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Urolagnia (also urophilia, and, more colloquially, a golden shower or watersports) associates sexual excitement with the sight or thought of urine or urination, and may also refer to such behaviours or acts. It is a paraphilia.

The term has origins in the Greek language (from , "urine", and , "lust").

Golden shower is slang for the practice of urinating on another person for sexual pleasure.

Overview
Urolagnia is an inclination to derive sexual satisfaction from the vision or idea of urination. It is a paraphilia. During the activity, urine may be consumed or the person may bathe in it. Other variations include arousal from wetting or seeing someone else urinate in their pants or underclothes, or wetting the bed. Other forms of urolagnia may involve a tendency to be sexually aroused by smelling urine-soaked clothing or body parts. In many cases, a strong correlation or conditioning arises between urine smell or sight, and the sexual act. For some individuals the phenomenon may include a diaper fetish and/or arousal from infantilism.

Urolagnia is sometimes associated with, or confused with the Japanese practice of omorashi, arousal from having a full bladder or a sexual attraction to someone else experiencing the discomfort or pain of a full bladder, possibly a sadomasochistic inclination.

Common variations
 Golden shower: A shower or stream of urine is directed onto another person or persons.
 Clothes wetting: The person is sexually aroused by wetting one's clothing or observing another person doing so. Usually that person prefers to stage the wetting so that their legs (or other body parts) become soaked with urine. The warm sensation felt when urine trickles on the body seems to give very relaxing and pleasurable feelings to the person. In many cases, that person is also aroused by smelling body parts that have a urine scent. Others get aroused by telling some people about when they lost control and wet themselves. Some prefer a particular type of clothing to urinate.
 Exhibitionism: Becoming noticeably desperate or wetting oneself with the express purpose of being seen by strangers. Practitioners have described going to public places such as a mall or a park. Some intend to create situations where others can see their wet clothing.
 Human urinal: Within the BDSM community, some individuals desire to be used as a human urinal and some desire to use a human urinal.  The submissive  is usually strictly forbidden from placing their lips directly on the body of the dominant so the practice routinely involves them receiving much of the spray all over their face, hair and body; however, another way of doing this that applies mostly to male dominants, is to place the mouth on the head of the penis and drink the urine as it is released. One other, less common variation of this kink involves the dominant partner urinating inside the submissive partner's vagina or anus, which is usually followed up by the submissive partner ejecting the urine from their orifice(s).
 Omorashi: The act of holding one's own urine until the need to urinate is urgent, making another hold in their urine, or watching another person with an urgent need to urinate. This fetish sometimes originates from childhood memories of needing, or of seeing another needing, to urinate. Arousal may be triggered by seeing the body movements or facial expressions of that person. It can also be heightened by the person saying that they have to urinate. The arousal from being desperate comes from the sensation of having a full bladder.
 Voyeurism: Seeing another urinate without the person's knowledge either through video taping by a hidden camera, or by lurking in locations where people are urinating or are likely to have an urge to urinate.

Frequency
Jennifer Eve Rehor of San Francisco State University points out that such data as exists on what she calls "unconventional" or "kink" sexual behavior is generally problematic because of the way that it has been collected, through criminal and clinical case studies. Behavior that appears neither in criminal trials nor in clinical studies (for example, because the individuals concerned do not commonly seek professional help) is therefore under-reported. Rehor therefore surveyed 1,764 female participants in "kink" behavior (mostly association with BDSM) in 2010–11, receiving 1,580 valid responses. What Rehor calls "urine play" is relatively infrequent, with only 36.52% of her sample reporting having done it or having had it done to them. In contrast, 93.99% of her sample reported having done spanking or having had it done to them, and  61.96% reported having used or been exposed to feathers/fur. It is impossible to extrapolate Rehor's data onto the general population, but her study does give a guide to prevalence in the North American BDSM community.

In Channel 4's 2017 nationwide Great British Sex survey, watersports (or urolagnia) was ranked ninth in popularity among sexual fetishes in the UK.

Notable cases

 Chuck Berry: American musician who was featured urinating on a woman in a sex tape, and was sued for videotaping dozens of women in the restroom of a restaurant he owned.
 Havelock Ellis: British sexologist who was impotent until at age sixty he discovered that he was aroused by the sight of a woman urinating.
 Albert Fish: an American serial killer, also known as The Grayman and The Boogeyman. He wrote several letters to widows with want-ads in The New York Times and described in detail women urinating on him, inside of him, and in cups so that he could drink it. He later forced children to drink urine.
 Ashley MacIsaac: Nova Scotian fiddler and singer. In 1996 he spoke with a Maclean's interviewer mentioning his sexual life, including his boyfriend and his taste for urolagnia. In 2003 he told an interviewer for the Montreal Mirror that he loves to have men urinate on him.
 Ricky Martin: a Puerto Rican singer. He gave an interview with Blender magazine in which he stated that he enjoyed "giving the golden shower".
 Patrice O'Neal: American standup comedian who had on several occasions mentioned his appreciation for golden showers, even stating that his girlfriend noticing that his urine tasted like "birthday cake" is how he came to find out that he suffered from diabetes.
 Annie Sprinkle: an American porn actress, later turned sex educator and advocate for female sexual enjoyment. Her stage name is derived from her obsession with fluids.
 Troughman: an Australian noted in the Sydney media for lying down in urinal troughs at Sydney Mardi Gras parties and other events.
 Ian Watkins: the former lead singer for the Welsh rock band Lostprophets. Convicted in December 2013 of numerous child sex abuse charges, which include urolagnia.

See also
 Urination and sexual activity
 Urophagia

References

External links

Paraphilias
Sexual acts
Urine
Sexual fetishism
Human sexuality


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Leading barristers in immigration law to share expertise at annual seminars
Top barristers and eminent speakers in the field of immigration are due to address legal experts at two annual seminars to be held in Birmingham and London.
No5 Barristers' Chambers' Immigration, Asylum & Nationality Group will hold its Annual Immigration Seminars at Hatton Garden in London on June 27 and at the Clayton Hotel, Birmingham, on July 9.
It is the third year running that the Chambers has hosted these events, and topical subjects will once again be on the agenda, including Deprivation of Nationality which will put the Shamima Begum case in context. This talk will be delivered by James Dixon.
The spotlight will also be put on Brexit, as Jessica Smeaton and Mark Bradshaw will consider the immigration system envisaged both if the UK leaves the EU via a withdrawal agreement and in the event of no deal.
Chaired by Joanne Rothwell, Head of the Immigration Group, authoritative insights will also be given by prominent barristers from the group, including Dr Chelvan, who will provide a protection claims update.
Other talks will include technical aspects of immigration law, given by Edward Nicholson and Miran Uddin, unlawful detention and damages by Nabila Mallick, cases involving children and the application of unreasonableness and unduly harsh tests by Joanne Rothwell, Danny Bazini and Jake Rylatt, and the effect of General Data Protection Regulations 2016 on immigration law by Ramby de Mello.
Joanne said: "This is a showpiece event for the Immigration Group at No5 and it's an opportunity to put the spotlight on the team. These seminars present delegates with the chance to update their knowledge and to meet us to develop relationships with our members. The seminars also provide the opportunity for us all to meet in an informal setting."
No5 Barristers' Chambers regularly holds seminars aimed at continuing professional development, a full list of events can be viewed at No5.com/seminars
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SENSHI е международна професионална промоция на бойни гала вечери. Организира спортни събития по правилата на Професионалната лига на Kyokushin World Union – по правилниците KWU SENSHI, KWU Full Contact и KWU Open, както и по кикбокс, муай тай, карате киокушин. Първото издание на веригата се провежда във Варна на 23 февруари 2019 г., а в края на 2021 година се очаква събитието да стъпи и в Русия.

Гала вечери са провеждани в Дворец на културата и спорта, Варна, Зала "Арена Армеец София", София или на открито в Камчия.

"Senshi" (произн. "сенши", ) се превежда като "воин".

Обхват
Галата посреща каратисти, муай тай бойци и кикбоксьори от над 30 страни, а милиони са зрителите, проследили двубоите на живо по FITE TV, както и на www.boec.com.

Сред големите имена в бойните спортове, които са се качвали на арената на SENSHI, са световният шампион на WAKO PRO в стил К-1 в кат. до 81.4 кг. Сергей Браун от Германия, световният шампион на WAKO PRO в стил low kick Андрей Чехонин, възпитаници на холандската кикбокс легенда Петер Артс, както и звезди от академията на Стойка – най-реномираната кикбокс школа в Румъния. Капитанът на националния отбор по кикбокс на България и световен шампион на WAKO PRO в стил К-1 в кат. до 71.8 кг. Атанас Божилов, е един от бойците с най-голям актив от победи на ринга на събитието. Републиканският шампион по карате киокушин и медалист от световни и европейски киокушин и муай тай първенства Николай Йоргов и Кристиян Дойчев – европейски шампион по киокушин от Португалия за 2019, сребърен медалист от Световното първенство в Нур-Султан, Казахстан, и носител на приза "Най-добър спортист" на годишните награди "Златен пояс" на Националната асоциация на бойните спортове в България, стават първите носители на Европейските пояси на SENSHI от Европейското първенство на Професионалната лига на KWU, провело се на 8,9 и 10 юли 2021 година в Камчия.

Правилници
Правилникът KWU SENSHI е изработен от Професионална лига на Световния киокушин съюз с председател шихан Иво Каменов. Мисията на лигата на събитията от марката SENSHI е да възроди автентичните правила на бойното изкуство киокушин още от самото му създаване.

Трите стила утвърдени през 2019 г. на Професионалната лига на Световния киокушин съюз (KWU International Professional League), които се играят на SENSHI, са:

KWU SENSHI Full Contact
Позволени са: всички боксови удари, спининг бек фист; всички ритници; един удар с коляно в главата след захват с две ръце; клинч до 5 секунди; подсечки; захват на крака и удар, без дърпане или бутане на противника.

Забранени: удари в слабините, тила, гръбнака; удар с вътрешната част на ръкавицата; удари срещу колянната става; удар с глава; удар на паднал противник; удари от легнала позиция; удари с лакти; хвърляния; работа на земя; душене; хапене.

KWU SENSHI
Позволени са: всички боксови удари; спининг бек фист; удари с лакти; всички ритници; клинч докато е активен; подсечки; захват на крака и удар; хвърляния.

Забранени: удари в слабините, тила, гръбнака; удар с вътрешната част на ръкавицата; удари срещу колянната става; удар на паднал противник; удари от легнала позиция; работа на земя; душене; хапене.

KWU OPEN
Позволени са: всички боксови удари; спининг бек фист; всички ритници; клинч до 10 секунди; подсечки; захват на крака и удар; удари с лакти; хвърляния; работа на земя два пъти по тридесет секунди на рунд; душене в партер; ключове в партер (на крака само върху ахилеса, без усукване на глезена и колянната става); удари с ръце и колена само в тялото в партер.

Забранени: удари в слабините, тила, гръбнака; удари срещу колянната става; удар с глава; удар на паднал противник от стойка; атака с лакти и колена в главата в партер; хапане; хвърляния с падане на глава и върху цялото протежение на гръбнака с падане върху противника.

История

Предистория на SENSHI
Правилата на SENSHI и Професионалната лига на Световния киокушин съюз представляват възраждане на най-старите правила на киокушин карате, които са в основата на много бойни стилове и техните правилници. Легендата Масутацу "Мас" Ояма е първият човек, който внася пълния контакт в карате. Според него истинската техника е тази, която ти върши работа и поразява врага. След години усилени тренировки, изолация в планината и завършване своето бойно изкуство, Сосай иска да изпробва неговата ефективност. Трениращите удряли и очаквали да бъдат ударени на тренировъчните сесии. Все още нямало забрана за попадения в главата, макар че те се нанасяли само с длан или с навита на юмрука кърпа. Хващането, хвърлянето и удари в слабините също не били нещо необичайно. Спарингът продължавал, докато единият не признае поражението си. Нараняванията били ежедневни, a нокаутите около 90%.

След като побеждават останалите школи в Япония, Ояма и неговите ученици се изправят пред предизвикателството на Промоутъра Ногучи – "Карате срещу Тай бокс" в Тайланд по техните правила правила. Каратистите приемат и потеглят за Кралството. Японците печелят с 2 на 1 победи. Карате киокушин ликува през далечната 1964 година, доказва силата на бойното изкуство и неговата универсалност.

Години по-късно учениците на Ояма създават и популяризират различни бойни стилове, сред които Aшихара карате – Хидейоки Ашихара, Кикбокс – Кенджи Куросаки, Киокушин будокай – Джон Блуминг, Сейдокайкан – Казуйоши Иши, Кудо – Такаши Азума, Шидокан – Йошиджи Соено, Еншин кайкан – Йоко Нономия. Основателят на Сейдокайкан, Казуйоши Иши създава и промотира най-атрактивната и практикувана днес дисциплина К-1.

Именно KWU International Professional League възстановяват правилата такива, каквито са били в самото начало – пълен контакт, в три различни състезателни дисциплини: KWU – FULL CONTACT, KWU SENSHI и KWU OPEN.

Дебют в "Битката на шампионите"
На 1 ноември 2019 SENSHI дебютира на руска земя с двубой в рамките на най-голямото и престижно събитие за бойни спортове в Русия "Битка на шампионите 11: Школа срещу школа". В битка за титлата на SENSHI KWU чехът Ян Сокуп – европейски шампион по киокушин, сребърен медалист от Световното първенство по киокушин в абсолютна категория и първенец на "All Japan", побеждава европейския и двукратен световен шампион по киокушин Тимур Гасташев от Русия.

SENSHI 1
Първото издание на бойната гала вечер SENSHI се провежда на 23 февруари 2019 г. във Варна пред многохилядна публика. В него участие вземат 20 от най-добрите бойци на Балканите в стил К1 и муай тай. Два от тях са за Европейската и Интерконтиненталната титла на WAKO PRO.

SENSHI 2
След големия интерес към първото издание на SENSHI, за втората си гала вечер организацията ангажира най-голямата спортна зала в България – "Арена Армеец" в София. Бойната карта включва 12 двубоя по правилата на KWU SENSHI, кикбокс и муай тай, като два от тях са за Световната и за Интерконтиненталната титла по кикбокс на WAKO PRO. Участват ММА боеца Деян Топалски и капитанът на националния отбор по кикбокс на България Атанас Божилов, спечелил в изданието първата си световна титла на WAKO PRO.

SENSHI 3
Първият по рода си турнир SENSHI Cup се проведе на 3, 4 и 5 юли 2019 година в Камчия, България, и за пръв представя на битки само по новия правилник на Професионалната лига на Световния киокушин съюз KWU SENSHI. Двубоите на SENSHI Cup са общо 27, като от българска страна в турнира се включват трима българи – Николай Йоргов, Георги Георгиев и Петър Стойков, който печели първата си среща с КО и след два мача печели купата на SENSHI.

SENSHI 4
На 26 февруари 2019 г. галата е в по-нестандартен формат – изправя на ринга каратисти срещу кикбоксьори в 12 сблъсъка. Пет от двубоите противопоставят представителите на двата бойни стила в стил фул контакт карате. Подобни мачове в миналото често са правени в световни турнири и вериги. Два от дуелите са в стил К1, а останалите 5 по правилника KWU SENSHI.

За пръв път на SENSHI се провежда женски двубой.

SENSHI 5
Петото SENSHI се провежда на 22 февруари 2020 г. във Варна. Шампиони от общо 11 държави в стиловете KWU SENSHI, KWU Full Contact, WAKO PRO К-1 и WAKO PRO Low kick провеждат 9 двубоя. Българският кикбоксьор Атанас Божилов прави първата защита на световния си пояс. На SENSHI 5 четирикратният шампион на Русия по кикбокс и двукратен победител в турнира "Битката на шампионите" Андрей Чехонин печели Световния пояс на WAKO Pro в стил "лоу кик" и категория до 85,1 кг.

SENSHI 6
През август 2020 г. в амфитеатъра в Камчия се провежда шестото издание на бойната гала вечер. To включва 10 двубоя, 7 от които за колана на SENSHI по правилата на KWU SENSHI и KWU Full Contact, а другите 3 сблъсъка по К1 правилника. На ринга се изправят шампиони по кикбокс и карате от Русия, Казахстан, Англия, Германия, Франция, България, Румъния и Сърбия.

SENSHI 7
Бойното шоу се провежда на 27 февруари 2021 г. и се излъчва на живо в България, както и в цял свят през различните платформи. В битки се разиграват две Световни и три Европейски титли на WAKO PRO. Състезателната карта на събитието включва 11 двубоя по правилата KWU SENSHI, KWU Full Contact и в стил К-1 между професионални състезатели и бойни звезди от 12 държави – Франция, Германия, Молдова, Сърбия, Беларус, Португалия, Украйна, Холандия, Словения, Босна и Херцеговина, Русия и България.

В главното събитие за вечерта двукратният световен шампион по кикбокс за професионалисти Сергей Браун завоюва Световния пояс на WAKO PRO в стил К-1 в кат. до 81.4 кг. с нокаут над сърбина Александър Менкович. В друг от ключовите двубои световният и европейски шампион по муай тай и сребърен медалист от Световното първенство по киокушин за юноши на KWU Петър Стойков печели и Европейската титла на WAKO PRO в стил К-1 в кат. до 69.1 кг. в мач срещу украинския боец Богдан Базюк.

SENSHI 8
Осмото издание на SENSHI се провежда на 22 май 2021 г. Бойната карта на събитието включва 10 двубои за поясите на SENSHI по правилниците KWU SENSHI и KWU Full Contact и KWU SENSHI между бойци от 11 държави.

SENSHI 9 и първото Европейско първенство на SENSHI
Деветото издание на бойната верига се провежда на 10 юли 2021 г. в Камчия, България. Разиграват се финалите на първото Европейско първенство на Професионалната лига на Световния киокушин съюз. Те определят и първите Европейски шампиони на Професионалната лига в категориите до 70 кг, -75 кг, -80 кг, -85 кг, -90 кг и 90+кг. Близо 60 бойци се състезават за поясите на Европейската професионална лига KWU на 8 и 9 юли 2021 г.

След първенството се провежда гала с още 7 битки между професионални бойци от 11 държави.

Тренировъчен лагер
Всяко събитие на SENSHI е съпътствано от тренировъчен лагер на Професионалната лига на Световния киокушин съюз, по време на който инструктори са едни от най-великите имена от К1 – четирикратните световни шампиони в тежката категория на К1 Ернесто Хуст и Семи Шилт, както Петер Артс – трикратния световен шампион в тежката категория на сериите К1 Гран. Тримата са още редовни коментатори и рефери на гала вечерите от марката SENSHI. Легендарните бойци дават висока оценка за промоцията SENSHI:
 Ернесто Хуст: "SENSHI може да се превърне в още по-силна и по-голяма организация, защото виждам, че битките са на високо ниво. Бойните вечери на SENSHI са на нивото на Glory, имат същия статус"
 Семи Шилт: "Киокушин ми даде всичко в моя живот. Затова сега съм мотивиран да уча другите. Мисля, че SENSHI ще помогне на киокушин да стане по-популярен."
 Петер Артс: "Организаторите на SENSHI създават перфектни условия за провеждане на бойна вечер от възможно най-висок мащаб".

Източници

Спортни организации

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text:
Budget and Legislation
For carrying out section 301 and title IV of the PHS Act with respect to complementary and integrative health, [$154,162,000] $184,323,000.
OAR HIV/AIDS Transfers 137 -83 0
Unobligated balance lapsing -6 0 0
1 Excludes the following amounts (in thousands) for reimbursable activities carried out by this account:
FY 2020 — $1,330 FY 2021 — $1,320 FY 2022 — $995
FY 2022 +/- FY 2021 Enacted
Noncompeting 138 $66,761 136 $65,655 129 $62,555 -7 $3,100
Administrative Supplements (22) 4,110 (21) 3,865 (11) 2,000 (-10) -1,865
Competing:
Renewal 1 419 0 0 0 0 0 0
New 38 17,319 41 18,611 103 46,813 62 28,202
Subtotal, Competing 39 $17,738 41 $18,611 103 $46,813 62 $28,202
Subtotal, RPGs 177 $88,610 177 $88,130 232 $111,368 55 $23,238
SBIR/STTR 9 4,328 9 4,381 11 5,443 2 1,062
Research Project Grants 186 $92,938 186 $92,512 243 $116,811 57 $24,299
Specialized/Comprehensive 1 $1,372 3 $3,328 3 $3,515 0 $187
Biotechnology 1 995 0 0 0 0 0 0
Research Centers in Minority Institutions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Research Centers 2 $2,366 3 $3,328 3 $3,515 0 $187
Research Careers 38 $6,311 34 $5,671 35 $5,830 1 $159
Other 7 3,311 11 5,199 15 7,287 4 2,088
Other Research 45 $9,622 45 $10,870 50 $13,117 5 $2,247
Total Research Grants 233 $104,926 234 $106,710 296 $133,443 62 $26,733
Individual Awards 27 $1,220 22 $974 23 $1,021 1 $47
Institutional Awards 46 3,580 48 3,726 49 3,907 1 181
Total Research Training 73 $4,800 70 $4,700 72 $4,928 2 $228
Research & Develop. Contracts 10 $10,754 10 $10,644 11 $11,708 1 $1,064
(SBIR/STTR) (non-add) (0) (45) (0) (45) (0) (56) (0) (11)
Intramural Research 8 12,792 11 12,785 14 14,064 3 1,279
Res. Management & Support 63 18,605 68 19,240 76 20,179 8 940
SBIR Admin (non-add) (0) (56) (0) (56) (0) (70) (0) (14)
Total, NCCIH 71 $151,877 79 $154,079 90 $184,323 11 $30,244
Major changes by budget mechanism and/or budget activity detail are briefly described below. Note that there may be overlap between budget mechanisms and activity detail and these highlights will not sum to the total change for the FY 2022 budget request for NCCIH, which is $184.3 million, an increase of $30.2 million from the FY 2021 Enacted level. Within the request level, NCCIH will pursue its highest research priorities through strategic investments and careful stewardship of appropriated funds.
Research Project Grants (+$24.3 million; total $116.8 million): NCCIH will support a total of 243 Research Project Grant (RPG) awards in FY 2022. Noncompeting RPGs will decrease by $3.1 million, while Competing RPG awards will increase by $28.2 million.
R&D Contracts (+$1.1 million; total $11.7 million): NCCIH will continue its annual support to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and other mission-supporting Research and Development Contracts.
Intramural Research (+$1.3 million; total $14.1 million): NCCIH will continue to support intramural research activities, including Dr. Langevin's Research Lab.
Research Management and Support (+$0.940 million; total $20.1 million): NCCIH will manage a full-time equivalent staff level of 76 and fund inflation-related costs.
Built-In Change from FY 2021 Enacted
FTEs
a. Annualization of January 2021 pay increase & benefits $3,530 $4,303 $10
b. January FY 2022 pay increase & benefits 3,530 4,303 90
c. Paid days adjustment 3,530 4,303 0
d. Differences attributable to change in FTE 3,530 4,303 963
e. Payment for centrally furnished services 2,264 2,377 113
f. Cost of laboratory supplies, materials, other expenses, and non-recurring costs 6,992 7,384 293
Subtotal $1,469
a. Annualization of January 2021 pay increase & benefits $12,123 $12,637 $33
b. January FY 2022 pay increase & benefits 12,123 12,637 348
c. Paid days adjustment 12,123 12,637 0
d. Differences attributable to change in FTE 12,123 12,637 1,267
e. Payment for centrally furnished services 607 637 30
Subtotal, Built-in $3,384
Program Change from FY 2021 Enacted
a. Noncompeting 136 $69,519 129 $64,555 -7 -$4,965
b. Competing 41 18,611 103 46,813 62 28,202
c. SBIR/STTR 9 4,381 11 5,443 2 1,062
Subtotal, RPGs 186 $92,512 243 $116,811 57 $24,299
2. Research Centers 3 $3,328 3 $3,515 0 $187
3. Other Research 45 10,870 50 13,117 5 2,247
4. Research Training 70 4,700 72 4,928 2 228
5. Research and development contracts 10 10,644 11 11,708 1 1,064
Subtotal, Extramural $122,054 $150,080 $28,026
FTEs FTEs FTEs
6. Intramural Research 11 $12,785 14 $14,064 3 -$190
7. Research Management and Support 68 19,240 76 20,179 8 -976
8. Construction 0 0 0
9. Buildings and Facilities 0 0 0
Subtotal, Program 79 $154,079 90 $184,323 11 $26,860
Total built-in and program changes $30,244
Fiscal Year 2022 Budget Graphs
History of Budget Authority and FTEs:
Distribution by Mechanism:
Change by Selected Mechanisms:
Budget Authority by Activity1
FY 2022 +/- FY2021
Clinical Research $65,517 $65,995 $79,879 $13,884
Basic Research 50,163 51,359 65,273 13,913
Extramural Research Training and Capacity Building 4,800 4,700 4,928 228
Subtotal, Extramural
$120,480 $122,054 $150,080 $28,026
8 $12,792 11 $12,785 14 $14,064 3 $1,279
Research Management & Support
63 $18,605 68 $19,240 76 $20,179 8 $940
71 $151,877 79 $154,079 90 $184,323 11 $30,244
BA $151,877,000 $154,079,000 $184,323,000 +$30,244,000
FTE 71 79 90 +11
The mission of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is to define, through rigorous scientific investigation, the fundamental mechanisms, safety, and effectiveness of complementary and integrative health approaches.
Americans spend approximately $30.2 billion per year on complementary health approaches.1 This diverse group of health practices includes dietary, psychological, and physical treatments and practices that may have originated outside of conventional medicine, such as dietary supplements, plant-based products, probiotics, yoga, massage therapy, meditation, mindfulness-based stress reduction, spinal manipulation, and acupuncture. These approaches are typically used in conjunction with conventional medicine to promote health and well-being, manage symptoms of a disease or condition, and alleviate side effects of medications. Integrative health care seeks to bring conventional and complementary approaches together in a safe, coordinated way with the goal of improving clinical care for patients, promoting health, and preventing disease.
As a responsible steward of resources, we are highly selective and support a broad range of scientifically meritorious basic, clinical, and translational research. We focus on areas with the greatest impact by prioritizing research topics that show scientific promise and are amenable to rigorous scientific inquiry. We strive to invest in research that will drive new discoveries and may lead to improved public health and health care.
Responding to Pressing Health Needs
Non-Opioid Pain Management
Chronic pain is a major public health problem in the United States. An estimated 126 million U.S. adults suffer from a painful condition and over 25 million Americans suffer from daily chronic pain.2 Together, pain costs the United States more than $600 billion per year in treatments and lost productivity.3 In addition, the use of highly addictive opioids as a primary pain management strategy for severe or chronic pain is fueling the growing opioid misuse epidemic. There is an urgent need for new and improved pain management strategies.
NCCIH is leading multiple pragmatic pain management clinical research efforts. Pragmatic clinical trials are human effectiveness trials that can be embedded in standard health care. These studies are beneficial because they are conducted in a real-world setting with a real-world distribution of patients. NCCIH leads the NIH-Department of Defense-Veterans Affairs Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) partnership to support research evaluating the efficacy of non-drug pain management within the military and veteran health care systems and to investigate how these approaches could be integrated into the health care systems. We are also leading the NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM (HEAL) Initiative's Pragmatic and Implementation Studies for the Management of Pain to Reduce Opioid Prescribing (PRISM) program that seeks to take interventions and treatment guidelines that have already been shown to work for specific pain conditions and integrate them into health care delivery systems.
NCCIH also supports research on behavioral strategies to manage chronic pain, improve adherence to the medical treatment of opioid use disorders, and reduce the psychological and physical cravings for opioids. These strategies are especially important for patients who have successfully quit using opioids, but who continue to have pain and need options for pain management that will not increase their likelihood of relapse. NCCIH is also leading the NIH HEAL Initiative'sSM Behavioral Research to Improve Medication-Based Treatment (BRIM) program. This program seeks to understand whether adding behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy or meditation can help improve outcomes for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) by helping them stay on their medications for treating OUD.
In addition to these efforts, NCCIH has expanded research efforts around natural products for pain management. We launched two new funding initiatives to support this research; one focused on the potential pain-relieving properties of natural products in general, and the other focused on evaluating terpenes and minor cannabinoids for their potential non-psychogenic effects, such as analgesia.
In 2020, the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus started a global pandemic, which is still ongoing. The pandemic has presented a health crisis as more than 160 million people around the world have become ill and millions have died. The social distancing measures put in place to try to stop the spread of the virus also affected daily life, shutting down businesses, schools, and cities. NIH mobilized resources to develop vaccines, therapeutics, and other treatment strategies to manage the pandemic. In addition, NIH supported research to address and study the biological, behavioral, psychosocial, and socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic. NCCIH participated in these efforts through funding opportunities that focused on natural products for the treatment or management of COVID-19, supporting research on behavioral interventions focused on stress management and emotional resilience, promoting research on studying and implementing digital health care interventions, and addressing health disparities with regard to access to COVID-19 testing, and treatment among minority populations.
Working To Address Health Disparities
NCCIH is committed to funding research with diverse populations and promoting a diverse scientific workforce. We support training, career development, and research opportunities directed at minority health, and health disparities.
Training and career development for underrepresented minorities
NCCIH supports research training and career development programs to increase the number and diversity of well-trained scientists to conduct rigorous complementary and integrative health research. We have special opportunities for individuals from groups who are underrepresented in scientific research (e.g., racial and ethnic minority populations) throughout the continuum from high school to faculty. In addition, we support workshops at NIH and at scientific conferences to help students and fellows connect to NIH funding opportunities, understand how to interact with NIH staff to develop research proposals, navigate the NIH peer-review process successfully, develop resilience to overcome career roadblocks, and develop plans for a successful research career. We attend a wide variety of scientific conferences and have targeted outreach to minority-oriented societies such as the Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) and the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS).
Research involving minority health and health disparities
NCCIH seeks to expand the research we support involving understudied, underrepresented, and underreported populations. We participate in initiatives targeted toward these populations and are currently supporting research to explore the development, feasibility, optimization, and efficacy of complementary and integrative health interventions within minority-, low socioeconomic-, rural-, urban-, and gender-specific populations. In addition, we encourage research in these populations through outreach activities. For example, NCCIH co-sponsored the "NIH 2019 Traditional Medicine Summit" with the NIH Tribal Health Research Office. The goals of this summit were to identify approaches to respectful collaboration between traditional medicine practitioners and health researchers; explore the relationships between traditional medicine and health care services; and connect younger generations of American Indian/Alaska Native people to traditional medicine, integrative health research, and academic research. We plan to continue expanding these efforts.
Capitalizing on Basic and Foundational Research and Investing in the Future
NCCIH's investment in basic research has supported the development of new complementary and integrative health approaches and the optimization of others. Basic research has expanded our knowledge of natural products, including potentially dangerous herb-drug interactions. Research on the mechanisms of meditation has advanced our scientific knowledge of brain circuits related to emotion, the reward response, and pain. Years of investment in understanding the basic biology of pain and pain management techniques have led to the advancement of promising approaches through pragmatic clinical trials and implementation science. Acupuncture, for example, has been shown to help ease low-back pain, neck pain, migraine, and osteoarthritis/knee pain in specific populations. As a result, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services began covering acupuncture for the management of chronic low-back pain in older adults in 2019. Altogether, investments made in basic research have expanded the scientific evidence of complementary health approaches leading to increased use and acceptance as evidenced by a recent NCCIH-sponsored study that showed that more than half of office-based physicians recommend at least one complementary health approach to their patients.4
As we look to the future, we see new areas for investment. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted a need for independent care options, such as mobile health applications, self-care approaches, and telehealth. NCCIH is investing in the development, optimization, and utilization of these approaches for evidence-based complementary and integrative health approaches. NCCIH is also looking to expand research efforts around health with a particular interest in music and the arts, as well as research on whole person health.
Music has the remarkable ability to enhance child development, improve adult function and well-being, and optimize the quality of life during aging. Studies have shown that music can also ameliorate the symptoms of a broad range of diseases and disorders that occur throughout the lifespan. To explore this exciting avenue of research, NCCIH and our NIH partners have developed the Sound Health initiative. This funding opportunity supports research to understand how music impacts our mind and body, its role in health and development, and its potential to treat disease symptoms.
NCCIH plans to support whole person health research, which we see as a complement to individualized and precision medicine. Whole person health research focuses on health as a biopsychosocial process that involves the whole person. By deepening our scientific understanding of the connections that exist across domains of human health, we can better understand how conditions interrelate, define multimodal interventions that address these problems, and improve how we support patients through the full continuum of their health experience, including the return to health.
Overall Budget Policy: The FY 2022 President's Budget request for NCCIH is $184.3 million, an increase of $30.2 million or 19.6 percent above the FY 2021 Enacted level. $26.0 million of this increase will be allocated to expanding NCCIH research into pain and pain management.
Extramural Basic Research: Basic research on the fundamental biological effects of active components of interventions is central to the development of the evidence base on complementary and integrative health approaches and underpins the design of clinical research. While NCCIH continues its broad support of investigator-initiated research, the Center will also support translational research to optimize therapeutic effects through targeted initiatives. For example, NCCIH supports translational research to ascertain the biological effects of nonpharmacologic therapies on the brain with the ultimate goal of optimizing their effects. NCCIH is also energizing the research community to overcome the methodologic and technologic obstacles hindering basic research on natural products and nonpharmacologic therapies, as well as encouraging the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies to monitor and enhance these interventions. The following are recently published results from NCCIH-supported basic extramural research.
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute investigated the nervous system connections between rats' brains and stomachs. Most research on the gut–brain connection has focused on how the gut influences brain function. This study sought to identify how the brain influences gut function. Using a viral tagging system that travels from one neuron to another from the rats' stomachs to their brains, the scientists identified the brain areas that most directly influence involuntary control of the rat stomach. They found that this control was influenced primarily by two areas of the brain that are involved in regulating emotion and interoception (the perception of sensations from inside the body). These data highlight an interesting loop in which the brain's control of the stomach and its environment can be influenced by mental and emotional processes. The researchers noted that the findings from this study may provide targets for brain-based therapies for gastrointestinal disorders, which could involve altering stomach function and/or the microbiome using noninvasive transcranial stimulation alone or combined with cognitive-, behavioral-, and movement-based therapies.5
Scientists from Rutgers University examined the impact of abnormal Paneth cell lysozyme production on gut bacteria and intestinal inflammation. Paneth cells mostly reside in the small intestine and produce different antimicrobial proteins, including lysozyme. They play a critical role in the defense against a broad range of gut microbes. Paneth cell metaplasia (the presence of Paneth cells in the large intestine where they are not normally found in healthy individuals) is a characteristic feature of inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In this study, researchers found that disruption of Paneth cell lysozyme protected mice from colitis. The researchers further investigated the protective mechanism involved in gut commensal bacteria. They found that the aberrant lysozyme secretion by Paneth cells in the colon suppresses the growth of certain bacterial species, resulting in imbalance in the gut microbiota which leads to mucosal inflammation during colitis. The insights gained from this study may be helpful in developing new therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases, which affect 1.6 million people in the United States. However, further research is needed to determine whether the effects of Paneth cell lysozyme in humans are the same as those seen in the mouse models.6
Findings from a study conducted in rats suggest that dietary supplementation with polyphenols (naturally occurring compounds found in plant-derived foods) may reduce back pain associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. IVD is a common condition characterized by the breakdown of one or more of the discs that separate the bones of the spine, causing pain in the back or neck and often in the legs and arms. The study was a multisite collaboration involving researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (The Bronx), University of Pennsylvania, and Keiyu Orthopedic Hospital in Tatebayashi, Japan. While it is not yet fully understood how polyphenols work in the body, the researchers noted that the promising effect of reducing back pain from IVD injury warrants further study.7
Scientists at Harvard Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine investigated how acupuncture stimulation at specific body regions drives distinct nervous system pathways, with a particular focus on prevention and treatment of systemic inflammation. The researchers used systemic inflammation in mice as a model and found that acupuncture stimulation either reduces or increases systemic inflammation, depending on the dose, through specific nervous system pathways. The researchers also suggested that electroacupuncture has an advantage over manual acupuncture in that the intensity of electroacupuncture is easier to control. These findings may help to improve acupuncture practice and inform efficacy and safety trials for acupuncture as a therapeutic treatment.8
Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis
There is growing interest in the potential medical utility of cannabis and its constituents. The public perception that cannabis has a therapeutic benefit has led to its legalization in 33 U.S. states and the District of Columbia for medical reasons. However, there is little evidence to support the safety or efficacy of cannabis for the management of many of the symptoms and disorders for which it is used.
Pain is an exception. A growing body of literature suggests that the cannabis plant may have pain-relieving properties; however, cannabis is a Schedule I substance with known abuse potential and negative psychoactive effects. The question remains if the potential pain-relieving properties of cannabis can be separated from its negative properties. To address this question, more research is needed into the basic biological activity of the plant's diverse phytochemicals.
The cannabis plant contains more than 100 each of cannabinoids and terpenes (substances in cannabis that give the plant its strain-specific properties such as aroma and taste), each with its own pharmacology. The cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most widely studied and is responsible for the plant's addictive and psychoactive effects associated with a sense of euphoria or "high," however very few of the other cannabinoids and terpenes have been extensively studied.
Several NCCIH-funded studies are investigating the potential pain-relieving properties and mechanisms of action of substances in cannabis, including minor cannabinoids (those other than THC) and terpenes. The goal of these studies is to strengthen the evidence regarding cannabis components and whether they have potential roles in pain management. The ultimate goal of this effort is the potential development of a cannabis-based medication that maximizes its pain-relieving properties and minimizes its negative addictive and psychoactive effects.
The FY 2022 President's Budget request for extramural basic research is $65.3 million, an increase of $13.9 million compared with the FY 2021 Enacted level.
Extramural Clinical Research
The NCCIH extramural research program funds clinical investigations on complementary and integrative health practices and interventions. Projects range from small pilot studies to large-scale clinical trials and epidemiologic studies, including several collaborations between NIH Institutes and Centers and other Federal agencies. The following are recently published results from NCCIH-supported extramural clinical research.
Scientists at New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Boston University conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial to assess the efficacy of yoga for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a current evidence-based psychotherapy for GAD, but many people do not receive CBT because of cost, stigma, or logistical reasons. Increasingly, people are seeking complementary interventions, such as yoga, outside the traditional medical system. The current research helps to fill in the knowledge gap on the potential benefits of yoga for GAD and how it compares to CBT. The clinical trial consisted of 230 adults with GAD that were assigned to one of three interventions: yoga, CBT, or stress management education. The researchers concluded that yoga may be a helpful, but only moderately potent intervention for GAD. However, given the increasing costs of health care and barriers to accessing trained mental health professionals, yoga may play a role in GAD management as a more easily accessible intervention. Focusing future research on identifying individual characteristics that make a person more likely to respond to yoga versus CBT could help inform how yoga might be integrated into a stepped-care personalized treatment approach to anxiety disorders.9
Researchers from the University of Michigan and Rice University examined the effect of chiropractic care accessibility on health care spending. They identified nearly 85,000 older adults enrolled in Medicare who had a spine condition and who relocated once between 2010 and 2014. They assessed the patients' accessibility to health care for each year and estimated the effect of moving to an area of lower or higher chiropractic accessibility on spine-related spending adjusted for access to the practitioners. Although the researchers reported small differences in spending—$40 reduction in annual spending—on diagnostic imaging and tests for spine conditions, the cumulative effect could be quite large given the prevalence of spine conditions among older adults. This study is among the first to examine whether access to chiropractic care has any effect on Medicare spending. Future work may help determine if access to chiropractic care for Medicare beneficiaries in any way breaks the pathway to care that is discordant with practice guidelines.10
NCCIH's intramural research program is focused on understanding the central mechanisms of pain and its modulation, with the long-term goal of improving clinical management of chronic pain through the integration of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. Among topics of interest are the pathways and mechanisms by which expectations, emotions, attention, environment, and genetics modulate pain or pain processing. The program both engages and leverages the exceptional basic and clinical research talent and resources of other neuroscience and neuroimaging efforts within the NIH intramural community. The following are recently published results from NCCIH intramural research.
A team of scientists have developed a new technique, using human (adult) stem cells, to efficiently grow sensory nerve cells (neurons) in a dish. This new technique allowed scientists to identify a previously unknown type of sensory neuron, which is not present in commonly used animal models. Previous research has resulted in several existing methods, using human stem cells, to grow a mixture of sensory neuron subtypes that detect different kinds of stimuli like mechanical force, cold, and heat. This new work builds on these prior techniques to precisely generate individual subtypes of sensory neurons in high purity—including a previously unrecognized class of "cold-mechanoreceptor" neuron—which the researchers suggest could be used for drug screening and studying human disorders of touch and pain. The researchers applied their new method to generate sensory neurons from human patients with a rare genetic disorder called PIEZO2 deficiency. This disorder, which was previously investigated by NIH scientists, causes a lack of the senses of touch and body position (proprioception) from birth, and it also causes insensitivity to a category of chronic pain called mechanical allodynia. Here, it was found that neurons derived from these patients are completely insensitive to mechanical stimulation, and that they can be genetically corrected using CRISPR-Cas9 to restore their sensitivity. Altogether, by producing specific neuron subtypes from individual human patients, the findings in the study emphasize how stem cells can be used to investigate human-specific aspects of sensory biology. The researchers also note that further investigation will be crucial to determine the presence of additional unrecognized sensory neuron subtypes in humans, which may not be found in commonly used animal models.11
NCCIH analyzed data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2007–2015) for people newly diagnosed with a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition. The analysis looked at prescribed treatments at the first visit for pain. The data from 360,000 health care visits over a 9-year period indicated that many patients are initially prescribed opioids for a new chronic musculoskeletal problem. The analysis showed that opioid prescribing was double that of physical therapy. Analysts also noted that prescriptions for non-opioid medications tended to increase with patient age; opioid prescriptions peaked for patients between the ages of 25 and 64; and prescriptions for physical therapy decreased with increasing patient age. In addition, orthopedists were less likely than family practice physicians to prescribe drugs for these pain conditions, and they were more likely to prescribe physical therapy. The authors also pointed out that, per evidence-based guidelines, opioids should not be the first line of treatment, irrespective of preferences, and that opioids should not be recommended for routine management of chronic pain.12
The NIH Pain Research Center
Chronic pain affects millions of people, lacks effective treatments, and is a primary driver of opioid use disorders. Although it is a disease in its own right, pain is also associated with a wide range of medical conditions, including those found in many of the patients enrolled in studies within the NIH Clinical Center (CC). NCCIH is leading an effort to establish an intramural pain research center within the NIH CC.
The NIH Pain Research Center is an evolving, multidisciplinary, multi-Institute initiative. The mission of the Center is to create a pain classification platform within the NIH CC to better understand the mechanisms of diverse pain states in order to recommend personalized therapies to better manage or prevent the development of chronic pain. Three goals are: to identify specific pain mechanisms, to determine the efficacy of nonopioid treatments, and to predict individual patient response to therapies and outcomes. Recently, NCCIH and its NIH partners received an NIH Director's Challenge Innovation Award to help support this center.
The NIH Pain Research Center is currently conducting 10 research studies. One project explores the question of why some patients with sickle cell disease continue to have chronic pain after reversal of sickle formation. Another delves into the question of why some people develop opioid use disorder after opioid exposure and others do not. One treatment-related study examines the use of resiniferatoxin, a natural product and nonopioid medication, for postsurgical wound pain, and another will explore the use of hydroxynorketamine for treatment of chronic pain.
As the NIH Pain Research Center grows, the hope is that it will be a nexus for NIH intramural researchers to collaborate in deciphering mechanisms underlying pain and related conditions, develop new treatment strategies, and improve patient care.
The FY 2022 President's Budget request for NCCIH intramural research is $14.1 million, an increase of $1.3 million compared with the FY 2021 Enacted level.
Extramural Research Training and Capacity Building
Improving the capacity of the field to carry out rigorous research on complementary and integrative health approaches is a priority for the NCCIH. To increase the number, quality, and diversity of investigators conducting this research, NCCIH supports a variety of training and career development activities for pre- and post-doctoral students, and early career investigators. NCCIH's training strategies include innovative approaches that incorporate an understanding of the wide variety of modalities and specialization represented in complementary and integrative health field. In addition to scientists trained in key biomedical and behavioral research disciplines, the Center has opportunities for clinician-scientists, including conventionally trained physicians, complementary health practitioners, and other health care professionals (e.g., clinical psychologists, nurses) who conduct research across a wide range of complementary and integrative health approaches. NCCIH also has special opportunities for individuals from groups who are underrepresented in scientific research (e.g., racial and ethnic minority populations) and are interested in careers in complementary and integrative health research. In addition to these funding initiatives, NCCIH supports workshops to help students and fellows connect to NIH funding opportunities, understand how to interact with NIH staff to develop research proposals, navigate the NIH peer-review process successfully, develop resilience to overcome career roadblocks, and develop plans for a successful research career.
The FY 2022 President's Budget request for extramural research training and capacity building is $4.9 million, an increase of $0.2 million compared with the FY 2021 Enacted level. This program area does not include grant awards under the Career Mechanism, which are included in extramural basic research and extramural clinical research earlier in this narrative.
Research Management Support (RMS)
Through its RMS activities, NCCIH provides administrative, budgetary, information technology, logistical, and scientific support in the review, award, monitoring, and management of research grants, training awards, and contracts. RMS functions also encompass strategic planning, coordination, and evaluation of programs. The Center uses Qlik Sense to compile interactive reports and enhanced dashboards to provide NCCIH leadership with trend data and performance indicators to ensure responsible stewardship of public funds. In addition to these activities, NCCIH disseminates objective, evidence-based information to the public, scientists, and health care providers to help them make informed decisions about the use of complementary and integrative health practices. All information is freely available on the NCCIH website (nccih.nih.gov) or through the NCCIH Information Clearinghouse.
The FY 2022 President's Budget request for RMS is $20.2 million, an increase of $0.9 million compared with the FY 2021 Enacted level.
1Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012. National Health Statistics Reports; no. 95, 2016. OMID: 2735222.
2Nahin RL. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. The Journal of Pain. 2015;16(8):769-780.
3Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Institute of Medicine, 2011.
4Stussman BJ, Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Ward BW. U.S. physician recommendations to their patients about the use of complementary health approaches. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. November 25, 2019
5Levinthal DJ and Strick PL. Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. May 20, 2020.
6Yu S, Balasubramanian I, Laubitz D, et al. Paneth cell-derived lysozyme defines the composition of mucolytic microbiota and the inflammatory tone of the intestine. Immunity. 2020;53(2):398-416.
7Lai A, Ho L, Evashwick-Rogler TW, et al. Dietary polyphenols as a safe and novel intervention for modulating pain associated with intervertebral disc degeneration in an in-vivo rat model. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223435.
8Ma Q, Liu S, Wand Z, et al. Somatotopic organization and intensity dependence in driving distinct NPY-expressing sympathetic pathways by electroacupuncture. Neuron. August 12, 2020.
9Simon NM, Hofmann SG, Rosenfield D, et al. Efficacy of yoga vs cognitive behavioral therapy vs stress education for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 12.
10Davis MA, Yakusheva O, Liu H, et al. Access to chiropractic care and the cost of spine conditions among older adults. American Journal of Managed Care. 2019;25(8):e230-e236
11Nickolls AR, Lee MM, Espinoza DF, Szczot M, Lam R, Wang Q, Beers J, Zou J, Nguyen MQ, Solinski HJ, AlJanahi AA, Johnson KR, Ward ME, Chesler AT, Bönnemann CG. Transcriptional Programming of Human Mechanosensory Neuron Subtypes from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reports. 2020
12Feldman DE, Carlesso LC, and Nahin RL. Management of patients with a musculoskeletal pain condition that is likely chronic: results from a national cross sectional survey. The Journal of Pain. 2019.
Budget Authority by Object Class1
Total compensable work years:
Full-time equivalent 79 90 11
Full-time equivalent of overtime and holiday hours 0 0 0
Average salary, Commissioned Corps (42 U.S.C. 207) $142 $146 $4
11.1 Full-Time Permanent 7,368 7,762 394
11.3 Other Than Full-Time Permanent 2,466 2,690 224
11.5 Other Personnel Compensation 387 407 20
11.7 Military Personnel 204 237 32
11.8 Special Personnel Services Payments 1,036 1,256 220
11.9 Subtotal Personnel Compensation
12.1 Civilian Personnel Benefits 4,055 4,430 375
12.2 Military Personnel Benefits 137 159 22
Subtotal Pay Costs
21.0 Travel & Transportation of Persons 121 380 259
22.0 Transportation of Things 10 10 0
23.1 Rental Payments to GSA 19 20 0
23.3 Communications, Utilities & Misc. Charges 80 82 1
25.1 Consulting Services 4,749 4,939 191
25.2 Other Services 1,995 2,031 36
25.3 Purchase of goods and services from government accounts 13,929 14,739 810
25.5 R&D Contracts 4,491 5,158 667
25.6 Medical Care 102 106 4
25.7 Operation & Maintenance of Equipment 199 202 4
25.0 Subtotal Other Contractual Services
26.0 Supplies & Materials 396 403 7
31.0 Equipment 921 937 17
41.0 Grants, Subsidies & Contributions 111,410 138,371 26,961
42.0 Insurance Claims & Indemnities 0 0 0
Subtotal Non-Pay Costs
$138,426 $167,383 $28,957
Total Budget Authority by Object Class
Full-Time Permanent (11.1) $7,368 $7,762 $394
Other Than Full-Time Permanent (11.3) 2,466 2,690 224
Other Personnel Compensation (11.5) 387 407 20
Military Personnel (11.7) 204 237 32
Special Personnel Services Payments (11.8) 1,036 1,256 220
Subtotal Personnel Compensation (11.9)
Civilian Personnel Benefits (12.1) $4,055 $4,430 $376
Military Personnel Benefits (12.2) 137 159 22
Travel & Transportation of Persons (21.0) $121 $380 $259
Transportation of Things (22.0) 10 10 0
Communications, Utilities & Misc. Charges (23.3) 80 82 1
Consultant Services (25.1) 4,749 4,939 191
Other Services (25.2) 1,995 2,031 36
Purchases from government accounts (25.3) 9,944 10,423 479
Operation & Maintenance of Equipment (25.7) 199 202 4
Subtotal Other Contractual Services
Supplies & Materials (26.0) $396 $403 $7
Total Administrative Costs
Direct: 16 - 16 17 - 17 19 - 19
Total: 16 - 16 17 - 17 19 - 19
Direct: 7 1 8 10 1 11 13 1 14
Total: 7 1 8 10 1 11 13 1 14
Direct: 9 - 9 9 - 9 10 - 10
Total: 9 - 9 9 - 9 10 - 10
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
Total, ES Salary
General Schedule 0 0 0
Commissioned Corps (42 U.S.C. 207)
Ungraded 29 29 30
Total positions, end of year 95 95 106
Congressional Justification FY 2022 (2.24 MB PDF)
NCCIH FY 2022 Congressional Justification Fact Sheet (1.35MB PDF)


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The Eastern Region
Porta Caribe (South Region)
Reefs, Caves and Seawalls
Famous Beaches
Scuba, Kite Surfing
Rare Species
Galleries and Art Exhibits
The Richness of Puerto Rican Literature
Puerto Rican literature is about as old as the country itself. Early settlers would spend many hours describing their surroundings and experiences in this newly found country with picturesque and flowery language. Spanish writers like Fray Tomas de la Torre and Gonzalo Fernandez are high on the list of noteworthy literates.
The Spanish-American war in 1898 swung the direction of Puerto Rican literature almost 180 degrees. Known as the Generation of '98, many writers in this period chose to record details of the problems that arose when traditional Hispanic inhabitants of Puerto Rico tried to resist the eventual Americanization of the island. Luis Bonafoux and Federico Degetau are two of the many writers that followed this style of literature. Poets like Virgilio Davila and Luis Llorens Torres also put their poetic feelings on paper during this historical period.
Pedro Juan Soto is probably one of the more well known Puerto Rican writers because of his published works like 'Spiks' in 1956. Soto taught English in New York and was a bilingual writer who made a good name for himself during his lifetime.
Museo Las Americas
Inaugurated in 1992, the Museo de Las Americas in San Juan is a non-profit organization located in Norzagaray Street, San Juan. The museum is run and maintained through funds received from the Legislative Assembly and the Friends of the Museum private organization. The goal of the museum is to provide permanent and seasonal exhibitions whereby the public can gain an understanding of the ...
Las Casitas Resort
Las Casitas Resort is located on the northeastern tip of Puerto Rico, within easy reach of all the conveniences and attractions of Fajardo and the scenic Las Croabas lagoon. Consisting of one, two and three bedroom, fully equipped and serviced casitas (Spanish for cottages), Las Casitas Resort combines supreme comfort with an exotic setting and sweeping ocean views, resulting in an ideal ...
PuertoRico.com® is a non-government website designed to help travelers learn about the island of Puerto Rico. All trademarks, product names, logos, and the like, appearing on the site are the property of their respective owners.
© Copyright 1995-2020 PuertoRico.com. All rights reserved.
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This week on the Hater podcast, Amelie Gillette and Onion News Network Associate Producer Liz Koe share a fun and creative project you're sure to love: How to make your very own set of cornhusk dolls! They also talk about how this whole Roman Polanski arrest is really about art (if you're a delusional director); how tell-all books need to step up their game; and why the Brits love Friends. But mostly it's about the cornhusk dolls—the silent, non-existent cornhusk dolls.


This would query will return a PagedList of ContactLog.
The returned information gives us a tracked page log and explicit data logs, we can also see that we have a total count of records. Paging can be managed by using the PageIndex and PageSize properties of the query request.
This would return any document where first is 1 AND second is 2.
In the above example if our field is between 7 and 15 (inclusive) it would match.
In the above example if our field contains the word test it would match.
In the above example if our field contains a word ending with 'ing' it would match.
In the above example any document that has a field called fieldName would be returned. You can use a value of false if you want documents that do not contain a given field.
In the above example any document that where the field first is equal to 1,7,15 or 22 would be returned.
The not expects an inner operator so in the above example any document where first is not equal to 7 would be returned.
This would return any document where first is 1 OR second is 2.
In the above example if our field contains a word starting with 'goo' it would match.


I have been busy lately preparing for something that you will find out about soon! lol I love to tease!! This card on my desk for 2 weeks and I have finally finished it.
Don't you love the lush Maja Papers in blue for this card? I cut the papers with Spellbinders Enchanted Labels 28 die to make the design on the front. Tilda is mounted with dimensionals for a 3D effect.
Stampendous Aged Aqua Frantage is sprinkled all around the oval and heated from the backside. I love the effects.
I made my own rolled flowers and while they were drying, my son and the dog were playing and knocked them off the table so now they are a bit wonky. I put pearls inside and glued them over the Memory Box die elegant scrollwork.
I cut 2 rings from my glitter paper with 2 circle punches and painted the wooden bird white.
A side view to see the dimension better.
I hope you enjoyed my card today, have a wonderful weekend ahead. I plan on catching up with all my blogging friends this weekend, missing you!
This is absolutely gorgeous, Kelly. Love your attention to detail. Beautiful artwork.
Kelly this is absolutely gorgeous and I am loving those rolled flowers. Awesome colouring as well.
Wow! This is gorgeous! Your wedding cards are always beautiful!!
Love the dove with the double wedding rings!
Really pretty. Love the way you colored the background.
Oh so pretty, Kelly! The flowers and swirls are gorgeous! Love it!
Gorgeous card Kelly! Love all the pretty details! Thanks for joining us @ Tilda's Town this week! Have a wonderful weekend!
Wow!! this is so gorgeous Kelly wonderful design, love your frantage, rollled roses and of course that so sweet Tilda. A real beauty my dear.
Wowwww Kelly!!! This is incredibly GORGEOUS! Your details are sooooo STUNNING and I love how this feels so whimsical .. it's so PERFECT!!! Love it!
Very pretty Kelly! such a precious scene. I love all the details, absolutely stunning.the flowers are awesome. Well everything is just so beautiful Kelly! Hugs.
WOW....this is phenomenal, Kelly! I love how the gown comes off the card....outstanding design and coloring. Love the church and pairing it with Wedding Tilda is brilliant!
Kelly this is totally beautiful! Wow lots to admire here. Great colors and those flowers are great! You sure one busy lady!!
Very beautiful Kelly and I agree about the papers, they're dry pretty! Love your colouring and the roses look superb, I would never have known :-)! Hope you had a good week, looking forward to hearing your secret LOl! Hugs, Chris.
Your card is absolutely gorgeous! I love your rolled flowers.
Beautiful Kelly! Gorgeous Wedding scene! love it! So glad you linked up to Tilda's Town Challenges! Thanks for playing!
Fabulous Kelly! I love this little scene and that Magnolia is one of my faves. I like the blue and those little rolled roses.
So pretty and romantic, Kelly - gorgeous, sparkly and such fabulous flowers!
Lovely! Great background. Anyone would be thrilled to receive this.
Wow kelly sure do miss all these spectacular creations!!!!! What a gorgeous scene you made!!!!! Such a keepsake for sure!!!!!! Have a great day my friend!!!!!
So very pretty! The recipient will treasure this forever!
Beautiful card, Kelly. Wonderful scene you've created. Love this Tilda image--yet I still haven't coloured mine...LOL. Your rolled flowers are gorgeous.
I sure am glad you finished this card because it is so beautiful! Love those flowers!!


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Q: Why jQuery cant get updated data-id As you can see on click i change data-id on button .dropdown-toggle if you check in browser inspect element menu you will see data-id is change everytime when you click different a element but console.log show everytime same data-id, any ideas why this and how to fix it ?

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What French term does most every American boy over the age of 5 know and use?
The fact is, most young boys are fascinated by swords.
But did you know that for some people, the fascination continues into adulthood? Sword collecting has been and continues to be a popular hobby among some grown-ups. We haven't been able to locate any figures about the number of sword collectors in the United States, but judging from the number of Web sites and blogs devoted to the subject, including darksteelreplica.com and 2-clicks-swords.com, it must be quite a few.


Sunday, November 26, 2006. 10:00 AM, PST.
Wow, after beating the Seahawks last weekend, the Niners are riding a wave of hope unseen in these parts since the surprises of the Mooch era. Three game winning streak! Wow. The defense has simplified and held together. The offense has minimized mistakes and they hit the opposition directly in the mouth with power running.
Head Coach Nolan II's master plan to turn the 49ers into the West Coast Ravens appears to be a year ahead of schedule. The Niners are beating teams with more talent then themselves, and are no longer laughingstocks. Fans are upbeat, and despite the stadium crap, right now it feels pretty good to be among the 49er Faithful.
This week to St. Louis go the Niners, where the Rams have come apart as thoroughly as succulent turkey falls off the bone.
Despite a bunch of impressive "skill players" preexisting on their offense, the Rams can't get it together with their regime change. Their new offensive scheme is sputtering behind a dinged-up o-line. STL LT Orlando Pace, one of the NFL's best, is lost for the season with a triceps injury.


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Crop downgrades set to be the worst since 20101 month, 3 weeks ago
Crop downgrades set to be the worst since 2010
Gregor Heard@grheard 25 Nov 2021, 11 a.m.
Heavy rain is likely to cause significant quality issues in the winter crop.
The heavy November rain will take a big toll on Australia's winter crop quality, with analysts forecasting the worst downgrades since 2010.
HEAVY harvest rain is likely to lead to the most significant crop downgrading event since the record-breaking floods of the 2010-11 harvest.
Australian Crop Forecasters analyst James Maxwell said while the forecast big yields were unlikely to suffer materially as a result of the record-breaking rain, grain quality was a different issue.
"At best there is not going to be any APH high protein wheat coming off in central and southern NSW after this rain," Mr Maxwell said.
RELATED: Record-breaking November rain
RELATED: La Nina declared
"The level of the damage will depend on what happens from here, but you look at the 14-day weather outlook and it is not great, especially for NSW, there are likely further heavy falls and there really isn't a lot of sun and wind to dry things out," he said.
"You'd have to think the downgrading is going to get worse from what we have seen already."
AgScientia analyst Lloyd George was more reserved.
"We haven't seen people get back into it yet and often the crop can handle one rain," Mr George said.
"If there is follow-up rain then we're definitely likely to see widespread downgrading but the rain has been very patchy so hopefully there are areas that escape with less damage," he said.
Mr Maxwell said the difference between the 2010-11 harvest, where La Nina-inspired rain saw huge chunks of crop downgraded and this year was the amount of grain already in the bin.
"Most of Queensland managed to get their crop off prior to the rain, we estimate it was 80-90pc finished before the falls and was H2 or better quality," he said.
"Even in northern NSW there was a lot of grain coming off before the rain hit, although protein levels were down as a result of the wet and cool year.
"Hopefully in southern areas there is not a lot of rain so we will have a reasonable volume of grain that is not impacted by weather, but there is no doubt there will be plenty that is."
"There is a lot in common with 2010 but fortunately there is more grain in the bin before the rain this time around."
Both Mr George and Mr Maxwell said the Central West in NSW was one area to monitor for substantial downgrading.
Mr Maxwell said forecast rain this week would also cause issues through the Riverina.
In South Australia Michelle Bammann, Ground Up Agronomy, who focuses on the state's Mid North and Mallee regions, said the rain so far was likely to be a problem for barley.
"We've still got a little bit of green in the wheat so it should be OK, but in the barley there is already some black tip," Ms Bammann said.
"We're expecting the barley to be downgraded which is a shame as it is the first year in a while we've seen a solid premium for malt barley emerge," she said.
"However, we're hoping if it dries out and warms up the wheat won't be impacted which would be fantastic."
Mr George said the market would be difficult to predict following the rain.
"I think we'll all look to take stock and see what happens over the next couple of weeks, I would not imagine there is a lot of action with sales until more is known."
Mr Maxwell said there was very strong demand for higher protein grades, but still good interest in feed wheat.
"The market will need to get a handle on the crop will do quality wise but there will be a home for it all and at good prices in the historical context," he said.
Start the day with all the big news in agriculture! Sign up below to receive our daily Farmonline newsletter.
The story Crop downgrades set to be the worst since 2010 first appeared on Farm Online.


How good has March been?
We were all coping with the cold and protecting ourselves against the extremely cold weather until,one day in March,this happened.
You don't easily come across people who are willing to host you in their home,feed you with good Ghanaian food,take you on tours,pay for your train and bus tickets and eventually, make you a member of their family.
I love France for the number of school holidays it blesses students with.Last year, my Christmas break was for 6 weeks. This week, my winter break began,it is for 10 days.
No matter how busy we get,we should always make time for THE ONE WHO MADE TIME. JESUS IS ALWAYS THERE FOR US. Let's make quality time and talk to Him no matter how busy we get.
I thank God for my family and friends who still pray for me even though I am out of sight and we don't talk that often.I love you all and "I miss you" is an understatement.


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My War against the Nazis, My War against the Nazis, 0817354174, 0-8173-5417-4, 978-0-8173-5417-6, 9780817354176, , , My War against the Nazis, 0817381287, 0-8173-8128-7, 978-0-8173-8128-8, 9780817381288,
My War against the Nazis
A Jewish Soldier with the Red Army
Adam Broner, with a foreword by Antony Polonsky
Fire Ant Series
Browse this Book on Google
A poignant account of the perils and fortunes of an indomitable survivor of violence in Eastern Europe during World War II.
In 1939, to escape Nazi occupation, 14-year-old Adam Broner and his older brother Sam left their home and family in Lodz, Poland, and made their way to the Soviet Union. Adam enlisted in the Red Army to join the fight against the Nazis but was sent to work in a Siberian coal mine instead when his nationality was discovered. After a bold and daring escape from Siberia, Broner reached the Soviet Polish Kosciuszko Army, joined the struggle against the Nazis, participated in the liberation of Poland, and rode victorious into Berlin in 1945. He later learned that his parents, siblings (except Sam), and all other close relatives had perished during the war.
Broner rebuilt his life, established a family, returned to Moscow for a degree in economics, and then went back to Poland, where he accepted a job in the Polish central planning agency. Eventually fed up with the growing anti-Semitism of the Communist government there, the author emigrated to the United States in 1969. He earned a doctorate from Princeton University and served as an economic adviser to New Jersey governors and the state legislature. In retirement, Broner learned portrait painting and reproduced the likenesses of his parents and siblings from memory, which are presented along with their biographies in this book.
In recounting his struggle for survival during some of the most dramatic upheavals of the 20th century— the Great Depression, Nazism, World War II, and the spread of Communism in Central Europe— Broner reveals a life dedicated to the ultimate goal of freedom, which he achieved through a combination of arduous effort and fortunate circumstance.
Adam Broner is former secretary of the New Jersey Economic Policy Council and lives to day in Sarasota, Florida.
Antony Polonsky is the Albert Abramson Chair of Holocaust Studies, an appointment held jointly at Brandeis University and the United States Holocaust Museum. He is author of The History of Poland since 1863 and The Little Dictators: A History of Eastern Europe since 1918.
"This well-written and compelling autobiography is an important memoir. . . . The account of Broner's life is interspersed with well-drawn and often moving accounts of pre-war Jewish life and the members of his family."
— Antony Polonsky, editor of A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto
"An interesting first-hand account of the maelstrom of Polish history in the 20th century. . . . Insight on the relationship between Jewish and non-Jewish Poles in the post-war years, as well as the government's stance on Jewish matters, will be regarded as a high point of this book."
— Jay Howard Geller, author of Jews in Post-Holocaust Germany
Hitler's Soldier in the U.S. Army
by Werner H. Von Rosenstiel
To the Far Side of Hell
by Derrick Wright
Forth to the Mighty Conflict
by Allen Cronenberg
Montgomery in the Good War
by Wesley Phillips Newton


Only a few weeks into my first visit to Japan several years back, it became clear to me that sake was more than just a drink. I was told by my Japanese friends that in times past, sake was consumed strictly on religious occasions and the first cup of sake was placed as an offering to the gods before the rest was poured out for the gathering. Sake anoints just about every important event – housewarming, births, the launching of new ventures and even the onset of seasons. In a traditional Japanese wedding custom that has been observed since ancient times, the nuptial bond is sealed with a toast of sake sipped from three cups. I call that a capital idea to steady a couple for the ride that marriage promises.
So just what is sake? While it's commonly referred to as a rice wine, it's actually a brew that's made from a special rice called sakamai, yeast and a mould called koji. In fact, koji mould is also used to make two typically Japanese seasonings – miso and soy sauce. It's this little spore that's responsible for breaking down the starch in rice and setting it on its way to becoming an alcohol of no mean repute.
Japan boasts several thousand brands of sake, all with a distinct taste. However sake can be broadly classified according to how far down the rice has been milled – premium sake uses rice that has been milled to the maximum. Premium sake itself may either be pure sake or sake that has been fortified with extra alcohol.
When it comes to serving, there's the matter of temperature. I've had a few friends back home ask me if it's really true that sake is warmed on occasion. It's true and winter's the perfect time to try out some warm Junmai. And where else but at the Japanese restaurant and bar that has the largest range of sake in the country – Edo, at ITC Gardenia, Bengaluru. Enjoy it along with a selection of traditional grilled meats or even sashimi.


The battle against antibiotic resistance should be fought by all health care professionals. It is well known that antimicrobial restriction, including pre-prescription authorization, is not more effective than the persuasive strategy in achieving the goal of controlling antimicrobial use in the long term. Moreover, in many settings there may be inadequate personnel for a restrictive approach, and restriction strategies fail to consider the appropriateness of use of non-restricted antimicrobials, which makes up the vast majority of antimicrobials used in the hospital. The impact on surgeon autonomy with antimicrobial restriction may also create barriers to collaboration with members of the ASP resulting in less communication about stewardship. Therefore, the emphasis needs to be on surgeon incorporation into the ASP and education overall.
ASP policies should be based on both international/national antibiotic guidelines, and tailored to local microbiology and resistance patterns. Facility-specific treatment recommendations, based on guidelines and local formulary options promoted by the APS team, can guide clinicians in antibiotics selection and duration for the most common indications for antibiotic use. Standardizing a shared protocol of antibiotic prophylaxis should represent the first step of any ASP. Since physicians are primarily responsible for the decision to use antibiotics, educating them and changing the attitudes and knowledge that underlie their prescribing behavior are crucial for improving antibiotic prescription.
Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. Infections are common conditions across the surgical pathway. Some of the most common surgical conditions, such as appendicitis and cholecystitis are infectious in nature. Additionally, healthcare-associated infections, such as surgical site infections (SSIs), urinary tract infections, and pneumonia, are among the most common complications surgeons face in their clinical practice. The importance of the prevention and control of SSIs has been well recognized and the effectiveness of interventions has been extensively studied and many of them have been demonstrated as being effective, including surveillance systems, pre-operative preparation for the patient, appropriate administration of antibiotics prophylaxis before the initiation of surgery, aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, careful and skilled surgical technique, and postoperative surgical site or wound care. The use of antibiotics prophylaxis in the prevention and reduction in the incidence of SSIs is widespread and evidences have demonstrated the importance of timing of administration, selection of the agent, and duration of the prophylaxis. Despite this evidences, the recommendations are not routinely followed and antibiotics are used excessively and inappropriately for the prevention of SSIs.


The Washington Capitals have been trashed by the Pittsburgh Penguins in an away match failing to secure the Metropolitan Division title and the No. 1 playoff seed in the Eastern Conference on Sunday.
The Capitals' defenseman John Carlson missed the game with a lower-body injury.
Earlier, Russia-IC quoted the Caps main coach Trotz as saying that "we'll be prepared for Pittsburgh and they will be prepared for us. They are trying to stay in, they will be desperate. ... They will be a very, very focused hockey club playing at a very high level tomorrow."
Neither Ovi or Kuzy scored while Dmitry Orlov was credited with an assist.
You can watch the highlights of the game here.


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Endpoint Security , Fraud Management & Cybercrime , Ransomware
North Carolina County Suffers Repeat Ransomware Infections
Third Time is the Charm as Orange County Keeps Having to Recover? Scott Ferguson (@Ferguson_Writes) • March 21, 2019
A North Carolina county is recovering from the third ransomware attack that has hit its IT systems in the last six years. However, a spokesman says that no data has been lost or stolen.
See Also: Webinar | The Future of Adaptive Authentication in Financial Services
The ransomware attack against Orange County, North Carolina, was first detected by the government's IT staff on Monday. Some of the areas affected by the incident include the computers at the local library, the tax department, the planning board and the county register of deeds, which means real estate closings and marriage licenses could not be processed.
The county's sheriff's department was also disrupted and deputies could not access criminal records or other information, officials say.
By Wednesday, the county's IT department says it had isolated the ransomware and was working on restoring the more than 100 computers affected by the latest attack against the local government. A spokesman for the county told Information Security Media Group that no data had been stolen or lost.
"Right now we can confirm that the county detected an encryption virus on our computer network early Monday morning. At this point, no data has been lost or any sensitive information stolen. The attack is still under investigation," Orange County spokesman Todd McGee wrote in an email to ISMG.
"Almost all of our services have been restored, but we can't put a definite timeline for when all will be back up," McGee added. "We have not received a ransom request."
Why Some Targets Tempt
It's the third time in six years that this one county has been hit by ransomware, local CBS affiliate WNCN reports.
It's not clear what particular strain of ransomware hit Orange County, and the county says this latest incident remains under investigation by local law enforcement, as well as the FBI.
The county has not disclosed how it was originally infected. But in an email to ISMG, Terence Jackson, CISO at Washington-based Thycotic, a provider of privileged access management tools, says these types of attacks often involve either a phishing email, which then delivers the ransomware to the network, or a system that has somehow been infected by malware that was not detected or blocked by preventative software.
Previous behavior may also be partly to blame. "With this being the third attack in six years, I can't help but wonder if the county has previously paid a ransom that has put them in attackers cross hairs or if this is just bad cyber hygiene," Jackson says. "It appears they did offline the network to prevent additional harm, but recovery time will greatly depend the state of their backups. Hopefully they have good ones."
Hackers Shop Local
Orange County is not the only local government entity to have been recently hit by ransomware.
Earlier this month, Jackson County in Georgia paid a $400,000 ransom to attackers after being crippled by a ransomware attack. In this case, officials confirmed that their IT systems had been hit by a strain of Ryuk, which was the same malware used in a very targeted attack against the Tribune Publishing company in late December 2018.
Throughout parts of 2017 and 2018, meanwhile, multiple local government agencies and cities, including Newark, New Jersey; Atlanta, the Colorado Department of Public Transportation, the Port of San Diego as well as several hospitals were all hit by the SamSam ransomware, which locked up some IT systems for weeks and cost local officials millions of dollars to recover from.
In late 2018, the U.S. Justice Department indicted two Iranian nationals in connection with some of the SamSam attacks.
Budgets Matter
One of the reasons why more local governments are being targeted by ransomware is because they may lack the resources required to maintain robust cybersecurity policies, practices or procedures. Inadequate spending on security also means that officials cannot hire the necessary talent to fully staff IT teams, said Chris Morales, the head of security analytics at Vectra, a San Jose, Calif.-based threat detection and response firm.
To prove that point, Morales did a quick analysis of Orange County and its local budget.
"I was able to easily go to the Orange County website and gain information on lots of interesting details, which is exactly what an attacker would do when scoping a target. Per the 2010 census, the population of Orange County, North Carolina, is 133,801 with a median income of $42,372. The county budget is driven by property tax, which for 2018 was $139.6 million. These funds are used for public services, schools, and other county needs," Morales told ISMG.
"These are things that people ask for from their governments with little understanding for cybersecurity," Morales added. "The IT budget at Orange County for capital expenditure in 2018 was $3.4 million. For comparison, Bank of America spends more than $500 million a year on cybersecurity, [or] three times more than the total revenue of Orange County."
So perhaps it's not surprising that with the lack of cybersecurity resources, crypto-locking malware extortionists are continuing try and hold local governments to ransom.
"A small county would have limited funds left for cybersecurity, and attackers understand and know this type of information," Morales said. "This is why local governments and small businesses have always made for easy targets."
Magecart Nightmare Besets E-Commerce Websites
Beyond Phishing: The New Face of Cybersecurity Awareness
Scott Ferguson
Managing Editor, News Desk
Ferguson is the managing editor for the news desk at Information Security Media Group. He's been covering the IT industry for more than 13 years. Before joining ISMG, Ferguson was editor-in-chief at eWEEK and director of audience development for InformationWeek. He's also written and edited for Light Reading, Security Now, Enterprise Cloud News, TU-Automotive, Dice Insights and DevOps.com.
https://www.inforisktoday.com/north-carolina-county-suffers-repeat-ransomware-infections-a-12217


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Gerard P. Dewan was not a New Yorker, and he would have told you that. He was a Bostonian, the son of a firefighter, who in turn was the son of a firefighter. But there were no jobs going in the Boston Fire Department, and so he took the southbound bus and began his career in New York five years ago.
Gerry Dewan, 35, just wanted to be a firefighter, said his friend and landlord, Sean Cummins, also a firefighter. He was one of the first rescuers to enter the twin towers. Along with 11 others from Ladder Company 3/Battalion 6 in Lower Manhattan, he never made it out.
He is the first member of his family to die in the line of duty, Mr. Cummins said. He was not married, but had always planned to have children and move home to Boston. In the meantime, he found a family in the Cummins household in Rockaway Park, Queens, where he rented a basement apartment. Two nights before the calamity, he was helping write the names of the Cummins children on their crayons for the first day of school. "He finally found a home with us," Mr. Cummins said.
Profile published in THE NEW YORK TIMES on December 21, 2001.