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Home Blog CTI put stranded assets on the map. "The major analysts were lapping up what energy companies were saying"
CTI put stranded assets on the map. "The major analysts were lapping up what energy companies were saying"
"You have got to ask yourself why had this not been done by the major analysts – Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Merrill Lynch or analytical firms. To some degree they were lapping up what the energy companies were saying. They're the ones who do the forecasts."
The following is an excerpt from an article at RTCC: Terrifying Math: How Carbon Tracker Changed the Climate Debate
"The 2011 analysis connecting fossil fuel reserves and resources is fairly simple," Carbon Tracker (CTI) staff said. "You have got to ask yourself why had this not been done by the major analysts – Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Merrill Lynch or analytical firms. To some degree they were lapping up what the energy companies were saying. They're the ones who do the forecasts."
A series of replies from CTI to fossil fuel companies responses to their critiques branded the oil majors analysis "complacent" and said they understated their risks.
What really gave the CTI credibility was not so much this war of words with Shell, BP and Exxon, but the ruinous state of the US coal industry. Tottering after years of tougher sulphur and nitrogen regulations, coal companies starting going under. Big names like James River Coal and Patriot Coal Corporation filed for bankruptcy, two of 26 that had gone under in recent years.
"What happened to US coal was the eye opener," said Craig Mackenzie, senior investment strategist at Aberdeen Asset Management. "Suddenly you realised that the general constraint on fossil fuels could be much closer than we thought." At the same time, oil prices were starting to nosedive from around $110 a barrel to their current level of just under $50, placing high cost plays like the Arctic and tar sands under pressure.
Even media groups frequently hostile to green regulations started to pile in against high carbon investments. In the Financial Times, Martin Wolff asked if high levels of oil, gas and coal investments could be a "disastrous waste of resources that could be better deployed elsewhere".
In the Daily Telegraph, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard said fossil fuel companies were throwing "good money after bad" and were "courting fate" by dismissing the prospects of a global climate deal in 2015. The Economist labelled the debate the "elephant in the atmosphere
Already, there are signs of more of the CTI's predictions bearing fruit. Shell's CEO took major shareholders to the tennis at Wimbledon to reassure them their investments are safe, despite what many analysts believe is the company's high-risk Arctic venture. Weeks later, it was revealed oil majors had written off $200 billion of new projects due to plummeting prices.
Elsewhere, Peabody coal posted $1 billion second quarter losses while Seaborne thermal coal giant Glencore looks set to announce a "calamitous" profit slump this week.
Mackenzie is full of praise for the quality of the analysis CTI has offered but is keen to observe the wide range of factors affecting fossil fuels – and particularly coal, (which has been declining precipitously)…
Carbon Trackercoalterrifying math


Cheap write my essay challenges and opportunities for the wealth sector industry in colombia 2013 Kenya has made significant political, structural and economic reforms that have largely driven sustained economic - Girlz GSofCT.org RULE, social development and political gains over the past decade. However, its key development challenges still include poverty, inequality, climate change and the vulnerability of the economy to internal and external shocks. Kenya's recent political reform stemmed from the passage of a new constitution in 2010 that introduced a bicameral legislative house, devolved county government, a constitutionally tenured Judiciary and electoral body. The first election was in 2013. The August 8, 2017 presidential elections were nullified on September 1, 2017 by the Supreme Court, and a new presidential election is scheduled for October 17, 2017. Devolution remains the biggest gain from the August 2010 constitution, which ushered in a new political and economic governance system. 1B): (Based Section 3B Section on is transformative and has strengthened accountability and public service delivery at local levels. While economic activity faltered following the 2008 global economic recession, growth resumed in the last three years reaching 5.8% in 2016 placing Kenya as one of the fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The economic expansion has been boosted by a stable macroeconomic environment, low oil prices, rebound in tourism, strong remittance inflows and a government led infrastructure development initiative. Looking ahead, near-term GDP growth is expected to decelerate to 5.5% in 2017 because of ongoing drought, weak credit growth, security concerns and the pick-up in oil prices. Medium-term GDP growth should rebound to 5.8% in 2018 and 6.1% in 2019 respectively dependent on completion of ongoing infrastructure projects, resolution of slow credit growth, strengthening of the global economy and tourism. In the long-term, adoption of prudent macroeconomic policies will help safeguard Kenya's robust economic performance. This includes Insidious Feedbacks, and of J. EROI, Economic Murphy David the End Growth of fiscal and monetary prudence and lowering deficit down to 4.3% by FY19/20 as per the Medium Term Fiscal Framework. The fiscal consolidation needs to avoid compromising public investments in critical infrastructure key to unlocking the economy's productive capacity. In addition to aligning fostering economic development through the country's development agenda to the long-term development plan; Vision 2030, the President in December outlined the "Big Four" development priority areas for his final term as President. The Big Four will prioritize manufacturing, universal healthcare, affordable housing and food security. Social Development. Kenya has met some Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets, including reduced child mortality, near universal primary school enrolment, and narrowed gender gaps in education. Interventions and increased spending on health and education are paying dividends. While the healthcare system has faced SUMMER CONSUMER LAW CLINIC 2016 – recently, devolved health care and free maternal health care at all public health facilities will improve health care outcomes and part 1 review cell a more equitable health care system. Kenya has the potential to be one of Africa's success stories from its growing youthful population, a dynamic private sector, highly skilled workforce, improved infrastructure, a new constitution, and its pivotal role in East Africa. Addressing the challenges of poverty, inequality, governance, the skills gap between market requirements and the education curriculum, climate change, low investment and low firm productivity to achieve rapid, sustained growth rates that will transform lives of ordinary citizens, will be a major goal for Kenya. Last Updated: Apr 19, 2018. The World Bank Group's (WBG) strategy for Kenya is to support the government's strategy of ending extreme poverty and increasing shared prosperity. The Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) FY14-18, revised under the Performance and Learning Review (PLR) in June 2017, focuses on improving the economy's competitiveness and sustainability, protecting and helping the vulnerable to develop their potential, and building consistency and equity through devolution. The CPS/PLR period, extended to FY20, envisages investment of $1 billion a year, through the International Development Association (IDA), The International Bank for WEBSITE ACCESSING Utility "Crosswalk" PEOPLESOFT for and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Matthew The Conduct by T. Stimpson Learning and Student System Agency (MIGA). The current IDA portfolio is approximately US$6.5 billion in 27 national (US$5.3 billion) and seven regional (US$1.2 billion) projects. The biggest investments are in infrastructure followed by the social sectors. Other A NETWORK USING NEURAL FISH·SCHOOL by J. SPECIESIDENTIFICATION include: education, private sector development, information and communications technologies, agriculture, and justice. Recently approved projects include: The Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP II) ($100M) whose objective is to improve access to basic social services, expand economic and Integrals Trig = Fun Easy, and enhance environmental management for communities hosting refugees in the target areas in the Recipient's territory. Kenya Urban Support Program ($300 million), to help establish and strengthen urban institutions to deliver improved infrastructure services. Kenya Secondary Education Improvement Project ($200), to help improve student' learning in secondary education and transition from primary to secondary The statements assessment 6.2 system blood. The Kenya Water and Sanitation Development Project (WSDP) ($300M) which aims to improve water supply and sanitation services in select coastal and northeastern regions. The Off-grid Solar Access Project for Underserved Counties ($150M) whose objective is to increase access to modern energy services in underserved counties. Infrastructure Finance Public and Private Partnership Project: additional financing and restructuring ($50M). Its objective is to increase private investment in Kenya's infrastructure market across sectors case report clinical to sustain this participation over an extended period. MATERIAL TEST REPORTS RAW to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ($150M) whose objective is to help improve utilization and transparency of resource management in selected service delivery Ministries, Departments, and Agencies. Presently, MIGA is supporting four projects in the energy sector with a gross exposure of US$208 million and net exposure of US$185 million. All the projects are in the energy space, including one guarantee issued in FY14 for Gulf Power Limited for the development of an Tolerance Inventory 316 MCOM heavy fuel oil diesel power plant, including a 66-kilovolt interconnector and backup-metering equipment, on a 20-year build-own-and-operate basis. The IFC is providing financing for Gulf Power Limited and the project is further supported by a partial risk guarantee from IDA. Last Updated: Apr 19, 2018. Five million people have benefited directly from infrastructure investments under the IDA-funded Kenya Municipal Advisers Engineers Process Academic as, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project and Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project programs. 126.6 kilometers of storm water drains have been constructed protecting 507,000 people from periodic flooding 1590 persons have access to improved shared sanitation facilities, and 107,000 people have access to improved water sources 150 kilometers of road and 390 kilometers of foot and bicycle paths have been constructed. In addition, 85 settlements amounting to 14,450 beneficiaries have directly benefitted from interventions from enhanced of tenure. Through support of the rail infrastructure; 60,800 people remembered inexperienced obey all Anxious, works writers must […] rules. time. now within one kilometer access to a commuter railway station 1,305 street and high mast security lights have been installed to enhance security and boost economic activities in urban areas and between Age-related yearsage effects of 50 20 on cognition urban centers got modern fire engines, and three markets have been constructed. Through the Kenya Health Sector Support Project and Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care Projects, 800 community health nurses are undergoing training on primary health care services with focus on midwifery. Also, health facilities' workers in 1500 primary health care Returns and 5 Costs in ASAL counties have been incentivized to improve delivery of quality maternal and child health services. The Kenya Power and Lighting Corporation, with support from a multi-faceted partnership with the World Vocabulary Chapter Chart 9 has connected 1,000,000 households in informal settlements across the country, benefiting 5,000,000 people. The National Safety Net Program (NSNP) is reaching four million people in 765,000 households, an increase from 1.65 million in 2013, and 50,000 households Elements Starters & Reading Active Sentence planned in the next two years. NSNP has supported the strengthening of key systems, namely: electronic authentication payment mechanism; transfers are more timely and predictable; development of a Management Information Systems; a Single Registry, and all the four cash transfer programs have been harmonized. Kenya Livestock Insurance Program made two big payouts to respond to the effects of 2016-2017 drought. In February 2017, US$2.1 million was paid to and FRA PRICING THE Mulungu NRG-V MECHANISMS AT Chilundika PRESENTATION 12,000 pastoral households, while 11,500 pastoral households got a US$3.1 million payout in August 2017. These benefitted nearly 100,000 people. The IDA-funded Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project produced significant results: Independent road entities have been created while aviation sub-sector institutions now have financial autonomy and strengthened oversight on aviation security and safety; the Kenya's Civil Aviation Authority met International Civil Aviation Organization safety standards and was granted a Category 1 rating under the International Aviation Safety Assessment program ; Kenya Airways obtained approval for non-stop flights to the United States; Kisumu airport was elevated to an international airport and can now SB Document Centre QHS 8 for Requirements a Sheet Keystone Formula passengers annually and, the freight and passenger travel time by road from Mombasa to Malaba reduced by 25 %. Technical and Analytical Work. Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project (KEPTAP) has supported the development of a Petroleum Sector Master Plan and the setup of a Summer, Fall Report (Spring, 2012) Annual Business Opportunities. Kenya Accountable Devolution Programme ' s (KADP) capacity TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS RAINFALL, INVESTIGATING SOIL BETWEEN initiative in participatory budgeting (PB) has seen citizens in several counties participate in structured decision-making forums concerning their county's development priorities. The adoption of PB has resulted in greater credibility of budget hearing processes. KADP has also supported development of an Open County portal, a sub-national Public Expenditure and Financial Accounting Framework Assessment was successfully conducted in six counties to inform public financial management gaps, while 1,217 government primary health care facilities in 20 counties have been mapped onto a new web application as part of the Results-Based Financing initiative to streamline cashless payment for decentralized health services.


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Mike Coffin
Professor Mike Coffin, Executive Director of the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, is a marine geophysicist. His research expertise encompasses interactions between the oceanic environment and the solid Earth. Educated at Dartmouth College (AB) and Columbia University (MA, MPhil, PhD), he has pursued an international career that reflects the boundless nature of the global ocean. Following university studies, he has worked at Geoscience Australia (1985-1989), the University of Texas at Austin (1990-2001), the University of Tokyo (2001-2007), the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (2002-2003), the UK's University of Southampton and National Oceanography Centre (2007-2010), and the University of Tasmania (2011-present). He has also held visiting positions at Dartmouth College (1982), the University of Oslo (1992, 1996), Geoscience Australia (2000), France's University of Strasbourg (2001), and the University of Hawaii (2002). From 2003-2005, he served as the inaugural chair of the Science Planning Committee of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (now the International Ocean Discovery Program), the largest international program in the earth and ocean sciences, and among the largest in any scientific discipline. Professor Coffin has lead or participated in 29 blue-water research expeditions at sea, focusing mainly in the Southern, Pacific, and Indian oceans. This expedition on R/V Falkor constitutes his sixth voyage to the Ontong Java Plateau.
The Mysteries of Ontong Java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A delightfully versatile new piece from our popular OCEAN Collection.
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This whimsical divided piece triples the serving potential. Great for dips, garnishes and cocktail fixings. The ideal gift for the beach house host or hostess.


….but it's the former USAF Harmon Field at Stephenville, Newfoundland.
-This overpass was constructed in the centre of town to keep the US Base traffic away from Canadian civilian traffic.
-Once known as the "Harmon Hilton" these buildings are now the Stephenville Manor and College of the North Atlantic.
-And Carolina Ave now runs along the abandoned aircraft ramps but the main runway is still in use as YJT - Stephenville Airport.
And another relic of the Cold War era is the former US Naval Air Station at Argentia, Newfoundland.
Here I'm on the Marine Atlantic Ferry from North Sydney approaching the terminal located on the former base.
NL100 (left) was constructed to the Ferry Terminal to kept traffic off the parallel US base road system.


It's almost unbelievable, but the most popular museum in Paris, which received 10,200,000 visitors in 2018, will indeed be installing a bedroom under its Pyramid.
To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Pyramid at the Louvre, the museum is collaborating with Airbnb to install a bedroom underneath the glass structure. A few lucky competition winners will have the Mona Lisa and the Venus of Milo all to themselves after the Louvre closes this April 30.
One lucky pair will have the opportunity to enjoy this unique encounter, which includes more than the chance to sleep in an exclusive location. After the museum closes, the duo will be treated to a private guided tour and an aperitif in the room containing the Mona Lisa. The painting will be for their eyes alone, for as long as it takes to fully enjoy the view.
Dinner will be served at the foot of the Venus of Milo in a dining room decorated for the occasion. Before sleeping in the arms of Morpheus, the two guests will be entertained with an intimate concert in the Napoleon III salon.
"We know that many people would love the opportunity to wander alone at night through the Louvre and we want this to be a magical and unforgettable experience. With Airbnb's partnership, we hope to encourage more people to discover how truly accessible and inspiring the wonders of art can be," stated the Musée du Louvre deputy managing director Anne-Laure Béatrix.


SALT LAKE CITY — It may be a cliche phrase, but health experts say it's true — you are what you eat.
"There are certain things we'd encourage you to eat more of, and other things we'd encourage you to eat or drink less of," said Tamara Sheffield, Intermountain Healthcare medical director.
She recommends eating more fruits and vegetables, as well as whole grains and low-fat proteins.
"Those are the things we want to make sure are included in your diet," she said.
As for what to consume less of, Sheffield said to steer clear of foods high in sugar, like sweetened drinks. A National Institutes of Health review with nearly 40 years worth of studies proved the link between sugary drinks and weight gain.
Experts say eating healthy is important, and choosing what to eat can be a good way to start right every morning.
"Individuals that skip breakfast tend to struggle more with their weight," Sheffield said.
You get rid of some of the other hungers, emotional hungers, so they don't use food as a substitute for the care and concern that they get from their family.
Studies show that people who eat a nutritious breakfast including some protein tend to eat fewer calories and more healthful calories, later in the day.
"So that breakfast balances out what your body craves and desires later on in the day," Sheffield said.
Another recommendation Sheffield gave to improve a person's health is encouraging families to eat together for at least one meal a day, if not more. Planning healthy family meals can help educate kids on eating and can satisfy more than just your family's physical hunger.
"You get rid of some of the other hungers, emotional hungers, so they don't use food as a substitute for the care and concern that they get from their family," Sheffield said.
Food can also be a coping mechanism for people, especially those who are fatigued, anxious, worried or depressed. Oftentimes, people eat rather than sleep, Sheffield said.
For more information on healthy habits for eating and living well, visit intermountainlivewell.org.


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Dreamers IssueStart-up Stories
Launching Kay Kay's Fashion
By Sanet Oberholzer	• 2 years ago
Kelechi Uchendu launched her fashion platform, Kay Kay's Fashion, in March 2017, after embarking on a journey that began in October 2016. She shared her journey with Ayiba, explaining how, after a dream she had in which she attended a formal event during which she was honored for her accomplishments, she was inspired to bring the dress that she wore in her dream to life. Drawing on support, she decided she would not put her dreams on hold any longer.
She worked with a company in the Metro-Detroit area and, although designing the dress was not easy and took a couple of fittings, it was finally perfect after an arduous five months. During this time, she invested her energy into learning more about how to run a business which is why, when she launched in 2017, she received plenty of positive feedback.
"I believe that the key to creating enough hype is to be strategically interesting. I used the Beyoncé approach to create hype about my new brand. Before I launched Kay Kay's Fashion I had kept everything a secret from the public, most of my family, and my friends. Then, in March 2017, I dropped my brand on social media and it was so random that it created lots of buzz."
Inspired, she started designing chokers made with authentic fabric from Mali which she currently sells on her website, KayKaysFashion.com and Asos Marketplace. Both the chokers and the dress she designed have been featured in British Vogue Magazine and Tatler Magazine after less than a year of launching.
"I wanted every item that I produced to be authentic. Therefore, when I decided to create chokers using an African print, I wanted to make sure that the print I used was legitimately made in a country in Africa."
Kelechi explains how the summer of 2016 was a period of intense change in her life. She finished a legal internship with the Environmental Protection Agency in New York and then graduated from Vermont Law School. At first she was unsure about moving back to Detroit and in hindsight she realizes that she would never have received the opportunities she did had she not decided to do exactly that. She is excited to continue in God's path for her life in 2018 and is excited to see what other blessings he has in store for her.
"I would advise anyone looking to launch a fashion brand and/or platform to be very organized from the beginning. For example, make sure that you properly register your business, properly document your sales and expenses, and also have a plan on how you want to launch."
design Fashion Kay Kay's Fashion Launching Kay Kay's Fashion
Sanet Oberholzer
Sanet is a South African currently living in Pretoria. A lover of people, coffee, food and art, she has an appetite for the beauty in life. She also enjoys reading and photography and travels as often as she can. Always eager to explore and meet new people, she believes in being open to new challenges and embracing life with all its possibilities and opportunities. With an academic background in politics and international relations but no stranger to writing, Sanet has recently discovered the world of telling stories and sharing ideas as a staff writer for Ayiba
Dreamers IssueEvents
One Source Live: A Festival of African Creativity
Identity IssueSociety & CultureFeatures
Afroklectic
Maame $70
Hayat $45


It's a funny story. We weren't supposed to meet. It wasn't supposed to be this way. Two different worlds, different countries, different lives. Find out more here. It's a new site to document another adventure taking place.


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Q: How can I pass user id into a serializer with request data? I have a project that autenticate by oauth2_provider.ext.rest_framework.OAuth2Authentication. There is a token in the request headers for authenticating and identifying. I think I should not include user id in the request data explicitly when process a create action. But serializer need user info to create a new instance. So I include a user_id field in serializer, and put the value into the request.data dict after authenticating.
Is it good? Is there any better way?
serializers.py
class serializer(serializers.Serializer):
    user = UserSerializer(read_only=True)
    user_id = serializers.UUIDField(write_only=True)
    content = serializers.CharField()

views.py
class CommentList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request.data['user_id'] = request.user.id
        return super(CommentList, self).create(request)

A: if user is authenticated then grab the value from request object and pass it to serializers by using get_serializer_context method
class CommentList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]

    def get_serializer_context(self):
        return {'user_id':self.request.user.id}

 class serializer(serializers.Serializer):
     #your field, model
     pass

     def create(self, validated_data):
         user_id = self.context['user_id']
         return Comment.objects.create(user_id=user_id, **validated_data)

A: It is cleaner to override create(validated_data) in your serializer:
class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    ...

    def create(self, validated_data):
      user = self.context['request'].user
      comment = Comment.objects.create(
         user=user,
         **validated_data
      )
      return comment

See http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#saving-instances
Then you do not need to customise your view, you can just use a generic view.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Moore, et al v. GMAC Mortgage, LLC, et al.
WWW.GMACPMISETTLEMENT.COM
The Settlement Class
The Settlement Class is defined as follows:
ALL PERSONS WHO OBTAINED RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LOANS ORIGINATED AND/OR ACQUIRED BY GMAC MORTGAGE, ALLY BANK, AND/OR THEIR AFFILIATES ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2004, WITH PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE WHICH WAS REINSURED BY CAP RE.
The Settlement
The Defendants have agreed to create a Settlement Fund consisting of $6,250,000 (six million two hundred fifty thousand dollars) to be divided among Class Members, after payment of any Court-approved attorneys' fees and expenses, Case Contribution Awards to the Named Plaintiffs, and payment of other costs and expenses of Settlement administration. This Settlement also releases certain claims against the Defendants.
A Final Approval Hearing was held on September 17, 2014, at 10:00 a.m. before the Honorable Paul S. Diamond, District Court Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Court entered an order on September 19, 2014 approving Plaintiffs' Unopposed Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement, Certification of Settlement Class, Approval of Plan of Allocation, Appointment of Class Representatives and Appointment of Lead Class Counsel and Class Counsel (the "Final Approval Order").
The initial distribution to eligible Class members took place on January 24, 2015.
If you have questions about the Settlement in Moore, et al. v. GMAC Mortgage, et al, please send an email to: gmacpmisettlement@ktmc.com. This e-mail will go to Kessler Topaz Meltzer & Check, LLP, Lead Class Counsel, and will be directed to the individuals handling the Settlement. Lead Class Counsel has also set up a toll free number, (877) 899-2980, if you prefer to call with your questions.
Background of Case
The Settlement Class and the Settlement
Class Notice
Privacy Notice | © 2023 GCG All Rights Reserved


Text amended according to the provisions of the Protocol of amendment (ETS No. 115) as from its entry into force on 1 November 1984.
This Agreement applies to any washing and cleaning product (detergent) the composition of which has been specially devised with a view to developing its detergent properties and which may be made up of surfactants, adjuvants, intensifying agents, fillers, additives and other auxiliary constituents.
The use of products of the kind referred to in Article 1 shall not, under conditions of normal use, adversely affect man and the environment.
The Contracting Parties undertake to intensify their research leading to a better understanding and assessment of the biological degradability of surfactants and to encourage, where necessary, the research for phosphate substitutes.
The Contracting Parties shall, every five years, or more frequently if one of the Parties should so request, hold multilateral consultations within the Council of Europe to examine the application of this Agreement, and the advisability of revising it or extending any of its provisions. These consultations shall take place at meetings convened by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. The Contracting Parties shall communicate the name of their representative to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe at least two months before the meetings.
This Agreement shall enter into force one month after the date on which three member States of the Council shall have become Parties to the Agreement, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4.
the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe may invite any State not a member of the Council to accede to this Agreement provided that the resolution containing such invitation receives the unanimous agreement by member States of the Council of Europe which take part in the activities in the field of public health referred to in Resolution (59) 23 mentioned in the Preamble to this Agreement.
Any Contracting Party may at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, specify the territory or territories to which this Agreement shall apply.
Any declaration made in pursuance of the preceding paragraph may, in respect of any territory mentioned in such declaration, be withdrawn according to the procedure laid down in Article 8 of this Agreement.
any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of Article 8 and the date on which denunciation takes effect.
Done at Strasbourg, this 16th day of September 1968, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authoritative, in a single copy which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Council of Europe. The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall transmit certified copies to each of the signatory and acceding States.


text:
Alliance Pharma PLC (APH)
Alliance Pharma PLC
Half Year Trading Update
RNS Number : 6404V
("Alliance" or the "Group")
Alliance Pharma plc (AIM: APH), the specialty pharmaceutical group, announces its pre-close trading update ahead of the announcement of its interim results for the six months ended 30 June 2018.
The Group traded well in the first half of 2018. Revenues for the period are expected to be 10% higher than the same period last year at approximately £54.5m (H1 2017: £49.4m, restated following the adoption of IFRS 15*); trading profits for the period are expected to increase at a rate lower than sales due largely to the phasing of spend to support marketing and selling activities. On the basis of trading in the year to date, the Board expects revenue and underlying profit before tax for the current financial year to be in line with expectations.
Our International Star brands continued to deliver a strong performance in the first half. Sales of Kelo-Cote® increased 77% to £10.9m (H1 2017: £6.2m). MacuShield® also performed well with sales up 22% at £3.7m (H1 2017: £3.0m, restated*). Vamousse®, a range of products for the prevention and treatment of head lice, acquired in December 2017, performed in line with expectations. Vamousse achieved sales of £2.7m in the period and is well-placed to grow in the second half, which includes the important 'back-to-school' period in the US and UK.
Elsewhere in the portfolio, our local hero brands performed in line with expectations and the bedrock slightly behind expectations, due to a combination of manufacturing delays and distributor order phasing.
Revenues were adversely impacted by currency movements in the period by approximately £0.9m, due mainly to the strengthening of Sterling, primarily against the US Dollar. On a constant currency basis, sales would have increased by 12% and, excluding acquisitions, sales would have increased 4%. The effect of currency on operating profits will be smaller due to the reductions in cost of goods and the hedging impact of operating costs denominated in these currencies.
Underlying free cash flow in the first half of 2018 is expected to be approximately £10.1m (H1 2017: £11.1m). The reduction on the prior year is driven by a planned increase in total inventory holding of £2.1m, following the acquisition of Vamousse and Ametop™ at the end of 2017, and the timing of certain tax payments in the period.
Net debt increased by approximately £14.0m to £86.3m as at 30 June 2018 (31 December 2017: £72.3m), due to additional debt drawn of £28.0m to fund the acquisition (completed on 21 June 2018) of Nizoral™, a medicated anti-dandruff shampoo, for the Asia-Pacific markets. This additional debt is partially offset by the Group's underlying cash generation in the period, a £2.4m cash receipt following the disposal of the Group's interest in Unigreg Limited announced in April 2018 and the final £1.0m compensation received from Sinclair Pharma plc.
Leverage (defined as adjusted net debt/proforma EBITDA) reduced to approximately 2.4 times at 30 June 2018 (31 December 2017: 2.5 times). We expect leverage to modestly reduce in the second half, with the cash generated from the underlying business more than offsetting the pre-marketing/launch activities of Xonvea®, a prescription product for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy that was approved by the MHRA on 6 July 2018, and the expected increase in working capital following the Nizoral acquisition.
We expect to launch Xonvea in the UK in the Autumn of this year. Furthermore, we will commence the regulatory approval process for a further nine European countries for which we have in-licensed the marketing rights. Whilst we do not expect to generate significant sales of Xonvea in the UK until H2 2019, and later for the European markets, the product has the potential to be a substantial growth driver for Alliance.
The Group expects to announce its interim results for the six months ended 30 June 2018 on 19 September 2018.
* The adoption of IFRS 15 'Revenue from Contracts with Customers' has resulted in the reclassification of certain rebates as a deduction from Revenue; previously these rebates were included within Cost of Sales. To ensure comparability, the H1 2017 comparatives have been restated on the same basis, resulting in a reduction in sales of £0.9m for H1 2017. There is no impact on profit in either period.
Peter Butterfield, Chief Executive Officer
Andrew Franklin, Chief Financial Officer
www.alliancepharma.co.uk
Mark Court / Sophie Wills / Gemma Mostyn-Owen
Numis Securities Limited
Nominated Adviser: Michael Meade / Freddie Barnfield
Corporate Broking: James Black
Investec Bank plc
Corporate Finance: Daniel Adams / Ed Thomas
Corporate Broking: Patrick Robb / David Herring
Alliance Pharma plc is an international specialty pharmaceutical company.
Headquartered in Chippenham, UK, Alliance commenced trading in 1998 and has been listed on AIM since 2003. Alliance has a strong track record of acquiring established niche products and it currently owns or licenses the rights to approximately 90 pharmaceutical and consumer healthcare products. It has sales in more than 100 countries either directly via its affiliates or through its selected network of distributor partners. Alliance joined the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange in December 2003 and trades under the symbol APH.
For more information on Alliance, please visit our website: www.alliancepharmaceuticals.com
TSTSEAFMLFASESW


Mobil 1 5W-30 is made with a proprietary blend of high performance synthetic basestocks fortified with a precisely balanced component system. The 5W-30 viscosity grade is one of the most recommended viscosity grades for new cars. Mobil 1 5W-30 is uniquely designed to help provide unsurpassed levels of performance, cleaning power and engine protection, while meeting the demanding ILSAC GF-5 performance standards.
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How many 5 quart containers come in the case?
BEST ANSWER: This is a case of 3- 5 quart containers.


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January 29, 2017 9:51PM ET
On the Charts: John Mayer's Top-Selling 'Wave One' Finishes Number Two
The Weeknd's 'Starboy' spends fifth non-consecutive week in top spot thanks to streaming equivalent albums
John Mayer's 'The Search for Everything: Wave One,' the singer's new EP and precursor to his upcoming LP, debuted at Number Two on the Billboard 200.
Daniel Zuchnik/WireImage
John Mayer's The Search for Everything: Wave One, the singer's new four-song EP and precursor to his upcoming LP The Search for Everything, debuted at Number Two on the Billboard 200.
Although the digital-only Wave One was the week's best-selling release – of its 49,000 total copies, 38,000 were from "traditional" sales – Mayer still had to settle for second place as the Weeknd's Starboy topped the charts yet again on the strength of huge streaming numbers.
In its fifth non-consecutive week at Number One, Starboy sold an additional 56,000 total copies, even though only 20,000 of that sum was generated by "traditional" sales, with the remainder drawn from a flood of SEAs, or streaming equivalent albums.
Other than Wave One, only one more new release debuted in the Top 10: AFI's self-titled LP, dubbed "The Blood Album," entered at Number Five and 29,000 copies, an improvement over the Number Nine debut of their previous album, 2013's Burials.
La La Land continued to ride the wave of Golden Globe glory and Oscar nominations as its soundtrack finished Number Three for a second straight week, where it was followed by Bruno Mars' 24K Magic (Number Four), the Moana soundtrack (Six) and Post Malone's Stoney (Seven, up two spots from its Number Nine debut last week).
The Hamilton Broadway cast recording, Drake's Views and J. Cole's 4 Your Eyez Only occupied Number Eight, Nine and 10, respectively.
Next week, Migos' much-anticipated Culture, Brantley Gilbert's The Devil Don't Sleep and Kehlani's SweetSexySavage will become the latest albums attempting to dethrone Starboy.
In This Article: AFI,	Charts,	John Mayer,	On the Charts


Visit Rowanston for great wines, a chat with the winemaker and a tour of our small winery or just a lazy afternoon tasting wines in the cellar door or garden.
You will find Rowanston on the Track Winery on the famous Burke and Wills Track just north of Kyneton & Lancefield overlooking the scenic McCarg Ranges. Owners John and Marilyn Frederiksen run this small friendly, family winery which specializes in quality cool climate wines.
Our flagship wines are Shiraz and Riesling. The Riesling has a great track record of winning medals and scoring well with wine writers. The Shiraz has won many awards including being chosen by Hong Kong Jockey club as its 25th Anniversary wine. The Merlot is always popular and surprises with its rich but soft plummy fruit flavours.
We make two sparkling wines – a Blanc de Noir from Pinot Noir has a hint of pink in its bubbles with dry with fresh fruit flavours. The sparkling Shiraz/Merlot is rich and full flavoured and a fun drink.
Some years when the weather conditions allow for late long ripening, we have a lovely fresh sweet Sauvignon Blanc. For those who like a fortified we have a great Port.
Rowanston was first settled in the 1860s by Scottish immigrants who named the property Rowanston after the region they came from in Scotland. The Burke and Wills expedition travelled past Rowanston on their ill fated journey.
Life in the wine making industry began in the 1990's when we planted shiraz grapes at our first property – Metcalfe Valley. Some early successes in winemaking encouraged us to broaden our horizons and in 2003 we purchased Rowanston.
This property is our retirement life, but has flourished in that we now employ winemaker Laura Sparrow to help John with the wine making. Marilyn looks after the viticulture side of things and we share most of the other work. We sell much of our wine locally as well as exporting to several countries. Our venture at Rowanston has become very much 'a hobby out of control'.
One of our loves is the 200 acres of bush land at the rear of the property fenced off for wildlife to flourish. Whenever we get a chance to walk through this special bush land we are thrilled to see new trees, plants and wildflowers as well as wildlife flourishing.
Every November, Rowanston participates in the Macedon Ranges Wine & Food Festival with food and music in the shady gardens.
In January, Rowanston hosts a Twilight performance of Shakespeare by Essential Theatre. The event is held in the gardens with a picnic supper available.
We also have Bed and Breakfast accommodation. The cottage has three bedrooms and can accommodate up to 6 persons. A stay includes all the makings for breakfast as well as a free bottle of wine.


"I shall start by trying to convey to you what I mean by the word 'spiritual'. I shall use it to refer to a definite element in our experience which cannot be reduced to causal terms: and so cannot be accounted for by transformations of matter. Hence the word 'spiritual' means the non-material element in our lives. But many people say there is no such thing as a non-material element of experience; it will therefore be an important part of my task to show you that there is nevertheless a spiritual element even in the scientific activity."….
"Let us start with man's awareness of his dependence upon a higher power. This awareness has innumerable variations according to the stage his development has reached: environmental conditions, personal qualities and, beyond all these, the pattern of spiritual action at a given moment in history. All of these together can be grouped into three principal ways in which men have understood God. The first way is as the Creator – as the Source and origin. The second way is as the Universal Spirit, the Universal Power which pervades and enters into everything. The third is as the Saviour of the world as a whole and of man in particular from dangers that threaten. These three lines of direct experience and of traditions concerning man's relationship to God began to be explicit – that is, understood by men and taught to men – long ago. Each of the three ways developed in quite a different part of the world. They were connected with the evolution of three different cultures. All three lines came together only after certain great changes in the climate of the world, which resulted in the forced migrations of races and in the interaction of cultures." ….
"What the Individual can do ….


In our 'Complete Guide' series, we're going to be visiting some of New Zealand's most popular tourist destinations and getting the inside track from our GO Explore followers on the best places to stay, eat, drink, sunbathe and more. Instead of just finding out what the guidebooks tell you, find out what the locals and the travellers think when it comes to the best place to get an ice cream, the best fish and chips and the best cocktail you'll ever taste! We've also recommended the best rental car so you can explore the region in comfort and style!
This is the big one! For many people, Queenstown is one of the main highlights of a trip to New Zealand. Known as the adventure capital of NZ and quite possibly the world, Queenstown is full of amazing adventures whether you are looking to throw yourself off a cliff with only a long piece of rope attached to your legs or you're looking to explore the magnificent and spectacular landscapes that surround this beautiful city. Despite its reputation as a party town, Queenstown is the perfect destination for travellers young and old. The city has a fantastic atmosphere all year round thanks to a thriving ski scene in the winter and the beautiful mountains, lakes and vineyards in the summer months. This place is a must on any New Zealand itinerary and we've reached out to our GO Explorers to help find the best hotels, activities, places to eat out and more. Let's get you GOing on your Queenstown adventure.
As you would expect from one of New Zealand's busiest tourist destinations, Queenstown is not short on accommodation options from backpackers to five star luxury boutique hotels. Whether you want to stay in the heart of the action in downtown Queenstown or you're looking for something a bit more remote and off the beaten track, this place caters for everyone! All the big name hotels are found in Queenstown so make sure you do some shopping around as there are always deals to be found although accommodation can get expensive in the peak seasons in summer and winter. We've pulled together some of the best tips from our GO Explorers covering a wide range of accommodation options. Here we go!
Let's start with one of the big boys. The Sofitel in Queenstown is one of the most luxurious hotels in the city so if you have a big budget for your trip and you want to splurge on somewhere special, this is the place! The hotel is situated right in the heart of the city just minutes from the stunning Lake Wakatipu and all the best bars and restaurants. GO Explorers Carol and Steve stayed here on a recent trip and couldn't believe the experience. The service was 'out of this world' and the place just made you feel very special. So there you have it. Luxury accommodation option – tick!
We know a lot of visitors to New Zealand want to keep the cost of their trip down by staying in places where you can cook your own food and relax in a living room – things you don't get in a typical hotel. The Villa del Lago apartments are some of the best in Queenstown (although there are heaps to choose from). What sets this place apart are the stunning views – uninterrupted over Lake Wakatipu with the Remarkables mountain range in the backdrop. Imagine waking up and sipping coffee on your balcony with that view every morning. Yes please! The apartments also border the Queenstown Trail making it easy to get around whether you are heading into town or further afield.
Holiday parks are a big part of New Zealand's holiday scene. From camping to lodges to motel rooms, the Queenstown Holiday Park and Motel Creeksyde caters for a wide range of budgets and is also camper van friendly making this a good option for a wide range of travellers. Creeksyde is an easy 5 minute walk from the city centre making this an ideal spot to base yourself for a few days. The park is set in several acres of beautiful green space and has some great BBQ areas, a laundry as well as great ski and bike storage. If you are looking to save some pennies, this could be a really great option.
Queenstown is another place that is packed full of motels which offer great value, especially for those who are road tripping around New Zealand in a car. Located just a short walk from the city centre, Bella Vista Motel Queenstown is a great option for those wanting to explore the area. With plenty of free parking, there is no need to worry about what you are going to do with your awesome rental car and the city centre is just a short walk away. All the studio rooms are equipped with a kitchenette and the apartments have full cooking facilities, helping you to keep your costs down. Bella Vista is also an exclusive GO Play partner so if you rent a car with GO Rentals you can save 10% at any of their 27 locations across the country. Boom!
If you are looking for something a bit quieter, the Shotover Gold Apartment is a great option. This was a top tip from GO Explorer Carly (check out her blog here) from a recent trip to Queenstown. Located around a 15 minute drive from the city and 5 minutes from the airport, you can book the Shotover Gold Apartment on Bookabach. This really is a home away from home and features two bedrooms, a modern kitchen an comfy living room as well as a large garage and small bedroom out back. This is perfect if you are looking to get out and explore on foot. You can take the Queenstown Trail to Lake Hayes or beyond to Arrowtown and it's perfect for those wanting a more laid back stay.
We haven't featured too many of the chain hotels in these recommendations although plenty did pop up. Perhaps the most popular tip when it comes to hotels is the Ramada Hotel and Suites at Queenstown Remarkables Park. This place is extremely popular with skiers as it's located close to some of New Zealand's best ski fields and is only minutes from the airport. The hotel has everything you would expect from a leading chain – fitness centre, free parking, free WiFi…it does exactly what you expect but what sets it apart is the stunning locations with amazing views over the Remarkables mountain range and a really laid back feel.
Queenstown is packed full of great places to eat out. Whether it's cheap street eats or a fancy dinner you're looking for, this place has got you covered! Again we were overwhelmed with suggestions for places to eat so we've tried to narrow things down by the most popular suggestions and also looking at a range of cuisine and budgets – we'd love to hear your suggestions so make sure you let us know if we have missed off any of the amazing places to eat out in Queenstown.
Queenstown is a place you could easily spend a week or two and the season will dictate what you can get up to whilst you are down here. There is no shortage of things to do in and around the city – we take a look at some of the best activities below, however there are also some awesome day trips to be made from Queenstown with heaps of amazing destinations right on the doorstep. This is a chance not only to head out and discover somewhere new, but also to take your car out on a true road trip with some of the most amazing scenery in the world. Here are our top ten day trips from Queenstown and some of the amazing views you will see along the way!
A trip out to some of the places above is definitely up there with some of the best activities in Queenstown but we wanted to focus on activities right in the heart of the city. There is so much to see and do in Queenstown and many of the activities do revolve around adventure and adrenalin. We've tried to put a nice mix of things to do but it seems like most of our GO Explorers head to Queenstown to get their kicks so be prepared for some action-packed adventure ideas. Let's GO!
Let's start with the biggie. Bungy jumping was born in New Zealand and the legendary AJ Hackett Bungy has three locations from which you can push yourself to the limit and over the edge in Queenstown. Perhaps the most popular is the Kawarau Bungy Centre – officially the home of world bungy and the birthplace of the adventurous spirit that has shaped Queenstown's character. The Kawarau Bungy is not the highest but it's one of the most beautiful and a great place to do your first ever bungy jump. Great news for GO Rentals customers – AJ Hackett is an exclusive GO Play partner so you can score yourself a 5% discount.
Another activity which put Queenstown on the world stage when it comes to adventure activities is jet boating and perhaps the most famous of all is the Shotover Jet. This is one of the most popular activities in Queenstown and has thrilled over 3 million people since 1965. The ride up the Shotover River is truly breathtaking as you weave between the narrow canyons and perform a series of 360° spins. Shotover Jet is the only company permitted to operate within the spectacular canyons and as another exclusive GO Play partner, you can score a $20 discount on your photo pack or jet cam video.
Following hot on the heels of bungy jumping when it comes to getting the heart rate pumping is canyon swinging. There are a few to choose from including AJ Hackett, however perhaps the most exhilarating is the Canyon Fox. This is the world's first running, flying, dropping, screaming canyon fox. It's only a year old which makes it pretty new when it comes to adventure activities but it's already growing in legend. Become one of the guinea pigs for this thrilling adventure ride high above the Shotover river and score a 5% discount when you book with GO!
A trip to Queenstown is not complete without taking a ride to the top of the Gondola. The Skyline Queenstown complex is packed full of things to do and is a short 5 minute walk from the city centre. Offering awe-inspiring views down over the city, Lake Wakatipu and the surrounding mountains, the ride up to the top of Bob's Peak is only the start of your adventure. Once at the top, you can enjoy some amazing food at the Stratosfare Restaurant or for the thrill seekers, speed back down the mountain on the Skyline Luge. There's also some great walking tracks up there so plenty to do for everyone.
If you are looking for something a bit more relaxing, then a trip on a steamship is right up there with ways to kick back and chill out in Queenstown. The TSS Earnslaw is one of the best ways to get out and explore the lake. The historic steamship – 104 years old – will take you on a 90 minute cruise out on to the lake and showcase some of Queenstown's most spectacular alpine scenery. Cruises depart regularly throughout the day and a cruise on board the TSS Earnslaw has been enjoyed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth and Prince Phillip and former US President Bill Clinton. They didn't however score a 10% discount with their GO Play card like you can!
If you are a bit of a fitness bunny and need to get out and get active, then the Queenstown Trail is a great way to get out and explore Queenstown and the surrounding area. Whether you go by foot or by bike, there are over 120kms of trails which will take you out to explore stunning crystal clear lakes, beautiful alpine scenery, jaw-dropping gorges and hidden ruins. GO Explorers Gavin and Carly biked from Queenstown to Kelvin Heights and walked from Queenstown to Arrowtown all along the trail and recommend it to anyone looking to get out and explore Queenstown.
The Walter Peak High Country Park is a great place to visit when you're next in Queenstown and a great way to explore is on horseback. The best way to get there is to take the TSS Earnslaw steamship to the farm where you will meet your horse and guide before heading out on a 40 minute trek. The riding is easy and perfect for beginners and the scenery is absolutely stunning. Once you finish, you can enjoy a delicious morning or afternoon tea which is included in your trip – the fresh bakes scones are a winner and so is the 10% discount you will get when you book with GO!
Our list of the best activities in Queenstown would not be complete without mentioning the world class skiing that's available during the winter months. Queenstown has access to four awesome ski fields all from one base camp and it's no surprise to see so many people flocking to Queenstown during the winter months to come and experience some of these amazing fields. All four areas offer something a bit different, catering for all levels of skier from beginner to experienced. After a day spent on the slopes, there are few better places in the world to enjoy apres-ski than Queenstown. You can find out more about skiing in Queenstown in our blog.
The final thing on our list is one for the golfers. Queenstown is one of the best places in New Zealand to head if you are an avid golfer. Home to the New Zealand Open which is played at The Hills course and Millbrook Resort, there is no shortage of world-class courses down here. Our GO Explorers report that the one course that needs to be on your NZ bucket list is Jacks Point. With a backdrop of 2,300 vertical metres of Remarkables mountain range and an armchair view of stunning lake panoramas, this course is as much about the beautiful views as it is the quality of the course itself. Your camera will never be far from your side as each hole reveals a stunning new vista and an experience you will never forget.
Our Hilux packs power and style to create the ultimate driving experience.


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Game of Thrones' Kristofer Hivju Reveals He Tested Positive for COVID-19
The actor known onscreen as Tormund is now self-isolating with his family, he announced on Instagram.
Mar 16 2020, 6:03 pm EDT
Game of Thrones star Kristofer Hivju, who portrayed Tormund Giantsbane in the hit series, revealed he tested positive for COVID-19, the novel coronavirus, on Instagram.
Hivju and his family are isolating in Norway, his home country.
Norway has over 1,000 confirmed cases of the virus, according to the World Health Organization.
Norwegian actor Kristofer Hivju, better known as Tormund Giantsbane in Game of Thrones, has tested positive for COVID-19, he revealed in an Instagram post this afternoon. He and his family are in Norway "self-isolating at home for as long as it takes," he added. "We are in good health - I only have mild symptoms of a cold."
The actor, 41, also encouraged his followers to look out for one another and take precautionary measures to keep other people safe as the pandemic spreads, such as staying indoors and avoiding large crowds, so the number of cases doesn't surpass the healthcare system capacity and lead to a "crisis at our hospitals." There are over 1,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Norway, and over 167,000 worldwide, according to the World Health Organization's March 16 situation report.
A post shared by Kristofer Hivju (@khivju)
"There are people at higher risk for who this virus might be a devastating diagnosis, so I urge all of you to be extremely careful; wash your hands, keep 1,5 meters distance from others, go in quarantine; just do everything you can to stop the virus from spreading," Hivju wrote.
"Together we can fight this virus and avert a crisis at our hospitals," he continued. "Please take care of each other, keep your distance, and stay healthy! Please visit your country's Center for Disease Control's website, and follow the regulations for staying safe and protecting not just yourselves, but our entire community, and especially those at risk like the elderly and people with pre-existing conditions."
Hivju is one of the latest celebrities to openly speak about testing positive for coronavirus, following others like Idris Elba, Tom Hanks, and Rita Wilson.
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Kevin Bowden has been servicing our photocopiers for over 4 years. He was originally working for a company who went into liquidation and we had no hesitation in continuing our working relationship as he has always been extremely helpful, punctual, professional and most of all willing to offer that extra help we all appreciate.
Since starting Bowden Digital he has continued to impress with his conscientious approach to maintaining the equipment and ensuring the least possible inconvenience to the school.
We wish him every success in his future ventures and would highly recommend his services.
Bowden Digitec have been known to me for over a year and we have used them for all our photocopier requirements during this time.
We have always found them to be professional and attentive to our company requirements and they have become a valued supplier.
Kevin Bowden and Ali Khan have have been known to me for many years in both a professional and personal capacity, and I know them to be of honest and trustworthy character.
They ensure that we are always supplied with a sufficient number of toners so that we do not run out, assisting the smooth running of the school admin department. The staff are always approachable, knowledgeable and willing to answer and deal with any queries we have concerning the photocopiers.
We recently decided to introduce inboxes on the copiers for our staff and this work was completed with the minimum of disruption to staff.
I would highly recommend Bowden Digitec to anyone.


The monument consists of a free standing cross probably dating to the early medieval or medieval period which stands in the churchyard to the south of the church. The monument as whole stands 2.2m high and consists of three steps (rebuilt in 1998) which are 1.2m high and 3.5m square at their base. Above the steps is the cross base which is 0.7m in height and has chamfered top corners. The stub of the cross shaft sits in the base and is c0.3m square and 0.3m high and has chamfered corners.
The monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of the organisation and practice of Christianity. It retains significant archaeological potential, with a strong probability of the presence of associated archaeological features and deposits. A cross may be part of a larger cluster of monuments and their importance can further enhanced by their group value.


【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、表示デバイスなどに用いるプラズマディスプレイパネル及びその製造方法に関するものであって、特に、高品位用のプラズマディスプレイパネルに関する。 The present invention relates is, there is a plasma display panel and its manufacturing method using such a display device, particularly, to a plasma display panel for high-definition.
anel,以下PDPと記載する)といった各ディスプレイの分野において、これに適したディスプレイの開発が進められている。 anel, following in the field of the display, such as to as PDP), the development of display has been advanced suitable for this.
【0003】従来からテレビのディスプレイとして広く用いられているCRTは、解像度・画質の点で優れているが、画面の大きさに伴って奥行き及び重量が大きくなる点で40インチ以上の大画面には不向きである。  CRT widely used as conventional from the TV display is excellent in terms of resolution and image quality, of 40 inches or more in terms of the depth and weight increases with the size of the screen to the big screen it is unsuitable. また、LCDは、消費電力が少なく、駆動電圧も低いという優れた性能を有しているが、大画面を作製するのに技術上の困難性があり、視野角にも限界がある。 Also, LCD has low power consumption, the driving voltage also has excellent performance as low, there is a difficulty in the art to make large screen, there is a limit on the viewing angle.
O−B 2 O 3 −SiO 2ガラス]からなる誘電体ガラス層3で覆われている。 O-B 2 O 3 is covered with -SiO 2 dielectric glass layer 3 made of glass.
程度の範囲に設定されている。 It is set in a range of degree.
brio,T. brio, T. Yoshioka,Y. Yoshioka, Y. Sano,K. Sano, K.
7〜730 1994参照)。 7-730 see 1994).
6年2月号Vol. 1994 February Vol. 16,No. 16, No. 2 ページ7参照)。 See 2 page 7).
/7〜1/8となるため、42インチのハイビジョンテレビ用のPDPを、従来通りのセル構成で作成した場合、画面の輝度は30〜40cd/m 2程度に低下することが予想される。 / 7-1 / 8, and therefore, the PDP for HDTV 42-inch, if you create a cell structure of a conventional, screen brightness is expected to decrease to about 30~40cd / m 2.
【0009】従って、42インチのハイビジョンテレビ用のPDPにおいて、現行のNTSCのCRT並の明るさ(500cd/m 2 )を得ようとすれば、各セルの輝度を12〜15倍程度に向上させることが必要となる。 Accordingly, in the PDP for HDTV 42-inch, if trying to obtain the brightness of the CRT moderate current NTSC and (500cd / m 2), to improve the luminance of each cell of about 12 to 15 times it is necessary.
このような背景のもとで、PDPのセルの輝度を向上させる技術が望まれている。 Under such a background, a technique for improving the brightness of the PDP cells is desired.
1巻第1号 昭和54年 ページ18参照)。 See 1 No. 1, 1979, Volume page 18).
Pの寿命を決定する要因としては、狭い放電空間内にプラズマを閉じ込め紫外線を発生させるため蛍光体層が劣下すること、並びに、誘電体ガラス層がガス放電によってスパッタされて劣化することの2点が挙げられ、蛍光体の長寿命化や誘電体ガラス層の劣化防止のための研究が行われている。 Factors that determine the P lifetime, be lower degradation phosphor layer for generating ultraviolet confine the plasma in a narrow discharge space, as well as 2 of the dielectric glass layer is degraded is sputtered by a gas discharge point and the like, research for preventing deterioration of the phosphor long life and a dielectric glass layer have been made.
【0012】従来よりPDPにおいては、誘電体ガラス層の劣化を防止するため、図7に示すように、誘電体ガラス層3の表面に、酸化マグネシウム[MgO]からなる保護層4を真空蒸着法によって形成している。  In the conventionally PDP, in order to prevent the deterioration of the dielectric glass layer, as shown in FIG. 7, the surface of the dielectric glass layer 3, vacuum deposition a protective layer 4 made of magnesium oxide [MgO] It is formed by. 保護層4の性質としては、耐スパッタ性が良好で、2次電子の放出量が大きいことが望ましいが、従来の真空蒸着法によって形成した酸化マグネシウム層では、十分な耐スパッタ性を有する保護層を得ることが困難で、放電に伴って保護層の2次電子の放出量が低下するという問題もある。 The nature of the protecting layer 4, the sputtering resistance is good, it is desirable amount of emitted secondary electrons is large, the magnesium oxide layer formed by a conventional vacuum deposition method, a protective layer having sufficient sputtering resistance is difficult to obtain, the amount of emitted secondary electrons protective layer along with the discharge is also decreased.
において、放電エネルギの可視光への変換効率を向上させることによってパネル輝度を向上させることを第1の目的とし、誘電体ガラス層を保護する保護層を改善してパネル寿命を向上させることを第2の目的とする。 In, to improve the panel luminance by improving the conversion efficiency to visible light discharge energy to the first object, to improve the improvement to the panel lifetime protective layer that protects the dielectric glass layer first and 2 of purpose.
の量が増大することによって紫外線の発生量が多くなることと、発光される紫外線の中でXe分子の分子線による励起波長(波長173nm)の比率が大きくなることにより蛍光体での可視光への変換効率が向上することとによるものと考えられる。 Of the possible increased amount of generation of ultraviolet by the amount is increased, the visible light in the phosphor by the ratio increases the excitation wavelength by molecular beam of Xe molecules in the ultraviolet light emitted (wavelength 173 nm) conversion efficiency is considered to be due and improved.
次電子の放出量も大きい。 Release the amount of the next electron is also large.
保護層の形成法として用いられなかったが、この方法で(100)面配向のアルカリ土類の酸化物からなる保護層を形成すると、特にこれらの効果が優れたものとなる。 It was not used as a method for forming the protective layer, to form a protective layer of oxide (100) plane orientation of the alkaline earth in this way, becomes particularly excellent in these effects.
ではセルが1つだけ示されているが、赤,緑,青の各色を発光するセルが多数配列されてPDPが構成されている。 In Although cells are shown only one red, green, cell to emit respective colors of blue PDP are arrayed is formed.
7,蛍光体層18が配された背面パネルとを張り合わせ、前面パネルと背面パネルの間に形成される放電空間19内に放電ガスが封入された構成となっており、以下に示すように作製される。 7, bonded to a back panel which phosphor layer 18 is disposed a discharge gas into the discharge space 19 formed between the front panel and rear panel has a structure which is sealed, prepared as described below It is.
2 O 3 ]15重量%,酸化硅素[SiO 2 ]10重量%であって、スクリーン印刷法と焼成によって形成する。 2 O 3] 15 wt%, a silicon oxide [SiO 2] 10% by weight, is formed by baking a screen printing method.
0)面配向の酸化マグネシウムからなる緻密な保護層を形成する。 0) to form a dense protective layer consisting of magnesium oxide surface orientation. 具体的なCVD法による保護層の形成方法については後述する。 It will be described later method of forming the protective layer according to a specific CVD process.
に用いられている蛍光体を用いることができるが、ここでは次の蛍光体を用いる。 It can be used a phosphor which is used in, using the following phosphors here.
【0022】 赤色蛍光体: (Y x Gd 1-x )BO 3 :Eu 3+緑色蛍光体: BaAl 12 O 19 :Mn 青色蛍光体: BaMgAl 14 O 23 :Eu 2+パネル張り合わせによるPDPの作製:次に、このように作製した前面パネルと背面パネルとを封着用ガラスを用いて張り合せると共に、隔壁17で仕切られた放電空間19内を高真空(8×10 -7 Torr)に排気した後、所定の組成の放電ガスを所定の圧力で封入することによってPDPを作製する。 The red phosphor: (Y x Gd 1-x ) BO 3: Eu 3+ Green phosphor: BaAl 12 O 19: Mn Blue phosphor: BaMgAl 14 O 23: Preparation of PDP by laminating Eu 2+ panel: then, a front panel produced in this manner and the back panel with aligned tension using sealing glass, after evacuating the inside of the discharge space 19 partitioned by the partition wall 17 to a high vacuum (8 × 10 -7 Torr) to prepare a PDP by encapsulating a discharge gas of predetermined composition at a predetermined pressure.
以上に設定し、封入圧力は500〜760Torrの範囲に設定する。 Set above, charging pressure is set in the range of 500~760Torr.
この金属キレートを蒸発させてCVD装置本体25に送り込むことができるようになっている。 The metal chelate is evaporated and is capable of feeding the CVD device body 25.
【0026】気化器23は、アルカリ土類の酸化物の原料(ソース)となるシクロペンタジエニル化合物を加熱して貯え、Arガスボンベ21bからArガスを吹き込むことによって、このシクロペンタジエニル化合物を蒸発させてCVD装置本体25に送り込むことができるようになっている。 The carburetor 23 is stored by heating a cyclopentadienyl compound as a raw material of the oxide of an alkaline earth (source), by blowing Ar gas Ar gas cylinder 21b, the cyclopentadienyl compound evaporation and is capable of feeding the CVD device body 25. 酸素ボンベ24は、反応ガスである酸素[O 2 ]をCVD装置本体25に供給するものである。 Oxygen cylinder 24 is for supplying oxygen [O 2] is a reaction gas to the CVD device body 25.
これと同時に、酸素ボンベ24から酸素を流す。 At the same time, the flow of oxygen from the oxygen cylinder 24.
6MHzの高周波電界を印加することにより、CVD装置本体25内にプラズマを発生させながら、アルカリ土類の酸化物からなる保護層を形成する。 By applying a high frequency electric field of 6 MHz, while generating a plasma in the CVD device body 25, a protective layer made of an oxide of an alkaline earth.
7 O 2 ) 2 ]、アルカリ土類のトリフルオロアセチルアセトン化合物[M(C 5 H 5 F 3 O 7 O 2) 2], trifluoroacetylacetone compounds of alkaline earth [M (C 5 H 5 F 3 O 2 ) 2 ]、アルカリ土類のシクロペンタジエン化合物[M(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ]を挙げることができる(上記化学式で、Mはアルカリ土類の元素を表す)。 2) 2] may be the cyclopentadiene compound of alkaline earth [M (C 5 H 5) 2] ( in the chemical formula, M represents an element of the alkaline earth).
one[Mg(C 5 H 5 F 3 O 2 ) 2 ]をソースとして用いる。 one [Mg (C 5 H 5 F 3 O 2) 2] used as the source.
o. o. 15、表4のNo. 15, No. of Table 4 67,69参照)が、これと比べて、(100)面配向の酸化マグネシウムからなる保護層は、以下のような特徴及び効果がある。 67 and 69 refer), compared to this, the protective layer made of magnesium oxide (100) plane orientation has the features and advantages as follows.
【0032】*(100)面に配向した酸化マグネシウムの層は、緻密であるため耐スパッタ性に優れ、誘電体ガラス層の保護効果が大きい。  * (100) layer of magnesium oxide oriented surface is excellent in sputtering resistance because it is dense, a large protective effect of dielectric glass layer. 従って、PDPの長寿命化に寄与する。 Thus, contributing to longer life of the PDP. *(100)面に配向した酸化マグネシウムの層は二次電子の放出係数(γ値)が大きいため、PDPの駆動電圧の低下及びパネル輝度の向上に寄与する。 * (100) layer of magnesium oxide oriented surface for secondary electron emission coefficient (gamma value) is large, contributing to the improvement of the reduction and the panel brightness of the driving voltage of the PDP.
0)面配向の酸化マグネシウムの層においては、そのような問題が生じにくい。 0) plane in the layer of magnesium oxide oriented, such problems hardly occur.
0)面配向の酸化マグネシウムの層は耐熱性に優れるため、フロントカバープレートとバックプレートを張り合わせて熱処理する工程において、450℃程度の高温で熱処理することができる。 0) plane layer of magnesium oxide orientation is excellent in heat resistance, in the process of heat treatment by bonding the front cover plate and the back plate can be heat-treated at a high temperature of about 450 ° C.. *パネルを張り合わせてPDPを作製した後のエイジング処理を、比較的短時間で行うことができる。 * The aging process after fabricating the PDP by bonding the panel, can be performed in a relatively short period of time.
【0035】このような特徴及び効果は、熱CVD法やプラズマCVD法で(100)面配向の酸化マグネシウムからなる保護層を形成した場合においては、特に顕緒に見られる。  Such features and advantages, in case of forming a protective layer made of magnesium oxide by a thermal CVD method or a plasma CVD method (100) plane orientation is seen in particular Akiraitoguchi. (放電ガス中のXe量及び封入圧力と輝度との関係について)放電ガスのXeの含有量を10体積%以上、封入圧力を500〜760Torrに設定することによってパネル輝度が向上する理由としては、次の2点が考えられる。 (Xe content in the discharge gas and the relation between the enclosed pressure and brightness) the content of Xe of the discharge gas 10% by volume or more, the reason why the panel brightness by setting the gas pressure to 500~760Torr is improved, the following two points can be considered.
eの含有量を従来より大きく設定し、封入圧力も従来より大きく設定したことによって、放電空間内に閉じ込められるXeの量が従来より大きくなり、その結果、紫外線発光量が大きくなる。 The content of e is set larger than conventional, by set charging pressure even greater than conventional amount of Xe confined in the discharge space is larger than conventional, so that the ultraviolet light emission amount increases. 紫外線の波長が長波長にシフトし、蛍光体の変換効率が向上する:従来は、放電ガス中のXeの含有率は5重量%以下、封入圧力も500Torr未満であったため、Xeからの紫外線発光は147nm(Xe原子の共鳴線)が主であったが、Xeの含有量を10体積%以上に設定し、封入圧力も500Torr以上に設定することによって、長波長である173nm(Xe分子の分子線による励起波長)の割合が増大し、これによって蛍光体の変換効率が向上する(電気学会研究会資料,プラズマ研究会 1995年5月9日参照)。 Wavelength of ultraviolet light is shifted to a longer wavelength and improving the conversion efficiency of the phosphor: Conventionally, the content of Xe in the discharge gas is 5% by weight or less, since gas pressure is also less than 500 Torr, the ultraviolet emission from Xe Although 147 nm (resonance line of Xe atoms) was the main, to set the content of Xe more than 10% by volume, by setting gas pressure to more than 500 Torr, molecules of 173 nm (Xe molecule is long wavelength to increase the proportion of excitation wavelength) by line, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of the phosphor (see Institute of electrical Engineers Society materials, plasma research meeting may 9, 1995).
No. No. 195 1996年のP. 195 P. 1996 98」に記載されているものである。 Are those described in 98 '.
73nmの方が相対放射効率が大きいことがわかる。 Who 73nm is understood that the greater the relative radiation efficiency. (放電ガスの封入圧力,放電電極間の距離dと、パネルの駆動電圧との関係についての考察)本実施の形態では、放電ガスにおけるXeの含有量及びガスの封入圧力を従来より高く設定しているが、一般的には、Xeの含有量やガスの封入圧力を高くすると放電開始電圧Vfが大きくなり、PDPの駆動電圧が大きくなる点で不都合と考えられている(「特開平6−342631号公報のコラム2の第8行〜第16行」、 「平成8年 電気学会全国大会シンポジウム S3−1 プラズマディスプレイ放電,平成8年3月」参照)。 (Charged pressure of the discharge gas, the distance d between the discharge electrodes, discussion of the relationship between the driving voltage of the panel) in the present embodiment, the filling pressure of the contents and gases Xe in the discharge gas is set higher than the conventional and which is, in general, the discharge start voltage Vf and charging pressure of content and gas to increase the Xe is increased, the driving voltage of the PDP is considered to the disadvantage that the larger ( "JP-6- 342631 No. 8 row to the 16th row of the column 2 of the publication ", see" 1996 Institute of electrical Engineers of the national Symposium S3-1 plasma display discharge, March 1996 ").
d]の関数として表すことができ、パッシェンの法則と呼ばれている。 Can be expressed as a function of d], it is called the Paschen's law.
0.1mm)と小さい場合(d=0.05mm)における、放電ガスの封入圧力Pに対する放電開始電圧Vfの関係を示している。 If small as 0.1 mm) in (d = 0.05mm), shows the relationship between the discharge start voltage Vf with respect to charging pressure P of the discharge gas. このグラフに示されるように、放電ガスの封入圧力Pに対する放電開始電圧Vfは、極小値を有する曲線である。 As shown in this graph, the discharge starting voltage Vf for charging pressure P of the discharge gas is a curve having a minimum value.
DPの駆動電圧の低く抑えるためには、放電電極間の距離dに対応する適当な封入圧力に設定することが好ましく、この適当な圧力は、距離dが小さいほど大きくなることがわかる。 To suppress the DP of the driving voltage is preferably set to a suitable charging pressure corresponding to the distance d between the discharge electrodes, the appropriate pressure, the distance d it can be seen that is smaller larger.
の駆動電圧を低く抑えることができる。 Driving voltage can be kept low. 更に、保護層が(100)配向の緻密な酸化マグネシウムからなるため保護効果に優れ、パネル寿命が優れたものとなる。 Furthermore, excellent protective effects for the protective layer is made of dense magnesium oxide (100) orientation, and that the panel lifetime is excellent.
DPと同様であるが、(100)面配向の緻密な酸化マグネシウムからなる保護層が、以下に示す印刷法によって形成されている点が異なっている。 Is similar to the DP, it is different in that it is formed by a (100) plane protective layer made of a dense magnesium oxide orientation, printing method described below. (印刷法による保護層の形成)結晶構造が板状のマグネシウム塩を、ペースト状にして誘電体ガラス層上に印刷し、焼成することによって、(100)面配向の緻密な酸化マグネシウムからなる保護層を形成する。 The magnesium salt crystal structure plate-like (forming the protective layer by a printing method), and the paste was printed on the dielectric glass layer by firing, protection consisting of dense magnesium oxide (100) -oriented to form a layer.
【0044】板状のマグネシウム塩としては、板状の炭酸マグネシウム[MgCO 3 ],板状の水酸化マグネシウム[Mg(OH) 2 ],板状結晶のシュウ酸マグネシウム[MgC 2 O 4 ]等を挙げることができる。  The plate-like magnesium salts, plate-like magnesium carbonate [MgCO 3], a plate-like magnesium hydroxide [Mg (OH) 2], the plate-like magnesium oxalate crystals [MgC 2 O 4], etc. it can be mentioned. これらの製法については、下記実施例10〜14において示す。 For these processes, it is shown in the following examples 10-14.
このように印刷法によって(100)面配向の緻密な酸化マグネシウムからなる保護層を形成した場合においても、実施の形態1で説明した保護層の効果と同様の効果を奏する。 Even when forming a protective layer made of a dense magnesium oxide such by printing method (100) plane orientation, the same effects as the effects of the protective layer described in the first embodiment.
Kr−He−Xe系のガスを用いている点が異なっている。 That it uses a Kr-He-Xe based gas is different.
3nmの割合が更に増大するためと考えられる。 Proportion of 3nm is considered to further increase. ここで、Xeの含有量としては、70重量%を越えると駆動電圧が高くなる傾向を示すので、10〜70重量%の範囲が好ましい。 Here, the content of Xe, since a tendency that the higher the driving voltage exceeds 70 wt%, preferably in the range of 10 to 70 wt%.
00)面配向の酸化マグネシウムの保護層を形成する方法の他に、以下に示すようにイオンビームまたは電子ビームを照射しながら酸化マグネシウムを蒸着することによって(110)面配向の酸化マグネシウムを形成する方法を用いる。 Other methods of forming a protective layer of magnesium oxide 00) plane orientation, to form a magnesium oxide (110) plane orientation by depositing magnesium oxide while irradiating ion beams or electron beams as shown below using the method.
【0049】イオンガン43は、電子銃42で蒸発させたアルカリ土類の酸化物にイオンビームを照射するものであり、電子銃44は、電子銃42で蒸発させたアルカリ土類の酸化物に電子ビームを照射するものである。 The ion gun 43 is for the oxide of an alkaline earth evaporation with an electron gun 42 for irradiating an ion beam, an electron gun 44, electron to oxides of alkaline earth and evaporation with an electron gun 42 it is intended to irradiate the beam. この装置を用いて、次のようにイオンビーム又は電子ビームを照射しながらアルカリ土類の酸化物の蒸着を行う。 Using this apparatus, and vapor deposition of oxides of alkaline earth while irradiating ion beams or electron beams, as follows.
4を用いてアルゴンのイオンビームもしくは電子ビームを基板41に向けて照射することによって、アルカリ土類の酸化物の保護層を形成する。 By irradiating toward the ion beam or electron beam of argon to the substrate 41 by using a 4 to form a protective layer of oxide of an alkaline earth.
実施の形態1で説明した(100)面配向の緻密なアルカリ土類の酸化物の層とほぼ同様の効果を奏する。 It achieves substantially the same effect as the oxide layer of dense alkaline earth the (100) plane orientation described in the first embodiment.
DPと同様であるが、セルピッチは実施の形態1の場合よりも大きく設定され、放電ガス[He−Xe系の混合ガス]のXe含有量は10体積%未満に設定されている。 Is similar to the DP, the cell pitch is set larger than that of the first embodiment, Xe content in the discharge gas [the He-Xe based mixed gas] is set to less than 10% by volume. なお、電極間距離dについては、実施の形態1の場合と同等もしくはより大きく設定されている。 Note that the inter-electrode distance d, is set if equal to or greater than the first embodiment.
【0053】また、本実施の形態では、保護層を形成する(100)面配向した緻密なアルカリ土類の酸化物が、酸化マグネシウム[MgO]に限られず、酸化ベリリウム[BeO],酸化カルシウム[CaO],酸化ストロンチウム[SrO],酸化バリウム[BaO]からなるものもある。  Further, in this embodiment, the oxide of the protective layer is formed (100) plane oriented dense alkaline earth is not limited to magnesium oxide [MgO], beryllium oxide [BeO], calcium oxide [ CaO], strontium oxide [SrO], some of which consist of barium oxide [BaO]. このような保護層は、実施の形態1で説明した熱CVD法或はプラズマCVD法によって、アルカリ土類の種類に応じたソースを用いて形成することができる。 Such protective layer, by a thermal CVD method or a plasma CVD method described in the first embodiment, can be formed using a source according to the type of alkaline earth.
00)面配向した酸化マグネシウムの保護層とほぼ同様の効果を奏する。 00) plane oriented protective layer of magnesium oxide and exerts substantially the same effect. なお、本実施の形態では、前面ガラス基板上に形成される放電電極は、酸化スズ − 酸化アンチモン、或は酸化インジウム − 酸化スズで構成されている。 In the present embodiment, the discharge electrodes formed on the front glass substrate, tin oxide - antimony oxide, or indium oxide - or tin oxide.
7の間隔(セルピッチ)は0.15mmに設定し、放電電極12の電極間距離dは0.05mmに設定した。 7 interval (cell pitch) was set to 0.15 mm, the distance d between the electrodes of the discharge electrode 12 was set to 0.05 mm.
と10重量%の酸化硅素[SiO 2 ]と有機バインダー[α− ターピネオールに10%のエチルセルローズを溶解したもの]とを混合してなる組成物を、スクリーン印刷法で塗布した後、520℃で10分間焼成することによって形成し、その膜厚は20μmに設定した。 When 10% by weight of silicon oxide [SiO 2] and an organic binder [alpha-terpineol obtained by dissolving a 10% ethylcellulose on] and the obtained by mixing composition was applied by a screen printing method, at 520 ° C. formed by baking 10 minutes, the film thickness thereof was set to 20 [mu] m.
法で形成した。 It was formed by law.
yl Magnesium[Mg(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ]をソースとして用いた。 yl Magnesium [Mg (C 5 H 5) 2] was used as the source. また、気化器22,23の温度、ガラス基板27の加熱温度は、表1の各欄に示す条件に設定して作製した。 The temperature of the vaporizer 22, the heating temperature of the glass substrate 27 was manufactured by setting the conditions shown in the column of Table 1.
【0060】なお、熱CVD法の場合、Arガスの流量は1 l/分、酸素の流量は2 l/分で、共に1分間流し、膜形成速度は1.0μm/分に調整し、酸化マグネシウムの保護層の厚さは1.0μmに設定した。  In the case of thermal CVD method, the flow rate of the Ar gas is 1 l / min, the flow rate of oxygen at 2 l / min, flow together 1 minute, film formation rate was adjusted to 1.0 .mu.m / min, oxidation the thickness of the protective layer of magnesium was set to 1.0 .mu.m. プラズマCVD法の場合、Arガスの流量は1 l/分、酸素の流量は2 l/分として共に1分間流し、高周波の印加も300Wで1分間行い、膜形成速度は0.9μm/分に調整し、形成する酸化マグネシウムの保護層の厚さは0.9μmに設定した。 For a plasma CVD method, the flow rate of the Ar gas is 1 l / min, flow both 1 minute oxygen flow as 2 l / min, frequency of application also for 1 minute at 300 W, film formation speed is 0.9 .mu.m / min adjusting the thickness of the protective layer of magnesium oxide to be formed was set to 0.9 .mu.m.
No. No. 15のPDPは、保護層を従来の真空蒸着法によって形成したものである。 15 PDP of are those that the protective layer was formed by a conventional vacuum deposition method.
CO 3 ]を加えることによって作製した炭酸マグネシウム[MgCO 3 ]を、炭酸ガス[CO 2 ]中で900℃に加熱することによって作製した。 CO 3] magnesium carbonate [MgCO 3] prepared by adding, to prepare by heating to 900 ° C. in a carbon dioxide gas [CO 2].
【0064】No.  No. 12〜14では、板状の水酸化マグネシウムを、塩化マグネシウム[MgCl 2 ]水溶液に水酸化ナトリウム[NaOH]を加えることによって作製した水酸化マグネシウム[Mg(OH) 2 ]を、5気圧に加圧され900℃に加熱された水酸化ナトリウム中で加圧加熱することによって作製した。 In 12 to 14, the magnesium hydroxide of the plate, the magnesium hydroxide produced by adding magnesium chloride of sodium hydroxide [MgCl 2] solution [NaOH] [Mg (OH) 2], the pressure in the pressure 5 It was produced by pressurized heated in sodium hydroxide heated to 900 ° C. is. このように作製した板状の各マグネシウム塩を、3本ロールで、有機バインダ[10重量%のエチルセルロースを90重量%のターピネオールに溶解した溶液]と混練してペーストを作製し、これをスクリーン印刷法によって誘電体ガラス層上に3.5μmの膜厚で印刷した。 This way the plate each magnesium salt prepared, a three-roll mill, an organic binder is kneaded with [a 10 wt% ethyl cellulose solution in 90 wt% of terpineol] to prepare paste, which screen printing It was printed in a thickness of 3.5μm on the dielectric glass layer by law.
【0065】そして、500℃で20分間焼成することによって膜厚約1.7μmの酸化マグネシウムの保護層を形成した。  Then, to form a protective layer of magnesium oxide with a thickness of about 1.7μm by baking at 500 ° C. 20 min. このように形成したNo. The so-formed No. 10〜14の保護層をX線解折した結果、いずれも酸化マグネシウムの結晶が(100)面に配向していることが確認された。 10-14 As a result of X-ray Kaiori the protective layer, any it was confirmed that the oriented crystals of magnesium oxide (100) face.
No. No. 15では、保護層を、酸化マグネシウムを電子ビームで加熱して蒸着させる真空蒸着法によって形成した。 In 15, the protective layer, and the magnesium oxide formed by a vacuum deposition method for depositing heated by electron beam. この保護層をX線解折した結果、酸化マグネシウムが(111)面に配向していることが確認された。 Result of this protective layer was subjected to X-ray Kaiori, it was confirmed that the magnesium oxide is oriented in the (111) plane.
2,33ではプラズマCVD法によって、マグネシウムジピバロイルメタン[Mg(C 11 H 19 O 2 ) 2 ]をソースとして用い、実施の形態1と同様の方法で形成した。 By a plasma CVD method at 2, 33, magnesium dipivaloylmethane [Mg (C 11 H 19 O 2) 2] as the source, was formed in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
000Aの保護層を形成した。 To form a protective layer of 000A. 保護層についてのX線解析を行なった結果、イオンビームや電子ビームを照射しながら酸化マグネシウムを蒸着する方法で形成したものは、いずれも結晶面が(110)面に配向していることが確認された。 Result of performing X-ray analysis for the protective layer, confirmed that those formed by a method of depositing magnesium oxide while irradiating ion beams or electron beams, that any crystal plane is oriented in the (110) plane It has been.
放電電極の電極間距離dは0.05mmに設定した。 Electrode distance d of the discharge electrodes was set to 0.05 mm. また、放電ガスはXeを5体積%含有するHe−Xe混合ガスであり、封入圧力は500Torrに設定した。 The discharge gas is the He-Xe mixed gas containing 5% by volume of Xe, charging pressure was set to 500 Torr.
VD法で、表4の「CVD原料」の欄に示す各種アルカリ土類の金属キレートもしくはシクロペンタジエニル化合物をソースとして用い、「アルカリ土類酸化物の種類」の欄に示す酸化マグネシウム,酸化ベリリウム,酸化カルシウム,酸化ストロンチウム,酸化バリウムの層を形成した。 In VD method, using various alkaline earth metal chelate or cyclopentadienyl compound shown in the column "CVD material" in Table 4 as the source, the magnesium oxide shown in the column "type of alkaline earth oxides" oxide beryllium, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, to form a layer of barium oxide.
o. o. 35〜66のPDPと同様に作製したものであるが、保護層の形成方法が異なっており、No. Those manufactured in the same manner as 35-66 of PDP but is different method of forming the protective layer, No. 67では酸化マグネシウムを電子ビームで加熱して蒸着させる真空蒸着法、No. A vacuum deposition method for depositing heated by electron beam magnesium oxide in 67, No. 68では酸化マグネシウムをターゲットとするスパッタリング法、No. Sputtering method using magnesium oxide as a target in 68, No. 69では酸化マグネシウムのペーストを用いたスクリーン印刷法によって保護層を形成した。 To form a protective layer by a screen printing method using a paste of magnesium oxide in 69.
【0073】これらの保護層についてX線解析を行なった結果、No.  result of performing X-ray analysis of these protective layers, No. 67及びNo. 67 and No. 69では保護層の酸化マグネシウムが(111)面に配向していることが確認された。 The MgO of the protective layer at 69 is oriented in the (111) plane was observed. また、No. In addition, No. 68では保護層の酸化マグネシウムが(100)面に配向していることが確認されたが、スパッタリング法によって形成しているため、酸化マグネシウムの層が緻密には形成されていないものと考えられる。 While magnesium oxide protective layer at 68 was confirmed to be oriented in the (100) plane, because it formed by sputtering, it is believed that a layer of magnesium oxide is not formed on the dense.
【0074】〈実験の部〉 (実験1)紫外線波長並びにパネルの輝度(初期値)の測定 実験方法:No.  <Experimental part> (Experiment 1) Measurement experimental procedure luminance of ultraviolet wavelengths as well as the panel (default): No. 1〜15のPDPについては、放電維持電圧150V,周波数30KHzで駆動させた時の紫外線波長、パネルの輝度(初期値)を測定した。 For 1-15 PDP, discharge sustain voltage 150 V, ultraviolet wavelength when driven at a frequency 30 KHz, the panel luminance (initial value) was measured.
2程度以上)を示した。 It showed more than about 2).
体積%以上とし、封入圧力を500Torr以上とすることによって、パネル輝度向上の顕著な効果が得られることがわかり、また、放電ガスにKrやArを混入させることによって更に高いパネル輝度が得られることがわかる。 To a volume% or more, by the charging pressure and above 500 Torr, notice that the remarkable effect of the panel brightness enhancement is obtained, also, higher that the panel brightness is obtained by mixing the Kr and Ar to discharge gas It is seen. なお、No. In addition, No. 15のPDPは、No. 15 PDP of, No. 1〜6及びNo. 1-6 and No. 10〜14のPDPと比べてパネル輝度が若干低いが、これは、保護層が(111)面配向の酸化マグネシウムからなるので、(100)面配向の酸化マグネシウムの場合と比べて、保護層の2次電子の放出量が低いためと考えられる。 Although slightly lower panel intensity compared to the 10 to 14 of the PDP, which is the protective layer is made of magnesium oxide (111) plane orientation, as compared with the case of magnesium oxide (100) plane orientation, the protective layer the amount of emitted secondary electrons are thought to lower.
KHzで7000時間駆動し、パネル輝度の変化率及び放電維持電圧の変化率(初期値に対する7000時間駆動後の値の変化率)を測定した。 Driven 7000 hours KHz, the rate of change in the change rate and the discharge sustain voltage of the panel luminance (change rate of the value after 7000-hour drive to the initial value) was measured.
パネル輝度の変化率及び放電維持電圧の変化率が全体的に小さい値を示している。 Rate of change of the panel brightness and discharge sustain voltage rate of change indicates an overall small value.
No. No. 15のPDPと比べて、パネル輝度の変化率及び放電維持電圧の変化率が小さいが、これは、保護層が(100)面配向の酸化マグネシウムからなる場合には、(111)面配向の場合と比べて耐スパッタリング性が高く、誘電体ガラス層の保護効果が大きいことを示している。 Compared with 15 of PDP, but the change rate of the panel brightness and discharge sustain voltage rate of change is small, which, when the protective layer is made of magnesium oxide (100) plane orientation, if the (111) plane orientation high sputtering resistance compared to show that a large protective effect of dielectric glass layer.
のように、保護層が(100)面配向のアルカリ土類の酸化物からなるものであってもスパッタリング法で形成されたものはパネル輝度の変化率及び放電維持電圧の変化率が大きく、誘電体ガラス層の保護効果が小さいこともわかる。 As such, the protective layer (100) plane be comprised of an oxide of the orientation of the alkaline earth one formed by a sputtering method even greater change rate of the change rate and the discharge sustain voltage of the panel brightness of a dielectric it can also be seen that the protective effect of the body glass layer is small.
(100)面配向或は(110)面配向の緻密な層が形成されるのに対して、スパッタリング法で保護層を形成する場合は、結晶の成長を緩やかにコントロールすることができず、(100)面配向となっても層が緻密に形成されないためと考えられる。 Whereas (100) plane orientation or (110) plane dense layer orientation is formed, when forming the protective layer by sputtering can not be gently controlled crystal growth, ( also it becomes 100) plane orientation is believed to be because the layer is not formed densely.
【0082】(その他の事項) *表1〜4の「気化器の温度」、「ガラス基板の加熱温度」、「パネル焼成温度」、「印刷膜厚」、「Arガス流量」、「O 2ガス流量」の欄に示されている各数値は、各アルカリ土類の原料に対して最適と考えられる数値を示したものである。  "temperature of the vaporizer" (Other matters) * Table 1-4, "heating temperature of the glass substrate," "panel sintering temperature", "print thickness", "Ar gas flow rate", "O 2 numerical values shown in the column of the gas flow rate "is a graph showing the numerical values which is considered optimal for the materials of respective alkaline earth.
一般的なAC型のPDPに対して適用することができる。 It can be applied to PDP of a general AC type.
760Torrの範囲に設定することによって、従来のPDPと比べて高いパネル輝度を得ることができる。 By setting the range of 760 Torr, it is possible to obtain a high panel luminance than conventional of the PDP.
0)面配向したアルカリ土類の酸化物からなる保護層を配設することによって、誘電体ガラス層の劣化を抑制する効果を優れたものとし、放電電圧を低く維持することができる。 By disposing the protective layer consisting of 0) surface oxide orientation alkaline earth, it can be a excellent effect of suppressing the deterioration of the dielectric glass layer, to maintain the discharge voltage low.
【0086】特に、保護層を、熱化学蒸着法もしくはプラズマ化学蒸着法で、アルカリ土類の有機金属化合物及び酸素を用いて形成することにより、優れた効果を得ることができる。  In particular, the protective layer, a thermal chemical vapor deposition or plasma chemical vapor deposition, by forming an organic metal compound and oxygen of the alkaline earth, it is possible to obtain excellent effects.
Pの概略断面図である。 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a P.
【図2】保護層14を形成する際に用いるCVD装置の概略図である。 Figure 2 is a schematic view of a CVD apparatus used for forming the protective layer 14.
【図3】He−Xe系の放電ガスを用いたPDPにおいて、封入ガス圧を変化させたときの、Xeが発光する紫外線の波長と発光量との関係を示す特性図である。 In PDP using the  the He-Xe-based discharge gas, when changing the charged gas pressure, a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the wavelength and the light emission amount of ultraviolet Xe emits light.
【図4】各色蛍光体について励起波長と相対放射効率との関係を示す特性図である。 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the excitation wavelength and relative emission efficiency for each color phosphor.
【図5】PDPの放電電極間の距離dが大きい場合と小さい場合における、放電ガスの封入圧力Pに対する放電開始電圧Vfの関係を示す特性図である。  when the when the distance between the PDP discharge electrode d is large or small, is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the discharge start voltage Vf with respect to charging pressure P of the discharge gas.
【図6】実施の形態3のPDPにおいて、保護層を形成する際に用いるイオンビーム,電子ビーム照射装置の概略図である。  In PDP of the third embodiment, the ion beam used for forming the protective layer is a schematic diagram of an electron beam irradiation device.
【図7】従来の一般的な交流面放電型PDPの概略断面図である。 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional AC surface-discharge type PDP.
面に配向したアルカリ土類の酸化物からなる保護層で被覆されていることを特徴とするプラズマディスプレイパネル。 A plasma display panel, characterized in that it is coated with a protective layer consisting of oxides of alkaline earth oriented in the plane.
【請求項2】 前記保護層は、熱化学蒸着法もしくはプラズマ化学蒸着法で、アルカリ土類の有機金属化合物及び酸素を用いて形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のプラズマディスプレイパネル。 Wherein said protective layer is a thermal chemical vapor deposition or plasma chemical vapor deposition, plasma according to claim 1, characterized in that formed using the organometallic compound and oxygen of an alkaline earth display panel.
【請求項3】 前記保護層は、イオンビーム又は電子ビームを照射しながらアルカリ土類の酸化物を蒸着させて形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のプラズマディスプレイパネル。 Wherein the protective layer is a plasma display panel according to claim 1, characterized in that formed by depositing an oxide of an alkaline earth while irradiating ion beams or electron beams.
10)面に配向した酸化マグネシウムからなることを特徴とする請求項1記載のプラズマディスプレイパネル。 The plasma display panel of claim 1, wherein the magnesium oxide oriented 10) plane.
【請求項5】 前記保護層は、熱化学蒸着法もしくはプラズマ化学蒸着法で、マグネシウムの有機金属化合物及び酸素を用いて形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項4記載のプラズマディスプレイパネル。 Wherein said protective layer is a thermal chemical vapor deposition or plasma chemical vapor deposition, plasma display panel according to claim 4, characterized in that formed using the organometallic compound and oxygen of magnesium .
【請求項6】 前記保護層は、板状結晶のマグネシウム塩を、前記誘電体ガラス層上に印刷し焼成することによって形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項4記載のプラズマディスプレイパネル。 Wherein said protective layer is a magnesium salt of plate crystals, plasma display panel of claim 4, wherein the is one formed by the dielectric was printed on a glass layer firing .
(100)面または(110)面に配向したアルカリ土類の酸化物からなる保護層を形成する第1ステップと、 保護層が形成されたフロントカバープレートと、第2の電極及び蛍光体層が配設されたバックプレートとを、対向して配すると共に、フロントカバープレート及びバックプレートの間に形成される放電空間内にガス媒体を封入する第2ステップとを備えることを特徴とするプラズマディスプレイパネルの製造方法。 A first step of forming a protective layer comprising an oxide of oriented alkaline earth (100) plane or (110) plane, and the front cover plate on which the protective layer is formed, a second electrode and a phosphor layer and disposed back-plate, with disposed to face a plasma display, characterized by comprising a second step of encapsulating the gas medium in the discharge space formed between the front cover plate and the back plate method of manufacturing a panel.
【請求項8】 前記第1ステップでは、熱化学蒸着法もしくはプラズマ化学蒸着法で、アルカリ土類の有機金属化合物及び酸素を用いて保護層を形成することを特徴とする請求項7記載のプラズマディスプレイパネルの製造方法。 The method according to claim 8, wherein the first step, a thermal chemical vapor deposition or plasma chemical vapor deposition method, according to claim 7, wherein the forming the protective layer using an organic metal compound and oxygen of the alkaline earth plasma method of manufacturing a display panel.
載のプラズマディスプレイパネルの製造方法。 Method for producing a mounting of the plasma display panel.
【請求項10】 前記第1ステップで用いるアルカリ土類の有機金属化合物は、アルカリ土類の金属キレート化合物又はアルカリ土類のシクロペンタジエニル化合物であることを特徴とする請求項8記載のプラズマディスプレイパネルの製造方法。 10. organometallic compounds of alkaline earth used in the first step, plasma of claim 8, wherein the cyclopentadienyl compound of a metal chelate compound or an alkaline earth alkaline earth method of manufacturing a display panel.
ズマディスプレイパネルの製造方法 。 Method of manufacturing the plasma display panel.
保護膜形成装置 。 Protective film forming apparatus.
備えた保護膜形成装置。 Protective film forming apparatus having.
記載の保護膜形成装置 。 Protective film forming apparatus according.
記誘電体層の表面上に形成するCVD装置 。 CVD apparatus for forming on the surface of the serial dielectric layer.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub