Codescape features real-life adventure game experiences where you can lose yourself in a lucid dream, race to uncover a supernatural relic, or investigate a sinister haunting. However, you and your friends have only one trip around the clock to find clues, crack codes, solve puzzles, uncover secret passageways and Be the Hero. That's sixty minutes people, and every minute counts!
Legend has it, the Asi Sword was created to uphold cosmic order… Hundreds of years ago the sword was stolen by a crew of savage pirates. While attempting to escape with the relic, the pirates found themselves caught in a violent storm that left them shipwrecked along the coast of India… In recent years the wreckage has been discovered. Now it's up to you and your team of archaeologists to retrieve the Asi before a rival group of nefarious treasure hunters beat you to it.
Is humanity truly alone? Radio signals have been received from a distant part of the known universe, suggesting the existence of intelligent life. As a team of exobiologists, you have been sent on a mission to deep space, in hopes of making first contact. But somewhere along the way, a breach has compromised the spacecraft's security… Will you discover alien life, or will it discover you first?
Somnio Laboratories is experimenting with a new sleep pharmaceutical and you are the test subject. In previous trials, patients reported visiting hyper realistic dream realms indistinguishable from waking life. Other patients have been unable to report anything at all, left in a state of catatonia… As reality begins to bend and break, will you successfully navigate your way back to sanity, or remain permanently lost in an alternate dream world?


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'Bi-National' Marriages Are Booming . in France
'Bi-National' Marriages Are Booming . in France | Durval Lelys
Copy backlink to share with friends
By Addison Nugent
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE
Due to the fact French are increasingly saying "oui" to people that are marrying abroad.
Almost seven years back to the time, we married A french guy. I happened to be 24 years of age, fresh away from university, and my pupil visa would definitely expire in only a matter of months. Needless to say, I liked my boyfriend during the time — I experienced kept my entire life in the usa behind for him following a whirlwind relationship of simply 2 months — but our wedding, that has since ended, had been similarly in regards to the concern about me personally being forced to leave. At our wedding, a flower was worn by me crown. My father flew over through the united states of america, and all sorts of of y our buddies turned up and tossed rice we left the courthouse at us as. By all appearances, it had been a marriage like most other, but both my husband that is new and had been uncertain just what it supposed to us. Ended up being it simply means for me personally to remain? A means for people to help keep dating? Or had been we actually creating a commitment that is lifelong the other person?
Our situation ended up being, evidently, maybe perhaps not unique. In reality:
Marriages between foreigners and www.besthookupwebsites.org/pl/wireclub-recenzja French nationals have actually tripled in France since the 1970s.
At the time of 2017, 15 % of marriages in France had been between a foreigner and a French individual, lots that increases when marriages involving a French individual abroad are included with the sum total. In accordance with data that are recent because of the nationwide Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, 33,385 for the 220,582 marriages celebrated in France in 2017 had been between a French nationwide and a foreigner. Compare that to 1974, whenever there have been a lot more than 394,000 marriages but less than 20,000 involved a international partner. Relating to 2015 comparisons through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and developing, France had a greater portion of alleged marriages that are mixed the U.S., Korea, Japan, Spain, Italy or Germany. France is currently the united states aided by the inflow that is highest of family members migrants in Europe, with 105,000 in 2015 alone. This quantity represents an increase that is sharp 2008 whenever that quantity endured at 85,000. Today, l'Hexagone — where 62 percent of migrants come for household reasons — gets the fourth-highest inflow of family members migrants among OECD nations.
The rise of mariages mixtes in France may be explained by migration habits and globalisation: 37 per cent regarding the blended marriages celebrated in France in 2015 united A french partner with a person of North African nationality; 22 per cent a French nationwide with another European; and 14 per cent having a nationwide of sub-Saharan Africa. These figures are reflective of basic immigration patterns in France.
A couple of kiss during the Trocadero overlooking the Tour Eiffel in Paris this present year.
Another factor could be the civil solidarity pact, referred to as a PACS, which can be a kind of civil union introduced in 1999 to offer same-sex couples whom didn't have the ability to marry during the time more liberties. About 95 % of partners that do this are directly, and it's increased about 800 per cent because it became available. "The PACs overtook wedding for French citizens," explains Magali Mazuy, a researcher at the nationwide Institute of Demographic Studies, "but wedding may be the more desirable selection for foreigners as it offers them more liberties."
Durations of research and work with France additionally provide a chance for foreigners to generally meet French partners, with France currently ranked due to the fact country that is fourth-most-popular the entire world to analyze abroad. "Marriage just caused it to be a great deal easier for me personally to have a visa," claims Caitlyn Bertin-Mahieux, a us resident whom came across her spouse while working during the United states University of Paris in 2017. "It took away most of the anxiety."
With increasingly quick and economical types of transport, more individuals are traveling the world than previously, plus in the procedure partners that are meeting countries and countries far distinct from their very own. A lot more than 2 million French residents reside abroad, marrying international partners and producing culturally blended families.
Additionally, more women can be now migrating alone to examine and work, accounting for 50 % of foreigners surviving in France. As a result, in nearly 50 % of French mixed marriages in 2015, the lady had been the foreigner — a marked increase from earlier decades, whenever almost two-thirds of these unions included a international man.
Therefore, why France? It is certainly not the simplest nation into the Schengen Area to immigrate to — it's rated as you of this most difficult nations in the field for foreigners to stay in, in line with the yearly Expat Insider survey by InterNations. I came across it very hard to navigate culture that is french it's the perfect time and usually feel in the home even with getting my wedding visa. Maybe foreigners, like myself, are drawn by France's intimate reputation, and also the vow of a archetypal French fan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I query revision history in ArangoDB? I see the _rev in every document created in ArangoDB, but I have yet to see any information about using those revisions to access the change history for a document. More specifically, how do I query the revision history for a specific document to see the previous versions or even a specific version in time?

A: My understanding is that the revision (_rev) attribute is just there as a marker so you can know when a field was updated. You can't change it directly, but every time you UPDATE a document in a collection, the _rev value is updated.
To store historical values you would need to implement a process to archive the old values of a document when they get updated.
The _rev attribute can be very helpful when scanning a document and seeing if any values were changed. Rather than having to do a deep compare on a document and what you expect to see, you can just compare the _rev attribute with what you expect to see. If the database returns a different _rev value than what you were checking for then your code can respond to the document changing, however required.
Remember, you have access to the old version of a document when you execute an UPDATE or UPSERT command (the doco) and you could choose to return the OLD document contents to push off to an archive location, or process as you wish. The updated document will receive a new _rev value after that update.
The OLD value does not persist after the return of the UPDATE or UPSERT command, so you'll have to archive it right away or the older document will be lost.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Local authorities and residents in the Mueang district of Phayao have set aside 2,500 rai of land which they want to be the site of a new international airport.
The mayor of Tabon Maeka, Dr Praphan Thianwiharn said that building an international airport on the proposed land could also be used by people in Chiang Rai, Nan and Phrae.
The 2,500 rai plot of land which has been put together by local authorities and private citizens and firms was unveiled to reporters this morning by Praphan.
Praphan said that the province was ideal for an airport as there are no obstructions to prevent aircraft from taking off and landing.
He said that both the governor and investors from the private sector make a coordinated effort to petition the government to build an international airport on the site.


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This low-fat spaghetti dish will help you with carbo loading before a big game or event.
Place the onion wedges in a bowl. Drizzle with 1 teaspoon of the oil and season with salt and pepper. Toss gently to combine. Spread over the lined tray in a single layer and roast in preheated oven for 40 minutes or until browned on the edges and tender.
Cook the spaghetti in a large saucepan of boiling salted water, following the packet directions, or until al dente, about 15 minutes before the onions finish cooking.
Heat 1 teaspoon of the remaining oil in a small saucepan over low heat and cook the anchovies, stirring, until they begin to dissolve. Add the vegetable stock or water, olives, capers and chilli, and toss over heat for 1 minute.
Drain the spaghetti and return to the saucepan. Add the remaining oil, roasted onions, olive mixture and parsley, and toss gently to combine. Divide between serving bowls and serve immediately.
If you're not overly fond of anchovies, you can omit them without affecting the GI. As a variation, add 1/2 cup of bottled tomato pasta sauce to the olive mixture before mixing with the spaghetti.


text:
U.S. doctors group says just stop vaping as deaths, illnesses rise
Updated: September 9, 2019 7:16 PM EDT
Tis the season to shop till we all drop!
Toronto's eating up Eataly
Tinseltown's most famous affairs (and cheaters)!
When it comes to our sexual health, laughter just may be the best medicine
The American Medical Association on Monday urged Americans to stop vaping of any sort until scientists have a better handle on the cause of 450 lung illnesses and at least five deaths related to the use of the products.
The recommendation followed advice from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Friday for people to consider not using e-cigarette products while it investigates the cause of the spate of severe lung illnesses associated with vaping.
Many, but not all, of the cases so far have been involved who used the devices to vaporize oils containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. CDC officials said some laboratories have identified vitamin E acetate in product samples and are investigating that as a possible cause of the illnesses.
Public health experts have not found any evidence of infectious diseases and believe the lung illnesses are likely associated with a chemical exposure.
Megan Constantino, 36, from St. Petersburg, Florida, quit vaping six days ago in response to reports of the illnesses and deaths related to vaping.
"It scared me into quitting," she said.
Like many users of vaping pens, Constantino picked up the device after quitting cigarette smoking three years ago, and said, "It's the hardest thing I've ever done."
"I threw the last cartridge away. I took a picture of it and I literally cried," she said.
Constantino said many people who vape have been "on pins and needles" watching to see the results of the investigation, and she is concerned that the reports of a link to vaping THC may give people an excuse to ignore the warnings.
E-cigarettes are generally thought to be safer than traditional cigarettes, which kill up to half of all lifetime users, according to the World Health Organization. But the long-term health effects of vaping are largely unknown.
"We must not stand by while e-cigarettes continue to go unregulated. We urge the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to speed up the regulation of e-cigarettes and remove all unregulated products from the market," Dr. Patrice Harris, president of the American Medical Association, said in a statement.
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Man finds $43,000 in used couch, returns it to owner
Shapovalov rages at umpire in shocking Aussie Open exit


text:
Cyclocybe is een geslacht van schimmels behorend tot de familie Strophariaceae.

Soorten
Volgens Index Fungorum telt het geslacht in totaal tien soorten (peildatum oktober 2020):

Strophariaceae
Schimmelgeslacht

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
About Lýdia
About Language mentoring
Lýdia's methods
We are committed to protecting and respecting your privacy. This policy sets out the basis on which any personal data we collect will be processed by us. Please read this privacy policy carefully to understand our views and practices and your rights regarding your personal data. By visiting our website (www.languagementoring.com) you are accepting and consenting to the practices described in this policy.
For the purpose of data protection legislation, the data controller is Language mentoring s.r.o. and we are responsible for your personal data (referred to as "we", "us" or "our" in this privacy notice).
Full name of legal entity: Language mentoring s.r.o.
Company ID: 51676982
Email address: lydia@languagementoring.com
Postal address: Jána Švermu 1178/12, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
What Information Do We Collect From You?
We collect and process the following data about you:
Information you give us: This is information about you that you give us by filling in forms on our site or by corresponding with us by email or otherwise. It includes any communication that you send to us whether that be through contact or opt-in forms on our website, through email, text, social media messaging, social media posting or any other communication that you send us. The information you give us may include your name, address, email address, location and financial information in the event of a purchase. Please let us know if any of this information changes so we can keep our records up to date.
Information we collect from your use of our site: With regard to each of your visits to our site we will automatically collect the following information:
(1) Technical information, such as the Internet protocol (IP) address used to connect your device to the Internet.
(2) The location where you connected to our service
(3) Your internet service provider (ISP).
(4) What type of device you are using to access our service
(5) Other online services information such as your login activity data, details about your browser and length of visit to pages on our website, page views and website navigation paths, details about the number of times you have used our website, your time zone settings and other information about the devices you use to access our website. The source of this data is our analytics tracking system.
Information we collect throughout our relationship with you: This is information relating to products (free or paid) that you download or purchase from us.
Marketing Information: This includes data about your preferences in receiving marketing from us and our third parties and your communication preferences.
Note: We may use information you give us, information we collect from your use of our site, information we collect throughout our relationship with you, and marketing information to:
Deliver relevant website content and advertisements to you (including Facebook adverts or other display advertisements)
Measure or understand the effectiveness of the advertising we serve you
Our lawful ground for processing this information is our legitimate interests which are to grow our business. We may also use such data to send other marketing communications to you. Our lawful ground for this processing is either consent or legitimate interests (namely to grow our business).
We use this information in the following ways:
Information you give to us or which we receive from other sources: We process this data for the purposes of communication with you, for record keeping and administration, and for the establishment, pursuance or defence of legal claims. Our lawful ground for processing this information is our legitimate interests, which in this case are to reply to communications sent to us by you, to keep accurate records and to establish, pursue or defend legal claims. We use this information:
In order to take steps necessary to assess whether we can enter into a contract with you and in order to perform our contract with you. This includes carrying out our obligations to you and providing you with our, or a third party's products and services;
For the purpose of improving our service to you, to ensure that content from our site is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your device;
To deal with any legal queries relating to your use of our service;
To provide you with service communications so that we can perform our obligations to you. These may be sent by email. These will include notifications about changes to our service, event details and information about products that you have signed up to;
To provide you with marketing communications including, with your permission, information about other goods and services we offer that are similar to those that you have already purchased or enquired about; or
In our or a third party's legitimate interests of keeping customers up to date with goods and services, increasing awareness of ourselves and third parties within the market, making promotional offers and generating new business, building and maintaining loyalty or market share.
Information we collect from your use of the site: We process this data to analyse your use of our website and other online services, to administer and protect our business and website and to deliver relevant and interesting website content and advertisements to you, as well as to understand the effectiveness of our advertising and marketing strategies. Our lawful ground for processing this information is our legitimate interests which in this case are to properly administer our website and our business, to grow our business and to make decisions about our marketing strategies. We use this information for the following purposes:
To improve our site to ensure that content is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your device;
To measure or understand the effectiveness of advertising we serve to you and others, and to deliver relevant advertising to you
Information we collect throughout our relationship. We process this data to supply the goods and/or services you have purchased from us or our affiliates and to keep records of such transactions. Our lawful ground for processing this data is the fulfilment of a contract between you and us and/or taking steps to enter into such a contract, at your request.
Marketing Information: We process this data to enable you to participate in our promotions, competitions, prize draws and free give-aways, as well as to deliver relevant website content and advertisements to you and measure or understand the effectiveness of these advertising and marketing strategies. Our lawful ground for this processing is our legitimate interests which in this case are to study how customers use our products/services and website, to develop them, to grow our business and to make decisions about our marketing strategies.
How Do We Use Your Data For Marketing Communications?
Our lawful ground for processing your personal data to send you marketing communications is either your consent or our legitimate interests (namely to grow our business).
Under the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations, we may send you marketing communications from us if:
You purchased or asked for information from us about our goods or services
You agreed to receive marketing communications and you have not opted out of receiving these communications since.
We will not share your personal data with any third party for their own marketing purposes without first obtaining your express consent.
You can ask us or third parties to stop sending you marketing messages at any time by following the opt-out links on any of our marketing messages or emails, or by emailing us at info@languagementoring.com at any time.
If you opt out of receiving marketing communications this opt-out does not apply to personal data you have provided to us as a result of other transactions, such as purchases, event registrations etc.
How Long Do We Keep Hold Of Your Information?
We will keep information about you for a maximum of 15 years after receiving your consent unless obligations to our regulators require otherwise or we are required to remove such data from our records.
In some circumstances we may anonymise your personal data for our research or statistical purposes, and in such cases we may use this information indefinitely without further notice to you.
Who Might We Share Your Information With?
We may have to share your personal data with the parties listed below:
Service providers who provide IT and system administration services to us
Professional advisers including lawyers, bankers, auditors and insurers
Government bodies that require us to report on our processing activities.
Third parties to whom we sell, transfer, or merge parts of our business or our assets
We require that all third parties to whom we transfer your data respect the security of your personal information and to treat it in accordance with the law. We only allow such third parties to process your personal data for specified purposes and in accordance with our instructions.
You agree that for the purposes set out in the 'Why do we collect this information?' section above, that we have the right to share your personal information with the aforementioned parties.
How Is Your Data Stored And Kept Secure?
At Language mentoring s.r.o. we take your safety and security very seriously and we are committed to protecting your personal and financial information.
Where we have given you (or where you have chosen) a password that enables you to access certain parts of our services or products, you are responsible for keeping this password confidential. We ask you not to share a password with anyone.
Once we have received your information, we will use strict procedures and security features to try to prevent unauthorised access to your data.
We have in place security measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used, altered, disclosed, or accessed without authorisation. We also allow access to your personal data only to employees and partners who have a business need to access that data. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and they must keep it confidential.
We have procedures in place to deal with any suspected personal data breach and will notify you and any relevant regulator of any breaches if we are legally required to.
Transferring Your Data Outside Of The European Economic Area (EEA)
We do not transfer any data outside of the European Economic Area therefore you can be sure of a high level of protection of your data.
Where processing of your personal data is based on consent, you can withdraw that consent at any time.
You have the following rights. You can exercise these rights at any time by contacting us at the address above or by emailing lydia@languagementoring.com. You have the right:
To ask us not to process your personal data for marketing purposes. We will inform you (before collecting your data) if we intend to use your data for such purposes or if we intend to disclose your information to any third party for such purposes;
To ask us not to process your personal data where it is processed on the basis of legitimate interests provided that there are no compelling reasons for that processing;
To request from us a copy of personal information held about you;
To ask for the information we hold about you to be rectified if it is inaccurate or incomplete;
To ask for data to be erased provided that the personal data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which it was collected, you withdraw consent (if the legal basis for processing is consent), you exercise your right to object, set out below, and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for processing, the data is unlawfully processed or the data needs to be erased to comply with a legal obligation
To ask for the processing of that information to be restricted if the accuracy of that data is contested, the processing is unlawful, the personal data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which it was collected or you exercise your right to object (pending verification of whether there are legitimate grounds for processing);
Should you have any issues, concerns or problems in relation to your data, or wish to notify us of data which is inaccurate, please let us know by contacting us using the contact details above.
You will not have to pay a fee to us to access your personal data (or to exercise any of the other rights). However, if your request is clearly unfounded, repetitive or excessive, we may charge a reasonable fee or refuse to comply with your request in these circumstances.
We may need to request specific information from you to help us confirm your identity and ensure your right to access your personal data (or to exercise any of your other rights). This is a security measure to ensure that personal data is only disclosed to the person who has the right to receive it. We may also contact you to ask you for further information in relation to your request in order to assist us in providing you with a fast response.
We aim to respond to all legitimate requests within one month, however, occasionally it may take us longer than a month to fulfil your request if it is particularly complex or you have made a number of requests. In such a case, we will notify you.
Our website may include links to third-party websites, plug-ins and applications. Clicking on such links or enabling such plug-ins and applications may allow third parties to collect or share data about you. We do not control these third-party websites and are not responsible for their privacy policies. When you leave our website, we encourage you to read the privacy policy of every third-party website you visit to understand their respective privacy policies.
We use cookies to track how you use our website.
This enables us to understand your use of the site and track any patterns with regards how you are using the site. We use this information to help us to develop and improve our website as well as products and / or services in response to what you might need or want.
You can set your browser to refuse all or some browser cookies, or to alert you when websites set or access cookies. However, please note that if you choose to disable or refuse cookies, some parts of our website may become inaccessible or not function properly for you.
A cookie is a small text file that we store on your device. Our website uses cookies to distinguish from other users of you website. Cookies also provide us with information about how this website is used so we can keep it as up to date, relevant and error-free as possible. Our site uses the following kinds of cookies:
Strictly necessary cookies – These are cookies that are essential to the operation of our website.
Analytical/performance cookie – These cookies allow us to recognise and count the number of visitors to our website.
Functionality cookies – These cookies are used to recognise you when you return to our website.
Targeting Cookies – These cookies record your visit to our website, the pages you have visited and the links you have followed.
Cookies are used by nearly all websites and do not harm your system in any way.
Your consent applies to the domain: www.languagementoring.com.
This policy may be updated from time to time. Please check back frequently to see any updates or changes to our privacy policy.
GENERAL CONTRACT TERMS
1. These General Contract Terms govern rights and obligations of parties arising from contracts of sale entered into by company Language mentoring s.r.o., with registered office in Jána Švermu 1178/12, 958 01 Partizánske, identification number (IČO): 51676982, registered in the Business Register of the District Court Trenčín, section.: Sro, insertion No.: 36375/R as a seller (hereinafter referred to as the "Seller") and by a third party as a buyer (hereinafter referred to as the "Buyer").
2. Contract of sale governs purchase and sale of online products of the Seller and sale of tickets to mentoring seminars of the Seller through electronic shop operated at website www.languagementoring.com.
3. These General Contract Terms constitute integral part of contracts of sale entered into by the Seller and the Buyer and are applicable in their entirety, unless otherwise agreed in writing in individual contract of sale. In case of contradiction between regulation of mutual rights and obligations contained in these General Contract Terms and in individual contract of sale or in case of deviation from these General Contract Terms, such deviating special arrangements of parties to individual contract contained in their written contract shall have priority over these General Contract Terms, however, only within the extent of such arrangements made in writing.
4. Any amendments or supplements of these General Contract Terms are valid and effective only in case they have been approved in writing by the Seller, where parties to contract have agreed that the Seller has right to amend these General Contract Terms by a unilateral decision and to notify the Buyer about such amendment and the Buyer is obliged to get acquainted with such amendment to the General Contract Terms.
5. The Seller informs the Buyer about its following identification data:
Business Name: Language mentoring, s.r.o.
Registered Office: Jána Švermu 1178/12, 958 01 Partizánske
Registration: in the Business Register at the District Court Trenčín, section: Sro, insertion No.: 36375/R
Identification Number (IČO): 51676982
Tax Identification Number (DIČ): 2120748267
VAT Number (IČ DPH): SK2120748267
The Seller is subject to VAT duty.
e-mail: info@languagementoring.com
Bank Account: FIO banka, SK4683300000002101438596, BIC/SWIFT: FIOZSKBAXXX.
For payments from the Czech Republic, bank transfer is available to the bank account No. 2101438596 / 2010 under the same conditions as in case of transfer within the Czech Republic.
II. Online Product Order and Formation of Contract of Sale
1. Contracts of sale formed pursuant to these General Contract Terms set out: (i) obligation of the Seller to deliver to the Buyer online products of the Seller and / or tickets to mentoring seminars of the Seller, which are specified in detail and characterized as to their basic features at website of the Seller www.languagementoring.com (hereinafter jointly referred to as the "Online Products" or individually as the "Online Product") and (ii) obligation of the Buyer to pay duly and on time a purchase price to the Seller for the provided supplies.
2. The Buyer places orders for Online Products in electronic form, by means of electronic order made through website www.languagementoring.com. Electronic order is only valid in case all prescribed data are filled-in and all requirements for filling-in of the order have been fulfilled. E-mail address of the Buyer indicated in the order will be used for providing of all information to the Buyer and is considered as a permanent carrier for the purpose of Section 2 (7) of Act No. 102/2014 Coll. on consumer protection in case of sale of goods or providing of services under a distance contract or contract concluded outside of business premises of seller as amended (hereinafter referred to as "Act No. 102/2014 Coll."). Order which has been duly completed and sent by the Buyer to the Seller constitutes an offer to form a contract of sale pursuant to applicable provisions of Act No. 40/1964 Coll. Civil Code as amended (hereinafter referred to as the "Civil Code"). Contract of sale is considered to be formed once a binding acceptance of an offer of the Buyer to form a contract of sale is made by the Seller. Binding acceptance of an offer of the Buyer made by the Seller shall mean notification on registration of the order sent by the Seller to the e-mail address of the Buyer indicated in its order. By completing and sending of an order the Buyer accepts the General Contract Terms on supplying of ordered Online Product published by the Seller at website www.languagementoring.com. Relationship between the Buyer and the Seller is governed by these General Contract Terms which are binding for both parties, unless otherwise provided in their contract.
III. Price and Payment Conditions
1. Prices for Online Products published at website of the Seller www.languagementoring.com are effective and valid at the time of ordering of Online Product. The Buyer purchases an Online Product for the price indicated at website www.languagementoring.com at the time of placement of the order for Online Product by the Buyer. The Seller reserves right to correct any apparent misprints.
2. The Seller shall draw invoice for supply of Online Product without undue delay after its delivery. Invoice drawn by the Seller is due within four (4) days after its drawing, unless otherwise agreed in writing or unless the invoice specifies longer period until due date. Invoice drawn pursuant to contract of sale between the Seller and the Buyer also represents a tax document and is sent to the Buyer in electronic form. Upon request of the Buyer an invoice may also be sent by mail. In case the Buyer does not receive invoice for supplied Online Product from the Seller within fifteen (15) days after delivery of the product, the Buyer is obliged to inform the Seller about such circumstance.
3. Price is considered to be paid after crediting of the bank account of the Seller with complete sum of the respective purchase price.
4. The Buyer may only use the Online Product after complete payment of the purchase price, unless otherwise agreed. In case the Buyer fails to pay the price for Online Product to the Seller in the amount and under the terms agreed in their contract of sale, the Seller may withdraw from the contract of sale.
IV. Delivery of Online Product
1. Period for delivery of Online Product shall be five (5) calendar days after due payment of price for the Online Product by the Buyer. Unless otherwise agreed by the Seller and the Buyer, the Seller shall complete the order placed by the Buyer within fourteen (14) days after its placing with the Seller.
2. Delivery of Online Product shall mean sending of access data with respect to the Online Product by the Seller to the e-mail address of the Buyer indicated in the order of the Buyer.
V. Gift vouchers
Language Mentoring issues gift vouchers which take the form of security papers.
The gift vouchers are of different nominal values, equivalent to their purchase price for which they can be acquired and which is clearly stated in the order form as well as clearly identifiable from the visual design of the vouchers themselves (hereinafter referred to as the "value of the voucher").
The gift voucher is delivered in an electronic form via e-mail and each voucher is linked to its own unique code. The gift voucher is considered as delivered on the day of the receipt of the e-mail containing the voucher with the unique code by the buyer.
The gift voucher may be used in order to purchase any Language Mentoring product during the period of validity of the voucher and there is entitlement for the deduction of the value of the voucher from the purchase price of the given product. The gift voucher must be used before finalizing the order of the given product by sending an e-mail to info@languagementoring.com and stating the unique code linked to the gift voucher in question. The entitlement to the deduction of the value of the voucher from the purchase price is linked to the gift voucher and may be claimed by any person who is the holder of the voucher.
The buyer of the gift voucher has the right to withdraw from the purchase contract within 14 days after the delivery of the gift voucher, even without stating a reason for such a withdrawal, provided that the voucher has not yet been used, in accordance with the Slovak Act No. 102/2014 Coll.
The buyer may file a claim against the seller in case of receiving a faulty voucher.
Provisions of Point 4 of these General commercial terms apply to the processes of withdrawal from the contract and filing a claim.
The gift vouchers have a limited period of validity. A gift voucher may only be used within the period of its validity, after which such entitlement to use the voucher shall cease.
A person who used the voucher to pay for part of the price of the seller's product is entitled to use their legal right to withdraw from the purchase contract within 14 days of receiving the purchased product, according to the provisions stated in Point 4 Section 1 et seq. of these General commercial terms, and in such a case, the amount covered by the gift voucher shall be returned to this person in the form of a gift voucher.
In case of loss, destruction or damaging of the gift voucher, the seller shall not be obliged to ensure its replacement.
The gift voucher may only be used once and it may not be returned, with the exception of exercising one's legal right of withdrawal from the contract.
The gift voucher is not exchangeable for money.
More than one gift voucher may be used to purchase one product and the gift voucher may also be used to purchase discounted products.
VI. Information on Right to Withdraw from the Contract
1. Pursuant to Section 7 (1) of Act No. 102/2014 Coll. the Buyer has right to withdraw from contract of sale, even without specifying grounds for withdrawal, within fourteen (14) calendar days after handing-over of the Online Product or after the date of formation of contract on providing of electronic content not supplied by means of physical carrier. In case of certain Online Products the Buyer has right to withdraw from contract of sale, even without specifying grounds for withdrawal, within fourteen (14) calendar days; detailed information on such right with respect to particular products are provided at website www.languagementoring.com.
2. The Buyer shall notify the withdrawal from contract to the Seller together with indicating number of invoice concerning purchase of the respective Online Product. Withdrawal from contract may be made by sending an e-mail message to the e-mail address of the Seller: info@languagementoring.com.
3. In case the Buyer withdraws from contract by means of e-mail message, the Seller shall issue certificate on acknowledgement of withdrawal to the Buyer immediately after receiving the withdrawal.
4. The Seller shall without undue delay, however at latest within fourteen (14) calendar days after service of justified notification of withdrawal from contract, return all payments to the Buyer obtained under their contract or in connection with the contract.
VII. Information Duty of the Seller
1. The Seller hereby provides the following information to the Buyer in accordance with applicable statutory provisions:
a. instruction on liability of the Seller for defects of goods or services prescribed by the general legislation,
b. information on right to settlement of disputes by means of system of alternative dispute resolution and on terms of such procedure,
c. address of the Seller where consumer may claim defects or file complaint, as indicated in Article I. (5) of these General Contract Terms,
d. information on warranty and on servicing, as provided in Articles VII. and VIII. of these General Contract Terms.
VIII. Warranty Period
1. Online Products purchased through internet shop www.languagementoring.com are subject to statutory warranty period of twenty-four (24) months. Warranty period commences upon delivery of the Online Product to the Buyer.
IX. Complaints
1. Any potential complaint shall be made by the Buyer to the Seller. The Buyer shall file the complaint in electronic form to the e-mail address of the Seller info@languagementoring.com. The same address is also applicable for sending of any suggestions or claims with respect to a concluded contract.
2. Immediately after filing of a complaint, the Seller shall send certificate of acknowledgement, confirming receiving complaint from the Buyer, by an e-mail message.
3. As a result of liability of the Seller for defects of sold goods, the Buyer has the following rights:
a. In case of a remediable defect, the Buyer has right to require free-of-charge, timely and complete repair of the defect. The Seller shall remedy the defect without undue delay. Instead of claiming repair of the defect, the Buyer may claim replacement of the Online Product or in case the defect affects only a part of the Online Product, the Buyer may claim replacement of the affected part; provided that such replacement does not result in unreasonable expenses of the Seller, taking into consideration the price of the product or gravity of the defect;
b. In case of non-remediable defect which prevents due usage of the Online Product in the same manner as a product without defects, the Buyer has right to replacement of the Online Product or a right to withdraw from the contract. The same rights apply to the Buyer in case of remediable defects which prevent the Buyer from proper using of the product as a result of repeated occurrence of defects after their repairing or as a result of occurrence of numerous defects on the product. In case of non-remediable defects, the Buyer has right to reasonable discount from purchase price.
4. The Seller shall determine the manner of handling of complaint immediately, in complicated cases at latest within three (3) working days after filing of the complaint, in justified cases at latest within thirty (30) days after filing of the complaint. After determination of the manner of handling of the complaint, the complaint shall be resolved immediately, in justified cases the complaint can be resolved even later; however, period for resolving of complaint of the Buyer – consumer may not exceed thirty (30) days after filing of the complaint. Such period of thirty (30) days for resolving of complaint is not binding in case of the Buyer having relationship with the Seller governed by the Commercial Code.
5. Complaints concerning Online Products are governed by provisions of the Civil Code, of Act No. 250/2007 Coll. on consumer protection as amended and of Act No. 102/2014 Coll. on consumer protection in case of sale of goods or providing of services under a distance contract or contract concluded outside of business premises of seller. In case the Buyer is an entrepreneur, complaints are governed by provisions of the Commercial Code.
X. Intellectual Property Rights
1. In case the ordered Online Product represents electronic content pursuant to Section 2 (8) of Act No. 102/2014 Coll., such electronic content is protected by applicable provisions of Act No. 185/2015 Coll. Copyright Act as amended (hereinafter referred to as the "Copyright Act"), where the Seller is an author and by entering into a contract of sale the Buyer accepts terms of licence with respect to such electronic content, as specified herein; where the Seller acts as a licensor and the Buyer acts as licensee and acknowledges that the electronic content is subject to provisions of the Copyright Act.
2. The Seller as a licensor grants to the Buyer as a licensee a non-exclusive right to create and store reasonable number of copies of the concerned electronic content, which can be viewed, reasonably used or otherwise projected by the licensee without limitation as to the number of such instances of use, however, always only for its own non-commercial purpose. The licensor does not grant any warranty for usability of its electronic content at any particular technical device.
3. The licensee may not sell, lease, lend or share in any manner, distribute, broadcast, sublicense or grant right in any other manner to any third party, either to the electronic content in its entirety or to its part. The licensee shall preserve marks used for the concerned electronic content identifying authorship of the licensor. The licensee also undertakes not to enable third parties violating copyright of the licensor to the concerned electronic content in any manner and in case of such violation the licensee undertakes to notify the licensor about such circumstance.
4. The licensee acknowledges that upon payment of price for Online Product no rights and obligations of author under the Copyright Act are transferred to the licensee, with exception of rights and obligations relating to authorized use of the electronic content in accordance with these terms of licence and with the Copyright Act.
XI. Alternative Consumer Dispute Resolutions
1. Pursuant to (i) Act No. 250/2007 Coll. and (ii) Act No. 102/2014 Coll. the Buyer has right to claim protection of its rights at a body for alternative dispute resolution pursuant to Act No. 391/2015 Coll. on alternative dispute resolution as amended (hereinafter referred to as the "Act on ADR"). Register of bodies for alternative dispute resolution is administered by the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic and is available online at website: http://www.mhsr.sk/.
2. The Buyer may file complaint to instigate alternative dispute resolution proceeding also through platform for alternative resolution of disputes available online at:
https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr/main/index.cfm?event=main.home.chooseLanguage.
3. Alternative dispute resolution procedure can be used for resolving of disputes arising from a consumer contract and connected with it, with exception of disputes specified in Section 1 (4) of Act on ADR and disputes with value not exceeding twenty (20) euro. In addition to alternative dispute resolution, the Buyer has right to claim protection at a domestic court competent as to the subject-matter and its location, or at a court of arbitration.
XII. Final Provisions
1. These General Contract Terms apply in the version published at website of the Seller www.languagementoring.com up to the date of sending of electronic order by the Buyer to the Seller, unless otherwise agreed in writing by parties to the contract. By sending of electronic order, the Buyer accepts without reservations all provisions of these General Contract Terms in the version in effect up to the date of sending of the order and accepts valid prices for the ordered goods, as specified in the price list at website www.languagementoring.com, unless otherwise demonstrably agreed in particular case.
2. Relationships between parties to the contract which are not regulated in the General Contract Terms are governed by applicable provisions of the Civil Code, provisions of Act No. 250/2007 Coll. on consumer protection as amended, of Act No. 102/2014 Coll. on consumer protection in case of sale of goods or providing of services under a distance contract or contract concluded outside of business premises of seller, of Act No. 22/2004 Coll. on electronic commerce as amended and by other applicable legislation under the Slovak law. In case the Buyer is an entrepreneur, its relationship with the Seller shall be governed by the Commercial Code.
3. In case any of the provisions of these General Contract Terms becomes ineffective, invalid or unenforceable, validity, effectiveness or enforceability of other provisions of these General Contract Terms shall remain unaffected.
4. The Seller and the Buyer fully acknowledge electronic form of communication, made primarily through e-mail and through internet, as a valid form of communication binding for both parties to the contract.
5. These General Contract Terms come into force on 13 March 2018.
6. These General Contract Terms were amended on 27 May 2020.
Lýdia Machová
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text:
The Special Court for War Criminals and Enemies of the People (), usually referred only as The Special Court (), was a Socialist court set up during the spring of 1945 (1 March - 13 April) in the newly established Socialist Albania, which carried on the trial against those labeled as "people's enemies" and "war criminals". It was based on a decision taken by the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation on 25 December 1944. Like the rest of the Eastern Europe, the purge against fascists and war criminals became a central part of the construction of society based on the Soviet model.

Background
In November 1944, the socialist partisans (LANÇ) took power and began immediately with the arrest of all public figures who were perceived to have collaborated with the occupiers or not to have supported the LANÇ before. The Bashkimi newspaper of the Democratic Front of Albania had already been coming out in early January 1945 with agitative editorials pointing to "traitors" and "people's enemies". Sixty of these public figures were the object a treason trial in March 1945 at a socialist Special Court with Prosecutor Koçi Xoxe. Xoxe, Minister of Interior, was considered from some as the most powerful person in Albania for the moment.

Proceedings
Various non-Socialist/non-Communists politicians were object of the court: Pro-Italians, Nazi collaborationists, Balli Kombetar members, previous Ministers, anti-Communist figures, military personnel, King Zog supporters, former publishers and journalists, and members of public administration during the Italian and German regime.
"People's Tribunals" had been taking place since December 1944, but the most notorious was the Special Court of Tirana. The Special Court started in Tirana on 1 March 1945, and lasted until April 13 1945. The sessions took place in the premises of former "Savoja" cinema (renamed later to "Kosova" cinema, today's Albanian National Theater building). During this time it held 31 session and trialed 60 persons. General Lieutenant Koçi Xoxe was the leading judge, while General Major Bedri Spahiu was the prosecutor. The jury had 9 members, others were Beqir Balluku, Medar Shtylla (Minister of Economy), Faik Shehu, Halim Budo, Gaqo Floqi, Hysni Kapo, Bilbil Klosi, Gjon Banushi.

The defendants were:

Most of the defendants were found guilty: 17 were executed by firing squad, 8 received life imprisonment, and the rest various prison terms. Abdurrahman Telqiu and Luigj Filaj were released due to lack of evidence. Ded Jakova, Zef Shiroka, and Abedin Xhiku were sentenced to 1, 2, and 1 year but were released on probation.

Aftermath
With the demise of Koçi Xoxe in 1949, few political figures, including the ones which would be arrested and sentenced later, would get partially rehabilitated. Other notorious trials would come out during the socialist period in Albania, i.e. the "Assembly Members' Group" (), the "Sabotators' Group" (), "Coup d'Etat Group" () and many more. Xoxe, Beqir Balluku, Bedri Spahiu would be later accused themselves of "treason" and "enemy of the people" and executed or imprisoned.

See also
Show trial
Communism in Albania
Albanian resistance during World War II
Albania under Italy
Albania under Nazi Germany

References

Courts in Albania
Nazi war crimes in Albania
Trials in Albania
Communism in Albania
World War II war crimes trials
1945 in Albania
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Courts and tribunals established in 1945


-W to start interaction in the window selection mode. Screencapture -M files Use the -o option in window capture mode to only capture the window and to not capture the shadow of the window. More Information, purchase, c-Command Software was founded in January 2002. The format is screencapture options filenames. Screencapture -s files Use -w to only allow window selection mode. To change the default commands location mac where the screenshot file is saved (the default is Desktop use the following Terminal command (where PathName is the full path to a directory. Command-Shift-4, then space, then click on a window: Take a screenshot of a selected window and save it as a file on the desktop. Another option is to use the following different command to reboot a Mac from the command line: osascript -e 'tell app "System Events" to restart'. Command-Control-Shift-4, then select an area: Take a screenshot of an area and save it to the clipboard. Screencapture -x files please contact us your name: email address: phone number: message: Coding example: I am making heavily documented and explained open source code for a method to play music for free almost any song, no subscription fees, no download costs, no advertisements, all. From the graphic user interface, the normal method for obtaining a screen capture is through the graphic user interface.
Then earbuds select an area, take a screenshot of an area and save it as a file on the desktop. Next youll hack need to enter the administrator password when requested. Sudo shutdown r now" named Picture 1, use the escape key to cancel the interactive screen shot. This applies only in noninteractive modes such as a script. Which gives, to start a reboot immediately from the Mac Oerminal.
Screencapture mac, oS, x command ).Mac, oS, x from the, command, line.
Shutdown NOW, onward, list more than one sms segt på iphone blake file name if you have more than one monitor. The reporting will reference shutdown whether you are rebooting. Which is reported back as the second to last line.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Self-organization is an interesting phenomenon observed in various
areas including network growth \cite{Dorogovtsev2001},
traffic jams \cite{Chowdhury1999} and resource allocation
\cite{yeung2010}.
In social systems,
individuals often imitate each other
through interaction and observation,
to become more typical in the community.
Such dynamics results in a steady state in
which most individuals adopt the typical practice by learning from
each other.
In online communities,
self-organization is further facilitated by
the recent advent of Web 2.0 social applications, which encourage
Internet users to interact with peers. By interacting with each
other, users self-organize and lead to a state of typical behaviors.

In resource sharing applications,
tags are practical to facilitate the
search and management of resources \cite{Golder2006,Cattuto2007}.
Tags are usually simple labels and annotations which help users to have preliminary understanding
of the content before collecting the resources.
Recently, \emph{tagging systems} are implemented in popular applications including
\emph{delicious.com}, \emph{flickr.com}
and \emph{citeulike.org}.
To well organize their resources,
users assign tags with their bookmark,
pictures or Bibtex files.
By browsing through tags, users are able to find other users who
share similar interests. Tags thus reflect user behaviors and
preferences, and with which ones can easily search, collaborate and
form communities with others \cite{Sen2006}.

Tagging systems are studied extensively in recent years, but the
underlying interaction and dynamics among tag users are still
unclear. Mathematically, tagging systems are composed of fundamental
units of user-resource-{tag} triples
\cite{Cattuto2007,Ghoshal2009,Zlatic2009}, and each tagging action
constitutes one or several hyper-links in a tripartite graph. Such
user-resource-tag relations are often referred to as
\emph{folksonomy}. Examples include the use of keywords or PACS
numbers in academic papers,
which also helps to reveal the structure of citation networks \cite{Palla2008, ZhangZK2008}.
However, how
similar papers influence each other on the choice of keywords is still
an open question.
To reveal the tagging dynamics,
Cattuto \emph{et al} \cite{Cattuto2009} suggested to consider the process of social
annotation as a collective yet uncoordinated exploration
of the underlying semantic space through a series of random walks.
In Ref. \cite{Lambiotte2006}, Lambiotte \emph{et al} modeled folksonomy
in terms of tripartite graphs. Zhang and Liu \cite{ZhangZK2010}
proposed a model to explain some statistical properties in
folksonomy, in which users can search for resources via tags.
Many of these studies consider individual tag assignment, while
ignoring the interaction among peer tag users.

In this paper, we propose a model to investigate the dynamics and
interaction among individuals in a tagging system.
Specifically,
individuals imitate each other in tagging which results in a self-organized
state. We found that when users are of low confidence, they
self-organize to attain a steady state of active tagging. On the
other hand, the system ends with inactive tagging when users
are confident of their own tagging practice. In addition, a phase
transition is observed with a critical level of user confidence,
when the system changes from one regime to the other.
Furthermore,
we compare distributions of post length from the proposed
model to two real datasets obtained from \emph{delicious.com} and \emph{flickr.com},
which show good agreements.

\section{Model}
\label{sec_model}

We consider a model of tagging system with $N$ users.
At each step,
each user posts one resource and assign tags to the resource.
The tendency of which the user assigns tags
is characterized by $p_i(t)$,
which is the probability that the user continues with tag assignment for the resource.
In other words,
the probability that user $i$ assigns $n_i(t)$ tags at time $t$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq_nit}
    \Pr[n_i(t)=l] = p_i^l(t)[1-p_i(t)],
\end{eqnarray}
where $l=1,2,3,\dots$.
Large $p_i(t)$ corresponds to a high tendency to assign tags
and vice versa.
We thus call $p_i(t)$ the {\em tagivity},
which characterizes the tendency of user $i$ in tag assignment.
Given that $p_i(t)$ remains unchanged,
$n_i(t)$ follows a geometric distribution with parameter $1-p_i(t)$.
We model the self-organization of user by assuming that users adjust their $p_i(t)$
based on the observation of $\avg{p(t)}$,
the average tagivity over all users at time $t$.

As one main purpose for tagging is to facilitate the search of resources for others,
users would tend to adopt a more typical tagging practice.
They thus adjust their own tagivity in order to imitate
the observed average tagivity over users.
We denote the combination of tags associated with a resource to be a \emph{post}.
Based on observations,
users obtain an estimated distribution of {\it post length},
which is the number of tags associated with each post.
We assume that the users estimate the distribution based on the average user tagivity,
as given by
\begin{eqnarray}
    \Pr[l'=l] = \avg{p(t)}^l[1-\avg{p(t)}],
\end{eqnarray}
where $l'$ corresponds to the observed post length.
With this distribution in mind,
user $i$ randomly picks a post and imitates its length in the next step.
Suppose user $i$ assigns $n_i(t)$ tags at time $t$,
the probability that he/she picks a post of length $l'$ less than $n_i(t)$
is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Pr[l'<n_i(t)]
=1-\avg{p(t)}^{n_i(t)-1}.
\end{eqnarray}
On the other hand,
the probability that user $i$ picks a post of length $l'$ larger than $n_i(t)$
is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Pr[l'>n_i(t)]
= \avg{p(t)}^{n_i(t)}.
\end{eqnarray}
With probability $\avg{p(t)}^{n_i(t)-1}(1-\avg{p(t)})$,
user $i$ picks a post of length equals to his/her own post length at time $t$.

Users imitate the post they pick up by changing their tagivities.
For instance,
user $i$ increases his/her tagivities if $n_i(t)$ is smaller than $l'$,
and vice versa.
We denote the probabilities of which
user $i$ increases,
maintains or decreases his/her tagivity
as $\eta_i^+(t)$, $\eta_i^0(t)$ and $\eta_i^-(t)$,
given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Eq_p+}
\eta_i^+(t)&=&\frac{(1-\beta)\langle p(t) \rangle^{n_i(t)}}{Z_i(t)},\\
\eta_i^0(t)&=&\frac{\beta[\langle p(t) \rangle^{n_i(t)-1}(1-\langle p(t) \rangle)]}{Z_i(t)},\\
\eta_i^-(t)&=&\frac{(1-\beta)(1-\langle p(t) \rangle^{n_i(t)-1})}{Z_i(t)},
\label{Eq_p+-}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Z_i(t)$ ensures
$\eta_i^+(t)+\eta_i^0(t)+\eta_i^-(t)=1$.
The parameter $\beta\in [0,1]$ can be considered as the {\it confidence} of user on
his own tagivity: $\beta=0$ corresponds to the case with \emph{unconfident}
users who tend to change their choice of tagivities every time step,
and $\beta=1$ corresponds to the case with \emph{confident} users who
stay with their tagivities every time step.
Increasing $\beta$ from 0 to 1 characterizes the increase in user confidence,
such that users are more reluctant to changes.

We propose two response functions based on which the tagivity is updated.
In the first case,
the tagivity is updated {\it linearly} by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq_linear}
p_i(t+1) = p_i(t) + a_i(t)\delta_l,
\end{eqnarray}
where $a_i(t)=1$, $0$, $-1$ respectively with probabilities
$\eta_i^+(t)$, $\eta_i^0(t)$, $\eta_i^-(t)$, and $\delta_l>0$ is a
parameter which characterizes the extent the tagivity is
changed. When $a_i(t)=1$ or $-1$, the tagivity increases or decreases.
The parameter $\delta_l$ can be interpreted as the {\it
adaptability} of the users. Large $\delta_l$ corresponds to faster
adaptation to the typical behaviors.

In the second case,
the complementary tagivity $1-p_i(t)$ is updated {\it multiplicatively}
by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq_multi}
1-p_i(t+1) = [1-p_i(t)](1+\delta_m)^{-a_i(t)},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta_m\ge 0$ serves the same role as $\delta_l$ in linear
update. A more explicit implication of this multiplicative
updating can be obtained by the relation $E[n_i(t)] =
(1-p_i(t))^{-1}$, where $E[n_i(t)]$ is the expected value of
$n_i(t)$ based on the geometric distribution. Equation (\ref{eq_multi}) thus implies
\begin{equation}
E[n_i(t+1)]=E[n_i(t)](1+\delta_m)^{a_i(t)}.
\end{equation}
In other words,
the expected value of $n_i(t)$
respectively increases by a factor of $(1+\delta_m)$,
remains unchanged or decreases
by a factor of $(1+\delta_m)^{-1}$ with $a_i(t)=1, 0 -1$.

\section{Simulation results}

To reveal the dynamics underlying self-organization in the model,
we conduct numerical simulations.
We start with random initial $p_i(0)$
for all users. At time $t$, $n_i(t)$ is drawn according to the
probabilities in \req{eq_nit}, such that $\eta_i^+$, $\eta_i^0$ and
$\eta_i^-$ are evaluated according to
Eqs.~(\ref{Eq_p+})-(\ref{Eq_p+-}).
The tagivity $p_i(t)$ for each user
is then updated according to \req{eq_linear} in the case of linear
update or \req{eq_multi} in the case of multiplicative update.
Unless specified, the results are obtained when the system
converges, i.e. $\avg{p(t)}$ becomes steady.
We observed that
$\avg{p(t)}$ has a slight fluctuation around a time average value and the
fluctuation is dependent on $\delta_l$ and $\delta_m$.

 \subsection{Convergence time}

We first study the relation between the convergence time
and the parameters $\beta$, $\delta_l$ and $\delta_m$.
The self-organized state in our context corresponds to
the state in which $\avg{p(t)}$ becomes steady.
The convergence time
$\tau$ is thus defined by the relation $\avg{p(\tau)}\approx\avg{p(\tau+L)}$,
for all $t\ge\tau$ and some sufficiently large $L$.

The convergence time is
plotted in Fig.~\ref{Fig_convergence_time}(a) as a function of confidence $\beta$.
As similar results are obtained from the two update rules,
we present only the results obtained from the linear update.
As shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig_convergence_time}(a),
the larger the adaptability $\delta_l$,
the faster the convergence time.
The prominent peaks of convergence
time observed at $\beta\approx 0.5$ suggest the possibility of a phase
transition at $\beta\approx 0.5$ as dynamics slows down.
Furthermore,
peak positions are similar at different values of $\delta_l$.
It implies that,
when the weight $\beta$ in
Eqs.~(\ref{Eq_p+}) - (\ref{Eq_p+-}) to modify tagivity
is equal to that to maintain tagivity,
the users are confused and the self-organization
slows down.
As the convergence time is also dependent
on system size,
we plot in log-log scale $N$ as a function of
$\tau$ at $\beta=0.5$ in Fig.~\ref{Fig_convergence_time}(b),
as studies \cite{Holme2006,Medvedyeva2003} suggest a
conventional scaling of $\ln \tau \propto \ln N$ in the proximity of
phase transition.
These results suggest that on top of the self-organization, there is a phase
transition in the range close to $\beta=0.5$.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=6cm]{Fig_convergence_time.eps}
 \includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Fig_ct_N.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_convergence_time}
 (a) Convergence time $\tau$ as a function of $\beta$ for different $\delta_l$.
Convergence time peaks around $\beta=0.5$.
The larger the adaptability
 $\delta_l$, the more quickly the system reaches steady state.
 (b) Convergence time as a function of $N$ when $\beta=0.5$, which show scattering of data
 round the straight line implying $\ln \tau \propto\ln N$. }
 \end{figure}

 \subsection{Steady distributions of tagivity}

\begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=6cm]{Fig_distribution_p_1.eps}
 \includegraphics[width=6cm]{Fig_distribution_p_2.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_distribution_p} The tagivity distributions with
 (a) the linear update and (b) the multiplicative update.
 Parameters: $\beta=0.45$ and $\delta_l=0.05$ for linear update
 and $\beta=0.4$ and $\delta_m=0.1$ for multiplicative update.
 Fittings: (a) Gaussian fit with  $\mu=0.63$
 and $\sigma=0.088$ and (b) log-normal fitting with $\mu=-1.41$ and $\sigma=0.27$. }
 \end{figure}

As mentioned in Sec.~\ref{sec_model},
each user at each step randomly picks a post and imitates its length,
their tagivities thus fluctuate around the average values.
We show in \fig{Fig_distribution_p} the stable distribution of tagivity
after the system converges.
Figure~\ref{Fig_distribution_p}(a) shows that the stable distribution from linear update
resembles Gaussian distribution.
The simulation results are obtained by $\beta=0.45$ and $\delta_l=0.05$
and the parameter of Gaussian fit are $\mu=0.63$ and $\sigma=0.088$.
The results are not as obvious as \req{eq_linear} suggests in the case when $a_i(t)$
is a random variable.
In such case,
$\sum_{t=1}^{\infty}a_i(t)$ would result in an infinite variance of $p_i(t)$,
as compared to the finite variance observed in \fig{Fig_distribution_p}(a).
The finite variance of $p_i(t)$ comes from the restoring process of $a_i(t)$
around the typical behaviors,
as given by the probabilities in
Eqs.~(\ref{Eq_p+})~-~(\ref{Eq_p+-}).
Figure~\ref{Fig_distribution_p}(b)
shows the stable distribution of tagivity obtained from the
multiplicative update,
where $1-p_i$ approximately follows the
log-normal distribution. Simulation results are obtained by
$\beta=0.4$ and $\delta_m=0.1$, with log-normal fitting of
$\mu=-1.41$ and $\sigma=0.27$. The origin of the log-normal
distribution is similar to that of Gaussian distribution and can be
seen by taking algorithm of \req{eq_multi}.

\section{Phase transition and Self-organization}

Though analytic solutions for the general case are difficult to obtain,
we can write down a simple description of the steady state when $\delta_l\rightarrow 0$ or $\delta_m\rightarrow 0$.
In this case
we assume $p_i\approx\avg{p}$ for all user $i$.
We further introduce a quantity $\Delta$
which characterizes the  tendency for $\avg{p}$ to increase or decrease,
as given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq_delta}
    \Delta(\avg{p}) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\avg{p}^{n-1}(1-\avg{p})[\eta^+(n,\beta)-\eta^+(n,\beta)],
\end{eqnarray}
$\Delta$ describes the difference between $\eta^+$ and $\eta^-$
when the average user tagivity is $\avg{p}$.
A positive $\Delta$ corresponds to a tendency for $\avg{p}$ to increase,
and vice versa.
Substitutions of
Eqs.~(\ref{Eq_p+}) and (\ref{Eq_p+-}) for $\eta^+$ and $\eta^-$ into \req{eq_delta} lead
to the following expression
\begin{equation}
\label{eq_delta2}
  \Delta(\avg{p})=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\langle p \rangle^{n-1}(1-\langle p \rangle)(\langle p \rangle^{n}-1+\langle p \rangle^{n-1})}{Z(n, \beta)}.
\end{equation}
We numerically evaluate the summation in \req{eq_delta2}
and obtain the values of $\avg{p}$ when $\Delta=0$,
i.e. when there is no tendency for $\avg{p}$ to increase or decrease
and the system becomes steady.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Fig_p_dp_beta.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_p_dp_beta} (Color online) $\Delta$ as a function of $\avg{p}$ for different values of $\beta$.}
 \end{figure}

Figure~\ref{Fig_p_dp_beta} shows $\Delta$ as a function of $\avg{p}$ for different  $\beta$.
These results imply that for all $\beta$,
$\avg{p}=0,1$ are solutions of $\Delta=0$.
The fixed points of $\avg{p}=0$ or $\avg{p}=1$
respectively correspond to the cases when all users in the system stop active tagging
or assign infinite number of tags.
When $\beta<0.5$, we get $\Delta\ge 0$ for all $\avg{p}$,
which implies that the tendency to increase tagivity is higher than that to decrease tagivity,
leading to a stable fixed point at $\avg{p}=1$.
On the other hand,
when $\beta>0.5$,
we get $\Delta\le 0$ which implies that
the tendency for the tagivity to decrease is larger than that to increase,
leading to an opposite result of stable fixed point at $\avg{p}=0$.
This drastic change of the self-organized state corresponds to a phase transition at $\beta\approx 0.5$
from a regime with active tag assignment to one with inactive tag assignment.
It is also interesting to note that when $\beta=0.5$,
$Z\equiv 1$ for all $n$ in \req{eq_delta2} such that $\Delta \equiv 0$ is guaranteed by the identity
  \begin{equation}
  \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \langle p \rangle^{n-1}(1-\langle p \rangle^{n-1}-\langle p \rangle^n)\equiv 0
  \label{Eq_p_simplify}
  \end{equation}
for all values of $\avg{p}$. It implies
that at the critical point of $\beta=0.5$, the system does not have
a unique fixed point of $\avg{p}$, unlike the cases with
$\beta\neq 0.5$.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Fig_average_p_beta_1.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_averagep_beta} (Color online) The average tagivity $\langle p \rangle$ as a function of
 $\beta$ for various $\delta_l$. The analytical results at $\delta_l \rightarrow 0$ is shown by the green line.}
 \end{figure}

These analytical predictions of $\avg{p}$ with $\delta_l=0$ are compared to
simulation results with $\delta_l>0$.
As the results obtained from the two update rules are similar,
we present only the results obtained
from the linear update.
The \emph{green line} in
\fig{Fig_averagep_beta} shows the analytical stable fixed points of $\avg{p}$ with $\delta=0$.
We find that simulations with small $\delta_l$ agrees well with the
analytical limit, and for $\delta_l>0$, $\avg{p}$ decreases with
increasing $\beta$ as well as increasing $\delta_l$.
As we can see,
all the simulation results show an abrupt change in $\avg{p}$ at
$\beta\approx 0.5$,
suggesting the existence of a phase transition
as predicted by the analytical results.
We remark that $\beta=0.5$ corresponds to the case in
Eqs.~(\ref{Eq_p+})~-~(\ref{Eq_p+-}) where the weight to
imitate others equal to that to stay unchanged.
These results imply that when users have low
confidence, they tend to imitate each other in tagging which leads to
a steady state of active tag assignment. However, when users are confident
and are stubborn for changes, they stay with their own practice and
result in a steady state with inactive tagging.
These two behaviors are connected by an abrupt change when confidence
increases across $\beta=0.5$.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Fig_p_dynamic.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_p_time} (Color online) The dynamics of which the self-organization is established.
 \emph{Black line}: $p_i(0)=0$ for all users, and at time $t_0$ one user
 assigns more than one tags.
 \emph{Red line}: $p_i(0)=1$ for all users, and at time $t_0$ one user
 assigns only one tag.}
 \end{figure}

To show explicitly how users self-organize to attain the steady state, we
start the system at the unstable fixed point and examine how it evolves to the stable fixed point
after a slight perturbation.
The black line in \fig{Fig_p_time} corresponds to the average tagivity
for the case when confident users (i.e. $\beta<0.5$) are initialized with zero tagivity.
At time $t_0$, one of the users
assigns a tag which initiates others to imitate.
As we can see,
the average tagivity slowly increases after $t_0$ and saturates at a non-zero
steady value, correspond to the self-organization from inactive
to active tagging.
On the contrary, the red line shows the case when users are initialized
with $p_i(0)=1$ and large confidence (i.e. $\beta>0.5$). A maximum
post length is set to avoid infinite tagging. At time $t_0$,
one user assigns the minimum number of tags which initiates others
to imitate. As we can see, the average tagivity slowly decreases
after $t_0$ and becomes steady at zero,
corresponds to the self-organization from active to inactive tagging.

\section{Empirical results}

As it is difficult to define and obtain the tagivity for real
users,
other well-defined quantities are used for comparison.
We compare the distributions of post length obtained from the model with two
real datasets: (1)
\emph{delicious.com}, a social bookmarking website for saving,
sharing and discovering bookmarks associated with tags;
(2) \emph{flickr.com}, an image hosting website which encourages
users to organize their pictures with tags.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Fig_distribution_Delicious.eps}
 \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{Fig_distribution_Flickr.eps}
 \caption{\label{Fig_empirical_distribution} (Color online) Empirical distribution
 of the number of tags in each post as compared to simulations. \emph{Circles} represent empirical
 data, \emph{blue solid lines} and \emph{red dash lines} respectively represent simulation results with linear
 and multiplicative update. (a) Data from \emph{delicious.com} compared to simulations with parameters
$\beta=0.45$ and $\delta_l=0.08$ for linear update and
$\beta=0.45$ and $\delta_m=0.1$ for multiplicative update.
(b) Data from \emph{flickr.com} compared to simulations with
parameters $\beta=0.4$, $\delta_l=0.06$ for linear update and $\beta=0.4$, $\delta_m=0.2$ for multiplicative update.}
\end{figure}

We show in Fig.~\ref{Fig_empirical_distribution} (a) and (b) the distributions
of the post length (as open circles) obtained respectively from \emph{delicious.com} and \emph{flickr.com}.
The posts without tags are removed from the statistics.
 It is interesting to note that the two distributions display similar behaviors:
 an initial
 fast decay with post length less than $8$, followed by a power-law decay for intermediate post length,
 and then a high tail.

The exponents of the power law decay are $4.1$ and $4.3$ respectively in \emph{delicious.com} and \emph{flickr.com},
with average post length approximately 2.9 and 3.4.
The simulated distributions
are plotted in Fig.~\ref{Fig_empirical_distribution}
as \emph{blue} and
\emph{red} lines respectively for linear and multiplicative update,
all with $\beta<0.5$.
These results may suggest that real users are of low confidence and tend
to imitate each other in tag assignment.

As we can see,
the simulation results based on the linear update have better agreement
with empirical data than that of the multiplicative update.
With the linear update,
the high tails of empirical data are also well fitted.
According to \fig{Fig_distribution_p},
the tagivity distribution obtained from the linear update shows a slower decay at large $p$,
as compared to the faster decay in the multiplicative case.
The slow decay at large $p$,
i.e. more users are found with large tagging tendency,
may explain the high tail in the post length distributions.

\section{Conclusions and Discussion}

In this paper, we proposed a model to illustrate the
self-organization of tagging behaviors in social tagging systems,
where individuals imitate each other in tag assignment and eventually result in a self-organized state.
With linear update on the tagging tendency, namely \emph{tagivity},
the corresponding steady distribution resembles Gaussian
distribution. On the other hand, the steady distribution resembles
log-normal distribution when multiplicative update is employed.
In addition, we found that when users are of low confidence,
they tend to imitate others and the system ends with a steady state of active tagging.
By contrast, when users are of high confidence, the system will reach a steady state of inactive tagging.
Abrupt changes are observed when user confidence increases and the
system changes from one regime to the other, suggesting a phase
transition separating the active and inactive tagging.
Analyses on convergence time suggest a slow dynamics around the parameter
range of phase changes,
which provides further evidence for the
transition. Finally, the post length distributions of the model are compared to two
real datasets obtained from \emph{delicious.com} and \emph{flickr.com},
which show good agreements.

Social tagging systems have been studied with approaches
ranging from graph theory to statistics,
which may overlook the interactions and dynamics among individuals.
The present model introduced in this paper provides
a simple yet interesting description of evolving social tagging systems,
which might be generalized to other systems where self-organizations are observed.
The proposed model may also shed light on applications (e.g. recommender systems \cite{ZhangZK20102, ZhangZK20103})
which combine statistical physics and agent-based models \cite{Bonabeau2002}
in understanding tagging systems as well as other social systems \cite{Castellano2000}.

\section*{Acknowledgment}

This work was partially supported by the Program for New Century
Excellent Talents in University (NCET-07-0288), the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities
and QLectives projects (EU FET-Open
Grants 213360 and 231200). ZKZ acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 60973069 and 90924011).

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind is making headlines!
The Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind in Colorado Springs is a school intentionally designed with the unique needs of the students and staff in mind. With the collaborative effort of community members, staff, students, and board members, the renovation of the 58-year-old Gottlieb Building was completed in 2011 and has been serving the children of Colorado ever since. Click here to find out more!


Caroline Kepnes is a native of Cape Cod and the author of many published short stories. She has covered pop culture for Entertainment Weekly, Tiger Beat, E! Online, and Yahoo. She has also written for television shows, including 7th Heaven and The Secret Life of the American Teenager. Her directorial debut short film, Miles Away, premiered at the Woods Hole Film Festival. Caroline is a Brown University graduate now residing in Los Angeles in the same building that the Hillside Strangler once called home. She spends a lot of time on Cape Cod.


It wasn't my idea to apply for disability, but when the issue was presented to me, I decided to give a shot. Expenses are pilling up and with soon to be college bound son getting excited about the next chapter in his life, the idea of a little additional income is highly attractive. So, Ihave taken the plunge and am fully engulfed in the application process.
Talk about an exercise in patience and endurance. So far I have filled out two application packets and am on the third, visited the nearest SS Office twice, been interviewed via phone three times, and just about on my last nerve as to the ridiculous and asinine procedure that this process requires. I believe this a sure fire way to discourage applicants in the first place but that carrot has been dangled and this bunny is not backing off.
With a forecast for rain and cool temperatures, many felt the 2018 Walk for MS might be a sloppy mess; but when I arrives in Morgantown, West Virginia, I found an optimistic, celebratory atmosphere that no storm could dampen. Clouds dispersed and skies cleared, knowing that the heavens could not compete with the storm happening on the ground at the Waterfront.
The true champions had arrived and their name was Warrior.
with Team Tiffany in the lead. My new MS friend, Tiffany Albright, is an inspiration. she single-handedly recruited an amazing team of walkers that outnumbered any other congregation in attendance. Her numbers were amazing in monetary contributions and the enthusiasm of her teammates was more than inspiring.
Unfortunately, the Lemtrada informational session scheduled in my area was cancelled earlier this week. It couldn't be helped. the cancellation was not planned nor expected. Yes, I was disappointed to change my own plans and, yes, I an sorry not to learn more first hand knowledge of this treatment for MS. I am sorry that this cancellation was the result of sad news from the presenter. There will be another opportunity. Life goes on. We do what we have to do.
That's basically the attitude adopted by any and all MS Warriors. This cancellation is typical in a day with the MonSter. One day we are feeling great and the next our muscles cant't remember how to function. I typically roll pretty comfortably with change wince my diagnosis. I don't let plan changes freak me out. Too bad this attitude cannot transfer over the minds of my family members.


Stray From The Path and Comeback Kid have announced a slew of North American tour dates that'll find the two bands providing raucous performances for fans across much of the United States and parts of Canada. Beginning on September 18 in Philly, the tour will consist of 33 stops, eventually wrapping things up at the Gramercy Theatre in New York on October 24. All dates can be found below.
The tour will be Stray From The Path's chance to fully support their upcoming album, Subliminal Criminals, which will be released on August 14 through Sumerian Records. Pre-orders are ongoing.


text:
package water.genmodel;

abstract public class AbstractBuildVersion {

  abstract public String branchName();
  abstract public String lastCommitHash();
  abstract public String describe();
  abstract public String projectVersion();
  abstract public String compiledOn();
  abstract public String compiledBy();
  @Override public String toString() {
    return "H2O-GENMODEL v"+projectVersion()+ " ("+branchName()+" - "+lastCommitHash()+")";
  }

  public String buildNumber() {
    String pv = projectVersion();
    if (pv.equals(UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER)) {
      return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER;
    }

    String[] split_pv = pv.split("\\.");
    String bn = split_pv[split_pv.length-1];
    return(bn);
  }

  /** Dummy version of H2O. */
  private static final String UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER = "(unknown)";
  public static final AbstractBuildVersion UNKNOWN_VERSION = new AbstractBuildVersion() {
      @Override public String projectVersion() { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
      @Override public String lastCommitHash() { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
      @Override public String describe()   { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
      @Override public String compiledOn() { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
      @Override public String compiledBy() { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
      @Override public String branchName() { return UNKNOWN_VERSION_MARKER; }
    };

  private String getValue(String name) {
    switch (name) {
      case "projectVersion":
        return projectVersion();
      case "lastCommitHash":
        return lastCommitHash();
      case "describe":
        return describe();
      case "compiledOn":
        return compiledOn();
      case "compiledBy":
        return compiledBy();
      case "branchName":
        return branchName();
      default:
        return null;
    }
  }

  public static AbstractBuildVersion getBuildVersion() {
    AbstractBuildVersion abv = AbstractBuildVersion.UNKNOWN_VERSION;
    try {
      Class klass = Class.forName("water.genmodel.BuildVersion");
      java.lang.reflect.Constructor constructor = klass.getConstructor();
      abv = (AbstractBuildVersion) constructor.newInstance();
    } catch (Exception ignore) { }
    return abv;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    if (args.length == 0) {
      args = new String[]{"projectVersion"};
    }
    AbstractBuildVersion buildVersion = getBuildVersion();
    System.out.print(buildVersion.getValue(args[0]));
    for (int i = 1; i < args.length; i++) {
      System.out.print(' ');
      System.out.print(buildVersion.getValue(args[i]));
    }
    System.out.println();
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
HBO Max is coming to parts of Europe on October 26th
September 8, 2021 In Uncategorized By Jon Porter
HBO Max will launch in Europe next month on October 26th, the streaming service announced today. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Spain, and Andorra are the first six countries it'll be available in, before it expands to the following 14 territories next year: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
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I wanted to focus specifically on the recent events in Israel and the West Bank. For economic reasons, most Palestinian protestors are demanding the resignation of Prime Minister Salam Fayyad although some have called for President Mahmoud Abbas to step down. Some analysts surmise that the "Arab Spring" has now reached the West Bank. The immediate anger is directed against Palestinian leaders. However it remains to be seen if they can satisfy protestor demands through economic incentives like the Gulf regimes or if they will divert attention toward Israel and incite a third intifada.


text:
Rick Cordeiro
AugustAug 14, 1968
AugustAug 14, 1968 (age 50)
First Name Rick#27
Known for his offbeat character roles, Cordeiro is perhaps most famous for playing Ben Craven in the feature film Collapsed and for appearing as a gangster in an episode of the History Television miniseries The Kennedys.
Early in his career, he portrayed mafia boss Marat Balagula in an episode of the History Channel series Underworld Histories.
He appeared as Rob in a Sunscreen Film Festival and Catalonian International Film Festival award-nominated fantasy short titled The Flying Man.
He was born and raised in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, but would move to Toronto in 2008 to further pursue his acting career.
He played a small role in the George A. Romero-directed zombie movie Land of the Dead.
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