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Contributor Nature Comms
Order and Disorder – A story about ice
All of us know "ice" from wintertime or from the freezer. This common form of ice is only one of now 19 ice polymorphs. The newly discovered ice XIX is different from hexagonal ice in many aspects, not only because it is a high-pressure form. Read here what distinguishes it!
Thomas Loerting and 1 other View all
University Professor, University of Innsbruck
Thomas Loerting
Contributing author
Tobias Gasser
scientific assisstant, University of Innsbruck
In the 1910s and 1920s the crystal structure of "common" ice was studied using X-rays, making the case for the lattice of oxygen atoms being hexagonal [1]. However, not much was known about the hydrogen atoms at the time. In 1933 Bernal&Fowler made the rather unusual suggestion that the hydrogen atoms do not occupy lattice positions, but are disordered just like atoms are disordered in a glass [2]. B&F have thought about a static irregularity of structure. This concept is illustrated in a simplified way in Figure 1 on the example of 2D ice. In modern terms scientists speak about hydrogen disorder and geometric frustration being present in the common hexagonal form of ice. Soon thereafter Pauling considered the network of H-atoms to be indeed irregular, but dynamic in nature [3]. He considered that an ice crystal can exist in anyone of a large number of configurations, each one corresponding to certain orientations of the water molecules. At comparably high temperatures, e.g., -10°C, all these configurations appear with time, so that the structure of ice needs to be described as an average over all these configurations. Based on his count of the number of possible configurations that obey the "ice rules" he defined the Pauling entropy and estimated it to be 3.37 J K-1 mol-1. In other words, hexagonal ice is a highly dynamic, high-entropy, high-temperature form of ice. This suggestion has been confirmed in the following years based on neutron diffraction[a] studies of hexagonal ice [4].
Figure 1: Simplified illustration of the concept of a disordered, geometrically frustrated ice ("disordered") and an ordered counterpart ("ferroelectric") on the example of square ice.
Upon lowering of temperature one should be able to reach a zero-entropy form of ice, in which only one single configuration of H-atoms remains – the thermodynamically most stable one, which is characterized by aligned water molecules. In case of hexagonal ice one needs to cool the ice to below -200°C to allow for exactly this. However, in most experiments the ordered ice does not form easily by cooling. When lowering the temperature the atoms simply stop being mobile, and the geometrically frustrated hexagonal structure is frozen-in. Only by providing lots of time and by adding catalysts that speed up the dynamics in the hydrogen bond network it is possible to keep up molecular mobility. This tricky experiment was successfully conducted only in 1972 by Kawada, where KOH was used as a catalyst introducing point defects and where many days of patience were necessary before the order developed below -200°C [5]. This ordered form related to hexagonal is known as the ice XI polymorph today.
Our work focuses on ice VI, which is one of the many high-pressure ice polymorphs that obey the exact same ice rules. Just like hexagonal ice it is a geometrically frustrated ice. None of the ice sheets or glaciers on Earth are deep enough to exert enough pressure to produce any of the high-pressure ice polymorphs on Earth's surface. However, ice VI has lately been declared a mineral since it exists in the mantle at depths of several hundred kilometres and can be found even at the surface as diamond inclusion [6]. In cold-subduction slabs the freezing of liquid water to ices VI or VII is responsible for the build-up of friction and earthquakes, referred to as "ice quakes". Ice VI also exists in the interior of icy planetary bodies and moons in our solar system, e.g., the Galilean satellites of Jupiter [7]. It was discovered in the laboratory more than 100 years ago in 1911 after a race between Tammann in Göttingen and Nobel laureate Bridgman in Harvard [8]. Its crystal structure was determined using X-rays in 1965 [9] and using neutrons in 1984 [10], demonstrating it to contain two independent H-bonded networks ("self-clathrate") and to be H-disordered. For many decades there were barely any signs that an ordered variety to ice VI exists. It took until 2009 before a team from Innsbruck and Oxford uncovered a way how to actually make the ordered counterpart. In detail, they obtained it by cooling ice VI near 1 GPa to below -140°C using HCl as dopant and catalyst [11]. Ice XV is partially H-ordered, where the water molecules are aligned in a way giving rise to antiferroelectricity. After this discovery six order-disorder pairs were known, and one could get the impression that there is always exactly one ordered ice related to the disordered parent. However, this is not necessarily so. In a given network of oxygen atoms there are many different ways how the water molecules may adopt an ordered configuration. e.g., different structures are possible. In case of the unit cell of ice VI a total of 45 different ferroelectric or antiferroelectric types of order are possible in the framework of the ice rules, where ice XV represents only one of them [12].
Aware of this issue, we have found some experimental evidence for the existence of a second ordered ice related to ice VI in 2018 [13]. In particular, we noticed that ice VI turns into a form of ice that is not ice XV when cooling it very slowly near 2 GPa instead of 1 GPa. Raman spectra are different, some slight shifts in X-ray diffraction patterns distinguish them, and most notably the "new" ice shows a different thermal behaviour. Based on these findings we had suggested that this represents a second, differently ordered ice polymorph related to ice VI. However, we were facing the challenge that the experimental procedure that leads to this form in case of H2O-ice does not do so in case of D2O-ice. We suggested to name this phase as ice β-XV, and to try to find the exact crystal structure in future. Inspecting our evidence, Rosu-Finsen and Salzmann had suggested that ice β-XV is not a crystalline ice, but rather contains an immobile disordered network of H-atoms - something they call a deep-glassy form [14]. In order to distinguish between the two possibilities the gold standard experiment was missing: neutron diffraction on deuterated ice β-XV, which was inaccessible at the time.
In the present work, we outline the key for making it by demonstrating that the nucleation and growth kinetics for deuterated ice β-XV is significantly accelerated when adding a tiny fraction of H2O to the D2O sample. This has opened the door to the neutron diffraction investigation, which was done at the high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) instrument at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory after extraction of the ice from the high pressure cell, and transfer of the ice immersed in liquid nitrogen to the beamline. The powder pattern is clearly different both from ice XV and parental ice VI, with a unit cell of doubled size. Considering this super-cell one can even envision more than one thousand different types of H-order, making it extremely hard to refine the correct structure from the data. Furthermore, the Bragg peaks are comparably broad, which indicates that the ice is crystallizing in many small domains. Figure 2 illustrates this issue on the example of a structure containing a mix of ice XV and ice XIX domains. We had several solutions fitting the measured ice XIX pattern in a satisfactory, but quite similar quality, where the tetragonal structure came out as the best solution. Reassuringly, the very same solution is also the best fit in the simultaneous work by Yamane et al. appearing now back-to-back with our publication. By contrast to our work they did not recover the ice to ambient pressure, but studied the neutron diffraction pattern in situ at high pressure of 1.6 GPa.
Figure 2: Illustration of the concept of domain ordering in the matrix of ice VI. Corner points represent O atoms, lines represent H-bonds. Colors indicate different types of H-order (magenta = ice XIX, blue = ice XV, red = stable ice VI, orange = transient ice VI‡). Note the two unconnected networks (dotted and full diamonds).
Both works together make the case for ice β-XV to be a new ice polymorph, now named ice XIX, in which the H-subnetwork is arranged in a partly ordered antiferroelectric network. This is the first example in ice physics, in which a second ordered polymorph related to the same parental disordered phase could be realized in experiment. Going back to Pauling, this demonstrates that not only one thermodynamically stable form of ice can be obtained upon cooling, but also metastable ices may be accessed in experiment. By employing pressure as control variable two quite different types of H-order can be realized within the same framework of oxygen atoms. This also represent a challenge to theory, because the ordering is apparently very sensitive to long-range interactions and pressure and needs to be modelled properly based on good description of dispersion interactions in future. Our findings also feature a very interesting triangular relationship between parental ice VI and the two related sibling phases, ices XV and XIX. By heating ice XIX at ambient pressure we obtain a transformation between the two ordered siblings, from ice XIX to ice XV, which proceeds via a disordered transient state - to the best of our knowledge, the first of its kind in ice physics. This prompts for a lot of further work, e.g., on the kinetics of all transitions in the triangle.
[1] a) A. St. John., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1918, 4, 193-197; b) W. H. Bragg, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 1921, 34, 98-103; c) D. M. Dennison, Phys. Rev. 1921, 17, 20-22; d) W. H. Barnes, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 1929, 125, 670.
[2] J. D. Bernal, R. H. Fowler, J. Chem. Phys. 1933, 1, 515-548.
[3] L. Pauling, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 2680-2684.
[4] a) E. O. Wollan, W. L. Davidson, C. G. Shull, Phys. Rev. 1949, 75, 1348-1352; b) S. W. Peterson, H. A. Levy, Acta Cryst. 1957, 10, 70-76; c) P. G. Owston, Adv. Phys. 1958, 7, 171-188.
[5] S. Kawada, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 1972, 32, 1442.
[6] H. Kagi, R. Lu, P. Davidson, A. F. Goncharov, H. K. Mao, R. J. Hemley, Min. Mag. 2000, 64, 1089-1097.
[7] J. Leliwa-Kopystynski, Adv. Space Res. 1995, 15, 69-78.
[8] a) G. Tammann, Z. Phys. Chem. 1910, 72, 609-631; b) P. W. Bridgman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 1911, 47, 319.
[9] B. Kamb, Science 1965, 150, 205-209.
[10] W. F. Kuhs, J. L. Finney, C. Vettier, D. V. Bliss, J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 81, 3612-3623.
[11] C. G. Salzmann, P. G. Radaelli, E. Mayer, J. L. Finney, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 105701.
[12] K. Komatsu, F. Noritake, S. Machida, A. Sano-Furukawa, T. Hattori, R. Yamane, H. Kagi, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28920.
[13] T. M. Gasser, A. V. Thoeny, L. J. Plaga, K. W. Köster, M. Etter, R. Böhmer, T. Loerting, Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 4224-4234.
[14] A. Rosu-Finsen, C. G. Salzmann, Chem. Sci. 2019, 10, 515-523.
[a] Neutron powder diffraction is optimally done using deuterated ice (D2O) to avoid the large incoherent neutron scattering produced by the ordinary 1H isotope, thus allowing for the reliable determination of hydrogen atom positions in the crystal structure.
Spontaneous Collective Alignment of Reorienting Dipolar Arrays
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Contributor Comms Chemistry
Yuan-Ping Pang
Hammering ammonia into alkenes to build aromatic N-heterocycles via electricity
Xu Cheng and 1 other
Merging Enzymes with Chemocatalysis for Amide Bond Synthesis
Luis Bering and 1 other
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Carson Cohen and 2 others


Prime Minister Danny Philip now holds a huge majority, with at least 39 MPs.
The planned motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Danny Philip has been dropped.
Opposition Leader, Dr Derek Sikua, gave notice for the motion just days after he took up the position from Steve Abana who has since joined the Government.
Parliamentary Speaker Sir Allan Kemakeza yesterday decided against allowing the motion of no confidence to proceed.
The leader of the Opposition, Dr Derek Sikua, tried to move the motion on Tuesday after the budget was passed.
However, the Parliament Speaker said he had anticipated the situation, and had made up his mind on Monday to refuse the motion.
His decision was based on the schedule of parliament business and because of time factor.
The Opposition's plan to oust the Prime Minister also suffered a major setback last week with the defection of six of its members.


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Home / Rugby / Rugby 7's Hit's Vancouver
Rugby 7's Hit's Vancouver
By Steve Erickson
https://olympic.ca/2016/03/10/vancouver-sevens-series-prize-breakdown-for-rugby-beginners/
The 6th leg of the tournament of the World Rugby Sevens International series kicks off for the third year hosted in Vancouver that has fan's buzzing with excitement to watch World Class Rugby in front of a sold out crowd at BC Place.
Visitors from 16 Nations will visit Vancouver with the flair of the game on the field that will include 7 players that will be playing a 14 minute game that will include two 7 minute periods that will also feature an intermission before the games resumes.
Once a game is completed another starts immediately after a total of 45 games are scheduled over the two days at BC Place as a sellout crowd is expected over the two day event.
Preliminary play begins on Saturday morning at and runs until 9:30am and runs into the evening with over 20 games a day scheduled in 4 groups looking to make the cut for the playoffs over the two day event with the top teams advancing for the title game on Sunday.
This year the Countries and Groups are as follows:
Group A Australia, Canada, United States, and Uruguay
Group B Argentina, Wales, England and Samoa
Group C Fiji, Kenya, France, and Australia
Group D South Africa, Argentina, New Zealand, and Russia
This tournament is extra special for Canada as it's not only a chance for the fans to be entertained, but also show the talent featured by Canada.
This brings the above listed Nations to Vancouver showing that the City of Vancouver is a world class city who have hosted various events including the 2010 Winter Olympics the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup of Soccer and Men's World Cup games all setting attendance records
For a complete schedule of this years Rugby Sevens at BC Place got their website @http://www.canadasevens.com/schedule/.
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About Steve Erickson
Sports Broadcaster for Delta TV/Eastlink TV 2015 Delta Chamber of Commerce - Volunteer of Year Inductee 2017 Vancouver Canadians Baseball Broadcast Hall of Fame Play by Play Delta Ice Hawks (PJHL), Surrey Eagles (BCHL), Youtube/Sportswave TV

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Doctor bag "Ltd. edition" is made with the classic metal hinges and features one external zippered pocket on the back and one on the interior. The bottom is reinforced and has metal feet underneath. The body of the bag is made with milled Italian vegtan leather. Although unlined, the leather is treated to keep from shedding leather fibers. Solid brass equestrian hardware. It has a lockable tuck latch and detachable cross body strap.


"Sinister… sinister isn't descriptive enough!
This entry was posted in 2k and tagged 2k, portrait, The Hound, The Master. Bookmark the permalink.
Wow, you can even see Tom Neyman's brush strokes it's so clear.
Still can't see the dog very well. Definitely better than the SD copies, where you can't tell what ANYTHING is.


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Search - The Bonesetter's Daughter
The Bonesetter's Daughter
Author: Amy Tan
"The Bonesetter's Daughter dramatically chronicles the tortured, devoted relationship between LuLing Young and her daughter Ruth. . . . A strong novel, filled with idiosyncratic, sympathetic characters, haunting images, historical complexity, significant contemporary themes, and suspenseful mystery." — –Los Angel... more »es Times
"TAN AT HER BEST . . . Rich and hauntingly forlorn . . . The writing is so exacting and unique in its detail."
"For Tan, the true keeper of memory is language, and so the novel is layered with stories that have been written down–by mothers for their daughters, passing along secrets that cannot be said out loud but must not be forgotten."
"AMY TAN [HAS] DONE IT AGAIN. . . . The Bonesetter's Daughter tells a compelling tale of family relationships; it layers and stirs themes of secrets, ambiguous meanings, cultural complexity and self-identity; and it resonates with metaphor and symbol."
3.9 stars, based on 437 ratings
Book Type: Mass Market Paperback
Other Versions: Hardcover, Audio Cassette, Audio CD
Top Member Book Reviews
Carrie R. reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 9/4/2008 + 37 more book reviews
Helpful Score: 13
"The Bonesetter's Daughter" like most of Amy Tan's novels center on the relationship between a mother and daughter. This story, however, has three generations represented separately as the granddaughter never met her grandmother.
"The Bonesetter's Daughter" is interesting from a historical glance. It takes place mostly in WWII era China. While the characters become well developed through backward glances, the book still feels under-developed to me.
I wasn't very impressed with this book. I thought that it could have been done better. The resolve just wasn't there for me. I did like the final message, but I thought that the 399 pages leading up to it were a long way to come for so short of an impartation to the reader. Read more at www.carriesclassics.com
Cassie H. (Irishcoda) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 4/3/2006 + 88 more book reviews
Helpful Score: 8
Amy Tan is a wonderful story teller, even when she's telling the same one. So far, each of the books I've read have been about mother-daughter conflicts and that's what drives The Bonesetter's Daughter too. Some similar themes in the books include traditional Chinese mother vs Americanized Chinese daughter and the daughter lives with or is married to a non-Chinese partner. The backstories are always different, though, and make for a fascinating read. I'm always pulled in. In this story, LuLing--the mother--recognizes that she's losing her memory and writes down everything she can remember about her life. Her daughter Ruth has been very busy with her career and her family--boyfriend and his two daughters--and has had some bumps and rough spots along the road with her mother so she hasn't been visiting often. This crisis of health brings them back together, though, and Ruth learns about her mother's life and why she behaved the way she did. I loved the story and would recommend it to anyone!
Sharon (ShareBear) - , reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 3/15/2007 + 159 more book reviews
This book is an excellent story about an AmeriAsian woman who has to find out about her mother's past and her history, before she truly knows who she is and can find true love and happiness. It is as good as The Joy Luck Club also written by Amy Tan.
Karin B. (kattepusen) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 9/10/2007
Formulaic, yet addictive...
I almost feel bad criticizing this book for being overly formulaic when I actually enjoyed parts of it so much. Yes, this is typical Amy Tan fare, which includes mother-daughter angst, immigrant culture, and old Chinese family secrets dusted off and gradually exposed through some engrossing storytelling. The story shifts between present-day San Francisco where we follow Ruth Young and her struggles with her Chinese-born mother, LuLing, and pre-WW2 rural China where we are treated to sumptious descriptions of old customs and superstitions surrounding LuLing's family origins. As with Tan's other books, it is when she takes the reader back in time to China that the story really shines. When the plot returns to America, it almost feels like a complete let-down.
In present time, Ruth's mother, LuLing, suffers from dementia, and as a result she has written down her life story in Chinese for her daughter to read. Ruth, who is not fluent in written Mandarin, hires someone to translate the story, and it is through this translation we are treated to the memoirs of LuLing. The bonesetter is her grandfather, and the daughter actually refers to LuLing's real mother - or Precious Auntie as she is called. This tragic title character is at the center of the story both before and after her death, and the injustices done to her by her adversaries as well as her own family are heartwrenching. The dynamic between LuLing and her "sister" GaoLing is also well portrayed, and the sisterly jealousies as well as loyalties are well characterized. The family business aspects, caligraphy descriptions and the ink-producing process are fascinating to read.
All the superstitions and ghosts that envelope every character in China, however, are the most satisfying parts.
There are numerous subplots and transitory characters, both in China and in San Fransisco. There are the two American missionaries along with Sister Yu, who run the orphanage where LuLing spends several years both as student and teacher. There are the British mother and daughter and their talking parrot in Hong Kong where LiuLing as a maid learns English. There are the archeologists who are excavating the Peking Man - and the one who wins LuLing's heart. The subplot involving Dottie and Lance from Ruth's childhood, however, albeit interesting, seemed to fizzle out without a proper conclusion.
Finally, the main male characters in the story were quite one-dimensional (saintly or evil) - but this is rather typical in Tan's writing.
The end is too contrived in its desperate attempt to provide some sort of closure between everyone. Also, the translator's role becomes a bit too sentimental. You leave the book wishing to read more about China, which is actually a good feeling.
All in all, this is a comforting hammock read without profound implications.
Ross M. (Parrothead) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 3/31/2006 + 533 more book reviews
The Bonesetter's Daughter is a wonderful example of Amy Tan's considerable skill as a master storyteller. Here she exposes to us, layer by layer, the deeply complex relationship between Ruth Young, a ghostwriter of self-help books, and her mother, LuLing.
Realizing she is having problems with her memory long before Ruth suspects it, Luling painstakingly writes the facts of her life as best she remembers it, so that her story doesn't die with her failing memory.
The start and finish of this novel, which chronicles Ruth's struggle in coming to terms with her mother througout her life and Ruth's stumbling upon LuLing's memoirs, frame the middle section of the book, which consist of the memoirs themselves.
Read All 103 Book Reviews of "The Bonesetters Daughter"
Erin S. (tommygirl412) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 10/5/2011
There is not a reader out there who will not identify with at least one character in this book. It's one of those books that is hard to put down...EXCELLENT!
Nancy S. (raney) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 6/21/2011 + 16 more book reviews
Tan does it again with the Bonesetter's Daughter. She takes us through the lives of 3 generations of women, the oldest entirely in China, the youngest in the USA and the middle bridging both.
The story opens in the United States. The protagonist, Ruth, is a ghost writer unable to commit to her divorced-with-children boyfriend. She and her aged mother, LuLing, aren't as close as either might wish, but when Ruth's mother gives her a manuscript (written in Chinese) detailing LuLing's personal history, Ruth comes to a clearer understanding of just what makes mom tick.
The history of Ruth's mother and grandmother is revealed in the setting of 1920s China in the rural area where the bones of the Peking Man were discovered. As with The Joy Luck Club, the stories told are not all pleasant. There is a gritty realism to the histories that demands we respect and honor the trials gone through by the Chinese peasant women in their quests for love and a better life. American-born Ruth comes to see her mother in a new light even as Alzheimer disease dims LuLing's memories.
Another great read from Tan with fascinating characters in both eras.
Elizabeth H. (efhoxie) reviewed The Bonesetter's Daughter on 8/16/2008
I loved this book. The rich description and well spun story kept me intrigued. I was more interested in the mothers story, or flashbacks, rather than the modern thread. All together it made me really think about and cherish my relationships after this read.
Read All Book Reviews of "The Bonesetters Daughter"
Literature & Fiction >> General >> Contemporary
Literature & Fiction >> General >> Literary
Literature & Fiction >> World Literature >> United States >> Asian American >> General
Literature & Fiction >> World Literature >> United States >> Asian American >> Tan, Amy
Literature & Fiction >> Authors, A-Z >> ( T ) >> Tan, Amy
Tags Amy Tan, China, Fiction


With the already narrow margins many businesses face, and the fact that civil and criminal liability is a constant threat, entities need to maximize any receivables and work to ensure safe harbor from, penalties, lawsuits or any other threats that could jeopardize their business or personnel. Along those lines, creating and maintain required documentation is vital to the compliance obligations (and financial well-being) of a health care company.
For employers, proper documentation is essential to avoiding vicarious liability under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and to ensure that the company can satisfy the requirements of any DOL, IRS, immigration, or state agency audit.
Specifically, health care-related entities should focus in developing an effective compliance program, and take into account the Office of Inspector General (OIG) guidelines and work plans, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), licensure and reporting, physician self-referral provisions (Stark) and Anti-Kickback Statutes, when an "Adverse Event" is reportable, proper billing, coding, and avoiding Medicare audits for overpayments, and patient satisfaction surveys. A failure to implement a proper compliance plan could expose the entity and its directors to liability under Caremark, a landmark case which holds that a corporate board director's responsibility includes assurances that necessary information and reporting systems are in place to provide to senior management and to the board itself timely, accurate information to reach informed judgments regarding the company's compliance with law and its business performance. The lack of such systems and compliance may result in directors and other executives being held personally liable to shareholders for any losses.
A good compliance program should have a designated compliance officer and an experienced attorney as a legal advisor to review laws, regulations, policies, procedures, and contracts that apply to physician, providers, and services. The legal advisor can ensure that proper documentation, deadlines, and records are in place as the first line of defense in the event of any complaints, audits, or civil litigation. Both the compliance officer and legal advisor should have access to company information to properly investigate any complaints in accordance with the business's code of conduct, by-laws, applicable laws and regulations, to be able to make recommendations to the board of directors on the best course of action.
Navigating the requisite compliance field is no easy task - Contact The Clark Firm with any questions, or to set up a review and evaluation of the current system in place.
In re Caremark International Inc, 698 A.2d 959 (Ct. Chanc. Del. 1996).
Related Posts: What is the Stark Law?


text:
Q: What kind of test can I write to check the file? I have a controller for VF Page. This code upload a profile's image (we can see it after that) and delete it. What kind of test can help me to check this file? I need to know, is it uploaded or not.
I work with ContentVersion  and ContentDocumentLink:
public class FileUploaderController {

public ContentVersion conVer {get; set;}
public ContentDocumentLink conDocLink {get; set;}
public Candidate__c thisCandidate{get; set;}

public FileUploaderController(ApexPages.StandardController controller){
    thisCandidate = (Candidate__c)controller.getRecord();
    conVer = new ContentVersion();
}

public PageReference uploadFile() {

    List<ContentVersion> conVerList = new List<ContentVersion>();
    List<ContentDocumentLink> conDocLinkList = new List<ContentDocumentLink>();

    if (conVer.VersionData == null) {
        conVer.VersionData = null;
        return null;
    }
    conVerList.add(conVer);
    insert conVerList;
    thisCandidate.Photo__c = conVer.Id;
    update thisCandidate;

    if (conVer.ContentDocumentId == null) {

        Id conDoc = [SELECT ContentDocumentId FROM ContentVersion WHERE Id =: conVer.Id].ContentDocumentId;
        conDocLink = new ContentDocumentLink(
            LinkedEntityId = thisCandidate.Id,
            ContentDocumentId = conDoc,
            ShareType = 'I'
        );
        conDocLinkList.add(conDocLink);
        insert conDocLinkList;
    }
    conVer.VersionData = null;
    return null;
}

public PageReference deleteFile() {
    thisCandidate.Photo__c = null;
    update thisCandidate;
    conVer = new ContentVersion();
    return null;
}
}

A: You can actually test this code in a way that's pretty similar to how you would test any other code that performs DML - that is, you synthesize its inputs in your test class, you execute the code, and then you query against the database to find the changes you expect to have taken place and write assertions against them.
The chief difficulty with Content-related objects here is that you can't write a query against ContentDocumentLink that doesn't have filters on it, but that won't hold you back because you have both its ContentDocumentId and LinkedEntityId available for querying.
In loose pseudocode, your test class should look something like
@isTest
public class myTest {
    @isTest
    public static void controller_uploads_and_links_file() {
        // Insert a new Candidate__c record.
        Candidate__c c = new Candidate__c();
        // populate its values...
        insert c;

        FileUploaderController f = new FileUploaderController(new ApexPages.StandardController(c));

        f.conVer.VersionData = Blob.valueOf('Test Data');

        Test.startTest();
        f.uploadFile();
        Test.stopTest();

        // Now, query for the resulting files and validate them.
        List<ContentDocumentLink> cdls = [SELECT Id, ContentDocumentId FROM ContentDocumentLink WHERE LinkedEntityId = :c.Id];
        System.assertEquals(1, cdls.size(), 'exactly 1 linked file');
        // Write other validations here...
    }
}

Note that that covers the "happy path" of your code. You've also got some error pathways and another method to cover, and you could construct tests to cover those pathways using similar techniques.

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It's been a busy month we forgot to post an update on how our adopted dive site, Kontiki Marina, is doing after the 9th monthly Dive Against Debris.
This month, we are very proud to feature a fellow eco warrior, Gringo – more known in the digital world as @gringograss. Gringo is a visual artist who is passionate about many things, ocean art and marine conservation included. Gringo has agreed to help our cause by making his art available to us for sale via t-shirts and proceeds of which will be used to fund the dives of our future divers against debris volunteers. You may check out Gringo's art at instagram via this link: https://www.instagram.com/gringograss/ and please do look for Mr. Farts, the turtle our hearts just bleed for. And look out for those shirts too! They'll be coming around real soon.
In the meantime, you may check out the full details of the 6 kg of debris collected in this link. Thank you very much to our amazing eco warriors.


Boden Bridesmaid Dresses Are Maxi Dresses Still In Style Fall 2015 Womens Style Uploaded by ymcmbhoodie on Friday, September 21st, 2018 in category Fashion Dresses.
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text:
HISTORICALLY SPEAKING: Schools were 1st order of business for Colonial settlements
Dec 28, 2013 at 8:13 PM Dec 28, 2013 at 8:13 PM
They were there from 8 a.m. until about 4 p.m., and that attendance pattern was for six days a week. That schedule applied when children went to school in �the good ol� days�. But we�re a little ahead of our story.
During early Colonial America, children had little time for the their own amusements. Their playthings usually consisted of items found around the house. Most parents couldn�t afford toys, and did they didn�t have the leisure to make any for their children.
The few affluent parents might import dolls and tea sets for their daughters. Parents were farmers or small shop owners, which meant even though dollhouses could be made, parents had little time to engage in such activity.
In spite of those conditions, children found ways to have fun. They took the rings off old storage barrels to roll them and used a stick to keep them rolling. They also used string to produce �cats� cradle� and pebbles to play hopscotch. Hide and seek was another popular kids� game during this period.
When we talk about the Colonial period, we�re referring to a time span that began with the earliest European settlers and lasted until independence was declared.
In New England, at least, one of the first issues to be decided upon, once a small community was settled, was either the construction of a meeting house or the establishment of a school. School laws in some of the colonies were passed as early as 1647. Inherent in the law were provisions for an elementary school in a town that had fifty families. With 100 families in a town, the law stipulated that the town must have a secondary school. The earliest of the latter schools were called Latin grammar schools.
The schools were not free. Not all parents could afford the charges, and their children would then be home-schooled.
The earliest schools were usually one room with a single teacher in charge, the first of the one-room schoolhouses associated with this period. Therefore, when a town became big enough, a �one-roomer� was built.
Books and paper were scarce. A little later, a book called �The New England Primer,� published between 1690 and 1800, and the Bible were usually the only books in the school room. Learning was mostly by rote. Following the �Primer,� �McGuffey�s Readers� also were used.
Hornbooks were used early on. The hornbook was a piece of paper with the alphabet, numbers and a prayer on it. The paper was attached to a piece of wood covered with a see-through piece of a cow�s horn.
Girls� and boys� curricula in those early schools provided different subjects. Boys were taught to read and write and do arithmetic. Girls studied what we now call home economics, which included sewing, knitting and cooking.
For years during the 1970s and 1980s, Alton Aldrich, director of Harvard H. Ellis Technical School in Danielson, traveled the state giving interesting presentations called �The Little Red Schoolhouse.� He would carry a miniature schoolhouse the size of a medium cardboard box. When the roof of the little school was removed, the artifacts inside, many of which are mentioned above, would be explained. It was a most worthy educational program.
Historically Speaking, which appears Sundays, presents short historical stories written by Richard Curland of the Norwich Historical Society in cooperation with society president Bill Champagne. Call the society at (860) 886-1776.


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text:
Karl Kitzinger (* 18. April 1886 in Neu-Ulm; † 14. April 1962 in Stuttgart) war ein deutscher General der Flieger im Zweiten Weltkrieg sowie zwischen 1941 und 1942 der Wehrmachtbefehlshaber im Reichskommissariat Ukraine, wo insbesondere hunderttausende Juden von der Zivilverwaltung oder von der Militärverwaltung der systematischen Vernichtung zugeführt wurden. In dieser Position erteilte Kitzinger selbst Befehle zu einzelnen Mord-Aktionen.
Am 23. Juli 1944 ernannte Hitler ihn zum Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich.

Militärkarriere
Kitzinger diente in der Württembergischen Armee zunächst als Fahnenjunker, zwischen dem 5. Juli 1904 und dem 21. März 1911 dann als Zugführer im Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 13. Zwischen dem 1. Januar und dem 1. September 1905 besuchte er die Kriegsschule Hannover. Vom 1. Oktober 1907 bis zum 15. Juli 1909 besuchte er die Vereinigte Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule in Berlin. Zwischen dem 1. und 21. August 1909 wurde Kitzinger zur Gewehrfabrik Erfurt abkommandiert. Vom 22. März 1911 bis 6. August 1914 war er Adjutant in seinem Stammbataillon. Hier wurde er auch vom 22. März bis 1. Oktober 1912 als Gerichtsoffizier verwendet.

Mit Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs war Kitzinger zwischen dem 7. August 1914 und dem 10. Februar 1915 zunächst Adjutant des Pionier-Kommandanten des XIII. Armee-Korps. Im selben Zeitraum war er zudem vom 1. Oktober bis 1. November 1914 kurzzeitig Kompaniechef im Infanterie-Regiment "Kaiser Friedrich, König von Preußen" (7. Württembergisches) Nr. 125. Dann, zwischen dem 11. Februar 1915 und 24. Februar 1916 Adjutant des General der Pioniere der 9. Armee. Und vom 25. Februar bis zum 16. Oktober 1916 war er Chef der Minenwerfer-Abteilung 26. Im Oktober 1916 wurde er verwundet. Danach war er bis zum 4. März 1917 als Generalstabsoffizier im Karpaten-Korps eingesetzt; zwischenzeitlich auch als Adjutant der 1. Infanterie-Division. Zwischen dem 5. März und dem 1. August 1917 war er Generalstabsoffizier bei der 46. Reserve-Division, kurzzeitig auch Generalstabsoffizier der 113. Infanterie-Division. Und zwischen dem 2. August 1917 und 31. Januar 1918 war er im Generalstab des Karpaten-Korps; ebenso zwischenzeitlich im 5. Generalstab in Sedan. Zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs war er zunächst Arbeitsinspektor im Generalstab (1. Februar bis 10. Juli 1918), dann Chef des Stabes der 35. Infanterie-Division (16. August 1918 bis 1. September 1919).

Weimarer Republik
In der Weimarer Republik diente er zunächst in der Reichswehr vom 2. September 1919 bis 28. Februar 1922 als Berater der Ausbildungsabteilung im Reichswehrministerium. Dann wurde er Hauptmann im Stab des I. Bataillons des 13. (Württembergischen) Infanterie-Regiments (1. März 1922 bis 22. Januar 1923). Im Jahre 1923 war er als Signal-Offizier im Regimentsstab eingesetzt, bis er dann am 10. Oktober 1923 zum Kompaniechef desselben Regiments wurde (bis zum 20. November 1925).

Vom 1. Dezember 1925 bis zum 20. September 1930 arbeitete er im Stab der 5. Division. Vom 1. Februar 1928 bis zum 1. April 1930 war er zudem Sport-Offizier. Ende 1930 bis Anfang 1931 wurde er erneut im Stab des I. Bataillons des 13. Infanterie-Regiments eingesetzt. Im Frühjahr 1931 übernahm er die Leitung und wurde ab dem 1. April 1931 zum Bataillonskommandeur ernannt, wobei er diese Funktion bis zum 31. Januar 1933 ausübte.

Nationalsozialismus

Vorkriegszeit
Nach der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten war Kitzinger zwischen dem 1. Februar und dem 31. August 1933 Kommandant der Festung Ulm. Im September 1933 war er erneut in der Ausbildungsabteilung des Reichswehrministeriums tätig.

Zwischen dem 1. Oktober 1933 und dem 28. Februar 1934 arbeitete er als Dozent für Militär-Wissenschaften an der Universität Köln. Dann zwischen dem 1. März und dem 20. September 1934 als Festungs-Inspektor II. und im Oktober 1934 als Inspektor der westlichen Befestigungsanlagen.

Am 1. November 1934 trat er zur Luftwaffe über, wo er die Dienststellung des Luftzeugmeisters übernahm. Zum 1. August 1936 wurde er zum Chef des Nachschubamtes im Reichsluftfahrtministerium ernannt. Am 1. Juni 1938 wurde Kitzinger Befehlshaber der Luftverteidigungszone West (Westwall).

Zweiter Weltkrieg
Am 1. Oktober 1939, einen Monat nach Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs, wurde Kitzinger Inspekteur der Luftverteidigungszonen bei gleichzeitiger Beförderung zum General der Flieger. Anfang 1940 war er zugleich Inspekteur der Luftwaffen-Bautruppen. Vom 15. April 1940 bis zum 26. Juni 1941 war Kitzinger Kommandierender General und Befehlshaber im Luftgau Norwegen.

Am 1. Juli 1941, wenige Tage nach dem deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion, wurde Kitzinger Wehrmachtbefehlshaber im Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Diese Dienststellung hatte er bis zum 21. Juli 1944.

Am 26. Juni 1942 gab Kitzinger hinsichtlich der Partisanenbekämpfung den Befehl, dass "bei einem Zweifel hinsichtlich der Wahl der zu treffenden Maßnahmen das härtere Verfahren das richtige" sei. Im Oktober/November 1942 befahl er dem Kommandanten des Stammlagers (Stalag) für Kriegsgefangene 305, Oberstleutnant Hiltrop, rund 200 jüdische Kriegsgefangene der "Sonderbehandlung" zuzuführen. Am 21. Juli 1944 beendete Kitzinger seine Tätigkeit im Reichskommissariat Ukraine.

Am 23. Juli 1944 ernannte Hitler ihn zum Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich. Sein Vorgänger Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel war am Hitler-Attentat beteiligt gewesen. Kitzinger trat seine Stelle, so Peter Lieb, in der festen Absicht an, "die schwierige Lage durch Härte und Bekämpfung der Lethargie in den Stäben" zu überwinden. Wenige Tage später forderte er, zu den Besprechungen des OB West mit den Oberbefehlshabern von Marine und Luftwaffe hinzugezogen zu werden; er selbst wolle nicht als "reiner Territorialverwalter" angesehen werden. Sonst wolle er zurücktreten. Kitzinger übte das Amt des Militärbefehlshabers Frankreich nur bis zum 4. Oktober 1944 aus, Paris hatte schon am 25. August kapituliert.

Am 2. August 1944 befahl das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Kitzinger, Defensivpositionen entlang der Flüsse Somme, Marne und Saône vorzubereiten bzw. auszuarbeiten.

Vom 5. Oktober 1944 bis zur Kapitulation der Wehrmacht war er erneut Oberbefehlshaber im Festungsbereich West (Westwall). Seit dem 11. September war das Kommando von den lokalen Wehrkreisbefehlshabern an den OB West transferiert worden. Die Festungsabteilung des OB West wurde aufgewertet zum Oberkommando Festungsbereich West.

Nachkriegszeit
Am 8. Mai 1945 geriet Kitzinger in britische Kriegsgefangenschaft, aus der er im Jahre 1947 entlassen wurde. Für seine Taten im Nationalsozialismus musste er sich nie verantworten. Über sein Leben in der Nachkriegszeit bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1962 ist lediglich bekannt, dass er in Stuttgart als kaufmännischer Angestellter tätig war.

Auszeichnungen
 Eisernes Kreuz (1914) II. und I. Klasse
 Bayerischer Militärverdienstorden IV. Klasse mit Schwertern
 Ritterkreuz des Württembergischen Militärverdienstorden
 Ritterkreuz I. Klasse des Friedrichs-Ordens mit Schwertern
 Hanseatenkreuz Hamburg
 Mecklenburgisches Militärverdienstkreuz II. Klasse
 Verwundetenabzeichen (1918) in Schwarz
 Österreichisches Militärverdienstkreuz III. Klasse mit der Kriegsdekoration
 Spange zum Eisernen Kreuz II. und I. Klasse
 Karpatenkorps-Abzeichen

Literatur
 Gerhard Granier: Kitzinger, Karl. in: Baden-Württembergische Biographien. Band 2. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-17-014117-1, S. 267–268.
 Dermot Bradley (Hrsg.), Karl Friedrich Hildebrand: Die Generale der deutschen Luftwaffe 1935–1945. Band 2: Habermehl-Nuber. Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1991, ISBN 3-7648-1701-1.

 Wolfgang Proske: Karl Kitzinger: "In meinem Bereich sterben täglich 2.500 Gefangene". In: Wolfgang Proske (Hrsg.): Täter Helfer Trittbrettfahrer, Bd. 11. NS-Belastete aus Nord-Schwaben (+ Neuburg). Kugelberg Verlag, Gerstetten 2021, ISBN 978-3-945893-18-0, S. 165–185.

Einzelnachweise

Hauptmann (Württemberg)
Oberst (Reichswehr)
General der Flieger
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Person (deutsche Besetzung der Ukraine 1941–1944)
Person (deutsche Besetzung Frankreichs 1940–1945)
Träger des Württembergischen Militärverdienstordens (Ritter)
Träger des Bayerischen Militärverdienstordens (IV. Klasse)
Träger des Österreichischen Militärverdienstkreuzes III. Klasse
Träger des Friedrichs-Ordens (Ritter I. Klasse)
Träger des Hanseatenkreuzes (Hamburg)
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes I. Klasse
Träger des Mecklenburgischen Militärverdienstkreuzes
Deutscher Kriegsgefangener der Briten
Täter des Holocaust
Deutscher
Geboren 1886
Gestorben 1962
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Earlier on this morning I spent quite some time going through a good number of the different posts I have put together in this blog over the course of the last three months and, to my surprise, it looks like I have been posting more entires in that three month period than the entire 2014 and 2015 combined! Whoah! How did that happen? Even plenty of readers of this blog noticed that as well as they decided to unsubscribe for new updates by the hordes explaining I have been sharing just too many of them to keep up with everything else that is going on. I think I know why there is just such a disparity between those couple of years and the last few months. It's all got to do with my own mindset and how it's shifted back over time into something I'm very familiar with, but that, somehow, I left it behind a few years ago. It looks like over the course of time I'm shifting away from social media first into blogging first. It's as if I am longing for, once again, 'writing myself into existence'.
Indeed, I remember very well the time when I first started blogging (internally, behind the firewall) around end of 2002 and all I could think about, while reading or conversing with other folks on a wide range of different work related topics, was along the lines of 'Oh, I need to blog about that idea', or 'I need to respond to that blog post with another one as well to add further up into the conversation', or, just simply 'I need to write that down somewhere to reflect on it further along, so I don't forget to come back to it later', to name a few. Yes, indeed, I realise now how I was writing myself into existence as my good friend Euan Semple wrote a few years back quoting David Weinberger himself on what blogging was all about: 'Writing ourselves into existence'.
Somehow, and over the course of the last 3 to 5 years I lost track of that while my mind switched automatically from blogging first into social media first, as I was spending a whole lot more time in several of those so-called social media tools while ignoring and neglecting my good old blogging mojo. However, at one point in time, this past August, to be more precise, I got too tired with just being the data, I mean, with always being the product no matter what. Frankly, I just got too tired with the surveillance state we are, apparently, creating with the current pernicious polarisation that keeps growing faster and faster than ever as we have confirmed that transition from making use of social media tools into just media tools, where we have become that, the media.
No, I am sorry, that's not how I would want to spend plenty of my online time anymore. As Euan mentioned on that blog entry, I just need a space where I can be a whole lot more aware of my own thoughts and feelings, and of the world around me for that matter, without having to jump into everyone else's throats out there every time they are not politically correct agreeing with me anymore on absolutely everything I categorically state because, you know, I am always right and they are not. That's how things seem to be rolling out there for everyone at the moment. I can, we all can, do so much better than that altogether, don't you think?
This is just too funny, and perhaps a tad ironic, too, because my last three months of blogging over here in this blog have helped me, once more, finally, comprehend (and come to terms with the fact of) how I no longer crave for attention, at least, as much as I used to back in the day. How I seem to have departed from me, me, me land into the we, we, we land. It's helped me, at long last, understand as well how most of the times it's the long-form reads with your own thoughts, opinions and emotions the ones that are the most powerful components towards building, nurturing and sustaining long term (online) communities, where you are just one of the community members, connecting, sharing, learning and collaborating together with others as equals, as a choral act.
I realise you may be thinking one of the several reasons why you are still making use of those different media tools (apart from just being there so you don't appear to be the awkward one, the weirdo) is as an opportunity to showcase and promote some of your thought leadership and expertise on a particular topic by pushing messages out there about the stuff you may have shared or published elsewhere (like your blog) and therefore help others become more aware about what you do. That's a good reason, indeed. I have used it myself a few times, but only to realise it no longer works. Over the course of the years I have noticed, I'm pretty sure you may have as well, how we hardly ever read anything else on media tools anymore other than our very own broadcasted messages. We are just too busy doing all sorts of other things to then have to stop and read what other people publish, share or would want to converse about. Well, here's the thing, if that's how we all feel AND behave, that attention you are craving is then long gone and pretty much dead by now. No-one will read your posts, never mind respond to some of them! And then what?
Keep posting multiple times during the course of the day adding further along into the already existing noise, so that your audience? may, pontentially, see it and drop by skimming through it rather quick before they head back into their timelines? Yikes! No, no-one would want to have that, so why do we keep sustaining it? We shouldn't. No-one reads our marketing messages anymore. Somehow, it feels a little bit like a waste of time, resources, energy and good effort. That is one of the many things I have learned myself, through trial and error as well, over the course of last three months where I, along with several dozens of other people, have used different media tools to share some of the blog posts I have put together over here that others may find somewhat interesting and relevant for what they do and, yet, vast majority of my blog traffic still comes through search engines like Google or Bing and not a single one of those media tools despite the thousands and thousands of people we tend to broadcast to. Quite revealing on its own, I tell you, as it reminds me of the long tail of knowledge: as long as you get to write good content, or comment on other people's blog posts, care about what they post, or take a genuine interest in what they do, etc. etc. they will always find it, with or without making use of media tools no-one stops by anymore to read, accordingly, more in depth.
I know what you are all thinking, but 'blogging is hard work'. It takes an awful lot of time, effort and energy to put together a blog post versus writing a tweet or sharing a short status update and you may be right. But then again we ought to realise we should never be too busy to blog. It's just a matter of habit, really; in fact, it's a matter of (re)building the habit of writing further along about the topics we are very interested in and are passionate about and see what comes out eventually (remember? Blogging is personal), as if no-one else is reading, just for you, perhaps even if you decide to start using rather helpful techniques like writing 750 words per day, you name it. What matters at the end of the day is whether we are willing to write ourselves into existence in a space we own AND partake in the conversations, all of us, as equals, as a choral act. As ever, it's our individual and collective choice and ours alone. No-one, not even any media tool out there, should interfere with that decision. Ever. We are the ones who need to decide and define what our digital footprint should be like.
That's why I have now, finally, decided to spend more time blogging over here than craving the attention in media tools from an audience we no longer have, no matter what the numbers of followers may well say. They have now become redundant. Instead, I much prefer to crave the wonderful conversations I have been having over here already in multiple blog posts, because they help me learn and grow accordingly over time by caring even more about the topics that are dear to my heart (and mind!). To me, that's what blogging has been all about all along for the last 20+ years and still going strong: an extended part of our reflective brains about what's going on around us, and the world at large for that matter, and how do we make sense out of it all.
Why not make the most out of it then, right? Blog on!
Off on to the Next Challenge – La Blogosfera!
Thanks Luis for another wonderful post. I agree entirely with its direction … but how to maintain the choir when blogs may not get comments, Twitter is uncertain and limited for conversation … and we may not wish to use FB, Linked? Build networks, I know. Are we short on some connecting, conducting tools?
1. If we all think about these media tools as being someone else's home and not necessarily our own, I don't think we should be investing much energy, effort and resources on sparking conversations in them. They are good for promoting and raising awareness, not necessarily to engage further along.
It's probably much better to invest in nurturing the conversations right on the blog itself by enticing folks to participate in that space and leave comments there as well. I have seen lots of times where folks promote different blog posts in media tools, but they kindly ask to get the conversations going through comments on the blog entry itself. And folks who want to genuinely contribute in most cases would do that.
I remember other cases where folks have moved the conversations away and over the course of time those other services disappeared and all of that content goes away with them, so all of that discourse is now gone! We have seen far too many of those cases. That's why I keep avoiding those tools for engagement in blog posts and instead leave comments.
2. I am not too sure whether you know about Disqus.com, but it offers the opportunity to help bridge the conversations over multiple blogs and their comments and therefore make it rather easy to engage and keep up with the conversations over time. It's worth while looking into it, if you are interested in bringing the conversations back to your blog(s).
Hope that helps … Let me know what you think and thanks again for the feedback!
Great post Luis – honest as ever, plenty of energy and brought smiles to my face. You're right – blogging does take effort, it's hard work – but there is an appeal beyond where you think it might take you. You have to enjoy it to put the effort in in the first place!
Thanks much for that and look forward to further interactions!
Thanks for the wisdom Luis. Simple – bring it home!
Hi David, indeed, that's what it is all about at the end of the day. To provide the conditions for people to want to come back and converse in your space (your blog) vs. having to go elsewhere, i.e. someone else's home where you are both visitors. In most cases, those conditions will be dictated by the content you'd want to share and for engaging accordingly in the conversations. Showing you care about other PoVs is a great starting point. It's about opening up the floor for them to come along and converse with you as if you were inviting them into your home, which is what you are doing eventually. Those conditions are the ones that establish the level of intimacy and intent you would want to develop around the blog posts you would be putting together.
Hi David, well, you would need to make a distinction between two different aspects: cooperation and collaboration. Cooperation is typically what you would get when entering the world of social networks where people build, nurture and sustain those networks as they may see fit under the notion of connecting, learning, sharing and cooperating together in specific open projects. That's typically what you would use social networking tools for, along the lines of blogs, Yammer, Jive, IBM Connections, SAP Jam, Chatter, SocialText, Confluence, etc. etc.
And then you have got collaboration taking place in small teams, doing project work, where there are concrete deadlines, deliverables, outcomes to achieve, and somehow, because of the nature of the work you would want to keep them private, that's the case where you'd want to make use of Slack, Workplace, GDocs, etc. etc.
If you look into it you could define it in very simple terms as open vs. private, cooperation vs. collaboration and choose the digital tools accordingly. I know that in some cases you may be able to use them interchangeably and everything, but, usually, you wouldn't. Context defines everything, so depending on the nature of the (project) work to be done you'd go one way or another, but, ideally, you should have a digital tools suite and not just a single tool to do it all. The latter is the last thing you would want to do. Fragmentation, with a purpose, and a defined context, is what you are after, David.
The difficulty with the fragmented approach is it requires people to work across different systems/tools, and some facilitation to connect as informal cooperative conversations surface cooperative opportunities. That's where social reporters come in! But relatively few non-tech people in civil society work that way …. and who pays the facilitator/reporters?
So we end up trying to use, say, Slack as a social network and CoP and project space.
Hi David, thanks a lot for the wonderful follow-up, once again! Yes, indeed, Harold's model is a really good one, because it combines both the opportunity to either cooperate or collaborate accordingly, based on the needs and wants, as well as the defined context.
The ability to fluctuate from one aspect to another is essentially what makes networks and communities the new operating model of how work gets done nowadays, but for that to happen folks need to understand what's in it for them when they dive in.
RE: 'The difficulty with the fragmented approach', that's not necessarily a difficulty, but more perhaps along the lines of evolution. We just can't expect people to keep operating say, like, 20 to 25 years ago (or over 40+ years!) when email came into the corporate world. Our tools evolve and so do we. I'll give you an example. Take the mobile phone. I bet vast majority of people had to eventually make the switch from a regular phone to a smartphone to evolve accordingly along with the times. Everyone decided to spend some time to learn about the new tricks of making use of smartphones, whether people like to admit it or not. The key here is that instead of trying to figure it out by themselves they had help from their 'friends' and colleagues who spend some time to help them out ease the learning curve. And boom! Now they are glued to their mobile devices.
You could apply the very same approach and it would help you answer as well the 'who pays the facilitator / reporters'. In every single team you are bound to have the tech savvy folks who are always keen on the latest gadgets and technology, so entice / influence them to help others adapt to the new set of digital tools spending as little as 5 minutes at a time and before you know it they will all be on board of a new way of working with all of those digital tools. It takes a little bit of time, patience and perseverance, but just like they adjusted to making effective use of smartphones they, too, would eventually adjust to digital tools.
Thanks Luis – I can see how your suggestions work in a corporate environment, and/or when a group of people have a powerful shared interest and are willing to learn.
I find that in civil society settings (a mix of local government, business, nonprofits, citizens) it is more difficult. People are generally located in hierarchical organisations, following traditional communication paths. The culture is cautious. There not be any reward for innovation. Enthusiasts are discouraged.
Meanwhile citizens – as you say – are adopting new devices and approaches, and using them in the democratic process!!
But the report is difficult to understand, people can't engage, the solutions are old-skool, there's no discussion.
The proposal is co-production, but the approach and process is top-down.
It would be great if there were scope to apply models of cooperation and collaboration in the re-design process …. and in local implementation. I'm suggesting that. And pondering some creative disruption!
RE: 'People are generally located in hierarchical organisations, following traditional communication paths. The culture is cautious. There not be any reward for innovation. Enthusiasts are discouraged', well, I think you have pretty much nailed it on the head in terms of what problem at hand we have got over here. It's not about the tools themselves, but about the (inherited) pernicious culture. Your challenge is not necessarily making use of different digital tools, but transform the entire organisational culture into one that's more open, collaborative, horizontal (as in transversal), engaged and, more importantly, trustworthy.
In traditional top-down hierarchical structures where enthusiasm is not encouraged and where certain types of traditional communications are the only ones tolerated, you need to aim at the very top, at the person, entity, or group of people who set the tone of what that organisational culture should be like and start challenging different assumptions in there. Without their buy-in, you are going nowhere but into a loop. They are the ones who need to set the tone of what the transformation should be like and then cascade downwards. The challenge is to find out how you can answer the 'What's in it for me?' for them (at the top) and in that case two options emerge: a) Do we want to modernise the way we operate in our organisation? If so, how? and b) what potential (business) pain points do we have and how can we address them?
You can take on board either of those options and explore them further along with those folks on the top. Again, without your buy-in you will not get through as deep as you would want to, so think of ways of how you could get through to the top to start asking those somewhat uncomfortable questions and listen with intent to their answers, because, in a way, they would be telling you what they see as problems, but also how to solve them accordingly. Why? Well, because they know better than anyone else why things are happening the way they are and you are just their helping hand to try to solve them. You will need to use lots of persuasion, for sure!
RE: 'As an example of the challenge in London', this is just the perfect example for you to enter the game and challenge the current status quo of how certain things have operated so far and demonstrate how inefficient and ineffective they have been. The fact that top-down, report driven outcomes are there with very little results is a huge opportunity to challenge, in a healthy manner through conversations, how perhaps it's time to look into things in a different manner and start exploring new ways.
Like I said, in the examples you mentioned above, and seeing how prescient top-down hierarchical structures are, aim as high as you possibly can. Once you get their buy-in, it will cascade top-down and the transformation process will follow.
Let me know what you think. And thanks again for the conversations. Fascinating journey you're about to embark on, for sure!
Thanks Luis, I'm too familiar with the fruitless loop. In London, pitch at the Mayor!
LOL! I can imagine! I am pretty sure we all may have experienced such endless loops at one point in our careers! The important thing, though, is that we keep going at it, we persevere, to the point where it will eventually happen. At the moment, what we are trying to do is find a crack on the wall that we can use to shake things around and help kick off the transformation process. Finding that crack is always a fun challenge, but, believe me, all systems have it. It's just a matter of time and perseverance to find it and push through the crack(s) itself!


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Peatîhorivka (în ) este un sat în comuna Perșozvanivka din raionul Lutuhîne, regiunea Luhansk, Ucraina.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației localității Peatîhorivka era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de rusă (%).

Note

Peatîhorivka, Perșozvanivka, Lutuhîne, Luhansk
Peatîhorivka, Perșozvanivka, Lutuhîne, Luhansk
Peatîhorivka, Perșozvanivka, Lutuhîne, Luhansk


They found a smartly dressed gang clad in sharp suits and Union Jack Parkas involved in a standoff with a rival gang from the Happy Days Carecentre. The mobility gang had been riding their scooters up and down the seafront for much of the morning, taunting the Happy Days gang who had been sitting outside the cafe gently nodding to and fro on their comfy slat-back chairs.
The scooter gang had been jeering their rivals about the dated leather studded upholstering they still used – a style which had been popular in England during the 1950s but which was now considered 'uncool' by the modern scooter gang.
'Trouble began when the leader of the Happy Days gang flashed a pair of Black Eames at the leader of the scooter gang and everything kicked off' said PC Hargreaves first to arrive at the scene 'they clearly came looking for trouble. Just look at this cake slice we found near the crime scene and this chain could have taken someone's eye out if they hadn't removed the St.Christopher first'.
Clashes went on late into the afternoon forcing police to declare the Blue Rinse Cafe a no-go area - which was bad news for all those insisting they were already desperate and couldn't hold out much longer. For several hours members from both gangs were involved in running battles along the seafront – probably brought on by a particularly strong lemon & ginger herbal infusion they'd had for breakfast.
The man was later released without charge after somebody called Trudi sent a note saying 'he was just being childish again and he still refuses to grow up and his name was really Gordon Mathew Thomas and he had become confused because he had missed taking his afternoon nap again'.
Trudi said Gordon had become depressed now that his old Tantric Train Set no longer worked properly and he was unable to get up a full head of steam anymore.
Four years old, completely overlooked at the time...but now a 'biker gang' true story.
Brilliant and topical, but shurely an Isle of Wight Story? 5 mint humbugs from me, young laddy me boy.
Many thanks for the makeover team.
It polished up quite nicely in the end.
"Make tea, not love" © Monty Python.


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NOAA: By 2050 US Coasts to Rise Almost a Foot—as Much as They Have in the Last 100 Years
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Historic flooding in Charleston, South Carolina in November 2021Richard Ellis/Zuma
Sea levels along the US coasts are expected to rise 10 to 12 inches by 2050, according to a new report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. That's as much as they've risen over the past 100 years, and the greatest acceleration in sea level rise in the last 3,000 years, according to NOAA.
Scientists have long understood the mechanisms behind sea level rise: Human-caused carbon emissions are warming the planet, which is both melting land-based ice and causing thermal expansion of ocean water, elevating sea levels around the world. But while the next foot of sea level rise is likely locked in, we can avoid further catastrophic flooding by curbing emissions immediately.
The report, released this week, has estimates with greater confidence than those in a similar report from 2017. The new report predicts that moderate flooding will occur 10 times as often in 2050 as it does today.
For years, we have known the solution. One of NOAA's three main takeaways is just "Emissions Matter." If we curb our penchant for collectively belching carbon in the name of "normalcy," we can keep the sea level rise along the US coast to 2 feet by 2100; if we don't, sea levels could rise by up to 7 feet—enough to send swaths of lower Manhattan underwater.
In short, rising tides will inundate our coastlines in many of our lifetimes. Reide Corbett, executive director of the Coastal Studies Institute, told the Washington Post, "If we're talking about 2050—for someone buying a house today, that's within the range of their mortgage." Even if we stave off runaway global heating and keep sea level rise to a nice, 10- to 12-inch minimum, 140,000 homes along US coasts will be at risk of flooding every other week, Kristina Dahl, a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, told the Post.
It's telling that one of the main ways we can think to make people care about massive destruction to our coasts is to make it about the American dream of homeownership. Many of the people likely to live through the era of rising sea levels will not be able to afford to buy a house. Now is the time to invest in coastal resiliency projects, not only to safeguard your own property value, but to ensure that those who can't afford to relocate won't have to.
Did California Just Do More to Reduce Emissions Than the New Climate Bill?
Herschel Walker Doesn't Want Any More of Your Stupid Trees


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Home Entertainment Kate encourages children to seek alternatives to social media use
Kate encourages children to seek alternatives to social media use
The Duchess of Cambridge has spoken out in praise of children who turn from social media to the arts – and confessed to a love of tie dye.
Kate commented about what can be achieved by youngsters who turn off the internet and sketch during a visit to a London secondary school to mark Children's Mental Health Week.
And she revealed how she is passing on her passion for the arts to her children, saying Prince George was inspired to draw with charcoal found in a fireplace at home.
With award-winning Andria Zafirakou, named as the world's best teacher, hosting her visit to Alperton Community School in Brent, she was given a fact-finding tour of the institution to learn how it is supporting the well-being of students and staff.
Ms Zafirakou, an art and textiles teacher, introduced Kate to her A-level student Shaquille, 16, who showed her detailed pencil sketches he has produced as a break from social media.
READ Meghan Markle's father Thomas vows to fly to UK to make amends with daughter | Royal | News (Details)
Kate looked impressed and replied: "This is what you can do if you don't use social media – a fantastic advert."
Earlier when Kate joined a roundtable discussion with staff about students' school readiness and teacher welfare, she was told social media was one of the big challenges the institution faced.
During her visit to the art class the duchess spoke about tie dye, the fashion mainstay of the hippie generation which was taught to countless children in schools during the 70s and 80s.
When Ms Zafirakou explained the different types of printing taught in her classes, Kate said with a laugh: "I'm desperate to go back to tie dye."
When asked if she was interested in art the duchess, who studied History of Art at university, said she "loved it" adding: "It's something I'm loving doing with the children – papier mache – I forgot how messy it is, but it's really great."
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She also said her son George had found a piece of charcoal in a fireplace and told her: "'Mummy I'm going to draw a picture' – that's what's so nice you can do it from all around you."
Earlier Kate produced a treasured family photo when she joined a group of primary schoolchildren asked to take in an object that makes them happy.
Kate took the image used for her 2018 Christmas card, showing her with the Duke of Cambridge and their three children, George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis.
The duchess joined the pupils during a visit to Lavender Primary School in Enfield, north London.
READ Prince William hands out medals in Edinburgh – metres from the Queen in Holyrood Palace | Royal | News (Details)
Ms Zafirakou, who was awarded a million dollars (£766,000) in prize money and the 2018 Varkey Foundation Global Teacher Prize, praised the royal visit to her school.
Commenting on Kate's admission she does art with her children she said: "So she's a very hands on mum who understands about being creative – it's just brilliant and lovely to hear that and as a mother myself I know exactly what that means."
She stressed how the school supports not only the pupils' academic aspirations but their personal development: "Our approach is that we're not an exam factory type of school, we do look at the children's well-being and prepare them for their futures and also how to look after themselves.
"And I don't think we would ever survive if we don't have that approach."
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Flora is a Conveyancing paralegal within the firm. Her primary role is to prepare and negotiate sale contracts on behalf of clients.
She has a decade of experience in this field and is an asset to our conveyancing team.


No open houses, only 3 private showings. Sold for $690,000 to "All Cash" Buyer with "as-is" terms.
You can move right in to this fully detached Townhome with a direct access garage, standard floor plan and a west facing backyard in the private gated community of Gardena Village.
Modern two story home with 3 bedrooms and 2.5 bathrooms. Beautiful open kitchen with granite countertops, center island, upgraded cabinets, stainless steel appliances, pantry, and recessed lighting flows into the family room with a fireplace. Upstairs, the master suite can fit your over size bed and there is a walk-in closet.
The other two bedrooms share a Jack and Jill style bathroom and the laundry room is also found on the same level as the bedrooms. Central air conditioning/heating. Plantation shutters throughout and wood floors downstairs.
The Association dues are low at $100.00 per month which also includes the care of the front yard. Great South Bay location near to shopping, restaurants, banks, transportation, freeways, and about 25 minutes west on Artesia Blvd to the beach.


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Tuesday, November 27th is a day when millions of people around the world give to a non-profit. You can give your time, talent, or make a donation. Whatever you choose to do, you want to know your gift makes a difference.
For Glendale Arts, we believe that #ArtisEverything. That includes managing the Alex Theatre, youth arts programming, and giving.
Our goal is to raise $5,000 for our Open Grant fund and underwrite fees for at least 20 artists, so that they can connect with the community throughout the year. The Open Grant empowers artist's work to be more widely seen and their practices grow and develop.
When you support Glendale Arts, you support great, surprising, amazing, and wonderful art. You support the works of artists, and make it possible for artists to dream.
By supporting artists, you understand that the arts bind us together as a community.
Consider setting up a monthly recurring donation. $20 per month (67¢ per day) can provide funding for one artist for the year.
By doing so, you join a special group of people reaching out each month to support the arts which are crucial to our success, health, and happiness and bind us together as a community.
Our goal is to raise $5,000 to
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You're invited to support us on #ArtisGiving Tuesday and through the end of the year by clicking here.
Artists are educators, mentors, and citizens of our community. Your contribution to an artists work is directly linked to a prosperous and innovative City.
The arts and humanities are crucial to our success, health and happiness. Arts make us human.
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The mission of Glendale Arts is to integrate the arts into the identity, growth and economic vitality of the City of Glendale by presenting programming and creating partnerships that benefit youth, patrons, artists, organizations and businesses in the community and at the Alex Theatre.
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Tierra Atacama captures the essence of this unforgettable desert landscape, while also making it both accessible and people-orientated. Your experience of Atacama is made all the more unique through our personalized excursion plan, offering a huge array of activities from horseback riding to volcano hiking, as well as soothing sessions in the Uma Spa, complete with a menu of treatments influenced by the desert climate, native plants and ancient therapies. During your trip to Chile – come to Tierra Atacama Adventure and Spa Hotel, for experiences that will leave you feeling fully restored by the time you leave.


All the Eucalyptus we sell are hardy to most conditions in the UK. We buy in seed according to seed provenance to ensure the hardiest specimens.
Below is a selection of the most cold tolerant, down to around minus 10 to -15C. If you are looking for the very hardiest then look at: E. parvula, E. pauciflora & E. subcrenulata which can handle down to -20C.


Kraftringen and COWI A/S have produced this report that shortly describes the technology and history of HWC (Heating Water Circuit) appliances, as well as traditional dishwashers that are connected to hot tap water and washing machines with both hot and cold water connections. The appliances are evaluated in the context of LTDH (Low Temperature District Heating). Sara Kralmark, project manager at Kraftringen, introduces the report.
What is the main purpose of the paper?
The concept of HWC appliances includes dishwashers, washing machines and tumble dryers that have heat exchangers built into them, allowing them to be run partially on thermal energy instead of electric energy. The heat exchangers are connected to a heating water circuit, connected to the building's district heating substation. The main purpose of the report was to review recent Swedish and Danish reports and pilot projects on HWC appliances. Further, the aim was to investigate the theoretical feasibility and saving potentials in energy and cost of the HWC appliances if they were to be connected to LTDH. The result was meant to provide input for decision making on the use of HWC appliances and related measures in COOL DH.
In this figure the principle of HWC appliances is shown; a dishwasher and a washing machine with coaxial heat exchangers and an exhaust air tumble dryer with a plate heat exchanger. Pictures from the appliance company Asko that was involved in the development of HWC appliances in 2004-2014.
During the writing of this report it was established that the HWC appliances, that were developed in different research projects in Sweden in 2004-2014, were never commercialized. Thus, it is not possible to buy the appliances and their implementation in COOL DH is a non-question.
Anyhow, it was concluded that if the HWC appliances had been on the market today, they would have been suitable for the Swedish COOL DH project site but not for the Danish site. When the appliances were developed, the recommended minimum heating water circuit temperature was 55˚C and the maximum temperature was 80 ˚C. In Lund, where the LTDH supply temperature will be 65 ˚C, the possible temperature in a secondary heating water circuit inside a building will be 55-60 ˚C depending on the houses' heat exchangers. The LTDH system at the Danish project site will have a supply temperature of 55 ˚C and consequently the secondary circuits at the site will have supply temperature of lower than 55 ˚C, i.e. too low for the HWC appliances to be advantageous compared to traditional appliances.
Since the HWC appliances were never commercialized, this report has investigated alternatives; other appliance types that – with other techniques – also have the potential to switch from using electricity to using thermal energy. The report shows that dishwashers connected to hot tap water, as well as professional washing machines with both hot and cold tap water connections ("double tap water connected"), can generate great results regarding reduced electricity need.
The question was if the need of electricity for topping of hot tap water temperature in LTDH systems could be evened out by the reduced amount of electricity that HWC appliances use. As HWC appliances are nowhere to be bought, the best alternative is to use hot tap water connected dishwashers and (professional) double tap water connected washing machines. The possible amount of electricity usage that can be avoided with these kinds of alternative connections are stated in the report. The numbers can be used in a later stage of COOL DH when the possible need of electricity for topping of hot tap water temperature has been established. In any case, it is up to the property owners od the Swedish and Danish project sites to decide whether or not they are interested in appliances with alternative tap water connections.
If you are interested in reading other papers and reports from COOL DH click here: reports and documents.


Starting from the top left we have lots of materials for drawing: oil pastels, chalk pastels, charcoal, pencils, watercolour pencils, markers, crayons, eraser, and sharpener. In the blue cup with the charcoal is also some broken candle pieces, they sometimes use them to draw on white paper and then paint over with watercolours to reveal the picture. We also have two art books displayed 'Usbourne Lift-the-flap Art', and 'Famous Paintings'. And our little 'Mannekin' there who looks like he's dancing.
Underneath that we have all of our art books, journals, and paper.
The bottom left shelf is painting! From left to right we have paintbrushes, micador watercolour palletes, liquid watercolours, washable poster paint, and then trays/cups/pallettes for putting paint in which there are more of but they were in use today. You can see that the ice cube trays are currently being used for liquid watercolours, I find that they are best for them because they don't end up using too much.
Back up to the top, on the right we display any art that can't be hung up, or work in progress. At the moment it's filled with clay sculptures.
Underneath that is all of our crafty bits and pieces. In the tray on the left there is felt, foam, and tissue paper. The bowl in the middle is the 'scrap' bowl. All of the loose bits and pieces that end up everywhere get put into this bowl for later use. There's ribbons, wool, wooden pegs, recycled materials, and who knows what else! On the right there is jars of small things like rubber bands, beads, pom poms, craft sticks, and pipe cleaners. Then there is glue, a tray full of lots of different types of scissors, tape, and hole punchers.
On the bottom right shelf is all of our clay/play dough materials: loose parts, pattern stampers, clay tools, wire, jars with play dough and clay, rolling pins, and mats to put underneath when working with the materials. The mats are just those cheap thin chopping boards found in supermarkets.
And that's it! I hope you enjoyed the tour of our art space. I am often asked how my kids go having free access to everything and the answer is, great! I did envision a lot of waste and constant mess when we first started but that hasn't been the case after the initial excitement wore off. There is mess, sure, but you have to expect that with artists in the house! They have surprised me with how responsible they are with it.
You can read more about how we approach art here, and I'd love to hear about your art spaces too!
For ideas on how to create a beautiful and inviting art space, click here.
It's beautiful. Of course 🙂 And I do love those shelves. Our art space is very small, just a thin cupboard really and the kids work at the dining table. Some day soon we will have our homeschool studio and I'll excitedly set up open art shelves like these.
Can not wait to see the rest of the room 🙂 If you don't mind me asking, about how big is the playroom? Is it a rumpus room?
It really is a beautiful inviting space!
I love this space! We do most of our art in our kitchen and the girls have access to lots of different materials but because most of them are in drawers I sometimes think out of sight, out of mind. Your open shelves look like they work really well.
Thanks Nichole! I also love they don't have to come and ask me every 5 seconds to get something, LOL.
So beautiful. .so much effort. .u guys inspire me so much..keep it up..
I love seeing other people's spaces too!
Thank you Krystal! How exciting. It's always nice setting up something new!
It's great when they get to this stage. Though I have a 9 month old on the move now too so not sure what will happen, LOL.
How have you had to tweak your set up with your little one on the move?
This is such a beautiful organised space! Love it!!!
I just love the way you've set these spaces up, so inspiring.
So inspiring 🙂 What a glorious space to be explored!
Thanks Janice 🙂 Did you catch a glimpse of the play dough kit in there? It's been put to very good use!
It's so beautiful and neat (can you tell our house isn't? lol!) I love that they have access to it whenever the artistic mood strikes them!
err…I may have tidied up a bit before the photos, haha!
This is so lovely. My lack of tolerance for mess means that there are not many opportunities for art in our house and that's something that really needs to change! Thank you for the inspiration.
Embrace the mess!! LOL. It's hard sometimes isn't it? Maybe try painting outside?
What a great space! You have some really interesting materials and yet there's not too much on display so it's not overwhelming. I'm excited to have found your site!
Hey, I have a 4 and 5 year old. Do I just give em the materials or do I need to work on a project with them using the supplies? I am usually too tired to sit with them, darn!
I love the accessibility of the materials! I'm wondering how you deal with all of their creations. Sometimes my son gets very prolific, and I haven't yet discovered the best balance of display and storing for all of the results of his labors. Do you display and then store? Do you throw away and recycle? How do you involve your girls in the process of deciding respectfully what happens with their art? Thanks in advance!
I've used your learning spaces many times as inspiration for our play area, very clever and beautiful.
A question's been burning though, if I may ask; what did this look like with a toddler in the house? Did you change the art shelves?
What are the dimensions of the shelves? It looks like it would go great in our space.


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