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Comparative study on mid- and long-term clinical effects of medial pivot prosthesis and posterior-stabilized prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty
Weipeng Shi1,2 na1,
Yaping Jiang3 na1,
Changyao Wang1,
Haining Zhang1,
Yingzhen Wang1 na1 &
Tao Li ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5406-18511 na1
The purpose of this study was to explore the mid-and long-term clinical effects of Chinese patients with medial pivot (MP) prosthesis and posterior-stabilized (PS) prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), to provide a reference for the recommendation of clinical prostheses.
A retrospective analysis of 802 patients who received TKA was performed from June 2010 to December 2013. A total of 432 patients received a MP prosthesis (MP group) and 375 patients received a PS prosthesis (PS group). Postoperative range of motion (ROM), clinical scores including the knee scoring system (KSS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), the forgotten joint score (FJS), and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.
A total of 527 patients were followed up, including 290 in the MP group and 237 in the PS group. Both groups achieved satisfactory results in terms of KSS score, WOMAC score, and postoperative ROM, which were significantly improved compared with those before surgery, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The FJS scores of the MP group and the PS group were satisfactory and no significant difference was observed (P = 0.426). Postoperative complications occurred in 5 and 11 patients in the MP group and PS group, respectively.
The clinical results of TKA with MP or PS in Chinese patients at mid- and long-term are encouraging, and no significant differences were observed between the two types of prostheses. Studies have also shown that both prostheses are safe for Chinese patients.
With the development of the aging population, knee joint degenerative disease has become a global common condition of the elderly. At present, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the first choice for the treatment of end-stage osteoarthrosis [1, 2]. The first-generation knee prosthesis was designed and developed by Gonston et al. in 1969 [3]. After increased development and improvement, present-day knee joint prostheses can better restore the natural kinematics of the knee joint and have improved the survival rates.
Posterior-stabilized (PS) prosthesis is a classic clinical prosthesis, which has the advantages of a clear incision exposure, a simple soft-tissue balance, and a greater range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint [4]. It relies on the femoral cam to improve the rollback, improves the stability of knee joint movement and motion translation, and prevents posterior subluxation [5]. However, the structure of the cam post may impact the central post, cause patella slip syndrome, and the extent of the osteotomy is large, which introduces difficulties for subsequent revision surgery [6].
During knee flexion, the contact points of the medial tibiofemoral articular surface are used as the axis, and the tibia is rotated in relation to the femur [7,8,9]. According to the characteristics of knee kinematics, the medial pivot (MP) prosthesis, which adopts the concept of the "ball-and-socket" design, has been developed. The medial part of the high molecular polyethylene gasket has the shape of a "ball-and-socket" unit, which limits anterior and posterior movement of the medial condyle of the femur, while the lateral condyle can achieve normal back-rolling movement during knee flexion [4, 10,11,12,13]. The MP prosthesis with a single radius of curvature has the advantages of maximizing the ROM of the joint and the contact area between the polyethylene gasket and the femoral prosthesis. This will reduce the wear of the gasket, thereby increasing joint stability and improving the patella trajectory through the "ball-and-socket" model [14,15,16].
However, due to differences in anatomical structure between the Asian and European population, postoperative knee pain, limited mobility, and joint instability often occur [17,18,19], and there are very little experimental data obtained from Chinese people. The purpose of this study was to compare mid- and long-term clinical effects of TKA with MP and PS prostheses to provide a reference for the clinical selection of prostheses in Chinese patients.
From June 2010 to December 2013, a retrospective study of patients undergoing TKA at the Department of Joint Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China) was conducted. All included patients were diagnosed with knee osteoarthropathy. Patients were excluded if they had a BMI 35 kg/m2, suffered from cardio-cerebral vascular, neurological, and mental related system diseases, or had previous fractures around the knee joint. Patients who received other surgical treatments, such as high tibial osteotomy, patients who intended to undergo knee revision surgery, or patients whose daily lives were severely affected due to reasons other than knee surgery, were not included in this study.
In this study, MP (Advance Medial-Pivot Knee System, Wright Medical Group) or PS prosthesis (NexGen LPS-Flex, Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) were adopted. Patients were placed into the supine position, with general anesthesia and a nerve block being used before surgery, and electric pneumatic hemostat as well as 300 mmHg pressure was used at the start of surgery. An anterior median and longitudinal incision of the knee joint was created, and the paracondylar approach was used to remove the synovium, part of the fat pad, the meniscus, the anterior cruciate ligament, and osteophytes. The femoral side was positioned intramedullary, the distal femur at valgus 5° (PS prosthesis 6°), the tibial side was placed extramedullary, and the posterior incline was 3° (PS prosthesis 7°). The patella was trimmed, and the local anesthetic was injected into the surrounding tissue and posterior articular capsule before the prosthesis was placed. Tranexamic acid was injected into the articular cavity before suturing the subcutaneous tissue and a drainage tube was inserted.
By searching the electronic medical record system of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China), data on the knee movements of patients before surgery were obtained, and all data obtained after surgery were measured by specialists in joint surgery. The patient was placed in a supine position, and the knee joint was straightened and flexed as much as the patient tolerated. Extension and flexion angles were recorded. For each patient, the measurement was performed in triplicate, and the final angle was averaged. The KSS score scale is divided into two parts: the clinical and the functional score, with the total score of both parts being 100 points. Scores greater than 85 points are considered excellent, 70-84 points are good, 60-69 points are acceptable, and scores less than 60 points are considered poor. Responses on the WOMAC scoring scale can be rated as "no difficulty," "slight difficulty," "medium difficulty," "very difficult," or "extremely difficult," with a score of 0–4 points, and the total score is the sum of the individual scores. The FJS score is a scale for evaluating a patients' post-operative satisfaction. It includes 12 questions with five possible answers for each question. A high total score indicates a high degree of forgetting and a low score indicates a low degree of forgetting. Complications mainly include pain in the anterior knee area, loss of sensation around the knee joint incision, knee snapping and poor healing of the incision, fracture around the prosthesis, loosening of the prosthesis, biomechanical instability of the knee joint, infection around the prosthesis, and other related systemic complications.
The SPSS software (version 26.0) was used to analyze the collected data, which were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normal distribution, t test, non-uniform normal distribution, and non-parametric test. The chi-square test was used for comparison between groups, and the significance level was set at 0.05.
This study included 802 patients who met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 527 patients for whom follow-up data were available. In the MP group, 290 patients were followed up. The average age of the patients was 74.58 (± 6.97) years, the average body mass index (BMI) was 27.89 (± 3.65) kg/m2, and the average follow-up time was 81.04 (± 7.66) months. In the PS group, 237 patients were followed up. The average age of the patients was 75.84 (± 5.70) years, the body mass index (BMI) was 27.43 (± 3.51) kg/m2, and the average follow-up time was 80.78 (± 7.85) months. Both groups were balanced in their baseline characteristics (Table 1). Typical cases of MP prosthesis and PS prosthesis are presented in Figs. 1 and 2.
Table 1 Preoperative characteristics of patients with follow-up data
Typical case of medial pivot prosthesis. a Anteroposterior position before surgery in patients with medial pivot (MP) prosthesis. b Anteroposterior position after surgery in patients with MP prosthesis. c Lateral position of the knee joint before surgery in patients with MP prosthesis. d Lateral position of the knee joint after surgery in patients with MP prosthesis. e Patella axial radiograph (60°) before surgery in patients with MP prosthesis. f Patella axial radiograph (60°) after surgery in patients with MP prosthesis
Typical case of posterior-stabilized prosthesis. a Anteroposterior position before surgery in patients with posterior-stabilized (PS) prosthesis. b Anteroposterior position after surgery in patients with PS prosthesis. c Lateral position of the knee joint before surgery in patients with PS prosthesis. d Lateral position of the knee joint after surgery in patients with PS prosthesis. e Patella axial radiograph (60°) before surgery in patients with PS prosthesis. f Patella axial radiograph (60°) after surgery in patients with PS prosthesis
The average preoperative ROM was 89.79 (± 12.00) in the MP group and 88.04 (± 13.02) in the PS group. The postoperative ROM of the MP and PS groups were 113.72 (± 8.43) and 112.72 (± 8.18), respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.253). The ROM of the MP group increased by 23.93 (± 11.39) and the ROM of the PS group increased by 24.68 (± 14.05) compared to before the operation. No significant differences were observed between the two groups (P = 0.978) (Fig. 3).
Preoperative/postoperative changes in range of motion. There was no significant difference between the two groups in preoperative ROM, postoperative ROM, and changes in ROM. *P < 0.05
The clinical and functional scores of the KSS before surgery in the two groups were balanced (P > 0.05) (Table 1). Scores related to pain, stability, walking conditions, and up and down the stairs of the two groups of patients were significantly improved after surgery, but no significant differences were observed between the clinical and functional scores of KSS (Fig. 4).
Postoperative knee scoring system (KSS) score. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the postoperative clinical and functional scores of KSS. *P < 0.05
WOMAC
Patients in the MP and PS groups had significantly lower postoperative WOMAC scores in terms of pain, stiffness/rigidity, and activity/daily life than before the surgery. Among them, the activity score improved the most, however, the differences between the WOMAC scores of the two groups was not statistically significant (Fig. 5).
Postoperative Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score. The difference between the postoperative WOMAC scores of the two groups was not statistically significant. *P < 0.05
The overall FJS score between the two groups was satisfactory, with an average of 68.89 (± 25.04) in the MP group and 65.29 (± 24.93) in the PS group. The degree of amnesia of the knee prosthesis in the MP group was slightly higher compared to that in the PS group, but no significant differences were observed in the FJS scores between the two groups (P = 0.426).
In the MP group, five patients experienced complications from the surgery. Two patients had a surgery-related infection, but this subsided after the second-stage revision. One patient experienced joint pain, which was treated by polyethylene gasket removal. One patient experienced numbness around the incision, and neurotrophic drugs was adopted. The patient still feels insensitive in certain areas around the knee. During the recovery phase, in one patient, the incision was not healed 2 weeks after surgery. Finally, it was healed through multiple surgical dressings. In the PS group, a total of 11 patients showed complications, one person had an infection after surgery but recovered after the two-stage revision, and three people presented with pain in the anterior knee area during postoperative activities, which gradually disappeared after oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The knee joint of five patients clicked slightly, and two patients presented with numbness around the incision, which did not affect daily life; hence, no targeted treatment was given. No systemic complications, such as deep vein thrombosis or pneumonia in the lower extremities were observed.
This study aimed to explore the clinical results of Chinese patients who underwent implantation of MP and PS prostheses for TKA at mid- to long-term follow-up. We found that MP and PS prostheses have similar clinical effects mid- to long-term, both for knee function and ROM. This overall effect was consistent with the findings presented in previous studies, which showed that MP prostheses can achieve satisfactory results in clinical and imaging studies at mid- to long-term follow-up [4, 8, 20,21,22]. Chinzei et al. [20] found that the success rate of the MP prosthesis was 98.3% during an 8-year follow-up of 76 patients (85 knees), however, only one case of infectious loosening occurred. The survival rate of the prosthesis in the study of Dehl et al. [21] reached 95.9%, and no aseptic loosening was observed. In the present study, two cases in the MP group presented with an infection around the prosthesis after surgery, which was successfully treated after the second-stage revision, and one case was treated after removal of the polyethylene gasket due to joint pain. There was one case of joint infection in PS group, which was adequately treated after the second-stage revision. The 6.5-year survival rate of the PS prosthesis was about 99.6%. In the PS group, there was one infection, which was recovered after a second-stage revision. The infection rates of the MP and PS groups were 0.7% and 0.4%, respectively, which were similar to the results presented in the previous studies [23]. In this study, the 6.5-year survival rate of the MP prosthesis was slightly lower than that of the PS group. It cannot be ruled out that there may be data deviations caused by various factors, such as revisions or surgical techniques in missing patients. Compared with the PS prosthesis, the MP prosthesis produced smaller, rounder, and fewer particles, which may have a smaller effect on osteolysis and aseptic loosening [24], making the MP prosthesis more ideal in terms of the survival rate.
In this study, no significant differences in both the postoperative ROM and ROM increase were observed between the two groups, which was similar to the findings presented in the previous studies [25, 26]. Although the MP prosthesis may have advantages over the PS prosthesis in kinematics and contact area, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of postoperative flexion. David et al. [4] found that the MP prosthesis had a better postoperative flexion than the PS prosthesis (MP group 120.3° vs PS group 112.8°). In only a few studies, it was shown that the postoperative flexion of the MP prosthesis can reach more than 120°, for example, in a study by Bae et al. [26], 150 patients with an MP prosthesis were followed up for 5 years, and it was found that the average postoperative flexion can reach 124°, which may be related to the preoperative flexion, reaching more than 120°. However, the follow-up of 92 patients by Kim et al. [27] for 2.6 years showed that the early clinical effect of MP prosthesis was worse with a smaller ROM, poor patient satisfaction, and higher incidence of complications.
In this study, both MP and PS groups showed a significant improvement in the KSS scores compared to the scores before surgery, which was similar to the results previously reported [20, 26, 28]. The rates of the postoperative KSS clinical score in both groups reached 100%, and the rates of KSS functional score were 86.8% and 86.9%, in MP and PS groups, respectively, which may be related to a more subjective index items in the functional score. In the WOMAC score, the two groups of patients also improved significantly, but there was no significant difference between groups. At present, there are a few studies on the use of the FJS, which has the advantages of a tool with high structural validity and high reliability for repeated testing, with the upper limit effect of the FJS being lower compared to WOMAC. In previous studies, patients in the MP group had a higher final FJS score than the PS group [4, 29], because a high degree of stability is required when the knee joint is straightened from the flexion state. In contrast, the cam mechanism of the PS prosthesis will produce higher contact stress, which leads to knee instability, thereby affecting the ability of the knee joint to change from high flexion to straight extension [30]. Therefore, the FJS score in the PS group was lower than that in the MP group.
Current research suggests that skin numbness and paresthesia after TKA are mainly caused by cutaneous nerve injury close to the anterior knee incision [31]. The peripheral nerve distribution of the knee joint is divided into shallow and deep layers. The shallow layer comprises the cutaneous nerve, and the deep layer is composed of the joint capsule, the surrounding ligaments, and the arterial branches that are connected to the joint. Clinically, the classic approach of anterior midline incision of the knee joint is mostly used, therefore, it is inevitable that the cutaneous nerve in front of the knee joint is cut, resulting in numbness of the skin around the cut after the artificial TKA. In the present study, one patient in the MP group and two in the PS group experienced numbness around the incision, because the surgery was carried out by creating a mid-knee incision, resulting in a lack of sensation due to damaged cutaneous nerves. The affected patients received neurotrophic drugs for conservative treatment, but in most cases, partial sensory deficits remained.
Pain in the anterior knee is a major factor affecting the quality of life of patients after TKA. It can be caused by dysfunction of the patellofemoral joint in the anterior knee region, abnormalities in the patellar trajectory, and high contact stress of the patellofemoral joint after surgery [32]. In previous studies, it was shown that pain in the anterior knee area was closely related to the type of prosthesis [33, 34]. The PS prosthesis requires an intercondylar box to accommodate the column, and when the knee joint changes from flexion to extension, the patella will touch the intercondylar box. The long-term consequences of this constellation are hyperplasia of the fibrous tissue nodules, which get in contact with the intercondylar box of the PS prosthesis, and cause pain in the anterior part of the knee during the extension to 30–40° [35, 36]. In the present study, three patients in the PS group developed pain in the anterior knee area. After continued oral administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics for 2 months, the symptoms gradually disappeared, without adversely affecting postoperative functional recovery.
Clinically, the phenomenon of joint popping or a clicking sound after knee arthroplasty is quite common. The main reason is that small nodules of the fibrous synovial hyperplasia at the superior junction of the quadriceps tendon and patella are stuck in the intercondylar fossa during movement of the knee joint. The box restricts the upward movement of the patella. When the small nodule pops out of the intercondylar box, the patella suddenly moves upwards and produces a snapping sound [37, 38]. Hozack coined this phenomenon the patellar clunk syndrome, which may be related to an abnormal patella trajectory and the type of prosthesis [38,39,40,41,42]. The average time for the clicking sound to occur for the first time is 5 to 11 months [43]; however, it has also been reported that it can occur up to 6 years after surgery [44] and generally requires surgery to be removed. Anderson et al. [17] pointed out that because of the improvement of the MP prosthesis biomechanically, it does not require an intercondylar box to accommodate the post, which can extend the pulley groove downward so that the patella does not leave the femoral pulley during extension and flexion, thereby reducing the occurrence of patellar and postoperative patellofemoral joint complications from 25 to 0% in the PS group. In the MP group, no postoperative clicking sound was observed, while five patients with slight clicking presented in the PS group, which occurred mainly during the process of knee joint flexion to extension. We suspect that it may be caused by hyperplastic nodules that are stuck in the intercondylar box. Because these patients felt it did not affect their daily life, they were not given targeted diagnosis and treatment.
In summary, despite the high loss to follow-up rate in this study, no significant differences were observed between the two types of prostheses in terms of postoperative clinical effects, infection rates, and prosthesis survival rate in Chinese patients. The overall improvement is encouraging in at mid- and long-term follow-up after surgery, and patient satisfaction is high. The incidence of postoperative complications in general is lower than the overall level, which shows that the two types of prostheses are safe and reliable.
The clinical results of knee arthroplasty with MP or PS in Chinese patients at mid- and long-term follow-up are encouraging, with no significant differences observed between the two types of prostheses. Studies have also shown that both prostheses are safe for Chinese patients.
All data are contained in the text and charts of published articles.
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National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant number: 81802151; Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation, Grant number: ZR2019MH012; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Grant number: 2018 M642616; Qingdao Applied Foundational Research Youth Project, Grant number: 19-6-2-55-cg.
Weipeng Shi and Yaping Jiang, Yingzhen Wang and Tao Li contributed equally to this work.
Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
Weipeng Shi, Changyao Wang, Haining Zhang, Yingzhen Wang & Tao Li
Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
Weipeng Shi
Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
Yaping Jiang
Changyao Wang
Haining Zhang
Yingzhen Wang
Tao Li
TL and YZW designed the study. WPS and YPJ analyzed the data and wrote the original manuscript. CYW and HNZ participated in the design of the study. The co-authors read and authorized the final manuscript for publication. All author(s) read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Yingzhen Wang or Tao Li.
This study is a retrospective study, so no informed consent is required.
The co-authors agreed on the final version of the manuscript.
Shi, W., Jiang, Y., Wang, C. et al. Comparative study on mid- and long-term clinical effects of medial pivot prosthesis and posterior-stabilized prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 15, 421 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-01951-9
Medial pivot prosthesis
Posterior-stabilized prosthesis
Total knee arthroplasty
Mid- and long-term
Clinical effect


Endocannabinoids regulate energy stability and lipid rate of metabolism by stimulating the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). attentive to modifications in CB1 signaling. The manifestation design of IDFP mice segregated from DMSO mice in hierarchal cluster evaluation and AM251 pre-administration decreased ( 50%) almost all (303 of 533) from the IDFP 26833-85-2 induced modifications. Pathway analysis exposed that IDFP modified manifestation of genes involved with lipid, fatty acidity and steroid rate of metabolism, the acute stage response, and amino acidity rate of metabolism inside a CB1-reliant manner. PCR verified array outcomes of key focus on genes in multiple 3rd party experiments. General, we display that severe IDFP treatment induces hepatic TG build up and insulin level of resistance, at least partly with the CB1 receptor, and determine novel cannabinoid reactive genes. Introduction Weight problems elicits a cluster of interrelated disorders, termed the metabolic symptoms, that raise the risk of coronary disease . Dysregulation from the endocannabinoid (EC) program has been associated with improved adiposity in human beings by epidemiological and hereditary data , , . Weight problems and hyperglycemia are connected with raised plasma and cells endocannabinoid amounts in animal versions and obese individuals , , , . In four huge human tests, 20 mg/day time from the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist rimonabant led to medically significant and long term reductions in bodyweight, waistline circumference, and the different parts of the metabolic symptoms , , , . The consequences of rimonabant on plasma lipids and glycosylated hemoglobin look like partly 3rd party of weight reduction . Pharmacological or hereditary ablation of CB1 in diet-induced and hereditary mouse types of obesity leads to a transient hypophagic response, accompanied by long term effects on weight reduction, adiposity, and normalization of metabolic guidelines , , , , , . These results suggest 26833-85-2 that decreased food intake will not completely clarify the improvement in adiposity-related actions with CB1 inactivation. Hepatic CB1 activation raises lipogenesis through SREBP1c activation, and reduces fatty acidity oxidation by inhibiting AMP kinase , . Furthermore, hepatocyte particular deletion of CB1 or administration of the non-brain-penetrant CB1 antagonist prevents hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, and insulin level of resistance on the high-fat diet, 3rd party of putting on weight , . Likewise, ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis can be absent in hepatocyte particular CB1 ?/? pets . Collectively these observations improve the probability that aberrant EC signaling mediates advancement of ITGA9 the metabolic symptoms, both by influencing bodyweight and straight regulating metabolic procedures. While the requirement of CB1 signaling for advancement of weight problems and related metabolic disruptions has been proven, it really is uncertain if EC elevation is enough to induce adjustments in hepatic lipid and blood sugar rate of metabolism independent of adjustments in diet and bodyweight. Furthermore, the molecular pathways root the effective regulatory ramifications of CB1 on hepatic rate of metabolism remain mainly unclear. In today's research, we investigate the consequences of raised ECs on hepatic lipid content material and insulin level of sensitivity independent of diet. The ECs in charge of CB1 signaling are N-arachidonyl ethanolamine (AEA, or anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). Both are arachidonic acidity derivatives created locally by 26833-85-2 phospholipases, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-selective phospholipase D, and sn-1-selective diacylglycerol lipases, respectively . Anandamide is really a incomplete CB1 agonist with moderate affinity, and 2-AG can be a lesser affinity full CB1 agonist that's present at higher concentrations than AEA. Signaling can be terminated by enzymatic break down of AEA and 2-AG by fatty acidity amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively.


The beauty of taking trains in Europe is that it is incredibly simple! With most rail operators, no check in is required and there is no need for a baggage drop. Instead you can arrive at the station and hop on and off the train in a matter of minutes. Long queues or waiting times aren't necessary!
Just follow the checklist below and you will be completely prepared for you trip.
Make sure you have your ticket on you (or saved on your phone). If you need to print your tickets at the station, click here to find out the necessary steps and instructions. If you have a printed E-ticket, you do not need to print anything at the station.
Make sure that you have a piece of ID such as a passport, with you. The ticket inspector may ask to check your ID if you have an E-ticket or it may mandatory (check your confirmation email to be sure).
Make sure your ticket is validated if you have had to print it at the station. Find out how to do this here. E-tickets do not have to be validated.
Be at the station at least 20 minutes prior to departure. This will give you enough time to find your platform and walk to your carriage. If you are taking a Eurostar train, you have to check-in at least 30 minutes before departure.
Do not panic if your departure platform is not displayed. Usually, the platform numbers are only displayed between 10 to 20 minutes before departure. If you cannot see your stop displayed on the departures board, then also do not panic. This is very common, as only large and/or terminus stations are displayed. So instead just look for your train number (displayed on your ticket) on the departures board.
Train doors will close exactly two minutes before departure, so if you are running late, this is your absolute deadline.
If you need to transfer and change trains at a station, make sure you are listening carefully to the announcements so you do not miss your stop. Once you are at your transfer station, make sure you look out for the departures board, if you do not know the platform number. Your platform will be displayed between 10 - 20 minutes before departure, so do not worry if it is not displayed instantly.
Lastly, have fun, bring some snacks and enjoy the scenery! Trains are meant to be fun!


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Q: Facebook Access Token Lifetime Issue I am attempting to setup an FB app that posts to a single specific page whenever someone in our CMS puts up a specific post. I am not looking to enable facebook unified login etc with out CMS. We have a fishing application and we simply want to post on a specific page whenever someone checks in a fish in our CMS app which is written in PHP.
The problem I have is I need our CMS to be able to push the content to the Facebook page without user intervention, login, etc. So far everything works fine, except for the expiry of the 60 day access tokens.
I am guessing there is no way going forward to have an 'eternal' token. SO what is the set of things I need to code up to enable our php CMS to perpetually post content on our Facebook page?
Only our Facebook account with the single page needs access to the app.
Sorry if this has been answered elsewhere, but I have been googling high and low for an answer.

A: The reason you cannot find the solution you want is because it doesn't exist.  The exteneded access token will expire after 60 days.  Your page admin user must come back to your application periodically to refresh their login (which you will then take that short access token and "exchange" it for a 60 day one).  This is the ONLY way to make it work.

A: so, this in theory should work:

*

*Introduce some error handling that catches when the token expires.

*Write a server side function/module that posts a login to facebook for you and retrieves what you need automatically. There are plugins that can do this (by this i mean emulate a browser) for you via php (see links). Or just build your own script in perl/python with mechanize(or other command line browser) that pulls the information for you and writes it back to the php file etc.

*Call the perl script/python module/php class/function from your server side code.

@DMCS if you can think of it, you can do it ;)
sorry if this seems complicated, DMCS is correct, normally you have to do it by hand, but in theory you can always script it, i guess is my point.
option 2: create said perl/python script described above and run in cron job every 59 days or what have you. :)
http://www.lastcraft.com/browser_documentation.php -- php "mechanize" like module
http://sourceforge.net/projects/snoopy/ -- another php "mechanize" like module
http://bit.ly/L3PRgR -- mechanize perl :)
http://bit.ly/L3PZgc -- mechanize python :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dutch goth/symphonic metal band Within Temptation formed in the Netherlands in the mid '90s, released a debut (Enter) in 1997 and promptly commenced gathering a rabid cult following. By 2001's Mother Earth they had broken through to the mainstream and their next two albums debuted at No.1 (Silent Force and The Heart of Everything, respectively). Led by the alternately operatic and darkly melodic vocals of singer Sharon den Adel, the band successfully combines the power of Opeth (albeit watered down just a tiny bit) with the accessibility of Lacuna Coil. A talent for serious hooks at the chorus don't hurt. After winning several awards, countless appearances at festivals and perennial spots in the European metal charts, the band finally started gaining recognition in the States with The Heart of Everything in 2007 and their earlier albums began seeing US re-release. A CD/DVD release, Black Symphony appeared in 2008.


Something about selling seashells down by the seashore led us to create these Original Penguin shell print shorts. That's actually doesn't twist the tongue like we thought it would. Anyway, plain weave fabrication weaves in criss-cross patterning for extra durability. These shorts are feature a slim taper through the thighs, an 8-inch inseam, two front pockets and two back pockets.


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Virtual End of Life Doula Course
End of Life Doula Classroom Course
What is a Doula?
Seven Principles
FELDA.org
The English Book of the Dead
Jane Depledge
Bep Dhaliwal
Amanda Waring
Ask Before Buy
Doulas receive training to support people at the End of Life.
Contact Us Make an Enquiry
Many people associate Doula's with assisting the mother at birth. Indeed, the term Doula means to assist and support and comes from the Greek where its original meaning was also slave. At Soul Companions, Doulas receive training to support people at the End of Life. They are not replacing the highly skilled professionals but support the family and patient to enable the dying person to die where they have chosen to be. For over 70% of people this is their home. Sadly, despite peoples wishes to die at home, heath statistic informs us that less than 20% do so. A family or patient working with a Doula is less likely to have to leave their home due to the support, care, comfort and understanding being offered. They are truly a soul companion to those facing death, but they are also companions for the grieving family left behind as their final farewell is made.
We know taking care of someone who is dying, no matter how much they are loved, and probably because they are loved so much is harrowing, fraught with uncertainty, emotionally disturbing and mentally and physically exhausting. A doula can help ease this by providing guidance on how best to prepare for death, how to understand the signs of imminent death and offer support and traditional rituals that can ease the tension of death. For "How people die lives in the memory of those who live on" Dame Cecily Saunders.
The Soul companion works to:
1. Recognise the individual needs of the dying person and their family and creates an atmosphere where they feel dignified, loved and supported.
2. Acknowledge, respect and honour a dying person's beliefs and practices.
3. Provide comfort, compassion, continuous support and reassurance in helping a dying person to experience the death he or she wants (within legal bounds).
4. Guide and support a dying person to facilitate, in a non-medical way, a peaceful death and final farewell.
5. Keep a loving vigil and support those also keeping vigil by creating and holding a sacred and healing energy space for the dying person.
6. Provide gentle therapeutic techniques to alleviate anxiety and tension, applying an attentive manner and calm understanding, acting as a companion to the soul, working with spirit, especially during the stage of soul transition.
7. Help the dying person and their family on this journey by allowing the natural course of life and having courage to let things simply be.
Doula Training
At Soul Companions our training courses are prepared and delivered to ensure all participants reach their potential to enable them to take this journey with those who are dying.
© 2022 Soul Companions is a Limited Company, Reg No. 11485752. Registered office: Glan Yr Afon, Commins, Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant, SY100BZ | Created by Acstede Design
© 2022 Soul Companions is a Limited Company, Reg. No. 11485752 | Office: Glan Yr Afon, Commins, Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant, SY100BZ | Created by Acstede Design
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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New BDC survey finds COVID-19 is impacting entrepreneurs' mental health—alongside their businesses
Women, visible minorities, and business owners who have not fully resumed activities are more likely to report mental health challenges
Montreal—November 13, 2020—BDC, Canada's bank for entrepreneurs, released a new report today which examines the state of Canadian business owners' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey revealed while nearly two-thirds say they are adjusting to the COVID-19 context (64%), and nearly one-third (29%) say it varies from day to day.
The report also unveiled that two in five business owners report feeling depressed at least once a week (39%) and two-thirds feel tired or have low energy (64%). The pandemic is having an even more alarming impact on certain sub-groups, particularly women entrepreneurs, visible minorities and business owners who have either not yet resumed or only partially resumed activities following the initial COVID-19 lockdown:
Women are significantly more likely to feel depressed (51%) and admit that mental health challenges interfered with their ability to work (40%).
Visible minorities are significantly more likely to say that mental health challenges interfered with their ability to work (48%) and they would have liked support from a mental health professional (33%).
Business owners who had not yet resumed activity were significantly more likely to feel tired (87%), depressed (75%) and say that mental health challenges interfered with their ability to work (57%).
"Last year, BDC made a commitment to raise awareness about the mental health and well-being of entrepreneurs, in addition to the health of their business," says Annie Marsolais, Chief Marketing Officer and Mental Health Advocate at BDC. "By examining this topic and collaborating with experts and partners we can help break the stigma associated with mental health issues, ensure business owners feel more at ease discussing it, and know where to turn for help."
Mental health and coping strategies for entrepreneurs facing the COVID-19 crisis
There are many concerns keeping entrepreneurs awake at night, but according to the report their biggest worries are generating enough revenue to make a profit (43%) and covering expenses (40%). To help cope with these stresses, entrepreneurs most often take time out or go for a walk (47%), exercise (41%) or talk to someone (29%).
To best support entrepreneurs, BDC brought together an advisory committee composed of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, and WorkInsights to review the survey findings.
Dr. Poundja, a psychologist at the Douglas Institute, believes entrepreneurs must brace themselves for longer-term disruptions due to COVID-19, and they must prioritize their mental health in order to lead their businesses through this new reality: "The fact that two-thirds of respondents feel tired, low or have little energy is worrisome and should be addressed. On one hand, it is important to keep in mind that being more anxious at times or having mild ups and downs is a normal reaction during a pandemic, but it can be more problematic when we become self-critical or judgmental. Finding coping strategies and watching for warning signs of a bigger problem are important."
He also encourages business owners to watch for warning signs that could indicate more serious mental health issues:
Changes in normal behavioural patterns such as eating or sleeping more or less than usual;
Increased alcohol or drug consumption;
Withdrawal from relationships and reduced sociability;
Difficulties in daily functioning at work, at home or in relationships, and;
Rumination about how things could go wrong that start to affect one's capacity to work.
To find out more about the coping strategies entrepreneurs most often use to manage their mental health and deal with stressors, visit BDC website for the full report.
About BDC
BDC is the bank for Canadian entrepreneurs. Its purpose is to support small and mid-sized businesses in all industries and at all stages of growth. Whether business owners want to take on new markets, make their operations more efficient, acquire another business or everything in between, BDC provides access to financing, as well as advisory services to meet their needs. BDC's investment arm, BDC Capital, offers a wide range of risk capital solutions. BDC supports underserved entrepreneurs and emergent industries to generate greater social and economic impact. BDC is also certified B Corp and actively contributes to the growth of a worldwide movement of entrepreneurs who create inclusive and sustainable prosperity. For more information on BDC's solutions, and to consult more than 1,000 free tools and articles visit bdc.ca.


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C1 PlayLab: What We're Reading – Vol. 1
We recently kicked off the newest iteration of C1 PlayLab, and in the coming months, we'll be using some of our time during our PlayLab Master Classes to discuss big ideas and current issues that are relevant to working playwrights. This month we are exploring the themes of Character and Identity — here are a few pieces of writing that will serve as a springboard for our conversation during this month's PlayLab session.
My Parents Were Tiger People: christopher oscar peña chats about writing race with A. Rey Pamatmat via HowlRound
A. Rey Pamatmat is our PlayLab guest this month, and this conversation is a great one to get us thinking about how one's personal identity and experience can impact a play, as well as what it means to craft characters from a variety of backgrounds:
People need to be okay with labels evolving and redefining themselves. I also wish plays were experienced on their own. The context of the writer's identity is totally exciting…afterward. Let that add to the conversation, not be it.
Artistic Authority Series – Part One and Part Two via Jacqueline Lawton's blog.
In these two posts, playwrights Kia Corthron, Jorge Ignacio Cortiñas, Kristoffer Diaz, Marcus Gardley, and several others all offer their thoughts on the ethics of writing characters from a different racial or ethnic identity than one's self.
Are we ethically entitled to write outside of our own ethnicity (however we define any of those loaded terms)? If we do, are there any ground rules? Are we obligated to educate ourselves (even minimally) about a culture before assuming the authority to give voice to characters of that culture? Or is any such suggestion a hindrance to the creative process, at worst tantamount to censorship?
What is Cultural Appropriation: Revisiting Peter Brook's Mahabharata via HowlRound
Tlaloc Rivas writes about cultural appropriation in the theatre, and gives some great steps for artists to follow so they can avoid it in their own work.
It's certainly understandable those of us in the theater, especially those charged with responsibilities for conceiving productions (writers, directors, dramaturgs, producers), grow exhausted swimming against the overwhelming cultural tide that urges those with authority to rest on their ethnic privilege. I don't consider Mr. Brook, nor directors like Julie Taymor or Mary Zimmerman who freely adapt from and are inspired by third-world stories and techniques, "enemies" by any stretch of the imagination. But directors who make statements like the ones I've quoted from Mr. Brook give us pause, since they uncharacteristically represent a movement to disengage with a key question of artistic ethics—are we ready to progress through the twenty-first century with honesty, accountability, diversity and fidelity to the work, or are we simply playing a zero-sum game where my telling of the story is more important than its original cultural source and context?
Getting It Right: The Unsaid Things in Tribes via HowlRound
Ariel Baker-Gibbs essay explores the play Tribes and the way it handles a character who is deaf.
Playwright Nina Raine intends to explore how people are a part of this world by using different examples, and she does that very well, albeit with a markedly specific perspective. Is it really that the less said about something, the more significant it is? Or the more talk, the less substance? Do these principles apply to her treatment of marginal experiences such as deafness or mental illness? Or is Raine's point that truly important things aren't said at all, and should just be assumed?
I'm not a first generation, Chinese-American lipstick lesbian working at a teen fashion magazine, I just wrote one for this scene via The Playwrights' Center
A. Rey Pamatmat offers a few tips about how to write outside one's own experience.
People often ask how I write x kinds of characters so well, where x has equaled everything from women to mathematicians to kids. I have never come up with a satisfying response. They want me to say my gayness gives me a special kinship to girls or I have a degree in fractal geometry or I'm quietly raising two tweens from some past life. But it doesn't, I don't, and I'm not.
Additional Viewing & Reading:
We won't be discussing these links as specifically in class, but here are a few other resources for anyone who wants to dig in even more around conversations dealing with identity and who has the authority to tell a given story.
Video of ArtsEmerson's panel Interrogating Whiteness Part II: Controversies and Interventions in the Theatre
The Race and Representation in American Theatre Series on HowlRound
Colorlines video interview with Macklemore & Ryan Lewis about their song White Privilege II
Trans* Artist Writes Open Letter to Public Theater After 'Southern Comfort' Cast Announcement


The Western Suburbs Magpies (originally Western Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club) is an Australian rugby league football club based in the western suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. Formed in 1908, Wests, as they are commonly referred to, were one of the nine foundation clubs of the first New South Wales Rugby League competition in Australia. The club, as a sole entity, departed the top-flight competition in 1999 after forming a 50–50 joint venture with Balmain Tigers to form the Wests Tigers. The club currently fields sides in the NSW State Cup (Intrust Super Cup), Ron Massey Cup (Opens), S.G. Ball Cup (Under 18's) and Harold Matthews Cup (Under 16's) competitions.
Campbelltown Stadium, which has a capacity of 20,000, is their home stadium.
The club was one of the foundation members of the Sydney rugby football league competition in 1908. Founded at a meeting on 4 February 1908 at Ashfield Town Hall, they won only one match the following season so were the League's second wooden spooners (after Cumberland in 1908). Though they spent long periods of time as also-rans they did taste premiership success four times in the mid 20th century. They won their first premiership in 1930, beating St George 27–2. Four years later they defeated Eastern Suburbs to win their second title. For the 1944 NSWRFL season Queensland 1910s representative player Henry Bolewski became coach the Western Suburbs club, replacing Alf Blair, who moved to South Sydney. Wests improved slightly on the previous season, finishing 5th (out of 8), but failing to make the finals, and Bolewski was replaced by club great, Frank McMillan.
Wests won a second pair of premierships, beating Balmain in 1948 and South Sydney 22–12 in 1952. Both times they defeated a club hunting its third title in a row.
Apart from these occasions, the club was famous for three successive grand final matches in 1961, 1962 and 1963 against the St George Dragons in the midst of their 11-premiership run. The club boasted footballers such as halfback Arthur Summons, Harry 'Bomber' Wells, Kel O'Shea, Noel Kelly and Peter Dimond. The 1963 grand final was immortalised in a photograph which became known as 'The Gladiators' after St. George captain Norm Provan and Summons trudged off the field together.
A final period of glory beckoned in the late 1970s where they spent a few years at the top or near-top of the table, yet failed to make a grand final. Coached by Roy Masters and boasting such players as fullback John Dorahy, half Tommy Raudonikis, five-eighth Graeme O'Grady, Gavin Miller, Ron Giteau, Les Boyd, prop John Donnelly and five-eighth Terry Lamb. However attractive offers from other clubs and then doubts about the club's viability led to years of exodus of talent. Wests did manage to win the 1977 Amco Cup.
John Ribot, a winger for Wests, was the top try-scorer for the 1980 season. In 1983 the NSWRFL attempted to expel Wests from the competition, but a prolonged legal battle to keep their spot ensued, unlike the Newtown Jets who did not compete that year. Richard Conti appeared against New South Wales Rugby League bosses John Quayle and Colin Love in 1985, successfully advocating to keep the embattled club in the competition. He was later appointed the chairman of the NSWRL Judiciary.
Eventually, Wests relocated to Campbelltown in 1987. Ironically, this was where Newtown had unsuccessfully tried to move to four years earlier.
Wests began a rebuilding process in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Laurie Freier started the 1988 Winfield Cup season as the club's coach but was replaced during the season by John Bailey.
The club made the semi-finals in 1991 and 1992 under coach Warren Ryan. Wests were NSWRL Club Champions in 1991 when all three grades made the semi-finals. The team also made it to the pre-season Challenge Cup final in 1993 but was beaten by a star-studded Canberra side.
The club then slipped down the ladder and the coaching reins were handed over to caretaker Wayne Ellis. The decision to appoint Tommy Raudonikis as coach for the start of the 1995 season sent a shot of adrenaline into the club. Raudonikis took the Magpies to the finals in 1996. However the club could not compete in the player market in 1997 thanks to the Super League war which saw players' contracts soar sky high to unsustainable levels.
In 1998 and 1999, a Magpie team filled with many unknown players struggled to be competitive and twice received the wooden spoon. With the club struggling on-field and trying to compete financially against clubs with News Limited funding, the writing was on the wall.
The well documented Super League War in 1997 between Super League (News Ltd) and the Australian Rugby League (ARL) resulted in a compromise that by the year 2000, the National Rugby League (NRL) competition would be contested by only 14 teams.
With the Wests Magpies struggling on field in the NRL competition, it was decided by the club in the middle of 1999 that to survive the cull they would be required to merge their senior team with another club's team. After initial talks with the Canterbury Bulldogs failed an agreement was reached with the Balmain Tigers on 27 July 1999.
The Wests Tigers first competed in the 2000 competition. The club also merged its playing colours from the two joint venture partners.
Wests Ashfield Leagues have also been key sponsors & supporters of the club since they were established.
The Western Suburbs Magpies home matches are played at Campbelltown Stadium, Leumeah and their training facilities, along with offices are at the Whitlam Centre in Liverpool. The club has state of the art facilities here, and they are regarded as some of the best in the league.
In 2000 the Western Suburbs Magpies Under 20's team were runners up to the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs, captained by Mitch Zammit and Luke Duffy. The Western Suburbs Magpies last title was won in 2002 when the Western Suburbs Magpies captained by Liam Fulton won the New South Wales Rugby League Under 18's competition.
From 2000 to 2012 the Western Suburbs Magpies fielded teams in the NSWRL First Grade competition now known as the NSW Cup.
In 2006 the Wests Tigers on advice from Tim Sheens pushed the notion that the NRL side would be better served with a single NSW Cup side. Western Suburbs board opposed this decision and decided to continue fielding their own team. Wests Tigers then allocated all NRL contracted players to the Balmain Tigers (the Wests Magpies had six junior players in that group, as opposed to one from Balmain), citing the advantages of both the NRL and NSW Cup teams training together at Concord Oval. This continued from 2006 to 2007.
Magpies chairman Kevin Hammond was disappointed at the Wests Tigers decision and informed the Wests Tigers of that in 2008, if the Magpies did not receive a fair share of player allocation from the Wests Tigers, they would form a feeder partnership with rivals Canberra Raiders. The Wests Tigers capitulated.
The Western Suburbs Magpies made the semi-finals in 2008, 2009 and 2010.
In 2012 funding was withheld from the Magpies by Wests Ashfield Leagues Club Directors (not unanimously) as they now supported Wests Tigers proposal for a single NSW Cup side, even though this was done simply because Balmain couldn't afford a side and Wests could.
This also went against the Magpies Football Club members wishes and they organised a Protest Rally through the streets of Campbelltown. Wests Ashfield Leagues Club under pressure reinstated funding late in the off season after the Magpies players had already signed on to play with other teams.
The Wests Tigers however decided to cease all support of the Magpies NSW Cup side whilst continuing support for Balmain Ryde Eastwood Tigers even though it was continuously reminded that Wests Tigers shouldn't be the ones telling Wests Ashfield what to do, they are employees of Wests Ashfield and Balmain, NOT the other way around. The Magpies failed to win a game in 2012 whilst Balmain Ryde Eastwood Tigers made it to the Grand Final where they were defeated by the Newtown Jets.
The Magpies dropped back to the third tier Ron Massey Cup in 2013, with members voting to field a separate NSW Cup team in 2014, although this did not eventuate.
In 2015 the Magpies added a team in the Sydney Shield competition to act as a feeder for their Ron Massey Cup campaign.
In 2016, Western Suburbs made the preliminary final match against St Mary's in The Ron Massey Cup but lost the match in a close tussle.  2017 proved to be a bad year for Wests as The Ron Massey Cup side finished with the wooden spoon and The Sydney Shield side finished second last.
On 5 June 2017, it was announced that Western Suburbs had placed a bid to be included into the Intrust Super Premiership season for 2018.  The re-entry to the Intrust Super Premiership ends the clubs 5-year hiatus from the top level NSWRL competition that it had participated continuously in from 1908 to 2012. For its return the team will be coached by former Western Suburbs 1st grade player Brett Hodgson. In 2018, Wests enjoyed a solid return to the Intrust Super Premiership NSW after finishing in 5th place on the table. In week 1 of the finals, Wests were defeated by the Wyong Roos 18-14 in the elimination final thus ending their season.
St Luke's Park was the home ground of the Western Suburbs club in 1910 and 1911. They started playing their matches at Pratten Park in Ashfield in 1912, but after pressure from local residents there the council refused the club permission to use that ground, forcing them to return to St. Luke's Oval from 1915 to 1919. The Magpies have played at three home grounds since foundation. They returned to Pratten Park in 1920, remaining there until 1966, the club then played at Pratten Park sporadically over the next two decades playing games there in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977 and 1985. The final ever first grade game to be played at Pratten Park was on 18 August 1985 against Penrith, Penrith won the match by 42–16. They then moved to Lidcombe Oval in 1967. This was due to Ashfield council not allowing the club to play matches on a Sunday (as this was the church day). In 1987, they moved to Campbelltown's Orana Park (located in adjacent Leumeah), which, after a $25 million renovation, is now called Campbelltown Stadium which is now one of the home grounds of the Wests Tigers. The Magpies' lower grade sides play most home games at Campbelltown Stadium, with the occasional game moved to Lidcombe Oval.
Wests Ashfield Leagues Club is the licensed club responsible for the team. The Leagues club was formed in the 1950's and is now one of the leading community Clubs in Sydney.
The league was placed into administration in January 2019, with the NSWRL stepping in to manage the competition.
The WSDJRL has produced many ex and current Wests Tigers players including Brett Hodgson (Eagle Vale-St Andrews & Ingleburn RSL), Dean Collis (Campbelltown Warriors), Bryce Gibbs (All Saints Liverpool), Shannon Gallant (All Saints Liverpool & Campbelltown City) Chris Lawrence (Eagle Vale), and Shannon McDonnell (All Saints Liverpool). David Noaofaluma (Campbelltown Warriors, Campbelltown Collegians) James Tedesco (Eagle Vale St.Andrews) also Camden Rams (group 6, CRL) Other notable NRL players who grew up playing junior rugby league in the WSDJRL are Anthony Minichiello (East Valley United), Mark Minichiello (Liverpool Catholic Club) Frank Pritchard (Campbelltown City)Eric Grothe, Jr. (Eagle Vale), Ryan Hoffman (Campbelltown Collegians), Ben Roberts (Narellan Jets), Sauaso Sue (Macquarie Field Hawks), Israel Folau, Jarryd Hayne, Krisnan Inu, Michael Lett (Ingleburn RSL), Gray Viane, John Skandalis, Ken McGuinness, Kevin McGuinness, Tim Lafai and Mickey & Lopini Paea (all Minto Cobras).
The following Western Suburbs Magpies players have represented their countries in international competition.
Below is a list of all players that played for the Western Suburbs Magpies in the NSWRL, ARL and NRL First Grade competitions from 1908 to 1999.
^ "The Club - Western Suburbs Magpies". www.westsmagpies.com.au.
^ "Premiership Records". nrl.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^ "Dragon-Killers! Who'd a Thought It?". The Truth. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 5 October 1930. p. 6. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "League Punters Who Bet On "Stew" Left With Briefs". The Truth. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 9 September 1934. p. 6. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Balmain Dispute Wests' Try". The Truth. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1948. p. 16. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Wests' Rough League Final". The Sun. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 21 September 1952. p. 28. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Missed goal cost East Amco Cup". The Canberra Times. Canberra: National Library of Australia. 18 August 1977. p. 28. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Sarno, Tony (12 August 1988). "The battle heats up for 15th spot". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. p. 47. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
^ "Super League: 20 years on, former CEO John Ribot opens up on the deals, the money, the mistakes". Courier Mail.
^ "Western Suburbs Magpies to enter final season". Herald Sun.
^ "Sponsors - Western Suburbs Magpies". www.westsmagpies.com.au. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
^ Dean Ritchie (5 December 2012). "Magpies flutter back to Bundy Cup to live another day". News.com.au. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ "Inner West Courier - News Local Newspaper - Daily Telegraph - News Local Newspapers Inner West Sydney - Local Community News NSW - Inner West Courier - Balmain Village Voice - Daily Telegraph". dailytelegraph.com.au.
^ "Magpies Become Tigers Feeder For 2018". nswrl.com.au. 15 November 2017.
^ westsmagpies.com.au. "Home Grounds". Wests Archives. Western Suburbs Magpies. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ Ashfield Municipal Council (2008). Pratten Park Plan of Management (PDF). Australia: ashfield.nsw.gov.au. pp. 6–7.
^ Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. "Pratten Park - Results - Rugby League Project". www.rugbyleagueproject.org.
^ "Wests Archives – Club History". Westsmagpies.com.au. 4 February 1908. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ westsmagpies.net (2008). "Western Sburbs Magpies Hall of Fame". Wests Archives. Western Suburbs Magpies R.L.F.C. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ "Western Suburbs Team of the Century". Wests Archives. Western Suburbs Magpies R.L.F.C. 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Lester, Gary (1995). Clouds of dust, buckets of blood: the story of the Western Suburbs Rugby League Magpies. Playright Publishing. ISBN 9780949853523.


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The group continued to score hits in the UK, with two more chart toppers in the next two years; however, this was not the case in the United States, where "Save Your Kisses for Me " was the group's final chart entry (and only one.
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text:
Aberdeenshire Council launches new round of grant funding for coastal communities
Sophie Law
Wednesday 20 October 2021 - 16:18
The second year of Aberdeenshire Council's Coastal Communities Challenge Fund (CCCF) programme has been launched.
The fund distributes revenues generated by Crown Estate Scotland, with applications being assessed and approved by NESFLAG – the North East Scotland Fisheries Local Action Group - a cross-sector partnership comprising representatives from Aberdeenshire's coastal and fishing sectors.
This year's programme builds on a very successful first year which offered grants to an array of projects including equipment for sailing clubs in Peterhead and Stonehaven, infrastructure improvements to small harbours, investments in a fish processing business in Portsoy, a new restaurant at the Lighthouse Museum in Fraserburgh and interpretation displays at Macduff Aquarium.
This year's grants will be targeted towards activities or infrastructure which meet the following priorities:
• Supporting the development of active travel routes along, to and from the coastline
• Developing the coastal economy and sustainable tourism
• Creating or enhancing community, leisure and recreational facilities
• Safeguarding, restoring or enhancing the coastal environment
Grants between £2,500 and £25,000 will be available, and applicants must make a minimum 10% match funding contribution to projects. Small business applicants must contribute 50% match funding.
Due to budget conditions, all projects must be completed by 31st March 2022.
Chair of the council's Environment and Infrastructure Services Committee, Councillor Peter Argyle said: "I was hugely impressed with the projects which received funding last year and this second round of financial support will provide another great opportunity to support and develop Aberdeenshire's coastal communities and businesses who continue to face challenging circumstances."
Vice-chair Councillor John Cox added: "Investing in our coastal towns and key sectors such as seafood - especially adding value to our seafood right here in the north east – continues to help lay the foundations for a robust economic recovery. I would encourage any groups or businesses wishing to bid for funding to contact council officers as soon as possible as we have limited time to spend this money."
The deadline for submission of applications is Monday 15th November, and potential applicants can access the application form and guidance at nesflag.org.uk/CCCF
Applicants are also encouraged to contact use for more information and support at coastalcommunities@aberdeenshire.gov.uk


text:
Written by John Osborn
Instream Flows, Spokane River, Uncategorized, WA Department of Ecology, Water Exploitation vs Stewardship
Protecting Spokane River summertime flows goes to court
News Advisory – Court hearing on June 9
Dan Von Seggern, Center for Environmental Law & Policy, (206) 829-8299, dvonseggern@celp.org
Andrew Hawley, Western Environmental Law Center, (206) 487-7250, hawley@westernlaw.org
John Roskelley, Center for Environmental Law & Policy, (509) 954-5653 john@johnroskelley.com
Thomas O'Keefe, American Whitewater, (425) 417-9012 okeefe@americanwhitewater.org
Tom Soeldner, Sierra Club, Upper Columbia River Group, (509) 270-6995 waltsoe@gmail.com
Next step in process essential for future of river and Spokane community
Issue: When water is flowing in the Spokane River during hot summer months, should the River's water be protected for community recreational and aesthetic use and river fish and wildlife — or should it be available to be taken from the River by the State Dept of Ecology through the granting of water rights?
State court: Thurston County Superior Court, Hon. James Dixon, Judge.
Where: Thurston County Courthouse, 2000 Lakeridge Drive, Olympia
When: Friday, June 9 1:30 PM.
Spokane River issues before the court
The beloved Spokane River flows through the second largest city in Washington state, including spectacular waterfalls and a deep gorge. In most summers, enough water flows in the River to support fishing, river rafting, and other outdoor recreation. River advocates asking the Court to hold the Department of Ecology to its duty to protect fish and wildlife, scenic, aesthetic and recreational values, and navigation, when establishing the minimum summer flows allowable for the Spokane River.
Overwhelming public support…ignored
Nearly 2,000 comments, including boater surveys and aesthetic inventories, were submitted to the Department of Ecology during the public comment period on the draft rule. In setting instream flows, the Department of Ecology's decision failed to take into account boaters who use the Spokane River, fishermen who pursue the river's wild redband trout, and businesses that depend on Spokane River recreation. Ecology also failed to conduct a basic assessment of the scenic values of the Spokane River as it flows through the gorge and Riverside State Park – important to users of the Centennial Trail and others.
Overall the state agency ignored all public comments in support of protecting the Spokane River and adopted unchanged its flow rule of 850 cubic feet per second (CFS) – near-drought level river flows that will jeopardize the Spokane River and its public uses.
Need to protect recreational use of the Spokane River
River advocates retained Dr. Doug Whittaker and Dr. Bo Shelby, experts in recreation and aesthetic flows from Confluence Research and Consulting, to evaluate appropriate flows. Dr. Shelby and Dr. Whittaker participated in establishing aesthetic flows for Spokane Falls, and are the foremost national experts on flows. They concluded that the Department of Ecology's adopted flows are inadequate to support most types of recreational boating on the river. Higher flows in the Spokane River, when available, should be protected.
Fish need water
Spokane River fisheries need cold, abundant water. The Department of Ecology erred in concluding that more water is bad for fish, thereby justifying its decision not to protect Spokane River flows. In response, petitioners submitted a report prepared by Prof. Allan Scholz, retired Eastern Washington University fisheries biologist and professor. (Prof. Scholz is author of a multivolume treatise on Eastern Washington fisheries, and is one of the foremost experts on Spokane River redband trout.)
Prof. Scholz determined that the state's flow rule – setting the Spokane River flow rate below the Monroe Street Dam in the summer at 850 CFS – is inadequate to protect and restore a healthy redband trout population, and that the scientific study prepared in support of the rate was flawed. The Department of Ecology could have accommodated the needs of river recreationists and fish without sacrificing fish.
Protecting aesthetics in the city's heart
"Our city owes its origins, its beauty, and a great deal of its past and present life to the Spokane River," said Tom Soeldner, co-chair of Sierra Club's Upper Columbia River Group based in Spokane. "It would be a betrayal of the river and our identity if we did not maintain healthy and aesthetic river flows."
Flows not protected in the flow rule are flows lost to the river
The Department of Ecology has a duty under state law and the public trust doctrine to adopt flows that are fully protective of all public instream values, including fish and wildlife, recreation, navigation, water quality, and scenic beauty. Again, flows that are not protected are at risk to be diverted from the Spokane River for out-of-stream water uses, including Idaho pumpers, the city of Spokane, and the office of the Columbia River's Spokane-Rathdrum ASR project.
Appellants are Sierra Club, Center for Environmental Law & Policy and American Whitewater, and are represented by attorneys Dan Von Seggern (CELP) and Andrew Hawley (WELC).
← Washington Water Watch: May 2017 Edition	Northwest, British Columbia need to stand together to modernize the Columbia River Treaty →


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text:
Q: Custom Exception thrown as Aggregate Exception When throwing a custom exception from a Task.Run(...).Result, the catch block finds an AggregateException instead of the CustomException. Why?
   public MainPage()
    {
        this.InitializeComponent();
        CallAMethod();
    }

    static bool AMethod()
    {
        return Task.Run(() =>
        {
            throw new CustomException();
            return false;
        }).Result;
    }

    static bool CallAMethod()
    {
        try
        {
            return AMethod();

        }
        catch (CustomException e)
        {
            //not caught
            throw;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            //caught?
            throw;
        }
    }

Here is the custom Exception class
class CustomException : Exception
{

}

A: from @colinsmith
"When you use Task.Wait() or Task.Result on a task that faults, the exception that caused the Task to fault is propagated, but it's not thrown directly… rather, it's wrapped in an AggregateException object, which is then thrown." ... you can access the CustomException inside it
See: Flattening of AggregateExceptions for Processing


text:
Introducing Our New Jet Service Provider: United Express Operated by SkyWest
On October 12, passengers at the Waynesville-St. Robert Regional Airport (WSRA) located on Fort Leonard Wood, Mo. welcomed the first United Express flight, operated by SkyWest Airlines, from Chicago O'Hare (ORD).
This new service provides passengers more tools and resources to plan their next trip from WSRA. Travelers can now book flights directly through United Airlines' website or mobile app. The app can also be used to check in for flights and download an electronic ticket or boarding pass. Passengers will be able to check bags to their final destination and will also have the opportunity to accrue frequent flier miles through United's MileagePlus loyalty program.
All flights between the WSRA and ORD will be on a CRJ200 jet, which seats 50 passengers. This jet also features a configuration where every passenger enjoys a window or aisle seat. This service will connect WSRA passengers with over 900 daily direct flights to almost 180 U.S. cities and over 70 daily direct flights to 54 international destinations from ORD.
"Whether heading to Chicago or beyond, these new flights provide travelers with greater convenience and options. Passengers can also fly with confidence thanks to the multiple safety measures that are in place, including enhanced cleaning, mandatory face coverings and customer self-assessments with check-in," said Dan Belmont, SkyWest director of market development.
Our WSRA team is also very excited about the commitment by United and SkyWest to ensure passenger safety is a top priority. Each flight is operated by a highly trained crew, which includes a flight attendant in the cabin to help ensure the safety of every traveler. A number of health and safety processes have also been implemented to provide customers and employees with the best possible experience from the moment they arrive at the airport.
This multi-layered approach includes enhanced cleaning and sanitization, with a disinfectant sprayer being used to clean the aircraft between each flight. The use of face masks, social distancing, and customer self-assessments with check-in are also being used to ensure the highest levels of health and safety for every passenger.
Not only will these standards ensure the safety of civilian passengers, but they are especially important considering the large number of active-duty military service members and DOD civilians who fly into and out of Fort Leonard Wood.
Another great perk flying out of WSRA is that all active-duty military personnel traveling on official orders or for leisure can check an extra bag free of charge. In some cases, military dependents may also be included. Additionally, United offers a Veterans Advantage discount of 5% on tickets purchased through united.com. Military service members are also invited to enjoy the United Club (available in select airports) on the day they are traveling on United.
Combined with the WSRA's free parking and centralized location within the Fort Leonard Wood area, we have no doubt this new service will provide exceptional benefits for the entire region. We look forward to seeing you at the airport soon!


text:
Surprise! Some GOP Govs Really Want to Keep Expanded Medicaid
GraphicStock
As congressional Republicans begin to face the consequences of repealing the Affordable Care Act early next year, GOP members of the powerful Senate Finance Committee signaled on Tuesday, they were open to proposals for preserving expanded Medicaid coverage for millions of adults and children, even while cutting other vital elements of Obamacare.
Nearly half of the 31 states and the District of Columbia that agreed to expand their Medicaid coverage under Obamacare are dominated by Republicans. Many of those states' governors have voiced alarmed at the prospects of abruptly losing millions in federal funding to provide Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program coverage for seven million people who were added to the rolls since the advent of the ACA.
Related: A 'Full Repeal' of Obamacare Could Spur Medicare's Bankruptcy
Senate Finance Committee Chair Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and 11 other members of the committee responsible for health care legislation invited the Republican Governors Association to a roundtable in early January to discuss possible changes in expanded Medicaid – but without repealing the program.
The letter indicated that with President-elect Donald Trump about to take office and the Republicans in control of both the Senate and House, "We now find ourselves uniquely positioned to repeal the [Affordable Care Act], which was rife with failures and the broken promises of lowering healthcare costs for the American people."
Yet in a signal that congressional leaders are anxious to avoid a potentially disastrous political backlash from the governors, the health care industry and advocacy groups, the letter stressed: "We are acutely aware that in dismantling the ACA we have a responsibility for ensuring that Medicaid continues to provide quality care for our nation's most vulnerable citizens."
Michael Tanner, a health care expert with the libertarian Cato Institute and a sharp critic of Obamacare, said in an interview on Wednesday that the realities of 'repeal and replace' are complex, and, "It is much easier to say the slogan than to legislate it." But for all the challenges confronting Trump and the GOP in the coming months and years, he added, "The Affordable Care Act as we know it will not be around in four years."
Related: The Great State Divide Over Expanded Medicaid
In the wake of the Republicans' surprisingly strong showing in the Nov. 8 election, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) have scheduled congressional floor action early next month on repealing Obamacare with the hope of having legislation ready when Trump takes office Jan. 20.
By utilizing special budget "reconciliation" rules, the Republican leaders will be able to steamroll legislation through Congress over Democratic objections easily. Under the budgetary rules, the Republicans will be able to kill off key elements of Obamacare that have spending, tax or deficit implications. Those include the mandate that individuals purchase insurance, government tax subsidies to help low-income Americans cover their premium costs and funding for expanded Medicaid coverage for low-income adults and children.
The Republicans are almost certain to postpone the effective date of their actions for two or more years, to give them time to develop a politically palatable and workable replacement for Obamacare while providing adequate transition time.
But Trump and the GOP are feeling a backlash from a number of influential groups and players, including hospitals and major insurers who could incur major financial losses regardless of the length of the transition period. Moreover, Republican governors and state legislators whose states signed up for expanded Medicaid now face the loss of tens of millions of dollars in federal assistance to keep those programs going.
Related: Soaring Medicaid Enrollment Could Hit State Budgets
Part of the negotiations that led to the enactment of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 included agreements from hospital officials to substantial cuts in Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement for seniors and the poor. The understanding was that those cuts would be more than offset by increases in the volume of paying customers who were newly insured. If the expanded Medicaid coverage begins to fade, hospitals will take a financial beating.
Lobbyists for the two major hospital associations and major insurers are crying the blues to their state governors and legislatures, as well as to members of Congress, and the message is beginning to get through.
Joseph Antos, another health care authority with the conservative-leaning American Enterprise Institute, said today that congressional GOP leaders are "coming to grips" with political realities. "Once you have expanded Medicaid, it is politically and practically very difficult if not impossible to say, 'Well, okay, we're not going to cover you anymore,'" Antos said in an interview.
Related: 8 Big Changes Under Tom Price's Obamacare Replacement Plan
Shortly after the election, Arizona Republican Gov. Doug Ducey told reporters, "We want to see all of our citizens have access to affordable health care." Nearly 400,000 Arizonans gained Medicaid insurance under former GOP governor Jan Brewer.
Four years ago, the Supreme Court limited the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act to states that chose to sign up. Slightly less than half of those 31 states and the District of Columbia that opted into the program are controlled by GOP governors or Republican-dominated legislatures. Those states include Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, Iowa, Kentucky and Alaska. The remaining 19 states not participating in the program are dominated by Republicans.
The ACA expands Medicaid coverage for most adults with income up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level, or annual incomes of $16,400 or less. More than 15 million men, women and children have become eligible for Medicaid in states that participate in the expansion, according to the White House. Roughly five million others are being denied coverage because of decisions by their states to reject the offer.
Medicaid signups during the past open enrollment exceeded seven million, according to the administration. The new Medicaid enrollment numbers were primarily due to Medicaid expansion
Senate and House Republicans appear to have differing notions of what to do about Medicaid, although both appear inclined to preserve it in some form as part of a replacement for Obamacare.
A House GOP plan that is being promoted by Ryan would transform Medicaid, now an entitlement, into a block grant or fixed allotment granted to the states to be used as they see fit. Some enrollees covered by the expansion would have the choice of moving to private insurance, with the premium costs defrayed in part by refundable tax credits.
Related: 52 Million Americans With Pre-Existing Conditions Face Uncertainty Under Obamacare Repeal
Both House and Senate Republicans agree that Medicaid funding will continue to flow, but that it's critical that states be given far more control than they currently have in determining overall costs, benefits, eligibility rules and program design.
A number of states -- including Vice President-elect Mike Pence's home state of Indiana -- have already obtained waivers from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to tighten their eligibility standards. Many others would likely be granted similar waivers under the incoming Trump administration.
Tanner of Cato said that while it's clear GOP leaders won't do anything during the two to three-year transition to "yank the rug out from under" states, "They certainly are not going to encourage additional states to start expanding Medicaid."
"There's sort of an agreement that you can't change these things overnight because people have come to count on the money . . . but there is certainly going to be some paring back," he added.
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3 Years to Replace Obamacare? Republicans Are Wading Into a Quagmire
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A New Plan to Save Social Security for Another 75 Years
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