential Insurance Company for those two years in Vallejo. They moved back to York in 1956 and she has been a resident of York for 62 years. Upon her return to York she immediately began employment in the County Clerk-Register of Deeds Office at the York County Courthouse and in September, 1956 began her employment at York State Bank where she was a dedicated employee for a total of 37 years. She spent several years at home after her children were born as a stay at home Mom, returning to York State Bank on May 4, 1976.
Beverly was always present and enjoyed attending all of Curtis and Debra's school events from kindergarten through college. She especially enjoyed watching their many musical events and marching band competitions. Her children and son-in-law Michael all chose careers in music education and Beverly continued to follow their bands and joined them on band trips.
She is survived by her two children, a son Curtis Forsch of York and a daughter Debra Koch and a son-in-law Michael Koch of Scottsbluff, NE. She was preceded in death by her husband of 43 years, Alvin Forsch, a sister and brother-in-law Myrtle and Lyle Terpening of Fairbury, and also her parents.
Funeral services are scheduled for 2:00 p.m., Wednesday, December 5, 2018 at the First Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1211 East 14th Street, York, NE with the Rev. Megan Clausen officiating. Burial will follow in Greenwood Cemetery in York. Visitation will be from 1-8:00 p.m., Monday and then from 9:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. on Tuesday with her family greeting friends later that night from 6-7:00 p.m., at the mortuary. Memorials may be directed to her family for later designation.


United States of Animals is a fast-paced and fun new series that takes you on a fascinating journey across the United States. Part travelogue, part wildlife adventure...this is a fact-filled field guide driven by the wild, the weird and the "wow" of animals in our own backyard. This is not your grandfather's natural history show.


text:
Scholarly Commons @ Baptist Health South Florida
Home > Baptist Health South Florida Books, Journals, Newsletters, and Blogs > Nursing & Health Sciences Research Journal > Vol. 2 > Iss. 1 (2019)
Nursing & Health Sciences Research Journal
Implanting Loop Recorders in a Hospital Unit versus the Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Retrospective Chart Review
Marie Paule Lafontant, Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, South Miami HospitalFollow
Valerie E. Smith, Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, South Miami HospitalFollow
Nohemi Sadule Rios, South Miami Hospital, Baptist Health South FloridaFollow
Marsha Camille Lambert, Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, South Miami HospitalFollow
Introduction: Cardiac arrhythmias and unexplained syncopal episodes remain a challenge for clinicians to diagnose. The recent creation of the smallest Implantable Loop Recorder (ILR) assists in identifying the causes behind cardiac and neurological events. The current study aimed to compare the practice of implanting loop recorders at the bedside in the Cardiac and Vascular Care Unit (CVCU) to implantations in the Electrophysiology Laboratory (EP Lab).
Methods: This study was a retrospective review of electronic medical records. Data abstraction included implantation dates, time of admission and discharge, length of stay (LOS), number of healthcare staff involved, and cost of the procedure.
Results: Over ten months, 63 ILRs were implanted in the EP Lab and 131 ILRs at the bedside. Patients LOS, on average, in the EP Lab was five hours versus four hours at the bedside. Five staff were required to implant the ILR in the EP Lab, and two at the bedside. Based on 63 cases in the EP Lab, the hospital generated revenue of $395,640, whereas the 131 cases at the bedside generated revenue of $822,680. This resulted in an increase in revenue of $427,040.
Discussion: A higher number of procedures were done at the bedside leading to a decreased average length of stay, number of staff involved, cost of the procedure, and a reduction in waiting time for patient admission and discharge.
Nursing & Health Sciences Research Journal. 2019;2(1):30-35
Cardiology Commons, Nursing Commons
All Issues Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 1


text:
The Building Blocks of Sustainable Communities
Throughout the world, people want the same things - access to clean air and water; economic opportunities; a safe and healthy place to raise their kids; shelter and a say in the decisions that affect their lives. But in reality this is often not the case. We live in a world where our natural resources are diminishing at an alarming rate and the benefits of economic progress have not been shared equitably. Economic and social disparities between people are widening every day -just 20% of the world's population, uses 80% of the resources available.
The concept of Sustainable Development has been a key part of the planning of all significant economic activities, since the 90's. However In recent times the idea of sustainable development at the community level has taken centre stage to ensure that the world is a more just, fair and equal place for everyone. A key focus of this is in encouraging local communities, be they urban or rural, to become self-sufficient in fulfilling their needs and offering citizens the means to a decent life. Since inception, building sustainable communities has always been at the core of all of ACF's work. Our mission is to energise, involve and enable communities to realise their potential.
So what does a Sustainable Community look like?
Sustainable communities can broadly be described as places where:
The needs of everyone in the community are met and people feel safe, healthy and ultimately happy;
The natural environment is appreciated, protected and enhanced and damage to the environment is minimised;
The local economy is vibrant, employment opportunities are improved and working lives are more rewarding;
Where every stakeholder has a seat at the decision-making table, and where prosperity is shared.
Over the years we have learnt, that to build sustainable communities, we must address 4 key areas:
- Protect & Enhance the Environment by using water and other natural resources efficiently and with care. Sustainable communities strive to minimize waste, sustainably dispose of what is left, reduce consumption and preserve open spaces. Ideally, they don't use resources faster than they can be replenished, and they don't produce waste faster than it can be assimilated back into the environment. Instead of treating normally perceived waste products such as sewage as pollution to be gotten rid of, residents turn them into resources such as compost that fertilizes plants and increases soil productivity. Organic and natural farming is native to India. Many Rural communities are reviving these techniques as a path to sustainability. Rather than relying heavily on outside nutrients and artificial chemicals which can destroy the soil fertility, several rural communities are leading the way in natural farming - or 'do nothing' farming- techniques yielding healthier crops and enhanced soil fertility.
- Meet Social Needs -Sustainable communities ensure adequate health services both preventative and curative , safe and healthy housing, and high quality education for all members of the community. Such communities ensure access to food that optimizes local production and adequate supply of potable water, housing and fuel at reasonable costs. They also undertake their own efforts to maintain law and order and take responsibility to protect and enhance public spaces such as community gardens. It's not all work and no play ! Sustainable communities also provide opportunities for culture, leisure and recreation to all within the community.
- Promote Economic Success & Security - by creating a vibrant local economy. Such communities aim to maximise access to the skills and knowledge and meaningful employment opportunities for all its citizens to play a full part in society. Creating a vibrant local economy also requires a focused effort to encourage local ownership of businesses and reinvestment of resources back into the local economy.
- Leadership & Civic Engagement - by empowering all individuals to participate in, and influence decisions that affect each of their lives. Such communities consider the social and community aspects of every decision. Such actions are possible through an atmosphere of respect and tolerance for diverse viewpoints and through the development of social networks as well as a shared vision for the community that every individual works towards.
ACF's approach to building sustainable communities takes a three pronged approach to Energise, Involve and Enable local people. This approach is the underpinning of all work across the 6 thematic areas we work in.
1. The first and most critical step in building sustainable communities is to Energise a community and help its members understand their role in development. This is achieved through several entry point and rapport building activities and, by working together with the community, to identify their priority issues and probable solutions.
2. Our next step is to Involvethe community in the developmental work which is being carried out. The involvement is achieved through the promotion of community level institutions and building their capacity to take initiative and ownership of the development work.
3. To build long term sustainability, we Enable the community by providing constant guidance and moral support and strengthening the community level capacity and institutions created.
Sustainability has always been a core component of Indian culture and philosophy. Interestingly, many of these forgotten values and knowledge are being revived in rural India. For building sustainable communities, is no longer a choice we have! It is perhaps the only way forward to ensure a better future for the generations to come.


southern routes, had chances to buy ice cream twice.
a music + all. We arrived at our camps about 3:00 p.m.
It was cool then. Its not like Denson sticky and damp.
5th long letter (at least 3 pages) this afternoon.
Biographical/Historical Note After December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the War Relocation Authority (WRA), which selected ten sites in which to imprison more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, over half of whom were American citizens. Two of these camps where in the Arkansas Delta, one at Rohwer in Desha County, and the other at Jerome in sections of Chicot and Drew counties. These camps incarcerated over 16,000 Japanese-Americans between October, 1942, and November, 1945. On February 13, 1943 the Arkansas state legislature, with Governor Homer Adkins approval, passed the Senate bill No. 11 Act 47 called the Alien Land Act. This bill stated "no Japanese or a descendant of a Japanese shall ever purchase or hold title to any lands in the State of Arkansas." This act was later ruled unconstitutional.
Preferred Citation Correspondence to Hazel Retherford, Hazel Retherford papers, MS.00643, Box 1, File 1, Item 16, Arkansas State Archives, Little Rock, Arkansas.


STRANGERS CAUGHT ON camera in a particular moment can pull on our emotions. Sometimes, in a way, that even happenings close to our lives and hearts don't.
It can be for different reasons – a tragic loss, needless hardship, a triumph over adversity, the bonding of a community or an unexplained evil.
This collection of photos from the past 12 months is an emotional mix. Some are happy memories shared with us through the power of photography. Others are images of loss and pain.
Often, we could not sympathise or thank the men, women and children who we connected with but these are just some of the stories that have touched us during 2013.
"I get to feel my mother's skin again, I get to see my mother's freckles, and through you, I get to see my mother live on. This is truly a blessing." – Marinda Righter on meeting the woman who received her mother's face in an extraordinary transplant procedure in Boston this year.
"Without you my heart is a lonely iceberg. #ValentineFromSpace," tweeted Commander Chris Hadfield, along with this image on 14 February this year.
Norrie Coakley (87) and Bill Short (90) met on a CIE bus tour in 1962. Three children and six grandchildren later, they celebrated the 50th anniversary of their Shelbourne hotel wedding on 23 August.
A sea of blue outside the Dundalk church where the funeral mass for Detective Garda Adrian Donohoe was being held on 30 January.
A man of words and wisdom, Seamus Heaney's sudden passing came as a shock to those who loved him in Ireland and across the world.
Here, his sons Michael and Christopher bring him to his final resting place on 2 September.
Heaney's last words were sent by text message to Maire, just minutes before he passed away, said his son. They were in Latin, and devastating in their simplicity: "Don't be afraid".
Just before Christmas, Carrick Dog Shelter let us know about this gentleman who saves up his pension each year to drop a delivery of dog food for the rescued animals.
After the shelter said 'Thank You' on Facebook, Lidl recognised their own brand of dog food in the photo – and then headed to Carrick now with some goodies for the dogs and a "little something" for the kind local.
He needs a towel to dry off and a cup of tea, stat.
Even in the hardest of circumstances, children will rally and find ways to make it through violence, poverty and homelessness.
These two young Syrian sisters, Fatima and Sara, take solace in a book as they sit in their tent at a refugee camp in Jordan.
Young and old, black and white; the whole of South Africa joined together to mourn its father, Nelson Mandela, during the month of December.
It was a mixed year for Magdalene Laundry survivors but it eventually culminated in a heartfelt apology from the State, given through the Taoiseach Enda Kenny.
Sea-lion wedding? Yes, that happened this year.
The photos don't show the aftermath when they playfully mashed fish cake into each other's faces, danced drunkenly to Sweet Caroline and tearfully told their new in-laws how much they loved them.
Which is often a sweet, sweet thing. These two lads reminded us of what true sportsmanship is all about on 21 November while playing in a schools GAA match.
In the heat of their final, played in Páirc Uí Chaoimh on Tuesday, Riain Ó Cathail (black jersey) was quick to console Ciarán O'Connell after his team scored a goal.
Winning only comes after dedication, toil and, often, heartbreak. Nobody knows that more than Galway camogie player Therese Maher who cherishes an All-Ireland medal for the first time this year…after 16 years of trying.
This was the moment of realisation.
As sport can bring boundless joy, it can also dole out the misery. In bucketfuls.
No more than on 24 November when Ireland narrowly (oh so narrowly) missed out on being the only team to beat the All-Blacks this season.
There should never be a reason to see young primary school pupils mourn their peers. In August this year, local children brought flowers to St Lazerian's Church in Ballinkillen, Carlow for the funeral mass of Eoghan and Ruairi Chada.
"Every day the boys lived with joy and energy, and they loved their Mam and Dad deeply," Father Declan Foley, the local parish priest, said in his homily.
Email "17 images that made us cry this year".
Feedback on "17 images that made us cry this year".


text:
#include "mrcp_recorder_resource.h"
#include "mrcp_recorder_header.h"
#include "mrcp_resource.h"

/** String table of MRCP recorder methods (mrcp_recorder_method_id) */
static const apt_str_table_item_t recorder_method_string_table[] = {
	{{"SET-PARAMS",         10},10},
	{{"GET-PARAMS",         10},0},
	{{"RECORD",              6},0},
	{{"STOP",                4},2},
	{{"START-INPUT-TIMERS", 18},2}
};

/** String table of MRCP recorder events (mrcp_recorder_event_id) */
static const apt_str_table_item_t recorder_event_string_table[] = {
	{{"START-OF-INPUT",     14},0},
	{{"RECORD-COMPLETE",    15},0}
};

static APR_INLINE const apt_str_table_item_t* recorder_method_string_table_get(mrcp_version_e version)
{
	return recorder_method_string_table;
}

static APR_INLINE const apt_str_table_item_t* recorder_event_string_table_get(mrcp_version_e version)
{
	return recorder_event_string_table;
}

/** Create MRCP recorder resource */
MRCP_DECLARE(mrcp_resource_t*) mrcp_recorder_resource_create(apr_pool_t *pool)
{
	mrcp_resource_t *resource = mrcp_resource_create(pool);

	resource->method_count = RECORDER_METHOD_COUNT;
	resource->event_count = RECORDER_EVENT_COUNT;
	resource->get_method_str_table = recorder_method_string_table_get;
	resource->get_event_str_table = recorder_event_string_table_get;
	resource->get_resource_header_vtable = mrcp_recorder_header_vtable_get;
	return resource;
}


text:
About the Basin
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Delaware River Basin
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Source Water Collaborative Forum
Delaware River Basin Water Resource Protection
Conference Agenda: March 10, 2011
Regional Location: University of Delaware – Newark Campus
Recorded Broadcast
7:30am: Check-in and Late Registration (if space permits)
8:00am - 8:15am: Delaware River Basin Forum: Delaware Site Welcome
Katherine Bunting-Howarth: Director, DNREC Division of Water
First Session: Live in Philadelphia and Broadcast to All Regional Locations See Main Agenda for First Session Topics
10:45am - 11:00am: BREAK
Transition to Regional Activities
11:00am - 11:15am: Opening Remarks and Welcome
David Small, Deputy Secretary, Delaware DNREC
Kathy Stiller, DNREC (Moderator)
11:15am - 12:00pm: Panel Discussion – Local Surface Water Quality Issues
Farm to Tap: Implementation of Sustainable Solutions to Protect Wilmington's Water Source - Matthew Miller, City of Wilmington
Economic Value of Drinking Water Supplies in Delaware - Jerry Kauffman
Runoff Reduction & Recharge: The Three R's of a New Paradigm for Stormwater Management – Randy Greer, DNREC Div. Soil & Water Conservation
The Benefits that Source Water Protection Contribute to Drinking Water Compliance – Edward Hallock, DHSS Div. Public Health, Office of Drinking Water
12:00pm - 12:15pm: Questions and Answers for Local Panelists
Return to Philadelphia for Keynote Live Broadcast and Lunch
See Main Agenda for Lunch Session Topic
1:30pm: RETURN TO REGIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR BREAKOUT SESSIONS
1:30pm - 2:45pm: Introduction to the afternoon session
Rita M. Landgraf – Secretary, Delaware Department of Health and Social Services
Panel Discussion – Local Groundwater Quality Issues
Nutrients and Their Occurences in Delaware's Drinking Water – Judy Denver, USGS
Delaware's Low Cost Approach to Assessing Statewide Groundwater Quality – Joshua Kasper, DNREC
Delaware Department of Agriculture's Groundwater Monitoring Network – Laura Mensch, DE Dept. of Agriculture
Division of Waste and Hazardous Substances' Regulatory Programs and Groundwater Concerns – Marjorie Crofts, Director, DNREC Div. of Waste and Hazardous Substances
Source Water Protection Area Management: Protecting the County's Water Resources And Ensuring Adequate Water Quantity for Future Needs - George Haggerty & Stacy McNatt, New Castle County Department of Land Use
Local Challenges associated with Source Water Protection – Jigar Patel & John Hayes, Delaware Rural Water Association
2:45pm - 3:00pm: Questions and Answers for Local Panelists
3:00pm - 3:15pm: Forum Participant Suggestions for Better Implementing Drinking Water Protection
3:15pm - 3:30pm: BREAK AND REGIONAL LOCATION SUMMARY REPORTING TO PHILADELPHIA
Return to Philadelphia and Closing
3:30pm - 4:00pm: Summary of Forum Discussions and Future Direction Victoria P. Binetti, Associate Director, Water Protection Division, Region 3, US Environmental Protection Agency
4:00pm: ADJOURN
Click to Download Agenda
Speaker: Matthew Miller, City of Wilmington
Title: "Farm to Tap: Implementation of Sustainable Solutions to Protect Wilmington's Water Source"
Bio: Matt currently works for the City of Wilmington, Delaware as the Water Quality Manager and has worked more than10 years both on the Water and Wastewater side. He has managed the City's Pretreatment Program, Nine Minimum Control CSO program, stormwater management, and several other environmental compliance programs for the City. As Water Quality Manager, he manages the City's State certified drinking water lab and ensures compliance with all drinking water regulations and requirements. Matt is also responsible for the City's source water protection program and serves as the Water Department's health and safety manager. Matt has a B.S. and a M.S. in Environmental Management from the University of Findlay and is also a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager and a Certified Water Treatment Operator. Matt is also a member of the Faculty at the University of Phoenix and Kaplan University, teaching courses in Environmental Science and Environmental Policy and Management.
Speaker: Jerry Kauffman, University of Delaware Water Resources Agency
Title: "Economic Value of Drinking Water Supplies in Delaware"
Bio: Gerald Kauffman is Director of the University of Delaware - Water Resources Agency, a program of the Institute for Public Administration. Jerry holds faculty appointments from the University of Delaware Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy. Since 1999, Professor Kauffman has taught undergraduate courses in water resources engineering, hydraulics, and hydrology; and graduate courses in watershed management and policy. Jerry has co-authored a book on water resources engineering (in press) and has begun work on a second book entitled: An Invitation to Watershed Management.
Speaker: Randy Greer, DNREC Div. Soil & Water Conservation
Title: "Runoff Reduction & Recharge: The Three R's of a New Paradigm for Stormwater Management"
Bio: Randy's educational background consists of a BS in Agriculture and an MS in Resource Economics from the University of Delaware. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Maryland. His career includes over 30-years experience addressing non-point source pollution problems in both the agricultural and urban environments. His background includes work in both the public sector as well as private consulting. He is currently a staff engineer with the Sediment & Stormwater Program within the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control.
Speaker: Edward Hallock, DHSS Div. Public Health, Office of Drinking Water
Title: "The Benefits that Source Water Protection Contribute to Drinking Water Compliance"
Bio: Ed Hallock, Program Administrator, Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water
Received a Bachelors Degree in Biology from the University of Delaware in 1981.
Worked in the Division of Public Health for 27+ years.
Began public health career in the Division of Public Health, Office of Food Protection in 1983.
In 1986, accepted the job in the Office of Sanitary Engineering, drinking water program.
Became Program Manager for the Office of Drinking Water in 1991 and the Program Administrator in 1999.
Participated on the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) workgroup that developed the Consumer Confidence Report Rule, the EPA/State workgroup that revised the public notification rule and the NDWAC workgroup that revised the public education requirements for the Lead/Copper Rule short term revisions.
Member of the Chesapeake Section, American Water Works Association, Chair of the Regulatory Committee for the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) and is the President-Elect of ASDWA.
Speaker: Judy Denver, U.S. Geological Survey
Title: "Nutrients in Delaware's Drinking Water"
Bio: Judy Denver is a hydrologist with the MD-DE-DC Water Science Center of the US Geological Survey located in Dover, DE. Much of her work has been focused on understanding the effects of agricultural practices on water chemistry, and the transport of chemicals from natural and anthropogenic sources into groundwater, and through groundwater into surface water in different hydrogeologic settings of the Coastal Plain. She has been involved in the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program since the late 1980s and is currently coordinator for activities in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Her educational background includes a B.S. in geology and M.S. in marine studies from the University of Delaware.
Speaker: Joshua Kasper, DNREC Division of Water, Groundwater Protection Branch
Title: "Delaware's Low-Cost Approach to Assessing Statewide Groundwater Quality"
Abstract: A synopsis of Delaware's 2010 305(b) groundwater-quality assessment based on public-well data is presented. The conceptual hydrogeologic framework of Delaware and the five main aquifer types recognized for reporting purposes (unconfined, confined, semi-confined, fractured-rock, and karst aquifers) are discussed. Sources of "raw" groundwater-quality data (2008-09) and public-well information are addressed. Methods to compile and evaluate raw groundwater-quality data with respect to Delaware's five main aquifer types are summarized. Data for nitrate and other selected anthropogenic parameters are highlighted to illustrate the spatial and aquifer-specific patterns in Delaware groundwater quality.
Bio: Josh Kasper is a hydrologist with DNREC's Division of Water. He has 13 years of professional work experience in the field of hydrogeology. His research and work interests include all facets of applied hydrogeology, including groundwater-flow modeling, aquifer testing, geophysical methods, and groundwater-quality studies. Josh's educational background includes a B.S. in Environmental Science and an M.S. in Geology, both from the University of Delaware. He is also a registered professional geologist in the State of Delaware.
Speaker: Laura Mensch, Delaware Department of Agriculture, Pesticides Section
Title: "Department of Agriculture Groundwater Monitoring Program"
Bio: Laura Mensch manages the Department of Agriculture's groundwater monitoring program. She has been the DDA's hydrologist for 5 years. Laura's primary responsibilities include: maintaining and sampling the DDA's statewide network of monitoring wells; responding to citizen complaints and concerns; and sampling domestic wells in response to health concerns. Laura samples the wells annually to analyze for pesticide residues and takes quarterly water levels. She reports findings to the USEPA, which funds the monitoring program. She works with other Delaware governmental agencies to best utilize the network of wells and to address results of the groundwater monitoring.
Speaker: Marjorie Crofts, Director, DNREC Div. of Waste and Hazardous Substances
Title: "Division of Waste and Hazardous Substances' Regulatory Programs and Groundwater Concerns"
Abstract: This presentation will be an overview of the Division's programs as they related to groundwater contamination and remediation and will discuss emerging issues identified by the Division, including PERC and ethanol.
Bio: Marjorie Crofts is the Director of Waste and Hazardous Substances in the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. A native of Rochester, NY, Marjorie has a BS in Marine Biology/Mathematics & Computer Science from Roger Williams College in RI and a Master of Marine Policy from the University of Delaware. Marjorie began her career with DNREC working on the Inland Bays. She spent several years as the State Coordinator for the Delaware Estuary Program before becoming Deputy Director of the Division of Air and Waste Management. Marjorie was named Director of WHS in July 2010.
Speakers: George Haggerty, New Castle County Department of Land Use and Stacy McNatt, New Castle County Department of Land Use
Title: "Source Water Protection Area Management: Protecting the County's Water Resources And Ensure Adequate Water Quantity for Future Needs"
Bio: George Haggerty is the Assistant General Manager of the Department of Land Use, for New Castle County. He oversees the Planning, Zoning, Engineering, Permitting and Building inspections sections for the County. He was involved in developing, adopting and implementation of the County's Environment First ordinance (2003) that introduced volume control measures to storm water management. The ordinance also promoted redesign of open space creating sustainable habitat corridors. George also serves as the Building Code Official for the County. He has been with the County for the past 13 years.
Bio: Stacy M. McNatt, P.E., is a professional engineer working as a Civil Engineer II for New Castle County Government. She has 13 years of experience in the engineering field with design, review, and approval of sediment & stormwater plans for land development applications. Stacy is currently the Vice President of the Appoquinimink River Association which began as the Tributary Action Team for the Appoquinimink Watershed. Additionally, she holds a position on the Board of Directors for the Delaware Section of the American Water Resources Association (DE AWRA). To this end, Stacy has developed a specific interest in water resources and is currently working toward her master's degree in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering at Villanova University.
Speakers: Jigar Patel, EPA Source Water Specialist at Delaware Rural Water Association and John Hayes, Source Water Protection Specialist at Delaware Rural Water Association
Title: "Local Challenges Associated with Source Water Protection"
Bio: Jigar Patel has been employed with Delaware Rural Water Association (DRWA) since May 1997 and is currently the EPA Source Water and Training and Technical Assistance Specialist. Previously, he served as the EPA Wellhead Protection Specialist for ten years. Jigar is responsible for assisting community water systems develop a Source Water Protection Plan, Onsite technical assistance, and assistance in all areas of regulatory/compliance issues.
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To view a map of the Delaware River Basin from the USGS, click here:USGS Basin Map
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text:
Q: Unable to generate route for logout I had just syntax problem(I belive), which stop me for doing my next steps.
So I want to make a login system, and when one of session attr is set, the button on template will change for 'logout' with route to logout user.
Apparently my template doesn't load because:

An exception has been thrown during the rendering of a template
  ("Unable to generate a URL for the named route "logout" as such route
  does not exist.").

Here's my code of logoutAction
/**
 * @Route("/logout", name="logout")
 */
public function logoutAction(Request $request)
{
    return $this->render("/login/register.html.twig");
}

And template
{%  if app.session.get('username') %}

                <button type="button" class="mb-xs mt-xs mr-xs btn btn-primary">Wyloguj</button>

            {% else %}

                    <button type="button" class="mb-xs mt-xs mr-xs btn btn-primary">Logowanie</button>

            {% endif %}

And for debug purposes using of debug:router command:
>  Name                       Method   Scheme   Host   Path
>  -------------------------- -------- -------- ------
> -----------------------------------    _wdt                       ANY      ANY      ANY    /_wdt/{token}                         _profiler_home
> ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/
> _profiler_search           ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/search                     _profiler_search_bar       ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/search_bar                 _profiler_info             ANY
> ANY      ANY    /_profiler/info/{about}
> _profiler_phpinfo          ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/phpinfo                    _profiler_search_results   ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/{token}/search/results     _profiler_open_file        ANY
> ANY      ANY    /_profiler/open                       _profiler
> ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/{token}
> _profiler_router           ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/{token}/router             _profiler_exception        ANY
> ANY      ANY    /_profiler/{token}/exception
> _profiler_exception_css    ANY      ANY      ANY    /_profiler/{token}/exception.css      _twig_error_test           ANY
> ANY      ANY    /_error/{code}.{_format}              homepage
> ANY      ANY      ANY    /
> produkty                   ANY      ANY      ANY    /produkty
> login_route                ANY      ANY      ANY    /login
> login_check                ANY      ANY      ANY    /login_check
> register                   ANY      ANY      ANY    /register
> create                     ANY      ANY      ANY    /create
> logout                     ANY      ANY      ANY    /logout
> -------------------------- -------- -------- ------ -----------------------------------