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Why do we naturally regard the unfamiliar as ridiculous?
(Since there is no Psychology.SE, Ph.SE seemed like the best place to ask this question.)
I have noticed that when a person is presented with an unfamiliar idea, the default reaction is often to regard it as ridiculous.
Random example #1: If Obama claimed that he had seen a "Bigfoot", most people would think he was looney... But why? Most people, if you talked through the logic with them, would not reject the possibility of a Bigfoot existing, or an "existing Bigfoot" being observed.
Random example #2: If Tom Cruise told reporters that he has decided to only eat animals, since plants are alive and they are the real victims, and animals have it coming, most people would gasp incredulously and scoff at that... But why? It is relatively common to have specific eating habits which are tied to ones philosophy. Why is an unfamiliar philosophy-based eating habit "ridiculous"?
philosophy-of-mind truth psychology social-critique
Jas 3.1
Jas 3.1Jas 3.1
Now there is CogSci.SE, but it's too late to migrate. However, the example 2, there's actually not only nothing strange in it, but it's near to an existing ("optimal diet" of Dr. Kwasniewski)[pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskiego] (link only in Polish) – Danubian Sailor May 2 '14 at 11:26
Freud has written one text, known as the "Unheimlich" (uncanny). This term refers to something that seems to be unfamiliar and familiar at the same time, and this would create discomfort, because the person cannot respond rationally to it, so the person would retreat and avoid it (possibly could try to eliminate it as well, e.g. killing it). Possibly the person has some similarity with that which s/he rejects, but cannot recognize that in her/himself.
Your example: someone advocates a "meat only" diet. This has ressonance with the "vegetable only" diet, even though it is the opposite of it. Perhaps a vegetarian would find "meat only" absurd, but is "vegetable only" more rational? Maybe not, but failing to recognize this, the person would reject the "meat only" as being ridiculous. This rejection is a form of intent of protection - "irrational" is threatening, so the person retreats from it. Ironically, in this way, the person fails to see that this is an aspect of her/himself.
Same thing with the Bigfoot... because, how many times have we talked about something that we could not prove? And this is very annoying, because anyone can be accused of madness for talking about things that others have not experienced (many things we "know" but cannot prove it, and when we try to find the evidence of it, it only makes sense to ourselves e.g. "person X loves/hates/chases me", may sound like paranoias, if you observe them closely).
So, generalizing, I'd say that the feeling of "ridiculous" is an attempt to protect oneself from a sense of irrationality, and that this that is seen as "completely exterior" ("it has nothing to do with me"), probably is felt as disturbing precisely because it has a hidden "familiar" side.
You may find some interest in this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny
TamesTames
I don't dispute your statement that people tend to ridicule the unfamiliar, but you have chosen two particularly poor examples--in fact, they serve to illustrate an alternate phenomenon, which is that people ridicule things that are known to be wrong or not make sense.
In your Bigfoot example, we know that we have observed pretty much the entire surface of the planet--to the extent that we have conducted nearly an exhaustive search for Bigfoot and not found it. Therefore, Bigfoot is very unlikely to exist. Saying that you've seen Bigfoot, therefore, makes about as much sense as saying that bananas are blue and pink, unless you not only state the claim but provide amazingly good evidence of it.
In your meat eating example, if you eat animals, the animals themselves were directly or indirectly (by eating other animals) eating plants. So you not only eat the animals but you cause more plants to be destroyed by raising sufficient animals to sustain yourself. So the whole reasoning is nonsensical and that is what I think people would react to as ridiculous, not the all-meat diet. (The Atkins diet is not far from that already, and that's no longer viewed as ridiculous, although it was by some initially.)
Why do we find these things ridiculous? Hard to say--maybe it's just a way of applying social pressure (since the pressure of reason has clearly already gone awry) to prevent the spread of nonsense.
A better illustration of your claim might involve, say, cutting your ice-cream with a knife instead of a spoon. Ridiculous! Except there's no particular reason why spoons are better than knives at serving ice cream; they each have their own advantages (knives penetrate hard ice cream better, spoons scoop up soft ice cream better, it's easier to get the ice cream to come off of the knife, but spoons are less likely to damage the container). Or, that almost all objects are nearly entirely empty space. Ridiculous! (But true.) Honestly, I have little idea why people find such things ridiculous, but I am pretty sure that historically prominent psychologists and philosophers didn't get the right answer if they speculated on it. It's really hard to know these things with confidence--very hard to do appropriate experiments--and there are such a huge number of mutually contradictory just-so stories you could tell that one should suspect any individual one of being wrong.
But I will note another situation where this sort of reaction makes more sense. Suppose I go to a formal dinner with the Queen of England while wearing a backwards baseball cap instead of a tie. Ridiculous! Of course, neither the tie nor the baseball cap have any direct functionality, in all likelihood. Rather, the tie is a signal: I understand the social situation and am acting accordingly. The cap is a different one: I'm either totally unaware of or snubbing your silly social rules. This sort of thing can be used for "profiling"--really, just figuring out whether someone is one of you or not. Quite a valuable thing to do for a social primate, you know. Cultural ridicule can help enforce easy identification of group membership. Is that why we do it, in some sense? I don't know, but it's quite suggestive, isn't it?
Does this have anything to do with the ridicule of things functionally important or informational, rather than cultural? I don't know. I'd be surprised if there isn't some link, but human behavior is full of surprises.
Rex KerrRex Kerr
Thanks - this was helpful. My two examples were just random thoughts from the top of my head. Perhaps I should have used "cutting ice cream with a knife", but I'm glad you got the gist of the question. – Jas 3.1 Jul 11 '12 at 2:11
as an aside:objects are not nearly full of empty space, thats a myth from the early discovery of the size and structure of the atom. Probing more deeply has revealed it to be full of stuff: look up virtual particles, and then we get onto what we mean by particle and conjecturally the topology change of space itself. – Mozibur Ullah Jul 11 '12 at 5:51
might i persuade you to consider the possibility that the probability of Bigfoot's existence is slightly higher than that of blue/pink bananas? – user1539 Jul 11 '12 at 6:55
@MoziburUllah - If you start throwing neutrons at something and count the fraction that make it through, in some very important sense objects are nearly full of "empty space". Of course there is no space that does not have some magnetic fields and gravitational fields and such, and obviously anything with a high collision/capture cross-section with electrons is not going to act like it's empty space. But in the sense that objects are massive and _objects are transparent to moving massive particles, objects are nearly as empty as non-objects. – Rex Kerr Jul 11 '12 at 14:07
@user1539 - No, not really. We already know enough to genetically engineer blue and pink bananas (but nobody has to my knowledge), and given that there are purple bananas I wouldn't entirely rule out that some wild blue and pink banana could exist. I think it's overwhelmingly likely that they don't, but I think the same of Bigfoot, and for the same reason: we have conducted a nearly-exhaustive search of the relevant space and not found either. – Rex Kerr Jul 11 '12 at 14:10
I think we need to look at your premises more closely.
I don't think that we can say, as a blanket statement, that the "default reaction" to an unfamiliar idea is usually ridicule; if this were the case, education would be a near-impossible process. Every single thing you have ever learned was originally an unfamiliar idea to you.
So, we need to look more closely at the examples that you provide. The ideas suggested there are not merely unfamiliar, but are at odds with our already-held beliefs. Furthermore, when evaluating testimony, one also looks at the context of the source. Tom Cruise is not known as a philosopher of ethics, so his claims in this regard are not likely to be valued terribly highly. Even if he were a philosopher of ethics, a controversial and counter-intuitive claim of that type would have to be argued at length, and with supporting arguments, in order to be demonstrated successfully.
Similarly, if Obama said that he was walking in the woods by Camp David and saw a Bigfoot that nobody else saw, he would likely be ridiculed, as you said. (As an aside: Jimmy Carter claimed to have seen a UFO before becoming President.) On the other hand, if he were to announce from the Oval Office that military units on a routine patrol in the Pacific Northwest sighted, surrounded, and captured a large mammal previously unknown to science, and that a team of scientists were now doing tests to study the creature, I don't think we would have any cause to doubt him.
So, ultimately your question comes down to one of epistemology and doubt, and that if framed in this way, you'll be able to find resources that will help you solve your problem.
Michael DorfmanMichael Dorfman
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The .375 Ruger cartridge and Ruger Hawkeye African bolt rifle are not flashes in the pan, but the author thought they could stand a little improvement. Hornady's new Superformance loads produce a bit more velocity, and the rifle refinements made by Hill Country Rifle make it more accurate and user-friendly.
It's no secret to those who know me that I am a huge fan of the .375 H&H. After all, I've had a tremendous amount of success with various .375 H&Hs on four continents over the last decade and a half. Consequently, it took me a while to warm up to the .375 Ruger that Hornady introduced back in 2007. In fact, I was inclined to ignore the upstart medium bore altogether until an article assignment forced me to spend a couple of months putting a few hundred rounds of Hornady ammunition through the then-new Ruger Hawkeye African rifle. I'm glad I did because the time I spent behind that trim little Ruger made it quite clear to me that the new rifle and the .375 Ruger cartridge are no flashes in the pan.
The Hawkeye African won me over from the start. Its trim, easy-handling stock has clean, classic lines and comes easy to the shoulder. The 23-inch barrel balances and swings beautifully. Serviceable iron sights, Ruger's rugged integral scope bases, and a decent trigger right out of the box round out one very solid package.
I came to appreciate the new cartridge's ballistics. The shorter, fatter case fits easily in a .30-06-length action yet equals or exceeds .375 H&H velocities from a shorter barrel. In fact, it exceeds .375 H&H velocities from my Hawkeye's 23-inch tube with Hornady's factory ammunition and my own Barnes TSX handloads. By the way, my clients and I have taken everything from warthogs to elephants with those loads.
If I had to find one thing to complain about with the cartridge, it would be the scarcity of factory loads. The early Hornady loads worked just fine and shot pretty well, but I was looking for a deeper-penetrating softpoint than the old roundnose, and I wanted to try and eke out a little more accuracy than the 1.25-inch average I was getting with Hornady's 300-grain load. To do it, I experimented with the 270- and 300-grain Barnes TSX.
I found I could easily drive the 270-grain TSX at close to 2,700 fps, but I got the best accuracy from my rifle with 73.5 grains of IMR-4007SSC, which drives the 300-grain TSX and the 300-grain Barnes Banded Solid at just over 2,460 fps. Both bullets strike the exact same point of impact at 100 yards, group great, and really hammer game. In fact, a client recently used my rifle to take a fine Zimbabwe tusker with that Barnes solid. A single shot was all it took, though he wisely paid the insurance.
As much as I liked my Ruger Hawkeye African from the start, there were a few things I wanted to change. First, the recoil pad was definitely in need of improvement. And though the factory trigger was pretty good, I wanted a lighter one. I also wanted to improve on the rifle's accuracy. I don't have much experience bedding and tuning Ruger rifles, so I called my friend Dave Fuqua at Hill Country Rifle to see if he could help.
Fuqua suggested I start with Hill Country's standard accurizing package, which includes pillar- and glass-bedding the action, re-crowning the barrel, lapping in the locking lugs and scope rings, and tuning the trigger. Based on past experiences with Hill Country and the firm's sub-inch guarantee, I figured that package would be enough to make my Hawkeye a true sub-MOA gun. The addition of a 1-inch-thick Pachmayr Decelerator pad, cutting the stock back to my preferred 13-inch length of pull, and giving the metal a corrosion-resistant CeraKote finish were the last items on my list of improvements.
Hornady's new Dangerous Game Expanding (DGX) and Dangerous Game Solid (DGS) bullets are outstanding dangerous-game bullets. The new Superformance loads also help the upstart Ruger cartridge best the old H&H loads by a considerable margin.
The rifle I got back from Hill Country was everything I hoped it would be. The new black recoil pad is noticeably softer and wider than the factory pad, which cushions the blow and helps distribute the recoil over a wider area. The shorter length of pull makes the gun fit me like a fine custom rig. The black CeraKote finish looks good, and it will help protect the rifle in humid climes.
The trigger on my optimized rifle is outstanding. Ruger's LC6 trigger is fine right out of the box, but Fuqua tuned mine to 3 crisp, clean pounds. According to him, the locking lugs didn't need any work, and the bore of the factory 23-inch, hammer-forged barrel looked great, but he did recut the crown. He also added aluminum pillars and glass bedded the action, recoil lug, and floorplate to ensure consistent contact of the action to the stock for the utmost accuracy. The bedding also strengthens the stock and helps keep it from splitting.
I installed a Trijicon 1-4X scope with heavy German No. 4 reticle and illuminated green center cross on my "improved" Hawkeye. I used a set of Warne's bombproof QD scope rings to ensure that my rig would stand up to a lifetime of rough roads and even rougher baggage handlers.
My optimized Hawkeye shoots as good as it looks. The Decelerator pad does a great job of dampening felt recoil, and the light, crisp trigger makes it easier to shoot well. It's also noticeably more accurate. My Barnes TSX loads now group just under 0.75 inch, and my old stock of Hornady factory ammunition averages right around 1 inch.
I was pretty happy with my improved rig's accuracy, but I still wanted to get a little more velocity than the 2,460 fps I was getting with my handloads. Enter Hornady's new Superformance ammunition, which Hornady claims will drive the new DGX (Dangerous Game Expanding) and DGS (Dangerous Game Solid) bullets at a blistering 2,660 fps and deliver more than 4,700 foot-pounds of muzzle energy.
nozzle effect from the gases leaving the barrel, resulting in lower recoil levels and high levels of accuracy."
Hornady's velocity claims proved true on the shooting range, where the new DGS and DGX loads averaged right at 2,600 fps from my Hawkeye and grouped just under 0.75 MOA. Recoil was enough to get my attention, but it wasn't punishing. In fact, it was exactly what I would expect from a .375 H&H as lightweight as my Hawkeye (7.75 pounds, unloaded and without scope).
The increased energy, deeper penetration, and tackdriving accuracy of Hornady's new Superformance .375 Ruger loads will help secure the future of this fantastic, efficient cartridge. My optimized Hawkeye African from Hill Country Rifle will make shooting the little powerhouse a whole lot more fun.


text:
Errington est un village situé dans la province de la Colombie-Britannique, sur l'Île de Vancouver.

Notes et références

Municipalité en Colombie-Britannique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Neil Carmichael (Stroud) (Con)
(Urgent Question): To ask the Secretary of State for Education if she will make a statement on school funding.
The Secretary of State for Education (Justine Greening)
I am firmly committed to introducing fairer funding for schools, high needs and early years. This is an important reform, to fairly and transparently allocate funding on the basis of schools' and children's actual needs.
As the written statement I have laid today sets out, this Government are investing record levels of funding for schools. With that investment, fairer funding will set a common foundation that will enable schools to maximise the potential of every child. They will no longer be held back by a funding system that is now arbitrary, out of date and unfair. Fairer funding will provide a crucial underpinning for the education system to act as a motor for social mobility and social justice.
The first stage consultations on national funding formulae for schools and high needs have been met with an overwhelmingly positive response from headteachers, teachers, governors and parents. I am also clear that this is a once-in-a-generation opportunity for a historic change and therefore we must make sure we take the time to get the final approach right. I will therefore publish the Government's full response to the first stage of the schools and high needs consultations, and set out my proposals for the second stage, once Parliament returns in the autumn. We will run a full consultation, and make final decisions early in the new year. Given the importance of consulting widely and fully with the sector and getting implementation right, the new system will apply from 2018-19. I will set out our full plans for a national funding formula for early years shortly.
I do understand that local authorities need sufficient information to begin planning their funding arrangements for 2017 to 2018. Local authorities need time to consult with local schools—both academies and maintained—to ensure that the funding they provide is being directed appropriately. As well as a fair system, schools and local authorities need stability and early notice of any changes in order to fulfil this important duty properly.
I have therefore confirmed today in my written statement that no local authority will see a reduction from their 2016-17 funding for schools or for high needs next year. Final allocations for that will follow in December on the basis of the latest pupil numbers, as usual. My written statement also confirms that for 2017-18 we will retain the minimum funding guarantee for schools, so that no school can face a funding reduction of more than 1.5% per pupil next year. As my written statement today confirms, I am determined to ensure both that we move to a fair funding system and that we do so in a measured and properly consultative fashion.
This will be a crucial part of delivering an education system that works for every child, no matter their background.
Neil Carmichael
The key point, as the Secretary of State has spotted, is that local authorities need to have time to prepare, and so too do schools. So the essential question is: can the Government really meet this timetable as set out, because that is the desire of all schools, particularly in England obviously, and it is of interest to every single Member of Parliament in England? I ask the Secretary of State to confirm when she really does expect this programme to be fulfilled, and how she is going to be sure that the next consultation period does not take quite as long as the previous one, because that took some three months to complete, and we still do not know where we are. Those are the key questions.
My hon. Friend is right that we want to strike a balance between moving rapidly towards a fairer funding formula while at the same time making sure we do so in a way that allows time not only for the details of that formula to be debated, because they will have a big impact on how it works effectively, but for local authorities, and indeed schools, to understand the changes and then prepare. That is the balance that I have tried to strike today.
I also want to act responsibly by ensuring that we do not rush into making changes without being fully sighted of their ramifications. I know that the debates in Parliament on the fair funding formula have resulted in long-standing frustration, and I am committed to resolving that, but I want to be sure that we do this effectively so that we do not have to revisit it because we have not got it right the first time.
Angela Rayner (Ashton-under-Lyne) (Lab)
This Government's attitude to school funding is woeful. Talk about last minute! Schools are struggling to cope with a 5% funding shortfall as a result of the Chancellor's decision to increase national insurance and teachers' pension contributions. Does the Secretary of State not recognise that pupil numbers are rising and that the shortage of teachers is growing? Will she put money into helping schools in the new formula? Only this Government could have the audacity to deliver real-terms cuts to school budgets across the country and claim that it represented fair funding. Will the Secretary of State publish in the Library of the House the amount that each local authority has received under the existing funding formula and the amount that it will receive following today's announcement?
The hon. Lady has asked a range of questions. In summary, I have made it clear in my written statement today that no authority will lose funding either for schools or for high needs. This will enable us to give authorities a firm foundation on which to start planning for next year. The reality is that we have seen funding for schools and across education rising. This has been one of the areas that this Government and the coalition Government have sought to protect, and that has been evidenced in the results. We now have 1.4 million more children in good or outstanding schools, and we want that progress to continue.
Jeremy Lefroy (Stafford) (Con)
Schools in Staffordshire are among the lowest funded in the country, and that is a matter of great concern for the headteachers I met last week. We understood that we were moving to a fairer funding formula from 2017-18, but it now seems that it will happen a year later. Will the Secretary of State make it absolutely clear that there could be transitional funding for 2017-18 for those authorities that are in a desperate position, as Staffordshire is?
I recognise the pressures that my hon. Friend has just set out. This now gives us time to look at how we can deal effectively with those issues. We should also recognise that, while some schools are disadvantaged by the current formula, there will also be changes for schools under the new formula, and this gives us a chance to work effectively with them to ensure that there is a sensible and measured transition from the historical approach to the fairer, sensible approach that we are introducing.
Mr Gareth Thomas (Harrow West) (Lab/Co-op)
Prior to the Secretary of State's appointment, the noises coming out of the Department for Education suggested that London schools, in particular, would be seriously hit by the changes to the funding formula. Schools in Harrow have been advised that they will face a real-terms budget cut of between 3% and 8% as a result of the changes that her Department is considering. Can she offer any reassurance to the headteachers and parents in my constituency that that will not be the case?
I have set out the details in my statement today of how we are going to proceed. As the hon. Gentleman says, some schools will see a change in the funding they receive as a result of our evening up the system and making it fairer, and these are important changes. It is therefore right that we should give ourselves the time to ensure that we can be effective in helping schools to deal with the changes well through a steady transition.
Michelle Donelan (Chippenham) (Con)
Given the optimism that schools in Chippenham felt on hearing the announcement of a fairer funding formula to rectify the ludicrous situation in which Wiltshire pupils receive over £2,000 less than pupils in other areas, will the Secretary of State confirm her commitment to the people of Wiltshire, including the 8,000 who signed my fairer funding petition?
I can indeed; we are going to get on with this funding formula. To tie my hon. Friend's point together with that of the hon. Member for Harrow West (Mr Thomas), we now have a school funding system and a funding formula, but we also introduced the pupil premium, so we have additional mechanisms to ensure that the funding follows disadvantaged pupils with additional needs. We are now trying to get a system in place that is sensible about the core funding that schools receive and not based on frankly very old data. At the same time, the system should take account of the fact that we are able to top up through the pupil premium and other funding mechanisms when we particularly want to tackle disadvantage.
Seema Malhotra (Feltham and Heston) (Lab/Co-op)
Will the Secretary of State confirm that, behind the warm words of fairer funding, school funding is still set to be cut by some 8% by 2020, as confirmed by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and that is coming at the same time as we see the threat of falling teacher numbers? Over a third of the children in this country currently leave school without five good GCSEs. Will she also confirm whether my local authority in Hounslow will see a funding cut? When will it know?
I have been clear that no local authority will see a reduction in funding for 2017-18. My announcement today was clear that we will ensure that we have the time to bring in the fair funding formula effectively. The hon. Lady should not forget that, as I have set out, the introduction of the pupil premium means that we now have an additional £2.5 billion that will be specifically targeted to ensure that disadvantaged children get an additional top-up so that their schools can provide additional support.
Jeremy Quin (Horsham) (Con)
I am delighted by the Secretary of State's commitment to fair funding, which we clearly must get right, but I urge her to look urgently at transitional arrangements for counties such as West Sussex, which so desperately needs funding.
My hon. Friend makes his point clearly. I assure him that we will look at a sensible approach for the transition period of 2017-18.
Greg Mulholland (Leeds North West) (LD)
As a former Select Committee colleague, I am delighted to see the Secretary of State in her new place and congratulate her. I urge her not to follow the example of her two predecessors; she should build a strong relationship with headteachers and teachers.
Will the Secretary of State make it absolutely clear that the pupil premium, which is hugely important for targeting funding at the most disadvantaged, will be protected in real terms when the changes are actually made?
I remember my time on the Work and Pensions Committee with the hon. Gentleman with real fondness; I very much enjoyed it and learned a lot over those years. He mentions headteachers and teachers, and one of the first things that I did upon coming into this role was to pick up the phone and call the teaching unions to introduce myself and to set up initial meetings. I saw them briefly yesterday and I hope that I can have a constructive, productive relationship. The most important people who helped me to get educated were my teachers, to whom I will be eternally grateful. It is important that that is recognised.
On the pupil premium, I can tell the hon. Gentleman that the funding rates are protected for the entire spending review period at 2015-16 rates.
Mr David Nuttall (Bury North) (Con)
Like me, my right hon. Friend was educated in a comprehensive school in Rotherham, so I warmly welcome her to her new role. While we can adjust the school funding formula in the short term, does she agree that the only way to increase school resources in the long term is to have a strong and growing economy?
My hon. Friend hits the nail on the head. I am proud that both of us went through the state school system in Rotherham. I hope to be able to go back up there in the coming weeks and months to revisit some of the schools that enabled me to have the education that gave me a platform to try to reach some of the goals that I set myself. As he says, a strong economy is vital for ensuring not only that we have the funding to invest in our education system, but that the children coming through our state school system have the opportunities to stretch themselves and to get the dignity of work.
Melanie Onn (Great Grimsby) (Lab)
I have written to the Secretary of State today and she will be receiving a letter shortly, so I hope that she will keep an eye out for it over the coming days.
Under the formula proposed by f40—the campaign for so-called fairer funding in schools—schools in north-east Lincolnshire suffer a £2.1 million cut, equivalent to over £100 per pupil a year. Does the Secretary of State agree that any formula that takes resources away from my constituency, in which no secondary school is currently rated outstanding, cannot be described as fair?
I agree with the hon. Lady that, over time, the current formula had simply become out of date. It was based on statistics that needed to be updated but, in essence, could not be, so it was time to take a fresh look at how we could make it fair. Her second point about focusing our efforts on the remaining parts of the UK where our education system is simply not delivering for our children is vital, and I do plan to focus on this.
Lucy Allan (Telford) (Con)
My constituency contains significant areas of deprivation where there is underperformance, particularly among white working-class boys. Will my right hon. Friend assure me that nothing in this formula will have an adverse impact on the urban and deprived areas in my constituency?
I have set out how local authorities, including my hon. Friend's, will not be seeing a reduction in funding for 2017-18. Targeting the parts of our country where children are just not getting the start they deserve and need in order to do well in life will be central to my efforts, alongside making sure that we continue to lift outcomes for children overall across the rest of the country.
I warmly welcome the Secretary of State to her post and the other new Minister, the skills Minister, as well as some of the old team. I chair the advisory council of the Sutton Trust, and we look forward to working positively and creatively with the Secretary of State. May I remind her that England is a vast society that is changing all the time? Other Governments, including Labour Governments, have not cracked the problem of getting the funding to the right places at the right time, so will she consider having an independent group, even a commission, to look at this, year on year, month on month, so that we get it right? That is just a germ of an idea, but will she consider it, because we all get this wrong at some stage?
I make two points in response to the hon. Gentleman's important point. First, we have to make sure that although we set policy at the Whitehall level, we understand how best to ensure it can have the impact we seek at the individual child level. That is not always easy. We can learn from examples such as city deals, where local areas have taken ownership of physical infrastructure to make sure that there is a common plan that the Government nationally are investing in alongside a local plan. His point is a really strong one.
Secondly, I want my Department to be a central engine for social mobility more broadly. We need to challenge ourselves across government, and the Department for Education has a key role to play in this in saying that not only do we want children to be coming out of our schools better educated, but we want to make sure that the jobs and careers are there for them to be able to make the most of their potential. In the end, a country's most important asset is its people, which is why I am so delighted I am in the job I am in.
Mr Philip Hollobone (Kettering) (Con)
May I highlight to my right hon. Friend that Kettering has 8,879 primary places, rising to 9,677 by 2021, and 6,700 secondary places, rising to 7,637 by 2021? The county council says that all places will be full by the 2017-18 academic year. Will she ensure that when she looks at the issue of fairer funding, counties such as Northamptonshire and places such as Kettering, which have some of the fastest rates of house building in the whole country, get the funding they need to make sure we have enough school places for our children?
My hon. Friend raises the important issue that alongside many of the reforms we have introduced, a demographic shift is taking place which means we simply need to scale up our education system to keep pace with the number of children who need it. We have created 600,000 school places, but we need to do more. I assure him that the funding formula statement that I am setting out today means we are in a better position going forward as we introduce it to make sure fair funding follows the child, including in Kettering.
Stephen Timms (East Ham) (Lab)
I warmly congratulate the Secretary of State on her appointment, and she is absolutely right not to rush this, because getting the new formula wrong would be a disaster. The previous Under-Secretary, the hon. Member for East Surrey (Mr Gyimah), offered at the Select Committee to meet me and my hon. Friend the Member for Gateshead (Ian Mearns), who is in his place, to discuss the case for a rapid pupil turnover factor in the new formula. Will she confirm that that offer still stands and let us know which member of her team that meeting should now be with?
That offer does still stand. I will get back to the right hon. Gentleman when we have worked out which Minister will attend the meeting.
Philip Davies (Shipley) (Con)
Following on from my hon. Friend the Member for Kettering (Mr Hollobone), more and more parents in many parts of my constituency are finding it difficult to get their child into the school of their choice. Just to give one example, there is a desperate need for more secondary school places in Wharfedale in my constituency. May I ask the Secretary of State, whom I very warmly welcome to her new role, to look at the need for school places in the Shipley constituency and ensure that my parents can get their children into the school of their choice, because at the moment, for many of them, that is a distant dream?
Again, this is an incredibly fundamental and important issue. I simply assure my hon. Friend that I am well aware of the need to ensure that, alongside all the other changes that are rippling through the education system, we have enough places for the children of our country, that we have enough teachers who can be in those classrooms teaching them, and that those teachers are outstanding and excellent and able to excite children in the classroom, help them learn and give them that best start in life.
I, too, welcome the Secretary of State to her place. I am sure that she is looking forward to her appearances before the Education Committee, probably starting in the autumn.
Fairer funding inherently means a process of redistribution, and many schools, heads and governors whose budgets are already at the margins and who are possibly looking forward to a 1.5% per pupil cut will be looking at that with real trepidation, particularly if they are already in receipt of tight budgets. There is a great deal of social need in an awful lot of schools in constituencies such as mine. It is mainly a shire county appeal that has come from the f40, and an awful lot of schools in the inner cities are wondering whether they will be on the receiving end of a cut.
I recognise what the hon. Gentleman is saying. I underline the rationale behind why we introduced the pupil premium in the first place, which was to address many of the points that he has made. His comments underline why I am setting out this statement today. It is a substantial change in funding for all schools and therefore, ultimately, we need to get it right.
Ruth Cadbury (Brentford and Isleworth) (Lab)
I, too, welcome the Secretary of State to her role, and welcome the inclusion of skills in her brief, as it has been too far from the centre of education policy recently.
Following on from the question of my fellow Hounslow colleague, my hon. Friend the Member for Feltham and Heston (Seema Malhotra), will implementation of fairer funding in Hounslow mean even greater cuts from 2018? Will the Secretary of State reassure the heads that we met a couple of weeks ago, as they are already having to make cuts to things such as A-level options, support for children with special needs, mental health counselling and support and so on?
As I set out in my statement today, we will be launching a consultation on the detail of how we plan to introduce the funding formula. That will give both the hon. Lady and her local schools and teachers ample opportunity to be able to feed in their local perspective.
Andrew Gwynne (Denton and Reddish) (Lab)
Representing as I do a cross-borough constituency, I know the unfairness of the current system. It cannot be fair that a child from Reddish in Stockport receives less funding than a child from Denton in Tameside—areas that share the same socio-economic characteristics, but are in different local authorities. Will the Secretary of State's new fairer funding formula ensure that those children in Reddish are not disadvantaged just because they are in a more prosperous borough overall, and that their funding will be matched to those of the children in Denton?
I think that I can confirm to the hon. Gentleman that the funding formula will start to iron out those sorts of inequities. Once we launch the second phase consultation, he will be interested to see the criteria and characteristics that we will incorporate to help ensure that we have a fairer approach on funding for schools in the future than we have had in the past. I will also set out for him the architecture of what we are trying to achieve. If we want to overlay significant additional resources in relation to deprivation, we want to do it in a smarter way and we want to use things such as the pupil premium to do it effectively. We recognise that we also need to have an element of understanding about the attainment, the eligibility for free school meals and other characteristics in the core funding formula too.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Grade 1 protected Admiralty House building to be restored
Monday, 10 October 2016, 08:55 Last update: about 4 years ago
The Grade 1 scheduled Admiralty House building located in Valletta will undergo restoration and rehabilitation works following the granting of a planning permission by the Planning Commission.
The works will include the restoration of the building's two street facades, situated in South Street and Old Mint Street, internal alterations and change of use from a museum to offices. The project will also include the installation of photovoltaic panels, which panels will be mounted flat, directly on the roof and will include interventions to make the building accessible to all.
Once the project is complete the offices will be used by the Attorney General whose offices are currently located within the Grand Master's Palace and which will be vacated as part of its regeneration. Furthermore, the artefacts of the museum will be relocated to the Auberge d'Italie which is being redeveloped into the new National Museum of Fine Arts.
The works will be carried out according to an approved Restoration Method Statement and were consented to by the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage and the Planning Authority's Heritage Planning Unit.
The Admiralty House dates back to 1570 and was remodelled in 1760 as a residence for Knights of the Order of St. John. From 1821 to 1961 it became the residence of the British naval Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet. In 1974 it was inaugurated as the National Fine Arts Museum.


Likewise, Oscar-nominated films typically brim over with adversity, providing actors with chances to really shine as their characters face oppression, battle life-threatening disease, or contend with mental illness. This year's lineup of Best Picture nominees is no exception. Such tension-inducing plot lines include slavery (12 Years a Slave), Southern prejudice during the AIDS crisis (Dallas Buyers Club), and one too many Quaaludes (The Wolf of Wall Street).
Some of the substitutes, like Syndrome (née Buddy Pine) from The Incredibles standing in for Leo's Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street, speak to the villainous nature of the lead. Others, like the old man from Up posing as Bruce Dern's ornery character in Nebraska, and the feminine robot Eve from Wall-E, as Sandra Bullock in Gravity, were just obvious shoo-ins. Check out the rest in the slide show above.


text:
Louis-Philippe Normand,  (September 21, 1863 – June 27, 1928) was a Canadian physician and politician.

Born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, the son of Télesphore-Eusèbe Normand and Alphonsine Giroux, he received his Doctor of Medicine from Université Laval in 1886. A practicing physician, he was also mayor of Trois-Rivières. In 1911, he ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the Quebec riding of Three Rivers and St. Maurice as the Conservative candidate and was defeated. In September 1921, he was appointed President of the Privy Council in the cabinet of Arthur Meighen. He was defeated in the 1921 federal election which was held in December.

In 1922, Normand was appointed as President of the Medical Council of Canada.

He married Graziella Beaulieu and had nine children.

In 1916, a geographic township in the Mékinac Regional County Municipality was named after him, which in turn gave its name to a lake and the Lac-Normand unorganized territory.

References

External links

1863 births
1928 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Mayors of Trois-Rivières
Université Laval alumni


So, I got over the first hump, going three weeks without eating soy, dairy, wheat/gluten, sugar, meat and a bunch of other things. I figured now would be the downhill slope, but not so.
Feeling pretty pissy about the whole elimination diet (smile!) because it has been more of a challenge to reintroduce than just cut out the foods. I found many occasions yesterday where I wanted to eat something on a menu only to find that it had two items on the introduction list, which meant that meal was out. Because you need to reintroduce only one thing, and because you need to make sure that this is in all meals for the next day, it is even more of a challenge because not only are you being intention for that meal (which can be difficult in the busy life of today), but you have to be intentional and planned out for all meals that day or even those next two days. The first two days I chose not to reintroduce tomatoes, which was the thing I wanted to start with, because I was worried I would not be able to prepare or be timely enough to get tomatoes for breakfast that day, and I did not want to waste the opportunity to eat dishes which I really wanted.
Am I making this harder than it has to be?
As someone that rarely cooks it has been really stressful to think about getting food by going shopping (I fear wasting food, not buying all the things I need, and getting stuck around improvising when cooking) and cooking for myself. I notice how I tend to eat out of convenience, and this diet has required incredible intention for every meal. My thoughts keep going to: do I even care to know, because I am not giving up bread, tomatoes, potatoes, etc. anyway.


CAC certified for quality and originality. FINEST KNOWN, PCGS has graded 10 coins in 67+, this being one of them. The intense color on this Long Island is amazing. Flawless surfaces reveal no distractions whatsoever...it is pristine! Autumnal shades of ruby red, orange, emerald green, lime, lemon yellow and copper adorn both sides. A MONSTER!


text:
Q: How to train my own image dataset for text recognition and create the trained model for use in OCR I created image data set including 62992 images with 128x128px resolution that contains characters, numbers and symbols with four kinds of font styles. how do I train this dataset and create pre-trained model for my OCR, can you please help me?

A: If you want to train a custom OCR, I would advise studying the Tensorflow Attention OCR implementation which can be found here.
I've used this implementation in various projects and it gave satisfactory results in converting image to text.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


BATON ROUGE � Southern baseball coach Roger Cador has agreed to a three-year contract which will pay him at least $125,000 per year.
Cador had interviewed at the University of New Orleans twice in the past few weeks, but after a day of negotiating with SU officials, he agreed Sunday to stay where he�s always been.
�It tells me there must be something that is so powerful that keeps me yearning to come back and give it a little bit more,� Cador said.
SU Chancellor Kofi Lomotey said the school will pay Cador $125,000 per year and has agreed to allow him to raise up to another $25,000 per year through the Southern University Foundation.
Cador, who coached without a contract last season, said he had been paid $83,000 per year, with a housing allowance for an additional $12,000.
The substantial increase in salary comes at a time when SU, like many colleges across the nation, is slashing its budget to cope with the economy.
�Why did we make this a priority? I think, over time, baseball at Southern University has been perhaps our most successful sport,� Lomotey said.
Cador�s teams have won 14 Southwestern Athletic Conference championships and produced top talents like Rickie Weeks, the college baseball player of the year in 2003, Fred Lewis and Michael Woods.


text:
Q: Ajax doesn't render SelectManyBox correctly, its rendered after page referesh I am trying to render a h:selectManyBoxList upon a selectOneMenu choice, so the data of the selectManyBox comes when user selects a item from selectOneMenu
here is my code:
<h:panelGroup rendered="#{exportManager.htmlExportSelected}">

                                            <f:selectItems value="#{templateManager.templateDetails}"
                                                var="oneDetail"
                                                itemLabel="#{oneDetail.childObjectType.title}"
                                                itemValue="#{oneDetail.childObjectType.objectTypeId}" />
                                            <f:ajax event="change" render="multi-select-property" ></f:ajax>

                                                #{uiLabelManager.nonSelected}

                                                #{uiLabelManager.selected}

                                        <h:panelGroup id="many-list-box" rendered="#{not empty exportManager.selectedObjects}">

                                            <h:selectManyListbox id="multi-select-property"
                                                value="#{exportManager.selectedObjects}"
                                                styleClass="form-control multi-select" immediate="true"
                                                style="width:250px;height:250px">
                                                <f:selectItems value="#{exportManager.loadObjectNodes()}"
                                                    var="oneDetail" itemLabel="#{oneDetail.title}"
                                                    itemValue="#{oneDetail.objectId}" />

                                            </h:selectManyListbox>

                                            <h:selectOneMenu styleClass="form-control" style="width:250px"
                                                value="#{exportManager.selectedObjects}" required="true">
                                                <f:selectItems value="#{exportManager.selectedObjects}" />
                                            </h:selectOneMenu>

                                        </h:panelGroup>

                                </h:panelGroup>

here is a screen shot before I select a item from selectOneMenu

here is the screen shot after I select a item from selectOneMenu

as you can see the one newly rendered grayed-out box is the one with new data and the correctly render selectManyBox was also there below,so when I referesh page this happens, which you can see in image:

I can't find a way to fix this, only page refresh fixes this so I have to add
onchange="submit()"

in the selectOneMenu this reloads whole page which is not user friendly and time consuming a bit as well.

A: It appears that you're using a CSS or JS library to style your <h:selectManyListbox... which is rewriting the element in the DOM. You'll need to execute the necessary JS to stylize the <h:selectManyListbox... after the DOM has been updated with the re-rendered component from the AJAX call.
You may be able to leverage the oncomplete attribute of PrimeFaces
 to accomplish this.


text:
Home > Sports > Football
Giants' Lincecum tries for a fresh start
GLENDALE, Arizona - Tim Lincecum's long hair is gone but don't let the new image fool you. The two-time Cy Young Award winner is hoping he looks like the pitcher he was before struggling last season.
Lincecum gave up three runs and failed to get through two innings in his first spring training start Tuesday for the San Francisco Giants, an 8-8 tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers.
The 28-year-old right-hander worked with two trainers to increase his strength after going 10-15 with a 5.18 ERA last year. He thrived as a reliever during the Giants' run to a World Series championship but is poised to return as a starter this season.
Lincecum gave up four hits and was done for the day after Skip Schumaker's two-run double with one out in the second inning. Still, he was happy with his effort. AP
More in Football
Taeguk Ladies kick off Asian Cup bid with Vietnam game
Spurs pull off dramatic last-minute comeback to beat Leicester
Moldova friendly is chance for Korea's unseen stars to shine
Sonny on set
Korean women's team hit by Covid outbreak ahead of Asian Cup


text:
Home Entertainment Essential. John Deere workers join the strike movement in the United States
Essential. John Deere workers join the strike movement in the United States
Timothea Maldonado Oct 15, 2021 0 Comments
One and a half years after the epidemic, many American workers are pressing for an increase that is commensurate with the profits of their companies, while the United States is experiencing labor shortages. On Friday, October 15, the quartz says that the workers of John Deere Group, the king of tractors, began their first strike in thirty-five years.
On the night of October 14-15, workers at the John Deere factories went on strike, the first in a 35-year global farm equipment company in the Midwest. Highlighted Quartz. The green and yellow tractor brand unions are opposed to a corporate deal to increase the wages and pensions of current employees while changing the pension savings plan for future employees.
The year promises "more profit" To the company, and employees think it is not in line with increased profits. John Deere expects to earn around 5 5 billion, 63% more than the previous year's record. The strike occurs "Amidst the wave of labor activity in the manufacturing, health and entertainment industries in the United States", Take a look at the American news site.
Injustice increases
Contract rejected by workers immediately increased by 5% or 6%, as well as 3% increases for 2023 and 2025, details Quartz. Statistics that seem "Absurd" Compared to the recent pay rise of CEO John May. The latter received nearly 14 million euros in 2020, an increase of 160% compared to 2019.
Also read: Pit Covid 19 makes the rich rich and the poor poor
"They have forgotten who is really doing the work." Diana scolds Swartz,
See also Watch: Netflix 'The White Tiger' first look highlights classicism in India
[…] Read more about Courier International
Learning History: Westward Expansion and Wars with Indigenous People
Baghdad thief at Lyon auditorium at 20h on Wednesday, March 16, 2022
The film" I'm a legend " will have the right to a sequel with Will Smith
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About the Author: Timothea Maldonado
"Coffee practitioner. Lifelong web evangelist. Unapologetic internet enthusiast."


Continued passenger growth and solid load factors were the key factorsin Norwegian's September traffic figures. More than 2.4 million customers flew with the airline this month. The load factor was 88.2 percent and long-haul operations contributed considerably to the positive traffic figures.
Norwegian carried 2,435,240 passengers in September, an increase of 9 percent compared to the same month previous year. The total passenger traffic (RPK) increased by 11 percent while the capacity (ASK) increased by 3 percent this month. The load factor was 88.2 percent, up 6.8 percentage points from the same month last year.
Along with increased passenger numbers, September was also marked by new aircraft and further award wins for Norwegian. The company took delivery of three brand new Boeing 737-800 aircraft in September, of a total of ten in 2015. With an average age of about four years, Norwegian's fleet is among the most modern and environmentally friendly in Europe. In September, Norwegian was awarded the best airline in Europe by renowned Passenger Choice Awards.
"Norwegian´s long-haul operation continues to make a positive contribution to our growth, with 96 percent of the seats filled in September.We also see that an increasing number of passengers are taking advantage of our extensive European network to connect onwards to the US or Thailand. This shows the excellent links and travel opportunitiesthat a seamless long- and short-haul operation can create. The fact that we once again receive new international recognition proves that travelers all over the world appreciate Norwegian", said CEO Bjørn Kjos.
Norwegian operated 99.8 percent of its scheduled flights in September, with 84.3 percent departing on time.


Rick's Auto Body can service any make or model of vehicle. If your Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, or BMW has been in an accident, we have all the tools and expertise needed to restore your car to pre-accident condition every time!
One of the reasons why Rick's Auto Body has been so successful in the Springfield, Massachusetts, area is our focus on your satisfaction. When you walk in to our shop for business, we hope you will be pleasantly surprised by our warm and welcoming atmosphere. We want you to feel at home and know that you are in good hands. Along with our pick-up and drop-off services, our no-hassle free estimates, and our lifetime guarantee on all of our work, we do our best to keep you happy.
With a 45,000-square-foot facility, Rick's Auto Body can house nearly 100 vehicles at a time. Our large paint shop (15,000 square feet) can handle several vehicles at a time. An electrified fence keeps your vehicle safe while it is at our site.


text:
Fit-Again Yashasvi Jaiswal Added To Mumbai Squad Ahead Of Do-Or-Die Match Against Maharashtra In Ranji Trophy
by Sai Vaitla January 22, 2023
Yashasvi Jaiswal Ranji Trophy PC- Twitter
Mumbai Need Someone To Provide A Good Start To Their Innings
Mumbai Squad For Final Game
Young opener Yashasvi Jaiswal is fit and available for selection for Mumbai's do-or-die last Ranji Trophy match against Maharashtra, which starts on Tuesday, January 24, at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai. Mumbai's team will benefit from Jaiswal's comeback as he consistently contributes to their success.
The left-handed batter missed the last two matches against Assam and Delhi due to acute gastroenteritis. Jaiswal, who scored an unbeaten 66 in the second innings against Tamil Nadu, complained of illness and dehydration on Friday, January 6; however, he resumed his innings. The 21-year-old has scored 301 runs in four games this season.
Image Credits: Twitter
According to a Times of India report, Yashaswi Jaiswal cleared the fitness test and is fit to play Mumbai's final Ranji Trophy match against Maharashtra. He has been included in the squad and will open with Divyansh Saxena, who received his maiden Ranji Trophy call-up, replacing Musheer Khan in the Mumbai squad.
"The fitness test reports of Yashasvi are ok. He is fit to play as per the Mumbai team's doctor, Parteki and trainer Vishal Chitrakar. And hence the selectors have agreed mutually to add Yashasvi in the squad."
Mumbai cricket team
"Musheer has been asked to play the U-25 team's next match, which starts from Sunday. He got five innings, but couldn't manage to capitalize on his chances. Divyaansh scored 250 against Saurashtra for the U-25 team against Saurashtra in the Col CK Nayudu Trophy recently. That kind of form can't be ignored. With Prithvi (Shaw) not available (he will be with the Indian T20 side for the home series against New Zealand), Mumbai need someone to provide them with a good start to their innings."
Mumbai lost their previous Ranji Trophy league match against Delhi by eight wickets on Friday. They have 23 points after six games, but to have any chance of making the knockout rounds, they need to at least beat Maharashtra with a first-innings lead.
Ajinkya Rahane (C), Tanush Kotian, Hardik Tamore (WK), Yashasvi Jaiswal, Sarfaraz Khan, Tushar Deshpande, Shams Mulani, Armaan Jaffer, Shashank Attarde, Mohit Awasthi, Divyaansh Saxena, Royston Dias, Prasad Pawar, Suved Parkar, Siddharth Raut, Dhrumil Matkar, Deepak Shetty.
Also read: IND vs NZ: "Mohammed Shami Will Have To Mix Around The Wicket And Over The Wicket Angle To Get Better Success" – Sanjay Bangar
Virat Kohli | Rohit Sharma | Rishabh Pant | KL Rahul | Suryakumar Yadav | Sanju Samson | Shreyas Iyer | Yuzvendra Chahal | Jasprit Bumrah
Tagged: Mumbai, Ranji Trophy 2022-23, Yashasvi Jaiswal


text:
was a Japanese writer.

Life
After finishing his studies, he worked in a bank and started writing articles for several publications. In 1924, he moved to Tokyo, where he started to publish for the socialist journal Bungei Sensen (文芸戦線) founded by Yōbun Kaneko. Thanks to his 1928 publication Mienai Kōzan (見えない鉱山) in this journal, his works were considered part of the Proletarian literature movement.

Works (sel.)
 1930 Bōdō ()
 1930 Kyōkō ()
 1937 Fukurō ()
 1938 Uguisu ()
 1938 Karasu ()
 1939 Ushi ()
 1939 Kuma ()
 1939 Uma ()
 1939 Sakka no techō ()
 1939 Tsubame ()
 1939 Gan ()
 1939 Ishikawa Rikinosuke nōson kōsei no jufu ()
 1940 Asaichi ()
 1941 Tokai to inaka ()
 1941 Furusato no haru ()
 1942 Hirata Atsutane ()
 1942 Isha no iru son ()
 1942 Kamo to funa ()
 1942 Roji no hitobito ()
 1943 Haru no wakare ()
 1944 Akita ()
 1946 Utsukushii tabi ()
 1947 Futatsu no seishun ()
 1947 Furusato no uta ()
 1947 Umi no oni ()
 1948 Yama no kami ()
 1948 Nōmin no kōfuku ()
 1952 Keisatsu nikki ()
 1953 Bungaku nyūmon ()
 1954 Natuskashii sanka ()
 1955 Keimusho shigan ()
 1955 Shinkeisatsu nikki ()
 1955 Tanima no kyōdai 谷間の兄弟
 1956 Yamazakura ()
 1957 Chūzaisho nikki ()
 1957 Nambei kōro ()
 1959 Shizen to jinsei ni tsuite no shijū hanashi ()
 1959 Kieru mizuumi ()
 1959 Santarō ()
 1960 Shochō nikki ()

Movies
 1951 Keisatsu nikki ()

References

External links
 www.aozora.gr.jp Aozora
 IMDB

1903 births
1959 deaths
Japanese writers
Proletarian literature
Writers from Akita Prefecture


text:
Q: Custom List Item Listener Interface in RecyclerView not responding to clicks Adapter
public class RVAdapter_CategoryDetails extends
    RecyclerView.Adapter<RVAdapter_CategoryDetails.ViewHolder> {

final private RVAdapter_CategoryDetails.ListItemClickListener mListItemClickListener;

//Interface for handling Item Clicks
public interface ListItemClickListener {
    void onListItemClick(int clickedItemIndex, String place_id);
}

private List<Example> exampleList;
private Context context;
private List<Result> resultList;

// Constructor
RVAdapter_CategoryDetails(ListItemClickListener listener,List<Result> exampleList){
    this.resultList = exampleList;
    mListItemClickListener = listener;
}

@Override
public RVAdapter_CategoryDetails.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
    View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(
            R.layout.category_cards_layout, parent, false);
    return new ViewHolder(view);
}

@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(RVAdapter_CategoryDetails.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
    holder.tv_place_name.setText(resultList.get(position).getName());
    holder.tv_place_address.setText(resultList.get(position).getVicinity());    }

@Override
public int getItemCount() {
    return resultList.size();
}

public class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder implements View.OnClickListener{

    ImageView iv_place_photo;
    TextView tv_place_name, tv_place_address;
    RatingBar rb_place_rating;

    public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
        super(itemView);
        iv_place_photo = (ImageView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_photo);
        tv_place_name = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_name);
        tv_place_address = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_address);
        rb_place_rating = (RatingBar) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_rating);
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        int clickedPosition = getAdapterPosition();
        String place_id = resultList.get(clickedPosition).getPlaceId();
        mListItemClickListener.onListItemClick(clickedPosition, place_id);
    }
}
}

Activity
public class Category extends AppCompatActivity implements
    RVAdapter_CategoryDetails.ListItemClickListener{

String type;
int itemIndex = 0, radius = 15000;
Double latitude, longitude;
String category;
List<Result> places;
RecyclerView recyclerView;
RVAdapter_CategoryDetails adapter;
Toast mToast;

@Override
protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.category_layout);

    ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
    // TODO (COMPLETED) : Fix the ActionBar disappearing
    if (actionBar != null) {
        actionBar.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
    }

    Intent intent = getIntent();
    if (intent != null) {
        Bundle extras = intent.getExtras();
        itemIndex = extras.getInt("clickIndex", 0);
        latitude = extras.getDouble("latitude");
        longitude = extras.getDouble("longitude");

        Log.i(String.valueOf(this), "Lat: " + latitude + "\nLong: " + longitude);
    }

    // TODO (1) : find a better solution to this
    switch (itemIndex) {
        case 0:
            setTitle("ATMs");
            category = "atm";
            break;
        case 1:
            setTitle("Banks");
            category = "bank";
            break;
        case 2:
            setTitle("Bars");
            category = "bars";
            break;
        case 3:
            setTitle("Hospital");
            category = "hospital";
            break;
        case 4:
            setTitle("Parks");
            category = "park";
            break;
        case 5:
            setTitle("Police");
            category = "police";
            break;
        case 6:
            setTitle("Shopping");
            category = "shopping";
            break;
        case 7:
            setTitle("Stores");
            category = "store";
            break;
        case 8:
            setTitle("Train Stations");
            category = "train_station";
            break;
        case 9:
            setTitle("Taxi Stations");
            category = "travel_agency";
            break;
        case 10:
            setTitle("Movie Theaters");
            category = "movie_theater";
            break;
        default:
            setTitle("Respected Category Here");
    }

    //initializing the views for layout
    initViews();
}

private void initViews() {
    recyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.rv_cat_details);
    recyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true);
    RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(
            getApplicationContext());
    recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
    loadJson();
}

private void loadJson() {
    Retrofit retrofit = ApiClient.getClient();
    ApiInterface apiInterface = retrofit.create(ApiInterface.class);

    Call<Example> exampleCall = apiInterface.getNearbyPlaces
            (latitude + "," + longitude, radius, category);

    exampleCall.enqueue(new Callback<Example>() {
        @Override
        public void onResponse(Call<Example> call, Response<Example> response) {
            places = response.body().getResults();
            Log.d(String.valueOf(this), "Number of places received: " + places.size());
            setAdapter();
        }

        @Override
        public void onFailure(Call<Example> call, Throwable t) {
            Log.d(String.valueOf(this), t.toString());
        }
    });
}

private void setAdapter(){
    adapter = new RVAdapter_CategoryDetails(this, places);
    recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);
}

@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {

    if (item.getItemId() == R.id.home) {
        Intent actMain = new Intent(Category.this, MainActivity.class);
    }
    return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}

@Override
public void onListItemClick(int clickedItemIndex, String place_id) {
    Log.i(String.valueOf(this),  "Item #" +clickedItemIndex + "\nPlace ID:" +place_id);

    if(mToast!=null){ mToast.cancel();}
    mToast = Toast.makeText(this, "Item #" +clickedItemIndex + "\nPlace ID:" +place_id, Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
    mToast.show();
}
}

I have implemented the custom interface which I have made to handle the onClick events on list items at the correct places. But when I click on any item the onListItemClick() method doesn't get called.

A: You should to implement the View.OnclickListener inside your ViewHolder class, change your class to this:
    public class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder implements View.OnClickListener{

        ImageView iv_place_photo;
        TextView tv_place_name, tv_place_address;
        RatingBar rb_place_rating;

        public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
            super(itemView);
            iv_place_photo = (ImageView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_photo);
            tv_place_name = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_name);
            tv_place_address = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_address);
            rb_place_rating = (RatingBar) itemView.findViewById(R.id.place_rating);

//It`s missing this line
tv_place_name.setOnClickListener(this);

        }

        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            int clickedPosition = getAdapterPosition();
            String place_id = resultList.get(clickedPosition).getPlaceId();
            mListItemClickListener.onListItemClick(clickedPosition, place_id);
        }
    }

A: In ViewHolder You need to add one line
itemView.setOnClickListener(this);


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text:
An Update on Talimogene Laherparepvec
Matthew P. Doepker, MD; Jonathan S. Zager, MD, FACS
Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a genetically engineered oncolytic virus used in intralesional therapy for stage IIIB/C and IV melanoma. It has been shown to be a safe and efficacious monotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma in phase I and II clinical trials, as well as to provide a durable response rate with the most significant impact on stage IIIB/C and IVM1a melanoma in a phase III clinical trial. Currently, T-VEC is being studied in combination with other immunotherapies and preliminary data show promising results. The aim of this article is to present and review previous and current clinical data on the use of T-VEC in advanced melanoma.
Key words: Talimogene laherparepvec, T-VEC, metastatic melanoma, GM-CSF, oncolytic therapy, clinical trial, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Imlygic
Melanoma is an aggressive and deadly cutaneous malignancy with an overall estimated annual percentage increase in occur-rence ranging from 1.5% to 2.3% in 2015. Melanoma was also responsible for an estimated 9940 deaths in 2015.1 The treatment of choice for early-stage, localized melanoma has typically been surgical resection. Five-year disease-specific survival rates for stage I and II melanoma, as illustrated by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, range from 97% to 53%; however, the prognosis for patients with regional (IIIB/C) and distant metastasis has been dismal, with 5-year survival rates as low as 19%.2 Newer modalities of treatment, such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies, have seen great advancement over the last 5 years. The development of these new therapies has led to improvements in overall survival (OS) and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with locoregionally advanced or distant metastatic disease.3
Current Immunotherapies
There has been a dramatic increase in the development of treatment options for stage III and IV melanoma. Several drugs have been FDA-approved for use in metastatic melanoma. These include vemurafenib and dabrafenib, which are molecular-targeted therapies for patients harboring BRAF or KT mutations and the MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib. The others include immune checkpoint inhibitors that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed-death receptor-1 (PD-1), such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab.4-8
Another area that is changing the landscape in the treatment of metastatic melanoma is the use of intralesional therapy. Coley et al first developed intralesional therapy in 1893 when regression of a locally advanced tumor was seen after injection of a bacterial toxin.9 Since treatments are injected directly into the lesion, higher concentrations can be used with less risk of overall systemic toxicity. Another advantage is a potential "bystander ef-fect," where a systemic response is induced and untreated lesions show regression. Unfortunately, this has only been seen with se-lect intralesional therapies such as PV-10.10-12
Oncolytic Viral Therapy
A novel form of intralesional therapy that has shown therapeutic benefit in metastatic melanoma is the administration of oncolytic viruses. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, trade name: Imlygic), previously known as OncoVex, is an engineered, immune-enhanced herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virus with oncolytic properties. The deletion of the ICP47 gene allows for antigen presentation and also enables the virus to grow and replicate within tumor cells.13 The neurovirulence coding sequence is replaced with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This promotes dendritic cell activity and increased tumor antigen presentation, which could lead to a more robust systemic response through the activation of cytotoxic T cells (Figure 1).14,15 The aim of this article is to discuss the role and clinical efficacy of T-VEC in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, as well as ongoing clinical trials that combine T-VEC with other immunotherapies.
Talimogene Laherparepvec
T-VEC has been extensively tested in phase I, II, and III clinical trials.14,17-18 Its safety and clinical activity was initially established in multiple tumor types, including melanoma in a phase I trial conducted by Hu et al.16 This was followed by a single-arm phase II clinical trial conducted by Senzer et al, which was designed to establish clinical efficacy in stage IIIC and IV metastatic melanoma. Fifty patients over a 2-year period were identified and included in the study (IIIC-10, IVM1a-16, IVM1b-4, and IVM1c-20). Prior systemic therapies, which included chemotherapy or Inter-leukin-2 (IL-2), were documented in 74% of the patients. The treatment protocol involved intratumoral injection of injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal lesions with up to 4 mL of 106 PFU/mL, and after 3 weeks followed by 4 mL of 108 PFU/ mL every 2 weeks, up to a maximum of 24 treatments. A set of tumors was injected at each visit, with a set including at least 10 tumors. Patients received a median of six bi-weekly injections.
The authors reported an overall response rate (ORR) of 26% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Of the 13 patients who responded, 5 experienced a partial response (PR) and 8 had a complete response (CR). Twelve of the 13 patients experienced a response that lasted from 7 to 31 months, with responses being reported in both injected and uninjected visceral lesions. The 13th patient developed brain metastasis 1 month after experiencing a response. The median follow-up was 18 months (range 11-36 months). The authors reported 1- and 2-year OS of 58% and 52%, respectively.14 These results lead the FDA to approve T-VEC for a pivotal phase III study.
Phase III Study of TVEC versus GM-CSF
T-VEC was further tested in a multicenter, open-label phase III trial in which patients with unresectable stage IIIB and IV melanoma received either intratumoral T-VEC or subcutaneous GM-CSF. The OncoVex Pivotal Trial in Melanoma (OPTiM) enrolled 436 patients, with 295 being randomized to T-VEC and 141 patients to GM-CSF over a 2-year period. The primary endpoint of the study was the durable response rate (DRR), which was defined as an objective response (CR or PR) lasting
≥6 months that began within 12 months of initiation of therapy. The authors reported ORR, OS, and safety as secondary endpoints. The treatment regimen for T-VEC was similar to the protocol used in the previous phase II trial (Figure 2).17
Andtbacka et al reported a significantly higher DRR with T-VEC compared with GM-CSF: 16.3% versus 2.1%, respectively, (P <.001). The ORR of 26.4% in the T-VEC arm was similar to the rate recorded in the phase II trial, while the ORR of the GM-CSF arm was only 5.7% (P <.001). Thirty-two patients had a CR with T-VEC, but only 1 patient had a CR with GM-CSF (PR T-VEC-46 vs GM-CSF-7). The median follow-up was 44.4 months, with a median OS of 23.3 months in the T-VEC arm versus 18.9 months in the GM-CSF arm (HR, 0.79; P <.051). Pyrexia, chills, and fatigue were the most common adverse events (AEs) noted in the patient population receiving T-VEC. No treatment related-deaths occurred. The authors performed a subgroup analyses and concluded differences in DRR were much more pronounced in stage IIIB/C and IVA disease versus IVB/C (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.80) and in patients who only received T-VEC as a first-line therapy (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35-0.73).17
Based on the results from the phase I, II, and III trials, T-VEC monotherapy is safe, with a favorable toxicity profile of mainly influenza-like symptoms, and clinically effective, with a DRR of 26%.17 The studies have also demonstrated a potential benefit in uninjected and visceral lesions, although responses seen in some visceral lesions, including the lungs, have been infrequent. Since other immunotherapies have garnered interest with eventual approval for distant metastatic melanoma, T-VEC has been primarily used to treat stage IIIC and IVM1a disease.17,18 T-VEC was approved by the FDA based on the significant increase in DRR as proposed in the primary aim for the trial in the OPTiM study and is now listed in the 2016 National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines as an option for intralesional injection in stage III, in-transit melanoma, and unresectable metastatic melanoma.19
Future Directions with Combination Therapy
One potential way to further enhance the immune response is through the combination of T-VEC with currently available immunotherapies. This premise was based on a study by Engeland et al, who demonstrated enhanced oncolytic viral therapy with CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint blockade.20 Puzanov et al then enrolled 19 patients in a phase IB multicenter trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of T-VEC + ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4 (NCT01740297). The regimen of intralesional T-VEC used consisted of 4 mL of 106 PFU/mL at week 1, which was increased to 4 mL of 108 PFU/mL at week 4, and then every 2 weeks after that. Ipilimumab (3 mg/kg IV) was given every 3 weeks for 4 infusions. The median treatment duration with T-VEC was 13 weeks. Eighteen patients were assessed, and an overall response was seen in 9 patients (50%) (95% CI).
The authors also reported a confirmed CR in 4 patients (22%) and a confirmed PR in 5 (28%), while 4 patients (22%) had stable disease per immune-related response criteria. There were no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) noted during the DLT evaluation period. Five patients (26%) experienced a grade 3 AE due to T-VEC or ipilimumab, while two grade 4 AEs were seen in a patient with elevated amylase and lipase, which was attributed to ipilimumab. Only one grade 5 event was observed: central nervous system metastasis.21 The phase II portion of the study is currently enrolling patients to receive T-VEC + ipilimumab or ipilimumab alone, with a primary endpoint of OS.18,21
Another current multicenter, open-label trial is assessing the dose-limiting toxicities of T-VEC and pembrolizumab, a PD-1 blocking antibody, in stage IIIB and IV melanoma with enrollment that began in December of 2014 (NCT02263508). Phase III will compare the PFS and OS, and will be randomized 1:1 to T-VEC + pembrolizumab versus placebo + pembrolizumab alone. The estimated date of study completion is May 2022. The secondary objectives will include assessing and reporting the DRR, overall response, and AEs.
T-VEC is a genetically modified HSV-1 with oncolytic properties that has been used in the treatment of advanced melanoma. It has been shown to be effective as a single agent in intralesional therapy, with a significant increase in DRR of 16% versus 2% with GM-CSF, with the most clinical efficacy being seen in stage IIIB/C and IVM1a disease. T-VEC is currently being evaluated in clinical trials in combination with other systemic immuno-therapies, with early results showing a safe and potentially increased response rate compared with monotherapy immunother-apy treatments in metastatic melanoma.
Affiliation: Jonathan S. Zager, MD, FACS, and Matthew P. Do-epker, MD, are from Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL. Disclosures: Dr. Zager is a consultant, on the speakers bureau, and has received past research support from Amgen.
Address correspondence to: Jonathan S. Zager, MD, FACS, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 North McKinley Drive, Tampa, FL 33612. Phone: 813-745-1085; Fax: 813-745-5725; email: jonathan.zager@moffitt.org
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5-29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21254.
Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong S, et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6199-6206. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.4799.
Shah DJ, Dronca RS. Latest advances in chemotherapeutic, targeted and immune approaches in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2014;89(4):504-519. doi: 10.1016/j. mayocp.2014.02.002.
Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, et al. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(1):30-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1412690.
Hodi FS, Corless CL, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-dam-aged skin. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(26):3182-3190. doi: 10.1200/ JCO.2012.47.7836.
Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dreno B, et al. Combined vemurafenib and combimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Eng J Med. 2014;371:1867-1876. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408868.
Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Eng J Med. 2010;363:711-723. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003466.
Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Eng J Med. 2012;366:2443-2454. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690.
Sloot S, Rashid OM, Zager JS. Intralesional therapy for metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(18):2629-2639. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.967682.
Andtbacka RH, Ross MI, Delman K, et al. Response of injected and uninjected lesions to intralesional talimogene laher-parepvec (T-VEC) in the OPTiM study and the contribution of surgery to response [abstract 52]. Presentation at Society of Surgical Oncology, March 2014; Phoenix, AZ.
Sarnaik AA, Crago G, Liu H, et al. Assessment of immune and clinical efficacy after intralesional PV-10 in injected and un-injected metastatic melanoma lesions. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(sup-pl 5S):abstract 9028.
Agarwala SS, Thompson JF, Smithers BM, et al. Chemoab-lation of metastatic with rose Bengal (PV-10). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(suppl 15):abstract 8534.
Hersey P, Gallagher S. Intralesional immunotherapy for melanoma. J. Surg Oncol. 2014;109(4):320-326. doi: 10.1002/ jso.23494.
Senzer NN, Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, et al. Phase II clinical trial of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(34):5763-5771. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.3675.
Liu BL, Robinson M, Han ZQ, et al. ICP 34.5 deleted herpes simplex virus with enhanced oncolytic, immune stimulating, and anti-tumor properties. Gene Ther. 2003;10(4):292-303.
Hu JC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, et al. A phase I study of OncoV-EXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6737-6747.
Andtbacka RHI, Kaufman HL, Collichio F, et al. Talimo-gene laherparepvec improves durable response in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(25):2780-2788. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3377.
Johnson DB, Puzanov I, Kelley MC. Talimogene laher-parepvec (T-VEC) for treatment of advanced melanoma. Immuno-therapy. 2015;7(6):611-619. doi: 10.2217/imt.15.35.
NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): melanoma, version 2.2016. National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. www.NCCN.org.
Engeland CE, Grosardt C, Veinalde, et al. CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade enhances oncolytic measles virus therapy. Mol Ther. 2014;22(11):1949-1959. doi: 10.1038/mt.2014.160.
Puzanov I, Milhem MM, Ingemar RH, et al. Survival, safety, and response patterns in a phase 1b multicenter trial of talimo-gene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and ipilimumab (ipi) in a previously untreated, unresected stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(suppl):abstract 9063.
SONO 2018 Volume 1 - A Message From the Chair
BRAF Inhibitors and the "Lazarus Syndrome" -- An Update and Perspective
The Evolving Role of Surgery in Advanced Melanoma
Related CME Activites
Clinical Vignette Series: 38th Annual CFS®: Innovative Cancer Therapy for Tomorrow®
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Onco-Nurse Academy™: Navigating Melanoma Management With Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies
Clinical Vignette Series: 37th Annual Chemotherapy Foundation Symposium: Innovative Cancer Therapy for Tomorrow®


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It's another quiet week around here, since we're all so busy with summertime adventures. But the submissions for this week have been so joyous and if they bring a smile to your heart, then the task has been completed! Take a look!
You can click on any image to see additional descriptions if you'd like. If you participated and you don't see your image included, check your hashtags (#irisheyesjoy most importantly), or, if you want to be included in the gallery, make sure your profile is public. You don't HAVE to have a public profile to partake in the challenge, but you do have to have a public profile if you want the image to show up in the gallery. Be sure to check in on the Group Page to find out next week's challenge!


text:
WORLD CUP NOTES: Canadian referee Carol Anne Chenard missed in France
Derek Van Diest, Postmedia News (dvandiest@postmedia.com)
Published: Jun 26 at 5:57 p.m.
Updated: Jun 27 at 4:59 p.m.
Sorry you must be at least 19 years of age to consume this content.
Carol Anne Chenard is photographed in Ottawa on May 22, 2016. - Errol McGihon/Postmedia
PARIS — Canadian Carol Anne Chenard was considered an early candidate to referee the final at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup had she not been forced to miss the tournament after being diagnosed with breast cancer.
Italian Pierluigi Collina, the most recognized soccer referee of all time and now chairman of the FIFA referees committee, hopes the product of Summerside, P.E.I. is able to make it to France regardless.
"Canadian Carol Anne Chenard, unfortunately, is playing a very difficult game against cancer and we are very confident she will win the game," Collina said at a media conference here on Wednesday. "All of our thoughts are with her and, hopefully, she will join us for a few days before the final.
"We are really hoping she can be allowed to travel from Canada to France to stay with us, because she is part of our family, part of our team and we miss her a lot. But we are very confident she will win this match."
Chenard, 42, refereed the Olympic final in 2016 between Germany and Sweden.
The 2019 Women's World Cup featured 27 referees and 47 assistant referees from six confederations, which included two Canadians.
Marie-Soleil Beaudoin, 36, originally from Quebec and now based in Halifax, has been assigned three games so far at the tournament, including the Round of 16 contest between Brazil and France this past Sunday. She is among the 11 referees selected to remain for the remainder of the tournament.
Canadian Chantal Boudreau, 30, of Regina, has worked two games as an assistant referee, including the Netherlands' 2-1 victory against Japan on Tuesday.
Collina said he was very pleased with the work of his referees so far in the tournament. Through 44 matches there have been 107 yellow cards issued and three red cards, just one was a direct sending off.
There have been a record 23 penalty kicks awarded, one more than at the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada with eight games left to be played.
The Video Assistant Referee system, used for the first time at the tournament, has checked 441 incidents so far and there have been 29 reviews where referees have gone to the monitor at midfield. There were 20 reviews throughout the entire men's World Cup in Russia last summer, which featured 64 games.
Incidentally, VAR is not completely reliable. According to FIFA's own numbers, there have been 25 decisions changed in the tournament and eight final decisions with VAR were deemed wrong.
"It's not 100% because VAR is used also to make an interpretation of an incident, which is not clearly black or white," Collina said. "Depending on the interpretation there could be a mistake and we all regret, we had a few wrong decisions and certainly we will continue to work hard to make this (mistakes) number be smaller and smaller and smaller."
GAME WORTHY OF A FINAL
The Parc des Prince is hosting just one more game at the Women's World Cup before the scene shifts to Lyon for the semifinal and final, but it will be a big one.
The United States takes on host France in a quarterfinal here on Friday with the winner moving on to face either England or Norway in the semifinal.
"I hope it's huge and crazy," said United States captain Megan Rapinoe, who scored two penalties for the defending champions in a 2-1 win against Spain in the second round. "It's going to be totally awesome and these are the biggest games you dream about as a kid."
The game is sold out and tickets on the secondary market are hard to come by. The price of hotel rooms in Paris have soared in anticipation of the thousands of Americans who made the trip to France.
The United States media contingent is massive and will be out in full force when both teams hold their pre-match press conferences on Thursday.
The game is expected to be the highest-grossing female soccer game of all time. Some tickets on the secondary market are going for well over 1,000 Euros. By comparison, tickets for the England, Norway quarterfinal in Le Havre can be purchased for 15 Euros on the FIFA website.
"This is what we've been looking forward to for so long, ever since the groups were named and everyone started talking about that epic quarterfinal matchup that should be a final matchup and here it is," U.S. forward Alex Morgan told ESPN. "We've been looking forward to this, been waiting patiently, getting the work done in the group stage and the Round of 16 and now we have this epic clash in the quarterfinal match."
France had some luck getting through the group stage and then had an epic extra-time victory against Brazil in the second round. France's women's team is trying to join the men as World Cup champions.
"You have to beat the best to be the best and it's not going to be easy," Morgan said. "The whole knockout stage we've already seen some major teams get knocked out in the round of 16 that were a little unexpected. For us, it's just getting pretty excited and pumped about it, knowing this is what we live for, this is why we play the game and we're excited for it, we're ready."
Email: dvandiest@postmedia.com
On Twitter: @DerekVanDiest
Copyright Postmedia Network Inc., 2019
Summerside soccer referee Carol Anne Chenard diagnosed with breast cancer, drops out of World Cup
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