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"Fixer Upper," by Eric Choi [bio] (edited by Michael Brotherton), appeared in Science Fiction by Scientists (RSR review), published on November 15, 2016 by Springer International Publishing.
Pro: Nice account of a group that gradually becomes a team through their shared struggle to fix problems with the old ISS.
Con: Heavy, heavy political message but very little story.


The simple answer is yes. Dental implants can be suitable for everyone. Some people find this hard to believe, but modern dentistry has solutions for everybody. Even if you have been told that you were unsuitable in the past.
Are dental implants suitable for me? I've been told I'm not a good candidate.
Absolutely, the answer is YES!
Everyone who is considered healthy is suitable for dental implants. With modern 3D CAT scan technology in the clinic, and our ability to regrow bone when necessary, nobody should think that dental implants are impossible for them. Here at Seapoint we feel strongly that nobody should have to persevere with a loose or uncomfortable denture. Nobody should be ashamed of their smile. There are techniques that can solve any problem; and rest assured, we have seen them all before.
There are several different types of implants that can deal with different scenarios. If there is not enough bone we can stimulate and grow the bone in a procedure called bone regeneration or bone grafting. Mini dental implants can even be used when the situation is challenging. There are lots of alternatives.
There is no age limit to getting an implant procedure. We welcome anyone from the ages of 18-90+, after accidents, tooth extractions or following general tooth loss. If you would like to be able to chew comfortably, smile with confidence and prevent bone loss, implants are the ultimate solution for you.
At Seapoint Clinic, we have a wide range of implants and can cater for patients with many different requirements. Even if you have been previously told you are unsuitable for implants, due to bone loss for example, there are a multitude of options available to you. If you're missing several teeth, be sure to explore our website further for information on your tooth implant options.
We also have helpful information for those only missing one tooth. If you have lost a tooth, the sooner you opt for implants the better. Every day you are missing a tooth you are losing bone. The more bone you lose the more time and effort it will take to replace.
Improved appearance: Dental implants look and feel like your own teeth.
Improved comfort: Because they become part of you, implants eliminate the discomfort of removable dentures.
Easier eating: Ill-fitting dentures can make chewing difficult. Dental implants function like your own teeth, allowing you to eat your favorite foods with confidence.
Improved self-esteem: Dental implants can give you back your smile and new lease of life.
Improved oral health: Dental implants don't require reducing other teeth, as a tooth-supported bridge does. Because nearby teeth are not altered to support the implant, more of your own teeth are left intact, improving long-term oral health. Individual implants also allow easier access between teeth, improving oral hygiene.
Durability: Implants are very durable and with proper care can last a lifetime.
Convenience: Removable dentures are just that; removable. Dental implants eliminate the embarrassing inconvenience of removing dentures, as well as the need for messy adhesives to keep them in place.
Theres was no pain involved and I'm absolutely delighted with the results!
Watch our patients incredible transformations!


Video : Levi Francis Olympic Song 2012, 'All The Colours'.
Video : Bart on a Bike: At the Gates of the Games.
Video : Young people give their views about the London Olympics!
Video : Birmingham's man with a plan!
Video : Lee Jasper's Brixton Splash tour!


I stay in Kandivali Lokhandwala. Any bikers around there?
May Lord Ganesha bless you all.
I invite you all for Ganesh,Gauri and Satyanarayan darshan on 7/09/08.
Plz be with your family.
hey guys which is the most afoordable and comfy bike available in the indian market right now?
Hi all! Guys i would like to receive invite for any upcoming event for short or long distance cycling trip... waiting to meet u all... bye tc!
can i have pics & other activity idea you peopl use to do??


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Paper published by Dr. Kennedy Alatinga
Dr Kennedy Alatinga, one of our former DAAD scholarship holders, published his paper "Community Perceptions on the Provision of Quality Health Care in Ghana: The Case of Kassena- Nankana Mutual Health Insurance Scheme" in the Ghana Journal of Development Studies (GJDS), a UWC accredited journal. The article can be accessed here.
Two MA Graduations in Development Studies
Joyce Njeri Marangu from Kenya and Clement Mensah from Ghana graduated from the MA in Development Studies of UWC on 19 September 2014. Congratulations to both of you!
Both have now been awarded their second Master degree after completion of RUB's MA in Development Management in December 2013.
Congratulations to Dr. Alatinga and Dr. Serwajja!
Kennedy Alatinga from Ghana and Eria Serwajja from Uganda, both scholarship holders of the South African - German Centre for Development Research, have been awarded their PhDs. Congratulations to both of you!
Kenndy Alatinga worked on "Health Insurance in Ghana: The challenge of including the poor", while Eria Serwajja's thesis was on "Examining the Land Questions in Resettelement: A Case of Post-Conflict Northern Uganda".
Postdoctoral Fellowship at CDR awarded
Dr. Samson Lembani, who graduated from the PhD in International Development Studies has been awarded a DAAD Postdoctoral Fellowship at the South African - German Centre for Development Research. For a period of at least one year, Samson will support CDR in research and teaching activities.
Paper of Callistus Agbaam and Mulugeta Dinbabo published
Callistus Agbaam, Alumni of Ruhr University's MA in Development Management at the South African - German Centre for Development Research, together with Mulugeta F. Dinbabo, staff member of the centre, published an article on "Social Grants and Poverty Reduction at the Household Level: Empirical Evidence from Ghana" in the Journal of Social Science. The article can be downloaded here.
The 2014 intake of the MADM in Cape Town started in May
11 students from 9 different countries of the world take part in the 2014 Bochum Programme of Development Management at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town. Welcome and good luck!
PhD Student Kennedy Alatinga accepted for Policy Communication Fellows program
PhD (Public Policy and Administration) student Kennedy Alatinga successfully applied for the Population Reference Bureau's (PRB's) 2014-2015 Policy Communication Fellows program.
He is invited to attend a two-week workshop in Washington, DC from August 4-15, 2014 and will be asked during the 2014-2015 academic year to apply the lessons learned at the Washington workshop and to prepare written and oral presentations for policy audiences, based on his dissertation "Poverty and Access to Health Care in Ghana: The Challenge of Bridging the Equity Gap with Health Insurance".
Additionally he will have the opportunity to present his findings at a special PRB workshop held prior to the 2014 Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meeting, April 30-May 2, 2015, which will be held in San Diego, California.
Strategic Planning in Stellenbosch
The steering committee members of the South African – German Centre for Development Research and the academic coordinator of the CDR at UWC met in Stellenbosch from 9 – 11 May 2014 to discuss strategic options for further developing the fields of cooperation during the current funding period and beyond. CDR is currently supported by DAAD within the African Excellence initiative until end of 2018. Partners agreed to intensify cooperation in research in the coming years to supplement ongoing activities in academic training of Master and PhD candidates at CDR and in the frame of the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 project EUSA_ID.
From left to right: Prof. Chris Tapscott, Prof. Wilhelm Löwenstein, Dr. Gabriele Bäcker, Ina Conradie and Prof. Julian May
New CDR Research Paper published
A new paper of our "SA-GER CDR Research Paper Series" is published. The Paper of Dr. Samson Lembani (2014): Institutions and Veto Players in Legislative Decisions - What and Who matters in Legislative Decisions in Malawi? can be downloaded from the "Research Section" of our website.
MADM Alumnus participated in DAAD-supported Alumni Seminar
Gerald Ahabwe, MADM Alumnus of 2009, took part in the International Alumni Seminar on Water, Energy and Sanitation in Urban and Decentralized Regions at Oldenburg University from 3rd-12th April 2014 and presented a paper titled 'Using Prepaid meters to Improve piped water access for the urban poor: Experiences of National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda'. Read his report:
Read more: MADM Alumnus participated in DAAD-supported Alumni Seminar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When is the best time of day to Drink Kombucha?
Home/Integrative Medicine/When is the best time of day to Drink Kombucha?
When is the best time to drink kombucha, the Gut experts answer!
Ever wonder when is the best time to drink Kombucha? Well Anna at Runningvegannyc.com has figured that out for you asking top Integrative & Functional Medicine experts including myself. Check out what we all have to say! When is the best time of day to drink kombucha?


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Miami Personal Injury Attorney > Blog > Personal Injury > Heat Fan Files Lawsuit Against Police After Alleged Brutality
Heat Fan Files Lawsuit Against Police After Alleged Brutality
Francois Alexandre has filed a lawsuit against Miami police officers who beat him up and injured him after the final game of the Miami Heat championship in 2013. Alexandre alleges that police slammed him to the ground fracturing his eye socket outside of his apartment in downtown Miami.
Alexandre was a 27-year-old college student at the time. He was celebrating with other fans away from the arena when police forced the celebrators off of the street. Alexandre moved onto the sidewalk thinking that's what the police meant. But police kept pushing the crown pack and telling them to move.
Alexandre began recording the incident and informed police that he was a taxpayer and within his legal rights to be where he was. He then claims that a police officer placed him a chokehold, threw him up against a wall, and several other police officers joined in to beat them. Officers can be heard mocking him from his still-recording phone.
Since then, one of the officers involved in the beating has been promoted to Captain while two others face charges for excessive force. Alexandre has waited seven years for his day in court. When there are criminal charges filed against individuals involved in a civil lawsuit, the criminal charges take precedence over the civil charges. That means that the civil case has to wait until the criminal case has been completed.
There are also a number of factors hindering Alexandre's quest for justice. For one, qualified immunity shields officers from civil lawsuits in all but the most extreme of cases. Second, these lawsuits can be very difficult to win.
In one case, a Florida jury awarded the plaintiffs in another police brutality lawsuit only $4 claiming that the man was 99% responsible for his own death. The man was fatally shot in his own garage after his neighbors called the police on him for playing loud music. Attorneys called the judgment punitive and said that the jury wanted to punish the plaintiffs for having the audacity to sue police officers who took their loved one's life. The judgment was later reduced to $0 because of a Florida rule involving comparative negligence.
In Florida, we operate on a pure comparative negligence system. That means that even if someone is 99% at fault, they can still recover damages reduced by 99%. However, there is a second rule that states that if someone is drunk at the time of an accident and determined to be more than 50% at fault, then their damages are reduced to zero.
In other words, the $4 jury award was symbolic and meant to send a message to the family, a very nasty one at that.
Even when lawsuits are successful, there are caps on the total damages. In this case, Alexandre would be entitled to a $200,000 maximum award if a jury sides with him.
If you've been injured due to the negligence or malice of another person, you are entitled to sue to recover damages related to medical expenses, pain and suffering, and lost wages. Call the Miami personal injury attorneys at the office of Alan Goldfarb, P.A. today to schedule a free consultation.
cbsnews.com/news/gregory-hill-case-attorney-4-dollar-verdict-in-police-shooting-meant-to-punish-family-for-bringing-case/
miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article243759987.html
https://www.goldfarbpa.com/fort-lauderdale-woman-shot-with-rubber-bullet-considering-lawsuit/
By Alan Goldfarb, P.A. | Posted on July 21, 2020
« Man Awarded $240,000 in Slip and Fall Accident
Allstate, Other Insurers Settle Lawsuit Related to PIP Insurance »
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The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands in the neck, usually located within the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone. Most often there are four parathyroid glands but have been known to number six or eight.
There are two types of cells in the parathyroid glands parathyroid chief cells and oxyphil cells.
Parathyroid hormone is a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, as well as bone physiology. When blood calcium levels drop below a certain point, calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood. It then stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the blood. The sole purpose of the parathyroid glands are to regulate the calcium level in our bodies within a very narrow range so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.
The single major disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid lobes which make too much parathyroid hormone causing a potentially serious calcium imbalance. This is called hyperparathyroidism; it leads to hypercalcemia and osteitis fibrosa cystica. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as "moans, groans, stones, and bones." The primary treatment for this disease is the surgical removal of the faulty lobe.
A Sestamibi scan is often used to determine which parathyroids are responsible for overproduction.
This page was last modified 14:30, 19 Oct 2007.
This page has been accessed 15810 times.


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Home > Television > Reality TV > Buckhead Shore
Source: MTV
'Buckhead Shore' Was an Idea Pitched by Two of Its Stars
By Chrissy Bobic
Jul. 7 2022, Published 3:48 p.m. ET
Jersey Shore: Family Vacation might not be going anywhere any time soon, but that hasn't stopped MTV from coming up with ways to expand the franchise. This includes, of course, Buckhead Shore, which is filmed in the south and nowhere near an actual shore at all.
But it's still a fast hit among its growing fan base and what many want to know is when Buckhead Shore was filmed.
The show follows a group of friends who already knew each other for years prior to filming. In that regard, the show is vastly different from Jersey Shore and even Floribama Shore, both of which started off with strangers who became friends.
The Buckhead Shore cast spends every summer at a family lake house, and now, MTV is along for the ride.
Parker Lipman and his friends at the lake house on 'Buckhead Shore.'
When was 'Buckhead Shore' filmed?
In a previous exclusive interview with Distractify, the Buckhead Shore cast revealed some of the inspiration behind the show. According to Parker Lipman at the time, he and ex-girlfriend / fellow cast member Katie Canham pitched the show to MTV. He revealed that he and Katie were in quarantine when they came up with the idea for the show.
Parker's Instagram has a quarantine post from May 2020, so it's possible that the show started filming shortly after that in time for a June 2022 release date. Right now, it's not totally clear when Buckhead Shore filmed or when filming ended for the first season. But it makes sense for it to have been filmed the summer before its MTV premiere.
A post shared by Parker Lipman (@parkerlipman)
'Buckhead Shore' isn't filmed at a "shore" at all.
Although the title of Buckhead Shore certainly makes you think of Jersey Shore, its predecessor and the show that started the franchise, the second part of the title doesn't actually mean there's an ocean "shore" where Parker and his friends spend each summer.
Instead, Buckhead Shore is filmed in and around Atlanta, Ga., including Buckhead.
Parker's family's lake house is located on Lake Burton, which does technically have a shore to it, but Buckhead Shore is different from Jersey Shore and Floribama Shore, in that it's not actually filmed on a coast. That doesn't make it any less interesting, though, as there is still plenty of drama to go around.
Adamo, Katie, and Chelsea from 'Buckhead Shore.'
Will there be a Season 2 of 'Buckhead Shore'?
As of now, Buckhead Shore hasn't officially been renewed for a second season. It hasn't been officially canceled yet either, though, so that's a plus for fans who have grown attached.
The series might just need a little more time to find its footing in a sea of viewers who have been with Jersey Shore from the beginning and don't want to hear about a new Shore show.
Watch Buckhead Shore on Thursdays at 9 p.m. EST on MTV.
'Buckhead Shore:' Here's the 4-1-1 on All the Cast Members' Ages
'Buckhead Shore' Star Pat Mureson Is Engaged — Meet His Fiancé
Parker's Parents on 'Buckhead Shore' Are a Big Deal — Who Are They?
Latest Buckhead Shore News and Updates


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Home/World/Dozens injured and police stations attacked as protests continue in Peru | Peru
Dozens injured and police stations attacked as protests continue in Peru | Peru
Dozens of Peruvians were injured when tensions erupted again on Friday night as police clashed with protesters during anti-government protests that are spreading across the country.
In the capital, Lima, police used tear gas to repel protesters throwing glass bottles and rocks as fires burned in the streets, TV footage showed.
In the southern region of Puno, around 1,500 protesters attacked a police station in the town of Ilave, Interior Minister Vicente Romero said. A police station in Zepita, Puno, was also on fire, he said.
Health authorities in Ilave reported eight patients hospitalized with injuries including broken arms and legs, eye bruises and punctured abdomens.
By late afternoon, 58 people had been injured across the country in protests, according to a report by the Peruvian mediator.
People gather to protest against the government in Lima on Friday. Photography: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Trouble followed a hectic day on thursdaywhen one of Lima's most historic buildings was set on fire, as President Dina Boluarte pledged to get tough on 'vandals'.
The destruction of the building, a nearly century-old mansion in central Lima, was described by officials as the loss of a "monumental asset". Authorities are investigating the causes.
Romero said Friday that the fire was "duly planned and organized."
Thousands of protesters descended on Lima this week to call for change and angered by the rising death toll from the protests, which officially stood at 45 on Friday.
At the start of Friday's demonstrations, protesters appeared more organized than the day before and they took control of the main roads in downtown Lima.
Police appeared more combative than the day before and after monitoring protesters stuck in the streets of the city center began firing volleys of tear gas.
Firefighters work outside a historic mansion devastated by fire during protests in downtown Lima. Photography: Paolo Aguilar/EPA
Protests have rocked Peru since Pedro Castillo was ousted from the presidency in December after he tried to dissolve the legislature to prevent an impeachment vote.
Boluarte rejected calls for him to resign and hold early elections, instead calling for dialogue and promising to punish those involved in the unrest.
In the Cusco region, Glencore's main Antapaccay copper mine suspended operations on Friday after protesters attacked the premises – one of the largest in the country – for the third time this month.
With Reuters and Associated Press
US reacts to PM Modi's phone call with Putin on war in Ukraine
Vietnam: Rescuers try to save a 10-year-old boy stuck in a pile of concrete
Italy is home to 11 of over 100 unofficial Chinese 'police stations' | Italy
Pakistan's energy crisis: markets and restaurants close early as economy remains fragile amid IMF bailout stalemate
Demonstrations in Iran: five sentenced to death for the murder of a paramilitary | Iran


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msbuild ./OData2Poco.CommandLine/OData2Poco.CommandLine.csproj  /t:pack  -p:configuration=release  -p:NoBuild=true
msbuild ./OData2Poco.dotnet.o2pgen/OData2Poco.dotnet.o2pgen.csproj /t:pack  -p:configuration=release  -p:NoBuild=true
dir .\build

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Peter Heehs was the first member of the Ashram whom I could meet and talk to personally. This was in 1998 while he was attending a conference on South Asia held in Prague, Czech Republic. I travelled there from neighbouring Slovakia. By then I was already aware of Heehs's books published by Oxford University Press. Well-researched, factual and dispassionate, yet immensely readable, they help make Sri Aurobindo's thought more accessible to academic audiences. Heehs has understood and mastered the art of writing for this difficult and demanding group of readers. First and most important, he respects their right to learn about Sri Aurobindo without being pushed, directly or indirectly, out of their current and often secular world-views. Sri Aurobindo has a lot to offer even when measured by purely objective and scientific standards of achievement.
Secondly, academics tend to see each book as a sort of argument. In order that they should perceive it as valid, the book must satisfy certain professional criteria. Externally, nothing can impair its message more than a sloppy production with typographical errors, or clumsy style betraying the author's insufficient command over the language. But "internal validity" is even more important. With regard to anthologies, academics are prone to ask a whole set of inquisitive questions: Is the editor impartial? Is his selection of material truly representative and well-balanced? Are his claims justified in the light of the objective, primary evidence that he can muster in favour of his proposition? What exactly is he trying to prove?
Heehs's present anthology of selections from Sri Aurobindo's writings published by Permanent Black, an associate of Orient Longman, is aimed at well-educated and critically-minded people both in India and abroad. For many of them this would be the first detailed encounter with Sri Aurobindo's writings, and the selection of texts is therefore meant to be representative: the earliest piece is dated 1893, the latest 1949. The book is arranged in six thematic parts which are roughly chronological: (1) Cultural Nationalism, (2) Political Nationalism, (3) Religion, (4) Religion and Nationalism, (5) Beyond Nationalism, and (6) Beyond Religion. Within the general framework of "politics, society, culture" it also briefly deals with the related aspects of Sri Aurobindo's thought. The problem of society can hardly be divorced from the problem of the individual, or culture from that through which it tries to reach beyond itself: religion and spirituality.
They criticise everything subtly rather than well, but can create nothing—except machines. They have organised society with astonishing success and found the very best way to spread comfort and kill their souls.... A thousand newspapers vulgarise knowledge, debase aesthetical appreciation, democratise success and make impossible all that was once unusual & noble.... The very churches & chapels are now only the theatres of a habitual stage performance of portentous & unnecessary dullness. With the exception of a small minority full of a grotesque, superficial but genuine passion, nobody believes, nobody feels; opinion, convention, preference and habit are alive and call themselves religion, but the heart that loves God is not to be found. Only a few of the undeveloped are really religious, the castbacks and atavists of this European evolution.
For more than half a century the whole of Europe has not been able to produce a single poet of even secondary magnificence. One no longer looks for Shakespeare or Dante to return, but even Wordsworth or Racine have also become impossible. Hugo's flawed opulence, Whitman's formless plenty, Tennyson's sugared emptiness seem to have been the last poetic speech of modern Europe.... Of all literary forms the novel only has still some genius and even that is perishing of the modern curse of overproduction.
The moral nerve is equally relaxed. Immorality which does not know how to enjoy, impotence and dullness of the capacity for enjoyment masquerading as virtue, decorum and prudery covering a cesspool, the coarseness, appetite and rapid satiety of the imperial Romans combining in various proportions or associating on various terms with the euprepeia & looseness of the Greeks. But the Pagan virility whether united to Roman coarseness or Greek brilliance is only to be seen in a few extraordinary individuals.... In a word, the whole of Europe is now a magnified Alexandria, brilliant forms with a perishing soul, feverish activity in imitation of the forms of health with no capital but the energy of the sickbed. One has to concede however that it is not altogether sterile, for all Europe and America pullulate with ever multiplying machinery.
Few societies have been so tamasic, so full of inertia and contentment in increasing narrowness as Indian society in later times; few have been so eager to preserve themselves in inertia. Few therefore have attached so great an importance to authority. Every detail of our life has been fixed for us by Shastra and custom, every detail of our thought by Scripture and its commentators,—but much oftener by the commentators than by Scripture. Only in one field, that of individual spiritual experience, have we cherished the ancient freedom and originality out of which our past greatness sprang; it is from some new movement in this inexhaustible source that every fresh impulse and rejuvenated strength has arisen. Otherwise we should long ago have been in the grave where dead nations lie, with Greece and Rome of the Caesars, with Esarhaddon and the Chosroes. You will often hear it said that it was the forms of Hinduism which have given us so much national vitality. I think rather it was its spirit. I am inclined to give more credit for the secular miracle of our national survival to Shankara, Ramanuja, Nanak & Kabir, Guru Govind, Chaitanya, Ramdas & Tukaram than to Raghunandan and the Pandits of Nadiya & Bhatpara.
We preserve indeed a certain ingenuity and subtlety; we can imitate with an appearance of brightness; we can play plausibly, even brilliantly with the minutiae of a subject; but we fail to think usefully, we fail to master the life and heart of things. Yet it is only by mastering the life and heart of things that we can hope, as a nation, to survive.
We must begin by accepting nothing on trust from any source whatsoever, by questioning everything and forming our own conclusions. We need not fear that we shall by that process cease to be Indians or fall into the danger of abandoning Hinduism. India can never cease to be India or Hinduism to be Hinduism, if we really think for ourselves. It is only if we allow Europe to think for us that India is in danger of becoming an ill-executed and foolish copy of Europe. We must not begin by becoming partisans but know before we take our line. Our first business as original thinkers will be to accept nothing, to question everything.... The necessity of such a process not for India, but for all humanity has been recognised by leading European thinkers. It was what Carlyle meant when he spoke of swallowing all formulas. It was the process by which Goethe helped to reinvigorate European thinking. But in Europe the stream is running dry before it has reached its sea. Europe has for some time ceased to produce original thinkers, though it still produces original mechanicians.... Europe is becoming stereotyped and unprogressive; she is fruitful only of new & ever multiplying luxuries and of feverish, fiery & ineffective changes in her political and social machinery. China, Japan and the Mussulman States are sliding into a blind European imitativeness. In India alone there is self-contained, dormant, the energy and the invincible spiritual individuality which can yet arise and break her own and the world's fetters.
It is not easy to grasp the full depth and wideness of Sri Aurobindo's thought—not only for the public at large, but even for his admirers and followers. Dazzled by the light and vividness of his main propositions, we often fail to perceive the subtler shades of meaning in his complex arguments. Thus the piece about Europe might seem, at first glance, to justify and indirectly advocate a wholesale rejection of everything coming from the West as incurably infected with a mortal disease. Yet in the second piece written two years later he recommends the typically "European" process of free and original thinking as part of the remedy for India. What he really fights and detests is the cheap superficial imitation and uncritical acceptance of the results of European thought, since that would be the very antipodes of original thinking.
We do not believe that by multiplying new sects limited within the narrower and inferior ideas of religion imported from the West or by creating organisations for the perpetuation of the mere dress and body of Hinduism we can recover our spiritual health, energy and greatness. The world moves through an indispensable interregnum of free thought and materialism to a new synthesis of religious thought and experience, a new religious world-life free from intolerance, yet full of faith and fervour, accepting all forms of religion because it has an unshakable faith in the One. The religion which embraces Science and faith, Theism, Christianity, Mahomedanism and Buddhism and yet is none of these, is that to which the World-Spirit moves. In our own, which is the most sceptical and the most believing of all, the most sceptical because it has questioned and experimented the most, the most believing because it has the deepest experience and the most varied and positive spiritual knowledge,—that wider Hinduism which is not a dogma or combination of dogmas but a law of life, which is not a social framework but the spirit of a past and future social evolution, which rejects nothing but insists on testing and experiencing everything and when tested and experienced turning it to the soul's uses, in this Hinduism we find the basis of the future world-religion. This sanatana dharma has many scriptures, Veda, Vedanta, Gita, Upanishad, Darshana, Purana, Tantra, nor could it reject the Bible or the Koran; but its real, most authoritative scripture is in the heart in which the Eternal has His dwelling. It is in our inner spiritual experiences that we shall find the proof and source of the world's Scriptures, the law of knowledge, love and conduct, the basis and inspiration of Karmayoga.
Throughout the anthology, Heehs remains focused on the needs of readers who may view the claims of spirituality with scepticism. Therefore, as in his other books, Heehs distances himself from his subject and accepts scepticism as his starting point. Aware that his readers need to know not only what Sri Aurobindo had said but also why, he has carefully selected passages which stand as mini-arguments on their own, yet mutually support and throw light on each other, woven into the larger argument of the chapter or section. Thus the anthology takes on a whole new quality—as if the pieces, from such diverse periods, were meant to form a single book. Overall, Heehs has managed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that, however sceptical our initial approach, so long as it remains fundamentally unbiased, Sri Aurobindo will always break through as a unique and original thinker with something to offer to all, not just to those with overt spiritual inclinations. And if secularists cannot accept him in toto, yet they will surely enjoy his thought-provoking analyses of the burning social, political and cultural issues of the day. For his ideas have withstood the test of time; even after a century they resonate in us more deeply than many contemporary theories.
To conclude, I would not be surprised if the anthology were to become a highly-valued possession not only of academic institutions and scholars, but of all who are serious in their intent to study and understand Sri Aurobindo. It has every chance of becoming a "standard" one-volume reference to Sri Aurobindo's social and political thought. With a protective hard cover and 360 pages tightly packed with riveting material, it is certainly worth its price. Given its indisputable qualities, we can only wish it the best of luck on its way to readers.


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Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump was born on a Massachusetts farm in 1841. Vinnie, as her family called her, weighed in at six pounds and grew normally during her first year of life. Then she stopped growing and remained thirty-two inches tall for the rest of her life. Her height didn't stop her from excelling at school and even becoming a school teacher. But she sought a bigger stage and at 17 embarked on a career in show business. It led to a partnership with P.T. Barnum, marriage to tiny superstar General Tom Thumb and a grand world tour. A novelist imagines what life was like for Mrs. Tom Thumb.
MS. DIANE REHMThanks for joining us, I'm Diane Rehm. Lavinia Stratton never weighed more than 20 pounds, nor grew beyond 2'8" tall, 32 inches. Her family encouraged her to live a life hidden from public. Instead, she reached out to the impresario, P.T. Barnum, married the tiny superstar known as General Tom Thumb and performed on stages across the world.
MS. DIANE REHMMuch has been written about her career, but in a new novel titled "The Autobiography of Mrs. Tom Thumb," Melanie Benjamin draws on notes Lavinia wrote about her life to portray the woman who refused to let her size define her. Melanie Benjamin joins me in the studio and we are talking about this new book, "The Autobiography of Mrs. Tom Thumb," which, I must say, I found fascinating.
MS. DIANE REHMDo join us, 800-433-8850, send us your e-mail to drshow@wamu.org, feel free to join us on Facebook or Twitter. Good morning, Melanie, it's good to have you here.
MS. MELANIE BENJAMINWell, thank you so much for having me, Diane.
REHMYou and I share an appreciation of E. L. Doctorow and it was from E. L. Doctorow's novel, "Ragtime," that you sort of gleaned a little spark of interest about Tom Thumb's wife.
BENJAMINYes. Vinnie appeared in a very brief scene in "Ragtime" with Harry Houdini and this is towards the end of her life, but she was kind of feisty in it, even so. And so a few years later when I was really needed a new subject for a book quick (laugh), because I had a contract and I had a book that couldn't finish, so I needed to come up with an idea, I saw her name on a list of famous American women and I remembered the scene in "Ragtime" and I just did a just a quick, you know, search on her name and I was immediately entranced by her story.
REHMShe had written about her own life in sort of brief snatches.
BENJAMINRight. She had always intended to publish an autobiography. In fact, after her husband died, when Charles Stratton died, someone wrote to her asking if she intended to publish his biography and she answered by saying, no, but my own autobiography (laugh), I intend on publishing, you know, very soon, but she never did. She published a few essays around the turn of the century, around the turn of the 20th century and then left behind a collection of notes, but they were not published in her lifetime.
BENJAMINThey were edited in, I want to say, the 1970s or '80s.
BENJAMINHeavily edited, though, because she freely borrowed on other people's accounts of her life (laugh). She plagiarized and they were very interesting to me for what they told about, which was basically all the people she met and the amazing history she witnessed, but more fascinating to me for what they omitted.
REHMAlso interesting that your earlier book you chose to write about Alice Liddell.
BENJAMINMm-hmm. Again, someone who we know a few facts of her life, but there's such a great mystery. In that case, it was the relationship between Alice Liddell and Charles Dodgson or Lewis Carroll and this break in their relationship when Alice was 11 that is fascinating and we don't know the answers to. I am fascinated by trying to, you know, imagine what goes on behind what the facts that are known of these women in.
BENJAMINMm-hmm. Kept a travel log.
REHMBut she grew -- and it's interesting it was a travel log because she grew up in such a protected household. She was born as a child weighing six pounds and it wasn't until she was, what, a year old that she stopped growing.
BENJAMINRight, about a year. We -- she had a form of proportionate dwarfism, so every limb was in perfect proportion. She was born a normal sized baby, but then stopped growing around the age of one and grew very sporadically and very little afterwards. It's suspected today that both she and Charles Stratton had a pituitary disorder. So were she born in today's time, she would be given human growth hormone and while she might not actually reach full adult height, she would definitely be taller than 32 inches.
REHMBut her mother had had two or three prior births.
BENJAMINRight. She had seven or eight brothers and sisters. They all grew to adult height except for Vinnie and her younger sister by seven years, Minnie. Both of her parents were probably -- they were probably distant cousins, related, and this is why there is a gene that -- that can appear then in these cases.
REHMI wonder if you would read for us from the very beginning of the book over to the word humbug.
BENJAMINAh. "I suppose it would be fashionable to admit to some reservations as I undertake to write the history of my life. Popular memoirs of our time suggest a certain reticence is expected, particularly when the author is a female. We women are timid creatures, after all. We must retire behind a veil of secrecy and allow others to tell our stories. To that, I can only reply, rubbish. I have let others, one other in particular, tell my story for far too long.
BENJAMINNow is the time to set the record straight, to sort out the humbug from the truth and vice-versa. Had -- has any other female of our time been written about as much as I have? It was not so very long ago when it was impossible to open a newspaper without reading about my husband or myself. We even pre-empted the war between the states during its very darkest days. For a solid week, every newspaper in the land was interested only in our wedding plans, the guest list, the presents we received, my trousseau, in particular, receiving much press.
BENJAMINPresident and Mrs. Lincoln were so eager to make our acquaintance that they put aside their own cares, graciously welcoming us to the White House on our honeymoon journey. During the elaborate reception in the Blue Room, where we met a number of dignitaries, including many generals who would win themselves glory on the field of battle, I permitted Mr. Lincoln to kiss me. This was not something I allowed strange men to do as a rule, but felt I had to acquiesce to a presidential request.
BENJAMINMy husband, however, had no reservations of this sort. Without even asking, he rose on tiptoe to bestow his usual happy kiss upon Mrs. Lincoln, who twittered and giggled and blushed a rosy red. 'Mr. Lincoln,' she exclaimed with surprise, 'The general kisses every bit as nicely as you.' 'Well, why shouldn't he, Molly?' Mr. Lincoln asked with a twinkle in his gray eyes. 'I reckon he's had much more practice.' Everyone laughed appreciatively and none harder than my husband.
BENJAMINI could not join in. It was a sore subject between the two of us already, so early in our marriage. I determined to mention it to him later that night when we were preparing for slumber. A more immediate problem, however, soon drove the thought from my mind. The enormous four-poster bed piled high with the downiest of mattresses, pillows and plush counter-pane was so tall that we despaired of ever reaching the top. Even my wooden steps, which I had carried with me since childhood, were not high enough.
BENJAMINWith great embarrassment, I had to summon a hotel chambermaid to assist us in attaining our goal. Once ensconced, naturally, we were required to put off any thoughts of nighttime ablutions, unless we wanted to sleep the rest of the night on the floor. The newspapers naturally did not recount this particular detail of our visit. This is but one example of why I have decided to write down my own recollections of my life thus far and I vow I will do my best to keep them free of humbug."
REHMThey were welcomed by the Vanderbilts, all of New York's Society truly hosted them. How did Vinnie actually meet Tom Thumb?
BENJAMINWell, Charles Stratton, or Tom Thumb, was a performer with P. T. Barnum. Vinnie left home to perform on the showboat, so the Mississippi quite a rude awakening, but it was her first taste of show business. And then in 1862, P. T. Barnum somehow heard of her. I have my theory on how he heard of her, but he sent for her and she appeared on stage at the American Museum, which was the Grand Palace of entertainment in that time. It was Barnum's American Museum and soon after appearing, she was engaged to Charles Stratton. He met her while she was performing there.
REHMPrior to that, she had not only become quite educated, she had become a teacher.
BENJAMINYes. Her parents were loving, sweet people in Massachusetts, farmers, pious farmers. You know, she was expected to be kept at home lovingly. You know, with a loving family, but her mother didn't even want to send her to school, but when Vinnie was seven or eight, she demanded to be let go to school with her brothers and sisters.
BENJAMINVery bright and she saw and she just wanted to go with her brothers and sisters. And she thrived in the school situation and when she was 16, the town elders of her hometown of Middleboro, Mass. offered her the position of school teacher. And so she spend one year teaching the primary grades and they were much taller than she was and, you know, that would have been enough to make her life extraordinary, but it was not enough for Vinnie.
REHMIt wasn't enough for her. She really had an eye on the world.
BENJAMINShe had a thirst to see new things and I think she was smart enough to realize in part because of the fame of General Tom Thumb and Barnum that her size could be her ticket out.
REHMMelanie Benjamin, her new book, it's a novel, is titled "The Autobiography of Mrs. Tom Thumb."
REHMAnd of course in the 1800s, women, generally speaking, did not have too many options or opportunities. But Melanie Benjamin has taken what she knows about Mrs. Tom Thumb and created truly a wonderful but fictional biography and included many, many details that are simply outlined in what we have of the writings that Lavinia left for herself.
REHMHere's an e-mail from Karen in Detroit, Mich. She says, "Thanks for enlightening us about such a fascinating woman. How difficult was it for you to imagine what it was like to live in such a small body? Did you literally get down on your knees to visualize the world from that viewpoint?" You always carry that tape measure with you, don't you?
BENJAMINI do. That's a wonderful question. You know, I didn't get down on my knees, I just -- I have a healthy imagination, which was kind of an obstacle when I was a child, but it's come into great use as a novelist, so I mean, I just somehow -- and it's hard for me to describe, but I become this person in a way. So while I physically did not get down on my hands and knees, I certainly just spent a great deal of time trying to see the world through eyes that weren't even three feet off the ground.
REHMThe photograph or the daguerreotype that's in the book, is that an accurate one of Lavinia?
REHMAll right. Now, how did Vinnie first get into show business? And much of that you have fictionalized, I gather.
REHMEven though their mother had no knowledge of him.
REHMPresented himself very quietly, pleasantly, politely.
BENJAMINYes. He just said he had heard of his extraordinary little cousin and wanted to come meet her. Kind of insinuated himself in the household, but said he had a floating palace of curiosities, which was a very fancy word for a showboat, and kind of a seedy showboat at that. And he had come to ask if Vinnie wanted to come perform on this floating palace of curiosity.
BENJAMIN...and maybe believed the press, that she had a lovely singing voice and all that.
REHMHer parents really did not want her to go, her mother especially.
BENJAMINOh, oh, certainly. I mean again, her mother was descended from the Mayflower, something Vinnie was always happy to tell people. And they were just simple God fearing Massachusetts farmers. Show business was not -- you know, not an option. After a very stormy night of tears and anguish and even one of her brothers threatened to leave the house and never return if she insisted on displaying herself in such a public manner.
BENJAMINYes, she wrote of that, that -- her brother Benjamin. She wrote of that and she once more had her way. So the next morning, 17-year-old, 32" tall Vinnie left home for the first time ever in the company of a total stranger to travel west to the Mississippi River, which was kind of a wild place in those days, and start her show business career.
REHMAnd even to get onto a train.
BENJAMIN...let alone anyone 32" tall.
BENJAMINAnd this is 1857, 1858. Train travel's still pretty rough. This was before the Vanderbilts bought up all the trains. And so you would have individual train lines from village to village, meaning you would have to get out at every stop almost and change trains. There were no porters. You -- someone had to carry the trunks and the luggage. If -- there were no lavatories. There were buckets in the corner. There was no food service. And Vinnie had to literally be picked up and down, not only probably from the train to the platform, but into the seats as well. And then Colonel Wood had to deal with all their luggage on all these various stops West.
REHMThe sad -- most sad part of Vinnie's leaving home was Minnie.
REHMShe had really been her support, her -- almost her substitute mother.
BENJAMINYeah, I came to think that, you know, Minnie was the only person in Vinnie's life who literally could look up to her. And I really explored that relationship. It does seem to me Minnie was the one person that Vinnie allowed herself to love. Vinnie -- Minnie -- it does get confusing with Vinnie and Minnie (laugh). Minnie was -- actually her name was Huldah, but they called her Minnie was seven years younger than Vinnie. And unlike her older sister, Minnie did want to stay home. She was content to stay home. She didn't go to school. Vinnie was her whole world, you know. The one person in her life, they saw things from a similar perspective.
REHMSo once Vinnie got onto this showboat, what was life like?
BENJAMINOh, goodness, those river towns on the Mississippi River, they were rough. For starters, genteel people would not set food aboard a showboat, so Vinnie often had private audiences with more genteel people, like a man named Ulysses S. Grant whom she met in 1858, off the boat in hotels. But when they would pull into the port cities, you could expect people spitting tobacco and throwing tomatoes at the stage and they were just, you know, really rough and tumble river towns. And in fact, on more than one occasion, as the boat pulled away, they were shot at from the shore.
BENJAMINJust as sport. Just as sport. I guess Stillwater, Minn. was a particularly rough lumber town and they had a couple of harrowing experiences getting away. Also the travel was dangerous. Steamboats blew up almost all the time on the river. There -- you know, there were accidents on the river, things submerged, so it was a very -- not to her liking, but she learned a lot.
REHMNow, there's one scene in the book where the hotel in which she's staying catches fire.
BENJAMINBy a fireman, but the interesting thing is -- I found that out by looking at an actual newspaper article in Milwaukee and it said they were rescued by a fireman. But in all the other accounts and even on, you know, some of the historical websites, it says that their manager rescued them.
BENJAMINAnd I can only think that that must have been an -- you know, Mr. Barnum must have put that out, but no, in fact, they were rescued by a fireman.
REHMWell, let's talk about how she and P.T. Barnum actually finally met because according to your novel, at least, she had longed to meet him. She felt he would be the pinnacle for her.
BENJAMINOn the river boat and they got back to Middleboro and the Civil War came along. And I have to imagine her parents said, whew, you got that out of your system, now you're home for good.
REHMNow you can stay home.
BENJAMINBut no, no, no, no. So somehow Barnum heard of her and that's one of those things we're not entirely sure of.
BENJAMINI imagine that he heard of her because Vinnie wanted him to hear of her and she perhaps sent him some of her clippings. And so he did send for her in late 1862 and her parents were very against this one as well. They really had grave misgivings. P.T. Barnum was known for his humbugs. You know, he never let the truth get in the way of, you know, a good time. And they, once again, put their foot down. And once again, Vinnie had her way. And, in fact, Barnum knew of their reservations. He had first sent one of his agents out to meet Vinnie, but her parents would not let her sign a contract.
BENJAMINAnd then -- and so the agent apparently went back to Barnum and said, you know, the parents are very reluctant, so Barnum sent for all of them to come visit him in Bridgeport, Conn. where he charmed the heck out of them. And so Vinnie signed a contract with P.T. Barnum and in early 1863, appeared onstage at the American Museum.
REHMAnd was it he, P.T. Barnum, who introduced her to General Stratton?
BENJAMINYes, yes, definitely. She was appearing on stage. Another little person named Commodore Nutt was also appearing on stage. One of the stories that went around about how they met was that Commodore Nutt fell in love with Vinnie. And then Charles Stratton met her, too, and so these two little people were -- actually came to blows over the hand of Miss Stratton (sic). I kinda have to think part of that is again part of Barnum's version of the truth. He put it in his autobiography, but it made a good story.
BENJAMINBut Charles Stratton did meet Vinnie during this time and they were engaged just a few weeks after she first appeared on stage.
BENJAMINThey were married in February, 1863.
REHMShe, at least from what you've written, never really loved him.
BENJAMINI don't know if she could have loved anyone, really, except perhaps Minnie. You know, everyone says their marriage appeared to be happy. He was a genial little -- he was a genial person. He was very sunny, you know, good natured and so he -- there was no tension between them, but it's still kind of up for, you know, grabs whether or not it was a love match. I have to think that Vinnie knew the box office potential of a marriage to someone as famous as he was because at that point, he was more famous than she and that one little person on her own was interesting, but two together could be a phenomenon and that is what happened.
REHMAnd you're listening to "The Diane Rehm Show." We're talking about a new book "The Autobiography of Mrs. Tom Thumb" by Melanie Benjamin. You use a pseudonym and I'm wondering why.
BENJAMINWell, it was just a business decision (laugh). Like Vinnie, I have a very practical streak to my nature. I had been published a few years ago writing more contemporary fiction under a different name. And when I made the change to historical fiction and a few years had gone by, it seemed a practical business decision to use a pseudonym to change names for that.
REHMAll right. We're going to open the phones, 800-433-8850. First to Antrim, N.H. and to Chauncy (sp?). Good morning, you're on the air.
REHMYes, Chauncey. Go right ahead, please.
CHAUNCEYI just wish to make a comment that Vinnie got her ticket out by participating in human oddities for amusement and profit. And that today, the American Disabilities Act prevents such displays of individuals for attaining their ticket out.
BENJAMINAnd that's true. Yes, times have definitely changed. Vinnie came of age though in an era of America that was just waking up to itself that was suddenly being linked by the railroad and people had a thirst for the different and the novel and it is true that that included people today with disabilities. At the time, they were called curiosities.
BENJAMINJust a few years prior to this -- and America was very puritan and it was thought that those born differently were the sign of the devil's handiwork. In Vinnie's era, that attitude changed and now it was -- you know, the science -- science was kind of, you know, coming into a more modern time and so people were aware that it was just -- these were oddities of science or natural selection and there was just a great curiosity for them.
REHMThanks for calling, Chauncey. And to Conway, Ark. Good morning, Jonathan.
JONATHANHello, how are you doing?
JONATHANGood. I have two questions. I just heard you mention that it was historical fiction and I was first curious about, you know, how much -- if it is completely factual or how much you just filled in the blanks. But I was really calling, I was curious about the health problems that were incurred because of her size and, you know, how that affected her life, any health issues.
BENJAMINRight. Well, to answer your first question, I can't give you an absolute percentage (laugh) of what is real and what is imagined. I will say that facts formed the backbone of my story as far as, you know, we know when she was born, when she married, where she traveled, the things she saw.
BENJAMINDefinitely those are factual, but it's what goes on between those events, her feelings, her thoughts, her motivations and those around her, that's the fiction part. So it's just kind of a blending and it's a mystical process and I wish I could tell you how I do it and it's different with every book.
BENJAMINFor the second question, Vinnie had enjoyed actually very good health and she wrote (laugh) of that, talking about her normally strong constitution. But certainly for anyone her size, there were a lot of joint aches and pains. I'm sure she had arthritis towards the end of her life, just from a lifetime of looking up and climbing up and down steps not made for her. Of course, there weren't elevators around until, you know, towards the middle part of her life, so she definitely had, I think, joint issues.
JONATHANOh, I'm sure that that went along with the, you know, lifestyle on the riverboats and whatnot.
JONATHANHow long was her life?
BENJAMINSeventy-eight -- 78 years? Yeah.
JONATHANWell, certainly great by those time standards.
BENJAMINDefinitely. Yeah, she had a very long life, yeah.
JONATHANAll right. Well, thank you very much.
REHMJonathan, thanks for calling. And we're going to take a short break here. One thing, either fictional or historical, that we'll talk about when we come back is pregnancy. Stay with us.
REHMWelcome back. Melanie Benjamin is with me. She's taken the life of Mrs. Tom Thumb, whose actual name was Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump until she married General Stratton, who was Tom Thumb and became Mrs. Tom Thumb.
REHMOne of the issues about which Vinnie was particularly concerned was pregnancy. She had lived on a farm. She feared that should she, Vinnie, become pregnant -- she might become pregnant with a full-size baby, as she was a full-size six pound baby, and that she could not hold that child. It would destroy not only her life, but the child's life as well. How much do we know about that for her and for her sister, Minnie?
BENJAMINWe know that Vinnie and Charles did not have children. We don't know the reason why, if it was a medical reason or it was a choice. An interesting and kind of odd thing, a year after they were married, it was expected that General Tom Thumb and Mrs. Tom Thumb would have a child.
BENJAMINWhen they didn't, Barnum kind of coerced Vinnie into -- they had what they called the baby hoax. They pretended to have a child on stage. It was announced in the papers that Mrs. Tom Thumb was a mother and basically, they took babies from orphanages, posed with them, paraded them about on stage and when they would go to another town, they would get another baby.
REHMSo you did not make this up?
BENJAMINThat's true, that is true and she only spoke about it once in her life. It was, as she called it, you know, German babies in Germany, French babies in France. They kept this up for a couple of years until probably finally someone even realized, I mean, they would always choose the smallest child, but at some point -- and the public bought it and at some point, they had to realize that the child would have to grow up.
BENJAMINSo what they did was they killed the baby. I always think of Virginia -- I was afraid of Virginia Woolf when I say that, but Barnum put out a press release that the infant Thumb, the infant daughter of Tom Thumb had died of brain fever and that was the end of the baby hoax. I really think it's sad they never gave her name even in the newspapers. So Vinnie and Charles did not have children of their own, but Vinnie's sister, Minnie, did become pregnant.
BENJAMINShe married Edmund Newell, who -- I -- apparently was not as small as Charles and Vinnie. He actually had a roller-skating act, I think, and he performed Barnum and then performed with part of their troupe later on and he was a smaller man and they married and apparently had a very happy marriage.
REHMAnd it was, once again, P.T. Barnum, who had seen Minnie, realized that she would be absolutely of interest to the public.
BENJAMINRight. Vinnie -- when Vinnie married, Minnie was her bridesmaid and Charles' groom -- or best man was another little person, Commodore Nutt, so they made this perfect quartet of miniature people and it was too good an opportunity.
BENJAMINYou know, they were front page during the wedding, so then they decided to form their own performing troupe with Barnum's help and so it was the General Tom Company and it was the four of them who traveled and became world famous and went on this very famous three-year tour of the world in 1869 and then after they came back, that's when Minnie married.
BENJAMINWith tragic results. She -- there is one school of thought that two small people would have a small child, but then there were others, including Barnum and his doctors, who knew that this was not the case and really -- and wanted Minnie to have an abortion for health reasons and she would not and she died in childbirth.
REHMShe really wanted a child.
BENJAMINShe did and I have to think it was, you know, having to give away all these children while they were performing where Vinnie didn't, you know, seem very motherly and -- but Minnie got attached to the children and so did Charles.
BENJAMINAnd again, that's how I imagined it and so, you know, when I look at these facts, the baby hoax, the fact that Vinnie didn't children and the fact that Minnie did and died childbirth, that's how I construct the novel and I look at it all and see how they possibly could've influenced, you know, their choices that they made and I have to think the whole baby hoax had some effect on that choice of Minnie's.
REHMLet's go to Converse, Texas. Good morning, Tom. Tom, are you there? Tom?
TOMConverse, Texas. This is Converse, Texas. Hi, Diane. Thank you very much for taking my call.
TOMOkay. Your book -- your author there, any mention of compensation to Tom Thumb and Vinnie?
BENJAMINCertainly. They got -- they blew through a few fortunes in their life (laugh). Actually, Charles Stratton became so wealthy early in his life, he retired in his 20s and he came out of retirement when Barnum went through a bankruptcy and he went back on tour simply to help his old friend Barnum out.
REHMHe built a huge house.
BENJAMINDown low so they could see out. Apparently there was a kitchen built to scale for Vinnie, but they also then had to have regular sized rooms and furniture because they entertained a lot, but -- yes, they hobnobbed with the Astors and the Vanderbilts. They were part of that gilded age and they were quite well compensated.
REHMToward the end, that changed somewhat.
BENJAMINYou know, when they -- they started out, they were curiosities. They were beloved, they were respected, but by the 1880s -- and they did one season with Barnum's circus in 1881 and it was kind of a -- it was a -- well, Vinnie said, it was not to our taste. And this is a time and the words freak and freak show, unfortunately, are entering the language of America. They didn't start out that way, but maybe perhaps America was growing more or less sophisticated, I'm not sure which.
BENJAMINSo they were relegated to the sideshow at that point and, in fact, Vinnie kept performing to the end of her life and she spent a few seasons on Coney Island in an exhibit called Dream Land, which was basically a city built to scale for proportionate dwarfs and they inhabited it. There was a small schoolroom and a firehouse and homes and they basically lived there on exhibition.
REHMCourse, she hated to be called a dwarf.
BENJAMINYou know, I think she was resigned to it, you know. Little person was probably -- she just hated to be reminded of it. She very much hated to be brought down in any way or put down in any way because of her size and have it mentioned in that way. She does write of that very much.
REHMAnd let me remind our listeners, you can go to our website, drshow.org, and see photographs of Vinnie and her husband, Tom Thumb, and others as well. Let's now go to Chapel Hill, N.C. Good morning, Billy, you're on the air.
BILLYI agree with the previous person you had about -- had some question about handicapped people. It seems to me the book, which is a novel, kind of takes advantage of a particular type of handicapped person and that these people were and still are abused by the public, abused by the movies, abused by sideshow people for their own benefit -- financial benefit.
BILLYI'm sorry there isn't a person with this physical handicap on your program to discuss those issues that still happen. The book sounds like a romp through life that was fun and engaging and made a lot of money, which I'm sure is quite different than much of their lives and much of the lives people now with similar disabilities.
BENJAMIN...and that is the point of the book, is to show her life, that wasn't all about being on stage. But it is true, she made that choice. No one took her from her home. She made the decision to live the life she did and she paid for it in a lot of ways, but it also gave her a life she might not have had in an era where, unfortunately, someone her size would most likely have otherwise just been hidden away and that can't be a better life, either.
BENJAMINShe met queens and kings and presidents and the book is not a romp. I mean, again, I think I treat her with respect and I show the hardships she encountered and the price she paid for choosing -- again, she chose to live this life.
REHMAll right. To Lunenburg, Mass. Good morning, Lorie-Ann, you're on the air.
LORIE-ANNHi, Diane. I love your show.
LORIE-ANN...and they kind of spun it on their head and said that these people were the ones who were exploiting the public by getting money from them versus the other way around. Thank you.
BENJAMINWell, that's true. Thank you. And that's true. Vinnie quite happily took people's money (laugh) who wanted to come see her, but yes, again, it was her choice and no -- none of the people who performed with Barnum were forced to do this. It really, unfortunately, was probably only the avenue available to them other than, again, living a life hidden away.
REHMWhat did the doctors say to Vinnie's mother about the fact that this child did not grow beyond 32 inches?
BENJAMINShe was just kind of passed off as one of nature's curiosities (laugh), one of those things that make the world more interesting, in a way. Again, in that time, you -- people come from miles away to see a three-headed pig. I mean, and again, I'm not likening that to Vinnie, but the curious anomalies of nature were of great interest to people and that's how they -- you know, that's how the doctors probably reacted to Vinnie, she was just one more example of nature's curiosities.
REHMLet's go to Bradley, here in Washington, D.C. Good morning, you're on the air.
REHMYes, you're on the air, sir. Go right ahead.
BRADLEYHello, my name's Bradley and I was curious as to whether or not you really address where the strengths of Tom Thumb and Vinnie really come in because I'm a short man myself. I'm only 42 inches tall and it's from all the different words in my entire life, we all seem to come up with something very specific and oddly enough, stories of Tom Thumb, when I was growing up, really, really, really helped me get a good understanding of where you can get strength and take enjoyment and where what you are is an (word?) and no one else can use it against you.
REHMSounds as though you've got a great attitude. And you're listening to "The Diane Rehm Show." Melanie?
BENJAMINWell, I think the whole book points to the fact that Vinnie never saw her size as an obstacle and I think that's the important lesson, she never saw her size as an obstacle.
REHMWas Tom Thumb her intellectual equal?
BENJAMINProbably not. Most accounts of Charles Stratton, you know, his personality was basically imprinted on him at the age of five when Barnum found him and basically took him from his parents and -- that case, I could say there is some exploitation there. Charles didn't a choice in his life, his parents did. But again, he grew wealthy and he and Barnum were very close friends. And Charles did not seem to have a lot of personality on his own.
BENJAMINHe had been taught to mimic and he had been trained at such an early age, most accounts call him very sunny, very genial, but he didn't go to school, you know, unlike Vinnie, who actually taught school.
BENJAMINSo I cannot see them as intellectual equals.
REHMDid you imagine the close relationship between Barnum and Vinnie or do you know that?
BENJAMINWe don't know that. I do know that Vinnie always wrote about him with great affection and even in the one time when she wrote -- when she spoke publicly about the baby hoax, she was sure to end her interview by saying, but Mr. Barnum was a great man. So as I was writing this, it just seemed to me that these -- there was no else in her life whose dreams and imagination were as big as her own, except for P.T. Barnum.
REHMDo you -- looking at the various photographs I know you have in your slideshow, was she a pretty young woman?
REHMShe was very prim and beautiful clothing.
BENJAMINVery -- yes, with shining brown hair and beautifully gowned and jeweled and of course, everything, even her jewelry had to be custom made.
REHMYou have to tell us about her wedding dress before we close.
BENJAMINWell, it was made by one of the leading dressmakers of the age, Madame de Forest -- or Demorest, I think, was her name. It was an exquisite confection of white lace and rosebuds and veils and just as we just went through the whole William and Kate marriage, where everyone wanted to know who was making the dress, that was exactly the kind of press that Vinnie had.
BENJAMINThe details of her dress and her gown were just to be savored and they appeared on the front page of Harper's Weekly, which was probably the most widely read weekly of that time and every other week during the Civil War the headline was -- the front page was all about the Civil War, but in February of 1863, an illustration of Vinnie in her wedding dress and Charles in his wedding attire, that was the front page.
REHMAnd Minnie wore in the wedding?
BENJAMINAn exquisite little bridesmaid's dress, I think, white as the same. I think that was kind of the custom then.
REHMIsn't it remarkable that all these years later, we can imagine what this young woman's life was like.
BENJAMINI think that's just the power of fiction (laugh) and the power of imagination and what she left behind.
REHMExactly. Melanie Benjamin, the book is titled "The Autobiography of Mrs. Tom Thumb." Thanks for being here.
BENJAMINThank you so much for having me.
ANNOUNCER"The Diane Rehm Show" is produced by Sandra Pinkard, Nancy Robertson, Susan Nabors, Denise Couture, Monique Nazareth, Sarah Ashworth, Lisa Dunn and Nikki Jecks. The engineer is Tobey Shriner. A.C. Valdez answers the phones. Visit drshow.org for audio archives, transcripts, podcasts and CD sales. Call 202-885-1200 for more information.


Certainly, some of those people probably are settling and should seek a career where they'll be happier. However, as someone who works for a very strengths-focused organization, I can tell you that you're more in control of your own talents than you probably think.
Of course, we at Purple Ink are big advocates for leaving a career that isn't a good fit for you. There's no reason to stay somewhere that you're miserable when you could be JoyPowered™! However, if your biggest problem with your job is that you're not using your talents, make it your own responsibility to fix that. It's not about trying to fit tasks to your strengths. It's about approaching your tasks with your strengths in mind.
I use all five of my strengths in my job as Marketing Manager here at Purple Ink. For example, Achiever leads me to make to-do lists and gives me a burst of energy every time I cross something off; Learner means that when I don't know how to do something, I'll do research to try and figure out how to do it and what the best practices are before giving up.
The reason I'm using my talents is not because I found a mythical perfect job that is completely aligned with each of my strengths. I've simply been taught that using your strengths is an intentional process that you should apply to everything, not something that happens automatically.
Which Talent Works for You?
When you feel like you're doing something that isn't suited to your talents, think harder about what talent you might be able to apply to the situation. You may not have strong Discipline skills, but will something else help you focus diligently on the task at hand? Maybe you don't have Strategic, but could you plan ahead by exercising a different strength?
I don't have Command, Communication, or even anything in the relationship building or influencing strength domains in my top 5, and if you've been following my blogs for a while, you probably know I'm an introvert. Obviously, I still need to communicate with other people sometimes. That doesn't mean I'm not using my talents, though! When I need to get someone else's input to get a task done, I'm approaching the conversation with an Achiever mindset. If I don't know how to do something and I can't find the answer myself, I'm asking questions as a Learner.
You don't have to take StrengthsFinder to be able to do this – although it would help! Think about what you're good at and what gives you energy when you're working. Then use those characteristics to approach your work.
Next time you're at work and thinking, "I'm not using my talents today," stop to think if you can do anything about it. Instead of waiting for someone to give you tasks that align with your talents or looking for the flawless job that probably doesn't exist, intentionally approach your work with your talents in mind.
Need some training on using your strengths to make your work more JoyPowered™? Contact us!


text:
Ludwig Hohl (Netstal, 9 april 1904 - Genève, 3 november 1980) was een Zwitserse Duitstalige schrijver en dichter.

Leven
Hohl werd geboren in hartje Zwitserland als zoon van een dominee. Hij werd van school gestuurd omdat hij een slechte invloed zou hebben op de andere kinderen van de klas.

In 1924 trok Hohl naar Parijs waar hij tot 1930 in kunstenaarskroegen rondhing. Daar besloot hij schrijver te worden.

Daarna trok hij eerst naar Wenen en dan naar Den Haag. Hij schreef er zijn filosofisch hoofdwerk Die Notizen oder von der voreiligen Versöhnung. Het werk is te vergelijken met Kafka's befaamde dagboeken. Hij uit er zijn bewondering voor Goethe, Montaigne en Spinoza.

In 1937 keerde hij terug naar Genève waar hij in een kelder ging wonen. Hij overleed er aan een infectie aan zijn benen.

Hohl trouwde vijf keer en had één dochter.

Hohl zou nooit van zijn pen kunnen leven. Hij bracht zijn leven door in armoedige omstandigheden en leed aan alcoholisme. Hij had het geregeld aan de stok met zijn uitgevers.

Pas in de jaren zeventig kreeg hij literaire erkenning. Hohl oogstte grote bewondering bij Peter Handke, Max Frisch, Friedrich Dürrenmatt en Elias Canetti. In 1980 won hij de Duitse Petrarca-Preis.

In 2014 werd zijn meest bekende werk, Bergfahrt, in het Nederlands uitgegeven. Hohl begon er in 1926 aan maar zou er jaren aan werken. In 1975 verscheen het voor het eerst. Het is een meticuleuze beschrijving van een bergtocht van twee jongemannen, dat tegelijk als een parabel gelezen kan worden. Ludwig Hohl was zelf een ervaren alpinist.

Werk
Bergtocht. Editie Leesmagazijn 2014.
Uit de diepte. Editie Leesmagazijn 2015.
Op weg door de nacht. Editie Leesmagazijn 2017.

Referenties

Zwitsers Duitstalig schrijver

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Malaysia and Indonesia seeks UK government to intervene over Iceland's palm oil ban
Food Regulatory
December 7, 2018 March 21, 2020 dpo-admin
'It is not for us to argue the case for palm oil,' say British diplomats
The world's biggest palm oil producing nations, Indonesia and Malaysia, have both reportedly attempted to persuade the British government to take action after supermarket chain Iceland announced it was cutting palm oil from its own brand products.
The two countries produce 90 per cent of the global supply of the oil, which is used in swathes of food and cosmetic products, and is both countries' main agricultural export.
Europe is the second largest market for palm oil, after India, but consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the potentially devastating environmental impact of palm oil production.
In April, Iceland said it was removing palm oil from its own-brand products. The company, which is also phasing out the use of plastics, cited concerns about environmental degradation and deforestation, which is destroying the habitats of many critically endangered species, such as the orangutan.
A freedom of information request by Unearthed – Greenpeace's investigative journalism unit – revealed, six days after Iceland's announcement, British diplomats had written to colleagues in Indonesia and Malaysia about how to handle the nations' apparent concern over the supermarket's move.
One email read: "The Indonesians and Malaysians need to recognise that these developments are being driven by (legitimate) concerns about the environmental impact of palm oil production, which they have not adequately addressed. It is not for us to argue the case for palm oil."
Emails exchanged between officials at the Foreign Office, the Department for International Trade (DIT) and the Department for International Development (DfID) at around the same time, suggest diplomats had been urged by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to intervene with Iceland over its opposition to palm oil.
"[The Malaysians and Indonesians] need to recognise that Iceland is a private company; HMG [the UK government] has not encouraged them [Iceland] to take this decision, but neither would it be appropriate for us to attempt to dissuade or criticise them," wrote one Foreign Office official.
Iceland has since made further headlines, after releasing an advertisement in collaboration with Greenpeace that featured a cartoon orangutan mourning the loss of his rainforest home, and which was voiced by the actress Emma Thompson.
The ad was banned after it was deemed to have breached political impartiality rules.
The ban intensified attention around the issue, though, sparking debate over advertising standards and the impact of palm oil, and providing Iceland with significant publicity – the ad has been watched more than 30 million times online, Greenpeace said.
Vast tracts of rainforest have been cleared across Indonesia to make way for palm plantations (Getty)
Malaysian officials took the unusual step of celebrating the UK regulator Clearcast's decision to uphold the ban.
Teresa Kok, Malaysia's primary industries minister, said: "We will not be cowed or stand by idly when nasty advertisements by Iceland mislead people in markets that are crucial to us. We will fight back with facts from scientifically researched data."
Another FOI request by Greenpeace this year revealed some of the other methods by which the Malaysian government had attempted to maintain its European export markets.
In May, British diplomats warned the UK government backing a proposed EU ban on imports of palm oil could put a lucrative arms deal between BAE systems and the Malaysian government at risk.
British officials said supporting the ban could prompt Kuala Lumpur to rule out a multimillion pound deal to replace its fleet of fighter jets with British built Typhoon aircraft.
Over the last 15 years, demand for palm oil has soared and the product is found in a huge range of foods and toiletries. It is now thought to be present in around half of all supermarket products, leading the industry to launch attempts to certify it is sustainable.
But Richard Walker, Iceland's managing director, said the supermarket had decided to remove palm oil because there was none available on the mass market that could be verified as sustainable.
This year, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature published a report which suggested palm oil certified "sustainable" is only slightly less damaging to rainforests than that from uncertified production.
Since 2002, more than 150,000 orangutans are thought to have been wiped out as a direct consequence of the palm oil industry.
A spokesperson for Iceland told The Independent: "We are in correspondence with the Indonesian government regarding this matter, and want to ensure all concerns are listened to. We have always understood that the issue of palm oil is a complicated one.
"We have never called for an outright boycott of palm oil. We are not anti-palm oil, we are anti-deforestation."
A Home Office spokesperson told The Independent: "We share the public's concerns about the environmental impact of palm oil and are committed to helping companies to implement zero-deforestation supply chains. The UK will continue to work with foreign governments, and industry, to support the sustainable production of palm oil."
Source: Independent


text:
package cmdmux

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"testing"
)

const (
	BUILD_RET        = 1
	BUILD_KERNEL_RET = 2
	ROOT_RET         = 3
)

func build(args []string, data interface{}) (int, error) {
	return BUILD_RET, nil
}

func build_kernel(args []string, data interface{}) (int, error) {
	return BUILD_KERNEL_RET, nil
}

func root_handler(args []string, data interface{}) (int, error) {
	return ROOT_RET, nil
}

func flagHandler(args []string, data interface{}) (int, error) {
	str := data.(*string)

	if *str == "test" {
		return 0, nil
	} else {
		return 0, errors.New("flag parsed wrongly")
	}
}

// use the built-in variable
func Test_HandleFunc(t *testing.T) {
	HandleFunc("/", root_handler)
	HandleFunc("/config/def", nil)
	HandleFunc("/build/kernel/image", nil)
	HandleFunc("/build/dtb", nil)
	HandleFunc("/build", build)
	HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	HandleFunc("/config/menu", nil)
	HandleFunc("/install", nil)

	fmt.Printf("output of PrintTree:\n")
	PrintTree(os.Stdout)

	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build", "kernel", "-p", "test"}
	ret, err := Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != BUILD_KERNEL_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}

	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build"}

	ret, err = Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != BUILD_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}
}

func Test_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	err := cmdMux.HandleFunc("build", nil)
	if err == nil {
		t.Error("should be erroneous")
	}
}

func Test_Execute_normal(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build", "kernel"}

	ret, err := cmdMux.Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != BUILD_KERNEL_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}
}

func Test_Execute_opts(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build", "kernel"}

	ret, err := cmdMux.Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != BUILD_KERNEL_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}
}

func Test_Execute_noMidNode(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build"}

	_, err := cmdMux.Execute(nil)
	if err == nil {
		t.Error("should be error")
	}
}

func Test_Execute_midNode(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build", build)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	os.Args = []string{"gotest", "build"}

	ret, err := cmdMux.Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != BUILD_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}
}

func Test_Execute_root(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/", root_handler)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", build_kernel)
	os.Args = []string{"gotest"}

	ret, err := cmdMux.Execute(nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}

	if ret != ROOT_RET {
		t.Errorf("return value wrong: %d\n", ret)
	}
}

func Test_Completion(t *testing.T) {
	cmdMux := New()
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/kernel/image", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/build/dtb", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/config/def", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/config/menu", nil)
	cmdMux.HandleFunc("/install", nil)

	file, err := os.Create("gotest-completion")
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
		return
	}
	defer file.Close()
	if err = cmdMux.GenerateCompletion("test", file); err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}


text:
Press Club Picks President, Approves Sugar Quotas
Showing the devotion to democracy that makes the media an essential part of an open society, the National Press Club chose its new president, Business Week's Rick Dunham, in elections last week. The only problem? The outcome was so pre-determined it might make Fidel Castro jealous. It wouldn't be fair to compare Dunham to Castro -- for one, Dunham is usually clean shaven. But clearly, they've both learned the secret to a worry-free Election Day: run unopposed. (Democrats should be glad President Bush can't go for a third term, or he'd probably try it, too.)
The people who ran the reporters' election apparently didn't even bother to count the few dissenting votes, saying:
The committee recorded a number of write-in candidates, which did not affect the outcome of the election.
Just like provisional ballots! At least now we know why the press hasn't picked up on those reports of electoral irregularities in Ohio... -- "Joe Klein"
NPC Elections Results [National Press Club]


With a massive following of over 1 million followers on your Instagram account @daniellearmstrong88 you're a social media sensation and an internet leading star. How does it feel to be a role model & an inspiration in influencing a healthy lifestyle of so many individuals?
In today's society social media is HUGE and puts a lot of pressure on women. Everyone has experienced feeling low & down after comparing them self to someone on Instagram. So with me I just like to keep it real. I simply just share what I do by posting my workouts and stress I only work out twice a week and show my daily routine of making my Herbalife Nutrition shakes every day and making healthy options for lunch and dinner. I will always show when I'm out with friends socializing and having a glass of wine at the weekend as this is what I believe my followers like to see as it's real life, my motto is everything in moderation is good for the soul.
Having run the family fashion business so well since 2014, what would be your top 5 tips for a fashion entrepreneur considering this as a career?
Starting a new business can be scary make sure you do all your research into brands and suppliers before investing in your own money.
Figure out what your style and brand identify is for example DANNI Boutique caters to the young lady that likes to keep up with the current trends but at affordable price.
Social media has had a huge impact in today's fashion with bloggers and influencers so bookmark your favorite looks to give you inspiration when it comes to buying or designing your fashion brand.
To keep up ahead of the latest trends Harper's Bazaar, Vogue and Pinterest are great ways to forecast trends.
DANNI Boutique is a family business which I run with my parents which is a huge support. We all have our own roles and bring different strengths, so I advise anyone opening up any business to create a team and support network you can trust.
I feel honored that I'm going to feature on Women Fitness. I love the community that WF team provide to their visitors and the advice is invaluable. It ticks all the boxes for anyone that wants to lead a healthy active lifestyle.
Body confidence comes from being true to yourself, and keeping it real.


Insanity was my entry to the LD #4 in April 2004. The theme was "infection". In the game, you play the janitor of some science building, and one day, the whole town seems infected with insanity. The source of the infection seems to be that very science institute. Time to leave bucket and mop behind and look for the missing professor who can explain it all. Only problem, insanity also has spread to the personell who are trying to stop you. Screenshots to appear here soon.


Member State Central Committee Baltimore City Council, since 1986, city councilman, since 1987, member Budget and Appropriations Committee, member Policy and Planning Committee and Economic Development, since 1998. Chair budget and appropriations committee Baltimore City Council, since 1998. Owner Shocket's Discount Store.
Nicholas C. D'Adamo, city councilman. Member Sons of Italy, Polish American Congress.
D'Adamo, Nicholas C. was born on January 14, 1958. Son of Nicholas C. and Grace D'A.
Member Sons of Italy, Polish American Congress.


text:
{{Ficha de estación|nombre= Universidad Central
|imagen=
|tamaño_imagen=
|color_título=red
|color_texto=white
|coordenadas=
|inaugurada=Pendiente
|clausurada=
|plataformas=Laterales
|dirección=Avenidas América y Fray Antonio de Marchena
|barrio=Belisario Quevedo
|localidad=Quito D.M.
|comuna=
|pk=
|accesible=Sí
|vías=2
|propietario=Gobierno Metropolitano de Quito
|operador=Metro de Quito
|nombreanterior=
|conexiones= Estación multimodal Seminario Mayor:   Corredor Central Norte Corredor Sur OccidentalSistema de autobuses de Quito
|web=|línea          =  (Quitumbe-El Labrador)|inicio1=Quitumbe (Metro de Quito)|Quitumbe|anterior1=El Ejido|línea1=|siguiente1=Pradera|fin1=El Labrador (Metro de Quito)|El Labrador
|mapa_localización=}}
Universidad Central será la décima estación del Metro de Quito, que funcionará como parte de la línea 1.

Referencias

Estaciones del Metro de Quito


text:
Crape Myrtle Cultivars & Resources
Herbicide Injury Image Database
Horticultural Glossary
Hydrangeas in Arkansas
Landscape Tree ID
Plant Database
Plant Disease Image Library
Weed ID Database
Plant Disease Database
Plant of the Week: Apple
The apple blossom was selected as the Arkansas state flower in January 1901. (Image courtesy Gerald Klingaman)
Latin: Malus Ormiston Roy
Apples are blooming throughout the Ozarks this week so spring is now officially here, albeit a bit later than normal. Apples hold a significant place in the economic and social history of Arkansas, not the least of which is that it was adopted by the state Legislature as the state flower in January 1901.
At the close of the 19th century, apples were touted by railroad men as the perfect cash crop throughout the Ozarks. To encourage the expansion of railroads into thinly populated regions, states gave railroad owners land to offset the cost of building the tracks. This land was then sold to farmers for immediate returns and the hope of future profits as the farmers became established and shipped out their products via those same rail lines.
Railroad brochures touted the Ozarks as some of the finest apple country this side of the Allegheny Mountains, but at just a fraction of the price. Washington and Benton counties – from about 1890 until about 1930 when the double whammy of the coddling moth and the Dust Bowl drought ravaged the industry – had the highest concentration of apple trees as anywhere in the United States.
According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture the apple blossom was championed by Love Barton, the head of the Searcy chapter of the Arkansas Floral Emblem Society. White County has been a hotbed of horticultural production throughout much of Arkansas history, and many of the 400 apple clones being grown in the state at the time were likely grown there.
Though other floral emblems were proposed including the passion vine and cotton, Ms. Barton's lobbying efforts which culminated with a visit to the Statehouse just before the vote with a bushel of polished Arkansas-grown apples clinched the deal.
Arkansas was the 12th state in the nation to select a state flower. Considering all the mischief elected officials can create, selecting a floral symbol seems like a relatively harmless undertaking. But what fomented the foundation of an Arkansas Chapter of the Floral Emblem Society?
Flags, seals and other associated symbols of nationalism are important in establishing a tribal identity. The bald eagle was selected as our national emblem in 1782 but at that time the fledgling national lawmakers saw no need to select a national flower, tree, mineral, insect, soil and all the other things state legislatures have since seen fit to elevate to statewide recognition.
The state flower movement, which eventually spread to other items, began as a largely women's movement to select a national flower. It began in the 1880s in with Victorian zeal and lots of poetry espousing the virtues of Mayflower or Trailing Arbutus, the first flower the Pilgrims saw when they landed at Plymouth Rock.
However, selecting a national flower is a tricky thing. To many of the wholly male-elected officials of the time, a floral symbol should be easily recognized in all parts of the country, it should be native to the country and, just for good measure, should be economically important.
The focus of the efforts to select a national floral symbol revolved around the 1893 Chicago World's Fair where, just coincidentally, Arkansas apples won blue ribbons. Also, the Floral Emblem Society was founded in Chicago and had a presence at the Fair. Somewhere about this time the Society got the idea that if states could select floral symbols, then this might grease the skids to get a national flower.
Oklahoma, while still a territory, became the first to select a state flower as they were simultaneously preparing their Territorial Seal and getting ready for an exhibit at the World's Fair. The ladies of the state supported – for some reason not abundantly clear to this native Oklahoman – the white berries of the mistletoe as their official flower. A month later Minnesota adopted the ladyslipper orchid as its state flower.
The drive to name a national flower languished for decades but finally in 1986 Ronald Regan signed legislation naming the rose as our national flower. During the late 19th century, the rose was deemed unworthy of recognition because it is not native and those danged Brits had already chosen it.
By: Gerald Klingaman, retired
Extension Horticulturist - Ornamentals
Extension News - April 11, 2014
The University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture does not maintain lists of retail outlets where these plants can be purchased. Please check your local nursery or other retail outlets to ask about the availability of these plants for your growing area.


The Australia House, Japan competition was to design a building that could function as a residence, atelier, community centre and exhibition space for up to six Australian artists. It is located in the mountainous and rural Echigo - Tsumari region of Japan where they have up to 5 metres of snow and hot, humid summers.
It all had to be done for a very tight budget and in under 130 sqm. Our building employs ways of layering skins to create multiple spatial zones for the six artists to inhabit and exhibit within. An outer skin of transparent polycarbonate holds back the snow and lights up like a beacon when the building is partially buried. In the summer months the building opens up and the spaces spill onto a large open area for working, community gathering and exhibiting.