Before sound systems existed, the large grand Cinemas of the past were modelled on Opera houses with an orchestra pit in front of the screen which was later replaced by an organ that came up through the floor. Opera houses evolved to make use of reverberation to increase sound level to the audience. Many composers including Mozart hated the excessive reverberation of large concert halls which restricted their music. Mozart often preferred to perform outside where the detail of the music could be heard as he intended.
The cost of increasing sound level by reverberation is at the loss of intelligibility. What evolved was an imagined ideal of correct reverberation, that is, reflective area around the opera stage of short distances (short path-lengths) opening up to larger areas of longer distances (long path-lengths).
It can be argued that specific pieces of classical music suit different characteristics of reverberation. But there is no such thing as one type of reverberation that suits all classical music and all acoustic instruments. When sound systems evolved, cinemas became trapped with the problems associated with the excessive reverberation of large auditoriums.
The subject of architecture is obsessed with status and visual form, often with little or no interest in what cannot be seen (acoustics). Many architects believe that city environment including our homes and especially auditoriums and cinemas should be as reverberant as possible. Sound absorbed is negatively described as 'room loss'. Inadequate and false understanding of acoustics has directly contributed to the excessive noise pollution of our cities.
Many early large cinemas had little or no acoustical absorption. Decorative ceilings may provide sound diffusion but little absorption. No cinema goer is interested at looking at an ornate foyer or the inside of the cinema when watching a film. The money wasted would have been better spent on properly acoustically treating the cinema.
Modern multiplexes often have red pleated curtains on walls which is mostly decorative and will absorb high frequencies, but may have little effect on absorbing low-frequencies. Often there is no acoustical absorption on ceilings except for standard acoustical tiles used in most office buildings.
When surround sound evolved, the Academy directive stated that the story must not be dependant on the added sound tracks. An audience attending a mono only cinema must be able to understand the story. Because excessive slap echoes and reverberation destroy intelligibility and stereo imaging, the added sound tracks have limited effect. Many films are produced with dialogue from the center speaker only, left-right and surrounds minimally used similar to the percentages shown in the below pic.
A simple hand clap at the front of the cinema will reveal the slap echoes across the walls floor and ceiling which evolve into reverberation, and will be clearly heard. As a general rule the first early reflections within 30 milli-seconds are heard as being part of the direct sound. Whereas after 30 milli-seconds the later slap echoes and reverberation are heard as being from the room.
But most often the sound from the speakers will be continuous and constantly generating slap echoes and reverberation throughout the cinema room, which becomes included within the following information from the speakers, continuing the cycle.
Regardless of those who argue that reverberation provides an agreeable aesthetic experience, it will in varying degrees mask and contaminate the new incoming sound and directly interfere with speech intelligibility, destructively changing what we are hearing from what the director intended, potentially undermining the story line of the film.
The wall curtains, seats and audience absorb sound, differently at all frequencies. The time for reverberation (at any one frequency) to diminish to -60dB (1/1,000,000) of its original energy, is called Reverberation Time (RT or T60).
The majority of modern cinemas are concrete constructed which limits sound escaping from the room. The curtain material on walls absorbs high frequencies but has little effect on absorbing low frequencies as in the pic below. If pleated curtain material absorbs 50% (-3dB) of sound energy at 500Hz the sound would have to strike the curtain 20 times to be reduced to 0.0001% (-60dB). -3dB is only heard as a slight reduction.
Compare a small and large cinema made from the same building materials, and fire a cap gun. Sound travels at approx 344m (1125ft) per second. Each time sound strikes a wall, a % is absorbed and a % is reflected, so on and so on. The average distance between walls floor and ceiling is described as 'Mean free path' or 'Mean free time'.
In a small cinema the average distance between walls is closer compared to a larger cinema. Sound will be absorbed and reflected from walls more often (in the same period of time). In a large older cinema without curtain material on walls, the hi-frequency reverberant energy will be less absorbed and appear brighter, except for air attenuation. However in a smaller modern multiplex cinema with curtain material on the walls the hi-frequencies will be readily absorbed but not the bass frequencies, therefore the reverberant bass energy will appear to be greater.
Bass frequencies have long wavelengths and due to propagation directivity, the inverse square law does not apply in a small cinema. This is similar to sub-bass in vehicles.
Due to the tradition of how cinema sound is calibrated in most multiplexes, the direct on-axis energy from the speakers is aligned to sound harsh or trebly, relying on the reverberant propagation bass energy, to fill in the difference. This traditional alignment approach is critically questioned further in this text.
In a large cinema the bass energy will have less propagation from the walls, and the inverse square law will apply to some degree. At two-thirds of the way back in a large cinema the bass energy will be less by comparison. Overall there is still insufficient absorption for low frequencies. This causes the lower end of the sound spectrum to be muddled. Action films depend on bass energy for effect, which is recent in film history, and most cinemas were designed before this trend came about.
The management of acoustics for entertainment venues requires understanding Critical distance. Critical Distance is where the direct sound from the speakers and reverberant sound energies are equal. The Critical Distance is different at all frequencies. The more reverberant a room, the closer is Critical Distance. The more absorbent a room, the further is Critical Distance.
Direct sound from the speaker system diminishes in level as a function of the distance (inverse square law) whereas reverberation constantly spreads throughout the cinema room. Because there is always new sound from the speakers, reverberation keeps building up until the incoming sound, equals the sound absorbed (steady-state). At speech the direct sound energy may be equal to the reverberant, but at the lower frequencies the reverberant energy may be 4 to 10 times greater than the direct.
If reverberant energy becomes 12dB or greater than the direct sound from the speakers, toward the rear of the cinema, intelligibility becomes lost. The simplest way to find 'Critical Distance' is to play compressed pop music through the sound system. Walk around the room, and you will be surprised how easy it is to identify the critical distance.
Good acoustic design in all entertainment and cinema venues requires the Critical Distance to be as far as possible from the sound source, and any resultant reverberation minimal and even at all frequencies. Un-even reverberation imposes annoying colouration in the sound. It is understandable that 100% anechoic is not physically possible in a large public environment but the closer to achieving it the better.
This text dictates that there is no such thing as one characteristic of reverberation that suits all applications and music. Those who argue for cinema room reverberation providing an aesthetic pleasing experience are describing personal preference only related to themselves, similar to chocolate versus vanilla. The correct reverberation is the decision of film director (not the cinema) heard from an excellent sound system, especially from excellent surrounds, preferably as a horizontal line source.
Acoustical absorption of furnishing and curtain fabrics against walls, readily absorb high frequencies, but have limited absorption at low frequencies. The further curtain fabrics are placed away from walls, the better the absorption is to include lower frequencies. The amount of sound energy absorbed depends on type of material, weight and pleating width. Rock wool (fibreglass) has the highest absorption capacity, converting molecular air movement to heat (at molecular level). Fibreglass consists of minute razor sharp fibres that are irritant and need to be contained within fabric.
The 1/4 wave-length rule. Acoustically absorbent material must be placed away from walls and ceiling, at a distance of 1/4 wavelength of the lowest frequency to be absorbed. This will include all higher frequencies if the absorbent material is soft furnishing or fibreglass. Please note that the ceiling should also be included.
Understandably, placing acoustical absorbent material 2m (6ft) from all walls may be thought of as impractical but the closer to achieving it the better. The slight reduction in the visual size of the cinema, will only be noticed when the lights are on. Acoustically the cinema will sound and feel LARGER. Also an acoustic absorbent environment is relaxing and calming and greatly enhances the enjoyment of the film.
Pirates. A film of a pirate ship on the open seas is in contradiction to the echoes and reverberation we are hearing from the cinema. Visually this is similar to putting mirrors on cinema walls, or watching a film with the lights on.
Only if the cinema approaches being anechoic at all frequencies does the auditory experience of being on the open seas with the pirates appear real. The pirates are caught and locked in a cell. The recorded reverberation of the cell should be heard from the surround speakers only. This gives us a feeling of being in the cell with the pirates trying to escape.
The human mind evolved to un-consciously obtain intelligence from direct sound, by psychologically separating the reverberant sound to give us an accurate acoustical sense of distance and the size of a cave or room. The open ocean, forest or field, give little or zero reverberation or echo.
Anechoic myth There is a myth that being in a 100% anechoic environment is an emotionally negative experience. This myth needs to be well and truly busted. The myth possibly originated from experiments on university students during the 1950s, who were locked in a tiny anechoic test chamber, to represent being buried alive in a small airless coffin, with no possibility of escape, to find out how they would emotionally react.
Social experiments have proved that when living in a noise polluted city, to be able to find solace in a silent softly furnished acoustic absorbent environment, with free access to come and go as we please; all of us, that is, everyone without exception, relaxes letting go of anxiety and stressful thoughts.
When the lights are dimmed with beautiful music 'particularly classical' the experience becomes almost magical. The most wonderful enhancement before any film is a prologue of the music for approx 5 minutes. If only cinema management fully understood this, what a magical experience going to the movies would be.
Any cinema can be simply made to be close to anechoic at low cost, by simply approaching the solution in small steps. Fibreglass or Rockwool is in-expensive and can be placed into open low weight frames. There is possibly nothing else that will work as well, except asbestos. The fibreglass or Rockwool needs to be contained in fabric that stops irritant fibres getting loose. Polyester fibre has some acoustic absorption at high-frequencies but is ineffective at low frequencies, so don't use it.
The containing fabric should have to have its own fire retardant specification to comply with public building approvals. The installation procedure can be done all at once, or spread out over time in small steps so not to interfere with session times. Check that the installed procedure is compliant with correct fire and building regulations, including insurance.
'C' weighting is the flat acoustic measurement response applied to sound systems and entertainment venues including cinemas and recording studios. 'A' weighting measurement is for environmental and industrial noise measurement and includes building materials. 'A' weighting is not a flat response measurement because it is insensitive to bass frequencies, similar to our hearing at a low loudness level.
'A' weighting All building materials are quoted in 'A' weighting measurement and therefore these measurements cannot be used in reference to bass frequency acoustical absorption and transmission reduction when applied to cinemas and entertainment venues. However it is simple to do cross calculations to the 'C' weighting measurement to obtain a flat frequency response reference to include the lower frequencies.
Many companies that supply acoustic absorbent material that complies with fire regulations will advise correctly. Excellent information is available on their sites.
Many architectural companies that specialise in acoustics do exceptionally good work and need to be commended. But there are also questionable companies that market themselves as acoustic specialists. Many entertainment venues and cinemas have been caught out by building approvals that were for the 'A' weighting measurement only, and were later closed down because of excessive bass noise leakage.
Questionable practices The worst practices are from kickbacks made from specifying expensive materials falsely described as absorbent that may be polyester fibre or a grey hardened variation of it. A 1.2m x 1.8m (4ft x 6ft) sheet, or its equivalent size in large rolls may be approx $5 from the importer, but when sold through high mark-up distributors that re-label the material it can be on-sold for x10 approx of its original price with a high % kickback to the specifying expert.
Acoustics is not rocket science, and there is not one thing about the subject that can not be explained to a primary school child. Things to be suspicious of.
Telling you something you can not understand.
Doing expensive analysis with elaborate test equipment.
Discounting the 1/4 wavelength rule.
Insists on using absorbent material that looks like polyester fibre.
Not willing to volunteer demonstration against fibreglass or Rockwool.
Smooth sales talk, bragging and name dropping.
Representing a logo of a licensing company with a large yearly fee.
Repeat Do not accept any material as being acoustically absorbent sold by a so called expert or specification sheet, unless it has been proved to be so. Always insist on a direct comparison to Rockwool or fibreglass, by simply holding it up to your ear and doing an A B check.


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Home / E-Juice Review / DKS Marshall E-Liquid Review
DKS Marshall E-Liquid Review
E-Juice Review, Marshall - DKS, TOBACCO FLAVOR Leave a comment 781 Views
Strength: 0 mg
I learned about DKS E-Liquid through a recent press release, and my interest was immediately piqued. DKS E-Liquid is a subsidiary of DKS Aromatic an Italian company with more than 40 years of experience in the food flavoring industry and thus boasts a pedigree most other e-liquid companies can't match.
Also, the company apparently has its method of extracting propylene glycol from 100 percent non-GMO corn. In fact, DKS E-Liquid claims to use no artificial ingredients in its e-liquids whatsoever.
As if all of this wasn't interesting enough, DKS E-Liquid is also the first e-liquid company I've seen to date that specializes exclusively in zero-nicotine e-liquids. Not only should this free DKS from the majority of the e-cigarette regulations that are likely to start popping up around the world shortly, but it could also make DKS the go-to e-liquid company for e-smokers working toward eliminating their nicotine consumption.
To date, every zero nicotine e-liquid I've tried has tasted rather empty, lacking in any throat hit or flavor intensity. I asked DKS if it would be possible for them to provide some review samples, figuring that if any company could create a zero nicotine e-liquid that I could honestly recommend, it would be a company with 40 years of experience in creating flavors.
Within a few days, I had a review package from DKS that was truly astounding in size. DKS E-Liquid Review Package Although DKS E-Liquid doesn't currently have a presence in the United States; my understanding is that they will soon.
However, one lucky US-based reader will soon have an opportunity to get a preview of DKS; my DKS e-liquid review package includes two of nearly every flavor the company makes, and I will soon be giving every duplicate bottle away. Subscribe to eDripping on Feedburner so that you won't miss the contest announcement!
Today's topic is DKS Marshall, an e-liquid that's intended to resemble Kentucky tobacco. When I tasted it, I was surprised and impressed because the first flavor note I identified was one that I've never tasted in an e-liquid before: burning leaves.
The EPA strongly recommends against burning leaves these days because of the various nasties that get released into the air such as hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide.
When I was a child, though, the smell of burning leaves was a quintessential smell of autumn. DKS Marshall immediately endeared itself to me when I detected that aroma. I could also taste quite a bit of sweetness as well as something that I thought might be an extract of bourbon, along with a very faint note resembling grape tannin.
It's been said that a couple of drops of alcohol can enhance the throat hit of an e-liquid. This might explain why DKS Marshall has a very slight effect on the throat even without nicotine.
It has more of a scratchy character than the throat hit you'd get from an e-liquid with nicotine, and it's very mild, but it's enough to remind you that you're actually inhaling something.
DKS advertises its e-liquids as having 200% flavor for a reason; it means that you can add your nicotine base without fear that you'll no longer be able to taste the flavor of the e-liquid you started.
I tested this by mixing DKS Marshall half-and-half with Halo Fusion for a total nicotine strength of 18 mg. When I did this, the sweetness of the e-liquid was significantly reduced, and I could no longer detect the aroma of burning leaves. In the presence of nicotine, the burning leaves aroma was replaced by a taste that more closely resembled tobacco smoke.
Among tobacco e-liquids, DKS Marshall is unique. Although I've had richer, fuller-flavored tobacco e-liquids, I haven't had a better e-liquid with no nicotine. This is one to try if you're looking for a tobacco taste that's a bit off the beaten path.
Previous Halo Menthol Ice Review
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Particle Y E-Liquid by Space Jam E-Juice has a smooth and fruity taste that fills …

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Function: Controls pitch trim actuator & monitors system for pitch trim run away.
Features: 100% Solid State. Fault output for any illegal system states.
Function: Controls anti-ice parting strip heaters in a horizontal stabilizer de-ice system.
Features: 100% Solid State. Over temperature and fault outputs.
Certified Location: Outside of Pressure Vessel.
Function: Allows remote activation of entry light using keyfob transmitter.
Features: 100% Solid State. Epoxy encapsulated for operation in extreme environments.
Function: Used to control roll trim actuator and supply summed roll trim position information to roll trim position indicator.
Function: System consist of controller and switch panels to control lights located in stair, cockpit, cabin, and baggage compartment.
Features: Designed to be connected directly to the battery and draws very low current.
Function: Controls and provides status of landing gear system.
Features: 100% Solid State. Extensive use of SMT components. Includes dimming power supply.
Function: Provides power from an Emergency Battery to Emergency Lights. Manages charging of Emergency Battery when system is in standby mode.
Features: 28 individually fused outputs provided. Extensive use of Surface Mount components.


George Wallace is the former controversial Governor of Alabama; Wallace infamously gave a speech, supporting the continued segregation of the University of Alabama. he served as governor for 16 years and then his wife for 4 years. Wallace died on September 13, 1998.
Mark Ballard returns to the Jim Engster Show to comment more on the special session and the future of Louisiana.
Dr. Ellen Moyer is a registered professional engineer with a BA in anthropology, an MS in environmental engineering, and a PhD in civil engineering. She has more than 30 years of environmental engineering experience. She spoke on Donald Trump's decision to pull the US out of the Paris Agreement.
Tony Guarisco is a Democratic former the Louisiana state senator. He represented district 12 from 1976 to 1988.


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Survey of rural pollution to start next year
The central government has allocated 230 million yuan ($31.2 million) to conduct the country's first-ever survey of pollution sources in rural areas in a bid to create a cleaner countryside, a senior agriculture official said at a press conference Thursday.
Focusing on animal, crop and fish farming, the survey will provide a pollution blueprint that can be used as a point of reference for future decision making, Zhang Fengtong, head of the department of science, technology and education under the Ministry of Agriculture, said.
Zhang said preliminary work has already been completed and the survey will get under way next year.
Its findings will be published by the end of next year.
He said that as part the rural pollution control campaign, more than 1,000 "clean" villages are currently being developed, which have the capability to properly dispose of 90 percent of all household waste and sewage, and where the use of fertilizers and pesticides has been reduced by 15 percent to 30 percent.
The ministry is also helping to promote energy conservation and pollution control by building biogas digesters in rural areas and making more efficient use of pesticides and fertilizers, Zhang said.
Every year, China uses more than 360 kg of fertilizer per hectare of land, 3.3 times more than the United States and 1.6 times more than the average for EU countries.
But only 30 percent of it is used effectively, compared to 60 percent in developed countries, Zhang said.
"To develop ecologically modern agriculture, a fundamental change to the farming production model and way of life is essential," Zhang said.
The problem of pollution in both rural and urban areas has been a cause for wide concern in recent years, as the country has strived to balance the needs of the environment with rapid economic development.
A document jointly issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and several other government departments last month said: "Some environmental problems have become the main factors endangering the health and property security of rural Chinese, thwarting sustainable economic and social development in the countryside."
The key pledge made in the document is to ensure the quality of all drinking water sources by 2010, as more than 300 million rural Chinese are currently affected by unsafe supplies.
Other pledges include increasing the use of soil testing to minimize the damage caused by fertilizers and pesticides, and boosting the volume of waste materials - crop straw, domestic waste, livestock excrement and sewage - treated by at least 10 percent.
The document also promised that by 2010, 65 percent of people in rural areas will have access to sanitary toilets, as part of a plan to control environmental pollution.
However, one expert said that the major obstacle to rural water management is that despite the fact that several ministries and the SEPA say they allocate funds to individual projects, no single body is directly responsible for the matter as a whole.
"There should be one ministry handling the issue," Lu Ming, deputy head of the countryside affairs committee of the National People's Congress, said.
"I recommend the Ministry of Water Resources lead the work and the SEPA play a supervisory role."
(China Daily December 14, 2007)
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Q: Pandas replace all values in certain Column I want to replace all values in a certain column,
for example this is my dataframe
Label  A  B C
 1     2  3 4
 2     3  2 1
 4     4  4 4

I want to replace all values in Column C with another value, for example "NaN"
To do this, do I need to use something like .ix or .iloc ?
I tried this rem = df.ix[df.C!='NaN'] = 'NaN' ,  but it just returned a string "NaN"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Formatting numbers so they align on the decimal point In Python, I need to format numbers so they align on the decimal point, like so:
  4.8
 49.723
456.781
-72.18
  5
 13

What is the most straightforward way to do this?

A: I don't think there's a straight-forward way to do it, since you need to know the position of the decimal point in all the numbers before you start printing them. (I just had a look at Caramiriel's link, and some of the links from that page, but I couldn't find anything particularly applicable to this case).
So it looks like you have to do some string-based inspection & manipulation of the numbers in the list. Eg,
def dot_aligned(seq):
    snums = [str(n) for n in seq]
    dots = [s.find('.') for s in snums]
    m = max(dots)
    return [' '*(m - d) + s for s, d in zip(snums, dots)]

nums = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18]

for s in dot_aligned(nums):
    print(s)

output
  4.8
 49.723
456.781
-72.18

If you want to handle a list of floats with some plain ints mixed in, then this approach gets a bit messier.
def dot_aligned(seq):
    snums = [str(n) for n in seq]
    dots = []
    for s in snums:
        p = s.find('.')
        if p == -1:
            p = len(s)
        dots.append(p)
    m = max(dots)
    return [' '*(m - d) + s for s, d in zip(snums, dots)]

nums = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13]

for s in dot_aligned(nums):
    print(s)

output
  4.8
 49.723
456.781
-72.18
  5
 13

As Mark Ransom notes in the comments, we can simplify handling ints by using .split:
def dot_aligned(seq):
    snums = [str(n) for n in seq]
    dots = [len(s.split('.', 1)[0]) for s in snums]
    m = max(dots)
    return [' '*(m - d) + s for s, d in zip(snums, dots)]

Masher mentions in a comment that it can be useful to add padding on the right so that the numbers can be printed in aligned columns. However, we don't need to compute the size of that padding for each string, we can use the str.ljust method.
def dot_aligned(seq):
    snums = [str(n) for n in seq]
    dots = [len(s.split('.', 1)[0]) for s in snums]
    m = max(dots)
    left_pad = [' '*(m - d) + s for s, d in zip(snums, dots)]
    ms = max(map(len, left_pad))
    return [s.ljust(ms) for s in left_pad]

nums = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 1.2345] * 3
cols = 4
# Get number of cells in the output grid, using ceiling division
size = len(nums) // -cols * -cols

padded = dot_aligned(nums)
for i in range(0, size, cols):
    print(*padded[i:i+cols])

output
  4.8     49.723  456.781  -72.18
  5       13        1.2345   4.8
 49.723  456.781  -72.18     5
 13        1.2345   4.8     49.723
456.781  -72.18     5       13
  1.2345

A: The easy way to do it, if you don't mind trailing zeroes is this:
numbers = [4.8,49.723,456.781,-72.18,5,13]
for f in numbers:
    print('{:>7.3f}'.format(f))

Which prints:
   4.800
  49.723
 456.781
 -72.180
   5.000
  13.000

If you want to get rid of the trailing zeroes, one thing you can do is use the re.sub method from the Regular Expressions module:
import re

numbers = [4.8,49.723,456.781,-72.18,5,13]
for f in numbers:
    print(re.sub(r'\.?0+$','','{:>7.3f}'.format(f)))

Which prints:
  4.8
 49.723
456.781
-72.18
  5
 13

However, this will give you columns of different widths.  The only difference is spaces, so you can't see it, but if you were doing it as part of a table, it would look like this:
import re

numbers = [4.8,49.723,456.781,-72.18,5,13]
for f in numbers:
    print(re.sub(r'\.?0+$','','{:>7.3f}'.format(f)),'|')

Prints:
  4.8 |
 49.723 |
456.781 |
-72.18 |
  5 |
 13 |

To avoid this, if you want to get really fancy you can do this:
import re

numbers = [4.8,49.723,456.781,-72.18,5,13]
for f in numbers:
    print(re.sub(r'\.?0+$',lambda match: ' '*(match.end()-match.start()),'{:>7.3f}'.format(f)),'|')

Which prints:
  4.8   |
 49.723 |
456.781 |
-72.18  |
  5     |
 13     |

Hope this helps!

A: If you know before the number of leading spaces and decimal digits you need, as in other responses, the easy way it's
    # python 2 version
    numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]

    for number in numbers:
        print '{:16.4f}'.format(number).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')

    # python 3 version
    numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]

    for number in numbers:
        print f'{number:16.4f}'.rstrip('0').rstrip('.')

Output:
          4.8
         49.723
        456.781
        -72.18
          5
         13
          0.1
          0.6666
      50000
     -40000

As alternative to PM 2Ring's answer, to dynamically calculate the correct position of dots column you could use one of these solution:
# python 3, f-string and .format() mixed version

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]
numbers2string = [str(X) for X in numbers]
numbers_splitted = [X.split(".") for X in numbers2string]
len_max_before = max([len(X[0]) for X in numbers_splitted])
len_max_after = max([len(X[1]) for X in numbers_splitted if len(X) > 1])
len_max_total = len_max_before + len_max_after + 1

for n in numbers:
    numstring = f'{"{0: >#0"}{len_max_total}.{len_max_after}f{"}"}'
    print(numstring.format(n).rstrip('0').rstrip('.'))

# python 3, .format() version

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]
numbers2string = [str(X) for X in numbers]
numbers_splitted = [X.split(".") for X in numbers2string]
len_max_before = max([len(X[0]) for X in numbers_splitted])
len_max_after = max([len(X[1]) for X in numbers_splitted if len(X) > 1])

for number in numbers2string:
    if '.' in number:
        number = number.split('.')
        print("{number[0]:>{len_max_before}}.{number[1]:<{len_max_before}}".format(
            number=number,
            len_max_before=len_max_before,
            len_max_after=len_max_after
        ))
    else:
        print("{number:>{len_max_before}}".format(
            number=number,
            len_max_before=len_max_before
        ))

# python 2 version

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]
numbers2string = [str(X) for X in numbers]
numbers_splitted = [X.split(".") for X in numbers2string]
len_max_before = max([len(X[0]) for X in numbers_splitted])
len_max_after = max([len(X[1]) for X in numbers_splitted if len(X) > 1])

for number in numbers2string:
    if '.' in number:
        number = number.split('.')
        print "{number[0]:>{len_max_before}}.{number[1]:<{len_max_before}}".format(
            number=number,
            len_max_before=len_max_before,
            len_max_after=len_max_after
        )
    else:
        print "{number:>{len_max_before}}".format(
            number=number,
            len_max_before=len_max_before
        )

# python 3 f-string version

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13, 0.1, .6666, 50000, -40000]
numbers2string = [str(X) for X in numbers]
numbers_splitted = [X.split(".") for X in numbers2string]
len_max_before = max([len(X[0]) for X in numbers_splitted])
len_max_after = max([len(X[1]) for X in numbers_splitted if len(X) > 1])

for number in numbers2string:
    if '.' in number:
        number = number.split('.')
        numstring = f"{number[0]:>{len_max_before}}.{number[1]:<{len_max_after}}"
    else:
        numstring = f"{number:>{len_max_before}}"
    print(numstring)

Output:
     4.8
    49.723
   456.781
   -72.18
     5
    13
     0.1
     0.6666
 50000
-40000

A: Using the recipe in Python documentation: https://docs.python.org/2/library/decimal.html#recipes
from decimal import Decimal

def moneyfmt(value, places=3, curr='', sep=',', dp='.',
             pos='', neg='-', trailneg=''):
    [...]

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18]
for x in numbers:
    value = moneyfmt(Decimal(x), places=2, pos=" ")
    print("{0:>10s}".format(value))

You'll obtain:
  4.800
 49.723
456.781
-72.180

A: Here's how I did it!
def alignDots(number):
    try:
        whole, dec = str(number).split('.')
        numWholeSpaces = 5 - len(whole) # Where 5 is number of spaces you want to theleft
        numDecSpaces   = 3 - len(dec)   # 3 is number of spaces to the right of the dot
        thousands = ' '* Math.abs(numWholeSpaces) + whole
        decimals  = dec + '0'*Math.abs(numDecSpaces)
        print thousands + '.' + decimals
        return thousands + '.' + decimals
    except:
        print "Failed to align dots of ",number
        return ' '*5+'ERROR'

I like the other solutions, but needed something specific and thought why not share!

A: Fix for decimal places
import decimal

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, 50, -72.18, 12345.12345, 5000000000000]

dp = abs(min([decimal.Decimal(str(number)).as_tuple().exponent for number in numbers]))
width = max([len(str(int(number))) for number in numbers]) + dp + 1 #including .

for number in numbers:
    number = ("{:"+str(width)+"."+str(dp)+"f}").format(number)
    print number.rstrip('0').rstrip('.') if '.' in number else number

Corrected to take width into account on request:
numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, 50, -72.18]
width = max([len(str(number)) for number in numbers]) + 1
for number in numbers:
    number = ("{:"+str(width)+".4f}").format(number)
    print number.rstrip('0').rstrip('.') if '.' in number else number

EDIT: If you want to include integers
numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, 50, -72.18]

for number in numbers:
    number = "{:10.4f}".format(number)
    print number.rstrip('0').rstrip('.') if '.' in number else number

numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18]

for number in numbers:
    print "{:10.4f}".format(number).rstrip('0')

A: If you know the precision (digits after the decimal point) that you need, and you don't mind having some trailing zeros when whole numbers are used, you could use the new f-string in Python 3.6 (PEP498):
numbers = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13]

for number in numbers:
    print(f'{number:9.4f}')

Prints:
  4.8000
 49.7230
456.7810
-72.1800
  5.0000
 13.0000

A: I'm terribly late to this, but you can also use math, specifically the properties of logarithms, to figure out the amount of spaces you need to pad all numbers to the proper decimal position.
from math import log10

nums = [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18, 5, 13]

def pre_spaces(nums):
    absmax = max([abs(max(nums)), abs(min(nums))])
    max_predot = int(log10(absmax))
    spaces = [' '*(max_predot-int(log10(abs(num))) - (1 if num<0 else 0)) for num in nums]
    return spaces

for s,n in zip(pre_spaces(nums), nums):
    print('{}{}'.format(s,n))

The result is:
  4.8
 49.723
456.781
-72.18
  5
 13

A: You may use the Python [decimal][1] type.
There is a recipe used to format monetary values.
Why decimal type: avoid rounding problems, handle signifiant digits correctly...

A: Yes there are many direct ways by which you can align floating point figures about decimal point. Below given 2 line code is one example
`In [20]: floating=([.022,12.645,544.5645,.54646,-554.56,-.2215,-546.5446])
In [21]: for xxx in floating: print "{0: 10.4f}".format(xxx)
`
Here in {0: 10.4f} 0 is the dimension of each floating point entries. After colon the space is for the optional minus sign. 10 is for number of places before decimal and 4 is for number of places after decimal.
Here is my out put as a JPG result

A: Most answers make a string first, then split it on the decimal to do some further manipulation.  The number can also be split into its whole and decimal parts by using div and mod.  A solution could then look like this:
for x in [4.8, 49.723, 456.781, -72.18,  5, 13]:

    print('[{:s}{}{:4s}]'.format('{:6.0f}'.format(x//1),
                                 '.' if x%1 else ' ',
                                 '{:0.4f}'.format(x%1).strip('.0')))

which produces:
[     4.8   ]
[    49.723 ]
[   456.781 ]
[   -73.82  ]
[     5     ]
[    13     ]

If you can tolerate a trailing decimal you can simplify further by dropping the if/else part in the middle.


Healthy choices promote healthy skin. People of all ages and both genders have never been so committed to taking care of their health and appearance as they are in today's society. Young women want to obtain and maintain their beautiful skin, older women want to stay looking younger as long as they possibly can and it's no different for men.
Superfoods are not just for eating! You'll find superfoods in many of our products. We take pride in researching and carefully combining some of the worlds' most powerful superfoods into our meticulously thought our formulas. Not only is your skin important to us, so is your overall health and wellness. Our goal is to feed the body and mind with gifts from the earth that are healthy and natural. Our products are made by hand in our Galiano Island studios ensuring excellence in our products.
Part of the fun is in the discovery and development of new and wonderful products using ingredients from our own " back forty"! You don't eat fruits and vegetables that have had most of their nutritional value removed by refining, do you? Your skin shouldn't be fed that way either.
Many of the raw natural ingredients that go into our products are grown right here. They are either from our gardens or are wild crafted. We strive to derive the goods we make from the environment we live in – respectfully and sustainably. We are committed to researching and using organically grown natural raw ingredients in our products.
Hand harvesting and processing our herbs and botanicals ensures superior quality which translates to superior products. In our studios we produce infused oils, tinctures, teas and are dehydrated for future use.
Importance of preservatives. We believe in using ecocert preservatives. Some manufacturers of natural skin care don't believe in using preservatives. Like vegetables and fruit, water based skin care products start to deteriorate soon after they are made forming mould and bacteria that you can't see with your naked eye. Would you be ok eating food contaminated with such dangerous micro organisms? We know you wouldn't, so don't apply unpreserved skin care products to your skin either.
Protecting the environment is very important to us, so we use only recyclable containers. You will notice that for the most part we do not use fancy and/or expensive packaging for our products so that we do not pass unnecessary cost on to our customers and waste into our landfills. In fact, if you don't need a label on your soap purchase – you don't have to have one – we label on demand.
Supporting fair trade, eco-friendly and sustainability. We care about our global village and the people who work hard to create the ingredients we use so it should come as no surprise that we believe in and support fair trade wherever it is an option. We believe in doing our part to save our planet and we stay away from practices that are negatively earth altering.
Truth and integrity. Our standards are simple: what you read is what you get. We take pride in our high principles and truthful marketing. We stand behind our amazing products.
Cruelty Free! Animals should never suffer so people can have beautiful glowing skin. We love our furry creatures and want to protect them by supporting organization in place to stop animal testing for cosmetic ingredients. Our skin care line is mostly vegan with the exception of using some beeswax. Our beeswax comes from our own farm or from farms where we know bees are treated with kindness and respect, and they are well cared for. We are committed to donating to many anti animal abuse organizations.
We hope you can feel the level of our commitment and dedication when you use our products – and that somehow the love of what we do is transferred to you.
Because beauty should not cost the earth….


Adolescent nutrition choices present a time of independent decision making for the teen as they head toward adulthood with less and less influence from their parents and more influence from their peers and others, which also includes food choices.
The problem arises when adolescents begin making their own food choices some of which are nutritionally very bad ones involving personal likes and dislikes and convenience. Of course adolescents are now at an age where they should make their own choices and even prepare their own food as part of their growing independence and preparation for adulthood, and whether they eat at home or not adolescents at the teenage age years often have their own money either from an allowance or a part-time job, their own transportation and the influence of their peers, this is a time where the influence of their parents is weaker than it has ever been.
Because of this increased independence and discretionary income that many adolescents have advertisers often go after this group marketing to them extensively. Young people in this age group have more food choices than ever before both in stores, fast food restaurants and at school where vending machines full of unhealthy but convenient items are available. These choices are often low nutrient density choices such as snacks and soft drinks which are extremely popular among adolescents.
When young people do make more healthy choices such as water, juice, low-fat milk, granola bars, pretzels and fruits and vegetables to snack on, and then they benefit from enhanced mental and physical performance, increased energy and psychological well-being.
Therefore the need by those marketing to this impressionable age group should be to market healthy eating and a focus on good adolescent nutrition since this group is often preoccupied with weight, appearance and eating habits and adolescents do need to realize how their eating habits can affect them as they move toward adulthood.
Adolescents often participate in sports and become more preoccupied with their athletic performance rather than with their nutritional health, not realizing that the very performance they seek to improve is being jeopardized through poor nutritional habits.
Adolescents often develop acne during their teen years and blame certain foods on their development of this skin disorder which are generally based more on myth than on reality.
Acne is actually caused by the elevated hormones of adolescence which stimulate the sebaceous glands, glands that are attached to hair follicles, to produce greater amounts of sebum—an oily substance. An acne breakout which can be a whitehead, blackhead or pimple occurs when a hair follicle becomes plugged with the sebum and dead cells. Acne generally lasts until the adolescent is in the early 20s and there are various dermatological treatments that have nothing to do with diet. But, it is thought that a diet low in refined carbohydrates and high in fruits, vegetables, and lean cuts of meat can help the acne.
There is a preoccupation of adolescents with their weight and personal appearance, particularly among girls which can lead to eating disorders; however, more and more boys are becoming victims of eating disorders as well and because of the emotional roller coaster many adolescents are on during these years, the threat of eating disorders among this age group should not be ignored by parents who should monitor adolescent nutrition choices for appropriateness.
Obesity among adolescents is climbing at a dangerous rate, with one factor being the decline in physically active teens with many school gym programs having been cut or eliminated. Obesity among adolescents can leave young people vulnerable to an increased risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome. These young people are also at a vulnerable emotional stage as well and can suffer from psychological problems as a result of teasing, such as low self-esteem. This is a dangerous time for adolescents because these young people are approaching adulthood and can enter adulthood obese with a host of obesity related chronic problems and as they reach adulthood and body functions slow down due to aging, if good adolescent nutrition choices is not being practiced then new chronic adult onset problems can compound an already bad health situation.
Adolescence is a time of experimentation and many young people begin experimenting with substances such as cigarettes, alcohol, prescription and illegal drugs and being young they don't focus on the health and adolescent nutrition choices consequences of picking up such bad habits.
Smoking cigarettes results in a lower energy intake and a decreased nutrient intake. Smoking drugs such as marijuana causes the increased desire to snack and munch but with an intake of snacks high in calories but with low nutrient density.
Drinking alcohol results in replacing empty alcohol calories with nutrients that are needed by adolescents and this age group is often involved in binge drinking and are at greater risk of harming themselves or others through violence. In addition, alcohol interferes with the absorption and metabolism of essential nutrients in those that cannot afford to have nutrients replaced or poorly absorbed during growth.
The use of other drugs such as cocaine, result in the preoccupation with both the acquisition, and use of these drugs and even taking priority over food selection or consumption resulting in young people who are underweight and who have poor appetites.
These are all concerns related to the growth and development of adolescents that should not be ignored by adults to the detriment of the adolescent. Making poor adolescent nutrition choices can have health consequences on into adulthood that may shorten the life of the individual.


Using Xanax Pills without a valid RX.
Using Xanax Pills without a valid RX. Can you do it ?
Even though Xanax pills are extremely common RX medications, not a lot of individuals can confidently say that they know how to buy and use these medication safely and secure. Xanax is a potent CNS depressant that is susceptible to abuse and dependency. Men and women who commence making use of it come to feel happier and even more calmer at very first, but as the time goes by, they turn out to be much more|a lot more dependent on these |medicines.
If you are susceptible to anxiousness or melancholy, then you require to consider meticulously about Xanax and the effects it has on you as an person. There are several risks related with extended use majorly, dependency and withdrawal results. On the constructive aspect, the advantages are similarly remarkable, only if you adhere to your prescriptions and correct utilization. To give you a very good head commence, you must think about some of the adhering to issues when looking for Xanax without prescription.
Furthermore, Xanax can be taken in diverse approaches. The most common way of having it is ingesting it orally wholly or with drinking water. Alternatively, consumers can also crush and snort the tablets , however this strategy has its disadvantages. Normally, medical professionals stimulate consumers to get Xanax as an entire pill. It is widespread follow to prescribe only xanax 0.25 mg pills at the begin treatment.
Xanax pills at Lower Price.
The proliferation of cheap Xanax pills has opened a window of possibility for recurring consumers to use this drug as they make sure you. Even individuals who really don't undergo from stress assaults or anxiousness have taken benefit of the circumstance to supply inexpensive medicines for non-healthcare factors . The availability of generic medicines below various labels has simplified accessibility and drawn the fascination of a lot of customers. So, it is not uncommon for a lot of |men and women to make orders over the the internet.. Unless of course you have a legitimate healthcare explanation, it is not recommended to get Xanax. Seek the advice with your medical doctor 1st to get the appropriate instructions for use.
Limitations Put on pills Use.
.You might have understood that a lot of regional pharmacies don't dispense Xanax more than the counter considering that it belongs to a group of extremely managed medicines. As a prerequisite|need consumers| are anticipated to have legitimate prescriptions from their medical professionals prior to they can get their dosages. Nevertheless on the web pharmacies have taken benefit of the limitations to provide consumers with Xanax. Which is why it is feasible to acquire authentic and generic Xanax without having a prescription. Although the costs are reduced, the basic safety and legitimacy of these medicines can not be ascertained given that most |on the internet pharmacies are not certified to offer the |medications.
Xanax pills dosage and Dependency.
Xanax pills over the internet.
At present , there is proliferation of cheap Xanax over the web. A lot of individuals who have been restricted by authorized law limitations can now purchase medicines without having a prescriptions. In other terms , it is feasible to buy any quantity or dosage of Xanax tablets proper from your residence or work place|place from your computer . Even though this would seem like a great concept it opens up a big window of bad use which could guide you down the route of dependency.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged xanax pills by guiadmin. Bookmark the permalink.


I was born in Ogden, the second of four sons. Grew up in North Ogden and enjoyed the freedom of the foothills using my feet or a motorcycle to explore with a rifle and a dog usually along for the ride.
Graduated from Weber High School.
Married Tina Marie, my beautiful awesome wife (once I finally found her) in 1991 and we are parents to two daughters and a son. We live in Ogden in a charming neighborhood on the east side.
My professional background is in commercial photography and advertising. I worked at the in- house agency at Browning for 10 years before starting Out of Bounds, a company that I have owned with my business partner since 2001, and that we've run for the past almost 17 years.
I love anything outdoors. Mountain Biking and skiing but mostly hunting, specifically with a bow and arrow. It's a great and frustrating challenge that I love.
I decided to license as a real estate sales agent to tap into some of my strengths (as I see them) and explore other opportunities here in the area. I have to say this too, that so far, the team at Berkshire Hathaway has been a real pleasure to be around.
Hmmm, Tina's Husband primarily (she's the cool one) but otherwise, probably as a photographer/advertising guy, mountain biker, hunter dude.
Japanese, very little German. Both rusty at the moment.
Good question. For me those moments are an amalgam of the quiet moments with my family that are peaceful and happy. In those times, I suppose you could say I feel very proud and as if for just a minute, I have it all together.
Big thing... Start a Company, small thing... 12-hour mountain bike race.
I have two types of perfect days. One is a day spent with my wife and family doing whatever, as long as it's together. The other type of perfect day involves being up very early, and being way up high on a mountain as the sun rises at my back while I listen for elk in the basin below.
The gift of our children. The sacrifices mothers make for that to happen continue to amaze me. What could be more valuable or generous than that?
Don't have any. I have so few talents, I flaunt what I have!
Shared success between myself and those I choose to do business with. I believe very strongly in the natural rule of reciprocity.
What's not to love? Four gorgeous seasons, mountains, wildlife, the Great Salt Lake, good people... did I mention mountains?


Anyone been out to second creek off 801? If so any luck?
I just moved to the state and have no idea where to hunt around lake norman/mooresville. Can anyone point me in the right direction?
A comment titled: craigslist in response to a report titled: WARNING DEER HUNTERS!!! YOU'VE BEEN WARNED!! PLEASE WATCH!!!!
My number one rule with craigslist is CASH ONLY. I have no sense of sympathy when selling stuff, when I was younger I sold some car stereo stuff to a scam artist who wrote me a $1200.00 check that was stolden from someone else. That is all it took for me. Also depending on what is being sold or bought I always set up a meeting in a very public place and never at my house.
A comment titled: Thanks in response to a report titled: WARNING DEER HUNTERS!!! YOU'VE BEEN WARNED!! PLEASE WATCH!!!!
You are soo right, there are way too many scammers out there these days. If you ever need some help setting up an ambush or something on these scum let me know. It shouldn't be hard to catch these morons if they are still doing it. They are just as bad as thieves and I hate thieves. Good info and nice lookin dog.
A comment titled: deer in response to a report titled: Anyone in Iredell county?
I am all about hunting to provide food for the family, not a trophy hunter in any sense. I think 2-3 total deer for me would be more than enough to last through the winter to spring time. The elk I took last year gave us burger, steak and jerky from november to may. If anyone gets the chance to go out west to hunt elk i highly reccomend it. They are amazing animals and soo damn big you need a hoist to get them loaded into the truck, we had 4 guys and were struggling, lol. I hvae never got a deer before, shot at a few when I was younger but didn't have the right tools for the job i guess.
A comment titled: Thank you in response to a report titled: Anyone in Iredell county?
Thank all of you for posting and getting me started. I just got the license in the mail and all i can say is WOW!!! You are allowed to take 6 deer per season here. I am originally from PA and the limit per year is 1 buck and you have to put in for a lottery for a antlerless. I love this state is all i can say!!! I am open to any big game hunting and if anyone else would like to go out, even if it is on public hunting grounds just let me know, or if anyone needs help sighting in their rifle or pistol I have a lot of knowlege in that area.
A comment titled: hunt in response to a report titled: Anyone in Iredell county?
A comment titled: Thanks in response to a report titled: Anyone in Iredell county?
Thanks, I will have to look around, don't have a bow but am getting ready to buy a crossbow soon, I can't draw a normal bow due to a nice rebuilt elbow thanks to the taliban. I will probably miss archery this year seeing as its already half over but can't wait to get out and see what I can get.
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If you thought that shapewear swimwear was all frumpy designs and not at all trendy, you are totally wrong. And, if you thought that push up swimwear meant underwired bikinis and swimsuits, with little choice, you are in for a pleasant surprise. Swimwear that lifts your body can certainly add to your stylish wardrobe, with many designs and fashions to choose from.
Shapewear swimwear is the ultimate beach companion. It is that secret friend who can give you an extra nip and tuck without any surgery. It works wonders for curvier women and for mothers. However, it can just be an ideal swimwear choice for women wanting a little extra nip and tuck after following a bikini body diet, or women who have a few body hang-ups and need an extra confidence boost.
Shapewear swimwear is very discreet and comes in a wide variety of colours and styles to keep you 'on trend', so you won't feel like you are parading around with a neon sign saying "I am wearing shapewear swimwear!" Whether you like a one-piece swimsuit, shorts, tankini sets, or something a little more exposing like a hipster tie side halter bikini, Shapewear Swimwear can fulfill your desires.
Push Up Swimwear-va va voom!
If you need a little lift up top and want to feel like a million dollars in your swimwear then push up swimwear is definitely for you. It doesn't matter if you feel you are less fortunate in the upper assets department or feel that you need a little extra support after having a child, push up swimwear can give you that extra va va voom. No longer restricted to the underwired swimsuit or bikini, push up swimwear now comes in a whole host of styles and designs to make you feel part of the latest women's swimwear trends.
The bandeau bikini the halter neck, the triangle, the designer one-piece swimsuit and the underwired swimwear are all available in the push up swimwear range. As for the latest style trends, like bold patterns and prints, these too are available in the push up collections. So, it is easier than you think to lift your assets, your fashion status and your spirits in one fell swoop. This should make for one very confident, and very happy beach babe.
This entry was posted in Swimwear Fashion and tagged push up swimwear on June 13, 2013 by Joanne Wadley.


OK so I stole the blog title from a playlist on Spotify but what I'm giving you in this post is hopefully New Music and it's a Tuesday so pretty fitting don't you think?
Anyway....looking for something to pick you up on this dull Tuesday? Well wrap your ears around this. I don't know how I found it but I immediately knew I had to share with you all.
I love the lyrics!! I love his tone, and I love how, even though this was clearly written about missing someone it has an upbeat feel.
I'm now desperately searching for more music from Shakka, a new fave for 2015. Check out his website for more info.


We serve up emotion and create unforgettable experiences!
We are in possession of a vast portfolio of exceptional catering projects for high-profile events, from conferences and gala dinners, to business conventions and other prestigious events. Silva Carvalho Catering always has the right proposal in order to provide you with a memorable, tailor-made event.
Silva Carvalho Catering began in Sintra over 20 years ago, and is currently a part of the Ibersol Group, a leading group in the restaurant business. This group operates at a national level and has two production centres, one in Oporto and another in Lisbon, which allow us to prepare and serve over 5,000 meals a day.
The secret to our success lies in the excellence and professionalism of our teams!
We provide a professional team of dynamic, creative, passionate and highly specialised people, which allow us to deliver unforgettable experiences at every event!
Our high standards in creativity are based on a fusion between the modern and the traditional.
We provide careful, rigorous service based on excellence, trust in our partnerships and team experience.
Our décor is carefully thought out, designed and implemented, and every last detail is planned and carried out.
We provide diversity and excellence in our venues, which may be visited beforehand.
A highly flexible and personalised sales service.


We begin the new year with a focus on innovators and creative ideas that help move corrections forward. This week reporter, Ann Coppola, profiles the inspirational and award-winning work of the Arizona Department of Corrections.
May this new year be filled with much success, good health and abundant happiness for you and your family.
With all of the dismal economic, job loss, and political scandal stories of 2008, it seems most everyone will be eagerly awaiting a fresh start this New Year's Day. But even during hard times, there will always be bright spots of ingenuity and a spirit for breaking new ground.
Called a "system-wide reform" and a "top-to-bottom overhaul of conventional corrections practices," the Arizona Department of Corrections' pre-release program Getting Ready was one of those bright spots this year. The reentry initiative became the first correctional program to win the Innovations in American Government Award, a program created at the Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government that recognizes and promotes excellence and creativity in the public sector. Read this week's full story.
Excellent article. I'm a warden for the Arizona Department of Corrections and can easily transfer/translate this to our field.
Indiana Department of Correction Commissioner Edwin G. Buss selected Michael Osburn to be the agency's deputy commissioner of operations, and Bruce Lemmon to be Putnamville Correctional Facility's new superintendent. Full story.


text:
Q: Error in match.fun(f) : argument "term1" is missing, with no default Having trouble setting up these integral terms in R. I created "term1" to more easily insert it into the integral code, but I keep getting various error messages after trying different codes. any help or spotting the issue would be appreciated.
##
S<-readline(prompt="Enter underlying instrument price:")
X<-readline(prompt="Enter strike price:")
V<-readline(prompt="Enter absolute volatility in dollars:")
r<-readline(prompt="Enter risk-free rate (%):")
q<-readline(prompt="Enter dividend yield (%):")
T<-readline(prompt="Enter time to maturity, in fraction of years:")
t=0

##
S<-as.numeric(S)
X<-as.numeric(X)
V<-as.numeric(V)
r<-as.numeric(r)/100
q<-as.numeric(q)/100
T<-as.numeric(T)

##Bond Price
B<-exp(r*(T-t))

##Volatility
vol<-function(start,end,rate,yield,B) {
if(r==q){
V*(sqrt((B-1)/(2*(r-q))))
}
else{
V*(sqrt(T-t))
}
}

##d
d<-(S*B-X)/vol()

##N(d)
term1<-(exp(-(r^2)/2)/sqrt(2*pi))

#Call
Nc<-function(term1){
Nc<-((integrate(term1,-Inf,d)))}

#Put
Np<-function(term1){
Np<-(-(integrate(term1,-Inf,d)))}

These are the errors i am getting
> Nc(term1)
Error in get(as.character(FUN), mode = "function", envir = envir) :
object 'term1' of mode 'function' was not found

> Nc()
Error in match.fun(f) : argument "term1" is missing, with no default

A: Well, the big question is: Have you read the documentation for function integrate ?
The first argument you assign to that function has to be a function.
The second problem is, that function Nc, which you have defined, does not return any output (you can fix that by not assigning the result of integrate to an object and instead just returning it. Same goes for the Np. One more problem with Np is, that it actually returns an error "unexpected argument to unary operator"
Anyway, here is the code with some changes:
## Assign some "random" numbers to the variables, so that I can run the script
S<-100
X<-110
V<-3
r<-10
q<-15
# Is it a good idea to have variable called T? T stands also for TRUE
T <- 10
t=0

##
S<-as.numeric(S)
X<-as.numeric(X)
V<-as.numeric(V)
r<-as.numeric(r)/100
q<-as.numeric(q)/100
T<-as.numeric(T)

##Bond Price
B<-exp(r*(T-t))

##Volatility
vol<-function(start,end,rate,yield,B) {
        if(r==q){
                V*(sqrt((B-1)/(2*(r-q))))
        }
        else{
                V*(sqrt(T-t))
        }
}

##d
d<-(S*B-X)/vol()

# make term1 a function of r, so that there is actually something to integrate...
term1<-function(r) {(exp(-(r^2)/2)/sqrt(2*pi))}

# Do not assign the result of integration to an object, otherwise there will be no output from the function
Nc<-function(term1){
        ((integrate(term1,-Inf,d)))}

# In order to use the minus sign, you have to extract the value from the result of function "integrate"
Np<-function(term1){
        (-(integrate(term1,-Inf,d)$value))}


text:
Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year
What is the Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year
Each year, the Macquarie Dictionary calls together a selected Committee to discuss the new words and definitions that have entered the Macquarie Dictionary over the year. The aim of this is to select one of these to be awarded the Word of the Year.
As part of this process, our editors create a longlist of words (view a pdf of the longlist here) which over the course of a few hours (and one podcast episode, coming very soon), are whittled down into a short list. And from this, a Word of the Year is chosen.
Usually, we would announce the Committee's Choice and then open up the shortlist for a public vote for the People's Choice, but this year, we kept it under wraps until voting closed to announce both words together. You can check out the shortlist here and scroll down for more!
Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year 2021: strollout
The Committee for the Word of the Year 2021 met in early November 2021 to discuss the new words entered into the Macquarie Dictionary over the previous year. A longlist of just over 75 words from 16 categories (more on those here) was whittled down to just 19 up for contention as the official Word of the Year.
The Committee this year was comprised of:
David Astle - crossword maker, radio host, and writer
Nick Enfield - Professor of Linguistics, University of Sydney
Kim Scott - award-winning author, Professor of Creative Writing, Curtin University
Tiger Webb - language research specialist, ABC
Victoria Morgan - Managing Editor, Macquarie Dictionary
Alison Moore - Chief Editor, Macquarie Dictionary
The selection for the Committee's Choice and People's Choice Word of the Year 2021 is strollout.
For only the second time, the People's Choice is the same as the Committee's Choice, and it was a clear winner, way ahead of the rest of the field. There are obviously strong feelings about the actual 'strollout', but the word's popularity is no doubt influenced by that Australian wryness evident in its construction. –THE MACQUARIE DICTIONARY
Strollout has two levels: at one level it's got a transparency and a play on words, but at that deeper level, when you think about the significance of it . . . it's a really important marker for this time in Australia's history. –THE COMMITTEE
And the Honourable Mentions are menty-b, last chance tourism and Delta.
The Committee and Macquarie Dictionary editors had this to comment on these choices.
menty-b
The ability to discuss our mental health in a relaxed way is vital, as we navigate the pandemic, and menty-b is a sign that we're doing it. It's not ponderous or serious -- it's an easy way into an important discussion. –THE COMMITTEE
Part of a system introduced to replace the naming of COVID variants after places, with the stigma that entails, Delta is not an inventive word, but this variant has dominated our lives. 2021 has been the year we've been stomped by Godzilla, and Godzilla happens to be called Delta. –THE COMMITTEE
last-chance tourism
This speaks of a shared concern about the environment, and it puts it in such a provocative way, with that particular dilemma of 'tourism' right there. –THE COMMITTEE
While the People's Choice voting agreed with Delta and menty-b being runners-up, they switched out last chance tourism for porch pirate.
porch pirate
A fun, alliterative, almost affectionate, term for a crook who has found, in the increase in home deliveries during COVID, the perfect work environment. Another humorous construction for something serious. –THE MACQUARIE DICTIONARY
Word of the Year 2021 shortlist
You can access the shortlist, including all the definitions, on our blog here. You can also download a pdf of the definitions here. And see them all below. Which of these 19 contenders will be the Word of the Year?
All our images were created by @isabelmoondesign.


Should free speech be limited or even silenced whenever the viewpoints being expressed are deemed inadequate, uninformed, or lacking in merit by "highly educated" college professors? The answer is yes, according to Bryan W. Van Norden, a professor of philosophy at Wuhan University in China, as well as Yale-NUS College and Vassar College.
In a recent op-ed he wrote for The New York Times, Norden attempts to make the case that freedom of speech should end where ignorance begins – or at least his private interpretation as to what constitutes ignorance. In this case, Norden sees conservative viewpoints as being ignorant, and wants conservatives not to have a voice when it comes to influencing public opinion.
In Norden's view, only people like himself – the "properly educated," as he puts it – have the capacity to mull through conflicting information and determine what's true and what's false. Because of this, conservatives who present information that he believes is false shouldn't be allowed to do so any longer because there are apparently too many "improperly" educated people in the world that might fall for it.
Keep in mind that Norden's definition of false information is simply information with which he disagrees. Illustrating this are two examples of "false" information that he presents in his article: The idea that the infamous photo of the crying illegal alien girl was staged, and the belief that the official story about what took place during the Sandy Hook school shooting might not be entirely true.
As we recently reported, the TIME cover photo of the crying alien girl was, indeed, fake – something that even TIME itself now admits. And as far as Sandy Hook goes, there remains a whole host of unanswered questions about this strange incident that any rational, non-biased person has no choice but to admit are completely valid.
But Norden doesn't acknowledge any of this. In his opinion, the little girl in the pink jacket is, in fact, a migrant who was separated from her parents by the meanie Trump administration. And Sandy Hook happened exactly the way the government says it did – even the parts that don't make a lick of logical sense.
It's the epitome of elitist patronizing, illustrating just how high-minded liberals like Norden are when it comes to matters of fact and truth. In their deluded minds, people like Norden believe that their own personal truths – the way they see the world – is the ultimate truth, always. And anyone who dares to disagree by presenting an alternative argument is just some ignorant dolt spreading misinformation.
But it doesn't work, as revealed by The Daily Caller's Ben Shapiro. In a well-crafted critique of Norden's self-aggrandizing manifesto that basically calls for censorship of conservative voices, Shapiro reveals many of Norden's grossly illogical positions, including his belief that there's no single way to think about something rationally.
This is a truly ironic position for Norden to take, since he apparently believes that he and other people just like him hold a corner on truth. It's simply the latest tactic of Ivory Tower lunatics like Norden who recognize that their influence on society is starting to wane, which is why they're increasingly lashing out at the opposing viewpoints that are rapidly gaining ground in their place.


Mister Sunday is a party for you, whether you're a septuagenarian, a house head, a skater, a toddler, a bear, a witch, a New York lifer, an out-of-towner, a twenty-three-year-old club kid, or a medium-cute dog. As long as you're nice, you like to be outside during the summer and you're willing to put your phone down and dance, you're welcome here.
The party happens every Sunday from 3pm to 9pm and goes through October 21st. Resident DJs Justin Carter and Eamon Harkin play good dance music each week, and about once a month, we host a guest or two. This summer's already hosted Honey Dijon, Ciel, Duane Harriott, DJ Python, Analog Soul, and Jayda G, and we'll host Mike Servito and Soul Summit in the coming weeks.
There's a food truck with killer Caribbean food, a barbecue stand with ribs, brisket and all the fixin's, and there's a full bar with everything from margaritas and draft beer to kombucha and maté.
Tickets are $20 in advance or at the door, but we always have a handful of $10 and $15 early birds, and you can always RSVP to get in for $15 before 5pm.
The party's rain or shine; all ages are welcome; and so are dogs on a leash. We're looking forward to seeing ya down here.
We're bringing Mister Sunday to Sydney.
In the ten-or-so years we've hosted our Sunday afternoon fete, it's only left NYC for one other town, but now, with help of the fine folks at Astral People, we've found a secret outdoor spot in Sydney's inner city, and we're landing the party there on Sunday, February 25.
We'll be doing it just how we do back home: a four-point sound system, good vibes, a cell-phone-free dance floor and tunes from Eamon Harkin and Justin Carter from beginning to end. There'll be good food from Eat Art Truck to keep you going and plenty of places off the dance floor for a nice chat and a hang.
We're trying something different for New Year's Eve.
It starts with an intimate, countdown-free edition of Planetarium, our immersive, hi-fi listening session. We'll go from 7pm to 12:30am, and dinner's included. There are yoga blankets in-house, but you can bring whatever else you need to get comfortable. Douglas Sherman, a musical host from The Loft and Joy, is playing records with us.
We hope to see you at one or both. For now, stay warm, and have a good one!
On the eve of the eve of the eve of Hallow's Eve, we're doing our annual dance in a place we know works best – surrounded by the trees at Nowadays. We bring you Mister Halloween Night: In The Shadow of the Moon, a seance under the stars.
Don your cloaks, you deerskin hoods and your comfortable shoes, for seers Eamon Harkin and Justin Carter will conjure the future and past with ritualistic rhythms. The dance floor will be shrouded in light to beckon the spirits; and we'll have potions, ales and mulled wine to keep you warm on the inside and outside. Beyond the drinks, we'll have a couple other things to make sure it's temperate.
Advance tickets are always a good idea, and wearing a costume is essential. If you need inspiration, think witches, druidic robes, ouija boards, The Wicker Man.
The dance runs from 5pm to 11pm, and you can RSVP to get in for $20 before 7pm. Just keep in mind that the only way to guarantee admission is with an advance ticket.
We look forward to communing with you. For now, goodbye!
The outdoor season has come to a close. Our last Mister Sunday before we pack up the trees for the winter and head inside is this Sunday, October 22nd. Come get your dance on. The weather seems to agree that you should do this.
RSVP for early, discounted entry, and get tickets here. The party runs from 3pm to 9pm is all ages and all walks of life. Skaters, non-conformists, grandmas, leather daddies, dogs, babies and everybody else. Just as long as you're nice.


As we saw yesterday, the Arctic Circle is very important to the Gwich'in people. They rely on it for their livelihoods and for their spiritual and cultural identity.
They've been fighting for decades to keep oil drilling out of the Artic; but at the end of 2017, Congress passed tax reform that allowed for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to be opened to oil drilling.
We encourage you to join the faith community and sign this petition urging Congress to reverse their decision, and instead to protect this important natural sanctuary and the Gwich'in people by not allowing drilling in the Artic.


Criterion believes in the value of data and the power it has for investors and traders. We are happy to provide this information to our users so it can improve their analyses. Currently, Criterion is aggregating daily flow information from numerous pipelines and providing it in a useable format.
Criterion uses proprietary technology to aggregate this flow data into a single useable source. This information is typically updated multiple times per day with the latest cycle data. We update the prior days for new and missing cycles as well. The values displayed represent the latest cycle information available for each pipeline. Also, Criterion makes estimates of daily flows when pipeline data is not available. Please look on the flow page to note the cycle represented.
Cheniere Creole Trail Pipeline, L.P.
High Point Gas Transmission, Inc.
Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, L.L.C.
Mississippi Canyon Gas Pipeline, L.L.C.


Over the course of two semesters, graduate Texas A&M architecture and landscape architecture students collaborated with a noted geriatric neurosurgeon to develop concepts for an innovative Japanese retirement village designed to enhance the health of elderly residents by integrating them into dynamic communities with young families and college students.
Known as "multigenerational living," the practice directly addresses the isolation seniors experience in a nursing home or surrounded by people the same age with similar health conditions, said Susan Rodiek, an associate professor of architecture, who co-led the studio project with Chanam Lee, professor of landscape architecture.
"It's a new type of community, where older people can connect with younger people and experience nature, art, gardening, music, wonderful food, fun, and friendships," said Rodiek.
The six participating Texas A&M students, three from each discipline, traveled to Kitakyushu, Japan in fall 2017 to meet neurosurgeon and horticultural therapist Kenshi Nishino, who is spearheading the multigenerational, pedestrian friendly mixed-used retirement village project, which will ultimately include retail and residential space, restaurants, and a variety of indoor and outdoor multiuse areas.
Students toured the project site, located within walking distance of a hospital headed by Nishino, and met with several construction professionals to learn about site-specific conditions.
The students worked in three teams, each with an architecture and landscape architecture student, to develop solutions that reflect the site's climate and Japanese culture, said Rodiek.
Manasa Hegde and Hardik Jariwala sought to connect residents with nature by designing a central fountain and series of small ponds surrounded by native plants that run the length of a central promenade leading to a first-floor supermarket, restaurants, coffee shops and food kiosks.
The promenade's commercial spaces are topped by second-floor housing with views of nature from large picture windows and easy-to-access living and bathing areas.
Students Danna Ruan and Weishi Wang envisioned a central promenade with four gathering areas, each with a unique feature, such as a bamboo grove, a convenience store or coffee shop, encouraging residents of different age groups to engage together in a variety of outdoor activities.
They also designed a continuous second-floor balcony, providing residents with an outdoor walking track and observation area overlooking the promenade.
The team of Hao Huang and Liang Zhao included a traditional two-story Japanese teahouse at the top of a hill, providing views of a nearby mountain and the surrounding community. Their design also incorporated a traditional Japanese terraced garden.
The grad students' designs built on master plans and conceptual designs previously created by environmental design students and undergraduate landscape architecture students in spring 2017 studios also led by Rodiek and Lee.
The project will continue in fall 2018, when students in architecture and landscape architecture studios again travel to Japan to collaborate with Nishino in the design of additional project amenities.


Our kids first understood the joy of independent reading with The Magic Tree House series by Mary Pope Osborne. Jack, age 8, and Annie, age 7, are siblings who discover a tree house full of books. The children quickly learn that by pointing to a picture in a book and wishing they could be there, the tree house whirls them to a different place and time. Our kids loved learning that ninjas aren't turtles when Jack and Annie flew to ancient Japan and meeting Plato in ancient Greece shed a whole new light on the Olympics. In the first book, Dinosaurs Before Dark, the tree house sends Jack and Annie to the Cretaceous period to encounter a Pteranodon, a Triceratops, nests of Anatosauruses and a mighty Tyrannosaurus Rex. Jack accidentally attracts unwanted attention from the T-Rex, but returns safely to the tree house when the Pterandon swoops down, Jack climbs on his back, and both fly away from the T-Rex's jaw.
We wanted our children to experience how books truly are the doorway to different worlds, so we got in the habit of planning excursions that matched our favorite Magic Tree House books. To enjoy a hands-on dino experience after Dinosaurs Before Dark, we traveled to our local Natural History Museum. The kids loved seeing fossils of a T-Rex in battle with a Triceratops. The attacking T-Rex in the center of the rotunda dispelled all notions that dinosaurs are purple and cuddly. We all fell in love with the playful, life-size adolescent Triceratops puppet during a Dinosaur Encounter and the kids scrambled to be the volunteer to feed it palm branches. We topped off our excursion by watching the paleontologists cleaning and assembling Thomas the T-Rex, a 14 year old dinosaur that sparkles. Our kids left in awe, excited about reading about Annie and Jack's next adventure.
Why It's Worth It: These books are great for kids in the first through third grade when they're just starting to read chapter books on their own, yet aren't ready for the parent-child book club crowd. Each book is different, but with a similar format so they're interesting while not overly challenging. They can be read in any order, so pick the topics that interest your child. We found that our daughters and sons liked them equally; this is one of the few series that is gender neutral.
Non-Fiction Companions: Several of the books have accompanying non-fiction Research Guides. The reading level is a smidgen higher than the fiction books, so a little parental help may be needed, but all-in-all these are great reference books for the early elementary school set.
Series Savvy: The first part of the series consists of 28 books, each visiting a different time and place in history. At every location Jack and Annie explore, make an acquaintance and run into trouble. They escape back to the tree house to travel home through a combination of Jack's thinking and Annie's daring and ability to make friends. By the fourth book, Jack and Annie learn that Morgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister, designed the tree house to gather books through time. In addition to the time travel adventures, every four books have an overarching theme or mystery involving Morgan and her quest for great books. Merlin Missions, a second series, starts with book #29 when Merlin, rather than Morgan, sends Jack and Annie on adventures. This series brings in two more characters, Teddy and Kathleen. The reading level and story complexity are notched up a bit.
Book Bits: Before an excursion, we breezed through the book to get an idea of the topic and the tidbits of information in the story. During our excursion, we related what we were seeing to what happened to Jack and Annie. We saw an egg of an Anatosauruses just as Jack and Annie did, we talked about how small the dinosaurs were at birth and how large they grew, similar to bears today. We always tried to expand the topic so our kids left with a little more information than they arrived with.
The Fact that your Sibling is Different is a Good Thing: Jack and Annie have different personalities and strengths. Both are curious, but Jack is bookish and cautious while Annie is intuitive and daring. Annie would rather experience something than read about it. We talked to our kids about how these traits landed Jack and Annie in and out of trouble and how people with different strengths can work well together.
What Worked for Us: Remember our advice when taking younger kids to a museum, make it short and sweet and give them something to eat. We gave our kids a notebook (like Jack!) and dug up some clues to help them track down cool dino facts.
Before You Go: Check your museum's website and look for educator information on the exhibit. These teacher areas usually have loads of good information and activity ideas for touring the exhibit.
A Place to Play: Our last stop was our museum's Discovery Center, where the kids could touch a variety of fossil replicas and decide which part of the body they are from. Check to see if your museum has a hands on activity involving fossils. There may also be a lab where you can observe paleontologists or volunteers preparing fossils for exhibition.
Website: On the Magic Tree House website kids can have their own passports and earn a passport stamp after completing a quiz on each book. The website includes links to appropriate sites on the topic and suggestions for further reading. For the child who is fascinated with a topic, look at the teacher guide for additional activity ideas.
Musical: There is a Magic Tree House Musical traveling the country, check the website to see if it's coming to your city.
More Adventures: Continue the fun. We've matched up a few of the books with past Kid's Off the Couch adventures: check out Rocket Science after your child reads Midnight on the Moon; Walk Like An Egyptian pairs perfectly with Mummies in the Morning; head to a Renaissance Faire with Fair Thee Well! after reading The Knight at Dawn; and experience a real performance at Shakespeare Rocks! after finishing Stage Fright on a Summer Night.
Anywhere: Google your city + dinosaurs, or check your local museum of natural history.
Boston: The Harvard Museum of Natural History at 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge is a fun museum for kids to view dinosaur fossils. The most awe-inspiring are the 42-foot-long Kronosaurus and the famous "Harvard mastodon" found in New Jersey in 1844. Check out whale skeletons, a stuffed Tasmanian Tiger-Wolf, marsupials and other zoological oddities.
Houston: The Houston Museum of Natural Science offers the Hall of Paleontology. From the humble trilobite to the mighty T-Rex, this exhibit will bring you face-to-face with the creatures who once ruled our planet. After visiting the hall, hop over to the planetarium to view "The Dinosaur Prophecy�, which visits dinosaur graveyards and reconstructs how these animals lived and died to solve four famous cold cases from the age of the dinosaurs. Pre-purchase tickets online to save time and skip the lines.
New York: The American Museum of Natural History is home to the single largest collection of dinosaur fossils in the world. As you roam the Fossil Halls you'll see the famous Tyrannosaurus rex and the Apatosaurus (previously known as the Brontosaurus). The halls also include favorites such as the Stegosaurus and Triceratops.
Washington, D.C.: For an exploration of all things dinosaur, head to the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History. The Hall of Paleobiology includes the exhibits: Dinosaurs, Life in the Ancient Seas, Fossil Mammals and Fossil Plants. Also check out the Fossil Lab were you may get to see paleontologists at work.


text:
package reactor;

import reactor.rx.broadcast.Broadcaster;

public class EnvironmentProperties {
	static {
		// Only done once, statically, and shared across this classloader
		Environment.initialize();
	}

	public static void main(String... args) throws InterruptedException {
		Environment env = Environment.get();
		System.out.println("reactor.dispatchers.threadPoolExecutor.type = "
				+ env.getProperty("reactor.dispatchers.threadPoolExecutor.type", "not set"));

		Broadcaster<String> b = Broadcaster.create(env);
		b.dispatchOn(Environment.cachedDispatcher())
	        .map(String::toUpperCase)
	        .filter(s -> s.startsWith("HELLO"))
	        .consume(s -> System.out.printf("s=%s%n", s));

		// Sink values into this Broadcaster
		b.onNext("Hello World!");
		// This won't print
		b.onNext("Goodbye World!");
		// This will print
		b.onNext("Hello Reactor!");

		b.accept("Hello Trayan");

		// Must wait for tasks in other threads to complete
		Thread.sleep(500);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


October 30th: I started the wiki today. I just googled "free wiki" and up came a few options. Carl gave me the idea because he wanted to create one for the comm department. I had a few to choose between but this definitely seems like the most developed. I worked on setting up the wiki until 11:30p. I think I started around 6p.


A strong internal marketing strategy can be critical to achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage as well as driving organisational change and enhanced organisational performance. This study sought to determine the influence of internal marketing mix elements on the satisfaction levels of recently employed graduates (GradDPs) within the retail banking industry in South Africa. The study also identified links between the satisfaction of GradDPs and their affective commitment in this context. A census approach to generating data was applied in the study by using a person-administered and an electronic survey method. Regression analysis was used to test the relationships proposed in the study. The results indicated that internal marketing significantly influences GradDP employee satisfaction within retail banks in South Africa and that a positive relationship exists between GradDP employee satisfaction and their affective commitment. The study results allowed for recommendations that retail banks provide training and support programmes to assist managers in developing a more participative style of leading. Such programmes would assist leaders in consulting employees more often and ensuring that they have sufficient autonomy when executing their work. It would also help leaders to create a safer GradDP employee environment that fosters openness, risk-taking and idea generation.