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Haunted Los Angeles: Exploring the Shadier Side of the City of Angels
Posted in California, Halloween, Los Angeles
Hilary California, Halloween, Los Angeles, North America, SoCal Adventures, Travel, United States 28 Comments
October 30, 2018 Hilary
Los Angeles is known around the world for its abundance of warm sunshine filled days, iconic palm tree lined streets and glamorous people, but there is a darker side to the City of Angels, a shadier side if you will, and no I'm not talking about the traffic. I'm talking about the mysteries, murders, suicides, and hauntings.
View of the Hotel Cecil from the shady side of the street in DTLA
The opportunity to learn about the darker side of LA's history presented itself when I was invited to join Cartwheel Art's new Downtown LA walking tours: Paranormal Nights and LA Vice.
Tour Guide Hadley Meares The Biltmore Hotel
Led by historical journalist, Hadley Meares, the tours were a perfect mix of history and horrific. Along the way we were treated to spine chilling tales of unsolved murders, bombings, mysterious elevators, haunted hotels and more.
The Biltmore Hotel (Haunted?)
Our tour started at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel an appropriate choice as it's considered to be haunted by multiple spirits. Built in 1923 the Biltmore catered to the rich and famous and was an early home to the Academy Awards ceremonies.
The Millennium Biltmore Hotel Lobby
One of the hotel's more famous haunts is Elizabeth Short, who after her death came to be known as the Black Dahlia. She was last seen in the hotel six days before her mutilated and severed corpse was discovered in a field in the Leimert Park neighborhood of LA. Due to the gruesome nature of her death her case because a national sensation and it is still unsolved to this day.
A police bulletin taken from the FBI Archives
Searching for the supernatural? Elizabeth Short is just one of the many spirits said to appear to guests of the The Millennium Biltmore… check in if you dare.
The Trunk Murders
Winnie Ruth Judd aka The Tiger woman, The Blond Butcher and The Trunk Murderess was accused and convicted of murdering her friends, Agnes Anne LeRoi and Hedvig Samuelson, in Phoenix, Arizona in October of 1931.
The Trunks Photography is courtesy of the History and Archives Division, Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records., obtained from http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/
She stuffed their bodies one of which was dismembered into trunks and other luggage and took the train to Los Angeles. Her heinous crimes were discovered when a strong putrid smell and blood leaking from her bags drew attention from station personnel.
The Bradbury Building
Built in 1893, the Bradbury Building is the oldest commercial building in the area. Known for its Victorian era atrium, grandiose iron work, 50 foot ceilings, and open cage elevators the building is one of LA's most architecturally famous buildings. Except the Bradbury Building, wasn't designed by an architect at all.
The Bradbury Building Lobby
Unhappy with the original architect's plans, Bradbury asked George Wyman a draughtsman with no formal training to take the job. Worried about taking the commission away from his boss Wyman used a planchette to consult with his dead brother. Supposedly the brother told him "Take Bradbury you will be successful." And so he was…
The 1910 Bombing of the Los Angeles Times Building
In the early hours of October 1, 1910, a bomb exploded in Ink Alley next to the Los Angeles Times. Set by disgruntled union workers the explosion started a fire killing 21 employees and injuring as many as 100 more. Tragedy wouldn't stop the presses and the day's edition was printed at the Los Angeles Herald.
Historic Downtown LA History Marker
Horror at the Cecil Hotel (The Suicide Hotel)
Built in 1920 the building once known as the Hotel Cecil is easily the most notorious building in LA. Originally built to cater to business men and travelers it fell upon hard times during the depression and became home to drug addicts, derelicts, and two serial killers: Richard Ramirez the Night Stalker, and Austrian Jack Unterweger. Many people have died within the hotel over the course of its history including multiple suicides and murders. One poor soul was killed when he was struck by a body falling from above.
Hotel Cecil Haunted?
In 2013 Canadian tourist, Elissa lamb, disappeared while staying at The Cecil. Her body was found three weeks later in the hotel's rooftop water cistern. A video of Elissa behaving strangely in the hotel elevator just prior to her disappearance has been viewed 22,679,290 and has led many people to believe the hotel is haunted. This and other dreadfully frightening stories helped to influenced the 5th season of American Horror Story: Hotel.
Ghost Sign for the Hotel Cecil
Stay on Main (Hotel Cecil)
The hotel was renovated renamed to The Stay on Main in 2014 and is currently undergoing another rebranding. You won't catch me at the Cecil, no matter what they decide to call it next.
King Eddy Saloon
Opened in 1906, The King Eddy Saloon, has a long and storied history. The basement operated as a speakeasy during the prohibition era and has long been popular with famous actors, writers, and poets. With over 100 years of history it makes sense that the King Eddy Saloon would also be haunted.
King Eddy Saloon Downtown Los Angeles
One of the bar's more famous stories is that of the vanishing hitchhiker. According to legend a repeat customer is an extremely intoxicated woman who, just before closing, asks a mail patron for a ride home. She borrows his jacket and gets in the car. When they drive by the Evergreen Cemetery she asks to get out and disappears into the graveyard. The man finds his jacket draped over a gravestone bearing the same name of the woman.
Indian Alley
Indian Alley also known as Apache Alley, Blood Alley and Heroin Alley was at one time the Native American Skid Row. Sculptures and murals created by members of the Native American community line both sides the alley and pay tribute to the area's dark history. The alley is overseen by These Days Gallery, which is located just next door. Contact the gallery to arrange a tour.
Indian Alley Los Angeles
The final stop of our Haunted LA tour was The Wolves a newly opened bar and restaurant located in the historic Alexandria Hotel building. Famous guests of the hotel include Rudolph Valentino, Jack Dempsey and Charlie Chaplin and the hotel is said to be haunted by multiple ghosts.
The Wolves bar and restaurant DTLA
With interiors inspired by the year 1910 stepping inside The Wolves is like going back in time. Period antiques from across America including a stunning train station ceiling from Paris, Illinois help to complete the feeling of total immersion.
The Wolves bar features vintage billy clubs from a darker time in LA.
Original details from the interior of The Wolves in DTLA
If you're interested in finding out more about LA's dark history consider joining one of Cartwheel Art's new 90 minute downtown walking tours. Tickets must be purchased online in advance.
The Wolves Los Angeles California
Disclosure: I was invited to join a press preview of the Paranormal Nights and LA Vice walking tours. All opinions shared and nightmares I had as a result of these tours are my own.
Cartwheel Art Tours, Downtown Los Angeles, Haunted Los Angeles, Los Angeles History, Paranormal Walking Tours, Things to do in LA
bavariansojourn
Probably the first post I have read that has actually made me shiver. There is no way on this planet I will be staying at the Cecil! Fascinating read 🙂 #farawayfiles
I know! I can't stop thinking about how creepy that place is! 👻
I couldn't agree more with Emma here. This post actually gave me shivers too. Some of those stories are seriously creepy. The Cecil one seems worst, partly because it's so recent. And that one about the woman in the bar being dropped off at the graveyard. Off to cuddle a teddy… #FarawayFiles
I know so spooky and even more so because some of this actually happened! I seriously had no idea LA was such a frightening place…
This is totally my kind of tour. I mean, the stories are creepy, but in the cold light of day, I don't mind. #FarawayFiles
Ha! Lucky for me this was a preview… these tours actually take place in the evening… 😳
MummyTravels
Ooh this is fascinating… I love this kind of your (though very unconvinced that I would want to check in to any of the places mentioned). Definitely chilling. #farawayfiles
I'm with you! I love a good tour, but I prefer my hotels ghost free.
Ooooo, what fun! I want to look up these places the next time I visit my daughter in LA. What a fun day that would be, exploring these haunted sites. I've been to the Biltmore, but had no idea about it being haunted!
All of these spooky spots and many more can be found right in the downtown core. Apparently LA was a lawless and wild place for a very long time.
This is so awesome! I've learned so many things just from this post that I had no idea about! Definitely has me intrigued enough to try out the tour!!
I'm so glad you enjoyed it! It was a great tour. The history in this city is so fascinating!
Cynthia | Adventuring Woman
This certainly is a spine chilling and fascinating tour. I wouldn't stay at the Hotel Cecil either! Some of the buildings could be on an architecture tour, like the Bradbury Building and The Wolves. The ceiling from the train station is just stunning. #farawayfiles
I agree! The Bradbury is definitely on a lot of tours it's an architectural celebrity! I loved the ceiling and learned that because it was too long to fit in the space they cut it in half and put the two halves side by side, which just happened to fit perfectly!
Megan - TMK
Truly terrifying!! There is no way I am staying at the Cecil! Love these ghoulish tales! #farawayfiles
I had no idea that LA was such a scary place, and in fact had walked by the Cecil on more than one occasion before I knew its creepy history… in the future I will be crossing to the opposite side of the street when I'm on the block!
Ladies What Travel (@LadiesWTravel)
I know it's creepy and macabre but this kind of tour would really interest me! #FarawayFiles
I found it really interesting as well, but was somewhat surprised at myself when I realized I was legitimately creeped out.
Cristina - Memories of the Pacific
Oh wow, this is really scary but interesting at the same time!
It is pretty creepy isn't it?! I'm almost wishing I could go back to my previous misconception of LA LA Land.
Paul Healy
Spooky! Not so good if you get hit by a falling body, you really know you're times up then. I love the The Bradbury Building though, it looks beautiful.
The Bradbury is very beautiful and I have visited on more than one occasion with no creepy feelings whatsoever. In fact I've never felt anything other than wonder at the beauty of the light filled atrium space.
baublesandknots
Ugh, the Elissa Lamb mystery is upsetting, but als totally piqued interest in my macabre heart. True Crime stories are just so fascinating. Well sometimes fascinating. Anyway, sounds like this tour would make for a SpoOoOky Halloween.
It is so upsetting, I couldn't stop thinking about it and even freaked myself out further by watching the video on YouTube. I suppose I was thinking research, but ended up being heartbroken and scared at the same time. The tour is very fascinating and I learned so much about LA!
Catherine's Cultural Wednesdays
Ooooh spooky, fascinating but I'm not sure I would want to stay in any of them!
I know for sure that I wouldn't stay in any of these! No question!
I had heard of the Biltmore being haunted but not about any of these other places. These stories are so spooky! I love the design of the Bradbury Building, though! #farawayfiles
I never realized how spooky LA is. These are just a few of the many stories we heard on the tour. I love the Bradbury!


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May I come in? – Random gum of May 2018 soundtrack
Time again for another monthly random gum music mix; music for May 2018. To discover all my playlists on Spotify and follow me.
I don't have any words of wisdom this month. I've been busy with my sudden students status, but nothing ever stops me from finding and listening to music. I invite you to listen, too.
May I Come In? – Random Gum – May 2018
01 Nico – "The Fairest of the Seasons" …Yes and the morning has me/Looking in your eyes/And seeing mine warning me/To read the signs carefully…
Love for and thanks to AB… "Now that I've tried/Now that I've finally found that this is not the way".
02 Brigid Mae Power – "Let Me Go Now"
Heartbreaking. "It was just too hard to love unconditionally/you can let me go now, that's okay/it was just too hard to love in that way"
03 Belle & Sebastian – "Nobody's Empire"
Glasgow love. "There was a girl that sang like the chime of a bell/And she put out her arm and she touched me when I was in hell"
04 Feu! Chatterton – "Grace"
The French past. "Le tendre passé qui nous hante/Croît comme un jardin vivant/Un terrain vague/Peuplé de très vieux mirages/De fleurs sauvages"
05 Akofa Akoussah – "I Tcho Tchass"
Tales of Togo and Togolese radio
06 Lower Dens – "Your Heart Still Beating"
"Your heart is still beating in all of my dreams/And I swore again and again/Never again"
07 The Helio Sequence – "Deuces" …now I'm gone/you've lost your hold on me…
PNW. "I don't wanna be cool, I don't wanna be distant/Or harbor grief for you/And I don't mean to be cool, I don't need to seem never like/I'm holding out for you"
08 Tortoise – "Yonder Blue" …Oh, I'll fill the ocean with tears until I find you…
09 Gentle Hen – "The People You See Regularly Never Grow Old"
Hold them horses, hen.
10 Twerps – "Dreamin"
11 The Communards – "Don't Leave Me This Way"
Glasgow disco. SD
12 BC Unidos, Shungudzo – "Ouagadougou"
13 Belly – "Superconnected"
Memories of driving-around singalong sessions with dear Tara in the mid-90s and our continued connection
14 Alberteen – "Infant Nation"
Thanks to inimitable AB
15 Silver Apples – "I Have Known Love"
16 Veronika Boulytcheva, Natalia Ermilova – "Ouj i ja li moloda"
A song that hurts most people's ears – reminds me of college and my dad saying this sounds like "wailing Chinese people"
17 Yo La Tengo – "Pablo and Andrea" …someone came and took all the roses away…
"I'll cover for you like a slipcover covers a chair"
18 Geowulf – "Greatest Fool"
Aussies in London. "Point at me and laugh, my love/'Cause I thought we were enough/Guess I make the greatest fool/Gentlemen, I'll humor you"
19 Julian Cope – "Sunspots" …I'm in love with my very best friend…
Back to high school and the nightmare "environmental camp" I went to one year trying to make a friend feel better
20 Hoshi – "Comment je vais faire" (acoustic version)
21 Alabama Shakes – "Dunes" …Somewhere in me, a memory that I cannot gather anymore…
22 Delta 5 – "Mind Your Own Business"
23 Diane Coffee – "Hymn"
"So come on, walk to your house/You put a record on". Afternoons after school listening to records, love to my school friends (Terra, Leighanne, Gary)
24 Sugar Candy Mountain – "Atlas"
25 Lost Horizons – "The Places We've Been"
Vocals by Karen Peris from The Innocence Mission
26 Cinerama – "Tie Me Up"
"You own me, you own me, and I'm not arguing"
27 Emily King – "Sleepwalker"
"I feel my body move without me again/Ooh, like a sleepwalker getting closer to him"
28 Tracy Chapman – "Smoke and Ashes"
Reminds me of the interminable summer of 1996
29 The Stone Roses – "Love Spreads"
I never cared much for this Roses song, but after seeing it live, it took on a different feeling
30 of Montreal – "Last Rites at the Jane Hotel" …These tears I cry for you must prove that I'm not the demon that I'm meant to be…
"Other people can be so disappointing/I need to spend more time alone"
31 A Taste of Honey – "Boogie Oogie Oogie"
For SD, as all danceable tunes are
32 Bam Spacey – "Avstånd och skog"
Malmö.
33 Heather Nova – "What a Feeling"
"Life is only half way in our hands/Years have passed while I was making plans/And I could never find the words/I always felt absurd, and always outside"
34 Kalbells – "Alonetime" …life can be so emotional/when you're lonely…
Springtime. Here's cheers to Annette, AB, SD, J, Anne
35 Fastbacks – "I Never Knew"
The old Seattle haunts and sounds; Oslo tunnels
36 Brandi Carlile – "Sugartooth"
37 Olden Yolk – "Cut to the Quick"
38 Low – "Let's Stay Together"
Because yes, sometimes, people do stay together
39 Indigo Girls – "Kid Fears"
It's like junior high school again, and somehow makes me think of Amie
40 Bedouine – "Summer Cold" …You say, 'What have they done to you friend?'…
Armenian-American via Aleppo. "I've had enough of your guns and your ammunition"
41 Orange Juice – "Untitled Melody"
Glasgow. "You need me more or less, I need you more and more"
42 Belly – "Judas My Heart"
"Where I live/There's a blanket of sighs and it covers the stars/In my heart, I'm as hungry as ever"
43 Madeline Kenney – "Signals"
"A signal is what you use in your car, dude. Not a way of communicating with someone who clearly needs direct answers."
44 Sevdaliza – "Amandine Insensible" …There's a woman, she's every fantasy/And no reality in one…
"How can I suffer without the pain?/Can we struggle without the shame?"
45 Dori Freeman – "Cold Waves" …There's something bitter and it's tyin' up my tongue/My body's restless but I've got nowhere to run…
"I've got a lover and he loves me very well/He took my broken heart and brought it back from hell/And with the slightest glance and movement he can tell/That I am lost and only he can lift the veil"
46 Deep Throat Choir – "In My Bed"
Amy Winehouse cover
47 Aidan Moffat, RM Hubbert, feat. Siobhan Wilson – "Cockcrow"
48 Salad – "Warmth of the Hearth" …Here comes the hearth/We're almost there baby/I'm on the path/Missing you already…
One of those bands that never quite hit (I loved them) but has reunited to tour recently
49 Julia Lucille – "Lie and Wait" …What do you think should we take it slow/Or go as fast as my body wants to go…
"Wrapped up in your loving arms imperfect as I am/You don't tell me I'm beautiful, you tell me I'm a badass but/I hold back my love" … "What do you think was it too much too soon/I felt your mind just leaving when I walked into the room". I like almost nothing more than I like Julia Lucille these days.
50 The Go-Betweens – "Dive For Your Memory"
"When I hear you saying/That we stood no chance/I'll dive for your memory/We stood that chance"
Tags A Taste of Honey, Aidan Moffat, Akofa Akoussah, Alabama Shakes, Alberteen, Bam Spacey, BC Unidos, Bedouine, Belle & Sebastian, Belly, Brandi Carlile, Brigid Mae Power, Cinerama, Deep Throat Choir, Delta 5, Diane Coffee, Dori Freeman, Emily King, Fastbacks, Feu! Chatterton, Gentle Hen, Geowulf, Heather Nova, Hoshi, Indigo Girls, Julia Lucille, Julian Cope, Kalbells, Lost Horizons, Low, lower dens, Madeline Kenney, music, Nico, of montreal, Olden Yolk, Orange Juice, playlists, random gum, random gum soundtrack may 2018, Salad, Sevdaliza, Shungudzo, Silver Apples, soundtrack, Spotify, Sugar Candy Mountain, The Communards, the go-betweens, the helio sequence, The Stone Roses, Togo, Tortoise, Tracy Chapman, twerps, Veronika Boulytcheva and Natalia Ermilova, Yo La Tengo
Uniting Power of Hate – Ouagadougou to Timbuktu
When I was an insolent adolescent, my father, in a period of midlife-crisis-enlightenment-seeking, went through a New Age phase, in which he adopted a New Age guru who walked him through past life regressions, chakra balancing and, perhaps his favorite activity of all, chanting. It was an awkward and transitional time, probably for everyone involved. During this hazy period, my father decided to try to address my permanent "Oscar the Grouch" take on life:
Dad: "Erika, why are you so hateful?"
Me: (rolling eyes, sarcastic tone) "Gee, I don't know"
Dad: (enlightened tone) "Well, your mother and I could teach you some neat things."
Me: (rolling eyes again) "Like?"
Dad: (even more enlightened) "Like… how to chant!"
RAHHHHH-OHHHHHHM!
Check it out – "Nasty Dan" from Johnny Cash visiting my dear Oscar the Grouch on Sesame Street! "Say, aren't you Johnny Trash?" "Cash. – Have a rotten day." "Wow, there goes my kinda guy."
So, the hateful thing goes back a ways. While I won't go so far as to say that I seriously hate anyone or anything, I readily admit that I am easily annoyed and enjoy sarcasm and complaint a great deal. I derive joy from this kind of casual and idle hatred and dismay/disdain. It is not often that I meet kindred hating spirits in the world; that is, people with sour attitudes who find something to dislike about almost everything but who still actually are quite sweet people who find a lot of things to like and even love as well.
I don't look at my attitude as sheer, unproductive negativity the way many do – I think of myself as a realist and sometimes a pessimist. It's hard to live in the world and see reality without rose-colored glasses and not be a bit pessimistic at times, even if there are always rays of bright sunlight here and there. This approach and attitude has been polarizing and divisive at times and has brought about the demise of a few friendships (and I won't pretend that that didn't hurt).
On rare occasions I met up with people with almost as dark a view on the world, with as many complaints and who reveled in sharing complaints, with similar dark senses of humor, with similar misanthropic and impatient tendencies. But I had never quite met my match until now. My heart – be still, dear heart – has been stolen by someone who told me that he makes mental lists of all the things he hates while he is walking to work.
I once advised a girl who had had rather iffy relationships and made iffy relationship choices to stop accepting and settling for stale crumbs and to only accept the "the whole cake". I knew I had my whole cake already – but when I heard about this hate list – and knew that the person behind it could also laugh about all the annoyances on the list, I knew I had the icing on the cake as well.
All this is not to say that I think real, visceral hatred and anger is healthy. I don't like to waste energy or in-depth thought on any of it, which is why I think it's great to make a mental list or voice the little complaints here and there – it is a means of just letting them go and moving forward. Save the real anger and hatred for bigger stuff – the major injustices in the world. The sexism, racism, abuse and all the other real travesties. I mean, yes, a group of people walking side-by-side taking up the entire width of a sidewalk is really damn annoying and virtually impossible to get around without running into road traffic, but it's not the end of the world or particularly destructive.
It's a pick-your-battle kind of war, really. One man in my … sphere of influence (haha – I make myself sound so mesmerizing!) complained heartily about racism and racial stereotypes, and how he is so tired of them he might just move back to Africa one day so as to not hear these things any longer. And I thought, yeah, but I suspect you will hear different stupid things in Africa and maybe get Ebola. Okay. Probably not – that's just one of my ignorant attempts at being funny. (I had been watching the news and saw that Guinea is facing its first-ever Ebola outbreak.) My serious point was that it makes little sense to abandon an otherwise comfortable life just because you don't want to hear things that are unpleasant to live a less comfortable life and probably just hear a different set of annoying generalizations. Of course, I don't have to bear the weight of racist (inadvertent or otherwise) commentary all the time, and it may well feel much more powerful and daunting than just being "unpleasant" to someone exposed to it all the time.
Naturally all of this made me think once more of the elusive idea of "Africa". Mostly because I talked to someone about African place names that sound foreign to our western ears, and for example, as children, we scarcely know that they are real places – they sound so exotic that they could be figments of someone's phonetically rich imagination. Timbuktu came up a lot when I was a kid – and when I ask people these days what they associate with the word "Timbuktu" now, they rarely name a place, mention Africa or – heaven forbid – mention the country of which it is actually a part (Mali). Same goes for Ouagadougou (capital of Burkina Faso). When I mentioned "Burkina Faso" to my mother, she too just said, "I don't know what that is."
Tags Africa, Burkina Faso, chakra balancing, chakras, chanting, Cinerama, complaining, do not accept stale crumbs when you could have the whole cake, Ebola, Ebola outbreak, Guinea, Hate, hate lists, hateful, hatred, have a rotten day, Johnny Cash, Mali, Nasty Dan, New Age, New Age guru, Oscar the Grouch, Ouagadougou, past life regression, Sesame Street, sour attitudes, stale crumbs, Timbuktu, whole cake
Word associations and inappropriate musical choices
Watching on Al Jazeera a show about Colombian pilots flying perilous routes in rickety old DC3 aircraft through the Amazon (apparently with clear and present danger of crashing and never being found again once the jungle overtakes the wreckage), I am struck by the background music choice, which seems entirely too whimsical and Calypso to be appropriate. As a narrator explains that the pilot/captain Raul must calculate his fuel needs precisely or else crash, there is this playful carnival music going in the background. Yes, nothing like frolicsome music to evoke the "fun" of a possible fiery crash whose remains we would never find. (Al Jazeera has a whole bunch of these "daredevil" shows where people are doing the craziest stuff to make a living. A few weeks ago I saw some Pakistani lunatics driving on narrow, twisting mountain passes in giant, ornate trucks. And I think my commute is a bad one.)
"You took off like a jet girl…"
Jet girl… jet ski! I had a hilarious conversation last night before leaving for work in which I was reminded that there was probably a cigarette ad that included idiots on a jet ski. I had my doubts, but my dear firewall was absolutely right.
Idiots advertising cigarettes on a jet ski
Jet ski! … "Après ski"! "This kind of evening could be life enhancing…" "She gets what she wants but still she ends up losing"
When I am not overdosing on sad movies or documentaries, I overdose on news. And this leads me to two thoughts – Ratko Mladic acting like a spoiled idiot child at Radovan Karadzic's war crimes trial – refusing to take part in the "devil's proceedings" and demanding that a guard bring him his dentures apparently (which makes me wonder why he went to court without dentures in the first place)? Second, the crazy urge for news outlets to be first with any news. I read somewhere that the news of Philip Seymour Hoffman's death was reported – not just by tabloids but by the Wall Street Journal – without any concern for whether his family had even been informed (never mind confirming the veracity of the claims).
Oh well I am too tired to analyze. Instead considering Donna Summer's roles in alternate universes and hoping for just one day when the cars outside my office window will not honk. Since they built new tramlines and stoplights right outside, not a day passes without a lot of impatient honking (especially for Sweden).
Tags Al Jazeera, Après Ski, cigarette ads, Cinerama, commute, current events, daredevils, DC3 aircraft, Donna Summer, Hot Stuff, inappropriate music, Jet Girl, jet ski, Newport, news, personal firewall, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Radovan Karadzic, rapid reporting, Ratko Mladic, stupid advertising, war crimes tribunal, Wedding Present, Word associations
Good Good of Random Gum – Year-End Soundtrack 2013
The Good Goo of Year-End – Queen Bee in the Hornet's Nest
Random Gum / Year-End 2013
Complete playlist on Spotify.
1. SONIC CONTROL – "Broken Television on a Neukölln Street"
"I'm a broken television on a Neukölln street/that dog over there just pissed on me/my screen is cracked, my transformers are gone/I was state of the art until it all went wrong…" The dogs of corporate life. Thanks, ML and MS
2. Ladytron – "Mirage" …You don't listen,/You do not exist…
"Happy not to notice/The room retracts the focus/Where you cannot see/Reflections from within"
3. Elton John – "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" …live for each second, without hesitation…
Song is a sad reminder of childhood & early years of music videos. "I simply love you more than I love life itself"
4. John Grant – "Leopard and Lamb" …Like learning how to crawl across a floor that's covered with glass/Like learning how to look away and never to look back…
"Watch The Simpsons to remember how you'd laugh…". For Ph. Friendship ending always hurts more than love
5. Ulali – "Mahk Jchi"
This is like being back in college again. Upon reflection, the most awkward, misguided time of my whole life
6. Royal Headache – "Distant and Vague"
One for wandering central Göteborg. And the title/theme… what/who isn't "distant and vague"?
7. TV-Resistori – "Koputan puuta"
FUNland! "But Ginsberg, my balls hurt!" Finnish music that sounds almost Japanese. Music for throwing away perfectly good shoes. For Naomi and ML.
8. Pepe Deluxé – "Lucky the Blind vs. Vacuum Cleaning Monster"
Thinking about Lóa, who loves vacuum cleaners.
9. Les Sans Culottes – "Tout va bien"
All the French – Aurélien, Bruno, Tristan, Thierry, Valérie – and so on. All the cool people.
10. Cepia – "Ithaca"
Anything Ithaca, as much horror as it might give her, is for Jill.
11. John Grant – "I Hate This Town"
"But then again you always made it clear/That you do not care either way/Which begs the question/How can I still claim to love you/You told me time and time again/That you don't lose you always win/And that to make an effort would just be beneath you". John Grant – hands down, one of my favorites
12. Throwing Muses – "Mexican Women" …love becomes a foreign substance…
For Martina and her reflections on Mexican women making piñatas that will just be destroyed – the fleeting nature of beauty. "Up yours, Bruno!" Also, I might as well be a man – I open doors for and bring flowers to women friends. What woman wouldn't want to marry me? Hahaha. Pachanga! Free fika cake!
13. Yo La Tengo – "Nowhere Near" …everyone is here/but you're nowhere near…
I have always loved this song, but love resurged when it appeared in the final episode of the US version of The Bridge this year.
14. Marianne Faithfull – "The Ballad of Lucy Jordan" …at the age of 37, she realized she'd never ride through Paris in a sports car with the warm wind in her hair…
For a variety of reasons, I really dislike the name Lucy (cue up whiny, snotty British accent for starters). I am sure I had heard this song before (Lee Hazlewood version?) and even think I knew it was written by Shel Silverstein, but it appeared in the Dusan Makavejev film Montenegro, which I only saw recently despite its being made in 1980. I had no idea it was set in Stockholm (you'd never guess from the film's title!), the dubious heroine a resident of posh island "suburb", Lidingö. In the early 2000s I went to a film festival in Reykjavik at which Makavejev was the guest – they screened two of his weirder films (they're all weird)… oh memories. For Leifur.
15. The National – "About Today" …you just walked away/and I just watched you…
What more can really be said about The National? "How close am I to losing you?"
16. The Rolling Stones – "Sympathy for the Devil"
Horrifying memories of hordes of Australians on bus trip; a memory of coming home from kindergarten. My dad was playing this, and it is the only time I remember him choosing willingly to play a record on his own. I was a bit scared/very intrigued by this song because of the title and the drum beat.
17. Martha Wainwright – "Matapedia" …I could not slow down/I was not afraid…
Martha doing one of her mother, Kate McGarrigle's (RIP) songs – really lovely.
18. Kishi Bashi – "I Am the Antichrist to You" …I was always quick to admit defeat…
"And my heart it shook with fear/I'm a coward behind a shield and spear"
19. The Bee-Gees – "Stayin Alive"
A few years ago when Robin Gibb died, I could not bring myself to include a Bee-Gees song on my mix and instead chose "It Was Disco but Now It's Over…". Thanks to TV's Sherlock and its use of "Stayin Alive", its worming its way into my brain and all the back and forth with people about disco, Tony Manero (the Saturday Night Fever character and title character of eponymous Chilean film) AND learning that the song provides the right tempo for performing CPR, I could hardly not include it. For Elisa S, Krista H, Adrian K
20. Animotion – "Obsession"
Oh, the 80s. Makes me feel old but brings to mind obsessive statements à la "Nobody has driven me crazy like this for such a long time. Never." For JKL
21. Run DMC/Aerosmith – "Walk This Way"
Thanks to Jill for the reminder of this song, which I like much better now than in the old days. Late-night, loud rain dance praying with love for Annette.
22. Lia Ices – "Little Marriage"
This song was included on another mix but it's too beautiful not to use again. It inspires such emotion, bringing an emptiness that longs to be filled to the surface. With love for Jane as always.
23. Jean-Louis Murat – "Colin-Maillard" …Tu traverses le miroir/Ton désir ne veut plus patienter…
Another previous inclusion… the sound and the voice fills me with a kind of melancholy.
24. My Bloody Valentine – "Feed Me with Your Kiss"
MBV released their first album in 20+ years but I select a song from an old album. Nostalgia?
25. The Smiths – "A Rush and a Push"
"Let's talk about poetry." The seductive power of knowing a poem or two… stealing things from others' imaginations.
26. OutKast – "Hey Ya!" …don't try to fight the feeling/cause the thought alone is killing me right now…
To the joy of knowing Jill: "My baby don't mess around"
27. Lay Low – "Last Time Around"
Something nice from Iceland, thinking of all my friends there (Alfa, Jane, Lóa, and so on…)
28. Iron & Wine – "Jesus the Mexican Boy"
One of the songs in a playlist I made chronicling dogs, dog and pony shows and Mexicans. For Martina.
29. Belle & Sebastian – "Legal Man" …L-O-V-E – it's coming back, it's coming back…
One to lose one's mind dancing to. "Get out of the city/and into the sunshine/get out of the office/and into the springtime…"
30. Serge Gainsbourg – "Les Sucettes" …Elle est au paradis…
For Jean, who taught me so much, and for JKL, who makes plans he will never keep
31. New Order – "Love Vigilantes"
The confusion of mixing up conversations that started about rotten chuck roast and what I thought was "dal" (as in Indian food) but was actually "dal" as in "valley" (Norwegian). I was wondering, "Since when does dal have chuck roast in it?" But the conversation was really referring to Malala from that "dal" (Swat Valley). J Love my vigilante friend, Annette. And, for Naomi – "O blessed be – my favorite dal of all the dals!"
32. The Bee-Gees – "Night Fever"
Taken aback by the rampant popularity of Daft Punk's latest offer – it's good, but in light of the backlash against the Bee-Gees and their sound in the late 70s – it is interesting to hear these sounds make a resurgence.
33. Human League – "Don't You Want Me?"
Neverending back & forth with ML, who never knows what he wants – just knows it's whatever he doesn't have
34. Don Dixon – "Praying Mantis"
For Naomi and the happiness of driving around in a different car.
35. Darker My Love – "Talking Words"
Sitting in the autumn-dark parking lot observing OCD-afflicted people check their doors five or six times
36. Lush – "For Love"
Another song that transports me to an exact time, feeling – making me want to run back to the present
37. Camera Obscura – "Anti-Western" …you're too good looking, I'm always gonna put up a fight…
Anthem to those stunning but ultimately false moments when you believe (stupidly!) that interest is actually real. How eager even the cynic is to believe sometimes. Thanks to Jill as always.
38. Erasure – "Oh L'Amour"
This will always remind me of the late 80s, very late-night phone calls with JBB – alternate realities that allowed for the most complete and unfiltered feeling I can ever remember feeling
39. Cinerama – "Heels" …you crushed him with your heels/and I know exactly how he feels…
For Mathieu. "I don't really care that you found another lover/cause I know he'll be gone the moment that you get bored…"
40. Secret Machines – "Atomic Heels" …uncover your eyes/they're bloodied in love/who's staring back at yours, honey what have you missed?…
41. Ladytron – "Seventeen" …they only want you when you're 17, when you're 21, you're no fun…
How to feel old…
42. Lana Del Ray – "Blue Jeans (RAC Mix)" …I will love you til the end of time…
Dislike Lana Del Ray but for some reason like this mix – here's to new cars and departed Greek dentists.
43. Glen Campbell – "Wichita Lineman" …I need you more than want you…
For Naomi – another sort of stalker song.
44. The Bee-Gees – "To Love Somebody"
I put the Roberta Flack version of this on the other part of this mix and knew it had sounded familiar but did not put two and two together until I reheard this version in the film 50/50. The Bee-Gees' music (as done by other artists) is everywhere. It's got a sad sort of feel – we've all been there, but the "you don't know what it's like" also sounds like the condescending sorts who rub your being alone in your face, "You just don't know what it's like to be in love…"
45. Blondie – "Faces"
I listened to this – and the whole Autoamerican album – over and over when I was five. No wonder I am so fucked. 🙂 "Rapture" does at least reference Subaru! Memories of Thanksgiving with Lóa (2013)
46. Lou Reed – "Satellite of Love"
Rest in peace and bon voyage.
** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
What does it take to be fearless and loving? Loving people requires a certain risk-taking fearlessness that I have never really embraced. When I say never, I mean never. But kindness – that can substitute.
I take a lot of risks and make a lot of changes but am still fearful of a lot of things. Perhaps I need to focus on these things before running off on another adventure undertaken for the sake of "change".
Sudden, unexpected loss everywhere this year – there is no time like the present to do what one needs to do to feel healthy and happy. Happiest new year wishes, as arbitrary as that really is.
Tags 50/50, A Rush and a Push, About Today, Aerosmith, Animotion, Anti-Western, Atomic Heels, australians, Autoamerican, Ballad of Lucy Jordan, Bee Gees, Belle & Sebastian, Blondie, Blue Jeans, British accents, Camera Obscura, Cepia, childhood, Chilean films, chuck roast, Cinerama, Colin-Maillard, CPR, cynicism, Daft Punk, dal, Darker My Love, distant and vague, dog and pony shows, dogs of corporate life, Don Dixon, Don't You Want Me?, Dusan Makavejev, Elton John, Erasure, faces, Feed Me With Your Kiss, fika, Finnish music, fleeting beauty, For Love, friendship, Glen Campbell, Good good, goteborg, Greek dentists, Heels, Hey Ya!, Human League, I Am the Antichrist to You, I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues, I Hate This Town, Iceland, It Was Disco but Now It's Over, ithaca, Ithaca New York, Japanese, Jean-Louis Murat, Jesus the Mexican Boy, John Grant, Kate McGarrigle, kindergarten, Kishi Bashi, Koputan puuta, Ladytron, Lana Del Ray, Last Time Around, Lay Low, Lee Hazlewood, Legal Man, Leopard and Lamb, Les Sans Culottes, Les sucettes, Lia Ices, Lidingö, Little Marriage, Lou Reed, Love Vigilantes, Lucky the Blind vs Vacuum Cleaning Monster, Lucy, Lush, Mahk Jchi, Malala Yousafzai, Marianne Faithfull, Martha Wainwright, Matapedia, Mexican women, Mexico, Mirage, Montenegro, my bloody valentine, Naomi Ginsberg, Neukölln, New Order, Night Fever, Norwegian, Nowhere Near, Obsession, OCD, Oh L'Amour, OutKast, pachanga, Pepe Deluxé, piñatas, poetry, Praying Mantic, random gum, Reykjavik, Roberta Flack, Royal Headache, Run DMC, Satellite of Love, Saturday Night Fever, Secret Machines, seduction, Serge Gainsbourg, Seventeen, Shel Silverstein, Sherlock, SONIC CONTROL, soundtrack, Spotify, stalkers, Stayin Alive, stockholm, Subaru, Swat valley, Sympathy for the Devil, Talking Words, Thanksgiving, the 1980s, The Bridge, the French, The National, The Rolling Stones, The Simpsons, The Smiths, The West, Throwing Muses, To Love Somebody, Tony Manero, Tout va bien, TV-Resistori, Ulali, Walk This Way, Wichita Lineman, Yo La Tengo
"Your need a paramour/someone to pluck your eyebrows for…"
-Cinerama, "Heels"
Years ago (my god, how many of my stories start that way?) my ex-boyfriend (a French guy) was reading a book – I don't remember what the book title was nor what it was about but suspect it had something to do with language misunderstandings/misheard words and expressions. He came to me with the following quote, "Meanwhile, Richard Parker Bowles, brother of Camilla's ex-husband, Andrew, said that from the beginning Camilla approved of Charles marrying Diana while she remained his power mower. (Richmond, VA Times-Dispatch, Jan. 1995)" and could not understand what "power mower" was meant to be. It was "paramour". I still laugh about this sometimes.
I need a power mower!
Would perhaps the understanding of this word have been different depending on the accent of the speaker? I have said it before and will keep saying it – I could listen to a nice Scottish accent every day and love every second of it. Different accents, voices, languages have the power to do something to us, affecting us on a chemical, physiological level, it seems. I suppose this explains why I want to tell people to shut up so often. Haha. Sometimes it is definitely just the sound. I don't understand more than five words of Hungarian, but I could listen to and not understand any of it and still want to listen to it all day. I love the rhythm and sound of the unfamiliar words strung together melodiously. (It is not always the case that the language we do not understand is heartwarming. The same aforementioned French guy had no love for the incomprehensible Scottish accents we encountered on holiday in Scotland. I had to act as interpreter although he would politely stand there nodding in a reassuring way as B&B hosts told us stories as we got settled in. Only later did he tell me he had feigned understanding and needed translation (truer to say that he demanded, "What in the hell was she talking about?").
Tags accents, Cinerama, French, Heels, hungarian, misheard expressions, paramour, power mower, scotland, Scottish accent
cause I hate your country, your continent and…
Tags Cinerama, Hate, lies, Wedding Present
Everyone wants the honey: Honey walnut coffee cake muffins
Tags bundt, Cinerama, coffee cake, coffee cake muffins, cupcakes, Fiona Apple, honey, Honey Drip, honey rider, honey walnut muffins, Ian McCulloch, maple, maple syrup, milkshake n honey, muffins, sleater-kinney, slow like honey, substitutions, walnut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Launceston boss Jimmy Tucker says Saturday's Cornish derby with Redruth is "all about pride".
Bottom side Launceston have yet to win and face a Redruth side who are fifth in National Two South.
"We're poles apart really in terms of league position, everybody knows we're rock bottom and morale isn't high," Tucker told BBC Radio Cornwall.
"But it's all about pride this weekend. The players want to play in this one, they're up for it."
Launceston have not beaten their biggest rivals since a 31-10 win at Polson Bridge in September 2013.
"I hope the boys will be revved up, but these are the kind of games where you get plenty of ammunition for team talks so it's one of the easier team talks you've got to make," added Tucker.
"Strange things happen in sport, the form book goes out of the window in local derbies. I don't know if that's going to be the case.
"What I'm asking from my team and the players is that they put in a performance that they can be proud of."


A GOOD number of supporters have contacted us following Tuesday night's match against Wycombe Wanderers to raise concerns about the brightness of the Home Park floodlighting.
As a result, the club will be carrying out an examination of the lighting to determine what remedial action needs to be taken.
Our first evening match of the 2018-19 season saw new floodlights at the Barn Park end of Home Park in use for the first time.
The lights have replaced ones which have been removed to facilitate the redevelopment of the main grandstand.
Unfortunately, supporters in the Devonport end had a problem with the strength and direction of the lighting and several have been in touch to tell us.
We appreciate the feedback and, as a result, we will carry out tests when the lights are next used, at our Under-23 Premier League Cup tie against Portsmouth on Tuesday, September 4.
Season-Ticket holders will be admitted free to the match, which kicks off at 7pm, with other ticket prices: £5 adult, £3 concessions, £1 1886 Members.
Great excuse to take a few bulbs out, Jims last job.


With this being one of our last real days off before our first season as campsite Wardens ends and we journey off on the long road south. We had a few bits to get done, which got me thinking, so here's a list of essential things we check on our Motorhome before our Road trips.
If the vehicle hasn't been started for a while, start the engine and give it a run, just to be sure, even thou we recently went to the NEC and stopped off at Cheltenham for the weekend, Paloma has once again been sat on pitch for the last few weeks. So a short trip around the block to make sure she's running ok.
Our tyres were ok on our Motorhome-, but during the MOT it was flagged up as an advisory that one of them was not looking its best.
Because we're about to do a trip over 3 months taking the #longroadsouth , so we've chose to replace them before we go – you can read about it Here and which ones we went for !
If your tread is low and you're about to set off around Europe, consider doing the same.
If you're going for a couple of weeks and your tread is ok, you should be fine until you get back.
If you're not sure, ask your local garage, ours is a wealth of knowledge and happily beat the best internet price we could find ! – sometimes it pays to buy local.
Proper air pressure in a tyre helps to distribute the weight of a vehicle evenly across the tyres tread pattern, so the tyre and the motorhome is at its most stable, remember it's your home as well as car !
When a tyre is under-inflated or over-inflated, it loses stability, negatively affecting handling, cornering, and stopping.
Eventually the tyre will also start to wear unevenly. Under-inflated tires tend to show wear on the outside edges of the tread, while over-inflated tires show wear down the middle of the tread.
Either way, incorrect inflation pressure = uneven wear = tyres that wear out faster = less € in your pocket. As these tyres aren't cheap.
Check for chips, cracks or other imperfections.
You may be covered by insurance in Europe, we are but if it cracks completely, it's going to eat into our holiday time as an alcass motorhome windscreen is unlikely to be in stock.
Make sure all your lights, indicators etc are working. It's scary how many motorhomes and caravans we've seen turn up on site with indicators or brake lights which aren't working correctly, I've lost count of the amount of blubs and fuses I've given to people this year.
More importantly Don't give the European police an easy reason to stop you and fine you.
Obvious I know, but also think about what countries your traveling though, for us it's winter, so we need a washer fluid that freezes at an extreme low temperature.
Water and anti freeze level in coolant header tank.
If you are in any doubt about the starter battery or habitation battery, get it checked and replace if necessary again it's much easier to do in this country, rather than having to search about in a country where your not completely fluent in the language.
Check all the connections are tight, or in our case give a good clean !
Because the English drive on the other side of the road to the rest of Europe, our headlights point the wrong way. You need to attach headlight stickers in order to comply with EU law.
Well you wouldn't take dirty clothes for you to ware so we weren't about to let Paloma not look her best.
what a busy day, but it does make the upcoming roadtrip seem very real.
Pss – Not Long Now !!


text:
World's first generic internet suffix goes live with more to follow
Hyperlink image via Wikimedia Commons
The Arabic 'dot shabaka' suffix has become the world's first new generic suffix to be used in a domain name since the original 22 which have included .com and .org.
Known as generic top-level domains (gTLD), these suffixes have been rolled out very slowly since 1998 and have been the only options available to people looking to register a website domain, aside from country suffixes like .ie or .de since the last additions in 2004.
As part of the rollout that has started today with 'dot shabaka', more than 1,000 new suffixes are expected to come into use, with major corporations expected to make .shop, .food and .news a common sight online.
The rollout is also expected to benefit the billions of internet users who do not use the Latin alphabet in domain names, as native languages will slowly replace them as more and more gTLDs become available.
Better for businesses
The group responsible for overseeing of the domain name rollout is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the president of its global domain's division, Akram Atallah, sees it as an important step for creating new national business links. "For the first time, internet users across the world will be able to use generic top-level domain names entirely in their native languages. This change will promote closer connections between people, brands and organisations and will in turn provide new routes for businesses to reach their customers."
An American domain registry company, Donuts, has already announced that on 5 February, the first seven English-language suffixes will become available for companies, including.camera, .equipment, .estate, .gallery, .graphics, .lighting and .photography.
Over the coming year, the group expects to roll out 100 more, with contracts signed to provide additional suffixes such as .bike, .clothing and .guru.
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text:
\section{Introduction \label{intro}}
The broken translational symmetry at an interface between complex metal oxides gives rise to a number of remarkable phenomena with rich physics often due to charge, spin, orbital, or atomic reconstruction, such as superconductivity \cite{SCthinfilms}, metal-insulator transitions \cite{MIT,mehdi}, and giant magnetoresistance \cite{GMR}. These phenomena can be entirely different from those innate to the constituent materials\cite{Hwang2012,AR}. A recent example of such interface phenomena is the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interface of LaAlO$_3$ (LAO) and $\rm TiO_{2}$-terminated  SrTiO$_3$(STO) \cite{ohtomo}. Despite that LAO and STO are both band insulators and non-magnetic, their interface is found to be conductive \cite{ohtomo}, superconductive \cite{Reyren}, ferromagnetic \cite{Magnetism,magnetic} and exhibits an electric-field tunable metal-insulator transition \cite{Caviglia}, which all are the result of electronic reconstruction at the interface. Most of the mentioned properties can be altered by applying a back gate, which varies the electron density at the interface\cite{Caviglia}. It is generally agreed that the electron gas is formed by transfer of electrons from the polar layers of LAO to the top TiO$_2$ layer of STO \cite{sharp}.  In addition to the electronic reconstruction at the interface, doping the interface by interdiffusion of La/Sr atoms \cite{interdiffusion} and by the presence of oxygen vacancies that are created in the STO substrate during thin film deposition \cite{Ovacancy} contributes to the conductivity. In the electronic reconstruction model, donors ultimately originate from the surface of LAO. They come from the interface or within STO in the other two  mechanisms. The reason for cation mixing is thought to be the reduction in the dipole energy at the interface, and it has been shown that La$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$TiO$_3$ (${0.05\textless x \textless 0.95}$) is metallic\cite{interdiffusion,La_Sr_diffusion2}. It was also experimentally\cite{Ovacancy2,Ovacancy3} and theoretically\cite{vacancy-theory,vacancy-theory2} demonstrated that varying oxygen pressure during growth results in dramatic changes in interfacial conductivity. Moreover, conductivity found at the interface of STO and amorphous LAO\cite{LAO-amorph,LAO-amorph2}, suggest that oxygen vacancies can be dominant source of mobile carriers. Oxygen post-annealing of the amorphous samples fills the oxygen vacancies, and the interface becomes insulating.\par
Strong spin-orbit (SO) coupling effects whose magnitude can be modulated by the application of an external electric field has been observed for the LAO/STO interface through magnetotransport studies\cite{LAO-Rashba}. This SO coupling effect that arises from the broken inversion symmetry at the interface lifts the spin degeneracy of the 2DEG and is known as Rashba spin splitting\cite{SO-book}. Unlike in semiconductor heterostructures, interfacial carriers at the LAO/STO interface reside in the 3\textit{d}-\textit{t$_{2g }$} conduction band of STO, potentially affecting the strength of the SO coupling\cite{SO-theory}. Density-functional-theory calculations\cite{SO-theory} show a large SO coupling effect around the $ \Gamma $ point, either with standard \textit{k}-linear Rashba spin splitting or with a cubic dependence on the wave vector, depending on the sign of the \textit{xy} sub-band splitting.
 \par
Similar interfaces such as the interface of STO and PrAlO$_3$\cite{Pr}, NdAlO$_3$ \cite{Nd}, LaGaO$_3$\cite{LGO}, NdGaO$_3$\cite{NdGaO} and LaTiO$_3$\cite{LTO}, where the film is polar, have all shown conductivity. Most of these interfaces have a higher lattice mismatch and stronger localization of carriers relative to that of LAO/STO, which result in different transport mechanisms and properties. \par
In order to examine the importance of the rare-earth cation R on the transport properties of the 2DEG at RAlO$_3$/STO interfaces, we have investigated the system with R=Pr, that is the interface between PrAlO$_3$ (PAO) and STO. Among the aluminates, PAO has the closest lattice constant to LAO (due to the multivalancy of Ce, it is hard to make stable thin films of CeAlO$_3$), and thus this helps to lessen the effect of strain as much as possible. The effective magnetic moment of Pr is 3.6 Bohr magnetons, due to \textrm{Pr$^{3+}$} \textit{f} electron states, often hybridized, while closed shell \textrm{La$^{3+}$} is diamagnetic\cite{SS-Book}, thus this rare-earth substitution can lead to magnetic properties in an aluminate structure. In bulk, PAO is known to be paramagnetic and has mostly been studied for its structural transitions below room temperature which are absent in LAO\cite{Pr-magnetic}.
\par
This paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{Experiments} contains our experimental method for synthesizing and characterizing samples. Section \ref{Results} contains our experimental results of resistance as a function of temperature and magnetoresistance as a function of magnetic field for samples that are made at different oxygen pressures during growth. Comparison with theoretical concepts are made. A summary and conclusions are given in Section \ref{Conclusion}.

\section{Experiments}\label{Experiments}
Epitaxial thin films were grown in a custom-built Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) vacuum chamber using a Lambda Physik COMPex 201 KrF (248 nm) pulsed excimer laser. The  TiO$_2$-terminated SrTiO$_3$ (001) substrate was prepared by etching the substrate in buffered hydrofluoric (HF) acid for one minute and then by thermal annealling at $\mathrm{950 ^{\circ}C}$ for 2 hours. To keep the effect of the substrate defect constant, a single substrate was cut into equal pieces to be used for depositing the different samples. PAO epitaxial thin films were prepared in the oxygen partial pressure ($P_{O_{2}}$) range of $6\times10^{-6}$ -- $1\times10^{-3}$ torr at $\mathrm{750 ^{\circ}C}$. The laser pulse energy was 100 mJ, the fluence of the laser was $\sim$  3 \textrm{J{cm$^{-2}$}} and the repetition rate was 1 Hz. After deposition, the samples were post annealed for 30 minutes and then cooled down to room temperature, both in the same oxygen pressure as during deposition. The quality of the terminated substrate and the thin film samples were further confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using a Veeco Nanoscope, ex situ at room temperature using tapping mode. The crystal phase and epitaxial growth of the films were later confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Philips X'PERT diffractometer using CuK$\alpha$ x-rays ($\lambda$ = 1.54056 \r{A}). Alignment was achieved using the (002) reflection of STO. The buried interface was contacted in a Van der Pauw geometry by ultrasonic welding using a West Bond Inc. model 7476D manual aluminum wedge-wedge wire-bonder. Transport properties were measured using a 9 T Quantum Design physical property measurement system (PPMS).  The growth oxygen pressures reported were from an ion gauge in close proximity to the substrate, but should be considered approximate, since pressure gradients are inherent between oxygen source and vacuum pump.

\section{Results and Discussions}\label{Results}
\subsection{Crystal structure and surface analysis}
Figure \ref{XRD} (a) shows an XRD scan of epitaxial PAO films on STO (001) that were grown at different $P_{O_{2}}$. The thin films were grown along \textit{c}-axis since only the (00\textit{l}) reflections of the PAO are present. The inset shows an x-ray reflectivity (XRR) scan of the $1\times10^{-3} $ torr sample. From a simulation fit, the thickness is estimated to be 6.2 nm, or 15.5 unit cells (uc). Similar results were obtained for the other samples. There was no significant change in the structure, crystallinity, and quality of these samples as a function of oxygen pressure during growth. Figure \ref{XRD} (b) depicts the AFM topography of PAO/STO sample grown at $1\times10^{-3}$ torr. The step terrace structure of the substrate is maintained, verifying the layer-by-layer step-flow growth. \par
\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim=0 5cm 0 0cm, clip]{XRD}
	\caption{(Color online) (a) XRD data fro PAO/STO samples grown at different oxygen pressures. The XRR pattern of the $10^{-3}$ torr sample is shown in the inset (blue symbols). The pink line is a simulation. (b) AFM topography of PAO/STO grown at $1\times 10^{-3}$ torr.} \label{XRD}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Sheet resistance and Kondo effect}
In Figure \ref{RvsT} we present the dependence on $P_{O_{2}}$ of the sheet resistance $\textit{R$_s$}$ of the interfaces of PAO and STO. We observe that the samples become less conductive for higher $P_{O_{2}}$. The room temperature resistivity increases as the samples are prepared at higher
 oxygen pressure. While there is only less than a factor of 2 in growth pressure difference between the $6\times10^{-6}$ torr and $1\times10^{-5}$ torr samples, their room temperature resistivities differ by three orders of magnitudes.  In the case of the LAO/STO interface, it is known that oxygen vacancies can provide intragap donor levels close to the conduction band of STO\cite{AdvMat}. Higher oxygen pressure during growth tends to fill the oxygen vacancies, thus causing the room temperature $\textit{R$_s$}$ to increase. The lowest oxygen-pressure-grown sample shows a metallic behavior from room temperature down to 2 K. The resistivity for this sample levels off below 10 K. We also treated an STO substrate under the deposition conditions, without an actual film on it, but it turned out to be very resistive and we were not able to measure any measurable conductance for it. The question of whether oxygen vacancies or cation intermixing are in fact responsible for the observed conduction still remains. The very low sheet resistance indicates that the conduction layer is much thicker for $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample and the transport must occur in a region many layers thick.
For $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-4}$ torr O$_2$ growth pressure, the resistivity of the PAO/STO interface has a metallic trend from room temperature down to 50 K and 75 K, respectively, and nonmetallic below those temperatures. For the $10^{-3}$ torr sample, the minimum of $\textit{R$_s$}$ at \textit{T}$_m$  happens at a higher temperature of 150 K, and it is accompanied by an unusual maximum at around 57 K. Currently, we do not have a clear explanation on the unusual maximum a around 57 K which then is followed by a minimum at 32 K. We note that the temperature of the maximum coincides with the melting point of oxygen and may be related to variation in  trapped oxygen mobility.\par
Reference \onlinecite{Pr} has examined interfaces of PrAlO$_3$ and NdAlO$_3$ (NAO) with SrTiO$_3$ at $P_{O_{2}}$ = $10^{-3}$ torr. Our observed maximum at 57 K in $\textit{R$_s$}$ is absent in their data. This may be due in part to different absolute growth pressures.\par

\begin{figure}[hb]
	\includegraphics[width=9 cm]{RvsT}
	\caption{(Color online) Sheet resistance of PAO/STO interface synthesized at different oxygen pressure as a function of temperature. Solid curves are a fit using Eq.\ref{R(T)-eq} and \ref{fit-eq}. } \label{RvsT}
\end{figure}
At very low temperatures, all the samples, except the lowest $P_{O_{2}}$ one, exhibit insulating behavior by an upturn in $\textit{R$_s$}$. The upturn is substantially stronger for the high $P_{O_{2}}$ sample.
The upturn in $\textit{R$_s$}$ at low temperatures has been seen in some of the reported results for the interface of LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ that were grown at pressures higher than $1\times10^{-4}$ torr, or in samples thicker than 15 uc\cite{LAO-15uc}. These variations in $\textit{R$_s$}$ suggest that different types of transport mechanisms are operating at the interface. Some of the scattering processes that result in an upturn in resistivity are: scattering from localized magnetic moments (Kondo effect), weak localization (WL), and variable range hopping due to strong localization. The presence of a saturating resistance below \textit{T}$_m$ is the signature feature of the Kondo effect and our data are best fit to a Kondo model. In the Kondo model an impurity in a metal couples to reservoir of itinerant electrons by an antiferomagnetic exchange coupling forming a virtual bound state. This coupling can result in a contribution to the resistivity through a universal function of $ R_K(T/T_K) $, in units of Kondo temperature ($\textit{T$_K$}$). \par
Metallic resistance including a Kondo effect term is given by:
\begin{equation}\label{R(T)-eq}
R^{fit}\left( T\right) =R_{0}+\alpha T^{2} + \beta T^{5}+ R_{K}\left( T/T_K\right)
\end{equation}
Here, $R_{0}$ is the residual resistance due to disorder and impurities, $T^{2}$ is the e-e interaction term and $T^{5}$ is the contribution from the electron-phonon interaction. $ R_K(T/T_K) $ represents the contribution of magnetic ions to electrical resistivity. $ R_K(T/T_K) $ has a logarithmic trend at $ T \gg T_{K} $ and a saturating behavior at $ T \ll T_{K} $.

To fit our experimental data we used the empirical form of $ R_K(T/T_K) $ presented by Costi \cite{Costi} and Goldhaber \cite{Goldhaber}, and later used by Lee \textit{et al.} in Ref. [\onlinecite{Gated-STO}] for undoped STO gated by an ionic gel electrolyte. They have demonstrated a Kondo effect, as a function of an applied electric field, which is the result of interaction between magnetic \textrm{Ti$^{3+}$} ions, unpaired and localized, with delocalized electrons that partially fill the \textrm{Ti} 3\textit{d} band. \par

\begin{equation}\label{fit-eq}
R_{K}\left(\dfrac{T}{T_{K}} \right)= R_{K}(t=0) \left(  \dfrac{T'^{2}_{K}}{T^{2}+T'^{2}_{K}}  \right)^{s}
\end{equation}

Here, $T_{K}$ is defined as the temperature at which the Kondo resistivity is half of the value of resistivity at zero temperature, $ R_K(T_K)=R_K(T=0)/2 $ so that $ T'_{K}= T_{K}/\sqrt{2^{1/s}-1} $. $s$ is the effective spin of the magnetic scattering centers. We chose $ s=0.75 $ for both the $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-4}$ torr samples. For $10^{-3}$ torr sample, we first fit the model to high temperature part of the curve and extracted $ \alpha $, $ \beta $ and $ R_{0} $, and then used these values for fitting to low temperatures (below 10 K) and found $ T_{K} $. Table \ref{Rtable} summarizes the obtained values extracted from the fitting to equations \ref{R(T)-eq} and \ref{fit-eq} across the whole measured temperature range.

\begin{table}[h!]
\begin{center}
	\caption{Parameters obtained from fitting sheet resistance data of Fig. \ref{RvsT} to Eq. \ref{R(T)-eq} and \ref{fit-eq}. }
	\label{Rtable}
	\begin{tabular}{ | l | l | l | l|}
		\hline
		$P_{O_{2}}$ ($\mathrm{torr}$)  & $10^{-5}$ & $10^{-4}$ & $10^{-3}$ \\ \hline
		$s$ & 0.75 & 0.75 & 2.75 \\
		$R_{0}$ ($\mathrm{\Omega}$) & 2090 & 1540 & 7830  \\
		$\alpha$ ($\mathrm{\Omega/K^{2}}$) & 0.153 & 0.36 & 0.89\\
		$\beta$ ($\mathrm{\Omega/K^{5}}$) & $4.5 \times 10^{-11}$ & $3.59 \times 10^{-9}$ & $1.11 \times 10^{-8}$ \\
		$R_{K}$(T=0) ($\mathrm{\Omega}$) & 3400 & 26000 & 549060\\
		$T_{K}$ ($\mathrm{K}$) & 16.9 & 17.3 & 8.5 \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

From Table \ref{Rtable}, we see a gradual increase in the $ T_{K} $ values as the $P_{O_{2}}$ is increased from $10^{-5}$ torr to $10^{-4}$ torr. Because of the unusual peak in R-T curve for $10^{-3}$ torr sample, the value of $ T_{K} $ is not consistent with other two samples. \par
\par
The temperature dependences of sheet carrier density (\textit{n$_s$}) and mobility ($\mu$) are displayed in figures \ref{ns-mobility} (a) and (b), respectively. The positive values for \textit{n$_s$} indicate an electron-doped interface, and negative values indicate a hole-doped interface. For the $P_{O_{2}}=10^{-6}$ torr sample, the carrier concentration is two orders of magnitude larger than the amount predicted by the polar catastrophe ($3.2 \times 10^{14} $ \textrm{cm$^{-2}$}), if half an electron per unit cell is transfered to STO surface from LAO. The \textit{n$_s$} values for the lowest $P_{O_{2}}$ sample are so high that it resembles a bulk metallic sample. This implies that the oxygen vacancies are contributing to the numbers of donors or interdiffusion and creating a thick conducting region for the $P_{O_{2}}=10^{-6}$ torr sample.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim=0 2.2cm 0 1cm, clip]{ns-mobility}
	\caption{(Color online) Sheet carrier density, \textit{n$_s$} (a) and Hall mobility, $\mu$ (b) as a function of temperature.} \label{ns-mobility}
\end{figure}

The behavior of \textit{n$_s$} is rather complex and may involve two types of carriers freezing out at low temperatures for interfaces grown at $P_{O_{2}} 	\ge 10^{-4}$ torr. At higher temperatures, the $10^{-3}$ torr sample is predominantly doped with holes, which eventually freeze out at low temperatures; at 2 K, the carriers are electrons with a concentration of $1.9\times10^{11}$ \textrm{cm$^{-2}$}. The carrier type for the $10^{-4}$ torr sample also changes below 10 K. The two lowest oxygen-pressure grown samples are electron doped for all temperatures. For the $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample, the mobility monotonically increases by three orders of magnitude as the sample is cooled down from room temperature, Fig. \ref{ns-mobility} (b). For other samples $\mu$ drops by further cooling below 40 K, perhaps due to localization. There are some variations in \textit{n$_s$} and $\mu$ at certain temperatures; those that happen at 150 K and 220 K are around the structural transitions of PAO in bulk. At room temperature, PrAlO$_3$ has a rhombohedral structure which transforms to an orthorhombic structure upon lowering the temperature to about 205--225 K, and to a monoclinic structure at about 151--175 K\cite{Pr-transitions,Pr-para}. The distinct drop of \textit{n$_s$} at 32 K has been previously seen for the NAO/STO interface\cite{Nd} and for the LAO/STO\cite{LAO-15uc} interface at around 20 K. \par
Surprisingly, the mobility values at low temperature are higher for the $10^{-3}$ torr sample than for the $10^{-4}$ torr sample, despite the latter having a higher resistance and lower \textit{n$_s$} at low temperatures. This could be in part due the difference in the number of defects or impurities in the two samples, for example, minimal oxygen vacancy defects in the $10^{-3}$ torr sample.
\begin{figure} [h]
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim=0 1cm 0 0cm, clip]{MRs}
	\caption{(Color online) MR of PAO/STO interfaces at 2 K. The magnetic field is applied (a) out of the plane and  (b) in the plane of the substrate. Insets show MR data for $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample. Solid curves are fits according to Eq. \ref{KonWal}.} \label{MRs}
\end{figure}
\par
\subsection{Magnetoresistance and spin orbit interaction}
Figure \ref{MRs} (a) shows the magnetic field dependence of the magnetoresistance (MR) at 2 K. MR data are calculated as $\mathrm{MR=[\textit{R}\left( \textit{H}\right)-\textit{R}\left( 0\right) ]/\textit{R}(0)\times100\%}$. The measurement was done both: with the magnetic field \textit{H} perpendicular to the interface plane (out-of-plane MR), Fig. \ref{MRs} (a); and with the magnetic field \textit{H} parallel to the interface plane (in-plane MR), Fig. \ref{MRs} (b). \par

For the $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample, MR values are positive for all measured fields and are immensely large (insets of Fig. \ref{MRs} (a) and (b)); the field dependence resembles some bulk metals. Very high positive MR has also recently been reported in degenerate semiconductive STO single crystals capped with ultra thin STO/LAO bilayers\cite{David2015}.\par
For higher $P_{O_{2}}$ samples, the MR data has a positive slope at low fields and a negative slope at high fields, resulting in a local maximum in the MR. These variations indicate that at least two different field-dependent scattering processes operate at the interface. The maximum of the MR shifts to a lower field as the oxygen pressure during growth increases. For the $10^{-3}$ torr sample the positive part of the MR is small.\par
A MR anisotropy investigation\cite{La-MR} for 26 u.c. LaAlO$_3$ on SrTiO$_3$  showed that the sign of the MR does not depend on the field direction for low $P_{O_{2}}$ samples, considered to be 3D samples (both the out of plane and in-plane MRs are positive for fields up to 9 T). However, for high $P_{O_{2}}$ LAO/STO the 2D samples, the sign of the MR changed from positive values in the out-of-plane geometry to negative values in the in-plane field orientation. For both 2D and 3D LAO/STO interfaces, the magnitude of the MR values are smaller when the field is in the plane of the interface. MR was observed to be negative for 12 uc of NAO/STO grown at $7.5\times10^{-3}$ torr\cite{Nd}. \par

 We attribute the positive part of the MR to strong spin-orbit (SO) scattering and the negative part to the Kondo mechanism. The SO interaction has been shown to be very strong in some of the semiconductor heterostructures such as \textit{p}-type GaAs/Al$_x$Ga$_{1-x}$As\cite{GaAs}, and in topological insulators\cite{TI-review,TI-Taiwan}. The constructive interference between time-reversed waves of carriers in a disordered material leads to the weak localization (WL) effect\cite{WL}. Applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of motion of carriers inhibits the WL and causes a negative MR at small magnetic fields. A strong SO interaction decreases the probability of carriers backscattering and counteracts weak localization. This effect is called weak antilocalization (WAL) and leads to a positive MR at small fields.\par
The conduction electrons confined in the vicinity of the polar RAO/STO interface experience a strong electric field perpendicular to the interface as the result of broken inversion symmetry. In the carriers' rest frame, this electric field appears as an internal magnetic field at the interface plane, perpendicular to their wave vector. As a result, the spins of electrons couple to the internal magnetic field which leads to a large Rashba SO interaction whose magnitude is tunable by the application of an external electric field\cite{LAO-Rashba}. We use the same analogy to fit the MR data for our samples. We fit the positive MR data at the $10^{-5}$ torr sample with the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka (HLN) theory\cite{Hikami}. HLN theory considers the effect of SO scattering, random magnetic impurity scattering, magnetic field, and inelastic collisions on the quantum backscattering interference,  and is expressed as a change in conductivity:

\begin{equation}\label{S-O for conductivity}
\begin{split}
\Delta \sigma(H) & = -\dfrac{e^{2}}{\pi h}\Bigg[ \frac{1}{2}\Psi\left( \dfrac{1}{2}+\frac{H_{\varphi}}{H}\right) -\ln\left( \frac{H_{\varphi}}{H}\right) \\
&-\Psi\left( \dfrac{1}{2}+\frac{H_{\varphi}+H_{SO}}{H}\right) +\ln\left( \frac{H_{\varphi}+H_{SO}}{H}\right) \\
&-\frac{1}{2}\Psi\left( \dfrac{1}{2}+\frac{H_{\varphi}+2H_{SO}}{H}\right) +
\frac{1}{2}\ln\left( \frac{H_{\varphi}+2H_{SO}}{H}\right) \Bigg]
\end{split}
\end{equation}

where $\sigma$ is the longitudinal conductivity and is calculated from the inversion of the measured resistivity matrix. $\Delta\sigma(H)=\sigma(H)-\sigma(0)$, $ \Psi(x) $ is the digamma function, $ e^{2}/\pi h $ is the universal value of conductance and $ H_{\varphi} = \hbar/4eD\tau_{\varphi} $. $ D $ and $ \tau_{\varphi} $ are the diffusion constant and phase coherence time (inelastic scattering time), respectively. $ H_{SO} = \hbar/4eD\tau_{SO} $ is the field at which the SO interaction is no longer effective and the positive WAL magnetoresistance becomes the negative WL magnetoresistance. $ \tau_{SO} $ is the SO scattering time. HLN theory was derived for materials in which the spin-splitting energy is proportional to \textit{$ k^{3} $}, which is the case in SrTiO$_3$\cite{K3SpinSplitting}. We treated both $H_{SO}$ and $ H_{\varphi}$ as fitting parameters and the good quality of the fit in a wide magnetic field range is shown for the $10^{-5}$ torr sample in Fig. \ref{conductivity}. While HLN theory is significant only in the diffusive regime, the fit, however, is shown for a wide magnetic field range. We obtained $ H_{\varphi}=0.33$ T  and $H_{SO}=1.25$ T for perpendicular, and $ H_{\varphi}=0.50 $ T  and $H_{SO}=1.25$ T for parallel magnetic field orientations, respectively, for the $10^{-5}$ torr sample.

  \begin{figure} [h]
  	\includegraphics[width=9 cm]{conductivity}
  	\caption{Dependence of magneto-conductance, expressed in units of $ e^{2}/\pi h $, on magnetic field at 2 K for the $10^{-5}$ torr oxygen growth pressure sample for both field orientations. Black lines are fit to Eq. \ref{S-O for conductivity}.} \label{conductivity}
  \end{figure}

As the $P_{O_{2}}$ is increased the positive part of the MR becomes smaller. The $10^{-4}$ torr sample has positive MR at magnetic fields near $ H=0 $. The maximum of its MR happens at 1.5 T; for the $10^{-3}$ torr sample, at 0.5 T. To fit the experimental data for samples grown at $P_{O_{2}}=10^{-4} $ and $10^{-3} $ torr to theory, we add the WAL positive MR, due to strong SO interaction, to the negative Kondo MR:

\begin{equation}\label{KonWal}
	R\left(H \right)= R_{0}+R_{K}\left(\dfrac{H}{H_{1}} \right) + c \left[\Psi(\dfrac{1}{2}+\frac{H_{\varphi}}{H})-\ln(\frac{H_{\varphi}}{H})\right]
\end{equation}

where $c$ is a constant and $ H_{1} $ is a magnetic field scale which is related to both $ T_{K} $ and the \textit{g}-factor of the impurity spin. $ R_{K}(H/H_{1}) $ is the zero temperature Kondo-magnetoresistance (taken at 2 K for our data), which is expressed in Ref. [\onlinecite{RevModPhys}], as:

\begin{equation}\label{R_k(H)}
	R_{K}\left(\dfrac{H}{H_{1}} \right)= R_{K}(H=0) \cos^2 \left(  \dfrac{\pi}{2}M(\dfrac{H}{H_{1}})\right)
\end{equation}

 $ M(\dfrac{H}{H_{1}}) $ is the magnetization of a Kondo impurity at zero temperature and is given by:

 \begin{widetext}
 	\begin{equation}\label{Mag_resis}
 		M(\dfrac{H}{H_{1}})=
 		\begin{cases}
 			\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}(-\dfrac{1}{2})^i(i!)^{-1}(i+\dfrac{1}{2})^{(i-\dfrac{1}{2})}\mathrm{e}^{-(i+\dfrac{1}{2})} (\dfrac{H}{H_{1}})^{2i+1}       & \quad  H\leq\sqrt{2}H_{1} \\
 			1-(\pi)^{-3/2}\int\dfrac{dt}{t}\sin(\pi t) \mathrm{e}^{-t \ln(t/2e)} (\dfrac{H}{H_{1}}) 	\Gamma(t+1/2) & \quad H\geq\sqrt{2}H_{1}\\
 		\end{cases}
 	\end{equation}
 \end{widetext}

This interpretation was previously used by Lee \textit{et al.}\cite{Gated-STO} in electrolyte gated STO to explain the negative MR regime, and by Das \textit{et al.}\cite{hendi} in $ \delta $-doped  LaTiO$_{3}$/SrTiO$_{3} $ with LaCrO$_{3}$ to explain the small positive MR which is followed by a transition to a negative MR regime. The result of fitting to Eq. \ref{KonWal} is shown with black solid lines in Fig. \ref{MRs}. The WAL effect is meaningful for small fields, $ H < H_{SO} $, thus we only fit the data for small field range.  The fitting parameters are listed in table \ref{MRtable}.

\begin{table}[h]
	\centering
	\caption{Parameters extracted from fitting the MR data in Fig. \ref{MRs} to Eq. \ref{KonWal}.}
	\label{MRtable}
	\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c||c|c|c|}
		\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{$P_{O_{2}}$ (torr)} & \multicolumn{3}{c||}{Out-of-plane} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{In-plane} \\

		& $H_{1}(T)$   & $H_{\varphi}(T)$   & c      & $H_{1}(T)$  & $H_{\varphi}(T)$  & c    \\ \hline
		$10^{-4}$                    & 11.4        & 0.46         & 800    & 11.6     & 0.52       & 800  \\
		$10^{-3}$                    & 15      & 0.15          & 30000   & 8.72     & --        & 0    \\ \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\par
When the field is brought from being perpendicular to being parallel to the interface (Fig. \ref{MRs} (b)), there is no sign change in the MR values. For the in-plane geometry, for the $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample, a cusp shape appears for $ H > $ 5 T , which implies the presence of an additional scattering mechanism that becomes active at higher fields. The in-plane MR values are smaller for most of the samples, but for the $10^{-3}$ torr sample they are larger. The positive part of the MR, which we assign to strong SO interaction, is very small for the $10^{-4} $ torr sample and it is negligible for the $10^{-3} $ torr sample for the in-plane orientation. For the high $P_{O_{2}}$ sample, in which carriers are just coming from electronic reconstruction and there are very few oxygen vacancies present, the in-plane data are smaller than corresponding out-of-plane data. This is consistent with the expected 2D nature of this interface.

\section{Conclusion}\label{Conclusion}
 In summary, we examined the behavior of the conductivity at the interface between PrAlO$_{3}$ and SrTiO$ _{3} $; we studied the electric and magnetic transport properties of interfaces of PAO/STO grown at oxygen pressures in the $P_{O_{2}}$ range of $6\times10^{-6}$ -- $1\times10^{-3}$ torr. For the $6\times10^{-6}$ torr sample the very small value of $\textit{R$_s$}$ at low temperature, large carrier concentration, high mobilities, and very high positive MR values indicate it is like a bulk metal, likely due to extensive oxygen defects and/or interdiffusion. As the interfaces are grown at higher oxygen pressures, resistivity behavior characteristic of nearly two-dimensional transport occurs; for $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-4}$ torr, high-temperature metallic behavior with increasing $\textit{R$_s$}$ is accompanied by an upturn at low temperature, consistent with Kondo scattering theory. Analysis of the $\textit{R$_s$}$ data gives Kondo temperature $ \sim $ 17 K for both the $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-4}$ torr samples.
 The interface grown at $10^{-3} $ torr has the highest resistance with an usual peak at 57 K, and is mostly hole doped; most of its charge carriers freeze out at low temperatures, though the carrier mobility increases at those temperatures.
 The MR values for the $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-3}$ torr samples were modeled with their positive part due to WAL because of a strong SO interaction and their negative part due to the Kondo effect. The variation of MR values suggests a strong SO interaction for the $10^{-5} $ torr sample with $ H_{SO} $ = 1.25 T in both field orientations. The positive part of the MR shrinks for the $10^{-4} $ and $10^{-3} $ torr samples. For these samples the MR is dominated by negative Kondo MR at high fields. The 2DEG has the lowest carrier density for the $10^{-3} $ torr sample, and comparison of MR values with theory suggest a high Kondo field scale $H_{1}(T)=$11 T for this sample for both field orientations.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors acknowledge support from the Robert A. Welch Foundation Grant No. F-1191 and from the University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences Freshman Research Initiative.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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