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Frontiers in Marine Science
Ocean Observation
Juliet Hermes
South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa
Thomas G. Bornman
Isabel Sousa Pinto
Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
Introduction and Rationale
Research Infrastructures: What They Are and Why We Need Them
Monitoring Extreme Events: Current Status of the Ocean
Lessons Learned and Advantages of a New Integrated Approach
Challenges and Future Needs
Front. Mar. Sci., 18 March 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.626668
The Importance of Marine Research Infrastructures in Capturing Processes and Impacts of Extreme Events
Nadia Lo Bue1,2*, Mairi M. R. Best2,3, Davide Embriaco1,2, Dilumie Abeysirigunawardena4, Laura Beranzoli1,2, Richard K. Dewey4, Paolo Favali2, Ming Feng5, Martin Heesemann4, Ulpu Leijala6, Diarmuid Ó'Conchubhair7, Martin Scherwath4, Enrico Scoccimarro8 and Thomas Wernberg9,10
1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
2European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column Observatory, European Reseach Infrastructure Consortium, Rome, Italy
3Consultant, Sudbury, ON, Canada
4Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
5Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, WA, Australia
6Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
7Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
8Fondazione Centro euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Lecce, Italy
9UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
10Norwegian Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
Extreme events have long been underestimated in the extent to which they shape the surface of our planet, our environment, its ecological integrity, and the sustainability of human society. Extreme events are by definition rarely observed, of significant impact and, as a result of their spatiotemporal range, not always easily predicted. Extremes may be short-term catastrophic events such as tsunamis, or long-term evolving events such as those linked to climate change; both modify the environment, producing irreversible changes or regime shifts. Whatever the driver that triggers the extreme event, the damages are often due to a combination of several processes and their impacts can affect large areas with secondary events (domino effect), whose effects in turn may persist well beyond the duration of the trigger event itself. Early studies of extreme events were limited to opportunistic approaches: observations were made within the context of naturally occurring events with high societal impact. Given that climate change is now moving us out of a relatively static climate regime during the development of human civilization, extreme events are now a function of underlying climate shifts overlain by catastrophic processes. Their impacts are often due to synergistic factors, all relevant in understanding process dynamics; therefore, an integrated methodology has become essential to enhance the reliability of new assessments and to develop strategies to mitigate societal impacts. Here we summarize the current state of extreme event monitoring in the marine system, highlighting the advantages of a multidisciplinary approach using Research Infrastructures for providing the temporal and spatial resolution required to monitor Earth processes and enhance assessment of associated impacts.
Extreme events have always represented some of the most serious environmental challenges affecting human society. The history of the Earth is marked by extreme events that radically change the face of our planet. Future scenarios indicate an increase in extreme events, both in intensity and in frequency (Albeverio et al., 2005). However, information about causes and development of these phenomena is mostly from the historical/geological records. Models assessing future global impacts still do not properly integrate this longer-term knowledge (Plag, 2014). This blind spot exists for two major reasons: (1) The development of human culture, including scientific understanding of our planet, has developed during a particularly calm period in Earth's history, the mid-late Holocene (Wanner et al., 2008), and (2) Science tends to focus on understanding environmentally complex processes through the observation of their mean and 'standard' variability over human timescales (years to decades). Our assessments also tend to be reductionist, without taking into account interactions with other parts of the Earth system.
The impacts of discrete extreme events can be exacerbated through a complex feedback of cause and effect (domino effects), producing regional to global repercussions that threaten vast populated areas. Recent natural disasters, such as hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Sandy (2012), the Sumatra earthquake and subsequent Indian Ocean tsunami (2004), the Haiyan typhoon (2013), and the heat wave affecting western Europe (2003) have highlighted large knowledge gaps in extreme event generation, evolution, and impact. The domino effect is often either underestimated or neglected in risk assessment (Figure 1), and as a result, modern society is often unprepared/vulnerable to both sudden and slow-motion extreme events (Plag et al., 2015). The submarine Tohoku earthquake (March 2011) provides a good example of how the domino effect can induce further dangerous hazards. For example, the ground-shaking induced by the large energy release during the Tohoku earthquake (M > 9.0) was responsible for only part of the recorded losses. The worst impacts were caused by the displacement of the seafloor that generated a powerful tsunami; its resulting flood contributed to spreading the radioactive Fukushima waste over a significant area, contaminating both land and ocean with several severe long-term consequences (Nakayachi and Nagaya, 2016).
Figure 1. A simplified example of the complexity and multiple interactions of extreme events, showing influences which may generate domino effects. The line of the extreme events embeds only the examples treated in this work, taking into account the potential induced side effects. Global Warming is here represented as a macro category (in yellow) in which different processes contribute to its effects and which, in turn, act as positive feedback enhancing the occurrence of extreme events.
Remaining gaps in the assessment criteria of the impacts associated with extreme events, as well as the need to better understand potential domino effects, introduce a new fundamental requirement that only recently has been raised: a holistic approach, integrating several scientific disciplines worldwide, is required to address the challenge of understanding extreme events. Multidisciplinary long-term monitoring is needed to improve knowledge of the complex interactions among different processes and their interrelated damage potential. Science and technology have started to provide significant contributions to long-term, high-resolution observations and monitoring before, during, and after the occurrence of extreme events, enhancing forecast capability, particularly over the very-short-term (Albeverio et al., 2005). Nevertheless, earth observation systems have often been set up with different mandates and their integrated use in the monitoring and assessment of the impacts of extreme events can, at times, be difficult. Standardization and interoperability are key for understanding the mechanisms that govern complex and highly interconnected processes such as extreme events. Research Infrastructures (see below for definition, hereafter referred as RIs) offer a unique opportunity to get continuous and integrated observations, fostering interdisciplinary cooperation across global networks. Long-term, high-resolution data, released by RI systems worldwide, allow multidisciplinary monitoring of key points in which it is crucial to understand the temporal variability of ongoing dynamics and bring a better assessment of risk and impact of extreme events. This information is essential not only to document the evolution of known tipping points but also to support knowledge about when, where, and why new tipping points may occur.
Due to the complexity encompassing all aspects that govern extreme events, this paper intentionally focuses on marine events, given that processes that lead to the latter are often intrinsically connected throughout the whole Earth system. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the knowledge to date, through examples of marine extreme events, illustrating the advantages of multidisciplinary and distributed approaches of the RIs to better understand and solve processes, impacts, and forecasting risks.
Environmental grand challenges have pushed decision-makers and scientific communities to jointly deploy strategies for environmental management and societal resilience using approaches and tools more suitable to the dimension and evolution of the changes. The establishment of RIs is widely recognized to be fundamental for excellent science and to support strategies and policies for impact mitigation. The term 'Research Infrastructure' is broadly used in Europe, where they are the core of strategic European Community Research and Innovation Programs (European Commission, 2010, April). However, as the terminology is less used outside Europe, this can sometimes hinder international cooperation due to the inability to recognize the counterpart. In spite of taxonomic discrepancies, RIs basically have common features based on three major items: (i) complex facilities, (ii) broad range of staff expertise (from technical to scientific to managerial), (iii) capability of high-quality data access and service provision to scientific users and to other stakeholders, supporting education, new knowledge, and innovation. According to whether RI resources (e.g., facilities, staff) are concentrated in a unique place or are geographically spread over large regions, RIs are classified as 'single-site' or 'distributed.' In the environmental science sector, existing RIs are naturally distributed, since the mission is the long-term observation of natural processes by collecting long time-series of measurements and aggregating data to form national, regional, and global scale integrated information. RIs of international interest have been established by trans-national cooperation of research organizations supported by their respective funding agencies. Research organizations have leveraged their network building capability to complement, interoperate and integrate infrastructures. Whether RIs are single-site or distributed, they must have strong coordination and perform as a hub of competencies. In Europe, some RIs of international interest have acquired a legal status (e.g., European Research Infrastructure Consortium - ERIC) with independent governance in order to optimize the coordination and use of the resources. The development of RIs has clear advantages in terms of the optimization of the use of resources and standardization of processes, and in terms of strengthened capability of replying to specific policy and socio-economic needs.
The study of extreme events is a relatively new focus in the entire field of environmental research. Early studies of extreme events were primarily limited to observations made within the context of naturally occurring events. With the evolution of climate change, there has been increasing awareness that extremes are important drivers of contemporary and future ecosystem dynamics. Extending beyond the resilience of a system, extremes can produce large and persistent effects at the level of species, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, monitoring becomes an indispensable tool in understanding the evolution of these complex dynamics and consequently in enhancing the possibility of calibrating more reliable predictive models.
Although the panorama of extreme events is wide, various, and interconnected, here only some examples related to extremes in the marine environment will be treated. These examples do not encompass all aspects of extreme processes in the Earth system, but rather to provide examples emphasizing the need for progressing toward new synergic methodologies to face global challenges, and how RIs can significantly support this approach.
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have received great attention in the research community in recent years due to their high impact on marine ecosystems and the services humans derive from them (Frölicher and Laufkötter, 2018; Smale et al., 2019). MHWs originate from an interplay between atmospheric and oceanographic processes which unfold on time scales from days to decades, and in many cases are associated with the dominant mode of climate variability (Holbrook et al., 2019).
While atmospheric heatwaves are well-known (Perkins and Alexander, 2012), and infamous for their devastating impacts on nature and human well-being (Coumou and Rahmstorf, 2012), it is much less appreciated that heat waves also occur in the oceans with similarly dire consequences. This fundamental difference in understanding can be attributed to the high density of data from land based weather stations and human observations, and the lack of equivalent data in the oceans. MHWs are defined as discrete events of anomalous warming in a particular marine region, and they represent a major knowledge gap of serious concern (Hobday et al., 2016; Frölicher and Laufkötter, 2018; Smale et al., 2019). This is exactly what happened in the summer of 2003, when a record-breaking MHW around Europe caused mass mortality in benthic ecosystems across thousands of kilometers of coastline in the NW Mediterranean, where sea surface temperatures reached 1–3°C above climate values (mean and maximum) (Garrabou et al., 2009).
Similarly, the event of 2011, dubbed the Ningaloo Niño (Feng et al., 2013), unfolded over ∼4 months affecting ∼2,000 km of coastline in southwestern Australia (Pearce and Feng, 2013; Wernberg et al., 2013). At its peak, water temperature anomalies exceeded +6°C and were higher than any record in at least 140 years of recorded history (Wernberg et al., 2013). The event was associated with an unseasonably strong Leeuwin Current (a poleward-flowing eastern boundary current) and an anomalous air-sea heat flux (Feng et al., 2013; Benthuysen et al., 2014). As the MHW was unfolding, there were numerous observations of species well outside their normal ranges, as well as mortality events of invertebrates, fishes and birds (Pearce et al., 2011). The extreme temperatures of the MHW caused severe destruction of habitat-forming species, with unprecedented severe coral bleaching (Moore et al., 2012), mass die-off of seagrasses (Hyndes et al., 2016), and collapse of kelp forests along hundreds of kilometers of coastline (Wernberg et al., 2016).
A significant ocean warming event occurred in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) between 2014 and 2016. The arrival of anomalously warm water in November 2014 occurred as the Aleutian Low and down-welling winds were re-established, with peak temperatures over 1.5°C above any prior values (Figure 2A). The warm conditions penetrated deep into the coastal inland seas along British Columbia, where they persisted for nearly 3 years (Figure 2B). In the Gulf of Alaska, peak anomalies were over 2°C above average, nearly four standard deviations above the mean (Bond et al., 2015; Barth et al., 2018).
Figure 2. Panel (A) shows NE Pacific temperature and salinity data from Folger Passage (100 m depth off the west coast of Vancouver Island) from 2010 to 2018, recorded by the NEPTUNE cabled observatory of Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) (Ocean Networks Canada Data Archive, 2019a). Panel (B) shows Salish Sea temperature and salinity data from Saanich Inlet (100 m) from 2010 to 2018, recorded by the VENUS cabled observatory of Ocean Networks Canada (Ocean Networks Canada Data Archive, 2019b). Both figures reveal strong annual cycles and abnormally warm conditions persisting throughout 2015–2017.
Extreme MHWs are often associated with anomalous global and/or regional climate variability. For example, an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high, a particularly strong La Niña, and a particularly weak Aleutian Low were the dominant drivers of the 2003 Mediterranean Sea MHW, the 2011 Western Australia MHW, and the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific MHW, respectively (Garrabou et al., 2009; Feng et al., 2013; Bond et al., 2015).
Globally, the incidence of extreme ocean temperatures has been increasing over recent decades (Lima and Wethey, 2012); recent analyses show there has been a doubling in the global average of MHW days over the past century, largely as a consequence of increasing mean global ocean temperatures (Oliver et al., 2018), at least partially attributed to anthropogenic climate change. MHWs are rapidly emerging worldwide as a major threat to marine ecosystems (Figure 3). The vulnerability of marine ecosystems to MHWs depends not only on the duration and magnitude of the extreme event, but also on the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of each ecosystem to these events (Hobday et al., 2016). The Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has established a multi-disciplinary marine observation network at key coastal locations around Australia, which has played a crucial role in capturing the evolution of the 2011 MHW event, as well as the recent 2016 event (Feng et al., 2013; Benthuysen et al., 2014). Similarly, Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) and the Ocean Observing Initiative (OOI) have captured MHWs in the NE Pacific using both fixed and mobile platforms (Bond et al., 2015; Barth et al., 2018).
Figure 3. Summary of prominent recent marine heat waves that are documented and analyzed in the literature (Frölicher and Laufkötter, 2018).
To date, the majority of studies conducted on MHWs have been based on Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data (Holbrook et al., 2019), due to the predominance of satellite data in Earth observation. MHWs have a close relationship with several oceanographic phenomena with long and predictable lead up times, therefore they may have some predictability in some regions (Holbrook et al., 2020). However, at present there is limited ability to predict the effects of MHWs on the future of marine ecosystems due to the lack of adequate long-term observations of biodiversity in most oceans matching physical observations. Multidisciplinary marine observing systems and event-based sampling, combined with remote sensing data streams, are key RIs to monitor the future occurrences of MHWs in these ocean hotspots and develop regional adaptation strategies.
Tropical cyclones (TCs), in their most intense expression as hurricanes or typhoons depending on the region, are well known extreme events. TC effects contribute to annual worldwide damage in the order of billions of dollars and a death toll of thousands of people (Pielke et al., 2008; Mendelsohn et al., 2012).
The destructive effects of TCs are mainly caused by three factors: strong winds, extreme precipitation and storm surges. Tropical storms are closely coupled with warm sea surface temperature, and extreme MHW events in the tropical-subtropical oceans are often associated with coupled responses in the ocean-atmosphere system (Holbrook et al., 2019). One example is the increase in the coupling between sea surface temperature and precipitation anomalies off the northwest Australia region, where the Ningaloo Niño MHW originates, due to global warming and in response to decadal climate variations in the Pacific (Doi et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2015). Off the Western Australian coast, TCs tend to migrate into subtropical latitudes during strong MHW events. A huge improvement in our knowledge of TC distribution development has been introduced with the satellite era thanks to the Dvorak technique (Dvorak, 1975, 1984). The current scientific challenge is to improve TC forecast. Different approaches are applied to forecast TCs at different time scales. On the short time scale, an important role is played by observational systems such as radiosondes, coastal weather radars and reconnaissance flights, also due to their contribution in providing the detailed initial environmental state description necessary for modeling TC development. A recent work (Scoccimarro et al., 2018) demonstrated the importance of the subsurface temperature in modulating TC activity on seasonal time scales, specifically its fundamental role of monitoring of the eastern Atlantic sector (in red in Figure 4). Moving from short to seasonal and even longer time scales, an important role is played by the ocean since the main source of energy for TC development resides in this "compartment" of the climate system. For this reason, the development of fully coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models and Regional Models, started in the 90s, improved our ability to determine future potential TC number and intensity months in advance (Vecchi et al., 2011; Villarini and Vecchi, 2013). The two main approaches to dynamically model TCs from a climate perspective, thus at the longer time scale, are through hurricane models and climate models (Scoccimarro, 2016). Both classes of models evaluate the numerical equations governing the climate system, but in a different framework. A hurricane model is designed to simulate the behavior of a TC, representing the detailed time evolution of the vortex needing boundary conditions provided by the observational data-set or dynamical model outputs. On the other hand, General Circulation Models (GCMs) with sufficiently high horizontal resolution (tens of kilometers, therefore requiring a great deal of computational power), can directly simulate TC formation and development. GCMs are also used to provide ocean and atmospheric reanalysis data sets where observational data are embedded mainly using data assimilation techniques. This kind of product increases the spatial and temporal resolution of available observational datasets, and is utilized for many different scientific endeavors such as the investigation of the relationship between TCs and climate at different time scales. Obviously the quality of re-analysis products strongly depends on the amount and quality of in situ observations. The usage of fully coupled models consider the relationship between the ocean (surface and subsurface) and the atmosphere under TC conditions (Scoccimarro et al., 2011, 2017). Previous errors in representing TC intensity, resulting from the lack of coupling, were compensated for by errors in underestimated core low pressure due to coarse atmospheric resolution. The observing systems supporting development and implementation of data assimilation systems (Levy et al., 2010) are important elements for forecasting, tracking, and managing risk during hurricane season.
Figure 4. The role of sub-surface ocean temperature in modulating Atlantic Tropical Cyclones (TC): correlations between September Accumulated Cyclone Energy over the Atlantic Ocean and July ocean temperature. (A) High correlations (red pattern) appear not only over the TC main development region (solid black box), but also over the remote region (dotted black box). In fact, ocean temperature also affects Atlantic TC genesis through the modulation of trade winds: a high temperature over the Eastern Atlantic (dotted black box) induces a lower wind shear in the TC genesis region, thus more pronounced TC activity. (B) Considering the subsurface ocean temperature (0–40 m, -T040), instead of the only surface temperature [(B) shows difference between T040 and SST correlations with ACE] as a TC activity predictor, improves our ability to forecast Tropical Cyclones on a seasonal time scale (red pattern). In particular, high quality measurement of June–August ocean temperatures is fundamental for the prediction of September TC activity (Scoccimarro et al., 2018).
Today, extensive ocean observing programs such as Argo, IOOS, and GOOS (see Table 1), include a wide range of different marine technologies (e.g., Argo floats, drift and moored buoys, gliders, XBTs), to monitor surface and subsurface ocean conditions, continuously improving ocean (re-)analysis final products.
Table 1. Acronym list of RIs and international programs committed to ocean strategies.
Extreme Sea Levels
Extreme sea levels, caused by storm surges, currents, tides and waves have a major impact on densely populated and quickly developing coastal regions around the world. Predicting future extreme sea levels requires knowledge of sea level phenomena that take place at both short and long temporal scales. Once a critical mean sea level threshold is exceeded by long-term sea level rise due to global warming, the economic, human, and ecological costs of even a small increase in extreme sea levels is much higher for coastal communities in low lying areas (IPCC, 2007a, b).
Mean sea level (MSL) is a function of the volume of water in the ocean, plus changes in shape of the ocean basins due to effects of uplift and subsidence. MSL has been relatively stable through the mid-late Holocene (Wanner et al., 2008), such that it has been used as a datum from which to measure elevation on land as our human cultures have developed. However, this stable datum is upset by a number of processes unleashed by climate change. Due to global warming, the combination of glacial melting and seawater thermal expansion, global MSL rise was 1.4 mm/year from 1901 to 1990, increasing to 3.6 mm/year from 2005 to 2015 (IPCC SROCC, 2019). During recent years, knowledge of major ice sheets has significantly increased due to in situ, airborne, and satellite observational platforms and techniques (Vaughan et al., 2013). However, the response of ice sheets (particularly Greenland and West Antarctica) to changing climate is complex, and causes major uncertainties in the global sea level rise projections to the end of the 21st century and beyond. Recent studies, using Argo float data in conjunction with ship-based observations, show that most regions of the world ocean are warmer in the near-surface layer than in previous decades (by over 1°C in some locations, Roemmich and Gilson, 2009), confirming that heat storage within the climate system occurs predominantly in the ocean (Church et al., 2013). It is expected that global MSL rise will increase coastal flooding occurrences for all RCPs (IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways): extreme sea level events that have been experienced rarely will become usual by the end of the 21st century (IPCC SROCC, 2019). This evidence highlights the need for observations using different platforms and at different spatial and temporal ranges (Cazenave et al., 2019). A near-global monitoring of temporal and spatial variability of temperature and salinity is now possible thanks to the widespread use of technologies such as Argo floats and fixed-point sensors in the upper 2000 m. Although the Argo data has substantially contributed toward improving the estimation of the observed thermal expansion component of global mean sea level rise (Church et al., 2013), recent awareness of the importance of including the dynamics of deep layers (>2000 m) in modeling the ocean thermodynamic state has encouraged new monitoring strategies (such as Deep Argos and cabled systems).
However, MSL rise is not the only driver of extreme sea levels, as statistically significant, regionally coherent linear trends and correlations with large-scale climate patterns have been discovered in extreme events after excluding MSL (Abeysirigunawardena, 2010; Marcos and Woodworth, 2017). Extreme sea levels are generally a superposition of low frequency average sea level variations and high frequency sea level fluctuations. In many instances, the highest and often most hazardous sea levels are caused by simultaneous high frequency phenomena, such as tidal oscillations accompanied by sea level variations due to meteorological induced surge component (Abeysirigunawardena, 2010; Wahl et al., 2012), wave–current interactions (Wolf and Prandle, 1999; Saruwatari et al., 2013), or the joint effect of sea level variations and wind waves (Figure 5) (Masina et al., 2015; Leijala et al., 2018). Rapid change in air-pressure followed by air-sea interaction above the sea surface may also result in a fast-paced and hazardous sea level phenomenon, a meteotsunami or atmospherically induced tsunami wave (Monserrat et al., 2006), which has raised a lot of interest in the sea level science community during the recent decade. Wave attenuation can also change with rising MSL. For example, reefal nearshore seafloors may provide less wave attenuation as MSL outstrips the rate at which the reef can grow, leading to more of the erosive energy reaching the shoreline and beyond during extreme sea level events such as storms (Elliff and Silva, 2017). Therefore, in addition to predicting the development of average sea level, accurate continuous real-time monitoring and full utilization of high frequency sea level records is equally important for supporting coastal safety. Early warning systems for extreme sea level events are widely used nowadays (IPCC SROCC, 2019). High frequency, multivariate time series data contribute to developing more accurate warning systems and predictions of extreme sea levels via both statistical and mathematical modeling of extremes.
Figure 5. A storm recorded by bottom pressure sensors, March 2–5, 2011, at Folger Deep (100 m, dark blue) and Pinnacle (25 m, light blue) sites, NEPTUNE Observatory, Ocean Networks Canada, NE Pacific (see Folger Passage map). Data shows both tidal (low frequency) and storm (moderate to high frequency) pressure changes. Plot and map from Ocean Networks Canada Data Archive (2021).
Furthermore, investigations related to extreme sea levels and associated risks need to look beyond climatic means. Many studies suggest that decadal to inter-decadal changes in sea level, driven by large scale atmospheric circulation regimes, play a significant role in the timing and magnitude of extreme sea levels (Abeysirigunawardena, 2010). As such, decadal to inter-decadal climate variability is fundamental to explaining the changing frequency and intensity of extreme oceanic and atmospheric environmental variables at regional to local scales (e.g., Allan and Komar, 2006; Abeysirigunawardena et al., 2009). In addition, RIs may complement traditional databases (i.e., single point, low resolution, single variable) and help in detecting the compound extreme sea level events, since RIs are multivariable platforms monitoring both atmospheric and oceanographic variables. Expanding large scale RIs together with deployment of a wide array of autonomous instruments could be a way forward, contributing to better prediction, detection, and understanding of spatio/temporal distribution of extreme sea level events in the future.
Underwater Earthquakes and Tsunamis
The main human perception of the danger of earthquakes relates to the shaking destruction of buildings and infrastructure; however, underwater earthquakes such as megathrust events in subduction zones (the largest earthquakes with moment magnitude Mw > 9) typically trigger large-scale catastrophic events such as tsunamis. Tsunamis are a series of long water waves, generated by the vertical displacement of water due to underwater earthquakes, landslides or slumps, volcanic eruptions, meteorological events, glacial calvings, meteorites, and artificial explosions. Their impact on coastal areas may cause violent flooding, jeopardizing coastal communities.
90–95% of all tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes (Keim, 2006; Wang and Tréhu, 2016). Two of the most prominent recent examples of extreme earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis are the 2004 Mw = 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman (e.g., Lay et al., 2005) and the 2011 Mw = 9.1 Tohoku-Oki (Ide et al., 2011; Mori et al., 2011) events. The 2004 disaster had the largest number of fatalities, 227,898 confirmed deaths in 14 countries, mostly from the subsequent Indian Ocean tsunami; the 2011 event had the highest associated costs of any natural disaster to date, estimated at US$210 billion (Wood and Bourque, 2018).
The evolution of tsunami warning systems began in the 1940s with a local tsunami warning system in Japan based on earthquake detection. This was followed by a distant tsunami warning system in the United States based on tide gauges. Up to the 2004 Sumatra event, the tsunami warning systems remained earthquake-centered, with forecasts of flooding based on earthquake information only, resulting in inaccurate warnings (both overestimates - false alarms- and underestimates).
In contrast to early weather warning, which is now improved by global satellite observation coverage and other weather monitoring and prediction systems, earthquake unpredictability and the speed of wave propagation make earthquake and tsunami warning one of our greatest challenges. Large dense land seismic networks enabling earthquake detection are well established worldwide. Early earthquake detection in submarine subduction zones can be beneficial for estimating the likelihood of a tsunami threat, therefore the integration of offshore data that can be provided by marine infrastructures is important (Allen and Melgar, 2019). The added value in integrating other multidisciplinary ocean data (such as bottom pressure, acoustic data, magnetic measurements, etc.) consists of supporting a better definition of a tsunami event and its related warning, but is also crucial for catching tsunamis triggered by non-seismic events.
Reliable tsunami early detection requires installation and long-term maintenance of ocean monitoring networks with robust real-time data transmission. These features need state-of-art technology whose cost has limited the prevalence of trustworthy early warning systems. Despite these difficulties, tsunami detection and warning protocols now operate in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. Onshore seismic networks are still widely used to trigger a tsunami warning, but affordability and availability of underwater electro-optical cables serving seafloor observatories (Figure 6), equipped with seismometers and Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPRs), can improve the number of successful warnings (e.g., Ruhl et al., 2011; Chierici et al., 2012), representing a valid contribution to increase the global coverage of marine data for better estimation of tsunami propagation. The main ongoing initiatives are in Canada (ONC), United States (OOI), Japan (DONET), and in Europe (EMSO) (see Table 1) (Favali et al., 2010, 2015; Best et al., 2014).
Figure 6. The sketch depicts how combining onshore and offshore sensor networks [e.g., underwater cables equipped with seismometers and Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPRs)] at coastal hazard zones such as the subduction zone offshore Canada depicted here increase event detection reliability and warning time. (Image courtesy of Ocean Networks Canada).
Warning reliability is fundamental to obtain and maintain people's trust, and consequently appropriate preparedness and behavior. However, this reliability is based on early recognition of the true potential of damaging earthquakes and tsunamis, demanding appropriate measurement equipment, reliable real-time data transmission from underwater observatories, and tested robust real-time data processing methodologies and models. For near-field tsunamis, the reliable computation of the tsunami propagation and inundation may also take advantage of long-term operation of GPS buoys in shallower (<400 m) coastal waters, tide stations at the coasts and, most importantly, a series of national tsunami warning centers to process the data and inform local authorities who then notify the population (Barnard and Titov, 2015). The global coverage of marine sensors useful for tsunami hazard detection may also increase thanks to the ongoing Smart Cable Initiative, which is proposing to use telecommunication cables to densely disseminate devices on the ocean floor, thanks to cooperation with telecommunication companies (Howe et al., 2019).
Different RIs provide new services for addressing the need to protect important assets in our communities. For example, detailed inundation maps are essential for harbor activities in hazardous zones, tsunami induced current velocity forecasts can also be crucial for the protection of offshore oil terminals.
As the global coastal population grows and thus the number of potential fatalities increases, it is also of increased importance to improve effective warning by: (1) research and accurate digital elevation models for processing tsunami propagation; (2) education about the threat and appropriate behavior; (3) clear warning communication that will neither cause panic, nor confusion, nor a false sense of safety; (4) international cooperation in support of developing countries, whole ocean warning systems and establishing international standards.
Lorentz's Butterfly Effect (Lorenz, 1972), according to which small perturbations (in the atmosphere) can cause enormous (climate) changes, suggests that studying different components as synergistically as possible can be crucial to fully understanding the cause and effect paradigm governing natural systems. From a methodological point of view, not all extreme events can be studied using the same methods, nor can be observed with the same ease. Indeed, the rarer the event, the fewer cases to evaluate, the smaller the scale, the more difficult the analysis; both observational and model limitations must be considered. Regardless of scientific development, the financial and logistical commitment necessary to adequately face global challenges, such as those of extreme events, exceeds the capacity of individual countries. Therefore, strong collaborations are needed across key sectors and following a common roadmap. Indeed, since no single RI can cover the whole complexity of global marine processes, worldwide distributed networks are needed to develop an integrated approach, to span disciplines, temporal and spatial scales, continuous observations, interactions, and changes in the Earth-ocean system. RIs, by offering research services for wide user groups and developing new world-class research environments, are key agents for advancing the cross-usage of scientific information, knowledge and technologies. The interoperability between RIs engaged in different domains allows us to tackle global challenges transversely, effectively monitoring key processes. RIs can often move beyond specific domains of competence; for example, IMOS was not set up to monitor TC events, however, has improved knowledge of such events and provided real-time data for the scientific and emergency response communities. Furthermore, the integration of IMOS RI coastal mooring and ocean glider observations with satellite sea surface temperature records (Feng et al., 2013; Benthuysen et al., 2014) played a crucial role in capturing the 2011 and 2016 MHW events in Australia. Likewise, distributed multidisciplinary RIs, such as EMSO, ONC, and OOI, provide useful information for making more accurate predictions of extreme sea level through long term, high resolution, real-time environmental measurements (sea levels via bottom pressures gauges, sea temperature and ocean salinity via CTDs, and waves and currents via ADCPs). In order to further expand spatial resolution ONC has implemented a concept named "Smart Oceans," where small scale public –private partnerships are installed in remote locations to monitor the ocean real time at high frequency1. Data integration from different marine RIs is also essential in understanding tsunami generation mechanisms, addressing the need to integrate data from different observation points in the open ocean and thus contributing to the reliability of early warning services. The case of the Mediterranean Sea represents a striking example: existing RIs (e.g., EMSO) supply the open sea observations which will integrate with currently used information (earthquake detections, supported by coastal tide gauges) on which tsunami warnings are based in that area, thus contributing to increased reliability of warning services.
One of the main prerequisites for an RI's success is its ability to be sustainable over the long term and over a wide spatial distribution, making it an excellent tool for addressing study and monitoring of extreme marine processes.
The need to predict and estimate the extent of extreme events, and to know how they could evolve through complex interactions, is crucial to assess the short-and long-term risks in vulnerable areas. Understanding and quantifying the complex mechanisms governing these processes and their possible interactions is a primary requirement for developing adequate mitigation and adaptation actions for data-based decision making.
In the past, several issues in assessing natural events have been encountered due to the lack of adequately dense networks collecting high-resolution in situ data. In the age of satellite technology, observation of the Earth's surface has achieved very high resolution. Many observing networks (GEO, GEOSS, GOOS, OceanSITES, see Table 1) invest in monitoring key scientific variables over long periods of time with adequate time resolution, but building and maintaining globally distributed observation networks, as well as the integration of data and services produced, still represents a major challenge for remote areas such as the deep ocean.
Marine extreme events demand the most robust ocean observing systems, building cross-disciplinary partnerships. Indeed, complex environmental questions require the combination of data and sustained long-term observations from different RIs. Long term infrastructures, rather than short term projects, are key to capturing the nature and rates of change regimes. This is essential to identify and monitor tipping points worldwide and get information on how the natural system is irreversibly changing, influencing the evolution of extreme events and allowing us to predict and respond to these changes. While continuous monitoring and development of long term time series via RIs are important, it is also equally important to spatially expand them to arrive at better spatial data coverage (both in latitude and longitude and in depth). A further crucial aspect concerns data provision; most RIs are currently committed to provide FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) and quality certified data. The achievement of FAIR data is, however, a big challenge that requires convergence toward the adoption of common best-practices and standards beyond the individual peculiarities of the RIs. Nevertheless, pursuing the objective of FAIR data strengthens RIs capacity to serve their users and support international collaboration, while lowering the barriers between research disciplines. Developing and fostering RI connections at an international level represents an element of strong innovation in the organization of scientific activity, the promotion of advanced training for young scientists, and the stimulation of knowledge transfer to the economy and society. RIs support transversal cooperation with data and services for science, industry, communication, policy, and data management. This enhances the strengths of the research system worldwide and answers society's need to get more accurate and timely information to inform policy and mitigation decisions concerning extreme events (Ruhl et al., 2011). Several infrastructures are already engaged in improving the cooperation network for in situ observations at a global scale across disciplines (e.g., Argo, EMSO, DONET, SAEON, IMOS, MACHO, ECSSOS, ONC, OOI, ICOS, see Table 1), investing considerable efforts in building common protocols, shared standards, and data harmonization to ensure dataset comparability (Figure 7). The interest at a global scale in enhancing common strategies and programs is supported by several Memoranda of Understanding among international counterparts. This is the case between EMSO and ONC, intensifying joint efforts to deliver high-quality, continuous data for addressing marine Global Challenges.
Figure 7. Map of ocean long term observatories for in situ observations at a global scale across marine disciplines.
A more coherent, interdisciplinary, and interoperable cluster of European environmental Research Infrastructures has arisen from several EC projects, establishing the ENVRI community. ENVRI fosters cooperation, shares best practices, and harmonizes services in order to create new synergies and establish technical preconditions for a successful implementation of a virtual hub capable of fully integrated new services. The ability to adequately monitor and understand extreme events lies in the possibility of being able to draw on distributed, multidisciplinary and intercomparable data. Data portals such as EMODnet represent an important gateway for harmonized European marine data and facilitate the interdisciplinary analysis required to improve warning of extreme events.
On a global scale, examples of intergovernmental organizations such as GEO/GEOSS, or WMO already represent entities proactively working to strengthen the integration among global surface observing systems, promoting broad and open data sharing. Given the benefits of cross-RI coordination seen at the European scale a global Forum for International cooperation among Environmental Research Infrastructures (FIERI) was proposed and supported in Brussels in November 20182. The main objective of FIERI is to facilitate communication and collaboration among Environmental RIs worldwide, through:
a) monitoring of environmental RI landscape for joint strategic opportunities to leverage strengths, address gaps, and share resources;
b) sharing guidelines and best practices for improving RI management, technology, and science;
c) proactive contributing to the main RI worldwide policies, initiatives and trends (e.g., policy from GSO G8 and from OECD, ESFRI, etc.);
d) influencing coordinated funding from different countries/participants for stimulating international cooperation among RIs.
The development and planning of new strategies for the observation of extreme events is very active at present and international coordination among Environmental RIs would make a tangible contribution. The RIs can represent reference guidance on best practices by including calibrations and inter-comparisons across the different RIs, promoting training, offering open access platforms to plan experiments with new technology and methodology, and by sharing documentation and resources.
Large observational gaps still persist particularly in South America, Africa, and South-East Asia. International mechanisms such as UNFCCC should support RI cooperation and development, especially in areas prone to the impact of extreme events. Coordination and cooperation among environmental RIs are required from a regional to a global scale, across disciplines, in order to improve the resolution with which we detect, understand, and increasingly warn of extreme events.
All authors contributed to the manuscript in multiple ways. NB designed the structure of this work, coordinated all contributions, made syntheses, and wrote many of the main sections of the document. MB contributed to writing the overall manuscript, synthesized, and did extensive editing. DE, PF, MS, and MH wrote the Underwater Earthquake and Tsunami section. UL and DA wrote the Extreme Sea Level section, with contributions from MB and DÓ'C. ES lead the section related to Tropical Cyclones with contributions from MF and TW. They also handled the section concerning Marine Heat Waves, to which RD contributed as well. LB provided contributions to the Research Infrastructure section.
MF was supported by the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) program. TW was funded by the Australian Research Council (DP170100023).
Thanks to the ONC graphics team for the earthquake early warning system image, and the map of Folger Passage.
^ https://oceannetworks.ca/innovation-centre/smart-ocean-systems
^ http://www.coop-plus.eu
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Keywords: marine extreme events, research infrastructures, multidisciplinary, monitoring, international cooperation, interoperability
Citation: Lo Bue N, Best MMR, Embriaco D, Abeysirigunawardena D, Beranzoli L, Dewey RK, Favali P, Feng M, Heesemann M, Leijala U, Ó'Conchubhair D, Scherwath M, Scoccimarro E and Wernberg T (2021) The Importance of Marine Research Infrastructures in Capturing Processes and Impacts of Extreme Events. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:626668. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.626668
Received: 06 November 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2021;
Published: 18 March 2021.
Juliet Hermes, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa
Thomas George Bornman, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa
Isabel Sousa Pinto, University of Porto, Portugal
Copyright © 2021 Lo Bue, Best, Embriaco, Abeysirigunawardena, Beranzoli, Dewey, Favali, Feng, Heesemann, Leijala, Ó'Conchubhair, Scherwath, Scoccimarro and Wernberg. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Nadia Lo Bue, nadia.lobue@ingv.it


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❄Snow Info
East Link Photo Tour (Part 1)
Posted on May 29, 2018 May 29, 2018 by Bruce Englehardt
The future site of Judkins Park Station
It's been just over two years since Sound Transit broke ground on East Link, the 14-mile light rail line that will funnel Eastside traffic into Downtown Seattle and points beyond. As promised last week, I've got more photographs and recommendations across the entire first phase (as the Downtown Redmond segment hasn't quite started), but will have to split this into two halves because of length. For this tour, I'll be showing stations from west to east, which is in reverse order from my personal preference.
Visiting all the East Link stations in one or two days is not quite as easy as Northgate (where the stations are all linked via a single bus route). I take my photos in batches divided by general region, usually starting east from Overlake and working my way back via bicycle or one of the local buses (the B Line or 226 in particular), but it can be just as easy to work your way west from Downtown Seattle along I-90.
To begin, we're starting at a station that will never see a Blue Line train: the humble Stadium station on the SODO Busway. Here, there are nice views of the sweeping highway ramps of I-90, including the former express lane offramp that will be retrofitted for use by East Link trains. The underside of the ramp now sports some scaffolding and stairs, in preparation for seismic retrofit work that will last until late 2020.
East Link's first outbound station, Judkins Park, is somewhat hard to photograph from close up but has some convenient hills and bridges that can be of use to photographers with a good zoom lens. A set of stairs at South Atlantic Street and 15th Avenue South has the best east-facing view of the future station, aligning with the lanes of I-90 and allowing a peek into the Mount Baker Tunnel. I recommend sticking around until a bus pulls up to the Rainier Freeway Station, as these shots will become impossible once the flyer stops close for demolition in September.
For an up-close shot, you can try your luck from the Mountains to Sound Greenway (aka the I-90 Trail), but the conditions are all around unpleasant: a fence blocks the view, the angle is awkward, and the noise and smell from cars whizzing by and below can be hard to stand for more than a minute.
Luckily, there's a good west-facing view just ahead on the trail: the top of the 23rd Avenue South lid, where the station's future east entrance will be (including murals of Jimi Hendrix and an excellent bus-to-rail transfer). To get a clear shot, one has to push away some small shrubs and walk in the dirt, as the sidewalk has an obstructed view. There's also a small paved viewpoint at the southwest corner, but it is hard to see from street level and is often occupied, so exercise caution.
There's one last view from the city to photograph before we can head over Lake Washington to the great beyond: the all-important floating bridge. Continuing east on the I-90 Trail and through its dedicated pedestrian/bicycle tunnel, you'll emerge just under the East Portal Viewpoint, a handsome park with a stellar view of the bridges and the Bellevue skyline in the distance. For the next few years, work on the bridge will be mostly out of sight, with seismic retrofits and pontoon post-tensioning taking place while the deck is left mostly undisturbed. The Portal Viewpoint will be the place to be when trains make their first test runs across the bridge, which is just over three to four years away.
Further uphill, you can get an even better view from one of the many side streets on Mount Baker Ridge, though they may be obstructed by trees and utility poles. If you turn around at 31st Avenue South, you can also get a nice view of Downtown Seattle's skyline from a small viewpoint park that also overlooks a vent for the Mount Baker Tunnel.
Our first proper stop on the Eastside is also the furthest along in visible construction: Mercer Island Station, in the median of I-90. Both entrances are on overpasses that have been conveniently stripped of their vegetation, leaving behind a clear, unobstructed view of the work below. The west entrance on 77th Avenue has already sprouted an elevator shaft, the very first on East Link so far, and stands out a bit like the monolith in Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey series, beckoning Mercer Islanders to shed their cars and evolve into regular transit riders. To the west of the station, the first rails for East Link will be delivered and installed within the next few months, well before any test trains will be able to run over them.
The east entrance is a bit further behind, but work on its elevator shaft and the maintenance rooms in the bowels of the station are well underway. From here, you can also get a better view of the station's sound walls, which will eventually be covered in ivy and other plants, to avoid sullying the eyes of the station's future patrons with its bare form.
Continuing onto the mainland Eastside, where property values are slightly lower and the transit service is much better (but still not great), the next East Link stop is its most isolated. The South Bellevue Station is really only accessible via Route 550 and Route 249, thankfully with good frequency on the former, and doesn't have an open sidewalk that connects it back to the rest of Bellevue. The station has been close behind Mercer Island in terms of progress, with plenty of columns arranged in neat rows, widening outward as they approach the future platform. A small parking lot meant for access to the Mercer Slough Trail allows pedestrians to walk under the future guideway and get a peek at the elevated columns.
Beyond South Bellevue, trains will dip into a trench running along the western edge of the Mercer Slough and under the now-closed Surrey Downs Park to East Main Station, right at the south end of Bellevue's short tunnel. There's some trenching work being done on 112th Avenue, but the lack of sidewalks and transit service makes it difficult to visit, and isn't of much interest until construction of the undercrossing at 15th Street begins later this year. Work at East Main Station is also in its early days, and the gates at the portal's sound/dust wall are often closed, so there isn't much to see here, unless you are willing to camp out and wait for the next dump truck to leave the tunnel.
The tunnel is, of course, inaccessible to the public (for now) and is a good place to stop this photo tour. In part two, we'll press onwards through Bellevue, Bel-Red, and Overlake, a trio of areas with plenty to see and all within a short, bike-able distance. Stay tuned.
8 Replies to "East Link Photo Tour (Part 1)"
Jason Rogers says:
Thanks for the photo tour Bruce; much appreciated. Lots of progress all over. A couple notes:
In the past ~5 days (basically right after you took your photo), some steelwork has been erected at the west (77th Ave SE) entrance to Mercer Island station, so that headhouse is rapidly taking shape. IIRC, this station will be completed in mid 2019, and should be the first East Link station finished.
Rail delivery is occurring just west of the Mercer Island station, not just east. They close the eastbound HOV lane through the Mercer Island Lid and the HOV exit to Island Crest Way to facilitate this.
Instead of having the railway cross over 112th Ave SE at SE 15th St, the road will instead go over the railway. Cars can handle sharper turns and steeper grades than trains, so it ended up making more sense to put the road over and keep the railway at grade.
Bruce Englehardt says:
Thanks for the correction about the rail delivery and heads-up on further progress on the island (I joke that my pictures become outdated within a few hours of shooting). I'm still a bit confused as to why Sound Transit is putting in rails this early in the process, though, but I'll be glad to see them laid down sooner rather than later.
JayH says:
Thank you for these photo tours. It's great to be able to see the progress. Cameras are really limited for this project and those of us who don't travel much dont see much.
Arthur Denny says:
Seeing the whole alignment is pretty easy in a 2-hour bike ride. I like seeing the girders laid over 112th Ave NE and the early work over I-405, how the alignment crosses NE 8th and cuts behind Whole Foods, and how the OMFE work integrates with Bellevue's Spring Blvd. Also ST and Bellevue and whoever else did a nice job connecting a new section of the Eastside Rail Corridor bike path. It's paved for a bit from 120th/Bel-Red, and then very nicely graded gravel connecting seamlessly into the Cross Kirkland Corridor.
Mike Orr says:
I've only seen the parts visible from the B and 550, but the arc of stanchions between NE 8th Street and Bellevue TC is an interesting art piece in itself.
eddiew says:
Routes 241, 555, and 556 also pass the South Bellevue site.
Jimmy James says:
Thank you for the pictures.
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Photo: St. Lawrence University
St. Lawrence University requires booster shots for employees
by: Isabella Colello
CANTON, N.Y. (WWTI) — COVID-19 booster shots are now required for St. Lawrence University employees.
On January 13, the St. Lawrence University Senior Staff issued a message, confirming that the University will require all employees to have a COVID-19 vaccination booster. This is following recommendations from the Campus Safety and Monitoring Committee.
"Booster shots continue to be one of the most effective ways that we can protect our community against COVID-19. There continues to be strong evidence that people who are vaccinated and have received the booster are either asymptomatic or experience very mild symptoms if they test positive," the Senior Staff said in a press release.
St. Lawrence County new COVID-19 cases spike in Thursday update
"While we did also hear concerns about the proposed policy, those did not outweigh the concerns for the safety of our community," the Senior Staff added.
The University also previously announced that it will require all students to receive a COVID-19 booster for the spring semester.
All St. Lawrence University employees and students will be required to submit proof of a COVID-19 booster shot by January 28, 2022, or 30 days after they are eligible for a booster.


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Summer Walker Aspires to Become Next Anna Nicole Smith in Relationship After LVRD Pharaoh Split
The 'Playing Games' songstress is apparently inspired by the late model/actress' marriage to billionaire J. Howard Marshall after she called it quits with her second baby daddy.
AceShowbiz - Summer Walker is seemingly giving up on love following her latest heartbreak. After breaking up with her boyfriend and baby daddy LVRD Pharaoh, the R&B singer is looking to Anna Nicole Smith for a kind of relationship that she wants to pursue next.
The 26-year-old is apparently inspired by the former Playboy's Playmate of the Year's marriage to billionaire J. Howard Marshall. Sharing her hope to find the same kind of man, she posted on her Instagram Story on Sunday, November 20, "It's officially giving this," along with a picture of the late actress/model with her then-89-year-old husband.
Summer then declared in a separate Story that she has no time for romance. "I'll save the true love/nurturing for my children," she added.
Anna was famously married to J. Howard, who was more than 60 years her senior, in 1994, resulting in speculation that she married him for his money, which she denied. Following her husband's death in 1995, she began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate.
As for Summer, she just broke up with LVRD after dating for one year. Earlier this month, she confirmed her single status while she's currently pregnant with her second child and her first child together with LVRD. "People been trying to be in my business bad lately," she kicked off her message. "Idk why y'all need updates on my life lol like go touch grass, but I've decided to be single.
"It's no hard feelings," the "Girls Need Love" songstress added. "Larry is an amazing father, there's just certain things I won't tolerate, but we're super duper happy to have all our children and we just living life. He be at every swim class, every photoshoot, every doctor's appointment, and every baby event. & no I ain't removing my face Tatt I still have hella love for him."
Joe Rogan Criticizes Alex Pereira for Cutting Massive Amounts of Weight: It's 'Sanctioned Cheating'
Kanye West Confirms 2024 Presidential Bid, Hires Far-Right Figure Milo Yiannopoulos
Summer Walker Genuinely Curious After Yung Miami Admits She Likes Getting Peed On
Summer Walker 'Proud' After Giving Birth to Twins at Home
Summer Walker 'Surrounded by Healers' as She Prepares to Give Birth
Summer Walker Seemingly Ready to Give Birth to Twins With Erykah Badu's Assistance


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ONE ONE ROCK Announces Field of Wonder Livestream Stadium Concert on October 11
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SCANDAL ROCKS SAN FRANCISCO
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Japanese rock icons [ALEXANDROS] have announced their first ever U.S. tour, bringing the band's epic live show to select cities this October. The anticipation for...
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Japanese rock band, SCANDAL, has announced their 6 city U.S. and Mexico tour dates in cities including San Francisco, New York City, and Mexico City. On this tour, they will...
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B'z to provide the theme song for 'Detective Conan' film
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Stereo Dive Foundation to Drop Emotional Pop Sensation "Storyseeker" 2021-01-14
AVAILABLE ON ALL STREAMING PLATFORMS WORLDWIDE JANUARY 13TH (WED) 2021 Music Producer, Singer-Songwriter R・O・N's project STEREO DIVE FOUNDATION has dropped a new single called STORYSEEKER on January 13 th (Wed) available on all music streaming platforms before the actual CD release on February 24 th , 2021. What kind of decision or choice would you... […]
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Unbearable Cruelty: 'The Island With Bear Grylls'
Had this violence taken place in the UK, the contestants would almost certainly be facing cruelty charges and, potentially, time in prison for the suffering they inflicted on these terrified animals.
Mimi Bekhechi
PETA Director of International Programmes
22/05/2015 01:05pm BST | Updated May 22, 2016
As part of the Channel 4 reality show The Island With Bear Grylls, contestants were filmed creeping up on a sleeping pig and plunging a knife into the animal's neck. The pig could be heard screaming in pain and terror. In a previous episode of the show, contestants tracked down and killed an endangered American crocodile. It comes as little surprise that Channel 4 has admitted to receiving hundreds of complaints about the show and that media watchdog Ofcom is weighing whether or not to launch an investigation. I'm not sure what there is to weigh, though, as it seems perfectly clear that an investigation is necessary and that Channel 4 should be held accountable.
The Island supposedly involves a group of men and women who want to test their survival skills. In the introduction, Grylls said: "I want to find out what happens if you strip man of all the luxuries and conveniences of modern living and then force him to fight for his existence". But the truth is that the programme isn't genuinely about survival; it was made with the primary purpose of entertaining viewers.
The show's producers revealed that the island's freshwater supply had been topped up and that pigs had been shipped to the uninhabited Pearl Islands for the show expressly so they could be killed and eaten by contestants. What on Earth is that supposed to teach us? Had this violence taken place in the UK, the contestants would almost certainly be facing cruelty charges and, potentially, time in prison for the suffering they inflicted on these terrified animals. As of this writing, thousands of people have already contacted the government of Panama asking for charges to be brought against Bear Grylls and the show's contestants and producers over the sick stunt.
And here, a crowd of protesters made their outrage known last week by picketing Channel 4's London headquarters, asking the channel to stop allowing cruelty to occur on their programmes. And they're absolutely right. Torturing and killing animals is a disgusting way for Channel 4 to attempt to boost ratings. How far should we go for the sake of entertainment? People truly fighting for survival might decide to kill and eat each other. I wonder if the execs at Channel 4 would see that as great television. There is simply no excuse for disrespecting any life and for sending such a harmful message to young viewers, who are greatly influenced by what they see on TV. It is this kind of callous disregard for animals that keeps caseworkers inundated with cruelty-to-animals reports year round.
I challenge Channel 4 to offer viewers real reality television, rather than creating fictional scenarios, by airing Glass Walls - a documentary narrated by Paul McCartney showing what pigs and other animals endure before they're turned into sausages, burgers or nuggets. Granted, it's not high in "entertainment" value, but it would certainly make viewers reconsider those "conveniences of modern living" that Grylls refers to, which would be a much worthier project.
One doesn't have to look far in TV Guide to see that TV producers and broadcasters can easily entertain audiences without resorting to cruelty to other living beings. It's imperative, now more than ever, that broadcasters take more responsibility for programming, which is why the UK's leading animal protection groups - PETA, Animal Aid, OneKind and VIVA! - are calling on Channel Four Television Corporation Chief Executive David Abraham to implement a proper animal-welfare policy, ensuring that such violence is never aired again. It's high time we stopped cruelty to animals packaged as "entertainment".
channel 4Bear Gryllsanimal crueltyAnimal RightsThe Island


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Madhu Malathi D.
M.Sc. M.Phil Professor II View
Ms. Kavitha.S
(AUXMCA063)
MCA, M.Phil.(Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms. Anita Madona M
M.Sc., M.Phil. (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms. Shanthi A.L.
M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms. Nirmala Devi N.
M.C.A.., M.phil Professor II View
Ms. Sivaranjini N.
MCA.,M.Phil Professor I View
Ms. Susai Mary Susila A.
M..C.A. M.Phil Professor II View
Ms. Kokila A.
Ms. Vijaya Bharathi R.
MCA., B.Ed., Professor II View
Dr. (Ms.) Lavanya.S
M.Sc., M.Phil., SET., Ph.D. Professor II View
Ms. Nisha Pauline R.
(AUXMCS066)
M.C.A., M.Phil. Professor II View
Ms. Janani P.
Ms.Yasmine SKA
Ms. Anbu selvi Remitta A.
MCA. M.Phil Professor II View
Ms. Shobana R.
MCA., M.Phil (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms. Deeba K.
Dr. Visalakshi Annepu
Professor II View
Ms. Ambiga N.
Ms. Jayashree L.
Ms. Gayathri S.
M.C.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., NET Professor II View
Ms. Gowri B.V.
(AUXMMB093)
M.Sc., M.Phil. SLET., NET( Agri) Professor II View
Ms. Malathi T.
Ms. Deepa R.
M.Sc., M.Phil., NET Professor II View
Ms. Jalaja Priya K.
Ms. Ramya G.
M.Sc., SET, (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Dr.Kalpana V.N.
Ms. Manjula R.
M.Sc. Ph.D. Professor II View
Ms. Nithyalakshmi M.
M.Sc., (M.Phil) Professor II View
Ms. Sathya N.
(AUXMCO100)
M.Com,SET M.Phil.(Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms.Lalith Priya M.D.
M.Com., M.Phil, B.Ed., SET Professor II View
Ms. Prithivi S.S.
M.Com., M.Phil Professor II View
Ms. Anitha Devi A.
Ms. Nalini M.
M.Com., M.Phil,MBA, NET, SET Professor II View
Ms. Kalaivani K.
M.Com., M.Phil,MBA, SET Professor II View
Ms. Aswini N.
Ms. Meena N.
Ms. Anitha S.
M.Com., MBA., M.Phil, SET Professor II View
Ms. Prasanna P.
M.Com., (M.Phil) Professor II View
Ms. Shalini S.
Ms. Sangavi Preethi J.
Ms.Usha Bernadette Mary G.
M.Com. Professor I View
Dr(Ms.) Auxilia Antony S
M.Com., M.Phil. Ph.D. Professor I View
Dr(Ms.) Anitha Alice E.
M.Com., M.Phil.SET,Ph.D. Professor I View
Ms. Valentina Usha Kalaichelvi S
M.Com., M.Phil.SET,(Ph.D.) Professor I View
Dr.(Sr.) SagayaMary T.
MBA., M.Com., Ph.D. Professor I View
Ms. Thenmozhi G.
Professor I View
Dr(Ms.) Gayathiri R.
M.Com., MBA., M.Phil, NET(C), SET(B), Ph.D. Professor II View
Dr (Sr.) Juliana Agnes Victor
(AUXMEM126)
M.A., M.Sc., M. Phil., DCA., PGDCA., M.L.I.S. Professor II View
Ms. Radhika M.
M.Sc. Ele. Media Professor II View
Ms. Priyanga G.
(AUXMVC129)
M.A., Professor II View
Ms. Saranya P.
M.Sc., SET Professor II View
Ms. Jerlit Kirupa K.
M.Sc., M.Phil. Professor I View
Ms. Shyni T.
M.A. (Commun.) Professor I View
Dr(Ms.) Beulah Suresh
(AUXMBA113)
MBA.,M.Com., M.Phil.,Ph.D, NET. Professor II View
Ms. Ruth Mary (BBA)
M.B.A., ( Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms.Preethi Prabhakaran (BHA)
MBA., M.Phil, (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Dr.(Ms.) Renugadevi S.
M.Com., MBA, M.Phil, SET, Ph.D. Professor II View
Ms. Bhuvaneswari L.
MBA., M.Phil (Ph.D.) Professor II View
Ms. Balapriya M.
MBA., M.Phil,SET., (Ph.D.) Professor II View
MBA., M.Phil, SET Professor II View
Ms. Sripriya SA.
MBA, SET Professor II View
Dr. Rajeshwari P
MBA., M.Phil , SET., Ph.D. Professor II View
Dr.(Ms.) Uma Mageswari Sharma
M.A., MBA.M.Phil,Ph.D. Professor II View
Ms. Subha Chandra K.
MBA, M.Phil, NET Professor II View
Ms. Divya Bharathi D.
MBA Professor II View
Sangeetha R
M.Tech., Professor II View