Thriving on sunny, dry, low fertility soils, Needlegrass is valued for its soil stabilization and revegetating strengths. Named for its spike-like seeds. It could star in naturalized areas with little foot traffic or in a corner as a native ornamental grass. It is found on very dry, rocky sites in the west.
It has bright rose to purple urn like flowers. Taper-tip onion grows on rocky outcrops and dry prairies with annuals such as blue-eyed Mary and rusty popcorn flower. Key nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly.
Native up and down the West Coast, with pale pink to white flowers this little onion is a cinch to grow. Native pollinators love the showy long lived flowers. Freely reseeding, large bunches of these flowers are colorful over 6 weeks. 8 in. tall. Key nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly.
Our columbine blooms from spring to early summer with intricate red and yellow flowers. Cut back for second bloom or leave chambered seed cups to attract seed-eating birds. A versatile landscape and garden plant - very attractive to pollinators. Sun to light shade.
Forming dense evergreen mats, this super ground cover shines all year round in shade. Adaptable to some drought, it looks even better if given a little summer irrigation. Short, to only 4 in., tall.
Narrow-leaf milkweed attracts butterflies and bees and is smaller in stature than showy milkweed. It tolerates very dry conditions and is, typically, found in thin rocky soil areas in the Willamette Valley. It is a host plant for Monarch butterflies.
Late-flowering lily with violet-purple, vase-shaped flowers in a loose umbel. Harvest brodiaea is found in wet prairies and vernal pools often with other members of the lily family such as camas, slim-leaved onion, and hyacinth brodiaea. 6-10" tall.
Sitka brome is a shade-tolerant native brome often found in the Willamette Valley in woodlands with Blue-Wildrye. It has long flowering stems and nodding flower stalks.
It has been very rewarding developing some of the lesser Willamette Valley forbs into commercial crops, like the Cat's ear. In late spring and early summer foliage is followed by extremely fuzzy, white or pale pink flowers. Ample winter rainfall with sparse summer irrigation is best. Low growing to 4 in. Little blossoming size bulbs. Key nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly and Taylor's Checkerspot.
With intensely blue, starry flowers in dense spikes in a carefree package the camas is a useful addition to gardens. It will gently reseed itself given light shade to full sun and some spring moisture. Dormancy starts in June so it is a great candidate for mixing with other perennials. 18 in. tall. Occasional nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly.
Dense, clump forming sedge, 12-30" tall, large, compact flower clusters. Important food source for waterfowl, songbirds, beavers, and deer.
Slender, clump forming sedge 12-16 ' tall, light green leaves and nodding inflorescence.
large, bushy sedge with dark interesting seed heads (easy to find sources), rhizomatous!
Chamisso sedge is natives to western North America and is found in many types of habitats. It can tolerate drier conditions than most of our native sedges. It grows in wet prairies but also on forest edges.
Dense, clump forming sedge, 12-30" tall. It grows in many different hydric conditions making it a good competitor and ideal for disturbed sites.
Bright green plant with pyramidal flower clusters and stout, triangular stems, 15-35" tall. This sedge is common in the wetter portions of prairies.
This one of our few upland prairie sedges. It forms large clumps and has delicate nodding flower heads.
This sedge is commonly found in wet prairies and ditches. It is 12-30" tall, has yellowish-green foliage, is densely bunched, and has compact flower heads. It adds great texture to a garden when planted along a drainage.
Low-growing bunch grass with only a few nodding flower spikes, 1-1.5 ft in flower. A versatile grass found in both wet and dry prairies.
Key Willamette Valley wetland grass. Inflorescence tall and delicate, resembles hair blowing in the wind. 4-5 ft in flower.
A tight cluster of purple lily flowers grace the top of long stems. 1-2 ft tall.
A Heronswood Nursery selection with bamboo-like stems that emerge dark purple rather than green, sheathed at each node with golden-tan papery bracts. Makes a 4-5 ft. tall evergreen clump (hardy in Zone 6, but deciduous) with small white flowers followed by many shiny black berries. Enjoys rich, moist soil. Easy.
Our native Willamette Valley shooting star adorns our wetland prairies in the spring with a splash of hot pink. Combined with common camas, the landscape in April resembles an impressionist painting. There are multiple flowers on top of 15 inch stems. The brown seed pods also add early summer interest when used in landscape plantings.
Medium-height bunch grass with thick, blue-green leaves, flowers in slender spikes, turn nice red as they mature, 3-4 ft in flower.
Provides a very long-lived showing of golden daisies to the mid-spring and summer landscape. The wooly leaves form a dense, nearly evergreen mat 1-2' tall. It is excellent as a border perennial or a groundcover and is one of the matrix species in the Willamette Valley prairies. Nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly and Field Cresent.
Wonderfully tall bunch grass with delicate inflorescence. Undersides of leaves are blue-green, 3-5 ft in flower. Shade tolerant.
The flowers seem to float above the greenery in the Willamette Valley, where it grows among taller grass. Our iridescent solitary bees are very common sight on the large purple-violet flowers that are presented over a long period; June through early July. 16" tall, 20" wide. Key nectar species for Fenders Blue Butterfly.
Bright yellow rosaceous flowers clustered in upper leaf axils, compound lobed leaves, 2-3 ft tall when in flower. Does very well in a garden setting often blooming again after deadheading. Native to wetlands, streambanks and woodland edges..
This native annual is most often found in dry, rocky outcrops and does best without competition from perennials. It has numerous baby-blue, globe-like flowers in heads. 3-5 ft tall.
This tall perennial wildflower (up to 4 ft tall) of wetland prairies has clusters of bright yellow flowers in August that attract a host of late-season wet prairie butterflies and bees.


This week has been horrible. In the early, early hours of Tuesday morning, an off-duty New York City police officer shot and killed Delrawn Small, an unarmed Black man, in front of his girlfriend and three children. There's allegedly video of the event but police have refused to release it. At roughly the same time as Small's death, a Baton Rouge police officer shot and killed Alton Sterling. Sterling was forced to the ground with two cops holding him in place when one of them fired five shots at point blank range. This was captured on multiple cameras, and the two that have surfaced online suggest this was more of an execution than anything else. Then on Wednesday night, Philando Castile was shot and killed by a police officer outside of Minneapolis over a broken headlight on his car. His girlfriend used her cell phone to broadcast much of the incident running live on Facebook.
Like I said, it's been a horrible week. And given that we've had this discussion of police brutally killing innocent and unarmed Black people (almost always without any repercussions) many times before -- so many times before -- you'd think editorial cartoonists would have something to say about it. Yet as of last night, here are all the police/shooting related cartoons from this week available on politicalcartoons.com, "the largest searchable database of political cartoons on the web!" Exactly two. Lots of nonsense about Trump and Clinton, Jupiter, Brexit... hell, I even found one commenting on Alvin Toffler's death last week, which I wasn't aware of.
I can't imagine cartoonists don't care about these killings, but why are so few touching the subject? Are they scared of a backlash like Ted Rall received when he openly criticized a police incident he was involved in last year? They seemed more critical two years ago after Eric Garner's killer was let off the hook.
People of color have (justifiably) been fearful of the police for years. If cartoonists are as well now... well, I'm already scared of the police myself, but I scared for the whole damn country if cartoonists aren't willing to cast a harsh light on those who deserve it.


text:
Q: Laravel 9 foreignId [Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed] I am getting an error while using foreign keys.
Products migration
Schema::create('product', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id(); // Ürün adı
    $table->string('name'); //Ürün adı
    //$table->unsignedBigInteger('category_id');
    $table->foreignId('category_id')->constrained('category');
    $table->timestamps();
});

Category migration
Schema::create('category', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id();
    $table->integer('main_category')->nullable();
    $table->string('name');
    $table->integer('commission');
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I'am using laravel 9

A: You don't show the order in which you created the migrations but the categories table will need to exist before you create the product table.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Erythemis vesiculosa – gatunek ważki z rodziny ważkowatych (Libellulidae). Występuje na terenie Ameryki Środkowej, Ameryki Północnej, Ameryki Południowej i Karaibów.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Erythemis
Gatunki i podgatunki zwierząt nazwane w 1775 roku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Morphological evolution of a new volcanic islet sustained by compound lava flows
Fukashi Maeno;
Fukashi Maeno *
Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
E-mail: fmaeno@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Setsuya Nakada;
Setsuya Nakada
Takayuki Kaneko
Fukashi Maeno, Setsuya Nakada, Takayuki Kaneko; Morphological evolution of a new volcanic islet sustained by compound lava flows. Geology 2016;; 44 (4): 259–262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G37461.1
We investigated the creation of a volcanic islet and emplacement of lava flows in the sea by analyzing data from the island-forming eruption at Nishinoshima, Japan, that has been continuing since November 2013. Aerial observations and satellite images were used to perform a quantitative analysis of the eruption processes. The most intriguing characteristic of the lava flows is the development of lobes and tubes from breakouts and bifurcations of andesitic 'a'ā-type lava flows. Internal pathways that fed lava to the active flow front were eventually developed by crust solidification and dominated the lava transport. The average discharge was ∼2 × 105 m3/day, and the total volume of erupted material reached ∼0.1 km3 at the end of February 2015. Fractal analysis of the lava-flow margins suggests that the growth pattern is self-similar, with a fractal dimension (D) of ∼1.08–1.18, which is within the range of subaerial basaltic lava flows. The morphological evolution of Nishinoshima is controlled primarily by effusion of lava with an apparent viscosity of 104–106 Pa·s, average discharge of ∼2.3 m3/s, and eruption duration lasting ∼2 yr. Our data and analyses suggest that the effect of lava coming in contact with seawater, as well as the variations in the lava discharge rate on local and overall scales, are important factors affecting the development of crust and the lava transport system.
Lava-flow morphology reflects the emplacement and cooling dynamics of erupted lava, and is used to constrain eruption parameters, ambient conditions, and the physical properties of lavas (e.g., Huppert et al., 1982; Griffiths, 2000). Subaerial lava flows and their eruption processes are often recorded by monitoring instruments, and eruption parameters such as the discharge and its temporal variation are measured quantitatively (e.g., Harris et al., 2007). In contrast, lava flows in submarine or marine settings are rarely observed. Historical examples of eruptions in the sea that enable us to analyze time-series data and estimate eruption parameters are limited (e.g., Thordarson and Sigmarsson, 2009); therefore, the emplacement dynamics of lava flows in the sea are not well constrained. Since November 2013, the latest island-forming eruption comprising lava effusion and Strombolian activity has been occurring at Nishinoshima volcano, 130 km west of Chichijima, Ogasawara Islands, Japan (Fig. 1A). The lava flows have continued to reclaim land from the shallow sea. The new island merged with a pre-existing island and is still growing at present (October 2015). In this paper, we describe the eruption process and the morphological evolution of the lava flows that form a new volcanic islet, and estimate the eruption parameters, based on our aerial surveys and on satellite images taken by the TerraSAR-X and Pléiades satellites, both of which are operated by Airbus Defense and Space. TerraSAR-X offers synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with a ground range resolution of 1 m, taken at intervals of 11 or 22 days. Pléiades produces 0.5-m-resolution optical color images. We also used image data with multispectral bands of 30 m and thermal bands of 100 m, taken by the Landsat-8 satellite operated by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Results of theoretical and laboratory studies on compound lava flows (Blake and Bruno, 2000; Anderson et al., 2005) are applied to investigate the relationship between the morphological evolution of the new islet and the eruption parameters.
ERUPTION AT NISHINOSHIMA AFTER 2013
The 2013 eruption began with Surtseyan-type eruptions and the formation of a cone in a shallow sea of ∼20 m depth, ∼400 m southeast of the existing Nishinoshima Island. The exact date of the initial eruption is unknown, but a thermal anomaly was first detected in this area in satellite images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in early November 2013. When a small islet was discovered by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force on 20 November 2013, it was 150 × 80 m in size. The new islet was also detected by TerraSAR-X on 22 November (Fig. 1B). On 21 November 2013, we carried out aircraft observations of this area and confirmed the Surtseyan eruptions. Within three days the eruption style changed to Strombolian, because a pyroclastic cone formed around the vent and prevented external water from flowing into the crater. During the Strombolian activity, an 'a'ā-type lava flow emerged from the crater (Fig. 2). As the cone height increased, lava flows erupted from the crater or from openings on the flank of the cone. These flows branched, producing multiple lobes that extended the foreshore with newly formed land reclaimed from the shallow sea. In late December 2013, the new islet coalesced with the existing Nishinoshima (Fig. 1C). Strombolian activity and lava effusion continued for more than 16 months, further extending the new islet, with the lavas producing a substantial lava-flow field (Figs. 1D and 2). During the 16-month period, the surface area of the lava field increased by ∼2.6 × 106 m2 (at an average growth rate of ∼5.5 × 103 m2/day). The active crater has remained almost fixed at the center of the new island. The vent is in the same location as that recorded for one of the vents in the last eruption of A.D. 1973–1974. The apparently continuous magma supply with Strombolian eruptions and lava flows suggests that the magma supply from the chamber is steady. Government authorities have limited the access to the new islet, so we cannot analyze the new lava on site; however, the chemical composition of scoria and ash samples from the current Strombolian activity was obtained. The magma is a two-pyroxene andesite with a whole-rock composition of 58–59 wt% SiO2 (Saito et al., 2014), which is almost the same as in samples from the eruption of 1973–1974 (Umino and Nakano, 2007). The groundmass glass contains 63–65 wt% SiO2 and phenocryst content is ∼10 vol% (Appendix DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1).
MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE LAVA FLOWS
One of the most intriguing characteristics of the growing islet is the multiply branching flow lobes that form numerous smaller lobes, each defined as tongue shaped and up to 100 m (typically 30–50 m) wide. Analyses of satellite images along with aerial observations (Figs. 1D and 2) show that the lava flows form a collection of overlapping and anastomosing lava lobes. Many of the lobes overrun each other. The observations also suggest that breakouts and bifurcations occur at the flow front when the lobes reach flat-lying ground with few topographic obstacles. Repeated breakouts have resulted in the formation of dozens of lobes. The development of the surface architecture that dominates the growth of Nishinoshima shows a feature consistent with "compound lava flows", as opposed to simple lava flows (Walker, 1971; Kilburn and Lopes, 1988).
Based on aerial observations, we determined that the Nishinoshima lava flow is an 'a'ā-type flow (Fig. 2). Levees alongside open lava channels were observed on the active lava lobes, becoming indistinct with time, and eventually being covered by a cool rubbly lava surface. These types of changes are clearly observed along the coast by comparison of lava lobes featuring a steam-generating front with those without steam (Fig. 2C). Clefts commonly develop at the lobe front and along the axial crest of lobes without levees. Analysis of a time series of satellite images shows that the clefts gradually open and widen with time (Fig. DR1 in the Data Repository). On the northern part of the island, 30-m-wide clefts developed over three months from January 2014. The cleft opening is occurring at an average speed of ∼0.3 m/day. The widening of the clefts correlates with an increase in the height of the lava field. The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) (GSI, 2015) measured the topography of the island using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The data show that the height of the entire lava field increased with time, and the area with clefts thickened more than the rest of the flow field. These observations suggest that clefts are produced in the solidifying lava surface by inflation driven by an increase of internal pressure by successive injection of new lava into the lobes. Such lava-inflation clefts were documented in subaerial basaltic lava flows in Hawaii (i.e., Walker, 1991; Hon et al., 1994). Night aerial observations of Nishinoshima revealed glowing lava flow fronts (Fig. 2E). Landsat-8 thermal infrared images also show that the front of actively moving lava lobes had higher temperatures than other parts of the lava field (Fig. DR2). These observations suggest that molten lava is transported via tubes beneath the solidified crust to the flow front. This also demonstrates that the transport system of lava from the vent to the active flow front changes with time from open (lava channel) to closed (internal pathway) because of the solidification and thickening of the flow-top rubble and coherent crust. The development of this lava-field architecture is comparable to the formation of internal pathways within pāhoehoe sheet lobes (e.g., Thordarson and Sigmarsson, 2009).
Breakouts occur when the internal pressure in the lobe overcomes the strength of the crust (Walker, 1991). Breakouts develop when the solidified crust ruptures and new lava emerges from an earlier-formed lobe, spawning further breakout. The breakouts are divided into two types: (1) breakouts from the sides of the mother lobe producing lobes tens of meters wide, as seen in the satellite images (Fig. DR1), a type of breakout that frequently took place near the flow front; and (2) breakouts that produce larger lobes (hundreds of meters wide) originating at the central cone and subsequently covering large areas of the earlier lobes. These large breakouts occurred only three times (in late May to early June, early August, and mid-September 2014) but contributed significantly to the enlargement of the new island (Fig. 3). We infer that the large breakouts are linked to increases in the magma discharge as demonstrated below. Based on the TerraSAR-X images, a large breakout occurred on the eastern side of the island in late May 2014. At this time, it appeared that lava inflation on the western side ceased and along certain segments the solidified lava surface deflated. This observation suggests that the lava lobes are interconnected via an anastomosing transport system beneath the solid surface.
TEMPORAL VARIATION OF THE ERUPTON PARAMETERS
The variations in area, volume, and discharge rate were estimated based on the changes in the outline of the new islet obtained from TerraSAR-X, aerial observations, topography data of the new islet (GSI, 2015), and pre-eruption bathymetry data (Japan Coast Guard, 1993) (Appendix DR2). The volume above sea level (Vland) was calculated using the area, average thickness of the lava field, and the scoria cone shape estimate based on TerraSAR-X data and aerial observations. GSI topography data were useful to confirm the volume estimates and errors, but the measurements by GSI were infrequent (six times in a year). Therefore, we primarily used TerraSAR-X data (a total of 28 images) and compared these data to the GSI data, then estimated the variation of Vland. The volume below sea level (Vsea) was calculated by comparing the extent of the new islet with pre-eruption bathymetry data. The average discharge was calculated from the change in the total volume (Vland + Vsea) every 11 or 22 days, wherein a 15%–20% error derived from the uncertainty of the area estimation using TerraSAR-X images was considered.
The area of the new island grew at a relatively constant rate until May 2014 (Fig. DR6), but after that the growth was stepwise corresponding to episodic growth of the lava field caused by large-scale breakouts. The total volume of erupted material in the first 15-month period was calculated as ∼0.1 km3 (of which ∼60% was subaerial and ∼40% subaqueous). The discharge gradually increased to 2.5 × 105 m3/day in the first three months and declined in the following three months (Fig. 3B). Thereafter, the discharge fluctuated with a periodicity of about two months. When the discharge peaked during certain periods (labeled I, II, and III in Fig. 3B), a large-scale breakout was observed. The peaks correspond to the large breakouts that extended the flow-field area significantly (I, mid-May to June 2014; II, July to August 2014; and III, September 2014) (Fig. 3). The maximum discharge was 5.0 × 105 m3/day in September 2014, and the largest breakout occurred from the foot of the central cone on the north side at that time. The average discharge during the 15-month period was ∼2 × 105 m3/day (2.3 m3/s), which is similar to the discharge (2–5 m3/s) in the latest phase of the Surtsey eruption in A.D. 1964, although the discharge of the Surtsey eruption reached 20 m3/s on average in the early stages of effusive activity (Thordarson and Sigmarsson, 2009).
The fractal dimension of the lava-flow margin (D) is one of the quantifiable characteristics of lava-flow morphology and is used to evaluate the effect of rheology on the emplacement dynamics of lava flows (e.g., Bruno et al., 1994). We utilized a box-counting method to calculate D for the outlines of the Nishinoshima lava flows that spread along the shallow seafloor without a significant slope, using TerraSAR-X images (Appendix DR3). The results suggest that the lava flows are fractal, are controlled by a low-viscosity nature, and that their growth pattern is self-similar with D of 1.08–1.18 (Fig. 3C); these D values span the range of the basaltic 'a'ā-type flows (1.05–1.09) and pāhoehoe-type flows (1.13–1.23) (Bruno et al., 1994).
FACTORS CONTROLLING LAVA-FLOW MORPHOLOGY
Compound lava flows are commonly interpreted to be the products of low discharge during eruptions of low-viscosity magmas of basaltic composition (e.g., Walker, 1971; Kilburn and Lopes, 1988). The Nishinoshima lavas are andesitic; thus, the compound nature of the lava field would not be expected. Here, the relationship between the physical parameters and the morphology of compound lava flows (Blake and Bruno, 2000; Anderson et al., 2005) can help in understanding this phenomenon. Blake and Bruno (2000) proposed that a compound lava flow forms when the eruption continues over a period in which the effect of crust formation, hence the effect of the cooling rate, becomes important. The criterion is deduced from experimental observations and the theory of spreading viscous fluids, and is expressed as ηa < A(V/Q2), where ηa is the apparent viscosity (Pa·s), V is the volume (m3), and Q is the discharge rate (m3/s). A is a constant expressed as σc2s2κ/gρ (m2kg/s3), where σc is the crust strength at the flow margin (Pa), g is gravitational acceleration (m/s2), ρ is the density of the lava (kg/m3), κ is the lava's thermal diffusivity (m2/s), and s is a non-dimensional coefficient. The cooling of the lava surface leads to formation of a thermal and hence rheological boundary layer of thickness δ, with , where t is the time; thus, the parameter s represents the cooling efficiency that is dependent on the thermal boundary conditions, heat transfer mechanisms, and the exact nature of the lava-flow front. Blake and Bruno (2000) used A = 0.002 m2kg/s3, assuming values found for subaerial Hawaiian lavas with a stationary crust (Hon et al., 1994). However, if the outer crust is continuously disrupted due to high discharge, exposing the incandescent interior of the lava, then the cooling rate will increase. Water is a more efficient coolant than air, and will therefore promote higher cooling rates. Simple heat transfer calculations lead to the deduction that, when lava flows contact water, s is expected to increase by one order of magnitude (e.g., Griffiths and Fink, 1992); therefore, in this case, A may increase by two orders of magnitude (i.e., A ≈ 0.2 m2kg/s3). A high value of V/Q2, or a high A, indicates the rapid cooling of the flow margin relative to the flow rate, leading to the emergence of many breakouts.
For Nishinoshima, using the volume and discharge data, V/Q2 over the eruption period (first 15 months) is calculated to be 106.8 ± 0.4 s2/m3. Thus, the apparent viscosity required to generate compound flows (ηa) can be constrained to <106 Pa·s using V/Q2 and the above criterion considering the enhanced cooling effect (Fig. 4). The viscosity is also constrained from petrological data (Appendix DR1). Using modal and chemical compositions of eruptive material from the current eruption, the relationship between the apparent viscosity (ηa) and the temperature (1060–1090 °C using pyroxene thermometers) can be calculated based on the method of Giordano et al. (2008) and Marsh (1981). The calculation results constrain the range of ηa for Nishinoshima magma to >104 Pa·s. Hence, the viscosity estimated from the theoretical criteria for compound lava flows is supported by petrological data, although it is relatively higher than that of known examples of compound lava flows with ηa of the order of 102–103 Pa·s and V/Q2 of 106–107 s2/m3 (e.g., Stasiuk et al., 1993) (Fig. 4). Our results suggest that in addition to an eruption condition with high V/Q2, the development of crust at the flow margins due to high cooling efficiency is an important factor that controls the breakouts and spreading of lava flows. The fractal nature of the lava-flow margins can be explained by the emergence of many breakouts caused by efficient cooling of low-viscosity lava. In fact, the development of the crust will be affected not only by the contact with water, but also by the variation of the discharge rate. A relatively low discharge rate promotes the formation of insulated transport and growth by lobe-to-lobe emplacement, while a relatively high discharge as well as conditions with high fluxes on a local scale promote the formation of open channels, resulting in 'a'ā flows. Thus, the overall architecture of the Nishinoshima lava field may be controlled by the formation of crust from lava that has come in contact with seawater and by fluctuations in the overall magma discharge and/or local variations in the lava flux.
Aerial observations and satellite images were used to analyze the eruption processes at Nishinoshima. Lobes and tubes generated by andesitic 'a'ā lava flows characterize the surface architecture of the lava field. Internal pathways that feed lava to the active flow front were eventually developed by crust solidification and dominated the lava-flow transport system. The morphological evolution of lava flows at Nishinoshima is controlled primarily by lava effusion with a viscosity of 104–106 Pa·s, discharge of ∼2 × 105 m3/day, and an eruption duration of ∼2 yr. The effects of the lava's contact with seawater as well as the variations in the lava discharge rate on the local and overall scales are also important factors in the development of the crust and the transport system of the lava flows. The development of crust at the flow margins may be pronounced in eruptions in marine and lacustrine settings such as at Nishinoshima, and may be an enhancing factor in the emplacement processes of andesitic lava flows with multiple lobes, inflation clefts, and breakouts (e.g., lava flows from the Sakurajima volcano, Japan).
We thank PASCO Co. Ltd. for providing the satellite images taken by TerraSAR-X and Pléiades, both of which are operated by Airbus Defense and Space (http://www.geo-airbusds.com), and acknowledge the Japan Coast Guard and the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan for providing the pre-eruption bathymetry data and topography data. The bathymetry data (M7023 ver. 2.0, Ogasawara area) issued by the Japan Hydrographic Association were used to produce Figure 1A. We also thank the crew and scientists on the R/V Natsushima who helped collect the ash samples on the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) NT15-E02 cruise. Our aerial inspections were carried out courtesy of the Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun who kindly provided their aircrafts. We are very grateful to T. Thordarson, T. Gregg, and S. Rocchi for constructive comments.
1GSA Data Repository item 2016079, supplemental satellite images and petrological data, and volume estimation and image processing procedures, is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2016.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license.
A: Bathymetry of Nisihinoshima, Japan, before A.D. 2013 eruption. B–D: TerraSAR-X satellite images of new island, taken on 22 November 2013, 25 December 2013, and 13 April 2014.JST—Japan Standard Time. TerraSAR-X images ©2014 DLR, Distribution Airbus DS/Infoterra GmbH, Sub-Distribution [PASCO].
Aerial photos of newly emergent islet, Nisihinoshima, Japan. A: New growing volcanic islet, taken on 20 December 2013. Long axis of islet is ∼500 m. Preexisting island is seen on left. B: Magnification of lava surface covered by 'a'ā clinkers. Width of photo covers ∼15 m. C: Lava flows advancing into sea in the east, taken on 4 March 2015. Width of lava front at center is ∼50 m. NL—new lava lobes where bifurcations begin (thick arrows); EL—early lobes where clefts develop (broken lines with arrows). D: Lava lobes and clefts observed in the southwest on 13 November 2014. Arrows indicate clefts. Width of photo covers ∼200 m. E: Glowing lava-flow margin (∼200 m in width) at eastern coast, taken on 4 March 2015. Photos A and B and photos C–E were taken by the authors in cooperation with Mainichi Shimbun and Asahi Shimbun, respectively.
A: Evolution of Nishinoshima, Japan, from May to October 2014, based on TerraSAR-X satellite images. Lava lobes I, II, and III correspond to periods of peak lava discharge as shown in B. Black arrows indicate flow directions. Dashed lines indicate earlier lobe front. B: Temporal variation of discharge rate of newly formed part. Black dots and error bars show total values; gray ones represent data above sea level. C: Temporal variation of fractal dimension of lava-flow margins.
Relationship between V/Q2 (V is volume, Q is discharge rate), ηa (apparent viscosity), and morphological characteristics of lava flows, with criteria for compound lava flows deduced from theory of Blake and Bruno (2000). Solid line indicates criterion with A = 0.002 (A is a constant expressed as σc2s2κ/gρ, where σc is crust strength at flow margin, g is gravitational acceleration, ρ is density of lava, κ is lava's thermal diffusivity, and s is non-dimensional coefficient) for subaerial lava flows plotted as gray symbols (Blake and Bruno, 2000). Broken and dotted lines indicate criteria with A = 0.02 and A = 0.2, respectively, for lava flows with enhanced cooling effects such as flows that come in contact with water (this study). Black diamond with error bars represents estimate of Nishinoshima lava flows.
landform evolution
lava flows
satellite methods
submarine volcanoes
West Pacific Ocean Islands
Volcano Islands
Nishinoshima
N27°14'49" - N27°14'49", E140°52'28" - E140°52'28"
McColley
J.H.
R.K.
The development of fluid instabilities and preferred pathways in lava flow interiors: Insights from analog experiments and fractal analysis
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, eds.,
Kinematics and Dynamics of Lava Flows: Geological Society of America Special Paper 396
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Modelling the emplacement of compound lava flows
, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00278-8.
G.J.
Rowland
Baloga
Quantifying the effect of rheology on lava-flow margins using fractal geometry
Bulletin of Volcanology
, doi:10.1007/BF00279604.
Dingwell
D.B.
Viscosity of magmatic liquids: A model
, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.038.
Griffiths
R.W.
The dynamics of lava flows
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
, doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.32.1.477.
Solidification and morphology of submarine lavas: A development on extrusion rate
Journal of Geophysical Research
, doi:10.1029/92JB01594.
GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)
Aerial photographs taken around Nishinoshima Island
: http://www.gsi.go.jp/kokusaikoryu/kokusaikoryu-e30056.html. (accessed June 2015)
A.J.L.
Calvari
Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: A review
, doi:10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y.
Kauahikaua
Denlinger
Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: Observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Geological Society of America Bulletin
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Huppert
Sigurdsson
R.S.J.
On lava dome growth, with application to the 1979 lava extrusion of the Soufrière of St. Vincent
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(82)90062-2.
Japan Coast Guard
Basic map of the sea in coastal waters, Nishinoshima, submarine structural chart and report of survey
Tokyo, Japan Coast Guard, scale 1:50, 000
C.R.J.
The growth of aa lava flow fields on Mount Etna, Sicily
, doi:10.1029/JB093iB12p14759.
On the crystallinity, probability of occurrence, and rheology of lava and magma
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Petrologic characteristics of magma and degassed-magma volume of 2014 eruptions at Nishinoshima volcano
Proceedings, Volcanological Society of Japan, 2014 Fall Meeting, Fukuoka, 3 November 2014
Volcanological Society of Japan, abstract P2-07 (in Japanese)
Stasiuk
M.V.
Jaupart
On the variations of flow rate in non-explosive lava eruptions
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Thordarson
Sigmarsson
Effusive activity in the 1963–1967 Surtsey eruption, Iceland: Flow emplacement and growth of small lava shields
et al., eds.,
Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker: International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior Special Publication 2
Umino
Geology of the Chichijima Retto District
Geological Survey of Japan Quadrangle Series 20-002, scale 1:50, 000, 71
p. (in Japanese with English abstract).
G.P.L.
Compound and simple lava flows and flood basalts
Structure, and origin by injection of lava under surface crust, of tumuli, "lava rises," "lava-rise pits," and "lava-inflation clefts" in Hawaii
E – Goldschmidt Abstracts 2013
A review of RSTVOLC, an original algorithm for automatic detection and near-real-time monitoring of volcanic hotspots from space
Detecting, Modelling and Responding to Effusive Eruptions
Synergistic use of satellite thermal detection and science: a decadal perspective using ASTER
HOTSAT: a multiplatform system for the thermal monitoring of volcanic activity using satellite data
LavaSIM: its physical basis and applicability
Hazard mitigation and crisis management during major flank eruptions at Etna volcano: reporting on real experience
InSAR monitoring using RADARSAT-2 data at Piton de la Fournaise (La Reunion) and Karthala (Grande Comore) volcanoes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Проверка добавления новых параметров в enviroments Yii2? Потребность: Инструмент, похожий на миграции, для params-local: отслеживает появились ли новые параметры в enviroments по отношению к текущему файлу, и если да, как минимум, оповещает об этом в консоли.
Иллюстрация проблемы:
Допустим, имеем следующий вид: common/config/params-local.php
<?php
return [
    'telegram.token' => '5111777220:0fWm_G2eNeWillyJN2ekBram42mkkET-ZAHAA',
    'telegram.incidentChat' => 516764370486187,
    'telegram.botName' => 'bot_father',
];

Наш коллега добавил новый функционал, и с ним — новый локальный параметр: 'style.newYear', который он добросовестно указал в enviroment-файлах: environments/dev/common/config/params-local.php:
<?php
return [
    'telegram.token' => '', //  Telegram Bot API Token,
    'telegram.incidentChat' => '', // ID of TG chat. Please do not forget to add a bot to this chat
    'telegram.botName' => '', // Bot username without "@"

    'style.newYear' => 1, // Enable or disabled new year design
];

Нам же — нужно этот новый параметр добавить себе.
Проблема: Но наш проект уже поднят, поэтому повторный запуск yii init — да, добавит новый параметр, но и сбросит к значениям по-умолчанию уже заполненные.
Получается, что нашему коллеге нужно оповестить нас о новом параметре, а нам его добавить в свой loc-файл, чтобы ничего не затерлось и наш common/config/params-local.php имел такой вид:
<?php

return [
    'telegram.token' => '5111777220:0fWm_G2eNeWillyJN2ekBram42mkkET-ZAHAA',
    'telegram.incidentChat' => 516764370486187,
    'telegram.botName' => 'bot_father',

    'style.newYear' => 1,
];

Цель: Автоматизировать данный процесс. Думаю, достаточно будет сверять 2 массива, но возможно уже есть готовые инструменты, в т.ч. от фреймворка, чтобы не писать велосипед.


When we were invited along to review the new Mr Bloom's Nursery Live Show I was just as excited as Jake. We had really enjoyed his very first trip to the theatre last month to watch Room on the Broom and as he is a Mr Bloom fan I knew he would love to see him on stage.
We chose to watch the show in Reading at The Hexagon Theatre as this was the nearest venue to us. We were greeted at the box office to collect our tickets and were offered a booster seat for Jake so he could get a better view which I thought was a brilliant idea (these were £2 to hire and you received £1 back after the show– although there wasn't anyone manning the desk when we left and we chose not to hang around for the sake of £1). Once we sat down the veggies took it in turns to speak and let us know how long it was until the show started which got the kids in the audience very excited. Once the show begins the lights do dim but the stage is so brightly coloured there wasn't any upset from the children in the audience.
Mr Bloom enters the stage after having been away on holiday with the veggies. The nursery is a mess from going away and there is a lot that needs tidying, only there is one problem… it needs doing straight away as a letter has arrived from King Edward (yep, the potato) and he is coming on a Royal visit today! The show revolves around the veggies and Mr Bloom working together to tidy and clean ready for King Edward and there are, of course, songs throughout… come on parents you all know the words!
The show is split into 2 halves each being half an hour long with a 20-minute interval.
The website states that it is suitable for 2-7 year olds but the first half was mostly based on explaining the situations happening within the show such as the holiday they had been on and the impending visit from King Edward. Jake is 3 and in some places this was a bit too much for him to take in. The older children were clearly engrossed in it all and as they have a better understanding of vocabulary they were happy to listen to the story and could gauge what needed to be done in order for Mr Bloom to be ready for the visit. When the songs came on Jake was much happier and loved joining in but he was ready for the interval when it came.
During the interval, there were plenty of snacks and drinks on offer. There was also a stall selling merchandise which included veggie toys, drinks containers and Mr Bloom outfits.
I must admit that one issue for me was the fact that the theatre wasn't full. We were in the back row and the rest of our entire row was empty apart from 2 people sat at the opposite end… I almost felt like waving down to them 'hello down there!' Then the 3 rows in front of us were also empty. The seats were full behind us but the ones to the side had a lot of empty seats too. I think this had a knock on effect to the atmosphere of the show because the audience has a lot to do with how a stage show comes across. I am not sure why seats were allocated by the theatre if they knew they didn't have a full house and perhaps if this had been made clear to us when we went in we could have opted to move closer to the stage and nearer to other people.
Once we went back in the show had a different feel. Spoiler alert– however, if you are a Mum who quite likes Mr Bloom you may want to know this (but please don't pounce on him!)– he comes back in through the stage door and walks around the audience. This immediately brought the atmosphere back into the show and the second half became more audience involved with the children getting up and doing actions, most standing up by the stage, dancing, parents being encouraged to join in and so on. Jake's favourite part was the pantomime style sketch where a worm pops up on one side and then the other. The kids were screaming it's there, no it's there now, now it's back over there!! Jake was in hysterics! Mr Bloom AKA Ben Faulks got this half of the show spot on and even though it was the same length as the first half it felt much quicker.
What tickled me the most was all the parents singing the songs word for word! These included 'Meet The Veggie's, 'The Compo Song' and' Night Night Veggies'. We all watch far too much CBeebies!
All in all, it was a great laugh and lovely to be able to see such a well-loved character up on the stage. I would highly recommend this for children over 3 as I am not sure a 2-year-old would quite be able to hold their attention for that amount of time. It is a hard age range to try and cater for and I think he has done an amazing job of mixing up the content to try and keep everyone entertained… even us adults!
If you are looking for something to do as a family the show is only running until the end of April so take a look and see if there are any tickets left in your area.
*We received these tickets in exchange for this review. All opinions are honest and my own. For further information please refer to my disclosure page.
Jake was 3 in December and we saw Room on the Broom in March. He just about made it through and there was no interval so he really surprised me. I think if you pick the right show she will be ok. Luckily they all tend to be about an hour long.
I think i might try her out the next time the local library puts something on so if she doesn't sit still we haven't wasted a fortune. If shes ok we can start going to other bigger shows. I can't wait to take her to the panto at xmas. Haha. We might actually be able to try that this year as she'll be alomst 3 and a half..
We really enjoyed it and I am loving the fact he can go along to the theatre now. We even have something else booked in for May!
I have been know to be slightly partial to a bit of Mr Bloom ? Pity my boys are beyond this now as it sounds cool. Thank you for linking up to #ablogginggoodtime ?


text:
Home Politics	Indigenisation & Nationalisation Are Not The Same Thing!
Indigenisation & Nationalisation Are Not The Same Thing!
I do get rather irate at the Mugabe administration attempting to meld two different words into one so that in their minds they mean the same thing.
Indigenisation: transformation to suit a local culture 2. the capability to manufacture a product, or supply a service independently within a country instead of relying on foreign manufacturers or suppliers.
Nationalisation: the act of taking formerly private assets into public or state ownership.
ZANU PF are intent of pulling the same giant scam on the country with regards to mines and companies as they did with regard to the farmlands in Zimbabwe.
With the landgrab that began in 2000, Mugabe promised the 'landless blacks" land that they could live and and farm on. The truth of the matter is that the vast majority of the agricultural land in Zimbabwe lies in the hands of the ZANU PF hierarchy.
And most of the land that belongs to ZANU PF lies fallow and unworked, while the people of Zimbabwe struggle to feed themselves.
Mugabe claims that foreign and white owned mines and companies will be indigenised with 51% of those company holdings being passed on to indigenous businessman.
But, and this is what people don't realise, is that the only indigenous people that will profit from any of this will be ZANU PF big wigs.
Nationalisation is when the companies are taken over by government and, in essence, belong to the country.
As ZANU PF find it difficult to differentiate between nationalisation and whatever the target is as belonging to ZANU PF, thus allowing the target to be broken up into chunk size pieces and quietly absorbed into the private structures.
A simple political osmosis that saps the life out of any viable company or organisation…
"Zimbabwe will set up a sovereign wealth fund to own 51% stakes of mining companies, effectively nationalising half of the country's key resources sector, a government minister said on Wednesday.
Saviour Kasukuwere, Minister of Youth Empowerment and Indigenisation, said the government in the resource-rich country would publish guidelines on mine ownership regulations on Friday.
The move is likely to discourage foreign investment in the recovering economy and will hit foreign miners operating in Zimbabwe like AngloPlat and Implats, the largest and second largest platinum producers in the world and mining giant Rio Tinto, which runs a diamond mine in the country.
"In the mining sector specifically, we have been getting a raw deal all this time with companies taking money out of the country," Kasukuwere said.
Kasukuwere said earnings from mineral exports reached $1.7bn in 2010, about 30% of the country's estimated yearly GDP, but that mining companies had only paid $4m in taxes to the government."
President Robert Mugabe has rattled investors with his government plans to force foreign-owned firms to sell at least 51% to local blacks."
ZANU PF are no longer interested in governmental supremacy. They only want complete power, whether it is theirs to take or not, legally or illegally, using force or not. ZANU PF only sees the victory of their actions if there is something that will enrich themselves.
Political power is only a means to an end, and that end is personal riches.
The eye is greedier than the soul.
Robb WJ Ellis
Indigenisation & Nationalisation Are Not The Same Thing! was last modified: August 2nd, 2012 by DrPrem Jagyasi
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Tag: TIFAC
Making and Launching of Technology Vision 2035
It is 5 years since launch of Technology Vision 2035 by PM on Jan 3, 2016. This series of blog is an attempt to remember the activitiees that happened before and after the launch. We plan to form a citizen centric intiative "Foundation 2035" to keep track of India's progress with respect to TV2035. Contact me, if you are interested.
TIFAC (Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council) is an autonomous body of Dept of Science and Technology(DST), Govt of India based in Delhi. It was conceptualized in 1986 as Technology Think Tank of India by the then planning commission(converted to NITI Aayog few years ago). While giving approval to formation of TIFAC, it was moved to DST by cabinet. It started functioning in DST first as a group and in 1988, it became an autonomous body with Dr Y S Rajan as its first executive director(ED), who was also scientist in DST. The group in DST continued to work in TIFAC even after it came into existence as a separate entity. For some time, it operated out of a temporary building in DST premises(which still exists and is called Old TIFAC bldg) then to a hotel next door and moved to a building inside IIT Delhi campus which is shared between TIFAC and IIT Delhi Dept of Management Studies.
Technology Vision 2020
Unlike news circulating in media, first Chairman of TIFAC Governing Council(GC) was not Dr Kalam but Dr V Krishnamurty from 1988-93. Dr Kalam became Chairman of GC from 1993-2001. During tenure of Dr Y S Rajan and Dr Kalam, TIFAC worked on developing Technology Vision 2020 that was released by the then Prime Minister Shri Deve Gowda in 1996. This was a set of around 25 books covering 16-17 sectors of importance to India. Dr Kalam and Dr Rajan also published a book "India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium", which has been sold in large numbers and continues to be sold through popular outlets. However, set of TIFAC Technology Vision 2020 documents, are not easily available as it is directly sold by TIFAC through a cumbersome process of purchase.
Initiation of Technology Vision 2035
Sometime in 2010, It was decided that TIFAC should work on a new set of Documents called "Technology Vision 2035″(TV2035). Dr Gautam Goswami from TIFAC was given the responsibility to head the activity. Dr Anil Kakodkar was Chairman of TIFAC, GC from 2011-18. Dr Ramasami was Secretary, DST around this time till May of 2014. An Apex committee was formed under Dr Kakodkar to oversee the preparation of document. I joined TIFAC on April 25, 2013 to head the organization as its Executive Director based on a selection committee meeting on Aug 17, 2012. I got chance to interact with TIFAC scientists during the intervening period to get to know the organization better. Work on Technology Vision 2035 work along with other projects was going on. I started to get some information about the work.
TIFAC decided to invite top scientists of the country (like those with various awards at national and international level) and request them to talk about their vision for the country in 2035. Surprisingly (or should I say as expected), all of them only talked about their own work area and nothing about where they wanted to see the country in coming decades. Then TIFAC decided to tap young minds and organized interaction sessions with school and college children in different parts of country. These proved to be much more useful as these young minds wanted to see a better future for themselves and for that country needed to move ahead as well. Based on all these inputs and internal deliberations, TIFAC decided to work on preparing road maps in 12 sectors of importance to country. For each expert committees were formed and were requested to work on road maps in their respective sectors. Each group further subdivided the task among themselves and also co opted other experts to cover all relevant aspects.
In Oct 2012, TIFAC decided to prepare a summary document consisting of important elements from 12 road maps. For this purpose, it was advised to form an author's group comprising a science communicator, an industry personnel and a social scientist. Selection of right person was very crucial. Dr. Kakodkar suggested to include Dr. Bal Phondke, the former Director, NISCAIR having excellent communication skills (writing, oral and gesture). He was also an actor in Marathi TV serials. Along with him, Prof. Varun Sahni, the then Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu and Dr. Harit Santhanam, Former Vice President (R&D), Mahindra & Mahindra, Chennai were also inducted in this group. First interaction with this group was in Dr Kakodkar's office in BARC, Mumbai on June 28, 2013.
During my interactions with TV2035 team before I joined TIFAC in April 2013, I enquired about comparison of India's progress with respect to the Technology Vision 2020 document released in 1996. I was told that no such exercise is being carried out. I requested that we carry out such an exercise since without that it is futile to develop such documents. TIFAC team started this "retrospection 2020" work and it became important part of the document.
My meeting with Dr Kalam
In fact after joining, TIFAC, I paid a courtesy visit to Dr Kalam. After initial introductory round, he expressed concern about falling GDP growth rate. He also mentioned that Technology Vision 2020 is "TIFAC Baby" and we have 7 years to achieve that vision and TIFAC should work hard to move country towards that vision.
My exposure to Foresight
In March 2013, TIFAC had organized a Indo-UK foresight workshop. I was expected to join TIFAC around that time so I was also invited to participate in the workshop. At the end of 3 day workshop, we had summarized 30 future technology areas. I found myself having worked on 6 of them! So in some sense, I was already working in many futurstic areas. However what was more important was that it exposed me to various methodlogies used to carry out foresight activities e.g. Horizon Scanning etc. I followed up on these to fill the gaps that I had my understanding.
TIFAC represented India in International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA), Vienna. As head of TIFAC, I became member of IIASA Council. It used to have two meetings – one in June and other in November. This gave me bit of international exposure where systems modeling was used to focus on quality of life. I also got invite to participate in a meeting of Govt Foresight Organization Network(GFN) at European Headquarters in Brussels in 2013. I also took this opportunity to visit UK and see at first hand how they carry out foresight work. I also had the opportunity to visit one of the UK defense research organization, where they had good foresight activity. I also offered to host GFN meet in Delhi in 2015. TIFAC team also participated in GFN 2014 meet in Korea. All of this exposure along with sending TIFAC scientists to participate in some of the international workshop boosted our confidence and we became known in International Circle for our work. We also got invite to participate in World Future Society Meet in 2016.
Heading TIFAC as its Executive Director(ED)
After joining TIFAC, finally I got chance to look at the various draft road maps prepared by committees. In the first TV2035 apex committee meeting, I emphasized on the importance of being able to communicate the document among citizens at large and policy makers, in particular. I mentioned multiple means of communication that is relevant today: (1) Print Media (2) Electronic Media (3) Social Media (4) Internet (5) Workshops etc. Each one of these needed their own way of providing information from the document. On Social media, we need to provide information in short capsules and repeat them frequently. A PDF dumped or a long talk does not get much attention on social media. I also emphasized on the content being organized in a language that a common person can understand and visual appeal of the document was equally important. One should feel like holding the document and going through it rather than keeping it away after having a look. We took this as a challenge and contacted various Govt agencies as well as freelancers to help in this process.
Restrospection : Technology Vision 2020
Retrospection 2020 was to only focus on comparing India's progress with respect to what was visualized in the document. We felt that we would not get into details of who was responsible for what aspect and only focus on status. This would keep document away from any controversies that may arise by trying to fix responsibilities. I remember original work ran into about 10 pages or so and we felt that we need to convert this into info graphics form for easier communication. Finally TIFAC team with the help of designers prepared a nice info graphics, which has been a popular slide at the beginning of all my talks on TV2035 that I have delivered across India and outside. Here is the copy of that info graphics, where we compare India's progress with respect to TV2020 and use horse's movement to make it understandable.
Author's Group for TV2035
Author's group formed to summarize the documents took up task to write out different aspects of the planned summary and then meet for 2-3 days at a stretch perodically to synchronize the various writings into a smooth flowing document. We used to have periodic Apex committee meetings at TIFAC where some of these aspects were dicussed too. One meeting was planned in Chennai during April 12-14, 2014 which only had Author's group along with me and Dr Goswami. We all had planned to stay in a hotel in meeting venue was planned to be a meeting room in Central Lather Research Institute(CLRI), Chennai. I asked Dr Goswami about the time schedule of meeting and he said we would be meeting during normal working hours till about 5:30 PM or so. I felt that it would be appropriate if we booked hotel meeting room and worked as long as we felt like working. This would provide flexibility in terms of time, attire, food and an informal environment. This is very important for creative engagements and many think tanks have special rooms designed for such purposes. Fortunately everyone agreeed to this proposal and we worked till late night. This became a game changer and all our meetings were patterned in this fashion. Prof Sahni used to be the one who would control the laptop where all writings/modfications were done and it used to be connected to projector for all of us to see. This was very important as it made sure that writings were in language that was easily understandable. This became one of the important USP of the document that came out of this exercise.
One of the aspects that bothered me was the fact that group had gender imbalance with no women members. I wanted to make sure that we make up for this deficiency. Towards this goal, I started to search for document that would present women's view towards life. I came across a document that was released by World Economic Forum(WEF) "The Global Gender Gap Report – 2013".
I also came across a document "World Happiness Reporrt 2013". In July 2011 the UN General Assembly passed a historic resolution. It invited member countries to measure the happiness of their people and
to use this to help guide their public policies. This was followed in April 2012 by the first UN
high-level meeting on happiness and well-being, chaired by the Prime Minister of Bhutan. At the
same time the first World happiness Report was
published, followed some months later by the OECD Guidelines setting an International standard for the measurement of well-being.
Once in a while I also had discussion with my elder brother Shri Vijoy Prakash, Principal Secretary, Planning and Development, Bihar. One disucssion was regarding a "entitlement based model of development".
Focus on Quality of Life of Indians
These and other documents had profound influence on our thinking. Our document instead of becoming an executive summary of road maps, started to become a stand alone document in its own right and focused on quality of life of Indians. We started to define what is meant by quality of life and various paramters to measure this. We also had long discusssions about what should these parameters be called etc. We eventually settled on "Prerogative". After arranging and rearranging, we finalized 12 prerogatives – top ones were important for each individual and botrom ones were important as collective, as shown in the image below.
We also made a conscious choice to not compare ourselves with other countries and remain focused on India. We only talk about other countries/regions in a chapter towards the end on "Technology : National Comprehensive Power".
Capacity Building of TIFAC Scientists
In parallel to this work, I started to go through various draft roadmap documents. What struck me was that most of the document could not visualize the kind of technologies that may be available by 2035. Most documents had focused on near term future. I expressed my concern to the committees. Most of them mentioned that they did not have the expertise to visualize future technologies. Then I intiated an internal exercise to do internal training of TIFAC scientists by forming vaious groups and training each other. Most of them responded positively and a few had to be pursuaded to join in the effort.
While we were doing this, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd(IOCL), a large PSU contacted us for learning to do technology forecast in Aug 2013. I took this as an opportunity to not only train them but train ourselves too since teaching is the best way of learning. We planned a 2 day workshop for this and had internal and external speakers as part of this. For internal speakers, we went through rehearsal to improve our quality of presentations. At the begining of workshop, I used the term "foresight" instead of "forecast". One participant vehemently opposed this and said that they had come to learn about "forecast". I requested him to go through the sessions first. At the end of session, he opined that we have opened their eyes and all were very happy. We also felt satisfied and more confident.
TIFAC scientists started to contribute to all the documents by visualizing various technoligies that were likely to come and how they may impact India.This started to boost the quality of documents and most of them made their way into main vision document – the document that was supposed to be summary document.
Technology Table for Prerogatives
For each of the 12 prerogatives, we set some broad targets for the country and some focused targets with very quantitative expectations that took about one to one and half pages. Each of them were also accompanied by a technoogy table that had technologies that woudl be useful in fulfilling that particular prerogative. Of course many of them would cut across a few of them. We also decided to indicate readyness levels of these technologies with respect to the prerogatives. Instead of using TR1,TR2 etc, we used four terms – "Readily Deployable", "From Lab to Field", "Needs Targetted Research" and "In Imagination". We also had in depth discussion on what kind of tabular format would be most suitable for these. An example is shown below.
"Readily deployable" were those that could more or less be used off the shelf or with slight adaptation but were not being used much in India. "From Lab to Field" were still in lab stage and needed to be scaled up and economized to be used commercially – an area where India lags too much. "Requiring targeted research" were those areas where we needed to focus like a mission mode work. India has delivered in areas like Space, Atomic Energy and Missiles due to this but most of the other areas, we do not have focused and synchronized effort. NITI Aayog has picked up a large number of these to support in mission mode. The last one "in the imagination" were the ones that we felt were very uncertain and may happen in 20-30 years or may not happen at all but were going to be very disruptive if they happened. What was very interesting that a few of these started to show rapid progress even before the document was formally launched.
We also decided that we would throw certain grand challenges for the country that we must face and overcome. List of these 10 challenges include "Guaranteeing Nutritional Security and Eliminating Female and Child Anaemia". Fortunately Govt of India launched two major schemes based on these – "Nutrition India" and "Anaemia Mukt Bharat". Similarly Govt has taken up "Taking the Railway to Leh and Tawang".
We had few more chapters added to complete the document but now it was no longer a summary document of the roadmaps in different sectors as was visualized early on but it became a "Vision Document" in its own right. Then I suggested that we align the various roadmaps in a way that it flows from this Vision Dcoument and provided a roadmap to achiveve the vision.
Handing over document to PMO
As we were almost finalizing the document, we had elections in May 2014 and new Govt took over with a change in political party on May 26. On June 13-14, 2014 we had a meeting with Dr Kakodkar in BARC, Mumbai to review the status. We discussed that new govt was in hurry and was looking for new ideas before it moved ahead on action front. We did not have time to wait now and needed to finish it quickly. One more issue was to get attention of Govt to this document. TV2020 was launched by PM in 1996. I suggested that we not only requeest PM to launch the document but also to write foreword to the document. Ideally we wanted to launch all the documents together – Vision Document with 12 roadmaps. But it would have taken time to carry out the final touches needed for the roadmaps as well as to align them to the vision document. So we decided to go ahead with submitting the vision document separately and launch each of the roadmaps in different cities of India to give it an all India image. At that time Dr Vijayraghavan was given additional charge as Secretary, DST. We briefed him about our plan and he readily agreed to take up the request for both foreword and launch with PMO. He also wanted to see the draft version of document so that he was familiar with the content. Suddenly on June 27, 2014 we received a request through DST for a copy of Vision 2035 from Secretary, Earth Sciences. After enquiring, we found out that PMO had desired a copy even before we sent any formal request as mentioned was made in one of the meetings. We sent the draft version of the document but without the graphics and layout etc being done fully.
Look and Feel of the Document
Matter automatically assumed super urgency now. TIFAC team members spent day/night/weekends to work with designer to give the finishing touches to the document with visual elements and layout done. We reviewed the first layout in a meeting with Dr Kakodkar. He did not seem happy to see it neither was Dr Goswami. They felt it would not look like a serious document and may not have the impact. I suggested that we make some suggestions to the designer to make sure that color/fonts etc are appropriate to the document. Next round of improvement made everyone happy and we finalized the look and feel of the document. While printing we also ensured that proper paper quality is used. In fact the document became well known in Central Govt circle for breaking away from the boring looks and we got many inquires about it from organizations like NITI Aayog etc.Some time in Sept 2014, we handed over the document to PMO with a request to write foreword and launch it as well. We had many questions from PMO. One of them was about who had asked us to prepare this document. Another one was to show a documentary evidence of Technology Vision 2020 being launched by then PM etc. We also sent a draft foreword and then later another one after some weeks. Around Nov 2014, we were told that it would take about 3 months and we may have to make a short presentation to PM etc. However we did not hear about it and queries did not do much help either. In summer of 2015, TIFAC was requested to provide technology related input to India's climate change commitments in preparation for COP21@Paris later in the year. Shri Sushil Kumar, my Netarhat School Senior, was Addl Secretary, MoEFCC and was in charge of COP21 related activities. After one of the meetings, I showed him a copy of TV2035. He liked it and asked for a copy. He suggested that he would want PM to release this document in Paris during COP21. My response was that this is a document that was meant for country and it would be out of context to release it in Paris specially since this was not a document specific to climate issues. He said he would talk to PMO.
Interaction at PMO
Some time after this, around Aug 27, 2015, we received notification from PMO about a meeting on TV2035 on Sept 8, 2015 with Dr Kakodkar and Secretaries of DST, DBT, DSIR, MoES, ICMR to be present. We tried to inquire from DST if myself and Dr Goswami could be present. They said only those mentioned in the letter can attend! We made a special request and finally on the day of presentation, we got go ahead to be present in the meeting. During presentation , Nripendra Mishra, Principal Secy to PMO, mentioned to Dr Kakodkar – "Dr Kakodkar, you are the last word in Science for this country. We should have released this document yesterday when PM was in a conference of Scientists." That gave us a hint that they would go ahead with our plan of letting PM write foreword as well as launch it.
Dr Soumya Swaminathan, DG, ICMR told me that she would like to work on the grand challenge no 1 – "Guaranteeing Nutritional Security and Eliminating Female and Child Anaemia" with us. I agreed and decided to plan this out later with her. There was also discussion about how to take the agenda forward after preparation and launch of the document. We mentioned certain action points that TIFAC plans to do.
After this again there was no communication regarding launch of the document. We were planning a grand launch with demonstration of latest technologies in launch program for which we needed some time to work out. We had discussed with few companies and planned out the event but were not sure how it would be launched and when.
Launch Date Announced!
Later part of 2015 was very busy time for me and TIFAC as we were involved in a number of events in sequence. We were hosting VIth Annual International Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction during 28th-30th October, 2015 in partnership with International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDIRM), Japan and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria. It was a mega event with large number of international participants and 6 parallel sessions. From Nov 25-27, we were hosting Govt Foresight Network Organization(GFN) meet consisting of participants from different countries. Right after this, we had to take on the responsibility of hosting the first India International Science Festival from Dec 3-8, 2015. This was again a mega event with lakhs of participants and venue was IIT Delhi. From Dec 9-12, 2015 we had to be in Paris to participate in COP21. on Dec 8, we left for Paris after successfully conducting IISF in partnership with Vijnana Bharati. On Dec 13, I returned to Delhi and while on the way home from airport, I got a call from DST that PM would be launching TV2035 on Jan 3, 2016 at 103rd Indian Science Congress in Mysore. Suddenly we had to get into high gear to get things done for launch!
LifeScape and TechnoScape
While we were waiting for more than one year to hear back from PMO, we discussed ways to improve the document further without changing the main body that was already handed over to PM. Most of the people after hearing "Technology Vision 2035" thought it was a "vision for technology". We wanted to break this notion since it actually had become vision for India based on aspirations and desires of young minds of India. We prepared a info graphics to depict some aspects of this aspiration and termed it as "Life in 2035" or LifeScape. This was put in the front cover as spread out and is shown below:
LifeScape : Life in 2035
I also realized that we needed to convey to the readers that this Vision document is part of a set of documents including road maps in 12 sectors. In my write up to the document, I very prominently mentioned this but in addition to this we made a little booklet "TechnoScape" that had a one page summary of each of the road maps. This was added in a pocket at the back cover page. It is shown below:
TechnoScape : Snapshot of Technology Roadmaps
Printing of Document
We asked DST about foreword from PM so that we could include it in final print. They said he has signed and we should have received it. We searched and searched and no where it was to be found. Then DST scientist also did searching in his office and found that he had kept it nicely in his drawer but had put it upside down and was missing it out every time he searched the drawer! Finally we put together everything and wanted to get bulk printing done so that not only it could be launched but also distributed. Dr Kakodkar informed that he would not be available for the launch. Dr Goswami had also planned year end outing with his family. Min of S&T was also having a exhibtion stall and we agreed to be part of it to showcase the document. We had no idea about in what way, launch of document would be there. DST could not give much idea about it. I had a 2 minute meeting with Minister of S&T, Dr Harsh Vardhan to brief him about it. He was very happy and wanted a number of copies. He also took personal interest in grand challenge 1 on Anaemia and shared some facts about it.
I along with team of TIFAC members reached mysore but were in total dark about how the document would be launched. I personally carried about 60-70 Kg weight due to more than 100 copies with me in flight. Rest 100 we distributed among others. Printer had made a mistake while printing lifescape and last night he corrected it and I got copies minutes before I was to leave for Airport!
Chaos at Launch
Mysore was full of participants and all hotels were full and it was difficult to find accomodation for all. On Jan 2, 2016 (one day before launch) also we had very little information about launch process. Copies of documents were with me and there was chaos all over. Finally around 7 PM, we got information that we need to reach venue as fast as possible before the area is sealed and hand over the documents. We tried to put documents in gift wrap and were not sure it fit would be acceptable by security officials. Eventually we reached the venue of launch with tight security. They were very upset saying that they seal the venue 24 hours before the arrival of PM and it was barely 10-12 hours remaining. One senior security officer, who was supervising was bit more sympathetic and took the copies. I asked him, if I needed to hand over the document to PM for which I needed to be in the enclosure. He said my security pass for this purspoe was not made. I told him may be Secretary, DST can hand over etc. He told me that in the morning, I can be out side the inner enclosure and inform him (no mobiles were allowed) about my seating place. He would let me know if I needed to hand over the copies directly. By this time it was midnight.
Actual Launch by PM
We all returned to hotel and went to the venue early morning. There was Chaos at the place with Security Tag reader not working properly. They were not letting me and TIFAC team enter. Fortunately one senior Govt official recognized us and some how managed to let us in. I could manage to alert Security officer about my seating place, which was at the edge of second row in the middle fo make it easy for him as well as for me to come out, if needed.
Finally launch moment came. Announcer did not even mention TIFAC name and even one line about the document. It just said two documents were to be launched – one is summary of abstracts and other Technology Vision 2035. Anyway it was launched by PM eventually even though in a very unceremonious manner!
Launch of TV2035 by Hon'ble PM. Click on the image to see the video of launch
Those wanting copy of Technology Vision 2035 and released roadmaps can download it from TIFAC website.
My Talk after Launch and Media
I had earlier requested DST to give me a chance to talk about TV2035 and they had agreed and made a lot in an afternoon session. Of course crowd had thinned down by then but stil there were thousands of them. Talk went well and we got good response. Media people wanted copy of document and we managed to give out to many of them. Shri Maan Bardhan Kanth, who was handling media relation on behalf of TIFAC also helped by connecting to this friends in media circle. They all wanted soft copy of the document to make it easy for them to copy content and images etc.
Giving talk at Indian Science Congress after launch of Technology Vision 2035
Preparation of Technology Vision 2035 was designing future of India and involved thousandds of people directly or indirectly. However a core group of members worked tirelessly to achieve this. This is shown in the image below.
TV2035 : Key Contributors
I would be writing another set of blogs on post launch activities as this is already too long!
Author Prabhat RanjanPosted on January 3, 2021 January 9, 2021 Categories TIFAC, UncategorizedTags DST, Kakodkar, Prabhat Ranjan, Technology Vision 2035, TIFAC, TV20354 Comments on Making and Launching of Technology Vision 2035
Empowering Women : KIRAN-IPR scheme
Dept of Science and Technology(DST), Govt of India funds activities to promote Science, Technology and Innovation in India. Among these are also schemes to empower women. One of the schemes is called Women Scientist Scheme (WOS) or KIRAN (Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing). This has 3 components WOS-A, WOS-B and WOS-C (or KIRAN-IPR). Main purpose of these schemes is to bring back women with S&T background and mid-career break to main stream again.
Continue reading "Empowering Women : KIRAN-IPR scheme"
Author Prabhat RanjanPosted on January 13, 2019 November 7, 2020 Categories TIFACTags KIRAN-IPR, Nari Shakti Puraskar, TIFAC, Women Empowerment8 Comments on Empowering Women : KIRAN-IPR scheme
Prof Prabhat Ranjan, ED, TIFAC talking on Technology Vision 2035
Author Prabhat RanjanPosted on March 9, 2017 March 9, 2017 Categories TIFACTags 2035, Prabhat Ranjan, Technology Vision, TIFACLeave a comment on Prof Prabhat Ranjan, ED, TIFAC talking on Technology Vision 2035
ICT Based Assistive Technology to help Persons with Severe Disability – National Science Day 2017@NISCAIR
Author Prabhat RanjanPosted on March 9, 2017 March 9, 2017 Categories Assistive Technology, Brain, Liver Cleanse, TIFACTags Assistive Technology, Disability, Prabhat Ranjan, TIFACLeave a comment on ICT Based Assistive Technology to help Persons with Severe Disability – National Science Day 2017@NISCAIR


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How to earn from film industry?
Posted on June 3, 2016 June 3, 2016 .by Prashant Pandya.Posted inEconomics I understood. No comments yet	.
It my curiosity since my childhood to know how film producer,distributors and theater earn and who bear loss in case of flop film.Here is the answer in details.
One can earn big money by film making ,of course ,equal chances of big lose also.If a person produced a Hindi film very first time with all the new cast, crew etc. and suppose the Project is good enough, he can approach to all the big distributors, can show them, than they arrange a presenter of the movie, who will get profit sharing but depends of project strength. In India, there are so many movies has been produced in such a way, and got hit.Here,in film industry, a presenter is a usually a well-known executive producer credited with introducing a film or filmmaker to a larger audience. For example: "Presented by Reliance Entertainment".
Film making goes through various stages which include development, pre-production, production, post production & then distribution. Distribution is one of the most important parts of the system of film business. Without this part of movie making, producers & distributors will not get their benefits from the movie.
The Producer usually earns a salary (included in the budget) and a percentage of the profits from the sale of the film which is divided between the Producer and his Investors. In some cases, If the Producer sells all the rights of his film to one Distributor, the Producer is entitled to a share of the Distributor's profit.
A Distributor is the one who has everything to lose in releasing a film. In India, Distributors purchase a film from a Producer – based on Star Cast, Director, Producer, Lyricist and Music Director – and pay the Producer the amount of the budget + some profit. The bigger the Actor(s) the more the Producer will earn. For Example, if a Salman Khan film has a budget of 40 crores, the Distributor will easily purchase it for 45 crores giving the producer and his investors 5 crores in profit, the Distributor then has to pay for the cost of Prints and Publicity which would add another 5 crores to his cost of the film. In this scenario, if the Producer keeps the Satellite Rights he makes more money from that, but the Distributor doesn't get a share from it. So, if the Producer of a 40 crore film sells its Satellite Rights for 15 crores all that revenue goes into his pocket in addition to the 5 crores profit he received from the Distributor. Plus there are also Music Rights, if the Music Rights are sold for another 5 crores, the Producer has already made a profit of 25 crores before the film is released. The Distributor on the other hand is in the hole for 50 crores and can only recover it from a successful theatrical run where the film generates more than 110 Crores.
This article will be concerned with the whole procedure of film making with more focus on film distribution in the movie industry. Here are comprehensive views with infrastructure of the film distribution which will help to clear out the doubts related to the distribution of the movies. Any doubts can be discussed in the comments section below.
Film distribution strategy in India: Explanation
This is the final stage of the film making. This is a process in which movie is made available to the audiences to view it. This task is performed by professional film distributors who are responsible for determining the marketing strategy for the film, the media by which a film is to be made available for viewing for the audiences and finally who may set the release date of the film & other related matters.
Here are some terms related to film distribution:
Producer: A producer is a person who invests in the film. Basically they are responsible for the physical facilities & are also given the credit of "produced by". Among various producers, they are the traditional producers who invest in film under "production house". For example: A very well known film producer "Sanjay Leela Bhansali" invests in movie under the banner of (production house) "Bhansali Films". Production house may be owned by the producer or may be unrelated. Producers are responsible for all the expenses in film such as payment for the artists, technicians, other daily expenses during filming.
Film release:
Cost of the Film/Budget of the Film: Cost of the film is sum total of pre-production, film production, post production & advertisement expenses. (Note: 2%-4% of the poster publicity expenses will be taken care by Exhibitors.
Cost of film = pre-production + production + post production + advertisement expenses
Distributors: A film distributor is a person responsible for marketing a film i.e. one who distributes the film through the theatres after post-production. Distribution companies are different from production companies. Distributors also deals with an important part of financing a film, they set the release date of the film & the method by which the film is to be showcased or made available to the public for viewing. Distributors buy "Distribution Rights" from the producer either from the beginning of the film or after preview of the final cut of the particular movie. Distributors buy their distribution right according to the past success of casts, crew, director, story & producers which will greatly impact on the film success. It has been in trend that producer himself hold the distribution right without involving other individual distributor for film in order to avoid the distributor expenses.
The distributors decides the price of the movie according to
The state of the local economy and the ability of exhibitors to get the credit necessary to finance purchases
The prices of comparable films
The prices of films with the same cast
The prices of films from the same director or studio
The track record of the sales agent and his/her relationships with local exhibitors
Whether or not a territory allows practices such as block booking
Whether or not the agent has other high demand films they can use as leverage
On the basis of entertainment taxes & state-to-state connectivity, Film distribution Association of India divided state provinces in to 6 circuits in 1930s for Hindi Cinema (Bollywood Movies). Namely,
Bombay circuit
Eastern circuit
Delhi-U.P. circuit,
P., C.I., Rajasthan circuit
Punjab circuit
South circuit
But, later on territories for distribution of Hindi Films were divided into 11 circuits.
CIRCUIT NAMES TERRITORIES
Tamil Nadu Circuit Tamil Nadu, Kerala
Rajasthan Circuit Rajasthan
Nizam Circuit Telangana, Parts Of Maharastra & Karnataka
Mysore Circuit Bengaluru & Parts Of Karnataka
Easten Circuit West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Assam & North-Eastern States, Andaman & Nicobar Islands As Well As Bhutan And Nepal
East Punjab Circuit Punjab, Harayana, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh And Jammu & Kashmir
Delhi Circuit Delhi, Uttar Pradesh & Uttaranchal
Central India Circuit Parts Of Madhya Pradesh
C. P. Berar Circuit Maharastra, (Eastern), Madhya Pradesh (South & West), Chhattisgarh
Bombay Circuit Mumbai, Gujarat, Goa, Parts Of Maharashtra & Karnataka
Andhra Circuit Andhra Pradesh
Distributors directly may distribute films to all these circuits (or) sometimes the main distribrutors sell films to a local film distributor.
Exhibitors: A person who own theater is called an Exhibitor. Exhibition is the retail branch of the film industry which involves not the production or the distribution of motion pictures, but their screening. This involves usually for paying customers in a site devoted to such motion pictures, the movie theater, multiplexes etc. Exhibitors get right for the movie exhibition by two methods. First way is, they can get the rights on the basis of pre-agreement with the film distributors who hire theater to show their movies. The Second way is, the theater owners give advance payment to the distributors to get the right to showcase upcoming film in their theater. Exhibitors choose the movie to display according to the previous success of the cast & crew, director, producer etc. Distributors get their return or profit from the theater known as "Distribution Right". This distribution right is calculated on the basis of an agreement which is made with the theater owner or Exhibitors. Exhibitors control how films are programmed, promoted and presented to the public. They have significant influence over the Box Office success as well as the reception of films.
The exhibition of film requires the ownership, management & operation of theaters. Exhibitors have to face various situations related to shifting market conditions, strong competition, efforts to achieve monopolization of the field, government regulatory actions, and costly investment in new technologies.
Film promotion: The advertising of film (or) the practice of promotion in film industry in coordination with the process of film distribution is called "film promotion" or "film marketing". People who are responsible for the film promotion are Distribution Company because they distribute the films to the cinemas & distribute the promotional material around the country & world. This is sometimes called as "press junket" or "film junket". Publicity is handled by the distributors & exhibitors.
Film promotion includes
Interview with actors, directors etc
Marketing budget = 1/2 of production budget
Techniques to promote film include:
In theaters: This contains trailer of the movie, film posters, slide shows, standees, cardboard 3 displays etc.
Television & radio: promotional events includes extended preview of the movie, interviews with casts of the film, paid broadcast of behind the scenes etc.
Internet: online digital screener, viral marketing, internet marketing, social media marketing etc.
Print: paid advertisements in newspapers, magazines, comic special editions of special editions, cross promotion of original novel, book etc.
Merchandising: paid co-branding, co-advertising, promotional give-aways.
Promotional tours & interviews: Film actors & producers are seen in TV shows, cable, radio, print, colleges, road shows etc.
Audience research: Audiences are asked various questions about title, advertising materials, screening etc. This is the strong factor in determining the ability of a film to sell in theatres, which is ultimately how films make their money.
Holdover: An exhibitors keeping of a film for exhibition beyond the minimum period exhibition time specified during licence agreement. Holdover may occur either due to exhibitors own action with consent of distributor or due to holdover clause.
Holdover clause: Holdover clause in simple terms means continue to show the film beyond the previously scheduled ending which means to extend the number of performances in the case of a successful show which continues to draw big audiences.
Holdover figure: The negotiated weekly minimum amount of money collected in a week which should be equal to or exceeded from the film exhibition in required amount of time for the exhibitor to showcase the film for an additional week is called handover figure. This figure is mutually agreed by the distributors & exhibitors at the time of license agreement.
Box Office Model Explained In Tabular Form
Box Office Terminologies:
Cost of Film= [Budget + PA (Promotion & Advertisement) Expenses]
Non Theatrical Revenues= Satellite Rights + Music Rights + Overseas subsidy etc.
Footfalls= Total number of tickets Sold
Gross Collections= Total money collected from ticket sales
Net Collections = [Gross collections – Entertainment Tax]
Distributor share: percentage of the collection after the entertainment tax.
Profit / Loss (Distributor)= [ Amount at which film was bought – Distributor Share ]
Distributor Share is generally calculated as below:
Duration Percentage Share
Multiplex Single Screens
First Week 50% 70%-90%
Second Week 42% 70%-90%
Third Week 37% 70%-90%
Thereafter 30% 70%-90%
Now, let's calculate the gross collection, footfall, distributor share, net collection of Week 1 at the Box Office. Let us suppose:
Number of audiences in Week 1 (in multiplex & single screen each): 50,000
Average ticket price at Multiplex: ₹ 250
Average ticket price at single screens: ₹ 100
Multiplex Single Screen
Footfall 50,000 50,000
Average Ticket Price ₹ 250 ₹ 100
Gross Collection 50000*250 = ₹ 1.25 Crore 50000*100 = ₹ 50 Lakh
Entertainment Tax 0.3 *1.25 Crore = ₹ 37.5 lakh 0.3 * ₹ 50 Lakh = ₹ 15 Lakh
Net Collection ₹ 1.25 Crore – ₹ 37.5 lakh = 87.50 Lakh ₹ 50 Lakh – ₹ 15 Lakh = 35 Lakh
Distributor Share 50% 70% 90% Avg.
First Week ₹ 43.75 lakh ₹ 24.50 Lakh ₹ 31.50 Lakh ₹ 24.50 to 31.50 Lakh
Here is summary of Film Making Process In Bollywood Industry:
If you have any doubts regarding the Film making issue we will love to have your query in comment section below.
Taken from :
http://kicktotalcollection.com/film-distribution-process-in-india/1235 [ Author – Suruchi Dev]
http://bollywoo.blogspot.in/2011/08/producers-vs-distributors-vs-exhibitors.html
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