In	spite of the increasing application of automatic telephony, a considerable demand still exists for small manually operated switchboards. In many establishments it is preferred to retain the services of an operator, who is able to maintain that "personal touch" which is sometimes so valuable, and is unattainable with an automatic system. Where calls are infrequent, and the operator is not fully occupied, she may probably utilize her time with some simple routine work. Many cases thus arise where the manual switchboard has distinct advantages over the automatic type.
With this in view, it has been the policy of the Company for many years to hold a certain number of standardized CB and magneto switchboards in stock to supply the demand for urgent deliveries. There is reason to believe that this policy has been amply justified, for on various occasions we have been able, in cases of emergency, to despatch switchboards at a few hours notice.
With the object of supplying a greater number of customers from stock, standard switchboards have been developed which are of more adaptable designs than hitherto, and can therefore be equipped at short notice to fulfil varying requirements.
character, installation, operation and maintenance should produce no difficulties whatever.
Wiring is provided for the full capacity of circuits in each size of switchboard.
The cabinets are constructed of selected teak, substantially dimensioned to withstand strains imposed during shipment. A matt wax polish is used for the exterior, as this is found more durable than a bright finish. The profile of the cabinet follows the modern trend for simplicity of design, with sides finished flush to allow two or more switchboards to be bolted together to form a suite of sections.
Access to the interior of the board is by means of a rear door, which when removed, exposes the apparatus and wiring. A similar lift out panel is also fitted in the front below the keyboard to allow for removal of cords and cord weights. The keyboards are hinged, and when opened, wiring to keys and supervisory indicators may easily be examined.
To the left and middle is the 50 line C.B. Switchboard N 304 - shown front and rear.
All apparatus is mounted on a rigid metal framework, which also assists to strengthen the cabinet. Terminals and fuse panel for the different circuits are mounted on a connection rack at the rear, with suitable designations to facilitate installation and testing.
Each equipped line circuit includes a 500 ohm disc type calling indicator and line jack. Indicators and jacks are mounted ten per strip, and numbered with the circuit designation to which they belong. On an incoming call the indicator operates, but is restored to normal and disconnected from the line when the cord circuit plug is inserted into the line jack. The indicator has an operating figure of ten milliamperes.
Exchange line circuits when equipped, are terminated on break jacks, the inner springs of which are connected to l000 ohm hand restored drop indicators. A 1 uF condenser is included in the circuit of each indicator to prevent operation by battery current from the main exchange. The sleeves of the exchange line jacks are connected to earth through contacts of a night extension key.
Connecting cord circuits are equipped with supervisory indicators giving double negative supervision, i.e. the flags or shutters of the indicators are displayed during the period of conversation. Battery for the cord circuits is fed through balanced high-impedence retardation coils, which regulate the current for speaking and signalling purposes, and also furnish impedence to prevent cross talk or other inductive interference due to a number of simultaneous connections to the common battery.
By means of a special circuit arrangement a single ring back key serves all cord circuits.
current for transmission to be drawn direct from the main exchange. Simultaneous clearing is given to the P.B.X. operator and main exchange upon completion of an exchange to extension call.
A moulded bakelite hand micro-telephone, used in conjunction with an "anti-side-tone" induction coil for the operators telephone circuit, gives a high quality of speech transmission and reception. The current for the operation through the cord of this circuit is received circuit 80 ohm + 80 ohm retard coils.
Suitable power for the operation of the switchboard may be obtained from A.C. mains through a rectifier, in which case no batteries are required. Where the supply is D.C., two sets of cells and a charging board with a suitable rheostat are necessary.
In the case of switchboards connected to a public exchange, current may be fed from the exchange battery over special conductors in the underground cables, thus eliminating the need for any rectifiers or batteries, etc., at the switchboard.
A corresponding range of magneto floor pattern switchboards, of a design and appearance almost identical with the CB boards described above, is also available.
The magneto system, of course, shows to greatest advantage on long lines, or where high line resistance and possibly low insulation make the use of the central battery system impracticable.
Wiring is provided for of circuits in each case.
As regards the construction details, the description already given for the C.B. switchboards applies equally well to the magneto boards.
Magneto circuits have been of stabilized design for many years and few remarks are therefore necessary, but a summary of the chief features may be of interest.
The 1000 ohm drop indicators employed in the line circuits are disconnected during speech.
The cord circuit clearing indicators are of the press-button-restored type and are mounted on the keyboard.
The operator's telephone circuit includes an "anti-side-tone" induction coil and moulded bakelite hand micro telephone.
Emergency hand generator, and night alarm circuits are provided.
A standard range of magneto wall pattern switchboards is also stocked, and an addition to these, the N 610 type, has recently been developed. This board is suitable for small installations up to a maximum of 20 lines, providing a simple and reliable system in cases where the number of calls is not excessive.
All the above	equipments are accommodated in a standard size teak modern design.
The line circuits are each equipped with a line jack and a 1000 ohm drop indicator which is permanently bridged across the line but is of sufficiently high impedance to prevent any appreciable loss of speech currents.
Connections between lines are made with "straight through" cords, the clearing signal being given on the line indicators. Supervision is effected by means of an operator's plug and cord which connects to a standard magneto telephone mounted adjacent to the switchboard. An alarm buzzer fitted inside the switchboard may be thrown into circuit whilst the operator is temporarily off duty.
A distinct advantage of this type of switchboard is that whilst two parties are connected together it is impossible for the operator, either accidentally or intentionally, to overhear a conversation between them.
Only the most recent additions to the range of standard switchboards available from stock are included above. It is anticipated, however, that the more "flexible" designs described will have a larger sphere of utility than the earlier types.


As part of our dinosaur topic, Orchard class have been learning all about volcanoes! We learnt that volcanoes began to form in the cretaceous period and found out how they form, starting from a crack in the Earth's crust.
Over the last few weeks we have been making our own volcanoes, and today we made them erupt, using our own homemade lava!
We had great fun learning about volcanoes, we all agreed the best bit was watching them erupt!


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Helen Keller (1888 - 1968)
Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Indeed, the algorithm assesses the content of the platform based on the guidelines it receives from humans. Thus knowing how the algorithm works – I argue – is critical to be successful on LinkedIn. Why? By understanding the algorithm in reality you understand what's the aim of the platform and also how it is evolving.
In addition, even if you don't plan to build a strategy on LinkedIn but you're a user and you're curious about what's behind a platform that recently has crossed half a billion members this article is for you.
The users give their vote with Likes, Comments, and Shares. The algorithm acts as a sort of middleman between the users and the human editors to keep the flow going. When the content gets a low content quality score (which tries to answer "is content good?"), it triggers the check of a human editor to see whether it's spammy. If instead, the content passes the content quality score it's cleared and displayed to a small number of users that can give their vote.
After the vote (with likes, comments, and shares) quality classifiers and virality predictors algorithms keep performing an assessment, which triggers a check from human editors again. If it passes the test (is content good?), then it gets cleared and displayed back to users.
That is why in some way posting stuff that is interesting to people, rather than focusing on the algorithm is critical. In fact, if your post is going viral yet it might be spammy, it will still be checked by human editors that might demote it! That is because assessing whether the content is low quality or not also depends on factors that are not easy to weight.
In short, as of now, it might be easier to fool algorithms, than human editors. However, the algorithms do play a critical role in filtering out content. In fact, using humans to do that, for a platform with over half a billion users might be impossible.
What are the steps the LinkedIn feed algorithm takes to make a post or article go viral?
The LinkedIn main aim is to provide "timely, professional content." This definition is critical. In fact, as LinkedIn gets closer and closer to Facebook, it is worth understanding that LinkedIn Business Model is quite different from it.
As of 2015 (before LinkedIn got merged into Microsoft), more than 50% of LinkedIn Revenues came from Hiring and premium subscriptions. Instead, if we look at Facebook revenues stream as of 2017, you can see that it mostly come from advertising. Why is this important at all to understand the LinkedIn feed algorithm?
Willingly or not, companies' decisions are influenced by the way they monetize. Where Facebook is highly dependent on its feed for monetization. LinkedIn is less so. That means LinkedIn has also more freedom to choose how to shape its feed in a way that is more in line with its subscriptions based users and HR professionals part of the platform.
Thus, the LinkedIn algorithm is focused on avoiding low-quality content on the feed, while making sure not to filter content that might lead to false positives (cases in which something seems spammy but in fact, it's not). How does it do that?
In pattern recognition, information retrieval and binary classification, precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved instances, while recall (also known as sensitivity) is the fraction of relevant instances that have been retrieved over the total amount of relevant instances. Both precision and recall are therefore based on an understanding and measure of relevance.
In short, this is a sort of balancing mechanism. On the one hand, precision focuses on finding relevant instances. While recall focuses on completeness. So imagine, there are ten posts showing up on your feed, of which only five seem to be relevant to you. This means that the precision is 5/10. In short, you get half the time what you're looking for.
However, imagine that in your network of one hundred connections at that given time were posted thirty posts that might have been relevant to you. Yet you only got five. This means the recall is 5/30. As you missed other twenty-five potentially relevant posts.
how useful is the content shown?
and how much relevant information is shown to each user?
Back in 2012 LinkedIn introduced a feed infrastructure called Sensei. This was a distributed data system that also supported the LinkedIn feed. As explained by LinkedIn, Sensei was both a search engine and a database. However, in 2014 LinkedIn set out to build FollowFeed which was launched in March 2016 and today powers up LinkedIn feed experience. Why does it matter at all?
Feed for each viewer is pre-computed, materialized and kept ready for retrieval using a simple lookup query. This is made possible by fanning out a content record to pre-materialized feeds of multiple entities.
LinkedIn's strategy is based on users engagement. The strength of LinkedIn – I believe – is based on its business model. In fact – as advertising is one of the revenue streams LinkedIn relies on – the company can focus on engagement without affecting too much its bottom line.
In other words, once the LinkedIn team has figured out that with a sponsored post you could hijack its feed algorithm. They worked out a way to avoid this happening so that organic content could be emphasized over sponsored content.
What is an organic content?
it consists of the pieces of member-generated content in the feed, which we call "Activities." An Activity is defined by three main components: Actor, Verb, and Object. An example in prose would be "Val shared a text post," or "Vivek liked a comment." We present these Activities as cards in the feed UI.
Thus, each time you're liking, sharing, or writing a text post, this can be defined as an activity, which will be labeled by LinkedIn as organic content.
In short, apparently, as LinkedIn algorithm had come up with a process called "decoration" a spammy organic content, was removed before it could be shown to the users. Thus, allowing a sponsored content (an ad) to get the first slot, which instead was reserved for the organic content.
Before moving on, keep this in mind, not all Likes are born equal.
When you like, share or post something this enters your activity graph. Thus, each of those activities should be done strategically if you're using LinkedIn for business. For instance, if you're liking something, you might want to avoid to like a video of cats (unless of course, you sell accessories or food for cats).
Why? First, this will enter your activity graph, thus influence the feed algorithm and what you will see next in your LinkedIn feed. Second, when you like something this acts as a vote/recommendation that you offer to your network. In short, a Like on LinkedIn weights much more than a like on Facebook.
Thus, before liking the next funny cats' video (assuming the LinkedIn feed algorithm doesn't demote it), beware of that!
LinkedIn also introduced the concept of low-quality content (called LQ).
Having a few low-quality shares go hyper-viral can cause dissatisfaction for a very large number of members.
Thus, since the risk of having low-quality content go hyper-viral is too high the algorithm would rather stop something "suspicious" rather than allow it to go viral.
It is important to understand that this process happens in near real time. Thus, as soon as you hit the publish button before the content gets shown to your network it has already been labeled by the LinkedIn algorithm.
If the content gets classified as spam or low quality it might get either demoted or passed to a human editor. It is important to understand that as professional network LinkedIn gets most of its value from keeping its feed as clean from spam as possible. Thus, when a content can be deemed as spam or low quality it would get demoted rather than risk to have it go viral.
If the content passes the quality score assessment it gets cleared to gather some audience data.
This sort of recipe allows the algorithm to understand two main things. First, if the content is likely to go viral. Second, if the content that is likely to go viral is also potentially low-quality content. Those analyses run every few hours to keep the feed as clean as possible.
Most of the easy to catch content is filtered out at creation time, leaving behind hard to classify instances in the feed.
Thus, once again when you hit the publish button on LinkedIn at creation time your content might already be checked for quality insurance before it even gets shown to anyone. As the feedback from LinkedIn members grows so the LinkedIn feed algorithm gathers data to push the content through the network.
When members report low quality or spammy content those are taken into account for two reasons. First, to reassess and bring down content that the feed algorithm or human editors were not able to detect. Second, this data gets fed to the LinkedIn algorithm so it can learn what the LinkedIn members find valuable and what not.
Now that we know how the algorithm works, how can you leverage the LinkedIn network effect?
Start by analyzing your LinkedIn network with http://socilab.com/#home.
Making sure you widen your network is important. Yet, size matters relatively. Knowing whom you need to talk; to building your brand/business is crucial. For instance, I used socilab to understand how my network is clustered.
That tells you that not all contacts are born equal as some overlap with your network. Those overlapping might add less value in terms of reach. However, they might also be important to build a strong brand. Thus, if you're trying to build a brand with social media it might make sense to have a clustered network initially. Then as you get known in that cluster it makes sense to expand that network to contacts that don't overlap to have a greater reach.
It shows how close is your network in terms of actual ties compared to possible ties. The denser your network the more your contacts know each other. Once again, while this might be good initially to take over a niche, once you've become known in that niche you might want to lower the density of our network.
Hierarchy assesses how dependent you are on a few focal contacts (imagine most of your contacts know you through your boss!). In general, you want your network to be distributed to avoid the dependence on a few contacts. In short, also in terms of networking, you might want to avoid to have your eggs all in one basket.
That tells you the bridging opportunities (for instance, which of your contacts might get you closer to a cluster or a contact that can widen your network quickly). For instance, I noticed that there are two contacts in my network which bridge me with an industry I'm weaker. I connect back to those two contacts to widen my network.


Welcome to Girls Society, the only 100% Free community in Stamford to meet women with full webcams and anything goes. Girls Society is absolutely free and registration is not required. Click to enter Stamford Girls or explore more cities in Connecticut.
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Denis Hayes was the principal national organizer of the first Earth Day in 1970, and he took the event to the international stage in 1990. He is board chair of the international Earth Day Network, and president of the Bullitt Foundation.
Earth Day 2018 is slated for April 22 and focuses on plastic pollution, so Mongabay took the opportunity to ask him about this year's event and find out what else is on the mind of this key leader of the international environmental movement.


text:
Q: Symfony injecting Doctrine Entity Manager into a class So I added the entity manager as an argument:
$container->setDefinition('ldap.security.authentication.provider',
    new Definition('Client\IntranetBundle\LDAP\LDAPAuthenticationProvider', array(
        new Reference("ldap_user_provider"),
        new Reference("ldap_manager")
    )))
    ->addArgument("ldap.security.authentication.provider")
    ->addArgument("doctrine.orm.entity_manager");

But in my class, if I echo this argument, all I get is this string: secured_area
How can I get the actual entity manager?
This is the construct method:
public function __construct(LDAPUserProvider $userProvider, LDAPManagerInterface $ldapManager, $entityManager, $providerKey) {
    //var_dump($userProvider);
    //var_dump($ldapManager);
    //var_dump($entityManager);
    //var_dump($providerKey);
    $this->userProvider = $userProvider;
    $this->ldapManager = $ldapManager;
    $this->entityManager = $entityManager;
    $this->providerKey = $providerKey;
}

var_dump of $entityManager is string(12) "secured_area"
and
var_dump of $providerKey is string(37) "ldap.security.authentication.provider"

A: $container->setDefinition('ldap.security.authentication.provider',
new Definition('Client\IntranetBundle\LDAP\LDAPAuthenticationProvider', array(
    new Reference("ldap_user_provider"),
    new Reference("ldap_manager"),
    new Reference("doctrine.orm.entity_manager"),
    /* Here you should pass providerKey */
)))

This is how service could be defined but I suggest you to read http://symfony.com/doc/current/cookbook/security/custom_authentication_provider.html before creating custom authentication provider.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
November 24, 2019 by Aaron Gordon
Blog|events|Real Estate|
Another Urban Land Institute Miami Investor Symposium is in the books, and the consensus is that South Florida's real estate market is on stable ground headed into 2020.
Hundreds of real estate professionals gathered at the Mandarin Oriental on Brickell Key to hear what the industry's sharpest minds have to say about the region. A parade of developers, property owners, investors, bankers and operators shared insights about topics ranging from retail and residential trends, to how South Florida is coping with climate change and traffic woes.
The overarching theme throughout the day was that investors remain bullish on South Florida over the long-term, a sentiment that has only intensified in light of recent tax hikes in other markets which are driving continued population growth and keeping the inbound capital flowing.
Richard LeFrak, part of the development team behind the mixed-use development SoLeMia underway in North Miami Beach, drew a direct link between Miami's lifestyle appeal and its surging real estate sector.
During a candid conversation with Miami Worldcenter Managing Partner Nitin Motwani, LeFrak recounted how years of vacationing with his family in Miami ultimately led to his company doing business here, and that naturally transitioned into his firm becoming involved in a legacy project like SoLeMia.
This seems to be a common theme among investors and high net worth individuals, especially those in search of tax relief. Case in point: Florida saw the highest level of net domestic in-migration in 2018, according to U.S. Census data. Meanwhile, New York and Illinois, whose residents are bearing the brunt of taxation, lost more residents than the other 48 states.
Timothy Peterson, COO and CIO for Altman Companies, explained that this influx of domestic investment illustrates South Florida's status as a safe haven. 'The Miami market is hyper-local and cyclical in many ways,' he said. 'Take Acqualina in Sunny Isles for example. When condo sales began, the project's buyers were mostly Russian. Then came the Europeans. Then it was the South Americans. Now they're seeing U.S. buyers from high tax states. Each segment left their market for a different reason, but they're all a form of flight capital in one way or another.'
There is also evidence that institutional investors are looking to South Florida as a core market worthy of sustained, long-term investment.
'It's safe to say that Miami is now a focal market for us,' said Jason Schreiber, principal with Los Angeles-based CIM Group, an equity investor in Miami Worldcenter. 'We like the City's diversity, entrepreneurial spirit, and the resilient mindset that you find here. One thing we've realized as a national investor, developer and operator, is that gateway cities have no choice but to become resilient.'
Rendering of Miami Worldcenter, a 27 acre master-planned development in Downtown Miami
"Resiliency" was a buzzword throughout the day, as panelists fielded a questions covering everything from rising insurance rates to the integrity of Miami's infrastructure.
Nitin Motwani addressed the subject head-on, emphasizing South Florida's long history of adapting to climate change.
'Hurricane Andrew opened our eyes to the fact that we had a wind problem back in the early 1990s, and we responded by implementing the nation's strongest building code,' Motwani recalled. 'Now South Florida is confronting rising seas, and we're addressing the issue through new technology and changes in where and how we build. People from outside our market want to know that we're taking action, and we are – probably more so than any other coastal community.'
Another aspect of resiliency is public transit and, more specifically, reducing the community's reliance on cars. During a panel moderated by Bilzin Sumberg Managing Partner Al Dotson Jr., developers Jackie Soffer of Turnberry and Justin Kennedy of Grass River Property took a deep dive into the new transit options coming online in Aventura and Coconut Grove.
Left to right: Al Dotson, Jr., Justin Kennedy, Jackie Soffer
Dotson opened the discussion talking about the activity underway in both neighborhoods, and later pointed out that each district lacks a direct connection to the region's main transit systems.
Now that's about to change, with Brightline/Virgin Trains finalizing plans to add an Aventura station and Grass River Property and Terra preparing to begin construction of a multi-modal transit hub in Coconut Grove called Grove Central. This expanded connectivity promises to reshape both districts, luring new property types, supporting existing commercial properties like the renovated CocoWalk, and further diversifying the real estate landscape.
The re-imagined CocoWalk will bring prime retail and Class A offices to the heart of Coconut Grove
'It's perfect timing to bring new transit options to Coconut Grove,' according to Kennedy. 'The Grove has always been walkable and authentic, and we're seeing that essence come back. People aren't coming to the Grove to do grocery shopping. They're coming for an experience. That won't change, but the way they arrive will continue to evolve. This will impact the retail mix in a big way and it also means we're likely to see new housing options delivered."
Terra and Grass River's Grove Central will be a transit hub with retail and residential uses
Over time, Miami has developed a reputation for suffering from brain drain, but that narrative couldn't be further from the truth, according to Philippe Houdard, co-founder of Pipeline Workspaces and Co-chair of…
Coconut Grove gets its (Culinary) Groove Back
Miami continues to solidify its status as a gastronomic go-to with foodies flocking to the Magic City in search of swanky South Beach restaurants, sexy speakeasies in Wynwood, and bespoke bars and…
Tags: Al Dotson, aventura, Bilzin Sumberg, coconut grove, CocoWalk, downtown Miami, Grass River Property, Grove Central, LeFrak, Miami PR firm, miami worldcenter, nitin motwani, real estate, schwartz media startegies, SoLeMia, Terra, ULI Urban Land Institute, Urban Land Institute


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Men love a great smile! If you want to attract a man look no further than your smile. One of the best ways to attract men is to use your smile to make them feel good so that they are the ones inspired to approach you. Smiling makes you more attractive while letting them be the man who does the work and initiates conversation.
Relationships that last are hard to come by and if you are single no doubt you wonder what to do when that perfect guy crosses your path. How do you get his attention do you take the initiative and buy him a drink or something? Probably not a great idea. Your best bet is to smile, and smile a lot!
The number one most effective technique to getting a mans attention is to smile very broadly at him. This allows you to sit back and let him take the initiative with you, rather than the other way around which never works well. It's all about drawing him in, in subtle ways by giving him that non-verbal hint that you are approachable. Men need more encouragement that you might imagine and believe it or not, less attractive women who smiled broadly were approached more often than those that glanced and looked away but were more attractive.
To be highly successful with your smile, make sure to make eye contact multiple times and accompany that eye contact with a smile. The great thing about this is that the signals you give out count more than even your looks. When you smile a him, especially if he is interested in you, it will surely give him a feeling in the pit of his stomach that just makes him feel amazing. For a man it's one of the best feelings on the planet, so warm him up with a smile and make him smile back and approach you.
A woman always looks beautiful when they smile cause it lights up their eyes. They look very alive and in the moment. When a cute girl gives a man a smile it can quite literally makes him go weak in our knees. Not only does it light up your face to smile, it shows a man how you feel. Simply enough, when you smile it lets a man know that you are happy and that will light up his day. Remember that a beautiful smile is truly inspiring and one of the best secrets for attracting men.


text:
Alexis Restaurant (sometimes Alexis Greek Restaurant) was a Greek restaurant in Portland, Oregon's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood, in the United States. It closed on November 7, 2016, after operating for 36 years.

Description
The Greek restaurant operated on West Burnside Street in Portland's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. The menu included braised lamb shanks, fried calamari, and saganaki.

History
In 1981, a few years after immigrating from Greece, Gary Tsirimiagos opened Alexis Restaurant. The restaurant was the city's first to serve fried calamari.

In 2015, Tsirimiagos bought out co-owner Alexis Bakouros, who continued ownership of Alexis, Inc., a grocery store and catering business that had been affiliated with the restaurant.

On November 7, 2016, after operating for 36 years, Alexis Restaurant closed. Owner Tsirimiagos stated that he was closing the restaurant to focus on his family and traveling. The restaurant was replaced with, Nyx, a two-story nightclub that planned to include elements of Greek mythology in its décor as a tribute to Alexis Restaurant. Alexis, Inc. remains open for importing and distributing foods as well as catering.

See also
 List of defunct restaurants of the United States
 List of Greek restaurants

References

External links
  (archived version)
 Alexis at Zomato

1981 establishments in Oregon
2016 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct European restaurants in Portland, Oregon
Defunct Greek restaurants
Greek restaurants in Oregon
Greek-American culture in Portland, Oregon
Old Town Chinatown
Restaurants disestablished in 2016
Restaurants established in 1981

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Desirability of Storytellers
Among Filipino hunter-gatherers, storytelling is valued more than any other skill, and the best storytellers have the most children.
Ed Yong
Agta preparing a fireJacob Maentz / Getty Images
Once upon a time, the sun and moon argued about who would light up the sky. They fought, as anthropomorphic celestial bodies are meant to do, but after the moon proves to be as strong as the sun, they decide to take shifts. The sun would brighten the day, while the moon would illuminate the night.
This is one of several stories told by the Agta, a group of hunter-gatherers from the Philippines. They spend a lot of time spinning yarns to each other, and like their account of the sun and moon, many of these tales are infused with themes of cooperation and equality. That's no coincidence, says Andrea Migliano, an anthropologist at University College London.
Storytelling is a universal human trait. It emerges spontaneously in childhood, and exists in all cultures thus far studied. It's also ancient: Some specific stories have roots that stretch back for around 6,000 years. As I've written before, these tales aren't quite as old as time, but perhaps as old as wheels and writing. Because of its antiquity and ubiquity, some scholars have portrayed storytelling as an important human adaptation—and that's certainly how Migliano sees it. Among the Agta, her team found evidence that stories—and the very act of storytelling—arose partly as a way of cementing social bonds, and instilling an ethic of cooperation.
At first, Migliano wasn't actually interested in storytelling. She wanted to know what qualities the Agta most value in their peers, given that they are nomadic and their camps continuously shift. So, her students asked 300 Agta to name the five people they'd most want to live with. They also asked the volunteers to nominate the strongest people they knew; the best hunters, fishers, and foragers; the ones whose opinions are most respected; and the ones with most medical knowledge. And finally, almost as an afterthought, they asked the volunteers to name the best storytellers. That, they assumed, was something relatively unimportant, and would make for an interesting contrast against the other more esteemed skills.
In fact, the Agta seemed to value storytelling above all else. Good storytellers were twice as likely to be named as ideal living companions as more pedestrian tale spinners, and storytelling acumen mattered far more all the other skills. "It was highly valued, twice as much as being a good hunter," says Migliano. "We were puzzled."
Fortunately, she had been working with Agta Aid, a nonprofit organization that had been trying to preserve the Agta's oral stories in written forms. "We asked them if we could have a look at the stories they were collecting, and we realized that most of the content was about cooperation, egalitarianism, and gender equality." The male sun and female moon divvy up the sky. A pig helps its injured friend—a sea cow—into the ocean so they can race side by side. A winged ant learns that she is not above her other wingless sisters.
These themes aren't unique to the Agta. They're also present in around 70 percent of the stories that Migliano compiled from work with other hunter-gatherer groups. "Hunter-gatherers move around a lot and no one has particular power," she explains. "You need ways of ensuring cooperation in an egalitarian society, and we realized that you could use stories to broadcast the norms that are important to them." People can use religion to achieve a similar end, enforcing good behavior through fear of a punitive deity. But Migliano points to research suggesting that high gods are a relatively recent invention, which emerged once human societies became large. Small communities like the Agta don't have them. Instead, they use stories for the same purpose.
Migliano's team asked Agta volunteers from various camps to play a simple game, in which they could share rice with their camp-mates. And they found that such sharing was more likely in camps with a higher proportion of good storytellers.
That's just a correlation, though. It's possible that the storytellers were actively fostering more generosity among their peers. Alternatively, Migliano says, "if you live in a more cooperative camp, perhaps you have more time and you just tell more fun stories." But if that's true, she adds, it wouldn't explain why so many of the actual stories feature leitmotifs of cooperation, rather than other happy and positive themes. And it certainly doesn't explain why storytelling skill is so beneficial for those who wield it.
Skilled Agta storytellers are more likely to receive gifts, and they're not only more desirable as living companions—but also as mates. On average, they have 0.5 more children than their peers. That's a crucial result. Stories might help to knit communities together, but evolution doesn't operate for the good of the group. If storytelling is truly an adaptation, as Migliano suggests, it has to benefit individuals who are good at it—and it clearly does.
"It's often said that telling stories, and other cultural practices such as singing and dancing, help group cooperation, but real-world tests of this idea are not common," says Michael Chwe, a political scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who studies human cooperation. "The team's attempt to do this is admirable."
Still, it's hard to know if it's the specific act of storytelling that matters. As others have noted, "creativity comes with its own suite of personality traits, which may make [people] more attractive sexual partners," says Lisa Zunshine, an English professor at the University of Kentucky.
And all of Migliano's results hinge on the Agta accurately naming the best storytellers in their midst. Did they? Could they just have named people they were close to, or venerated celebrities who sprang readily to mind? Wouldn't that explain both the fecundity and desirability of these supposed storytelling Jedi? Migliano thinks not. If the survey had been a mere popularity contest, the Agta should have also nominated the same people as exceptional hunters, gatherers, child minders, and so on. They didn't. They singled out particular people for particular skills, including storytelling.
"It suggests that hunter-gatherers track this ability and perceive it as beneficial," says Michelle Scalise Sugiyama from the University of Oregon, who has studied the origins of storytelling. Other societies, like the Tsimane of Bolivia, do the same, which "indicates that storytelling contributes something of adaptive value to human life." That something might well be the reinforcement of norms and ethics. "As attested by the universality of the trickster figure, telling stories about rule breakers who get caught and punished is an effective means of persuading individuals to conform to group norms," Scalise Sugiyama adds.
But "stories also contain valuable cultural knowledge, and accomplished storytellers are repositories of this knowledge," she notes. Hunter-gatherers use their tales to pass down information about food, weather, and more—and often in ways that outsiders can miss.
For example, Andamanese people have a story about two quarreling weather gods, who eventually split up their wind-creating duties. You could see that as a story about avoiding conflict, or as a way of encoding information about the strong winds that buffet the Andaman Islands. A similar creation story talks about a monitor lizard that went into the jungle to hunt pigs, got stuck in a tree, and was helped down by a civet cat (whom it married). On the face of it, that's a story of cooperation between the sexes. But Scalise Sugiyama notes that it also encodes information about the habitat, diet, and range overlaps between the local lizards, pigs, and civets. "These profiles may aid in the prediction of animal behavior, which is critical to locating, tracking, and stalking game," she says.
This is not to say that people deliberately or consciously tell stories to pass down knowledge or to keep their communities together. "My guess is that they would say it's fun," says Migliano. That's why individuals choose to tell stories on a moment-to-moment basis—it's what biologists call the "proximate cause" of a behavior. But it's the broader benefits—the "ultimate causes" like transmission of knowledge or inculcation of values—that might explain why storytelling arose in the first place.
The origin of storytelling doesn't necessarily reflect its later uses, though. "Our very human love of stories has become adapted for different ends during later phases of human history," says Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, an anthropologist from the University of California, Davis. "The Maya-speaking people I used to study in southern Mexico told tales about a winged, super-sexed demon with a six-meter-long, death-dealing penis, who reinforced proper sex roles for men and women, including proscriptions for postures during sex, menstrual taboos, freedom of movement. Rather than promoting sexual equality, these served to constrain women."
"Alas, our wonderfully human universal of loving stories can also become an all-too-human vulnerability, fostering enmity as readily as amicable relations," she adds.
Ed Yong is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he covers science.


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Росс Томас () (19 февраля 1926 — 18 декабря 1995) — американский писатель, репортёр, сценарист. Наиболее известен своими остроумными триллерами, которые раскрывают механизмы профессиональной политики.
Также он написал несколько детективных романов, среди которых можно выделить написанные под псевдонимом Оливер Блик о профессиональном посреднике Филипе Сент-Иве.

Биография
Росс Томас родился 19 февраля 1926 года в Оклахома-Сити.
Во Вторую мировую войну служил в пехоте на тихоокеанском фронте, в частности, принимал участие в военных действиях на Филиппинах.

После войны закончил Оклахомский университет, получив степень бакалавра искусств. До того, как стать писателем, работал репортёром в США и заграницей, пресс-секретарем профсоюза фермеров и организации VISTA (Добровольцы на службе Америке).

В качестве политконсультанта с разной степенью успешности участвовал в нескольких избирательных кампаниях
в США и Германии (в Бонне). В Нигерии был советником африканского племенного вождя, пытавшегося стать первым постколониальным премьер-министром в этой стране (на основе этого опыта был написан роман «Выборы» (The Seersucker Whipsaw)).

Был соавтором PR-книги «Warriors for the Poor: The Story of VISTA».

Его дебютный роман, «Обмен времен "Холодной войны"» (The Cold War Swap), был написан за шесть недель
и завоевал в 1967 году премию Эдгара Аллана По за лучший первый роман американского писателя.
Произведение «Тернистый путь» (Briarpatch) получило в 1985 году эту же премию в категории «Лучший роман».
В 2002 году он был удостоен Детективной Премии за жизненные достижения (Gumshoe Lifetime Achievement Award).
Один из двух авторов, которые получили эту награду посмертно (другим был Эд Макбейн, автор серии «87-й полицейский участок» в 2006 году).

Он умер от рака легких в Санта-Монике 18 декабря 1995 года за два месяца до своего 70-летия.

Произведения под именем Росс Томас

Майк Падильо и «Мак» Маккоркл
 The Cold War Swap (1966) — Обмен времен «Холодной войны» [Другие названия: Агент из ресторана, Шпион и ресторатор]
 Cast a Yellow Shadow (1967) — Жёлтая тень [Другое название: Супершпион, числящийся в мертвых]
 The Backup Men (1971) — Подставные люди [Другое название: Убить короля]
 Twilight at Mac's Place (1990)

Арти Ву и Куинси Дюран
 Chinaman's Chance (1978)
 Out On The Rim (1987)
 Voodoo, Ltd (1992)

Вне серий
 The Seersucker Whipsaw (1967) — Выборы
 Singapore Wink (1969) — Каскадер из Сингапура  [Другое название: Смерть в Сингапуре]
 The Fools in Town are on Our Side (1970)
 The Porkchoppers (1972) — Прилипалы
 If You Can't Be Good (1973) — Хочешь жить — не рыпайся [Другое название: Если не сможешь быть умничкой]
 The Money Harvest (1975)
 Yellow Dog Contract (1976) — Жёлтый билет
 The Eighth Dwarf (1979) — Восьмой гном
 The Mordida Man (1981)
 Missionary Stew (1983)
 Briarpatch (1984) — Тернистый путь
 The Fourth Durango (1989) — Четвёртый Дюранго
 Ah, Treachery! (1994)

Документальные произведения
 Warriors for the Poor: The Story of VISTA, Volunteers In Service to America (в соавторстве с Уильямом Х. Круком) (1969)
 Spies, Thumbsuckers, Etc. (1989)

Произведения под псевдонимом Оливер Блик

Филип Сент-Ив
 The Brass Go-Between (1969) — Щит Компорена [Другое название: Самые искусные воры]
 Protocol for a Kidnapping (1971)
 The Procane Chronicle (1971) — Честный вор [Другие названия: Дневники Прокейна, Дело на миллион]
 The Highbinders (1973)
 No Questions Asked (1976) — Без вопросов

Примечания

Ссылки
 http://www.livelib.ru/author/172621

Писатели США


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NESN Daily
Which TD Garden Event Are You Most Looking Forward To?
by John Beattie on Fri, Aug 27, 2010 at 11:02AM
Since its doors opened in 1995, the TD Garden has hosted memorable Bruins and Celtics games, explosive concerts and dramatic shows, but on Saturday night, the Causeway St. venue will be the site of an ultimate affair.
UFC 118 will become the town's first major MMA event, as a group of the world's most skilled fighters take center stage where athletes like Zdeno Chara and Paul Pierce hone their craft. But the UFC won't be the only bloody event this summer in Boston, as WWE Raw will be filming its 900th episode at the Garden just two days later, on Monday, Aug. 30.
Too bloody for you and the family? Come back to the North End in October when Barnum & Bailey brings Zing, Zang, Zoom to town, which promoters are calling a "thrill-filled, mind-blowing circus spectacular where family fun is no illusion."
But for all of you New Englanders who have been suffering from a severe case of "Bieber Fever," you've had this date circled for months now: Nov. 16, 2010. Justin Bieber, TD Garden, one night only. Need I say more?
So let's forget about the Celtics and Bruins for just one second and think about the other stars that are set to take center stage at the Garden.
href="http://polldaddy.com/poll/3681565/">Which TD Garden event are you most looking forward to?9px;">href="http://polldaddy.com/features-surveys/">customer surveys


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Also we can offer you a possibility of additional attractions ( like feasts with a band of musicians and roasting a piglet ).


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Johnstown church expanding community food programs with renovation project
By Ashley Onyon | June 28, 2021
The former YMCA building, now known as One Church Street, is shown in Johnstown. St. John's Episcopal Church is renovating the building to become a community service center. (Provided photo)
JOHNSTOWN — A years-long effort by the St. John's Episcopal Church to expand its community programs in the former YMCA building next door are now months away from becoming a reality.
The church bought the former YMCA building at 21 N. Market St. for $80,000 in 2013 and has since rebranded the building as One Church Street.
Rev. Laurie Garramone said the building was purchased with the intent of converting the three-story space into a community resource center where St. John's growing community food programs could be housed.
The church began a food pantry and weekly Needy Or Alone and Hungry meal program roughly 30 years ago under the former rector, Father Bill Small. The programs that continue to feed the community today have been operated out of the basement of St. John's located at 1 N. Market St.
"We needed not just more space, but accessible space," Garramone said.
The church basement can only be accessed by stairs that are difficult to navigate and pose an impediment to seniors and disabled individuals seeking to access the programs.
The programs have always served a critical need in the community that has only increased in the past year, Garramone said. Yet, program administrators know there are even more community members in need who could be served by the non-denominational programs.
"Lots of people don't know about NOAH or the food pantry," said Ann Rhodes, co-director of the Twin Cities' Council of Churches Food Pantry operated out of St. John's. "These programs are community programs."
In recent years, the food pantry served around 40 families each week while the NOAH program provided around 120 meals to families each month.
In 2020, the food pantry began serving around 85 families each week while the NOAH program serves around 500 meals each month.
"During 2020, the food pantry gave out enough food to make over 43,000 meals for families," Garramone said. "One in eight in Fulton County is suffering from food insecurity."
When the church was forced to close its doors to in-person services due to the pandemic in March 2020, St. John's and community volunteers ensured the food pantry and weekly meal program remained open.
Although NOAH was traditionally operated as a congregant community meal, Garramone said a to-go option was always offered, which made the shift to takeout only easier to navigate. Beyond feeding those in need, Garramone said the programs create important connections between members of the community from all walks of life.
"Communities at their best help people feel like they belong," Garramone said. "There is a wonderful feeling of collegiality and belonging."
The dramatic growth of both programs amidst the conditions created by the pandemic led the church to relocate the programs to One Church Street early. St. John's will have to find temporary quarters for both when planned renovations get underway in the fall.
The church plans to renovate the building in phases. The work planned for this year will completely overhaul the ground floor level and will incorporate necessary upgrades to the building's plumbing, the installation of an HVAC system and the installation of an elevator to make the facility fully accessible.
The first floor will be completely renovated and an existing pool that is in a state of disrepair will be covered to create a dining area. A kitchen will be created with space for demonstrations where church members and local agencies can illustrate to both program participants and the community at large how to prepare healthy food that is also tasty.
The kitchen will have storage space to serve the existing food programs and a new food pharmacy the church will roll out with the support of Nathan Littauer Hospital. That program will provide fresh food for free to individuals as prescribed by their healthcare providers to address health conditions like diabetes or high cholesterol.
The renovations planned this year are expected to cost approximately $1.5 million. The church has secured $1.2 million in grants and contributions from organizations and community members.
"What I think is exceptional about this project is we've been able to raise this money during the pandemic," Garramone said. "I find it exceptional at a time when people are buttoning down and holding onto things, that people became their most generous selves."
The church is making a final fundraising push over the summer in partnership with local businesses that are displaying collection jars to raise awareness about hunger where community members can drop contributions to the project.
"It's such an exciting project and there is such a great need," Rhodes said. "We want to let people know we are expanding and let people know we have these resources who need them."
Reaching the $1.5 million goal is essential given rising construction costs and the reality that there may be surprises lurking in the old building.
"It is a beautiful building we're going to house these projects in, but it is an older building," Garramone said. "When you work with an old building you have to work with the constraints … we anticipate a lot of those incidental costs to make sure it is suited to welcoming those kinds of programs."
Although the church is fully focused on the upcoming renovation project for now, Garramone said eventually St. John's plans to renovate the second and third floors to create an event space that would be available to the community for performances or activities, along with office spaces for the church and other community agencies.
Garramone was effusive over the support for the food programs and the renovation project from community members and organizations over the years. She is over the moon at the thought of welcoming visitors to the newly renovated space next spring.
"I can't get over how cool it is, because churches are having difficulty and this is a church that has great faith in big dreams that are becoming a reality," Garramone said. "I feel such a sense of gratitude."
For more information about the project or to make a contribution, visit onechurchstreet.org.
Capital Region unemployment rate steady in state report
Stefanik joins House government 'weaponization' panel
Removed DOT sticker central to Schoharie limo operator's appeal
Categories: Fulton Montgomery Schoharie


Where is the Kinney County Tax Assessor's Office?
The Kinney County Tax Assessor, Collector, Delinquent Property Taxes, Foreclosures, Elections Office is located at 501 South Ann Street in Brackettville, Texas.
What can the Kinney County Assessor's Office do for me?
The Kinney County Tax Assessor's Office oversees the appraisal and assessment of properties as well as the billing and collection of property taxes for all taxable real estate located in Kinney County.
If you would like to appeal your property, call the Kinney County Assessor's Office at (830) 563 2688 and ask for a property tax appeal form. Keep in mind that property tax appeals are generally only accepted in a 1-3 month window each year.
The median home value in Kinney County is between $35,587.00 and $57,213.00. Property tax rates are based on property values.
Links broken? Please contact us if any of our Kinney County links are not working or are out-of-date.


On April 5, 2019, TYM organized the opening ceremony for 8 transaction offices of 5 branches: Dien Chau, Quynh Luu, Do Luong, Nghi Loc and Hung Nguyen in Nghe An province.
1. Transaction office 02 in Yen Thanh district, Dien Chau branch, Nghe An province.
Thus, as of now, all TYM has 21 branches and 38 transaction offices in 13 provinces/ cities.


FRANCE: The first utility-scale offshore wind projects will be delayed until 2021 at the earliest, developer EDF Energies Nouvelles (EDF EN) has confirmed.
EDF EN director of Marine Renewable Energies, Beatrice Buffon, said the delay is due to legal challenges launched this summer against the projects at St-Nazaire (480MW), Fecamp (498MW) and Courseulles-sur-Mer (450MW).
Development permits for the site were awarded to the consortium of EDF EN and Dong Energy (subsequently bought out by Enbridge), alongside WPD Offshore for Fecamp and Courseulles, in 2012.
Complaints against the projects cite negative impacts on fishing and tourism, environmental issues and proximity to the D-Day beaches among other things. The court must deliver its verdict within 12 months.
"This means a year's delay for the projects," Buffon explained. The consortium now expects to make the final investment decisions in late 2017 or early 2018.
Construction will then take four years, meaning the first turbines will be commissioned in 2021 and the projects completed in 2022, if all goes to plan. The original date for completion was 2020.
EDF EN had better news regarding its Provence Grand Large pilot floating project it was awarded earlier this month.
EDF EN has been developing the site for several years and is "very confident of securing the permits", Buffon said.
The pilot will comprise three Siemens 8MW turbines on tension-leg platforms designed by SBM Offshore and IFP Energies Nouvelles.
Buffon expects it to be the first of the four projects to start operating, with installation scheduled for 2020.


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Motorcyclist hit by SUV in Rehoboth Beach: police
The motorcyclist was ejected onto the roadway after a car struck him in Rehoboth Beach on Saturday.
Motorcyclist hit by SUV in Rehoboth Beach: police The motorcyclist was ejected onto the roadway after a car struck him in Rehoboth Beach on Saturday. Check out this story on delmarvanow.com: https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/delaware/2018/05/14/motorcyclist-struck-vehicle-rehoboth-beach-police/607143002/
Taylor Goebel, tgoebel@delmarvanow.com Published 11:47 a.m. ET May 14, 2018
Ocean City police are investigating an incident on 53rd Street on Sunday. Ryan Marshall, rmarshall@delmarvanow.com
Rehoboth Beach Police Department logo
A Rehoboth Beach motorcyclist ended up in the hospital Saturday after he was hit by a SUV, police said.
At about 2:30 p.m., Rehoboth Beach resident Jack Sampson, 33, was driving a Honda motorcycle north on King Charles Avenue, approaching Hickman Street, according to a news release by the Rehoboth Beach Police Department.
At the same time, Bradley Wright, 40, of Sterling, Virginia, was driving a 2003 Chevrolet Trailblazer west on Hickman Street approaching the stop sign at King Charles Avenue.
Wright failed to remain stopped at the sign and drove onto King Charles Avenue as Sampson passed through the intersection. The front of Wright's Trailblazer struck the right side of Sampson and his motorcycle ejected him onto the roadway, police said.
Sampson was transported to Beebe Medical Center to be treated for injuries that were nonlife-threatening.
Wright, who was not injured during the collision, was issued a traffic citation for failing to remain stopped at a stop sign, according to the release.
More: Court upholds conviction in gang rape of teen at Ocean City hotel
More: Ocean City police investigating death from fall on 53rd Street
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I always had a hard time imagining what it would be like if Selena and her Springbreaker friends were to show up to an awards ceremony completely naked, but now thanks to the wizards at Redtube, I know exactly what that would be like — and I like it! Hilton, meanwhile, is so bored out of her mind that at one point she stops to answer her phone. Watching it is a dull and queasy task. There's even suspense when they almost hit a rock not a euphemism, a literal rock. Alas, the '80s were not as glamorous as previously reported. He—he being famed porn star James Deen—has been accused of rape and sexual assault by multiple women.
Celebrity Sex Tape Tube
The most famous, One Night in Paris, is a textbook example of everything you shouldn't do with your home porno. Male celebrity sex tapes are also in abundance at You Porn. Tip: Handheld is almost always better than stationary photography, especially webcams, which feel distant and clinical. She shows the slightest bit of humanity when Ray J shoots her unpacking, but it's quickly replaced by a smile. There must be a Nicki Minaj sex tape, sailing around on the world wide web, somewhere. I've watched a lot of celebrity sex tapes.
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Young kids can really start to learn about pollution. The way I recommend doing that is to teach kids about garbage. Kids know about cleaning up, kids know about washing their hands. At the same time teach them about garbage. Why is that dirty on the floor? Why is that garbage at the beach? Have them help clean up the house. Have them help sort the garbage form recycling bins to regular garbage bins. Once they understand the concept of garbage, dirty and clean, they can understand the concept of dirty and clean air. Why is cigarette smoke dirty? Why does it smell bad at the gas station? Start with small things that toddlers can understand and then older kids can start to understand what air pollution is and why it's not just at little areas that are dirty but at why our whole globe is becoming polluted.


उत्तर: Hllo dear ur baby's 3 years old giving him an additional 2-4 ounces (1/4-1/2 cup) of water after each feeding to help bowels flush properly. Prune juice has a natural laxative effect, but pear or apple juices also work well to relieve minor constipation. To avoid gassiness, start slowly with less than 2 ounces of juice after feedings.Bananas, rice cereal, carrots, and cheese are a mainstay of most infant diets--they also tend to have a binding effect on stool. Foods like apricots, pears, prunes, peaches, and plums are better choices to help avoid constipation. Sometimes making your baby's body move will help get his bowels moving, too. Place your baby on his back in front of you. Lift up his legs and move them in a circular motion to mimic the motions of peddling a bicycle. .With your baby on her back, place your hand on her belly button. Using a clockwise motion, massage your baby's tummy in ever bigger circles. Follow your baby's cues as to how much pressure to use. If she fusses or cries, you're pressing too hard.


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Home :: Military :: Library :: Policy :: Army :: Field Manuals :: 23-11 ::
TECHNIQUE OF FIRE
Section I. GENERAL
70. Definitions and Scope
a. Terms.
(1) Technique of fire. Placing effective fire on a target.
(2) Direct laying. Pointing a weapon for direction and elevation by laying on a target visible to the gunner as he looks through the sight.
(3) Direct fire. Firing conducted when the gunner is using direct laying.
b. Scope. Training in marksmanship is a prerequisite for instruction in direct laying. Direct laying involves a knowledge of the following subjects:
(1) Characteristics of fire.
(2) Range, apparent speed, and lead determination.
(3) Fire commands.
(4) Fire control.
71. Characteristics of Fire
a. Trajectory.
(1) The trajectory of a projectile is the curve traced by the center of gravity of the projectile in its flight from the muzzle of the gun to the point of impact. A knowledge of the trajectory is important, especially in firing antitank weapons and when firing over the heads of friendly troops.
(2) The 90mm rifle is classified as a flat trajectory weapon. The muzzle velocity and the weight of the projectile are the more important factors in determining the flatness of the trajectory. In all cases, however, due to the action of the force of gravity and air resistance, the trajectory of projectiles is actually a curve and not a straight line. Air resistance retards the projectile during its flight, causing the angle of fall to be greater than the angle of elevation. Therefore, the projectile reaches its maximum ordinate (highest point) closer to the point of impact than to the rifle (fig. 36).
(3) A line tangent to the trajectory at the point of impact is called the line of fall. The vertical angle between the line of fall and the ground at the point of impact is called the angle of fall.
b. Dispersion.
(1) When firing a large number of rounds from a rifle having elevation, direction, and other conditions as nearly identical as possible, the points of impact of the projectile are scattered both in range and deflection. This scattering is called dispersion. The greatest concentration of points of impact is near the center of the group. Approximately as many points fall short of the center as fall beyond, and a few will fall to the right or to the left.
(2) Among factors that cause dispersion are variations in weight and composition of the propellant, weight and balance of the projectile, and atmospheric condition.
c. Dispersion Rectangle and Probable Error. In general, the points of impact of projectiles fired from a rifle, using the identical sight picture for each cartridge fired, may be included in a rectangle with its longer axis along the gun-target line. This is called a dispersion rectangle. If this rectangle is divided into eight equal parts by lines drawn perpendicular to the line of fire, the percentage of points of impact to be expected in each part is as shown in figure 37. Notice that each of the two segments nearest the center of the dispersion rectangle contain 25 percent of all impacts. The length (in the direction of fire) of each of the segments of the dispersion rectangle represents one range probable error. The value in meters of one range probable error, which varies with the range from the rifle to the center of impact, is given in the firing table pertaining to the type of ammunition being fired.
Section II. RANGE DETERMINATION, AND
ESTIMATING LEAD AND APPARENT SPEED
72. Range Determination
a. General.
(1) Ability to accurately estimate range is essential to achieve first round hits. The length of time available to fire is in many cases limited; therefore, quick and accurate determination of range is extremely important.
(2) The methods used to determine range to a given target are:
(a) Using stadia lines in the sight reticle.
(b) Using map distance.
(c) Estimating by eye.
(d) Obtaining the range from other units.
(e) Firing other weapons.
(f) Measuring ground distance.
(g) Using binoculars.
b. Stadia Lines. The stadia lines in the sight reticle are a readily available means of estimating range (fig. 38). These lines are developed from the mil relation formula and are designed to enable the gunner to estimate range to targets having a 10- or 20-foot dimension. Most tanks are approximately 10 feet wide and 20 feet long. To estimate range, the gunner adjusts the lay of the rifle until the target exactly fits between the stadia lines. The point on the vertical (range) line of the reticle, that corresponds to the center of mass of the target, indicates the range. The target in figure 38 is at a range of 275 meters. On targets showing more of the flank than the front, a full stadia picture is used. If more of the front than the flank is shown, a half stadia picture is necessary (fig. 39). It is important to remember that a deflection adjustment must be made from a half stadia picture to obtain the correct sight picture for target engagement.
c. Map Distance. Accuracy of determining range from a map depends on skill in map reading and the accuracy of the map (FM 21-26).
d. Estimating Range by Eye. See FM 23-71 for explanation.
e. Obtaining the Range From Other Units. Often, a unit relieved from a combat position possesses range cards and other information that may be of use to the relieving unit. Also, other units of the same organization as the relieving unit may have the desired information. This latter source of information is usually reliable, especially if the unit has previously engaged targets in the area. In many cases, other weapons have been fired at targets near the target being engaged by the 90mm rifle, and their range data may be useful in determining the desired range.
f. Firing Other Weapon. You may use the fire of other weapons to determine range. The fire of smaller individual weapons, such as the M14 rifle using tracer ammunition, does not disclose the position as readily as do larger type weapons and is effective to ranges of approximately 500 meters.
g. Measuring Ground Distance. If the situation permits freedom of movement, pace off the distance or measure it with tape or speedometer.
h. Using Binoculars. Binoculars, used in conjunction with the mil relation (WORM) formula, are useful in determining ranges. To use this method, select a house, door, window, highway, or a telephone pole--something which has a known size or can be closely estimated. Using the mil scale in the binoculars, measure the height or width of the object. Then substitute in the mil relation formula: , where R equals range in thousands of meters, m equals width in mils, and W equals width of the object in meters.
73. Determining Leads
The primary method of determining leads for the 90mm rifle is as follows:
a. Estimate apparent speed of the target.
b. Convert the apparent speed to leads.
74. Apparent Speed Estimation
The speed at which a target seems to move toward or away from the line of sight is called apparent speed. It is determined by establishing a line of sight and then estimating the target's speed as it moves toward or away from this line of sight. In figure 40, tank A has no apparent speed no matter how fast it is moving because it is moving directly toward the gunner. The same applies if the tank is moving directly away from the gunner. Tank B has an apparent speed equal to its actual speed, because it is moving perpendicular to the gunner's line of sight. Tank C, moving at the oblique, has an apparent speed less than its actual speed. Constant practice is the only method by which the gunner can acquire proficiency in estimating apparent speed.
75. Lead Estimation
a. A moving target is led by the distance it travels from the time the rifle is fired until the projectile crosses the path of the target. Angular leads are measured with the direct fire sight M103, 5 mils being equal to one lead. The number of leads applied varies with the apparent speed of the target, but not the range.
b. Ballistic characteristics of the 90mm rifle are such that one lead is applied on the sight reticle for each 2½ miles per hour of apparent speed of the target.
c. An alternate means of determining leads is the common lead rule. The number of leads required is determined by the direction the target is moving in relation to the gun position (fig. 41). Target speed is assumed to be 15 miles per hour. If the target is moving directly toward or away from the gun position, no leads are required. If the target is moving from 1 or 11 o'clock, two leads are used; from 2 or 10 o'clock, four leads; and from 3 or 9 o'clock, six leads.
Section IV. FIRE COMMANDS
a. Fire commands are instructions issued to enable a weapons crew to engage a target. The squad leader normally issues the fire commands. In some cases, however, the time element involved may require the gunner to issue an abbreviated command. In either case, a standard sequence is followed (para 78).
b. Training in fire commands is designed to develop squad proficiency to such a degree that all fire after the initial shot can be adjusted without command from the squad leader, until the target is destroyed or the squad leader decides to resume adjustment.
c. There are two kinds of fire commands: initial and subsequent. Initial fire commands include all data necessary for laying, loading, and firing the rifle. Subsequent fire commands include those commands issued to adjust, shift, cease, or suspend fire. They normally include only those elements necessary to accomplish these actions.
d. A correct fire command is as brief as clarity permits. It includes all the elements needed to accomplish the fire mission and is given in logical sequence to accustom the crew to executing instructions in a definite order. It is transmitted at a rate that permits receipt and application of instructions without confusion. Any unnecessary elements are omitted.
e. Fire commands are usually given orally. When oral delivery is not practicable, they may be transmitted by telephone, radio, messenger, or arm-and-hand signals worked out with the crew.
f. Numbers are announced as illustrated in the following examples:
10 --------------- ONE ZERO
25 --------------- TWO FIVE
300 -------------- THREE HUNDRED
475 -------------- FOUR SEVEN FIVE
***g. When the squad leader issues fire commands, the gunner repeats all commands.
77. Sequence of Initial Fire Commands
a. Sequence. The following sequence is prescribed for the initial fire command. Any of these elements that do not pertain to a specific fire command are omitted.
(1) Alert.
(2) Type of ammunition.
(3) Direction.
(4) Target description.
(5) Range.
(6) Leads.
(7) Control.
b. Alert. The alert is always the first element of the initial fire command. It consists of the command FIRE MISSION in the case of a stationary target or the command MOVING TARGET in the case of a moving target. The alert puts the rifle crew in readiness to execute a fire command with the least practicable delay.
***c. Ammunition. This element may be omitted unless TP or antipersonnel ammunition is to be fired. When this element is omitted, HEAT will be loaded as soon as the alert is given.
d. Direction. Direction may be given either orally, by pointing, or by a combination of these two methods. The squad leader may use a reference point in designating those targets that are difficult for the gunner to locate. The clock system of indicating direction may also be used.
e. Target Description. Targets are described as quickly and simply as is consistent with clarity. The squad leader uses the following word or words to designate targets:
Any tank ----------------------- TANK
Any unarmored vehicle --------- TRUCK
Personnel ---------------------- TROOPS
Automatic weapon ------------- MACHINEGUN
Any antitank or artillery piece -- ANTITANK
Any other target --------------- Briefest descriptive form.
If several targets are in view, he designates the particular target or part of target to fire on; for example, LEADING TANK or LAST TRUCK.
f. Range. Range is announced in meters (estimated or determined) either orally or by signals.
g. Leads. This element has application only in the case of moving targets. Leads are announced in units of 5-mil angular leads, as: TWO LEADS, or THREE AND ONE-HALF LEADS.
h. Control. This element is given as FIRE, or when a short delay is necessary, AT MY COMMAND. This is followed at the desired time by the command FIRE.
78. Examples of Initial Fire Commands
a. Stationary Target at 400 Meters.
FIRE MISSION
RIGHT FRONT
FOUR HUNDRED
b. Moving Target at 300 Meters and 15 Miles Per Hour Apparent Speed.
MOVING TARGET
SIX LEADS
c. Examples of Initial Fire Commands When the Gunner is Issuing the Command.
LEFT FRONT
Note. The gunner issues only those elements that affect other members of the squad.
79. Subsequent Fire Commands
a. Sensing. In direct fire, sense each burst for deflection and range. Do not announce either sensing. See paragraph 89 for a discussion of sensing and conduct of fire.
b. Elements. Elements of a subsequent fire command generally include only those elements in which there is a change from the previous fire command. Range and control elements are always included.
c. Announcing Subsequent Fire Commands.Give subsequent commands as corrections to the previous sight picture. Use the following terms to announce these corrections:
Fire at the same range -------------- REPEAT RANGE
Increase range --------------------- ADD
Decrease range -------------------- DROP
Move the burst or strike to right ---- RIGHT
Move the burst or strike to left ----- LEFT
Increase leads --------------------- MORE
Decrease leads -------------------- LESS
80. Corrections
a. Deflection. When firing on stationary targets, give corrections in deflection (in mils) as RIGHT FIVE, LEFT ONE ZERO. When deflection is correct, omit this element from subsequent fire command.
b. Range. Always include this element in the subsequent fire command. If a correction is needed announce it as ADD ONE HUNDRED, DROP FIVE ZERO. If the range is correct, give this element as REPEAT RANGE.
c. Leads. When firing at moving targets, give the correction leads as TWO MORE, ONE LESS. Include this element in subsequent fire commands only when necessary.
81. Subsequent Fire Commands for Stationary Targets When the Squad Leader Is Adjusting the Fire
a. LEFT TWO ZERO
DROP ONE HUNDRED
b. RIGHT FIVE
ADD ONE HUNDRED
c. REPEAT RANGE
82. Subsequent Fire Commands for Moving Targets When the Squad Leader Is Adjusting the Fire
a. DROP ONE HUNDRED
b. ADD ONE HUNDRED
TWO MORE
83. Gunner's Subsequent Commands
When the gunner issues the initial fire command and adjusts his own fire, there is no subsequent fire command. It is desirable that all subsequent fire adjustments be made by the gunner in order to save time. When such adjustments are being made, firing continues uninterrupted until the mission is accomplished.
84. Repeating and Correcting Commands
a. Repeating. If the loader or gunner fails to understand any element of the fire command, he requests a repetition of that element by announcing DEFLECTION, RANGE, or AMMUNITION. He uses a rising inflection in his voice to denote a question. When any crew member asks that an element be repeated, misunderstanding is avoided by prefacing the repeated element or elements with the phrase THE COMMAND WAS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This phrase is used only when repeating an element of an unexecuted fire command.
b. Corrections. In all initial fire commands, correct or erroneous command by saying CORRECTION, and give the new command. To correct an erroneous range command of 200 meters to 300 metes, the procedure is: CORRECTION, THREE HUNDRED, FIRE. (NOTE that the corrected initial fire command is followed by the command to FIRE.) To correct an error in a subsequent fire command, the observer says CORRECTION and repeats the entire subsequent command correctly.
85. Cease Firing
CEASE FIRING is announced when the squad leader desires to interrupt firing for any reason. It indicates the completion of firing with the data in the gunner's possession. Firing is then renewed by an initial fire command. SUSPEND FIRING is the command for a temporary halt in firing a particular mission. Given COMMENCE FIRING after SUSPEND FIRING, the crew continues to fire the mission under the previous fire command.
86. Termination of Alert
To allow the crew to relax between missions so its response to subsequent alerts is more complete, termination of the alert is announced as CEASE FIRING, END OF MISSION. If oral commands are not practicable, appropriate (arm-and-hand) signals may be used.
Section V. FIRE CONTROL
Fire control implies the ability of a leader to open fire at the instant he desires, adjust the fire of his rifle or rifles upon the target, shift fire from one target to another, regulate the rate of fire, and to cease firing at will. A leader must accomplish these promptly if the fire is to be effective. Lack of good fire control results in loss of surprise effect, premature disclosure of position, and fire on unimportant targets. It also results in a loss of time in securing adjustment and a waste of ammunition. Fire control depends on thorough discipline, technical training, and the initiative of crew members. Because of noise, semi-isolation of firing position limited vision, and fleeting opportunity, fire control must be simple to insure effective execution of the mission and the engagement of new and unexpected targets.
88. Chain of Fire Control
The commander responsible for employment of the rifle issues the necessary orders directly to the platoon leader. The platoon leader, in turn, gives his orders to his squad leaders. The squad leader is responsible for the ultimate control of the crew and the accomplishment of its mission.
89. Adjustment of Fire
(1) Adjustment of fire is one of the most important phases of fire control. If first round hits are not achieved during firing, rapid adjustments of fire are made with subsequent rounds.
(2) Target misses are sensed prior to issuance of subsequent corrective fire adjustments. The term sensing means that the person controlling the fire of the weapon notes where the projectile bursts in relation to the target. His sensing includes both range and deflection observations. After the observer has made his sensing, he determines the corrections necessary to obtain a target hit, and gives the appropriate subsequent fire command. For example, if the miss was sensed 10 mils to the left and 100 meters over the target the correct subsequent fire command would be--
RIGHT ONE ZERO
b. Burst-On-Target Method.
(1) This method is primary with the 90mm rifle. It may be used up to the maximum range graduation of the sight reticle. With a well-trained gunner, it is the most accurate and rapid system of fire adjustment. The gunner has complete control over the adjustment of his fire. This system cuts the time lag between firing, and eliminates time required for the observer to sense the burst and formulate and issue a subsequent fire command. It also eliminates time required by the crew to interpret and execute the command.
(2) The burst-on-target method is based on the fact that the rifle is boresighted. As long as this condition exists, the burst of each round fired at a given range will appear on the same place in the sight reticle. If the gunner moves the point-of-burst on the sight to the center of mass of the target, a hit will be obtained with the next round.
(3) In using the burst-on-target method, the gunner makes his own sensings and then applies the corrected data to the rifle. The squad leader, after issuing the initial fire command, remains silent. He is ready, however, to take over if the gunner needs help or if the gunner cannot see the burst-on-target relationship through the sight. In this case, the squad leader issues normal subsequent commands to adjust the fire. The gunner uses a sight picture for his initial firing from the elements of the squad leader's initial fire command.
TWO HUNDRED
(a) The gunner fires the rifle and, while the projectile is on the way to the target, he checks his sight picture and makes any corrections necessary because of the movement of the weapon when fired.
(b) He notes the point on the sight reticle where the burst appears and moves this point onto the center of mass of the target.
(c) He again fires. This should give him a target hit; if not, he applies the same principle and fires again; this time he should have a target hit.
(4) The most difficult step to achieve in the burst-on-target method is the movement of the burst point to the target. The burst indication is either a puff of smoke or a cloud of dust which settles rapidly. The gunner chooses some mark on his sight reticle in the center of burst before the burst indication disappears. He then moves that exact point to the center of mass of the target to fire his subsequent round. In selecting this point, the gunner chooses a lead line, a range graduation, or interpolates between lines. A failure to hit with the second round normally indicates an inaccurate movement of the center of burst. Should the gunner fail to achieve a hit with his second round, he repeats the process moving the new center-of-burst to the center of the target by manipulation of the bipod or moving the rifle right or left, whichever the case may be.
90. Neutralization Fire
The squad leader or gunner may desire to place a number of rounds on the target to destroy or neutralize it. Because of the ammunition resupply problem, he does not command FIRE FOR EFFECT. He estimates the number of rounds needed for neutralization or destruction checks the ammunition on hand, and issues a subsequent fire command for each additional cartridge to be fired. Example: REPEAT RANGE, FIRE.
Section VI. BORESIGHTING
Accurate marksmanship with the weapon re-quires accurate bore sighting or zeroing results in an inability to hit the target. To aline the axis of the 90mm bore (extended) and the telescopic line of sight, converge both on some distant aiming point beyond 500 meters.
92. Procedure
a. Four notches, 90° apart, are located on the muzzle end of the 90mm rifle. Place two pieces of thread or some similar material across opposite notches. The point of intersection marks the axis of the bore at the muzzle end of the weapon.
b. Insert a boresight disc, issued with each weapon, in the chamber to determine the axis of the bore at breech.
c. In the event the boresight disc is not available, insert the breechblock into the chamber, after removing the firing pin, so the axis of the bore at the breech is defined by the firing pin hole in the breechblock.
d. Select an aiming point beyond the range to any likely target. With the eye held several inches behind the breech, aline the axis of the bore on the aiming point by rotating the elevation and traversing the rifle.
e. Look through the telescope and insure that the boresight cross of the sight reticle is alined on the same aiming point. If the boresight cross is not alined, bring it to the aiming point by rotating the elevating and azimuth correction screws with the screwdriver end of the combination wrench. Recheck alinement through the bore and through the sight. When the sight and the bore are properly alined on the aiming point, the 90mm rifle is foresighted (fig. 42).
Section VII. ZEROING THE SUBCALIBER DEVICE
93. Target Selection
a. Accuracy with the subcaliber device depends on the zeroing procedures followed.
**b. When firing tables III and IV, it is recommended that the subcaliber device is zeroed at a range of 80 percent of the most distant target in order to eliminate the requirement for zeroing at each specific range, and to reduce the mismatch between the trajectory and the sight reticle.
94. Firing
The gunner fires two rounds and observes their impact. While the loader holds the weapon steady, the gunner moves that range which corresponds to the range of the target to the center of impact of the two rounds. He does this with the azimuth and elevation screws located under the sight. He then resumes his original sight picture and fires two more rounds. He continues this process until he is hitting the visible center of mass of the target using his original sight picture, at which time the weapon is zeroed.