text:
Q: Android Constraint Layout Breaks When Keyboard is Opened I'm developing an android app using a constraint layout, but when the keyboard is opened, the layout breaks and does not return until the app has been restarted. The textEdit box alos remains highlighted after the keyboard has been closed, which is unwanted behavior.
How can I edit the GUI so that the layout returns to its proper state after the keyboard has been closed and the textEdit box is unfocused?
As a side note, talk to me like I know nothing, because I do know nothing about GUI's or android development. I'm working on this app as part of a group project in one of my CS classes (the course material isn't on android or GUI development).
Below is the XML and images of whats happening.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
                                                   xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
                                                   xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
                                                   android:layout_width="match_parent"
                                                   android:layout_height="match_parent"
                                                   tools:context=".MainActivity"
        >

    <ScrollView
            android:layout_width="362dp"
            android:layout_height="194dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="360dp"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="25dp"
            android:layout_marginBottom="177dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="22dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            android:id="@+id/nextGuesses"
            android:backgroundTint="#7E55C8"
            android:background="#A8A8A8"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent">

        <LinearLayout
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:orientation="vertical"
                android:backgroundTint="#673AB7"/>
    </ScrollView>

    <TextView
            android:id="@+id/prevGuess5"
            android:layout_width="80dp"
            android:layout_height="26dp"
            android:text="5."
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="223dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="306dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="108dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="1.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#A6A6A6"
            android:layout_marginBottom="399dp"
            android:textAlignment="viewStart"
            android:background="#A5A5A5"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <TextView
            android:id="@+id/prevGuess4"
            android:layout_width="85dp"
            android:layout_height="29dp"
            android:text="4."
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="95dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="306dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="231dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#A6A6A6"
            android:layout_marginBottom="396dp"
            android:textAlignment="viewStart"
            android:background="#A5A5A5"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <TextView
            android:id="@+id/prevGuess3"
            android:layout_width="86dp"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:text="3."
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="278dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="266dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="47dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#A6A6A6"
            android:layout_marginBottom="423dp"
            android:textAlignment="viewStart"
            android:background="#A5A5A5"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <TextView
            android:id="@+id/prevGuess2"
            android:layout_width="88dp"
            android:layout_height="31dp"
            android:text="2."
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="156dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="266dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="167dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#A6A6A6"
            android:layout_marginBottom="422dp"
            android:textAlignment="viewStart"
            android:background="#A5A5A5"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <TextView
            android:id="@+id/prevGuess1"
            android:layout_width="98dp"
            android:layout_height="31dp"
            android:text="1."
            android:layout_marginEnd="280dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            android:backgroundTint="#979797"
            android:textAlignment="viewStart"
            android:background="#A5A5A5"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="34dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="266dp"
            android:layout_marginBottom="434dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"/>

    <TextView
            android:text="Current Guess:"
            android:layout_width="230dp"
            android:layout_height="52dp"
            android:id="@+id/currentGuess3"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="28dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="325dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginBottom="51dp"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/gridLayout"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.075"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:textSize="34sp"/>

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/undoGuess"
            android:layout_width="173dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:text="Undo Last Guess"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="24dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="582dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="214dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#5D0FB5"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginBottom="89dp"/>

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/startOver"
            android:layout_width="173dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:text="Start Over"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="24dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="646dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="214dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#A30000"
            android:layout_marginBottom="25dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/helpButton"
            android:layout_width="102dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:text="Help?"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="278dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="655dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="24dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#939393"
            android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

    <GridLayout
            android:id="@+id/gridLayout"
            android:layout_width="381dp"
            android:layout_height="152dp"
            android:layout_marginStart="12dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="70dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="12dp"
            android:background="@color/cardview_dark_background"
            android:columnCount="5"
            android:rowCount="2"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.333"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            tools:context=".MainActivity">

        <EditText
                android:id="@+id/gridInput_00"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="0"
                android:layout_column="0"
                android:ems="10"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:inputType="text"
                android:maxLength="1"
                android:textColor="@color/white"
                android:textSize="28dp"
                android:textAllCaps="true"
                android:textAlignment="center"/>

        <EditText
                android:id="@+id/gridInput_01"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="0"
                android:layout_column="1"
                android:ems="10"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:inputType="text"
                android:maxLength="1"
                android:textColor="@color/white"
                android:textSize="28dp"
                android:textAllCaps="true"
                android:textAlignment="center"/>

        <EditText
                android:id="@+id/gridInput_02"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="0"
                android:layout_column="2"
                android:ems="10"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:inputType="text"
                android:maxLength="1"
                android:textColor="@color/white"
                android:textSize="28dp"
                android:textAllCaps="true"/>

        <EditText
                android:id="@+id/gridInput_03"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="0"
                android:layout_column="3"
                android:ems="10"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:inputType="text"
                android:maxLength="1"
                android:textColor="@color/white"
                android:textSize="28dp"
                android:textAllCaps="true"/>

        <EditText
                android:id="@+id/gridInput_04"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="0"
                android:layout_column="4"
                android:ems="10"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:inputType="text"
                android:maxLength="1"
                android:textColor="@color/white"
                android:textSize="28dp"
                android:textAllCaps="true"/>

        <Button
                android:id="@+id/gridColor_00"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="1"
                android:layout_column="0"
                android:backgroundTint="#D3D3D3"/>

        <Button
                android:id="@+id/gridColor_01"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="1"
                android:layout_column="1"
                android:backgroundTint="#D3D3D3"/>

        <Button
                android:id="@+id/gridColor_02"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="1"
                android:layout_column="2"
                android:backgroundTint="#D3D3D3"/>

        <Button
                android:id="@+id/gridColor_03"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="1"
                android:layout_column="3"
                android:backgroundTint="#D3D3D3"/>

        <Button
                android:id="@+id/gridColor_04"
                android:layout_width="76dp"
                android:layout_height="76dp"
                android:layout_row="1"
                android:layout_column="4"
                android:backgroundTint="#D3D3D3"/>
        />
    </GridLayout>

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/enterGuess"
            android:layout_width="173dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:text="Enter Guess"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="214dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="582dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="24dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:backgroundTint="#2F602B"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginBottom="89dp"/>

    <TextView
            android:text="Current Guess:"
            android:layout_width="230dp"
            android:layout_height="52dp"
            android:id="@+id/currentGuess"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="28dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:layout_marginEnd="325dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginBottom="51dp"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/gridLayout"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.075"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"
            android:textSize="34sp"/>

    <TextView
            android:text="Previous Guesses:"
            android:layout_width="148dp"
            android:layout_height="25dp"
            android:id="@+id/previousGuesses"
            android:textSize="16sp"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginStart="32dp"
            android:layout_marginBottom="8dp"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/prevGuess2"
            android:layout_marginEnd="200dp"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            android:layout_marginTop="13dp"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/gridLayout"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"/>

    <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:id="@+id/guideline2"
            app:layout_constraintGuide_begin="20dp"
            android:orientation="vertical"/>

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

I've tried constraining all of the UI elements to the border of the parent/screen


text:
SSPX & Ecclesia Dei - all one big happy family!
With thanks to Orinoco of Cathinfo for drawing our attention to the following, which appeared on the SSPX District website of Poland, here.
"During the last part of June, in the Priestly Society of St. Pius X will be the celebration of giving major orders to 37 seminarians, 18 of them ordained priests and 19 deacons.
At the seminary of St. Thomas Aquinas in Winona, USA, where ceremonies will be held on Friday, June 21 (the day of the liturgical feast of St. Aloysius Gonzaga, the patron saint of students), 11 deacons will be ordained priests - eight Americans and three Canadians. During the same ceremony six more deacons will be ordained - all from the United States.
On June 28, the eve of the feast of St. Peter and Paul the Apostles, at the seminary of St. Pius X ECONE Switzerland six deacons will be ordained priests - four French and two Italians, and nine subdeacons will become deacons - seven French and two Swiss.
A day later, on the feast of St. Peter and Paul the Apostles, in the seminary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Zaitzkofen, Bavaria two deacons will receive priestly ordination - one German and a Pole, from the Dominican monastery in Avrillé. On the same day was four subdeacons - three Poles and one Swiss will be ordained deacons.
At the same time, anumber of deacons and subdeacons belonging to some of the groups affiliated to the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei receive major orders.
June 22 at Santissima Trinita dei Pellegrini - the Roman church of the Fraternity of St Peter - three deacons will receive the priesthood - one Italian and two Australians from the Congregation of the Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (this is the first ordained granted to the institute for five years, from the time of canonical status and abandon the old identity Transalpine Redemptorists).
On June 29 at the Fraternity of St. Peter's seminary in Wigratzbad, Bavaria five deacons will receive priestly ordination- four French and one Canadian, and on July 1 in Denton, Nebraska, at the North American seminary of the Fraternity, another five.
Finally, on July 4 in Gricigliano in Italy, in the seminary of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, five deacons will be ordained priests - all from France (source: dici.org, Rorate-caeli.blogspot.com, 7 and 10 June 2013)."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pacific Interlock Pavingstone, Inc. is the oldest paving stone manufacturer in California, making paving stones since 1978. What began for the Tonder family as a vision and a hand-operated process have grown to several computer-controlled machines and incorporated the latest technologies to bring you the best possible product. They are committed to bringing "Old World" integrity and craftsmanship to their customers and to the Pavingstone industry. The Tonders believe that superior customer service, a consistently excellent product, and innovation are the keys to success. Our development department diligently works on improving current products and bringing new products into production, including "ECO"-friendly permeable pavers. This allows us to move into the future meeting the ever-changing needs of our customers and the world. With the highest standards in the business, we confidently stand behind our product.
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text:
Home → Welcome to My Green Doctor → Our Partner and Participant Organizations
Florida Medical Association
https://www.flmedical.org/florida/
The Florida Medical Association (FMA) has more than 16,000 physician members and is headquartered in Tallahassee, Florida, USA. The FMA exists to help physicians practice medicine. In carrying out our mission, we adhere to the following values:
ADVOCACY: Speaking for physicians and their patients
QUALITY: Promoting the highest standards of medical care
PROFESSIONALISM: Delivering care with integrity and compassion
FREEDOM: Maintaining choice in a free-market system that respects the patient/physician relationship
EDUCATION: Promoting life-long learning and the education of future physicians
HEALTHY FLORIDIANS: Promoting comprehensive patient care and public health.
The FMA has had a robust interest in environmental health since 2002 when it established the Environment and Health Section. These functions were transferred in 2012 to the Council on Healthy Floridians now under the leadership of Dr Beny Rub. The FMA House of Delegates has adopted a dozen environmental health policies on topics that include air and water quality, urban planning, climate change, environmental education and the physician's responsibility for the environment. My Green Doctor was launched in 2001 as part of the FMA's fulfillment of FMA policies on these topics.
For further information concerning the Florida Medical Association or about becoming a member, see our website (www.flmedical.org) or contact Dr Todd L Sack, Editor, My Green Doctor (tsack@bgclinic.com).
World Medical Association
https://www.wma.net
The World Medical Association (WMA) is an international organization representing physicians. It was founded on the 17th of September, 1947, when physicians from 27 different countries met at the First General Assembly of the WMA in Paris. The organization was created to ensure the independence of physicians, and to work for the highest possible standards of ethical behavior and care by physicians. This was particularly important to physicians after the Second World War, and therefore the WMA has always been an independent confederation of free professional associations. Funding is provided by the annual contributions of its members, which has now grown to include 106 national medical associations representing more than 5 millions physicians.
The purpose of the WMA is to serve humanity by endeavoring to achieve the highest international standards in medical education, medical science, medical art and medical ethics, and health care for all people of the world. The WMA provides a forum for its member associations by holding General Assembly, Council meetings, and seminars on various healthcare topics, where physicians can communicate freely, cooperate actively, and achieve consensus on high standards of medical ethics and professional competence. A key goal is to promote the professional freedom of physicians worldwide. For more than sixty years, through our public meetings, policies, and guidelines, WMA has been a world leader in medical ethics, professionalism, research standards, human rights and environmental protection.
The membership of the Association is comprised of physicians representing national, non-governmental, associations of physicians. Individual physicians can join the WMA as Associate Members, with voting rights at the Annual Associate Members Meeting and the right to participate in the General Assembly is given to representatives of the Associate Members.
The World Medical Association is proud to participate in My Green Doctor by serving on the My Green Doctor Editorial Board and by offering My Green Doctor as a benefit for our members. For more information, see our website (www.wma.net) or contact Clarisse Delorme (clarisse.delorme@wma.net).
The Medical Society Consortium on Climate & Health
https://medsocietiesforclimatehealth.org/
Climate change is one of the most important issues of our time and has major health and healthcare implications. As some of the most respected professionals in America, doctors and nurses have a crucial part to play in raising awareness of the public about these issues. To facilitate the medical community's awareness raising efforts, the Medical Society Consortium on Climate Change and Health (the Consortium) brings together associations representing approximately 500,000 clinical practitioners to carry three simple messages:
Climate change is harming Americans today and these harms will increase unless we act;
The way to slow or stop these harms is to decrease the use of fossil fuels and increase energy efficiency and use of clean energy sources; and
These changes in energy choices will improve the quality of our air and water and bring immediate health benefits.
American medical societies and their members have an important opportunity to weigh in to help ensure that the health risks of climate change and the health benefits of climate solutions, especially clean energy, are clearly understood. The voices of America's medical societies have the potential to help reframe the dialogue – putting human health and wellbeing front and center in the conversation.
https://www.aafp.org
Founded in 1947, the American Academy of Family Physicians represents 136,700 physicians and medical students nationwide, and it is the only medical society devoted solely to primary care.
Family physicians conduct approximately one in five of the total medical office visits in the United States per year – more than any other specialty. Family physicians provide comprehensive, evidence-based, and cost-effective care dedicated to improving the health of patients, families and communities. Family medicine's cornerstone is an ongoing and personal patient-physician relationship where the family physician serves as the hub of each patient's integrated care team.
With more Americans depending on family physicians than on any other medical specialty, family physicians diagnose and treat a multitude of diseases that result from the impact of climate change and poor environmental conditions. The AAFP is committed to working with other health care organizations to inform the public and policymakers about the harmful health effects of climate change.
To learn more about the AAFP and our commitment to environmental health and combatting climate change, visit www.aafp.org. Follow us on Twitter and like us on Facebook. For information about health care, health conditions and wellness, visit the AAFP's award-winning consumer website, www.familydoctor.org.
Florida Academy of Family Physicians
http://www.fafp.org/
The Florida Academy of Family Physicians (FAFP) is composed of more than 5,400 family medicine physicians, resident physicians, and medical students from across the state. The FAFP works to advance the specialty of family medicine by promoting excellence and improvement in the healthcare of all Floridians. Our priority is to help our members become the best family physicians they can be through effective communication, legislation/regulation, education, advocacy, research and motivation. The FAFP is the Florida chapter of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), which represents more than 124,900 members nationwide. Through its association with the AAFP, the Florida Academy strives to achieve the following goals:
ADVOCACY: Be the leading advocate for family physicians and the specialty of family medicine in Florida to promote healthcare excellence for patients.
EDUCATION: Be the premier resource for CME, knowledge exchange and professional development through the FAFP Foundation.
PRACTICE IMPROVEMENT AND CAREER ENHANCEMENT: Enhance and support members' abilities to fulfill practice and career goals and pursue work-life balance. My Green Doctor is one of our member benefits that lowers office costs significantly while creating a healthier community. The benefit includes a free Green Doctor Office certificate for the offices of members who achieve this program's environmental sustainability standards.
MEMBER ENGAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: Emphasize and enhance the value of a united profession through membership.
The FAFP also acts as the active voice for family medicine, advocating key issues among patients, the medical community, legislators and regulators, third-party payers, and the general public. The FAFP continually works to communicate, recognize and celebrate the issues of family medicine, while helping all Floridians to understand that having a family physician is vital to their health. Additionally, we strive to promote interest in family medicine as a career by working with Florida's medical schools to provide quality residency and medical training programs in family medicine. Today's initiatives of the FAFP will ensure the future of family medicine in Florida.
For more information about the Florida Academy of Family Physicians, visit www.fafp.org.
https://www.aad.org/
The American Academy of Dermatology was founded in 1938. It is the largest, most influential and representative dermatology group in the United States. With a membership of more than 20,000, it represents virtually all practicing dermatologists in the United States, as well as a growing number of international dermatologists.
The American Academy of Dermatology aims to provide its members with all the tools and resources needed to grow and develop careers and deliver the highest quality patient care. An extensive array of services is available to assist dermatologists and their patients: https://www.aad.org/members
The International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA)
https://ifmsa.org
Founded in 1951, The International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA), is one of the world's largest student-run organization. We represent 1.3 million medical students worldwide and engaged every day with medical students from 136 national member organizations in 119 countries.
Our work is divided into four main global health topics: public health; sexual and reproductive health; medical education; and human rights & peace. Each year, we organize over 13,000 clinical and research exchanges for our students to be able to explore innovations in medicine, healthcare systems and healthcare delivery in other settings.
We train our members to give them the skills and resources needed to become leaders. We conduct regional and international meetings of medical students to exchange, discuss and initiate projects; our delegates participate also in some of the world's most important conferences.
The IFMSA advocates for the pressing issues that matter to us, to shape the type of world in which we hope to live.
For student clerkship and exchange opportunities: http://ifmsa.org/frequently-asked-questions/
If you are unsure who to contact or simply want to find out more about the work of IFMSA, please email us at gs@ifmsa.org.
International Mailbox:
IFMSA International Secretariat, J0-208
https://www.cms.org/
With more than 6,000 members, the Colorado Medical Society (CMS) is the largest organization of physicians in Colorado. We champion health care issues that improve patient care, promote physician professional satisfaction, and create healthier communities in Colorado.
Some of the Society's Activities:
Partners in Medicine offers practices a large menu of practice management services with discounts for physicians and practices: https://www.cms.org/partners/ .
Colorado Medicine is the award-winning magazine of the Colorado Medical Society.
ASAP and LiveWire newsletters provide physicians and their practices with essential, up-to-date information. You can register to receive these free resources: https://conta.cc/38A394b
Support for thirty component Colorado health professional societies
Wellness Toolkit was created by the CMS's Committee on Physician Wellness to lead the society's efforts on improving physician wellbeing and reducing burnout: https://www.cms.org/articles/category/physician-wellness/ .
Membership: Physicians can apply for membership online using our online application (http://cms.org/membership/join/) and are welcome to contact the CMS membership department at membership@cms.org or (720) 858-6306.
Contact Information: The CMS is headquartered in Denver, Colorado: https://www.cms.org/about/contact/
Capital Medical Society
https://capmed.org/
Welcome to Capital Medical Society (CMS).
Our Mission is to promote the practice of medicine for the ultimate benefit of the patient
We are the Tallahassee-based professional membership organization for physicians, representing more than 630 licensed physician members who live and work in Leon, Gadsden, Jefferson, and Wakulla Counties, Florida, USA. A non-profit corporation, CMS is governed by an annually elected Board of Governors and offers a variety of services to both its members and to the public. CMS is affiliated with the Florida Medical Association, the largest, most effective organization representing the interests of all Florida physicians and their patients.
Colorado Academy of Family Physicians
www.coloradoafp.org
The Colorado Academy of Family Physicians is the only organization dedicated solely to family physicians in the state of Colorado. Our academy was founded in 1948 and currently represents over 2,600 practicing and retired family physicians, family medicine residents, and medical students.
We support Colorado's family physicians and patients by providing state-level advocacy, offering affordable and relevant education through our Annual Summit and other events, and championing health of the public initiatives that help all Coloradans live healthier lives.
The CAFP's mission is to serve as the bold champion for Colorado's family physicians, patients and communities, through education and advocacy.
Our vision is thriving Family Physicians creating a healthier Colorado.
For more information about the Colorado Academy of Family Physicians please visit www.coloradoafp.org
Physicians for Social Responsibility (Washington, DC)
http://www.psr.org
Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), Co-Recipient of the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize, has since 1961 mobilized health professionals on the issues posing the gravest dangers to human health and survival: nuclear weapons, climate change and environmental toxins. PSR's network of fourteen chapters in the United States informs the public and advocates at the local, federal, and international levels. PSR helped create the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) which was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize. PSR is pleased to be a My Green Doctor partner organization.
PSR's website offers many educational resources and tools for public speaking and advocacy.
To learn about activities in your region, see the link to PSR's chapters: http://www.psr.org/chapters/
To support Physicians for Social Responsibility: https://secure.psr.org/ea-action/action?ea.client.id=1898&ea.campaign.id=31330&ea.tracking.id=wrapper
To ask PSR an environmental question: Barbara Gottlieb, Environment & Health Program Director: email bgottlieb@psr.org ; 202-587-5225 (USA)
To ask PSR a questions on nuclear weapons and war: Martin Fleck, Nuclear Weapons and Security Program Director: mfleck@psr.org 202-587-5242
Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments
https://envirn.org
"Nurses Caring for Climate and Health"
The Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments (ANHE) is a United States-based society of nurse professionals dedicated to help solve the world's environmental challenges. Their website offers extensive useful information on topics that include "Climate Change", "Safer Chemicals", "Food Sustainability", "Water and Health", and "Energy and Health". The ANHE welcomes nurses to join one or more of their five Working Groups focused on "Education", "Research", "Practice", "Policy-Advocacy " and "Climate Change".
Participation and use of the website are open to all nurses worldwide. Please look at https://envirn.org to learn what you can do to create a healthier world.
Climate Psychiatry Alliance
https://www.climatepsychiatry.org/
Mission: The mission of the Climate Psychiatry Alliance is to inform the profession and the public about the urgent risks of climate change and the profound impacts on mental health and well-being caused by climate disruption. The grassroots affiliation of psychiatric professionals will have the ability to nimbly and creatively advocate and take actions that protect human health and create a sustainable world.
To create a forum to bring psychiatrists together with a collective voice, since we are more effective when we join together;
To provide a vehicle for sharing information, promoting empowering actions, supporting rational responses and fostering resilience;
To provide resources and information to professionals, public and media about the mental health and health impacts of climate disruption;
To influence policy through advocacy to our professional organizations and policy leaders at local, state and national levels;
To establish collaboration with like-minded national and international colleagues and groups.
Membership requirements: All psychiatrists who share the commitment to restore a sustainable healthy climate are welcome. We are committed to principles of collaboration and shared decision-making: https://www.climatepsychiatry.org/join-1
Library: CPA's website provides a large, searchable resource of the scientific and clinical literature about climate change and mental health: https://cpalib.herokuapp.com/papers/ .
Contact: info@climatepsychiatry.org
Medical Students for a Sustainable Future (MS4SF)
https://ms4sf.org/
Medical Students for a Sustainable Future is a network of medical students who recognize climate change as an urgent threat to health and social justice. Motivated to protect our future patients and the communities we love; we catalyze action to prevent and address the health harms of climate change.
We provide medical students with tools to tackle the climate crisis and make a difference in their institution and communities through advocacy, climate smart health care, communications & partnerships, curriculum reform, research, plant-based health, and ocean health:
We mobilize coordinated medical student actions and advocate for policy solutions to match the scale of the climate crisis. We provide resources and support to medical students across the country, so they can better engage in advocacy at institutional, local, and national levels.
Climate Smart Health Care
We seek to reduce the environmental impact of the health care sector, which accounts for 10% of our nation's greenhouse gases. We work to align with the "do no harm" credo of physicians by improving the resiliency of health care facilities in the face of climate change. We facilitate sustainability initiatives at medical schools and their associated health care systems by collecting resources for and providing support to individuals hoping to lead such endeavors.
Communications & Partnerships
We create powerful communications tools that allow knowledge-sharing and interdisciplinary collaboration and maintain accessible social media platforms. We collaborate and partner with organizations whose missions and values align with our own to increase impact and reach.
We advocate for medical school curriculum reform to include the intersection of climate change, health, and health care delivery so we are prepared to care for our patients and build resilient health systems in the face of a changing climate. We work with medical schools to create standardized core competencies for a climate-health curriculum.
We help our community stay informed by creating a database of relevant articles and discussing current literature on the intersections between climate and health. We also support members in initiating research projects, facilitating collaborations within our group, and connecting students to research mentors.
Plant-Based Health
We engage medical students in education on plant-based eating patterns and the relationship between food, health, and climate change. We incorporate plant-based nutrition into MS4SF advocacy, research, and curricular reform to further our climate goals.
We engage medical students on the interconnectedness between our world's oceans and human health. We work with our larger leadership team to advocate for the health of our oceans and develop partnerships with institutions dedicated to research and education to advance the understanding of the ocean, challenges that threaten its health, and the role of the physician in its healing.


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Democrats Put Convicted Serial Killer Back On The Streets
February 1, 2022 7:59AM PST
(photo by Getty Images)
Some of us realized the literally life threatening danger of voters choosing a crime-friendly district attorney like Mike Schmidt-show.
When riots made Portland ground zero for Antifa/Black Lives Matter riots and arson and looting and even murder…and Schmidt declined to prosecute hundreds of criminals…that's bad enough.
Now, it gets worse.
In the 1980s and 90's, a guy named Homer Lee Jackson 3rd went on a killing spree. At least four young women lost their lives to the serial killer.
Police found DNA evidence to tie all four murders to Jackson.
But elections have consequences…and 30 plus years of liberal democrat Governors have tainted the ranks of Oregon's courts with liberal judges.
One of them threw out all the DNA evidence against the killer Jackson.
Still, the DA still had four murder cases he could have taken to a jury. He chose to let Jackson walk instead…credit for time served and no punishment beyond that.
Jackson pleaded guilty to negligent homicide only.
The families of those young women are angry…but elections have consequences and voters chose a guy who likes to let criminals walk.


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Contained & Reopened: Promising News From Minnewaska State Park
Val Published: September 7, 2022
After a troubling 11 days at Minnewaska State Park in Ulster County, NY, an announcement was made mid-week indicating that certain areas of the park have reopened as of, September 7, 2022.
Firefighting agencies, both volunteer and professional, have battled devastating wildfires since officials shared the news that lightning strikes on Saturday, August 27 sparked the fires.
Parts of Minnewaska State Park Preserve Reopen September 7, 2022
With the announcement from the Governor's Office that the wildfires at Minnewaska State Park Preserve were contained, it was the news that followed that have so many people smiling again today:
The park reopens on Wednesday, Sept. 7, though some areas will remain closed, as work begins on remediating impacts from the firebreaks, minimizing erosion and preventing the introduction of invasive species. We are grateful for the hard work of so many agencies over the past week, and we appreciate the outpouring of public support for this beloved site.
This reopening news was shared by the New York Parks & Historic Site Facebook page on Wednesday the 7th. There are certain areas of the park that, as mentioned, will remain closed:
Smiley Carriage Road from Ellenville to Lake Awosting
High Point Carriage Road
Berry Picker Footpath
Mine Hole Footpath
A community-run hiking and backpacking social media page titled Friends of the Long Path detailed information about certain paths and trail ways being closed, most significantly, the popular Long Path area of Minnewaska State Park. The post provided details about detours and said that a map would soon be provided for visitors.
NYSDEC via Facebook
Wildfire Impact on Minnewaska State Park Preserve
Earlier this week, information was shared by officials indicating that if not for the help of over 200 firefighters from across the area and beyond, this fire could have burned through 1,000 acres. Current reports indicate that the fire impacted about 142 acres of the Minnewaska State Park Preserve.
Governor Kathy Hochul
Although Governor Hochul announced this week that the fire is contained, an update posted on the Governor's website said that 'response actions in the area will continue in the coming days with a smaller force of state and local experts as fire control efforts advance.'
Pat Ryan, Ulster County Executive, shared the following with regard to Governor Hochul's aid and the community response:
Governor Hochul has been here with us now through an ice storm, power outages, tornado and wildfire, and that's just been in the last year in Ulster County. While it has been concerning that we have had so many horrific natural disasters in the last year, I'm proud of how our community has consistently come together to help each other.
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Hello, readers! Back with me. Now i'll share my new experience. Oh yes, since the event was in English so let me tell you in English. But dont worry, there are some parts in Bahasa, in the main story.
I know a news about MUN Simulation held in @america by ISAFIS and US Embassy Jakarta. MUN is a short term of Model United Nations, a simulation held by United Nations (PBB) for young people. I registered myself and three days after that the committee selected me to be delegate of Bulgaria!
FYI, in every countries, there are two delegates. In Bulgaria, i and my partner, Dina. Actually i did not know her before.
By the selected me, it means that i have to get know more about energy in Bulgaria. You know, the announcement of the selected delegates was only 2 days before the day. Since the day before, i had some hectic agendas so i did not prepare anything yet. So did my partner, Dina.
I just prepared all in the night before. Oh my Allah, it was so hectic but fun!
I meet other delegates from UNJ. We are four from UNJ. Me and Dina in Bulgaria while Diah in Rumania an Zeni (where was she? I am forget :p). Oh yes, i also met my friends from Undip Semarang. Actually there were some high school students. What a great!
After registering and getting the ID card, we entered the hall. The simulation begin by the opening from president ISAFIS, Ms. Maya Susanti, and the representative of US Embassy, Mr.Joel Koepp. I took a look around. Most people totally use bussiness attire as the committee said. Wow! Suddenly i feel 'doki-doki', haha.
I was very interested on a question came from delegate of Japan "The government has created 'mobil murah' and recommended us to use that but i doubt whether it was a solution or not'. Yes, of course, more cars more pollution. Can you imagine when most people use 'mobil murah' and the traffic jam will be more and more? I totally can't imagine that. Do you agree with me and delegate of Japan?
Then you know what? We was lost in the very large mall. Yeah, what ashame but we did not feel shy, hahaha. Finally we found where the others delegate lunch.
After breaking, we back to the hall. And.. The simulation really begin! Ok for this session i will tell you in Bahasa in order to make us more understand.
Ada 3 pemimpin diskusi panel; ketua, sekretaris dan time keeper di tengah hall. Setiap delegasi boleh mengajukan satu mosi, tentu saja masih terkait energi. Lalu diminta pendapat ke seluruh delegasi apakah pass atau failed? Kalo yang milih lebih dari 2/3 maka pass artinya dibahas, dan sebaliknya.
Setelah mosi disetujui, delegasi yang mengajukan mosi memberikan introduction lalu delegasi lain saling mendebat dengan alasan-alasan rasional. Nah seru sekali pas disini semua delegasi mengajukan plakat negara mereka untuk berlomba-lomba berbicara.
Oh ya, kita juga diberikan working paper dan draft resolution yang menjadi dasar membuat mosi debat atau sesi moderated caucus. Saat mosi selesai, kita diberi waktu 15 menit untuk diskusi dengan delegasi lain. Sesi ini disebut unmoderated caucus. Akupun memanfaatkan ini untik berdiskusi dengan yang lain. Timnya bebas, aku bersama delegasi dari 3 negara berdiskusi tentang pengurangan pajak untuk perusahaan yang berjasa dalam meningkatkan penggunaan energi terbarukan. Lalu beranjak ke nuklir. Wah seru banget! Sayangnya komite bilang waktu sudah habis, kembali ke tempat masing-masing untuk melanjutkan mosi.
Beberapa mosi pun terlalui, lanjut diskusi lagi. Kali ini aku bersama delegasi Turkmenistan, Ethiopia dan Lithunia. Aku dan Lithunia stuju kalo nuklir berpotensi untuk digunakan sedangkan Turkmenistan dan Ethiopia menentang keras. Wah bener-bener deh sulit merebate mereka! Sampe waktunya habis, kita pun masih 'digenjot' sama mereka, haha. Serulah pokoknya.
After that, the simulation was end. The committee gave awards for some delegates. They are delegate of Japan as Best Delegate, Turkmenistan as Honourable Mention and Ethiopia as Most Outstanding Delegate.
Oh yes, the last two are my 'enemies'. I did not wonder at all since they are too much talk in the simulation. Hope i can learn more from them. And of course, still hoping to rebate them!
Bdw i'd like to tell you about @america, place where the simulation be held. This is a (what i called it?) so ellegant place. Even i can't took more pictures here. But we can borrow tablet PC here, free, of course. This place often used for any activities related to America. Yeah, there was President Obama! Of course, it was only the statue.
Ok this is the end of my story. I'm very proud and happy to join this event, to improve my public speaking skill in English and my diplomacy skill. We have to feel the real MUN which are Jakarta MUN and Harvad MUN and others international MUN next year, guys!
Because the diplomacy is a learning for everyone.
Go renewable energy for Indonesia!


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Biden condemns gun violence in Indianapolis
By Alex Gangitano - 04/16/21 12:37 PM EDT
President Biden Joe BidenBiden says he didn't 'overpromise' Finland PM pledges 'extremely tough' sanctions should Russia invade Ukraine Russia: Nothing less than NATO expansion ban is acceptable MORE on Friday condemned gun violence in Indianapolis, Ind., following the shooting at a FedEx facility that killed eight people.
In a statement released by the White House at around noon Friday, the president characterized gun violence as an epidemic in the country that Americans should not accept.
"Gun violence is an epidemic in America. But we should not accept it. We must act," he said.
"Too many Americans are dying every single day from gun violence. It stains our character and pierces the very soul of our nation," the president added. "We can, and must, do more to act and to save lives."
The statement from the president comes one week after he announced executive actions to prevent gun violence at the White House with families of gun violence victims. The measures would tighten restrictions on so-called ghost guns.
In past month, the country has been hit with a spate of gun violence, including the mass shootings that occurred in Atlanta; Boulder, Colo.; and Rock Hill, S.C.
The violence has resulted in pressure from Democrats on the president to act unilaterally on gun control, and the events have reignited a debate among Washington lawmakers surrounding gun legislation as well.
In his statement on Friday, the president called on Congress to pass gun control prevention legislation that would include provisions like universal background checks and a ban on assault weapons.
He added that these shootings take an enormous toll on the families of those involved.
"Last night and into the morning in Indianapolis, yet again families had to wait to hear word about the fate of their loved ones. What a cruel wait and fate that has become too normal and happens every day somewhere in our nation," Biden said.
Biden said that he and Vice President Harris have been briefed by the homeland security team on the shooting.
Authorities have yet to determine a motive for the shooter, who killed himself at the scene.
Harris on Friday told reporters, "There is no question that this violence must end and we are thinking of the families that lost their loved ones."
Biden has ordered the flags lowered to half-staff at the White House, as well as public buildings, military posts and embassies.
Friday marks the 14-year anniversary of the deadly mass shooting at Virginia Tech.
--Updated 12:57 p.m.
Tags Joe Biden gun violence Mass shooting


With the pumptracks and skateparks on offer, there's something for everyone in the mountains of Villars and Les Diablerets.
For novices, experts, families or groups of friends, the parks and tracks available can be used for BMXing, scooters, roller skates or skateboarding.
Great fun for adults and children, these pumptracks and skateparks are located near the new pool in Villars and next to the Maison des Congrès in Les Diablerets.


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Film Review: 'Aquaman' is a Watery Sleep with the Fishes
Submitted by PatrickMcD on December 20, 2018 - 8:50am
CHICAGO – The dripping sound of water you will hear this upcoming weekend will be the tears of DC Comics fans, as they cry from frustration over the latest cinema hit job on one of the Super-Friends. The tepid and overlong "Aquaman" is another hero movie that tries to combine origin story and "first case" adventure, and fails at both.
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 60 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'Mortal Engines' With Hugo Weaving
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on December 10, 2018 - 12:24pm
Adam Fendelman
Fran Walsh
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film
Philippa Boyens
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 60 pairs of advance-screening IMAX movie passes up for grabs to the new film "Mortal Engines" starring Hugo Weaving, Hera Hilmar and Robert Sheehan!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 40 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'The House with a Clock in Its Walls'
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on September 17, 2018 - 8:35am
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 40 pairs of advance-screening IMAX movie passes up for grabs to the new film "The House with a Clock in Its Walls" starring Cate Blanchett and Jack Black!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 100 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'Alpha' With Kodi Smit-McPhee
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on August 13, 2018 - 12:23pm
Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt
Jens Hulten
Priya Rajaratnam
Spencer Bogaert
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 100 pairs of advance-screening IMAX movie passes up for grabs to the new film "Alpha" starring Kodi Smit-McPhee!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 30 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' With Chris Pratt
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on June 18, 2018 - 8:35am
Derek Connolly
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 30 pairs of advance-screening IMAX movie passes up for grabs to the highly anticipated new film "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" starring Chris Pratt!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 50 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage' With Vin Diesel
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on January 17, 2017 - 1:16am
F. Scott Frazier
Rich Wilkes
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 50 pairs of advance-screening IMAX movie passes up for grabs to the highly anticipated new film "xXx: Return of Xander Cage" starring Vin Diesel!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 50 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'The Legend of Tarzan' With Alexander Skarsgård
Adam Cozad
Casper Crump
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 50 pairs of advance-screening IMAX passes up for grabs to "The Legend of Tarzan" starring Alexander Skarsgård!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 40 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'Warcraft' With Ben Foster, Dominic Cooper
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on June 6, 2016 - 4:23pm
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 40 pairs of advance-screening IMAX passes up for grabs to "Warcraft" based on the popular World of Warcraft game starring Ben Foster and Dominic Cooper!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 10 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice' With Ben Affleck
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on March 17, 2016 - 3:09pm
David S. Goyer
CHICAGO – Highly anticipated! In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 10 pairs of advance-screening IMAX passes up for grabs to "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" starring Ben Affleck as Batman/Bruce Wayne and Henry Cavill as Superman/Clark Kent!
HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: 50 Pairs of IMAX Passes to 'The Walk' With Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Submitted by HollywoodChicago.com on September 25, 2015 - 1:52pm
Benedict Samuel
Man on Wire
To Reach the Clouds
CHICAGO – In the latest HollywoodChicago.com Hookup: Film, we have 50 pairs of advance-screening IMAX passes up for grabs to the true story "The Walk" starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Philippe Petit from Robert Zemeckis!


The 2018/19 Formula E car programme has been spearheaded by the FIA, the first time it has had a direct influence in the design and management of supplying a car to a series it sanctions.
While Todt would not be drawn on specifics of the car, which was shown to some key Formula E partners at Montreal last month, Motorsport.com understands that the futuristic-looking design could feature a radical departure from the classic single-seater shape, especially around the rear of the car.
It is also said to be a considerable departure from the initial schematics which were issued earlier this year by Spark Technologies (pictured above).
A venturi rather than a traditional rear wing is believed to be part of the design, which is also expected to embrace the Halo cockpit protection device set to be adopted by F1 in 2018.
"We like to make some good surprises and this [the season five car] will be a good surprise with new safety and technology on the car," Todt told Motorsport.com.
"The big change is only having one car [per driver, per race] and for me Formula E is a visionary category in motorsport."
The season five car is expected to test privately this October before one car per manufacturer is supplied early in 2018 for private testing.
Manufacturers are expected to get an additional eight test days on top of their initial 15 for season five preparations.
Todt also opined that Formula E was well-positioned after recent announcements by the British and French governments to ban the sale of pure internal combustion cars and vans from 2040.
"You have seen that by 2040 the UK and France will ban and any car that will not be hybrid," said Todt. "They want to encourage the introduction of the electric car, so in a way Formula E is ahead.


Covenant groups enable you to join a community that is committed to learning, modeling, forming and teaching others biblical principles of creation care. As part of a covenant group, you will gain a deeper understanding of what God says about taking care of His creation. In addition, you will also develop practical ways to live out these principles.
Using the Blessed Earth film series and supporting workbooks "Hope for Creation" and "Hope for Humanity", covenant groups study biblical sustainability principles at monthly fellowship times. Conversations arising from the group experience influence how members will want to model what they are learning. A natural outcome of the monthly sessions is a formational interaction that shapes each participant.
What are the covenant group commitment expectations?
Covenant group participants meet monthly to learn from the Blessed Earth film series, attend CCC lunch forums and experiment with sustainability practices. Some examples include using clotheslines for drying laundry, planting gardens for beautification and/or produce, using energy efficient light bulbs, recycling, etc. Covenant conversations encourage you to evaluate your lifestyle practices and model what you and others are learning together.
To join a covenant group, fill out a covenant group application and a contact card.


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HACKMAGEDDON
Information Security Timelines and Statistics
Submit An Attack
Cyber Attacks Timeline
2011 Cyber Attacks Timeline Master Index
2015 Cyber Attacks Timelines Master Index
2017 Master Table
Cyber Attacks Statistics
Some Random Thoughts On The Security Market
May 10, 2011 1 Comment Astaro, Check Point, Cisco Systems, Fortinet, HP, IBM, Information security, Juniper Networks, McAfee, Microsoft, Network security, Security, Sophos, Symantec, Trend Micro
The intention by UK-headquartered company Sophos to acquire Astaro, the privately-held security company co-headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany and Wilmington, Massachusetts (USA) is simply the last effect of the process of vendor consolidation acting in the information security market. It is also the trigger for some random thoughts…
In the last two years a profound transformation of the market is in place, which has seen the birth (and subsequent growth) of several giants security vendors, which has been capable of gathering under their protective wings the different areas of information security.
The security model is rapidly converging toward a framework which tends to collect under a unified management function, the different domains of information security, which according to my personal end-to-end model, mat be summarized as follows: Endpoint Security, Network Security, Application Security, Identity & Access Management.
Endpoint Security including the functions of Antivirus, Personal Firewall/Network Access Control, Host IPS, DLP, Encryption. This component of the model is rapidly converging toward a single concept of endpoint including alle the types of devices: server, desktop, laptop & mobile;
Network & Contente Security including the functions of Firewall, IPS, Web and Email Protection;
Application Security including areas of WEB/XML/Database Firewall and (why not) proactive code analysis;
Compliance: including the functions of assessment e verification of devce and applications security posture;
Identity & Access Management including the functions of authentication and secure data access;
Management including the capability to manage from a single location, with an RBAC model, all the above quoted domains.
All the major players are moving quickly toward such a unified model, starting from their traditional battlefield: some vendors, such as McAfee and Symantec, initiallty moved from the endpoint domain which is their traditional strong point. Other vendors, such as Checkpoint, Fortinet, Cisco and Juniper moved from the network filling directly with their technology, or also by mean of dedicated acquisitions or tailored strategic alliances, all the domains of the model. A further third category is composed by the "generalist" vendors which were not initially focused on Information Security, but became focused by mean of specific acquisition. This is the case of HP, IBM and Microsoft (in rigorous alphabetical order) which come from a different technological culture but are trying to become key players by mean of strategic acquisitions.
It is clear that in similar complicated market the position and the role of the smaller, vertical, players is becoming harder and harder. They may "hope" to become prey of "bigger fishes" or just to make themselves acquisitions in order to reach the "critical mass" necessary to survive.
In this scenario should be viewed the acquisition of Astaro by Sophos: from a strategical perspective Sophos resides permanently among the leaders inside the Gartner Magic quadrant but two of three companions (Symantec and Mcafee, the third is Trend Micro) are rapidly expanding toward the other domains (meanwhile McAfee has been acquired by Intel). In any case all the competitors have a significant major size if compared with Sophos, which reflects in revenues, which in FY 2010 were respectively 6.05, 2.06 and 1.04 B$, pretty much bigger than Sophos, whose revenues in FY 2010 were approximately 260 M$, about one fourth of the smaller between the three above (Trend Micro which is, like Sophos, a privately-owned company).
In perspective the acquisition may be also more appealing and interesting for Astaro, which is considered one of the most visionary players in the UTM arena with a primary role in the European market. Its position with respect to the competition is also more complicated since the main competitors are firms such as Fortinet, Check Point and Sonicwall which all have much greater size (as an example Checkpoint revenues were about 1.13 B $ in FY 2010 which sound impressive if compared with the 56 M $ made by Astaro in the Same Fiscal Year).
In this scenario, the combined company aims to head for $500 million in 2012.
Last but not least both companies are based in Europe (respectively in England and Germany) and could rely on an US Headquarter in Massachusetts.
From a technological perspective, the two vendors are complementary, and the strategy of the acquisition is well summarized by the following phrase contained in the Acquisition FAQ:
Our strategy is to provide complete data and threat protection for IT, regardless of device type, user location, or network boundaries. Today, we [Sophos] offer solutions for endpoint security, data protection, and email and web security gateways. The combination of Sophos and Astaro can deliver a next generation set of endpoint and network security solutions to better meet growing customer needs […]. With the addition of Astaro's network security, we will be the first provider to deliver truly coordinated threat protection, data protection and policy from any endpoint to any network boundary.
Sophos lacks of a network security solution in its portfolio, and the technology from Astaro could easily fill the gap. On the other hand, Astaro does not own an home-built antivirus technology for its products (so far it uses ClamAV and Avira engines to offer a double layer of protection), and the adoption of Sophos technologies (considered one of the best OEM Antivirus engine) could be ideal for its portfolio of UTM solutsions.
Moreover the two technologies fit well among themselves to build an end-to-end security model: as a matter of fact Information security is breaking the boundary between endpoint and network (as the threats already did). Being obliged to adapt themselves to the new blended threats, which often uses old traditional methods to exploit 0-day vulnerabilities on the Endpoint, some technologies like Intrusion prevention, DLP and Network Access Control, are typically cross among different elements of the infrastructure, and this explains the rush of several players (as Sophos did in this circumstance) to enrich their security portfolio with solutions capable of covering all the information Security Domains.
Just to have an idea, try to have a look to some acquisitions made by the main security players in the last years (sorry for the Italian comments). Meanwghile the other lonely dancers (that is the companies currently facing the market on their own), are advised…
Sophos to acquire Astaro – some reactions (nakedsecurity.sophos.com)
Sophos Acquires Internet Security Appliance Maker Astaro (techcrunch.com)
Application Security: What's Next? (paulsparrows.wordpress.com)
What Security Vendors Said One Year Ago…
Top Security Challenges for 2011: Check Point's Perspective
Browsing Security Predictions for 2012
Ne resterà soltanto uno… (Seconda Parte)
Ne resterà soltanto uno… (Prima Parte)
← Social Espionage (Updated)
TCP Split Handshake: The (Never)ending Story… →
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Maybe Panthers coach Ron Rivera
Questions, feedback, and ideas
Postby huangjian123 » Fri Dec 07, 2018 6:11 am
should allow his special teams to run out of the tunnel more often for pre-game introductions.Graham Gano connected on all four field goal attempts http://www.saintsauthorizedshops.com/authentic-ryan-ramczyk-jersey , including a career-long 63-yarder with 1 second remaining, and Carolina recovered a muffed punt in the end zone for a touchdown to beat the New York Giants 33-31 in a wild game Sunday."Piece of cake," Rivera joked after Gano's winning field goal, which tied for the second longest in NFL history.Gano's winning kick came after the Giants erased an 11-point fourth quarter deficit. Eli Manning hooked up with Saquon Barkley on a 15-yard touchdown pass down the right sideline — the rookie made a long dive into the end zone — to put the Giants in front 31-30 with 1:08 remaining.Gano's previous career long was 59 yards. He's now made 35 in a row at home dating back to 2016.He said running out of the smoky tunnel before the game for the first time in his career was "pretty special" and made him feel like Cam Newton. But the winning kick was even better.After he converted the kick he said his main goal was seeking safety from the rest of his teammates running after him."I just tried to hit a good ball and the rest was craziness and madness," Gano said. "I'm so excited for our guys."It's the second year in a row the Giants (1-4) have been beaten by a monster field goal at the end. In the third game last season, Jake Elliott of the Eagles kicked a 61-yarder for a 27-24 win.Newton threw for 237 yards and had two touchdowns and two interceptions and helped get the Panthers (3-1) into field goal range with a 20-yard completion to D.J. Moore and a 9-yarder to Christian McCaffrey on the final drive.Newton called it a "subpar" game on his part, but was thrilled Gano helped bail him out."A wise man told me once that a great quarterback is only as good as his kicker," Newton said. "Graham put the whole team on his back today. ... well, on his toe today."Manning finished 22 of 36 for 326 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions, both by Panthers 37-year-old safety Mike Adams.Odell Beckham Jr., had a big game as a receiver and passer. Beckham had eight catches for 131 yards and a touchdown and also threw a 57-yarder to Barkley for New York's first touchdown."I'm proud of everything we showed today Alex Anzalone Jersey ," said Beckham. "We just came up short."Beckham had one big mistake in the first half that cost his team.Instead of fielding Michael Palardy's punt at his 5, Beckham went to block a Carolina player. The ball hit off his leg and two other Giants had a chance to recover the loose ball before eight-year veteran special teams player Colin Jones recovered in the end zone for his first career score and a 14-3 Carolina lead.BECKHAM'S COMMENTSBeckham said he addressed his Giants teammates before the game about comments he made about Manning and the offense this past week. He said things had built up inside of him for several weeks and that his comments "came out the wrong way."SAMUEL'S RETURNThe Panthers got another weapon back on the field and he made an immediate impact. Curtis Samuel, a second-round pick in 2017, turned a wide receiver screen into a 25-yard touchdown in the first quarter in his first game since undergoing a minor heart procedure. The speedster, 5-foot-11 and 195 pounds, showed some toughness by breaking three tackles to get into the end zone.NATIONAL ANTHEMPanthers safety Eric Reid knelt during the national anthem in protest of racial and social injustice. None of Reid's new Carolina teammates joined him or stood near him at midfield. He is the first Panthers player ever to kneel during the national anthem.INJURIESGiants: Right tackle Chad Wheeler left in the fourth quarter with a hand injury and did not return.Panthers: Wide receiver Devin Funchess was evaluated for a concussion in the fourth quarter following a helmet-to-helmet hit by Giants defensive back Michael Thomas, but returned to the game. ... Center Ryan Kalil was shaken up late in the fourth quarter and did not return as Tyler Larsen finished the game.UP NEXTGiants: Host Eagles on Thursday night.Panthers: Visit Redskins next Sunday. The defense went full "bend-don't-break" in this game, but were able to step up when needed. The defensive line created pressure all game and P.J. Williams made just enough plays to be able to hold a dynamic offense that has two top receivers in Stefon Diggs and Adam Thielen, to only 20 points. Davenport and RankinsThe defensive line was able to take advantage of the injury riddled offensive line of the Vikings throughout this game. Cameron Jordan and the rest of the line were able to pressure and hit Kirk Cousins multiple times. Davenport and Sheldon Rankins cleaned up with two sacks each. Rankins would face some double teams after his first sack, and that would open up the edges for Marcus Davenport to get pressure on Cousins. His development has been very encouraging and continues to make the trade up in the draft for him look like a smart move for the Saints.P.J. WilliamsI'm not sure how to put Williams's day into words. He gave up two touchdowns along with many other passes, but also made a game changing pick-six. He was also in on the tackle that forced the fumble by Adam Thielen and started to turn the tide for the Saints.On the play that Williams got his interception Authentic Josh LeRibeus Jersey , he and Lattimore will line up to the left side in man coverage and will use a "banjo" technique. This is a technique that can help prevent pick plays and wide receivers getting a free release. Here, Williams will match up in man coverage with which ever receiver releases inside first (Diggs) and Lattimore will take the receiver who goes vertical (Treadwell). On the other side, Vonn Bell and Eli Apple will bracket Adam Thielen at the snap. The pressure will force Cousins to scramble outside the pocket but he sees Diggs has a step of separation on Williams and will throw to where Diggs should be. Diggs stops running his route and Williams has an easy catch and run for the touchdown. His interception doesn't make up for all the passes he gave up, but it's positive to see this defense forcing turnovers. Hopefully Patrick Robinson will be able to come back from injured reserve for the playoffs, but in the meantime Williams will face Cooper Kupp, Calvin Ridley, and JuJu Smith-Schuster before the season is over. Brace Hemmelgarn-USA TODAY SportsThe BookendsThis game was a good test for the best tackle combo in the nation—Terron Armstead and Ryan Ramczyk—who were able to keep two of the best defensive ends in the NFL in check. Danielle Hunter and Everson Griffen were unable to sack Drew Brees all game, and kept the pressures he would feel to a minimum. The offensive line will face another tough test next week, when Ndamukong Suh and the reigning defensive player of the year Aaron Donald come to town.


Describe One Characters Equipment: This character is actually 82, was originally one of my mains but quit playing him close to a year ago. Fully geared still, mix of Tier 4 SoD and TBS Preatorian. Also has epic 1.5 and 674 AA's.


Veteran actor Harrison Ford has been named as the highest grossing actor in the history of Hollywood.
According to BoxOfficeMojo.com, the 73-year-old actor's 41 movies, including "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", have grossed a total of $4.7 billion, with Ford's latest movie "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" minting $770 million, reports femalefirst.co.uk.
Ford has ousted actor Samuel L. Jackson from the top spot, with the 67-year-old actor falling to second place, followed by actors Tom Hanks, Morgan Freeman and Eddie Murphy.


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Thursday, November 10 2005
Truth in Motion: Labor and Deindustrialization
The University of Chicago�s Human Rights Center is presenting Truth in Motion, a series of screenings of documentaries produced by Chicago�s Kartemquin Films in the past 35-plus years. Tonight�s free screening, which starts at 7 PM, features two short documentaries about unions and one about the last days of the Pullman factory. At the University of Chicago Film Studies Center, Cobb Hall. 5811 S Ellis Avenue. For more information, visit the website.
Lucky Plush @ Chicago Cultural Center
As part of the Chicago Cultural Center�s About Dance series, Lucky Plush will perform an excerpt from its full-length work Lulu Sleeps. This free event takes place at 6 PM. 78 E Washington Street. For more information, call 312-744-6630 or visit the website.
Casanova �70 @ the Istituto Italiano di Cultura
As part of a series of films set in Italian villas designed by Andrea Palladio, Mario Monicelli�s Casanova �70 is showing tonight at the Istituto Italiano di Cultura at 6 PM. The series is sponsored by the Chicago Humanities Festival in conjunction with Witold Rybczynski�s 6 November lecture on �The Perfect Houses of Andrea Palladio.� 500 N Michigan Ave., Ste. 1450. Film screenings are free, but call 312-822-9545, x200 for reservations. For more information, click here (pdf).
Short Movie Moments Benefit @ T�s
Join Chicago Scriptworks in celebrating its achievement of tax-exempt status at this benefit featuring readings of several short screenplays. Admission is free; a portion of the proceeds from purchased food and drink will support Chicago Scriptworks� next season. 7 PM at 5025 N. Clark. For more information, visit the website.
President Jimmy Carter @ Borders
President Jimmy Carter stops by Borders Michigan Ave. to discuss his book, Our Endangered Values. The book focuses on Carter's concerns with conservatism and the religious right and he writes on the way his own faith shaped his moral vision. The free in-store event is at 12:30pm, 830 N. Michigan Ave. Call 312-573-0564 for more information.
The2ndHand #18 Release Party
This 2ndHand issue release party also introduces a new series in which "windy city fiction writers will spin stories of life under the banner of neverending war." Featured writers include Anne Elizabeth Moore, Mike Nowacki, Daniel Buckman, Brian Costello and The2ndHand's own Todd Dills. Come to the Hungry Brain, 2319 W. Belmont, at 8:30pm to see it all happen. Call 773-935-2118 for more information.


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Q: How is linear momentum conserved after collision while part of linear kinetic energy contributes to angular kinetic energy Referring to the famous example of a horizontally moving sticky ball that collides (and sticks) at the tip of a vertically floating rod, then the combination moves along the ball's incident course while rotating.
For the above case, we assune that the final linear momentum is exactly the same as the ball's linear momentum, and even if the ball hits the rod at its center of mass we still apply the same conservation of linear momentum principle. However, if we look at the things from linear KE's perspective, then the first case implies a split of the ball's initial KE over the linear and rotatiinal KEs of the final combination, which means less final linear KE than the initial ball's KE, and the second case implies that the combination will have the same initial linear KE of the ball (since no rotation will occur).
My question is: How would the final combination in both cases have different linear KEs while having the same linear momentum (due the linear conservation)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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You are here: HomenextPeoplenextLay PeoplenextSurnames beginning with RnextRobinson, Harvey J.P. (1869-1938)
Robinson, Harvey J.P. (1869-1938)
Primitive Methodist Magazine 1920
Harvey was born in 1869 at Ossett, Yorkshire, to parents George and Ann. George worked as a cloth finisher.
Harvey worked as a rag merchant.
Contribution to the Connexion
Harvey was associated with the Queen Street Sunday school as both scholar and teacher. When about nineteen he went on full plan as a local preacher.
Ambitious to become an acceptable and successful local preacher Harvey diligently applied himself to reading and study. His addresses and sermons were always thoroughly well prepared, and with a commanding presence, a good voice, and an earnest delivery, in a short time he became recognised as one of the most promising preachers in the Ossett circuit.
Harvey was Vice President of Conference in 1919.
Contribution to the Community
Harvey served as a town councillor at Ossett. For three years in succession he was adopted and served as Mayor leading up to WW1. He became an Alderman and Justice of the Peace. Follow the link to view a picture of Harvey preparing for the visit of King George V on 10 July 1912.
Harvey married Mary Jane Eastwood (1862-1934) on 12 September 1891 at Horbury Ebenezer PM Chapel, Yorkshire. Census returns identify that they had one child who died in infancy.
Harvey died on 25 February 1938 at Ossett, Yorkshire. He left an estate valued at almost £17,000.
Primitive Methodist Magazine 1920/47
Census Returns and Births, Marriages & Deaths Registers
Gill/Barlow Family Tree on Ancestry.com
Geoff Dickinson
Councillor (177)
Local preacher (810)
Sunday School worker (705)
Vice-president (38)
Surnames beginning with R
Race, George J.P. (1834-1911)
Race, Ralph Featherstone (1835-1901)
Radbourne, George (1842-1929)
Radbourne, Mark (1854-1904)
Radford, Leonard (1865-1934)
Rady, William Henry Symons (1851-1918)
Raggett, Henry (1849-1904)
Railton, David (1840-1919)
Rains, James (1827-1902)
Ramsdale, Joseph (1842-1906)
Ramsden, Maria (nee Marsden) (1820-1899)
Randall, George (1837-1924)
Rank, Joseph (1854-1943)
Rawlings, Edmund Charles J.P. (1854-1917)
Rawnsley, Edward (1842-1903)
Raybould, Joseph (1849-1901)
Read, James (1812-1837)
Reasey, William (1840-1900)
Reay, Philip (1848-1899)
Reed, Joseph (1833-1899)
Reed, Sarah (nee Siddle or Siddell) (1830-1906)
Rees, Charlotte (nee Morgans) (1826-1901)
Reid, Daniel (1844-1904)
Reynolds, George (1850-1904)
Rhodes, Maria (nee Shaw) (1835-1906)
Richards, William (1858-1919)
Richardson, Harriet (nee Pearson) (1841-1902)
Riches, John (1824-1913)
Riddick, Silas (1847-1927)
Riddiough, Annie (nee Cooper)
Ridgway, William (1848-1903)
Ridley, Isaac (1846-1917)
Ridley, John (1836-1911)
Ridley, Thomas (1851-1938)
Rigby, Margaret Alice (nee Farrimond) (1874-1911)
Ritson, Francis (1867-1900)
Ritson, Joseph (1830-1902)
Ritson, Thomas (1833-1911)
Rivers, James (abt1819-1901)
Roberts, Abraham (1845-1924)
Roberts, Green (1854-1904)
Roberts, Healen (1818-1901)
Roberts, Jane (nee Jones) (1819-1907)
Roberts, John (1855-1941)
Roberts, John (b1849)
Roberts, Joseph (1805-1837)
Robinson, Alfred (1833-1919)
Robinson, George (abt1835-1917)
Robinson, Jabez Bunting (1848-1905)
Robinson, James (1840-1912)
Robinson, John (1820-1905)
Robinson, Mary Jane (nee Simpson) (1839-1904)
Robinson, Thomas K.B.E. (1855-1927)
Robson, John Johnson (1847-1926)
Robson, Thomas (b1866)
Rodgers, John Augustus
Rogers, Ann Elizabeth (nee Steen) (1837-1906)
Rogers, John (1841-1901)
Rolf, Ann (1792-1837)
Rookledge, Darley (1836-1906)
Rostance, Susan (nee Massey) (1859-1898)
Rouse, Joshua (1808-1889)
Rowland, Herbert Ewart (1888-1913)
Rowland, Thomas (1855-1904)
Rowlands, Florence May (1893-1914)
Rowlinson, George Henry J.P. (1852-1937)
Royston, Sarah (1805-1835)
Rudd, Jessemine (nee Robinson) (1842-1904)
Rudge, Sarah (nee Warren) (1855-1928)
Rufford, James Brown (1821-1900)
Rumfitt, William (1803 - 1879)
Russell, Hannah Sarah (nee Barnsley) (1815-1907)
Russell, Robert (1851-1928)
Russell, Robert (b abt1875)
Rutherford, Jonathan (1856-1916)
Rutherford, Joseph (1838-1909)
Rutherford, Thomas Venus (1856-1921)
Rutherford, William John (1875-1901)
Ryall, William (1825-1920) - A Veteran


Thanks, it is very awaking.
Some of we may have confusion related to DSS.
This attached chapter presents a generic architecture that provides terminology for discussing decision support systems and furnishes a unifying framework for guiding explorations of the multitude of issues related to designing, using, and evaluating these systems. The architecture is comprised of four main subsystems : language system, presentation system, knowledge system, and problem-processing system. By varying the makeup of these four elements, different types of decision support systems are produced. Several of the most prominent types of decision support systems are described from an architectural viewpoint.
Please go through the attached link for detail.
Science and Information / Re: আইফোন দিয়ে মস্তিষ্কে অপারেশন!!!!
Good note, helpful for all.
Good to know and I think we may also take initiatives to develop other similar systems.
Can we develop a system for research students where we will brief them required updates??
Good to learn from the failure!!
We should form a body to discuss about it.
Software Engineering / Re: Project Risk Management is very vital for a software project managers.
For tools please see the link below.


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Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Announce Additional $25 million Gift to Support Yad Vashem Educational Activities
Highlights of Yad Vashem
Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson
Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson have announced their continued strategic support of Yad Vashem's educational activities. The Adelsons announced a $25 million donation at the 30th anniversary dinner of the American Society for Yad Vashem in New York. The donation renews their unwavering commitment to Yad Vashem and continues the strategic partnership that began in 2006 with a previous $25 million gift. The combination of the Adelsons' two $25 million contributions makes their gift the largest, by far, ever received by Yad Vashem from a private donor.
The Adelsons' donation has allowed for significant expansion of the educational seminars and teacher training programs of Yad Vashem's International School for Holocaust Studies. Over the past five years, thousands of non-Jewish educators and opinion shapers from dozens of countries including Spain, Greece, Hungary, Serbia and Estonia have received training at Yad Vashem. Additionally, for the first time ever, university professors and teachers from China, Moroccan Berber educators and Muslim Tarter teachers from Russia have participated in special educational programs at the International School. During the seminars, which range from 10-21 days, participants have the opportunity to hear from top educators and historians about various topics related to the Holocaust, including the "Final Solution", the Righteous Among the Nations, the Holocaust in an age of genocide, antisemitism, and how to meaningfully teach the Holocaust in the classroom. Additionally, participants meet Holocaust survivors and experience extended tours of Yad Vashem and Israel.
In expressing the institution's gratitude, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev said: "I am very grateful to our dear friends Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson for this extraordinary gift because of its focus on teaching teachers from throughout the world, which today is the most effective way to implement æëåø (zachor), our obligation of preserving the memory of the Holocaust. Thanks to the Adelsons, in the past years, we have seen the number of educators from around the world attending Yad Vashem seminars increase exponentially."
Dr. Adelson said, "We have seen the incredible impact of Yad Vashem seminars on educators of all backgrounds over the past 5 years. We look to these educators to bring the lessons of the Shoah to their students." Mr. Adelson added, "We are proud to partner with Yad Vashem to ensure the continuation of its vital educational activities. We encourage others to join us in supporting Yad Vashem in its crucial work."
Yad Vashem's educational programs, as well as its archives, museums and exhibitions, research, and commemoration activities are made possible largely thanks to the continued generosity of friends and supporters throughout the world.


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SOLAR SYSTEM Solarsystem Earth_satellite Mars_satellites Jupiter_satellites Saturn_satellites Uranus_satellites Neptune_satellites Small_solar_system_bodies
Mars Satellites
Mars has two tiny satellites which orbit very close to the martian surface.
Distance Radius Mass
Satellite (000 km) (km) (kg) Discoverer Date
--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------
Phobos 9 11 1.08e16 Hall 1877
Deimos 23 6 1.80e15 Hall 1877
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and by far the largest. Jupiter is more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined (the mass of Jupiter is 318 times that of Earth).
orbit:78,330,000 km (5.20 AU) from Sun
diameter: 142,984 km (equatorial)
mass:1.900e27 kg
Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove; Greek Zeus) was the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus and the patron of the Roman state. Zeus was the son of Cronus (Saturn).
Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus). It has been known since prehistoric times as a bright "wandering star". But in 1610 when Galileo first pointed a telescope at the sky he discovered Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the Galilean moons) and recorded their motions back and forth around Jupiter. This was the first discovery of a center of motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets (along with other new evidence from his telescope: the phases of Venus and the mountains on the Moon). Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the Inquisition.
Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973 and later by Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and Ulysses. The spacecraft Galileo orbited Jupiter for eight years. It is still regularly observed by the Hubble Space Telescope The gas planets do not have solid surfaces; their gaseous material simply gets denser with depth (the radii and diameters quoted for the planets are for levels corresponding to a pressure of 1 atmosphere). What we see when looking at these planets is the tops of clouds high in their atmospheres (slightly above the 1 atmosphere level).
Jupiter is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium (by numbers of atoms, 75/25% by mass) with traces of methane, water, ammonia and "rock". This is very close to the composition of the primordial Solar Nebula from which the entire solar system was formed. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium.
Our knowledge of the interior of Jupiter (and the other gas planets) is highly indirect and likely to remain so for some time. (The data from Galileo's atmospheric probe goes down only about 150 km below the cloud tops.)Jupiter probably has a core of rocky material amounting to something like 10 to 15 Earth-masses.
Above the core lies the main bulk of the planet in the form of liquid metallic hydrogen. This exotic form of the most common of elements is possible only at pressures exceeding 4 million bars, as is the case in the interior of Jupiter (and Saturn). Liquid metallic hydrogen consists of ionized protons and electrons (like the interior of the Sun but at a far lower temperature). At the temperature and pressure of Jupiter's interior hydrogen is a liquid, not a gas. It is an electrical conductor and the source of Jupiter's magnetic field. This layer probably also contains some helium and traces of various "ices". The outermost layer is composed primarily of ordinary molecular hydrogen and helium which is liquid in the interior and gaseous further out. The atmosphere we see is just the very top of this deep layer. Water, carbon dioxide, methane and other simple molecules are also present in tiny amounts.
Recent experiments have shown that hydrogen does not change phase suddenly. Therefore the interiors of the jovian planets probably have indistinct boundaries between their various interior layers.
Three distinct layers of clouds are believed to exist consisting of ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide and a mixture of ice and water. However, the preliminary results from the Galileo probe show only faint indications of clouds (one instrument seems to have detected the topmost layer while another may have seen the second). But the probe's entry point was unusual -- Earth-based telescopic observations and more recent observations by the Galileo orbiter suggest that the probe entry site may well have been one of the warmest and least cloudy areas on Jupiter at that time.
Data from the Galileo atmospheric probe also indicate that there is much less water than expected. The expectation was that Jupiter's atmosphere would contain about twice the amount of oxygen (combined with the abundant hydrogen to make water) as the Sun. But it now appears that the actual concentration much less than the Sun's. Also surprising was the high temperature and density of the uppermost parts of the atmosphere.
Jupiter and the other gas planets have high velocity winds which are confined in wide bands of latitude. The winds blow in opposite directions in adjacent bands. Slight chemical and temperature differences between these bands are responsible for the colored bands that dominate the planet's appearance. The light colored bands are called zones; the dark ones belts. The bands have been known for some time on Jupiter, but the complex vortices in the boundary regions between the bands were first seen by Voyager. The data from the Galileo probe indicate that the winds are even faster than expected (more than 400 mph) and extend down into as far as the probe was able to observe; they may extend down thousands of kilometers into the interior. Jupiter's atmosphere was also found to be quite turbulent. This indicates that Jupiter's winds are driven in large part by its internal heat rather than from solar input as on Earth. The vivid colors seen in Jupiter's clouds are probably the result of subtle chemical reactions of the trace elements in Jupiter's atmosphere, perhaps involving sulfur whose compounds take on a wide variety of colors, but the details are unknown. The colors correlate with the cloud's altitude: blue lowest, followed by browns and whites, with reds highest. Sometimes we see the lower layers through holes in the upper ones.
The Great Red Spot (GRS) has been seen by Earthly observers for more than 300 years (its discovery is usually attributed to Cassini, or Robert Hooke in the 17th century). The GRS is an oval about 12,000 by 25,000 km, big enough to hold two Earths. Other smaller but similar spots have been known for decades. Infrared observations and the direction of its rotation indicate that the GRS is a high-pressure region whose cloud tops are significantly higher and colder than the surrounding regions. Similar structures have been seen on Saturn and Neptune. It is not known how such structures can persist for so long.
Jupiter radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. The interior of Jupiter is hot: the core is probably about 20,000 K. The heat is generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism, the slow gravitational compression of the planet. (Jupiter does NOT produce energy by nuclear fusion as in the Sun; it is much too small and hence its interior is too cool to ignite nuclear reactions.) This interior heat probably causes convection deep within Jupiter's liquid layers and is probably responsible for the complex motions we see in the cloud tops. Saturn and Neptune are similar to Jupiter in this respect, but oddly, Uranus is not. Jupiter is just about as large in diameter as a gas planet can be. If more material were to be added, it would be compressed by gravity such that the overall radius would increase only slightly. A star can be larger only because of its internal (nuclear) heat source. (But Jupiter would have to be at least 80 times more massive to become a star.)
Jupiter has a huge magnetic field, much stronger than Earth's. Its magnetosphere extends more than 650 million km (past the orbit of Saturn!). (Note that Jupiter's magnetosphere is far from spherical -- it extends "only" a few million kilometers in the direction toward the Sun.) Jupiter's moons therefore lie within its magnetosphere, a fact which may partially explain some of the activity on Io. Unfortunately for future space travelers and of real concern to the designers of the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft, the environment near Jupiter contains high levels of energetic particles trapped by Jupiter's magnetic field. This "radiation" is similar to, but much more intense than, that found within Earth's Van Allen belts. It would be immediately fatal to an unprotected human being. The Galileo atmospheric probe discovered a new intense radiation belt between Jupiter's ring and the uppermost atmospheric layers. This new belt is approximately 10 times as strong as Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. Surprisingly, this new belt was also found to contain high energy helium ions of unknown origin.
Jupiter has rings like Saturn's, but much fainter and smaller (right). They were totally unexpected and were only discovered when two of the Voyager 1 scientists insisted that after traveling 1 billion km it was at least worth a quick look to see if any rings might be present. Everyone else thought that the chance of finding anything was nil, but there they were. It was a major coup. They have since been imaged in the infra-red from ground-based observatories and by Galileo. Unlike Saturn's, Jupiter's rings are dark (albedo about .05). They're probably composed of very small grains of rocky material. Unlike Saturn's rings, they seem to contain no ice.
Particles in Jupiter's rings probably don't stay there for long (due to atmospheric and magnetic drag). The Galileo spacecraft found clear evidence that the rings are continuously resupplied by dust formed by micrometeor impacts on the four inner moons, which are very energetic because of Jupiter's large gravitational field. The inner halo ring is broadened by interactions with Jupiter's magnetic field.
In July 1994, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with Jupiter with spectacular results. The effects were clearly visible even with amateur telescopes. The debris from the collision was visible for nearly a year afterward with HST. When it is in the nighttime sky, Jupiter is often the brightest "star" in the sky (it is second only to Venus, which is seldom visible in a dark sky). The four Galilean moons are easily visible with binoculars; a few bands and the Great Red Spot can be seen with a small astronomical telescope.