text:
Rethinking Classics
Yung In Chae's research links the ancient and modern worlds through themes such as feminism.
I want to look at how Classics lived in the feminist imagination and how it was used to shape patriarchal structures.
Yung In Chae
The vibrancy of Classics lies in part in how it can be used to rethink modern political issues.
Yung In Chae's research seeks to link the ancient and modern world to explore themes such as feminism and today's political currents. To that end she is co-organising a panel debate in May on Classics and political extremism, which will examine recent appeals to the foundational value of classical culture as a source of white, Western ideals, notably in such media as Breitbart, the extremist website Stormfront, and the publications of the far-right party Golden Dawn.
The conference aims to discuss the effects of these changes, which include the appropriation of Classics to justify extremist views on immigration and women; to consider what might be done to address them; and to explore the question of whether professional classicists have been unwittingly facilitating this process by failing to challenge simplistic narratives of cultural heritage.
Yung In's MPhil focuses on the work of French writer Simone de Beauvoir and her references to the Classics in The Second Sex, one of the key feminist texts. "I want to look at how Classics lived in the feminist imagination and how it was used to shape patriarchal structures," says Yung In. She is interested in how antiquity is interpreted through the lens of history. "We have to keep redefining what Classics is," she says.
This is her second master's. Her first, begun in France and which she will finish after her time at Cambridge, is more historical and investigates how Classics was taught in De Beauvoir's time and the author's annotations on The Second Sex. Her Cambridge MPhil is more theoretical, investigating the text itself.
Yung In [2016] combines her research with work as associate editor for an online Classics journal which aims to make the discipline more accessible.
She says she "fell into Classics" after a transnational childhood where learning new languages and confronting new experiences was something she had to embrace.
Born in Seoul, South Korea, Yung In moved to the US when she was three for her parents' studies and then returned to South Korea aged 10. Although she initially struggled to adjust to language differences in the US, she soon caught up and was admitted to a foreign language high school in Seoul, majoring in English. The programme she was on was for students who wished to go to university abroad – Yung In was determined to return to the US.
When she left school in February 2011, she thought she would study law, having been in debating and mock trial teams at school. However, in the gap between February and starting her degree at Princeton she became more interested in English. One of the first courses she took was Princeton's Humanities Sequence, an intensive year-long introduction to the Western intellectual tradition. She read authors such as Homer, Dante and Boccaccio and became very interested in Classics. She began learning Latin and was told by her Latin professor that she needed to learn Greek if she wanted to study Classics. So after her first year she did a 10-week intensive course in Greek at City University of New York.
She was then told that to go to graduate school she needed French, German and Italian. Undaunted by the task at hand, she set about acquiring the skills she needed. She spent the next two summers doing a living Latin programme in Rome followed by a similar programme in Greece; and then doing intensive Italian and German courses in Italy and Germany, living with local families.
Making Classics accessible
Having opted to major in Classics after her second year, Yung In graduated in 2015. She applied to L'École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris to do a master's in History and Civilisations investigating the classical references in Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex. Paris was the ideal setting as De Beauvoir had lived there and her notebooks for The Second Sex were archived in the city. She could also research how the Classics were taught in Catholic schools in France which would help her understand how much De Beauvoir would know about them.
There were no scholarships available for the programme so Yung In had to find a job. She found two at the Paideia Institute, a nonprofit organisation for classical study – as a Research Fellow and as associate editor of Eidolon, its online journal for writing about the ancient world in modern ways.
One of the projects she worked on involved tracking PhD Classics students in the US who did not go into academia. Other research included looking at the cognitive benefits of Latin.
Eidolon's aim is to think about the modern world in the context of the ancient world and to make the Classics more accessible. Topics covered include feminism, race, class and also more fun, personal subjects. Articles are both commissioned and contributed. They do not have to be written by an academic, but are all subject to rigorous fact checking. The most read article is a manifesto for Classics in the age of the alt-right, covering how it is being used to justify Western supremacy.
Yung In, who is at St Catharine's College, is continuing her editing work at Cambridge and is enjoying her time as a Gates Cambridge Scholar. "I am interested in Classics in relation to different disciplines so the Gates Cambridge community is very valuable to me," she says.
*Picture credit: Eidolon's official image
2016 MPhil Classics
St Catharine's College
Hailing from Seoul, South Korea, I did not encounter the classics until my freshman year at Princeton University, when I enrolled in Latin 101 almost on a whim. The following summer I took a course in Ancient Greek, and thus began an intense affair with languages, as I soon added French, Italian and German to my collection—all of which enhance my work with the classics. As someone with extensive experience in speech and debate, I have an equally strong commitment to political issues. My interests are perhaps best exemplified by my job at the Paideia Institute, a nonprofit organization for classical study, where I am a Research Fellow and edit its online journal for writing about the ancient world in modern ways, Eidolon. I was also a Master's student in History and Civilizations at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris, France, where I researched Simone de Beauvoir's classical education. I hope to expand on that project as I pursue an MPhil in Classics at the University of Cambridge, writing a thesis on the classical references in De Beauvoir's The Second Sex while applying theory—particularly environmental and feminist theory—to the classics in order to gain insight into present-day problems such as the ecological crisis and gender inequality.
Gut bacteria links to immune responses in the brain
Bugs in the gut may hold the key to protective immune measures in the brain which could have implications for diseases such as Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis, according to a new study led by Gates Cambridge Scholar Zachary Fitzpatrick. A paper based on his PhD research has recently been published in Nature and it highlights […]
Exploring the social barriers to take-up of green technology
How can rural communities be encouraged to take up green energy solutions? A new study co-authored by Gates Cambridge Scholar Ramit Debnath investigates the social barriers to uptake of household appliances fuelled by green energy. Based on research on more than 14.5K households in rural communities in Rwanda, the study, published in Renewable Energy, found […]
A new technique to decode the way the nervous system works
How do the billions of neurons in the human brain work together to give rise to thought or certain types of behaviour? A new study led by Gates Cambridge Alumnus Eviatar Yemini [2007] outlines a colouring technique, known as NeuroPAL (a Neuronal Polychromatic Atlas of Landmarks), which makes it possible – at least in experiments […]
An innovative approach to plant protection
Shauna-Lee Chai is passionate about working on wicked problems, about using her entrepreneurial skills to improve the lives of others and about seeing the big picture, something she says her experience as a Gates Cambridge Scholar contributed to. Her expertise is in invasive plant species and for three years she was Board Director of the […]


Yes the mess on 'mass hysteria' was blatantly a huge impact of post_fascist European finest on 'antifascist' scapegoath the critical whiteness He/Artcore and net building the roots of compassion to Miamis soft wall against Cocaine and NYC community 'five' percentages.
Yes – we- the 'Still Dangerous-Crew' have abundantly roof for newest tights and sound clouds the wisdom of all gender tender in_sufficiency……………..In pointing to this postmodern sense of an ending, of living after the future or suspended in a perpetual present, I don't mean to suggest the fundamental illegitimacy of any of the positions characterized above. Postmodern critiques have been vitally necessary and, arguably, socially trans formative (at least in their intentions). But I do want to suggest why it has become so difficult for contemporary progressive thinkers to posit the new — in exact inversion of their modernist counterparts and in absolute contradiction to a self-identity as progressive — and, perhaps more importantly, to speculate on some of the consequences arising from this refusal.
In the face of the abstraction of time, its transformation into the discrete, the measurable, the locus of value, chance and the contingent are assigned an important ideological role — they become the highly cathected sites of both pleasure and anxiety. Contingency appears to offer a vast reservoir of freedom and free play, irreducible to the systematic structuring of "leisure time." What is critical is the production of contingency and ephemerality as graspable, representable, but nevertheless antisystematic. It is the argument of this book that the rationalization of time characterizing industrialization and the expansion of capitalism was accompanied by a structuring of contingency and temporality through emerging technologies of representation — a structuring that attempted to ensure their residence outside structure, to make tolerable an incessant rationalization.
The seemingly disparate relationship between avant-garde aesthetics and increased rationalization is understood as an attempt to find aesthetic pleasures in the impartial epistemologies of modernism. Where rationalization produces a system of order that is unconcerned with subjective relationships, representation attempts to incorporate the experience of industrial life into subjectivity.
Du browst gerade in den S:~DC – 憎しみ – HbA St.Quen 7//7~Golda ^|Meir נִקּוּד Weblog-Archiven nach dem Monat August 2010.


The establishment of Earth Day on April 22, 1970 in the United States is often seen as the formal launch of modern day environmentalism. At a time of mass protest against the Vietnam War, calls for clean air and the elimination of leaded gas emissions and industrial pollution were dismissed as yet more idealistic nonsense advanced by the youth movement. It turns out, however, the 20 million Americans who celebrated the first Earth Day were actually giving voice to a national consciousness emerging across the generations.
Now the largest secular celebration in the world, Earth Day is marked by over 1 billion people every year. As the effects of climate change make themselves increasingly felt, SSE's Social Entrepreneurial Leaders Enabling Climate Transitions (SELECT) program is helping foster greater social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and economic prosperity while strengthening community capacity to slow the pace of and adapt to climate change. The impacts of climate change are unfairly and disproportionately experienced by those who contribute least to the problem. For example, racialized communities are statistically more likely to live in poverty, consume less, and therefore emit less pollution. However, these communities experience heavier impacts from extreme weather while accessing fewer resources to build meaningful responses. #SELECTcc believes that we can change this reality while also creating new, dignified employment.


Location is everything and this acreage property takes in panoramic views overlooking farm land and is high and dry on Blanches Rd, Thangool. A brand new 10m x 9.5m Colourbond shed fully powered including extra storage mezzanine floor, rain water tank double roller doors with extra height to cater for caravans. An additional 6m x 6m steel shed and a 3m x 3m garden shed will provide further storage but of course it is all about location and this property will offer a private and peaceful location for the lifestyle buyer.


text:
Chapter 8. Hormones and Sex
Alcohol Deaths Have Risen Sharply, Particularly Among Women
By Matt Richtel The number of women drinking dangerous amounts of alcohol is rising sharply in the United States. That finding was among several troubling conclusions in an analysis of death certificates published Friday by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The analysis looked at deaths nationwide each year from 1999 through 2017 that were reported as being caused at least partly by alcohol, including acute overdose, its chronic use, or in combination with other drugs. The death rate tied to alcohol rose 51 percent overall in that time period, taking into account population growth. Most noteworthy to researchers was that the rate of deaths among women rose much more sharply, up 85 percent. In sheer numbers, 18,072 women died from alcohol in 2017, according to death certificates, compared with 7,662 in 1999. "More women are drinking and they are drinking more," said Patricia Powell, deputy director of the alcohol institute, which is a division of the National Institutes of Health. Still, far more men than women die from alcohol-related illnesses, the study showed. In 2017, alcohol played a role in the deaths of 72,558 men, compared to 35,914 in 1999, a 35 percent increase when population growth is factored in. Like much research of its kind, the findings do not alone offer the reasons behind the increase in alcohol deaths. In fact, the data is confounding in some respects, notably because teenage drinking overall has been dropping for years, a shift that researchers have heralded as a sign that alcohol has been successfully demonized as a serious health risk. Experts said that the new findings could partly reflect the fact that baby boomers are aging and the health effects of chronic alcohol use have become more apparent. The increase in deaths might also reflect the increase in opioid-related deaths, which in many cases can involve alcohol as well, and that would be reflected on death certificates. © 2020 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Drug Abuse; Sexual Behavior
Bruce McEwen, Stress Hormone Researcher, Dies
Emily Makowski Bruce McEwen, a neuroendocrinologist at Rockefeller University, died January 2 after a brief illness. He was 81 years old. McEwen is best known for his research on how stress hormones can reconfigure neural connections in the brain, according to a university statement. In 1968, McEwen and his colleagues discovered that the rat hippocampus is affected by the hormone cortisol, sparking further research into how hormones can enter the brain and affect mental functioning and mood. At the time, most scientists believed that the brain was not malleable after becoming fully developed, a line of thinking that McEwen's research findings contradicted. In 1993, he coined the term allostatic load, which describes the physiological effects of chronic stress. With his wife, Karen Bulloch, a Rockefeller professor, he studied how immune cells in the brain increase during a person's lifespan and can contribute to neurodegenerative disease. He also researched how sex hormones affect the central nervous system. Over the course of his career, which spanned six decades, McEwen received many accolades including the Pasarow Foundation award in neuropsychiatry, the Fondation Ipsen Neuronal Plasticity and Endocrine Regulation prizes, the Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, and the William James Lifetime Achievement Award for Basic Research. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, and the American Society of Arts and Sciences. "Bruce was a giant in the field of neuroendocrinology," McEwen's colleague Leslie Vosshall, a neuroscientist at Rockefeller, says in the statement. "He was a world leader in studying the impact of stress hormones on the brain, and led by example to show that great scientists can also be humble, gentle, and generous human beings." © 1986–2020 The Scientist
Keyword: Stress; Hormones & Behavior
Why Certain Poor Shepherds In Nativity Scenes Have Huge, Misshapen Throats
Nell Greenfieldboyce Shepherds in Christmas Nativity scenes that were painted, carved or sculpted hundreds of years ago sometimes have throats with large, abnormal growths. These are realistic depictions of goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. The condition was common in those days in northern Italy, where the soil and water are depleted of iodine. "Goiter is more often seen in poor people," says retired surgeon Renzo Dionigi of the University of Insubria in Varese, Italy, who notes that the working classes in this region would historically not have a varied diet that might supply this vital nutrient. "That's why, probably, the poor shepherds are depicted with goiters," he says. He and his son, an endocrine surgeon named Gianlorenzo Dionigi, have for years enjoyed studying art and looking for signs of medical conditions. In the Sacri Monti ("Sacred Mountains") of Piedmont and Lombardy, they have visited chapels and churches created in the 16th and 17th centuries. "In all the Sacri Monti that I and my son visited, we have been able to observe representations of goiters very, very often," says the elder Dionigi. In one Nativity tableau from 1694, for example, a young horn player with a large goiter plays for the Holy Family. And in one fresco over the main door of the Aosta Cathedral, a shepherd with goiter plays his bagpipe for the newborn Jesus. © 2019 npr
Keyword: Hormones & Behavior
'Women have been woefully neglected': does medical science have a gender problem?
Nicola Slawson When Lynn Enright had a hysteroscopy to examine the inside of the womb, her searing pain was dismissed by medical professionals. She only understood why when she started working on her book on female anatomy, Vagina: A Re-education. She was looking for research on pain and women's health, only to be shocked by how little data she found. It wasn't just the topic of pain that was poorly researched. The lack of evidence was a problem she encountered time and time again, which is no surprise when you look at the research gap: less than 2.5% of publicly funded research is dedicated solely to reproductive health, despite the fact that one in three women in the UK will suffer from a reproductive or gynaecological health problem. There is five times more research into erectile dysfunction, which affects 19% of men, than into premenstrual syndrome, which affects 90% of women. "Women have been woefully neglected in studies on pain. Most of our understanding of ailments comes from the perspective of men; it is overwhelmingly based on studies of men, carried out by men," Enright says. Her book is one of several in the past year about the female body and the impact a lack of knowledge can have on diagnosis and treatment. They include Emma Barnett's Period, Eleanor Morgan's Hormonal, and Gabrielle Jackson's Pain and Prejudice, which draws on her experience of being diagnosed with endometriosis, a chronically underfunded condition. Given that in the US, which produces a lot of medical research, research trials weren't required by the National Institutes of Health to include women until 1993, the lack of knowledge is perhaps no surprise. Traditionally this was justified by the idea that women's bodies were seen to be too complex due to fluctuating hormones, so clinical trials often excluded them. © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Hormones & Behavior
Why Women on the Pill Still 'Need' to Have Their Periods
By Rachel E. Gross In the 1960s, manufacturers of the new birth-control pill imagined their ideal user as feminine, maternal and forgetful. She wanted discretion. She was married. And she wanted visible proof that her monthly cycle was normal and that she wasn't pregnant. In 2019, the user of the pill is perceived as an altogether different person. She's unwed, probably would prefer to skip her period and is more forthright about when it's that time of the month. As such, many birth-control brands now come in brightly colored rectangular packs that make no effort to be concealed. But one part of the equation remains: the week of placebo pills, in which hormones are abruptly withdrawn and a woman experiences what looks and feels a lot like her regular period — blood, cramps and all — but isn't. Physicians have widely described this pseudoperiod as medically unnecessary. So why do millions still endure it? That's largely the legacy of two men: John Rock and David Wagner. First there's Rock, a Harvard fertility expert and a developer of the pill. There's a longstanding myth that Rock, a Catholic, designed the pill in the 1950s with the church in mind and included a week of hormonal withdrawal — and therefore bleeding — to make his invention seem more natural. In fact, the thought never crossed his mind, the Rutgers University historian Margaret Marsh says. Instead, it was Gregory (Goody) Pincus, the other developer of the pill, who suggested that the pill be given as a 20-days-on, 5-days-off regimen. Pincus wanted to provide women in his trials with reassurance that they weren't pregnant, and to know himself that the pill was working as a contraceptive. Rock agreed. After the F.D.A. approved the pill in 1960, however, those few days of light bleeding took on a new significance. Anticipating the church's opposition, Rock became not just a researcher but also an advocate. In his 1963 book "The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle Over Birth Control," he argued that the pill was merely a scientific extension of the church-sanctioned "rhythm method." It "completely mimics" the body's own hormones, he wrote, to extend the "safe period" in which a woman could have intercourse and not become pregnant. © 2019 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Sexual Behavior
Granny killer whales pass along wisdom—and extra fish—to their grandchildren
By Eva Frederick Many human grandmothers love to spoil their grandchildren with attention and treats, and for good reason: Studies have shown that having a living grandmother increases a child's chance of survival. Now, new research shows the same may be true for killer whales. By providing young animals with some freshly caught salmon now and then—or perhaps with knowledge on where to find it—grannies increase their grand-offspring's chance of survival. The new study is the first direct evidence in nonhuman animals of the "grandmother hypothesis." The idea posits that females of some species live long after they stop reproducing to provide extra care for their grandchildren. "It's very cool that these long-lived cetaceans have what looks like a postfertile life stage," says Kristen Hawkes, an anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City who has dedicated much of her career to studying the grandmother effect; she was not involved in the new study. Women usually go through menopause between ages 45 and 55, even though they may live to age 80, 90, or older. Studies in modern-day hunter-gatherer communities as well as in populations in Finland and Canada show that older women can help increase the number of children their daughters have, and boost the survival rates of their grandchildren. Dan Franks, a computer scientist and biologist at the University of York in the United Kingdom, wanted to know whether this grandmother effect occurs in other species as well. © 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Katrina Karkazis: 'You can't use testosterone levels to divide people into male or female'
Andrew Anthony Katrina Karkazis, a senior research fellow at Yale University, is a cultural anthropologist working at the intersection of science, technology, gender studies and bioethics. With Rebecca Jordan-Young, a sociomedical scientist, she has written Testosterone: An Unauthorised Biography. It is a critique of both popular and scientific understandings of the hormone, and how they have been used to explain, or even defend, inequalities of power. You suggest that testosterone is understood as an exclusively male hormone, even though it's also found in women. But surely no scientist believes this. No, what we're saying is that the hormone has a century-long biography and identity that continues to be that of a male sex hormone. That language is used by authoritative sources in the US like the National Library of Medicine, but also in many media articles. It's an argument that has to do with how the hormone is understood, which then shapes the kinds of research questions that get asked, what kinds of research get done or not done. There's actually almost no research on the relationship between testosterone and aggression in women. That is a consequence of the framing of the hormone as having to do with men, masculinity, behaviours understood and framed as masculine. It's the idea that because men generally have more testosterone, somehow that makes it more relevant in men. But the truth is we know very little about it. You write that testosterone's authorised biography is about libido, aggression and masculinity. Does this mean that testosterone is not about these things? I think that it's still very widely understood as the driver of all things masculine. When people think about testosterone, aggression is one of the first things that comes to mind. But when you look at the evidence, there's not good evidence at all. In fact, it's very weak regarding the relationship between endogenous testosterone [ie testosterone that originates within an organism] and aggression. So it's an artefact of the ideology of testosterone that we continue to believe that it drives aggression, because aggression has been framed as a masculine behaviour and testosterone has been framed as a masculine hormone. © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
Is taking birth control as a teen linked to depression? It's complicated
By Laura Sanders "Does the pill cause depression?" the news headline asked. Prompted by a recent study that described a link between taking birth control pills as a teenager and depression in adulthood, the news got some doctors hopping mad. Early research hints that there are reasons to look more closely at hormonal birth control's side effects. But so far, the link is less than certain. "This is a premature connection," says pediatrician Cora Breuner of Seattle Children's Hospital. Putting too much stock in preliminary evidence may lead to fewer teenagers getting birth control and, in turn, more unwanted pregnancies among teens — a situation that can upend young lives, Breuner says. Headlines that frighten teens, their families and doctors are "yet another barrier in place for accessing a completely effective way to prevent unplanned pregnancies." Ob-gyn and contraception researcher Katharine O'Connell White agrees. "Birth control gets all of the worry and concern," says White, of Boston University School of Medicine. "But we know that other things are much more dangerous." Teen pregnancy, for instance. Access to effective birth control is vital for sexually active teenagers, the doctors say. "I don't think the evidence is there right now to say that this is a threat," adds epidemiologist and public health researcher Sarah McKetta of Columbia University, who has studied birth control use in teens. Still, she sees value in more research on the issue. "Women deserve good medication … that's not giving them problems." If there are risks that come with the pill, then scientists ought to get a handle on them. © Society for Science & the Public 2000–2019
Keyword: Depression; Hormones & Behavior
Dogs Can't Help Falling in Love
By James Gorman TEMPE, Ariz. — Xephos is not the author of "Dog Is Love: Why and How Your Dog Loves You," one of the latest books to plumb the nature of dogs, but she helped inspire it. And as I scratched behind her ears, it was easy to see why. First, she fixed on me with imploring doggy eyes, asking for my attention. Then, every time I stopped scratching she nudged her nose under my hand and flipped it up. I speak a little dog, but the message would have been clear even if I didn't: Don't stop. We were in the home office of Clive Wynne, a psychologist at Arizona State University who specializes in dog behavior. He belongs to Xephos, a mixed breed that the Wynne family found in a shelter in 2012. Dr. Wynne's book is an extended argument about what makes dogs special — not how smart they are, but how friendly they are. Xephos' shameless and undiscriminating affection affected both his heart and his thinking. As Xephos nose-nudged me again, Dr. Wynne was describing genetic changes that occurred at some point in dog evolution that he says explain why dogs are so sociable with members of other species. "Hey," Dr. Wynne said to her as she tilted her head to get the maximum payoff from my efforts, "how long have you had these genes?" No one disputes the sociability of dogs. But Dr. Wynne doesn't agree with the scientific point of view that dogs have a unique ability to understand and communicate with humans. He thinks they have a unique capacity for interspecies love, a word that he has decided to use, throwing aside decades of immersion in scientific jargon. © 2019 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Language
Sex Promotes Lasting Memories in Female Flies
Ruth Williams After copulation, Drosophila melanogaster females are able to create long-term memories of unpleasant events—electric shocks—that virgin females cannot, according to a study published today in Science Advances (November 20). The authors suspect the memory boost may improve the chance of survival of the female during the subsequent egg-laying period as well as guide her choice of laying sites. Whatever the reason, the enhanced memory joins a list of physiological and behavioral effects on female flies that result from sex. "It's quite impressive and convincing [data]," says entomologist Elwyn Isaac of the University of Leeds who was not involved in the research. "They propose that the sex peptide gets into the [female's] circulation and somehow gets across the blood brain barrier [to activate memory]." It's "very interesting," Isaac continues, because until now, sex peptide—a protein produced in the male reproductive system and found in ejaculate—was thought to act on sensory neurons in the female's uterus. These neurons produce a receptor protein to which sex peptide binds and are thought to be necessary for the peptide's many effects on females, which include ramping up ovulation, increasing egg-laying behavior, changing food preference to a high-protein diet, and causing the female to reject other males. But, the authors of the new study, "show definitely that those neurons are not required for this [long-term memory] effect," Isaac says. Indeed, deletion of the receptor in these neurons made no difference to the flies' long-term memory formation after sex. © 1986–2019 The Scientist
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Sexual Behavior
Bottlenose Dolphin Adopts Whale Calf of Another Species
Jef Akst From a small inflatable boat in the Rangiroa atoll in French Polynesia, Pamela Carzon got her first glimpse of the "strange" trio of marine mammals she'd been told about: a bottlenose dolphin mother (Tursiops truncatus), her seven-month-old calf, and another young cetacean that was slightly smaller and looked to be not a bottlenose dolphin at all, but a melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra). It was April 2015, and Carzon and a colleague at the Marine Mammal Study Group of French Polynesia, a nongovernmental organization dedicated to whale and dolphin conservation, were out for the NGO's annual photo-ID survey, very much hoping to find animals that a former collaborator had seen while diving in the region the previous November. "[T]he sea was very calm, and there were many dolphins around," Carzon, also a PhD student at the Center for Island Research and Environmental Observatory (CRIOBE) in French Polynesia and the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris, recalls in an email to The Scientist. "It took us maybe two minutes to spot them: the dark calf was easy to spot among the bottlenose dolphins." The mother, dubbed ID#TP25 by the researchers, was known to tolerate divers and boats, and that April day she approached the inflatable with both calves. Carzon grabbed her underwater camera and slipped into the water. "I was able to get good underwater footage and to sex both calves," she says. ID#TP25's natural calf was a female; the second calf was male. "I also noticed that both were 'gently' pushing each other [in order] to remain under the adult female's abdomen" in so-called infant position. Continued observation over the following months revealed that the dolphin mom was nursing the foreign calf, whose species ID remains to be confirmed with genetic testing, and otherwise treated him as one of her own. © 1986–2019 The Scientist.
Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Math Looks The Same In The Brains Of Boys And Girls
Jon Hamilton There's new evidence that girls start out with the same math abilities as boys. A study of 104 children from ages 3 to 10 found similar patterns of brain activity in boys and girls as they engaged in basic math tasks, researchers reported Friday in the journal Science of Learning. "They are indistinguishable," says Jessica Cantlon, an author of the study and professor of developmental neuroscience at Carnegie Mellon University. The finding challenges the idea that more boys than girls end up in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) because they are inherently better at the sort of thinking those fields require. It also backs other studies that found similar math abilities in males and females early in life. "The results of this study are not too surprising because typically we don't see sex differences at the ages assessed in this study or for the types of math tasks they did, which were fairly simple," says David Geary, a psychologist and curator's distinguished professor at the University of Missouri who was not involved in the research. But there is evidence of sex differences in some exceptional older students, Geary says. For example, boys outnumber girls by about three to one when researchers identify adolescents who achieve "very, very high-end performance in mathematics," Geary says, adding that scientists are still trying to understand why that gap exists. © 2019 npr
Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Learning & Memory
How Research on Working Memory Can Improve Your Romantic Relationship
By David Z. Hambrick, Daisuke S. Katsumata Disagreements are virtually inevitable in a romantic relationship. More than 90 percent of couples argue, according to a survey by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, with nearly half quarreling at least once a month. Common topics of marital disagreement are money, sex and time spent together. None of this will surprise anyone who has been in a long-term relationship. But a new study indicates that a cognitive ability may help to explain why some couples are more successful in resolving their differences. University of North Carolina Greensboro psychologist Levi Baker and his colleagues report that spouses who were high in working memory capacity had better memory for each other's statements in discussions about problems. In turn, these couples showed greater progress in resolving their problems over time. The study suggests that it's not just dogged commitment that gets couples through rough spots, but a cognitive factor that directly affects the quality of partners' communication with each other. The sample included 101 couples (93 heterosexual, 7 lesbian and 1 gay) that had been married for less than three months. Working individually, the newlyweds first completed tests of working memory capacity, which is the ability to hold information in the focus of attention over a short period, as when following what someone is saying to you in a conversation. In one of the tests used by Baker and his colleagues, called "operation span," the test-taker sees an arithmetic problem on the screen and attempts to solve it, after which a letter appears. After some number of these trials, the person is prompted to recall the letters in the order in which they were presented. © 2019 Scientific American
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Intelligence
Why Did the Young Mother Have Searing Head Pain and a Racing Heart?
By Lisa Sanders, M.D. "Please find something wrong with me," the 28-year-old woman pleaded. For nearly a year, she'd been looking for a reason for the strange symptoms that now dominated her life. Dr. Raphael Sung, a cardiologist specializing in finding and fixing abnormal heart rhythms at National Jewish Health hospital in Denver, was surprised by her reaction to the news that her heart was normal. Most patients are happy to get that report. For this patient, it seemed like just one more dead end. The patient's symptoms started right after her baby was born 10 months earlier. Out of nowhere, her heart would start beating like crazy. At first, she assumed that these were anxiety attacks, triggered by the stress of bringing her premature daughter home. Her baby spent her first week of life in the newborn intensive care unit. When she was big enough to come home, she still weighed only four pounds, nine ounces. The new mother worried that without the doctors and nurses and equipment that had kept her alive, her tiny baby might die. But she didn't. She seemed to thrive at home. Despite that, her mother's heart continued to take off like a spooked horse several times a day. After a couple of weeks, her symptoms worsened. Sometimes her racing heart would set off terrible headaches, the worst she'd ever had. It was as if someone had thrust a sharp stick deep into her brain. The knife of pain quickly turned into a sense of pressure so intense it felt as if the back of her skull would blow off. Minutes later, she would feel the blood drain from her face; she'd be suddenly drenched in sweat. Her hands would curl into tight fists, and vomit would shoot out of her mouth like a geyser. Her husband joked (though only once) that she looked like the girl in "The Exorcist." © 2019 The New York Times Company
White bellbirds have the loudest known mating call of any bird
By Sofie Bates Make some noise for the white bellbirds of the Brazilian Amazon, now the bird species with the loudest known mating call. The birds (Procnias albus) reach about 125 decibels on average at the loudest point in one of their songs, researchers report October 21 in Current Biology. Calls of the previous record-holder — another Amazonian bird called the screaming piha (Lipaugus vociferans) — maxed out around 116 decibels on average. This difference means that bellbirds can generate a soundwave with triple the pressure of that made by pihas, says Jeff Podos, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, who did the research along with ornithologist Mario Cohn-Haft, of the National Institute of Amazon Research in Manaus, Brazil. The team measured sound intensity from three pihas and eight bellbirds. Each sounded off at different distances from the scientists. So to make an accurate comparison, the researchers used rangefinder binoculars, with lasers to measure distance, to determine how far away each bird was. Then, they calculated how loud the sound would be a meter from each bird to crown a winner. The small white bellbird, which weighs less than 250 grams, appears to be built for creating loud sounds, with thick abdominal muscles and a beak that opens extra wide. "Having this really wide beak helps their anatomy be like a musical instrument," Podos says. Being the loudest may come with a cost: White bellbirds can't hold a note for long because they run out of air in their lungs. Their loudest call sounds like two staccato beats of an air horn while the calls of screaming pihas gradually build to the highest point. © Society for Science & the Public 2000–2019
Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Hearing
Dr Sarah E Hill: 'We have a blind spot about how the pill influences women's brains'
Zoë Corbyn At a time when women's reproductive freedoms are under attack, any suggestion that the birth control pill could be problematic feels explosive. But Sarah E Hill, a professor of social psychology at the Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas argues we need to talk about how oral contraceptives are affecting women's thinking, emotions and behaviour. How the Pill Changes Everything: Your Brain on Birth Control is her new book about the science behind a delicate subject. Some US states have recently made it harder to get an abortion and the Trump administration is doing its best to chisel away at access to birth control. Is your book trying to dissuade women from using the pill? My institution was founded as a Christian school, but it doesn't have a particular religious bent now. My goal with this book is not to take the pill away or alarm women. It is to give them information they haven't had up until now so they can make informed decisions. The pill, along with safe, legalised abortions, are the two biggest keys to women's rights. But we also have a blind spot when it comes to thinking about how changing women's sex hormones – which is what the pill does – influences their brains. For a long time, women have been experiencing "psychological" side-effects on the pill but nobody was telling them why. The backlash we are seeing against the pill, particularly with millennial women walking away from it, I think is because women haven't felt right on it and have grown weary of doctors patting them on their heads and telling them they are wrong. The more information women have, the more it will bring them back to the pill. © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
Testosterone boosts women's athletic performance
Hannah Devlin Science correspondent Boosting testosterone levels significantly improves female athletic performance, according to one of the first randomised controlled trials. The findings come as the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) announced on Monday it would impose an upper limit for testosterone levels on trans female athletes competing in middle-distance events. Testosterone was assumed to be performance-enhancing and a factor in explaining differences in strength and endurance between men and women. However, there was a surprising lack of evidence on the impact of testosterone in women and the question had become mired in controversy following a series of rulings in professional sport. The latest research confirmed that testosterone significantly increases endurance and lean muscle mass among young women, even when given for a relatively short period. Angelica Hirschberg, a gynaecologist for the Swedish Olympic Committee based at Karolinska University Hospital and the study's first author, said the results were the first to show a causal effect of testosterone on physical performance in women. "This has not been demonstrated previously because most studies have been performed in men," she said. "Furthermore, the study shows the magnitude of performance enhancement by testosterone. Testosterone levels increased more than four times but were still much below the male range. The improvement in endurance performance by the increased testosterone levels was more than 8% – this is a huge effect in sports." © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
Rabbits may hold key to solving mystery of human female orgasm
Nicola Davis A possible explanation for one of biology's greatest mysteries, the female orgasm, has been bolstered by research showing that rabbits given antidepressants release fewer eggs during sex. The human female orgasm has long proved curious, having no obvious purpose besides being pleasurable. The scientists behind the study have previously proposed it might have its evolutionary roots in a reflex linked to the release of eggs during sex – a mechanism that exists today in several animal species, including rabbits. Since humans have spontaneous ovulation, the theory goes that female orgasm may be an evolutionary hangover. They say the new experiment supports the idea. "We know there is a reflex [in rabbits], but the question [is] could this be the same one that has lost the function in humans?" said Dr Mihaela Pavličev a researcher at the University of Cincinnati who co-authored the study. To explore the question the team gave 12 female rabbits a two-week course of fluoxetine (trade name Prozac) – an antidepressant known to reduce the capacity for women to orgasm – and looked at the number of eggs released after the animals had sex with a male rabbit called Frank. The results, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that rabbits given the antidepressants released 30% fewer eggs than nine rabbits that were not given Prozac but still mated with Frank. © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
'Brilliant exposé' of gender data gap wins Royal Society science book prize
Alison Flood Caroline Criado Perez's exposé of the gender data gap that has created a world biased against women has won her the Royal Society science book prize. Criado Perez's Invisible Women, which explores how everything from speech-recognition software to bulletproof vests, from medical tests to office temperature controls are designed for men as a default, was called a brilliant exposé by chair of judges and Oxford professor Nigel Shadbolt. He said the book had made him, as an AI researcher and data scientist, look at his field afresh. "[Criado Perez] writes with energy and style, every page full of facts and data that support her fundamental contention that in a world built for and by men gender data gaps, biases and blind spots are everywhere," he said. The author and feminist campaigner who successfully pushed for Jane Austen to be featured on the UK's £10 note, called her £25,000 win on Monday night a huge relief. "Obviously it's a huge honour, but mainly because it has the official endorsement of scientists and so it can't be dismissed now, and that's so important," she said. "Writing this book was hellish. It really tested my mental strength to its limits, partly because it was a really emotional book to write because of the impact this is having on women's lives and how angry and upsetting it was to keep coming across this gap in the data. But also it was very challenging because it was a book about the whole world and everything in it, and I had to work out how to synthesise that into something manageable." © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited
An origin story for the queer community
Daniel Pfau I came out to a Christian counselor during a therapy session in 2001 when I was 14. He convinced me to engage in conversion therapy, a pseudoscientific practice to change an individual's sexual orientation based in the assumption that such behaviors are "unnatural." He produced an article describing a talk at that year's American Psychological Association conference that indicated the therapy worked. This painful experience encouraged me, when I started my scientific career, to examine queerness in biology. The queer community, 25 million years (or more) in the making Understanding how complex human relationships developed requires a complete picture of our social behavior during evolution. I believe leaving out important behaviors, like same-sex sexual behavior, can bias the models we use to explain social evolution. Many researchers have postulated how queer behaviors, like same-sex sexual behavior, may have developed or how they are expressed. Recently, scientists at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT published a paper suggesting a genetic component to same-sex sexual behavior expression in modern humans. However, no studies provide an argument of when queer behavior may have arisen during humans' evolution. Such research would push back against the assertions I encountered during my youth, that queerness is a modern aberration. © 2010–2019, The Conversation US, Inc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home » Association of Contracting Plumbers of the City of New York Makes Generous Donation to IWSH
Association of Contracting Plumbers of the City of New York Makes Generous Donation to IWSH
The International Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Foundation (IWSH) is pleased to announce that the Association of Contracting Plumbers of the City of New York Inc. (ACPCNY), has made a generous contribution to IWSH in support of programs that bring safe water and sanitation to people everywhere.
The ACPCNY is a trade association, established in 1881, dedicated to the improvement of public health through the proper and adequate installation of sanitary systems. The association fosters the enactment and enforcement of sanitary laws and regulations for the protection of public health. The organization encourages the highest standard of ethical practices in the industry and directs its efforts to furthering good relations with the public at large, with trade unions and with all segments of the vast building construction industry.
Since being formed in 2016, IWSH has led and/or participated in a number of projects throughout the United States, including multiple Community Plumbing Challenges (CPCs) to bring clean water and safe sanitation to a series of remote homes in the Navajo Nation in the Southwestern United States, as well as a Wash Station Challenge that brought community hand-washing stations to the Navajo Nation; highlighting and addressing water quality issues in the city of Nome, Texas; and helping bring innovative decentralized waste systems to rural communities in Alabama.
"As a tenet of the association, we believe it's our obligation to ensure everyone is provided with safe drinking water," said ACP Executive Vice President Terence O'Brien. "We also strive to support worthy causes whenever possible. When we became aware of IWSH it connected these two core objectives. Supporting altruistic causes like IWSH is even more vital when times are difficult, and the last couple of years have been unprecedently so. We hope this contribution provides what we all consider a basic human right in clean, readily available drinking water."
The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), IWSH's parent organization, also expressed its gratitude to ACPCNY and is looking forward to working with ACPCNY members and partners to develop community plumbing and social impact initiatives in New York City and surrounding areas.
"ACPCNY's generous contribution will work to support safe water and sanitation projects both here in the United States and across the globe," said Jim Scarborough, IAPMO's director of government relations. "We look forward to working with ACPCNY on programs that will work to improve lives in the New York City area. There's much we can accomplish by working together."
Associations Codes & Standards Contractors & Installers Engineers & Specifiers Industry Community News Mechanical Plumber Plumbing Water Conservation Water Quality
IWSH Signs MOU with Plumbers Association of Zambia
WPC Connects IWSH, Plumbers Association of Zambia for Children's Village Handwashing Program
BIA Awards Best of Showroom of the Year to Plumbers & Factory Supplies' Showroom Bathworks


text:
DEFEND TRADE SECRETS ACT OF 2016
Public Law 114–153
To amend chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code, to provide Federal jurisdiction
for the theft of trade secrets, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
This Act may be cited as the ''Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016''.
SEC. 2. FEDERAL JURISDICTION FOR THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 1836 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking subsection (b) and inserting the following:
''(b) PRIVATE CIVIL ACTIONS.—
''(1) IN GENERAL.—An owner of a trade secret that is misappropriated may bring a civil action under this subsection if the trade secret is related to a product or service used in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce.
''(2) CIVIL SEIZURE.—
''(A) IN GENERAL.—
''(i) APPLICATION.—Based on an affidavit or verified complaint satisfying the requirements of this paragraph, the court may, upon ex parte application but only in extraordinary circumstances, issue an order providing for the seizure of property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of the trade secret that is the subject of the action.
''(ii) REQUIREMENTS FOR ISSUING ORDER.—The court may not grant an application under clause (i) unless the court finds that it clearly appears from specific facts that—
''(I) an order issued pursuant to Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or another form of equitable relief would be inadequate to achieve the purpose of this paragraph because the party to which the order would be issued would evade, avoid, or otherwise not comply with such an order;
''(II) an immediate and irreparable injury will occur if such seizure is not ordered;
''(III) the harm to the applicant of denying the application outweighs the harm to the legitimate interests of the person against whom seizure would be ordered of granting the application and substantially outweighs the harm to any third parties who may be harmed by such seizure;
''(IV) the applicant is likely to succeed in showing that—
''(aa) the information is a trade secret; and
''(bb) the person against whom seizure would be ordered—
''(AA) misappropriated the trade secret of the applicant by improper means; or
''(BB) conspired to use improper means to misappropriate the trade secret of the applicant;
''(V) the person against whom seizure would be ordered has actual possession of—
''(aa) the trade secret; and
''(bb) any property to be seized;
''(VI) the application describes with reasonable particularity the matter to be seized and, to the extent reasonable under the circumstances, identifies the location where the matter is to be seized;
''(VII) the person against whom seizure would be ordered, or persons acting in concert with such person, would destroy, move, hide, or otherwise make such matter inaccessible to the court, if the applicant were to proceed on notice to such person; and
''(VIII) the applicant has not publicized the requested seizure.
''(B) ELEMENTS OF ORDER.—If an order is issued under subparagraph (A), it shall—
''(i) set forth findings of fact and conclusions of law required for the order;
''(ii) provide for the narrowest seizure of property necessary to achieve the purpose of this paragraph and direct that the seizure be conducted in a manner that minimizes any interruption of the business operations of third parties and, to the extent possible, does not interrupt the legitimate business operations of the person accused of misappropriating the trade secret;
''(iii)(I) be accompanied by an order protecting the seized property from disclosure by prohibiting access by the applicant or the person against whom the order is directed, and prohibiting any copies, in whole or in part, of the seized property, to prevent undue damage to the party against whom the order has issued or others, until such parties have an opportunity to be heard in court; and
''(II) provide that if access is granted by the court to the applicant or the person against whom the order is directed, the access shall be consistent with subparagraph (D);
''(iv) provide guidance to the law enforcement officials executing the seizure that clearly delineates the scope of the authority of the officials, including—
''(I) the hours during which the seizure may be executed; and
''(II) whether force may be used to access locked areas;
''(v) set a date for a hearing described in subparagraph(F) at the earliest possible time, and not later than 7 days after the order has issued, unless the party against whom the order is directed and others harmed by the order consent to another date for the hearing, except that a party against whom the order has issued or any person harmed by the order may move the court at any time to dissolve or modify the order after giving notice to the applicant who obtained the order; and
''(vi) require the person obtaining the order to provide the security determined adequate by the court for the payment of the damages that any person may be entitled to recover as a result of a wrongful or excessive seizure or wrongful or excessive attempted seizure under this paragraph.
''(C) PROTECTION FROM PUBLICITY.—The court shall take appropriate action to protect the person against whom an order under this paragraph is directed from publicity, by or at the behest of the person obtaining the order, about such order and any seizure under such order.
''(D) MATERIALS IN CUSTODY OF COURT.—
''(i) IN GENERAL.—Any materials seized under this paragraph shall be taken into the custody of the court. The court shall secure the seized material from physical and electronic access during the seizure and while in the custody of the court.
''(ii) STORAGE MEDIUM.—If the seized material includes a storage medium, or if the seized material is stored on a storage medium, the court shall prohibit the medium from being connected to a network or the Internet without the consent of both parties, until the hearing required under subparagraph (B)(v) and described in subparagraph (F).
''(iii) PROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIALITY.—The court shall take appropriate measures to protect the confidentiality of seized materials that are unrelated to the trade secret information ordered seized pursuant to this paragraph unless the person against whom the order is entered consents to disclosure of the material.
''(iv) APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL MASTER.—The court may appoint a special master to locate and isolate all misappropriated trade secret information and to facilitate the return of unrelated property and data to the person from whom the property was seized. The special master appointed by the court shall agree to be bound by a non-disclosure agreement approved by the court.
''(E) SERVICE OF ORDER.—The court shall order that service of a copy of the order under this paragraph, and the submissions of the applicant to obtain the order, shall be made by a Federal law enforcement officer who, upon making service, shall carry out the seizure under the order. The court may allow State or local law enforcement officials to participate, but may not permit the applicant or any agent of the applicant to participate in the seizure. At the request of law enforcement officials, the court may allow a technical expert who is unaffiliated with the applicant and who is bound by a court-approved non-disclosure agreement to participate in the seizure if the court determines that the participation of the expert will aid the efficient execution of and minimize the burden of the seizure.
''(F) SEIZURE HEARING.—
''(i) DATE.—A court that issues a seizure order shall hold a hearing on the date set by the court under subparagraph (B)(v).
''(ii) BURDEN OF PROOF.—At a hearing held under this subparagraph, the party who obtained the order under subparagraph (A) shall have the burden to prove the facts supporting the findings of fact and conclusions of law necessary to support the order. If the party fails to meet that burden, the seizure order shall be dissolved or modified appropriately.
''(iii) DISSOLUTION OR MODIFICATION OF ORDER.—A party against whom the order has been issued or any person harmed by the order may move the court at any time to dissolve or modify the order after giving notice to the party who obtained the order.
''(iv) DISCOVERY TIME LIMITS.—The court may make such orders modifying the time limits for discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as may be necessary to prevent the frustration of the purposes of a hearing under this subparagraph.
''(G) ACTION FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY WRONGFUL SEIZURE.—A person who suffers damage by reason of a wrongful or excessive seizure under this paragraph has a cause of action against the applicant for the order under which such seizure was made, and shall be entitled to the same relief as is provided under section 34(d)(11) of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1116(d)(11)). The security
posted with the court under subparagraph (B)(vi) shall not limit the recovery of third parties for damages.
''(H) MOTION FOR ENCRYPTION.—A party or a person who claims to have an interest in the subject matter seized may make a motion at any time, which may be heard ex parte, to encrypt any material seized or to be seized under this paragraph that is stored on a storage medium. The motion shall include, when possible, the desired encryption method.
''(3) REMEDIES.—In a civil action brought under this subsection with respect to the misappropriation of a trade secret, a court may—
''(A) grant an injunction—
''(i) to prevent any actual or threatened misappropriation described in paragraph (1) on such terms as the court deems reasonable, provided the order does not—
''(I) prevent a person from entering into an employment relationship, and that conditions placed on such employment shall be based on evidence of threatened misappropriation and not merely on the information the person knows; or
''(II) otherwise conflict with an applicable State law prohibiting restraints on the practice of a lawful profession, trade, or business;
''(ii) if determined appropriate by the court, requiring affirmative actions to be taken to protect the trade secret; and
''(iii) in exceptional circumstances that render an injunction inequitable, that conditions future use of the trade secret upon payment of a reasonable royalty for no longer than the period of time for which such use could have been prohibited;
''(B) award—
''(i)(I) damages for actual loss caused by the misappropriation of the trade secret; and
''(II) damages for any unjust enrichment caused by the misappropriation of the trade secret that is not addressed in computing damages for actual loss; or
''(ii) in lieu of damages measured by any other methods, the damages caused by the misappropriation measured by imposition of liability for a reasonable royalty for the misappropriator's unauthorized disclosure or use of the trade secret;
''(C) if the trade secret is willfully and maliciously misappropriated, award exemplary damages in an amount not more than 2 times the amount of the damages awarded under subparagraph (B); and
''(D) if a claim of the misappropriation is made in bad faith, which may be established by circumstantial evidence, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or opposed in bad faith, or the trade secret was willfully and maliciously misappropriated, award reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party.
''(c) JURISDICTION.—The district courts of the United States shall have original jurisdiction of civil actions brought under this section.
''(d) PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS.—A civil action under subsection (b) may not be commenced later than 3 years after the date on which the misappropriation with respect to which the action would relate is discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been discovered. For purposes of this subsection, a continuing misappropriation constitutes a single claim of misappropriation.''.
(b) DEFINITIONS.—Section 1839 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
(1) in paragraph (3)—(A) in subparagraph (B), by striking ''the public'' and inserting ''another person who can obtain economic value from the disclosure or use of the information''; and (B) by striking ''and'' at the end;
(2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and
(3) by adding at the end the following:
''(5) the term 'misappropriation' means—
''(A) acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means; or
''(B) disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who—
''(i) used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret;
''(ii) at the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that the knowledge of the trade secret was—
''(I) derived from or through a person who had used improper means to acquire the trade secret;
''(II) acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain the secrecy of the trade secret or limit the use of the trade secret; or
''(III) derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain the secrecy of the trade secret or limit the use of the trade secret; or
''(iii) before a material change of the position of the person, knew or had reason to know that—
''(I) the trade secret was a trade secret; and
''(II) knowledge of the trade secret had been acquired by accident or mistake;
''(6) the term 'improper means'—
''(A) includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic or other means; and
''(B) does not include reverse engineering, independent derivation, or any other lawful means of acquisition; and
''(7) the term 'Trademark Act of 1946' means the Act entitled 'An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes, approved July 5, 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.) (commonly referred to as the ''Trademark Act of 1946'' or the ''Lanham Act'')'.''.
(c) EXCEPTIONS TO PROHIBITION.—Section 1833 of title 18, United States Code, is amended, in the matter preceding paragraph(1), by inserting ''or create a private right of action for'' after ''prohibit''.
(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(1) The section heading for section 1836 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:
''§ 1836. Civil proceedings''.
(2) The table of sections for chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 1836 and inserting the following:
''1836. Civil proceedings.''.
(e) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to any misappropriation of a trade secret (as defined in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this section) for which any act occurs on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(f) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in the amendments made by this section shall be construed to modify the rule of construction under section 1838 of title 18, United States Code, or to preempt any other provision of law.
(g) APPLICABILITY TO OTHER LAWS.—This section and the amendments made by this section shall not be construed to be a law pertaining to intellectual property for purposes of any other Act of Congress.
SEC. 3. TRADE SECRET THEFT ENFORCEMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
(1) in section 1832(b), by striking ''$5,000,000'' and inserting ''the greater of $5,000,000 or 3 times the value of the stolen trade secret to the organization, including expenses for research and design and other costs of reproducing the trade secret that the organization has thereby avoided''; and
(2) in section 1835—
(A) by striking ''In any prosecution'' and inserting the following:
''(a) IN GENERAL.—In any prosecution''; and
(B) by adding at the end the following:
''(b) RIGHTS OF TRADE SECRET OWNERS.—The court may not authorize or direct the disclosure of any information the owner asserts to be a trade secret unless the court allows the owner the opportunity to file a submission under seal that describes the interest of the owner in keeping the information confidential. No submission under seal made under this subsection may be used in a prosecution under this chapter for any purpose other than those set forth in this section, or otherwise required by law. The provision of information relating to a trade secret to the United States or the court in connection with a prosecution under this chapter shall not constitute a waiver of trade secret protection, and the disclosure of information relating to a trade secret in connection with a prosecution under this chapter shall not constitute a waiver of trade secret protection unless the trade secret owner expressly consents to such waiver.''.
(b) RICO PREDICATE OFFENSES.—Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting ''sections 1831 and 1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets),'' before ''section 1951''.
SEC. 4. REPORT ON THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS OCCURRING ABROAD.
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:
(1) DIRECTOR.—The term ''Director'' means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
(2) FOREIGN INSTRUMENTALITY, ETC.—The terms ''foreign instrumentality'', ''foreign agent'', and ''trade secret'' have the meanings given those terms in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code.
(3) STATE.—The term ''State'' includes the District of Columbia and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
(4) UNITED STATES COMPANY.—The term ''United States company'' means an organization organized under the laws of the United States or a State or political subdivision thereof.
(b) REPORTS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and biannually thereafter, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, the Director, and the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Senate, and make publicly available on the Web site of the Department of Justice and disseminate to the public through such other means as the Attorney General may identify, a report on the following:
(1) The scope and breadth of the theft of the trade secrets of United States companies occurring outside of the United States.
(2) The extent to which theft of trade secrets occurring outside of the United States is sponsored by foreign governments, foreign instrumentalities, or foreign agents.
(3) The threat posed by theft of trade secrets occurring outside of the United States.
(4) The ability and limitations of trade secret owners to prevent the misappropriation of trade secrets outside of the United States, to enforce any judgment against foreign entities for theft of trade secrets, and to prevent imports based on theft of trade secrets overseas.
(5) A breakdown of the trade secret protections afforded United States companies by each country that is a trading partner of the United States and enforcement efforts available and undertaken in each such country, including a list identifying specific countries where trade secret theft, laws, or enforcement is a significant problem for United States companies.
(6) Instances of the Federal Government working with foreign countries to investigate, arrest, and prosecute entities and individuals involved in the theft of trade secrets outside of the United States.
(7) Specific progress made under trade agreements and treaties, including any new remedies enacted by foreign countries, to protect against theft of trade secrets of United States companies outside of the United States.
(8) Recommendations of legislative and executive branch actions that may be undertaken to—
(A) reduce the threat of and economic impact caused by the theft of the trade secrets of United States companies occurring outside of the United States;
(B) educate United States companies regarding the threats to their trade secrets when taken outside of the United States;
(C) provide assistance to United States companies to reduce the risk of loss of their trade secrets when taken outside of the United States; and
(D) provide a mechanism for United States companies to confidentially or anonymously report the theft of trade secrets occurring outside of the United States.
SEC. 5. SENSE OF CONGRESS.
It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) trade secret theft occurs in the United States and around the world;
(2) trade secret theft, wherever it occurs, harms the companies that own the trade secrets and the employees of the companies;
(3) chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the ''Economic Espionage Act of 1996''), applies broadly to protect trade secrets from theft; and
(4) it is important when seizing information to balance the need to prevent or remedy misappropriation with the need to avoid interrupting the—
(A) business of third parties; and
(B) legitimate interests of the party accused of wrongdoing.
SEC. 6. BEST PRACTICES.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Federal Judicial Center, using existing resources, shall develop recommended best practices for—
(1) the seizure of information and media storing the information; and
(2) the securing of the information and media once seized.
(b) UPDATES.—The Federal Judicial Center shall update the recommended best practices developed under subsection (a) from time to time.
(c) CONGRESSIONAL SUBMISSIONS.—The Federal Judicial Center shall provide a copy of the recommendations developed under subsection(a), and any updates made under subsection (b), to the—
(1) Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and
(2) Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.
SEC. 7. IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY FOR CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE OF A TRADE SECRET TO THE GOVERNMENT OR IN A COURT FILING.
(a) AMENDMENT.—Section 1833 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
(1) by striking ''This chapter'' and inserting ''(a) IN GENERAL.—This chapter'';
(2) in subsection (a)(2), as designated by paragraph (1), by striking ''the reporting of a suspected violation of law to any governmental entity of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, if such entity has lawful authority with respect to that violation'' and inserting ''the disclosure of a trade secret in accordance with subsection (b)''; and
''(b) IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY FOR CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE OF A TRADE SECRET TO THE GOVERNMENT OR IN A COURT FILING.—
''(1) IMMUNITY.—An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that—
''(A) is made—
''(i) in confidence to a Federal, State, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney; and
''(ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or
''(B) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal.
''(2) USE OF TRADE SECRET INFORMATION IN ANTI-RETALIATION LAWSUIT.—An individual who files a lawsuit for retaliation by an employer for reporting a suspected violation of law may disclose the trade secret to the attorney of the individual and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the individual—
''(A) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and
''(B) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.
''(3) NOTICE.—
''(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer shall provide notice of the immunity set forth in this subsection in any contract or agreement with an employee that governs the use of a trade secret or other confidential information.
''(B) POLICY DOCUMENT.—An employer shall be considered to be in compliance with the notice requirement in subparagraph (A) if the employer provides a cross-reference to a policy document provided to the employee that setsforth the employer's reporting policy for a suspected violation of law.
''(C) NON-COMPLIANCE.—If an employer does not comply with the notice requirement in subparagraph (A), the employer may not be awarded exemplary damages or attorney fees under subparagraph (C) or (D) of section 1836(b)(3) in an action against an employee to whom notice was not provided.
''(D) APPLICABILITY.—This paragraph shall apply to contracts and agreements that are entered into or updated after the date of enactment of this subsection.
''(4) EMPLOYEE DEFINED.—For purposes of this subsection, the term 'employee' includes any individual performing work as a contractor or consultant for an employer.
''(5) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Except as expressly provided for under this subsection, nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize, or limit liability for, an act that is otherwise prohibited by law, such as the unlawful access of material by unauthorized means.''.
(b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 1838 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking ''This chapter'' and inserting ''Except as provided in section 1833(b), this chapter''.
Approved May 11, 2016.
上一篇:《2016保护商业秘密法》
下一篇:行政命令-封锁从事重大恶意网络活动人员财产


JUUL's mission is to improve the lives of the world's one billion adult smokers by driving innovation to eliminate cigarettes. JUUL is the number one US-based independent e-cigarette, selling over four million JUUL pods per month. Headquartered in San Francisco and backed by leading technology investors including Tiger Global, Fidelity Investments and Tao Invest LLC, JUUL Labs is disrupting one of the world's largest and oldest industries.
We're an exceptional team with backgrounds in technology, healthcare and biotech, and we're growing rapidly to deliver on our mission. We're actively looking to hire the world's best scientists, engineers, designers, product managers, supply chain experts, customer service and business professionals.
JUUL Labs is looking for an outstanding Senior UX Researcher to be part of the growing design team. He/she will partner closely with product, design (mobile & ID), consumer insights, and engineering to build inspiring and delightful device experiences to solve design challenges never before attempted. The role will be best practiced by someone who can use progressive research methods to gather and synthesize user (and target user) feedback into actionable insights that build a deep empathy with our users and apply directly to product design. The UX researcher should be able to take business requirements, and generate a wide breadth of UX/design concepts, and put the concepts to the test to users.
Works closely with product, consumer insights, and engineering during research studies.
Uses a wide range of user research methods including user interviews, surveys, prototype testing and sacrificial concept testing.
Works with ID and UX Designers to design and plan usability testing.
Works with firmware team to design and conduct tests where software and hardware converge.
Coordinates testers and/or recruiting firms to get the right people to test our products.
Synthesizes user feedback and data post release cycles.
5+ years of experience in ID/UX design and research for on-market products (preferably in-house); experience with connected devices a plus.
Outstanding portfolio of UX-focused work samples for consumer products and mobile applications underpinned by a solid grounding of user-centered design principles, UX standards and fundamental user behaviors.
Practical, outcomes-oriented approach to design research; can demonstrate how research informed the design direction.
Ability to design, conduct, and manage user tests from end-to-end.
Knowledge of the sprint process and human-centered design.
Familiarity with AB testing and AB testing platforms.
Familiarity with relevant research services such as UserTesting, DScout, Respondent.io, etc.
Ability to generate a breadth of testable prototypes, then put them to the test.
Ability to apply a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods, and know which tools to use when.


text:
Michael Yardney's Commentary
How is Melbourne's shut down going to affect the Australian economy?
Coronavirus, Latest, Michael Yardney blog, Michael Yardney's Commentary
Just when we thought we saw a light at the end of the tunnel, we are now wondering is this a train wreck heading in our direction or is it the bright sunshine as we move out of the tunnel?
The Australian economy was in recession during the first half of 2020, which was the inevitable impact of the global pandemic.
But now the Melbourne economy has been shut down for a second time creating a $6+Billion blow to our economy.
Here's what Westpac senior economist Andrew Hanian had to say in a Westpac's July Market Outlook.
Australia was in recession for the first half of 2020…
This, the first recession since 1991, will have damaging impacts, leaving long lasting scars, most notably a sharp jump in the unemployment rate.
Output contracted by 0.3% in the March quarter, followed by a precipitous fall in the next three months, down a forecast 7%.
In July, a second wave of coronavirus infections in Melbourne and the decision to shut–down greater Melbourne for six weeks from July 9 has led us to downgrade our growth forecast for the 2020 year, from –4.0% to –4.2%.
There is a permanent loss of activity in the order of $3bn and growth over the second half of this year will be back–end loaded (a quarterly profile of 1.1% and 2.2%, revised from 1.5% and 2.0%).
For 2021, we anticipate a lacklustre expansion of 3%, leaving the level of activity at the end of 2021 still 1.3% below that at the end of 2019.
In assessing the outlook, we consider three distinct phases.
Phase I is the initial shut–down due to the restrictions around the pandemic,
Phase II is the exit path as the economy reopens (albeit a disrupted reopening) and
Phase III is the broader economic recovery.
The economy reopening has been dealt a blow…
Around Phase I there were some positives.
The initial downturn was not as deep or as long as previously anticipated.
Australia had initial success in dealing with the health aspects of the pandemic, infection rates decreased and were far lower than feared.
The rolling back of restrictions was brought forward and the economy slowly reopened.
In our June Report, these developments led us to upgrade our forecast for the June quarter slump, from –8.5% to –7%.
Melbourne is in a second shut down.
During Phase II, there is considerable uncertainty around the exit path, with the risk of set–backs.
Such a set–back has been experienced with Melbourne going into lock–down, leading to the closure of the NSW border with Victoria.
These events will likely see around 25% of the national economy stall in the September quarter – with Melbourne accounting for about 20% and an additional 5% potentially aff ected (including regional areas of Victoria and into NSW, as well as interstate travel).
This expected fl at outcome across greater Melbourne for Q3 includes a 1.5% contraction during the shut–down, off a weak base, which is reversed over the remainder of the quarter.
We anticipate some catch–up of activity in Melbourne during the December quarter, albeit a partial one.
There are downside risks to our forecasts, with potential confidence impacts, particularly if there are outbreaks of the virus in other states.
Westpac has lowered its 2020 growth forecast.
As well as risks pertaining to the virus itself, another key uncertainty around the exit path and the recovery relates to policy support.
The winding back of fiscal policy stimulus measures – around JobSeeker and JobKeeper – is still a work in progress, with the Federal Government to release an Economic Update on July 23 ahead of the annual budget, delayed until October 6.
Policy support and stimulus will be needed for some time yet, in our view, to support households and overall domestic demand – particularly in light of the Melbourne shut–down.
In terms of the current growth momentum, partial indicators are mixed.
This is to be expected in the context of a gradual and uneven re–opening.
Economy-wide measures, such as the labour market and business surveys, highlight recent weakness in what remains a fl uid and fast moving environment.
Hours worked slumped 9.5% in April, at the height of the nation–wide partial lock– down, and fell further in May, –0.7%.
For June, business surveys were, on balance, weak.
The AiG PSI printed at 31.5 for June, following a 31.6 for May and an historic low of 27.1 in April.
This suggests that the service sectors contracted at a sharp rate in the June quarter, still impacted by social distancing and travel restrictions.
From July 1, restrictions were eased further in most states, with anecdotes of a resulting bounce in activity.
News around the consumer and housing is also mixed.
The home building outlook is downbeat.
Dwelling approvals for NSW and Victoria (which together accounted for near 2/3rds of all approvals in 2019) collapsed in April and May, down 24%.
These states have been impacted most by the closure of the national border, with fewer international visitors (tourists and students).
Retail, which has experienced a wild ride, is a relative bright spot. Sales bounced in May, +16.9%, reversing the April plunge, –17.7%.
However, overall consumer spending is much weaker than this, as evident from business surveys and the abrupt stop of overseas travel by Australians.
On Phase III, we expect a number of headwinds to constrain the pace of recovery in 2021 and beyond.
There are the ongoing fragilities evident pre–COVID, notably weak wages growth, as well as the legacies from the pandemic and from the recession.
International travel restrictions will be slow to be removed, impacting tourism as well as international student numbers.
That will reduce population growth for a time, with negative spill–over effects to home building.
Confidence across households and businesses will remain fragile, after the hit to incomes and wealth, and with unemployment at elevated levels.
For businesses, we expect investment spending will be slow to recover following the recession, as is typically the case, with the with the emergence of excess capacity and as fi rms reassess their business models post–COVID.
Source: Westpac's July Market Outlook: Author -Westpac senior economist Andrew Hanian had to say in a Westpac's July Market Outlook
This is general advice, not investment advice as we don't know your personal circumstances.
How Many People Die Each Day? [Infographic]
This week's Australian Property Market Update – Latest Data, State by State…
'How is Melbourne's shut down going to affect the Australian economy?' have no comments


An unusual parfait made with curry leaf and lime that will surprise you with its delicious flavours.
To make the parfait, place eggs, sugar, lime zest and curry leaves in a bowl and place over saucepan of gently simmering water. Whisk until smooth, combined and thickened. Remove from heat and whisk until cool. Fold in whipped cream then pour into moulds. Place in the freezer to set.
To make the caramel, place sugars and lime juice in a saucepan and set over high heat. Cook until dark caramel in colour. Gradually add cream and allow to boil. Add butter and salt to taste, whisk to combine and remove from heat and set aside.
Shred the fresh coconut and roast till crunchy and brown. Set aside. Toast the puffed rice till they are nice and crunchy. Mix with the coconut and the zest of 1 lime and the palm sugar. Set aside.
To serve, sprinkle some puffed rice in a bowl. Add parfait and drizzle with caramel.
1. You need to make sure that the curry leaves are finely chopped as they are bitter to taste. Use a blender to finely crush them if required.


I am missing the button at the bottom of the page that lets you go back or to another topic without having to scroll all the way back to the top. did you know this was missing or is it me?
ok T, I just wanted to make sure you knew it was gone!


text:
One of us is lying ~ Review
It's a reminder that everyone in high school has secrets, everyone fucks up once in a while along with feeling like four truly real coming of age stories all compiled into one small package that I thoroughly enjoyed.
I've been trying to read One of us is lying for the past thirteen weeks. In those thirteen weeks I got a quarter of the way through. When I had my final class, I picked up the book and didn't put it down. It was that fucking good.
"Pay close attention and you might solve this.
On Monday afternoon, five students at Bayview High walk into detention.
Bronwyn, the brain, is Yale-bound and never breaks a rule.
Addy, the beauty, is the picture-perfect homecoming princess.
Nate, the criminal, is already on probation for dealing.
Cooper, the athlete, is the all-star baseball pitcher.
And Simon, the outcast, is the creator of Bayview High's notorious gossip app.
Only, Simon never makes it out of that classroom. Before the end of detention Simon's dead. And according to investigators, his death wasn't an accident. On Monday, he died. But on Tuesday, he'd planned to post juicy reveals about all four of his high-profile classmates, which makes all four of them suspects in his murder. Or are they the perfect patsies for a killer who's still on the loose?
Everyone has secrets, right? What really matters is how far you would go to protect them." –Source.
It's really the breakfast club meets pretty little liars.
Of course this book had its problems, the beginning was extremely slow however detailed to assist in the plot development and characterisation. Once you get over the part one hump, your set for all nighter town as you'll be reading NON STOP.
The story centers around five high school student in detention after getting their phones confiscated. Then, one of them begins convulsing, having an allergic reaction, and dies in the classroom with four of his peers around him. Fingers are pointed, lines are drawn and the mystery of what happened to this fifth student runs through the school like a wildfire setting gossip ablaze.
I just enjoy how relatable this novel is while subtly tackling prevalent issues in our society such as substance abuse, homophobia, depression, anxiety, domestic abuse, bullying and a plethora of other issues which are contained in schools.
The characters are another high point of this novel. I didn't warm to these characters immediately as their guarded personalities were quite one dimensional. It was when I was able to grasp more and more facets of who these characters were that they began to intrigue me and I actually began to care about what happened to them. They broke down their labels and stereotypes and faced the consequences of such.
Each of these characters is fatally flawed with serious ramifications being connotative of their actions, this allows us to truly go along for the ride with them and follow their journeys to the bitter end.
Bronwyn, Cooper, Nate and Addy all have their ideas, motivations and lives challenged by the events that unfold through out this story which forces them to become transparent, not only with the world around them, but themselves.
My favourite of the four would have to be either Cooper or Addy. Cooper because he's just so damn charming and who doesn't like a jock! Addy's change throughout the story is the most significant and meaningful as she is able to break out of the cage she's been held in. The caged bird can finally sing!
One of us is lying fully explores the vulnerabilities of the main characters along with their deep rooted insecurities and habits which all gets put into a washing machine and turned upside down upon Simon's death. It is truly a spectacle to watch these characters grow into their true selves as they are able to understand where they fit into the story.
It's a great whodunnit, but in a fresh way with multiple perspectives adding to the 'I hope it's not this one because I really like them' fun. However, I would have to say that the novel is kind of predictable at some points. Not so much as to ruin all the major plot points, but its not too hard to assume certain things that unfold.
As for a rating, 8/10 seems fair. With a slow start, but great ending, amazing characters and wonderful plot twists, I think it's fair.
~krisesandchrosses~
CategoriesBook Reviews
Tagsbook review, books, bookstagram, coming of age, coming out, death, depression, gay, gossip, homophobia, issues, literature, murder, murder mystery, one of us is lying
To Track, Or Not To Track
Geoslaves