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Home » Galapagos News » Galapagos Rescue Moment aboard the Santa Cruz II: Saving the Islands, One Sea Turtle at a Time!
Galapagos News | < 1 MIN READ
Galapagos Rescue Moment aboard the Santa Cruz II: Saving the Islands, One Sea Turtle at a Time!
A Galapagos rescue moment that we recently had managed to be an incredibly amazing and fulfilling experience. The Galapagos is a humbling place that invites you to become a part of it, serving as a living laboratory of evolution for all our guests. It's a place that truly feels alive, inviting you to get up close to its unique fauna and otherworldly landscapes that it hosts. Being in such close contact with nature, it's sometimes easy to forget how fragile it is and take it for granted. This time, we got the opportunity to "give back" to the islands in return for all the wonderful things it has given us. In sum: we managed to pay nature back with a pretty big favor!
Another Beautiful Day in the Magnificent Galapagos
On the second day of our Northern Galapagos Islands itinerary aboard the Santa Cruz II, we dropped anchor over at Buccaneer Cove (Santiago Island).
The first activity of the day was an extended panga ride along the coastline, looking for multiple species of unique Galapagos birds and other animals. During this activity on this particular itinerary, there are plenty of spots that we frequent where we can usually manage to glimpse some brown noddies, spot the elusive yet adorable Galapagos fur seals, and gaze at the elegant Nazca boobies and even some frigatebirds. All-in-all, it's a great way of viewing a decent handful of our BIG15 list of iconic species. After exploring for around two hours, all our guests began returning to the ship to get ready for the second activity, which is an action-packed snorkeling adventure! This time, however, our last group of guests that was returning to the ship got a big surprise.
A panga ride is a perfect way to do birdwatching.
A Haphazard Victim of Negligence
Out of nowhere, our Naturalist Guide that was in charge of this last group asked the panga driver to stop the craft, as something floating in the water had caught
A Galapagos sea turtle was rescued by our guests and Naturalist Guides during a panga ride.
her attention. Because it was not moving, the panga driver was able to approach the object only to discover that it was a Pacific green sea turtle that was tangled up in some fishing line. It looked as if the turtle had given up completely as the panga pulled up next to it, as it did not swim away. As everyone got a closer look, it became apparent that the fishing line had been badly tangled around its head and fin. We instantly knew we had to do something to help this poor turtle.
As it was rather difficult and awkward to work on the trapped turtle while it was in the water, Xavier (our panga driver) found his hidden strength and, in one swift motion, managed to actually lift the turtle out of the water and onto the panga!
https://santacruzscr.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1.mp4
Unable to get the turtle free with just our bare heads, our Naturalist Guide radioed for help from our nearby and beautiful expedition vessel (the Santa Cruz II). We requested a knife and some scissors, and in a matter of minutes, another panga arrived with the supplies and to help us out with this extraordinary Galapagos Rescue Moment!
A Galapagos Rescue Moment: The Santa Cruz II Goes All In
With the help of our guests and now the two panga drivers, we used our new tools to cut the line and free the turtle. It was really a group effort, and while some guests were holding the turtle down, others took pictures and video.
https://santacruzscr.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2-1.mp4
After a good 10-minutes of dealing with fishing line, rope, and even metallic wire that was wound up around the poor sea turtle, we finally freed the creature and quickly returned it to the water. Even though it had a couple of cuts, the turtle had a miraculous recovery and, in virtually no time at all, went back to swimming down to the depths of the sea. The experience left us all of us with a sense of accomplishment and grateful for having had the chance to help the natural Galapagos world get rid of a problem that we humans had sadly created.
https://santacruzscr.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-1.m4v
The whole Galapagos rescue moment served as a sobering reminder of just how powerful our actions are in this day and age, especially in an environment as delicate as the Galapagos. Careless as we humans maybe with the waste we produce, we have a duty to correct our mistakes when it affects the natural world and be mindful of how we act in the future.


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Notes on the vocalizations of Thrush-like Wren (Campylorhynchus turdinus)
In the following we briefly analyze and compare voice of the three races of Thrush-like Wren (Campylorhynchus turdinus). We also try to quantify the extent of any vocal differences using the criteria proposed by Tobias et al. (2010), as a support for taxonomic review. We have made use of sound recordings available on-line from Xeno Canto (XC).
Commonest song-like vocalizations are a repeated short phrase (often duet) of several low-pitched downslurred notes, and short almost clock-like ventriloquial notes given e.g. alternating at two different pitches, with several variations.
Some examples (illustrated with multiple sonograms in the pdf version of this note): hypostictus, unicolor and turdinus.
As can be seen from the above examples, voice is quite similar among races, without clear consistent differences at first sight. Frequency range, note length, phrase length and even note shapes in the first song-like vocalization type are nearly identical for the three races.
We did not find examples of the second song type for race unicolor however, although it should be said that this is also a less common vocalization in other races.
More Information: on288_thrush-like_wren.pdf
Boesman, P. (2016). Notes on the vocalizations of Thrush-like Wren (Campylorhynchus turdinus). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 288. In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow-on.100288

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Made right here in the state of Washington, G. Loomis fly rods are inspired and designed by some of the best fly casters and anglers on earth. G. Loomis IMX PRO fly rods are fast-action, easy casting rods which are great for anglers of every level. G.Loomis IMX PRO fly rods have the power to pull on big fish or cast a mile, but are lightweight and offer plenty of feel at close range. All of this a a terrific price.


The title track starts the Inkvisitor - Dark Arts of Sanguine Rituals album with a gloomy ritual of obscure images, then the guitars command the change of the musical canvas, raising the road for vocal reflections. Vocals explode with emotional flashes, enslaving the musical image with their eccentric phrases, over and over again changing the style and pitch.
An energetic drive sets the original mood of the Second Sacrament song, the vocal complements the rampant rage with its harsh, combining several shades and styles - sometimes reaching almost to the screaming, sometimes - to the growling.
The pulsating march A Shadow Suspended by Dust sets its stubborn character to the introduction, then gaining momentum and accumulating in various shades thanks to the vocal part, rolling in waves of unrestrained demands, rolling the canvas before an unlisted listener. In the final part, the sound is supplemented by oriental motifs, enveloped in the epic atmosphere of ancient mysteries.
Playful dances poses deadly dangers in seductive possibilities, sometimes exploding with bright impulses, but summing up the temptations with The Confession violent passages, combining vocal screaming and violent guitar breaks.
In an eerie labyrinth, the ghostly dangers hover around, entangling invisible bonds - the vocals begin an emotional harsh and from time to time explode with unrestrained screaming. This cautious Mindslaver composition anticipates the coming festival of black magic and necromantic art Necromancy Cascade, which entrusts the celebration of its triumph in the majestic anthem. In this composition, dark romanticism and foggy twilight envelops the sound with dark temptations, wrapping the ballad sound with bright and sublime melody.
An energetic drive and rhythmic threshing set on unrestrained eagerness to change the Paradigm Shift sound, vocal interleaves a variety of stylistics in the sound - combining in one batch harsh, screaming and shades of growling. The War is Path to Victory main motive appears already in the introduction, a majestic melody intertwining with vague premonitions of future dangers. In the vocal part, nervousness and cautiousness vary, varying the various shades of the vocal part. A rhythmic march convokes a squad for the coming battles, the guitar sings a battle cry. Then the introduction ends with a majestic saga, enveloping the further development of The Revenant (Redeemer) composition with an epic melody - but the incoming vocal supplements the sound of the race with unrestrained drive, based on the alternation of severe growling and rebellious harsh.
Starting with a gloomy fog, relating a musical canvas to the style of the doom metal, intro enters the Quagmire Twilight (Deleted Scene) composition with a painful clean vocal enveloped in charming melody and burdensome experiences of significant greatness. Where is the music, vocals? ... but Hidden Track concludes the album with exclamations.


Retroreflective self-adhesive blue symbol "-". 2 inch letter height. Durable High-Tack adhesive adheres to virtually all surfaces.
Most materials absorb light or scatter it in random directions, where retroreflective materials reflect light directly back to the light source by passing light through spherical glass optical elements onto a mirror, or by using cube corner reflectors, in order to optimize reflection and create a high visibility surface. Today's prismatic retroreflective sheeting can return as much as 60% of the light to the viewer. Retroreflective materials are often used by emergency personnel like police officers, paramedics, and firefighters to make them more visible in dark or low light situations. These materials are also commonly used for path marking or to improve safety where traffic control is important, and visibility of normal signs may be difficult.


Being a good listener is one of the most important skills you can master if you want to advance your career and build meaningful relationships. When you REALLY listen, you demonstrate your interest in what is being said and you show your respect for the individual saying it. Listening is a magnetic force that draws people to us.
Have you ever talked to someone and noticed he or she wasn't really listening to you? How did it make you feel? Unimportant? Disrespected? Insulted? Remember those feelings and work diligently to ensure that people never feel the same way when they talk to you.
In this post I will highlight 10 things I have learned throughout my career in addition to some lessons my dad taught me. My dad is the best listener I know. Everyone who meets him forms an instant bond with him and I am convinced that the number one reason for this immediate connection is his genuine and sincere interest in others. It all starts with him being a good listener.
1. Make Eye Contact—The first step in being a good listener is to make eye contact with people while they are talking. Good eye contact demonstrates genuine interest in the person and the conversation.
2. Be Present—I must admit I have been accused at times by my wife of not being present when she is talking even though I am looking into her eyes. These are times when my mind is thinking about something other than what she is talking about. I can only assume others have noticed, but perhaps at the risk of offending me, they have not said anything. The key here is to be aware that people do notice if we are not really listening. And so we must focus on the discussion and not allow our minds to wonder.
3. Give NO Sign You are Ready to Respond—When you are listening, don't give any clues that you are ready to respond. Don't point your finger and don't open your mouth. When I talk to people and I see that they are waiting on pins and needles to respond, I know they are no longer listening because they are more concerned with how they are going to respond than with listening to what I have to say.
4. Wait Two Seconds to Respond—During a conversation, wait two seconds after the person finishes speaking to make sure they have finished their thought. This is especially important when talking on the phone, because you can't see their facial expression. Often times they are just pausing to gather their thoughts and are not really finished speaking. If you find yourself talking at the same time someone else is talking, then use that opportunity to remind yourself of the "pause two seconds" rule.
5. Let Them Go First—If you start talking at the same time someone else is trying to finish their thought, STOP and say, "I'm sorry, please continue" and let them finish before responding. Even if what you have to say is important or it's an answer to the question they raised, show them your respect by letting them finish. I certainly notice when people allow me to complete my sentences without "over talking" or interrupting. Do you?
6. Care About What's Being Said—This is where my dad stands out from most people. When he listens he really cares about what is being said, even if it's a subject that doesn't interest him. He tells me that this is his way of showing people that what they say is important and that they are valuable individuals.
7. Listen For The Message Within The Message—Another one of my dad's skills is to listen for the message within the message. By listening intently, he is able to grasp the topic and move more effectively into the conversation. He says that most people are looking for encouragement, answers or insights to the subjects they discuss. By listening in this manner, he is able to connect more effectively.
8. Don't Change The Subject—When you are engaged in a conversation, don't change the subject unless the discussion is finished. I observe people who do this all the time in small group settings, business meetings and social encounters. If you change the subject of a discussion prematurely, you demonstrate a lack of interest in the discussion and indicate that what you have to say is more important.
9. Respond By Asking Questions—When you ask people questions during a conversation, you show a sincere interest in the topic. My dad says that most people operate at "the feeling level", rather than "the thinking level", even if they are good thinkers. I agree! My Dad's favorite question is to ask how they FEEL about the subject they have raised.
10. Don't Start a Side Conversation—When part of a group conversation, never start a side conversation, even if the person talking is not making eye contact with you. Yes, they should be including you in the conversation by sharing eye contact equally with each person in the group, but don't allow their mistake to prevent you from being a good listener.
Like many of the other thoughts I have shared with you, instinctively I know the right thing to do. But doing it consistently is the hard part. Being a good listener requires an intentional effort and above all, a sincere interest in other people. It is a skill worthy of mastering.
I am committed to working on being a better listener. Will you commit to showing you care about people by incorporating these ten tips into your daily routine? On a scale of 1-10, what's your commitment?


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Home > Common Birds of Coastal Georgia
Common Birds of Coastal Georgia
Illustrations: 215 color photos
Wormsloe Foundation Nature Books
Subsidies and Partnerships
Published with the generous support of Wormsloe Foundation Nature Books
NATURE / Birdwatching Guides
SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Zoology / Ornithology
• Learn more about the birds of Georgia at the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Ideal for amateur birders, nature enthusiasts, and visitors to the Atlantic coast, this guide presents 103 species of birds commonly seen on the beaches and in the marsh and inland areas of Georgia's coastal region. The guide features large color photographs for easy and immediate identification and is divided into three sections that reflect distinct types of coastal habitats—backyards, ponds and marshes, and shore and ocean. Within these three sections, the species are arranged by size of bird, from smaller birds, such as painted buntings, to larger ones, such as brown pelicans.
Information for each bird species includes common and scientific names, distinguishing marks and characteristics, and descriptions of bird calls, typical habitats, and nesting and feeding behaviors. Accounts also show variations in plumage according to sex, age, and season. A perfect companion for residents and visitors alike, Common Birds of Coastal Georgia also serves as an excellent introduction to birding, bird identification, and conservation.
JIM WILSON is the author or coauthor of five bird guides including Common Birds of Greater Atlanta (Georgia). He is past president of the Atlanta Audubon Society and served as Important Bird Areas coordinator for the state of Georgia from 2000 to 2006.
Common Birds of Greater Atlanta


The New York definition of robbery is stealing by force. If you implement the use of physical force as you steal the property of another individual, then you could be charged with robbery. Use of force could mean so many different things, but most commonly it refers to slapping, punching, or pulling out a dangerous weapon in a threatening manner. However, the use of a firearm is not necessary in order to bring about robbery charges. Robbery is considered a serious felony offense in the state of New York and it is one that carries stiff penalties if you are convicted. If you or a loved one has been arrested for robbery or another theft crime in New York, speak with a Livingston County criminal defense lawyer as soon as possible.
In New York, robbery is broken up into three different categories: first degree, second degree and third degree- the first degree being the most severe. The penalties for robbery vary depending on the degree of your crime. These penalties are fully explained in the New York Penal Code Section 160.
Robbery in the first degree is considered to be a class B felony because it is such a violent crime. This is the most serious charge associated with robbery and it typically involved holding someone at gunpoint. The penalties for first degree robbery may include a prison sentence for up to 25 years. For people with no past criminal record the minimum possible sentence is five years in prison.
Robbery in the second degree is considered to be a class C felony and it is generally referred to as "group robbery." In most cases, second degree robberies are committed by a small group of people working together in the commission of the crime. This crime is punishable for up to 15 years in prison.
Third degree robbery is the least serious charge and it is categorized as a Class D felony because it is a non-violent crime. A crime of this caliber carries a sentence of no more than 2-7 years in prison.
Again, the penalties will vary depending on how much force is used (or threatened) in order to steal another person's property. What the defendant uses in enforcing their threats will also make a difference. Although the classic robbery scenario is seeing a shopkeeper held at gun point, there are many other scenarios that are considered robbery that occur on a much more frequent bases. In fact, children even act out third degree when they bully another student, push them around and then take their lunch money. In New York, some students are actually prosecuted for this because it is considered to be a crime.
Here at Van Allen & Hoffmann, LLP, our Livingston County attorneys have over 30 years of collective experience. We know what is at stake and our mission is to help you reach the best possible outcome in your case. Whether you are facing first degree or third degree robbery charges, our legal team is highly capable of taking on your case. Our firm is committed to protecting the rights of the accused in Rochester and the cities throughout Livingston County. If you or a loved one has been charged with robbery, then act fast and consult with a Livingston County criminal defense attorney right away. We have been practicing criminal law for over five decades, so let our experience work for you!
Contact our firm today by filling out an online case evaluation form and tell us about your case.


Occupying a gorgeous position next to a yacht marina close to Sibenik is the contemporary, top-class hotel D-Resort Sibenik. With fantastic architecture, spacious rooms and exquisite dining, this 5-star resort swiftly becomes a firm favourite with all who stay here.
D-Resort Sibenik is located in the heart of superyacht marina D-Marin Mandalina and lies just 30 minutes from some of the most beautiful national parks Croatia has to offer. It's also less than an hour from Split and Zadar, with Sibenik itself just over 2 miles away.
TObviously, you're in the perfect place if you're a yacht enthusiast and you can rent or charter a motor yacht or sailing boat at the marina which is just steps away from the resort.
The hotel has a 220 sq m swimming pool, a gym and Kids Club for children aged 4-11 years old. When it's time to indulge yourself, expert therapists await at the D-Spa which offers personalised face and body treatments including massages, rituals and facial treatments.
For refreshments and dining there are two elegant restaurants and four bars at the resort.
The modern accommodation is contemporary and chic with most rooms having breathtaking sea views. Amenities include a bathroom with bathtub and/or shower, hairdryer, bathrobes, slippers, Wi-Fi, LED TV with international channels, air conditioning/heating, balcony, safe box, minibar.
Lovely light rooms with sea views and double or twin beds. 29-35 sq m.
Elegant suites with a separate bedroom and living room, espresso machine, bathroom with separate bathtub and rain shower. 61 sq m.
Spacious two bedroom suites which also have a living room, dining room, two bathrooms, floor-to-ceiling windows, balcony, executive work desk, espresso machine. 120 sq m.
Exclusive villas offer a 150 sq m living area, private garden area, 30 sq m private outdoor swimming pool, private parking lot, two bedrooms each with private bathroom, dining room with dining table, Italian furniture and decorative items, executive desk, guest toilet, espresso machine, separate staff area with twin bed and kitchen.
Art Restaurant and Bar: Spectacular views and exquisite dining can be enjoyed at this top floor venue.
Yacht Club Restaurant: Delicious Mediterranean and Asian fusion cuisine.


Large Corner Lot, with side gate on the side to store your boat in the back. 3-4 Bedroom (Extra room on second floor could be a Game Room or Bedroom, with a closet.) All new paint inside. Owner is still working on the home. New Counter tops will be put in bathrooms. Carpet is being installed.


Passionate about the rights of civilians? Track record in human rights or development programming? Fluent in English and Arabic?
Work with us to implement Ceasefire's in-country programmes in the Middle East and South Sudan, including supporting civilian-led monitoring of violations, building skills of activists and partner organisations, and facilitating claims for reparations and other justice mechanisms.
Please see the Job Description and Person Specification here.
How to apply: Please send a CV and a covering letter explaining how you fit the requirements of the post to: contact@ceasefire.org by the deadline of Wednesday 13 March 2019. Please put 'Programme Officer application' in the subject line.
If you are interested in interning or volunteering with us, please get in touch. At the moment we are particularly interested in those with Arabic or Farsi language skills, as well as English; and also those with a background in human rights law or international humanitarian law. As well as a passion for civilian rights!


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Remarq
Fruit and vegetable intake and body adiposity among populations in Eastern Canada: the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health Study
Zhijie Michael Yu Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Vanessa DeClercq Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Yunsong Cui Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Cynthia Forbes School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Scott Grandy School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Melanie Keats School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Louise Parker Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Ellen Sweeney Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Trevor J B Dummer Centre of Excellence in Cancer Prevention, School of Prevention and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Correspondence to Dr Zhijie Michael Yu; Zhijie.Yu{at}dal.ca
Yu ZM, DeClercq V, Cui Y, et al
BMJ Open 2018;8:e018060. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018060
Received June 2, 2017
Revised February 6, 2018
Accepted February 22, 2018
First published April 10, 2018.
© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Instructions for reviewers


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WOMEN'S BASKETBALL LEAGUE
Debbie Mauldin Cottrell
Women's Professional Basketball League Logo. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
Houston Angels Basketball Team 1978-1979. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
Nancy Lieberman holding her Dallas Diamonds jersey. Courtesy of the NBA. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
Women's Professional Basketball League Media Guide. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
Women's American Basketball Association Logo. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107.
WOMEN'S BASKETBALL LEAGUE. The Dallas Diamonds and the Houston Angels provided Texas's contribution to the Women's Basketball League, a short-lived but significant effort, in the late 1970s, that gave women an opportunity to be paid for playing a team sport in the United States. The WBL was founded in the fall of 1978 by William Byrne. It began as the Women's Professional Basketball League with teams in eight cities playing a thirty-four game schedule. In the first year of the league, the Houston Angels bested New York, New Jersey, and Dayton teams to win the Eastern Division, then went on to defeat the Iowa Cornets for the league championship in the spring of 1979. The final game of the championship series, played at Houston's Hofheinz Pavilion, drew some 6,000 fans. The following year the league shortened its name and increased its size to fourteen teams in three divisions. For this 1979–80 season Houston moved to the Western Division, where it was joined by the Dallas Diamonds and two California teams. Dallas finished last in its division in its inaugural season and had to rely on other clubs in the league to assist it financially, but in its second year its fortunes brightened with the acquisition of Nancy Lieberman, a former player at Old Dominion University, which won three national championships while she played there, and a recognized star in collegiate women's basketball. After Lieberman joined, Dallas won twenty-seven games in 1980–81 compared to seven the previous year. Despite the infusion of such stars, the WBL faced several severe obstacles. Each year saw some teams fold, attendance never averaged more than 1,500, and salaries averaged only around $11,000 a year, though some, such as Lieberman, were paid up to $100,000 per year. Media support for the WBL was never strong, with only the Chicago Hustle having a contract for regular television coverage. While the game itself was played very similarly to men's (the only difference being that the women played with a slightly smaller ball) and was thus a vast improvement over the once-common women's game of six players on a half-court, there were elements within the WBL that demonstrated that traditional attitudes toward women still prevailed. With league ownership and coaching completely in the hands of men, no significant places of leadership off-court developed for women in the WBL. Many players also resented league encouragement to attend charm school and receive instructions on wearing make-up. Thus, despite its existence at a time when enactment of national Title IX of the educational amendments of 1972 provisions was increasing the pool of girls and women participating in high school and college sports and at a time when women's professional tennis was more popular than men's, the WBL still found itself with only three teams remaining in operation in 1981 and by 1982 had disbanded. Houston played through 1980, and the Dallas franchise, with its star Lieberman, lasted until the end of the WBL. Despite their lack of longevity, the Texas teams in the WBL established a loyal, if small, following and received regular, if limited, media coverage. They represented the second effort at professional team sports for women in the state, following the National Women's Football League in the early 1970s. Another women's professional basketball league with Texas teams was formed in 1984. Nancy Lieberman was the number one draft choice of the Dallas Diamonds of the Women's American Basketball Association, signing for $250,000 and leading Dallas to the league title. The WABA folded after one season.
Dallas Morning News, May 10, 1980. Allen Guttmann, Women's Sports: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). Houston Post, March 11, May 2, 1979, March 1, 1980. Nancy Lieberman-Cline, Lady Magic: The Autobiography of Nancy Lieberman-Cline (Champaign, Illinois: Sagamore, 1992).
Organizations and Agencies
Handbook of Texas Online, Debbie Mauldin Cottrell, "WOMEN'S BASKETBALL LEAGUE," accessed July 18, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xowuf.
Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on August 2, 2017. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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Q: How do I send data to a nodeJS websocket on the command line? I have a node JS web socket server that is setup like so
// Miner Proxy Srv
var srv = new WebSocket.Server({
    server: web,
    path: "/proxy",
    maxPayload: 1024
});
srv.on('connection', (ws) => {
    var conn = {
        uid: null,
        pid: crypto.randomBytes(12).toString("hex"),
        workerId: null,
        found: 0,
        accepted: 0,
        ws: ws,
        pl: new net.Socket(),
    }

My question is how do I connect to the web socket AND send data to it?  I downloaded "wscat" and tried the below
wscat -c ws://localhost:8000/proxy -p 13 -H "Host:localhost.localdomain.com" -H "Connection: Upgrade" -H "Upgrade: websocket" -H "Sec-WebSocket-Key: SGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ==" -H "Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13" '{"type":"auth","params":{"site_key":{"IF_EXCLUSIVE_TAB":"ifExclusiveTab","FORCE_EXCLUSIVE_TAB":"forceExclusiveTab","FORCE_MULTI_TAB":"forceMultiTab","CONFIG":{"LIB_URL":"https://localhost.localdomain.com/lib/","WEBSOCKET_SHARDS":[["wss://localhost.localdomain.com/proxy"]]},"CRYPTONIGHT_WORKER_BLOB":"blob:https://localhost.localdomain.com/54f39ac6-5c2a-4ff1-8052-c4e0e508034c"},"type":"anonymous","user":null,"goal":0}}'

but I get the error
error: Error: invalid server key

when I run the above.

A: wscat generates valid header Sec-WebSocket-Key for the request by default, so just remove -H "Sec-WebSocket-Key: SGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ==" from the command-line and it might work. I debugged on and found below header are already created even if I dont pass them through command-line using wscat.
srv.on('connection', (ws,req) => {
    console.log(req.headers);
     /*
     //headers present without passing arguments to wscat
     { 'sec-websocket-version': '13',
       'sec-websocket-key': 's3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=',
        connection: 'Upgrade',
        upgrade: 'websocket',

        .....
     */
     ......

So use following command:
wscat -c ws://localhost:8000/proxy -p 13 -H "Host:localhost.localdomain.com" -H "Connection: Upgrade" -H "Upgrade: websocket" -H "Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13" '{"type":"auth","params":{"site_key":{"IF_EXCLUSIVE_TAB":"ifExclusiveTab","FORCE_EXCLUSIVE_TAB":"forceExclusiveTab","FORCE_MULTI_TAB":"forceMultiTab","CONFIG":{"LIB_URL":"https://localhost.localdomain.com/lib/","WEBSOCKET_SHARDS":[["wss://localhost.localdomain.com/proxy"]]},"CRYPTONIGHT_WORKER_BLOB":"blob:https://localhost.localdomain.com/54f39ac6-5c2a-4ff1-8052-c4e0e508034c"},"type":"anonymous","user":null,"goal":0}}'

I hope it helps.

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This geochemical study has used multiple research methods, such as bulk rock analyses and X-ray diffraction, to explore the causes for Vesuvius eruptions, their possible precursor phenomena and the expected effects of volcanic activity.
In March 2017, Francesco Stoppa, Claudia Principe, Mariangela Schiazza, Yu Liu, Paola Giosa and Sergio Crocetti have published a scholarly article bearing the title 'Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering' in Open Geosciences, an Open Access, peer-reviewed journal initially launched by Versita and Springer Science+Business Media as the Central European Journal of Geosciences in 2009. After the journal has been transferred to De Gruyter Open (formerly Versita), an imprint of De Gruyter, in 2014, the journal has been re-launched under its current title in Open Access format in 2015.
The key contribution of this paper to scholarly literature is a simplified description of the processes that take place between different Vesuvius eruptions, which has both historical and predictive aspects. More specifically, this article explores geological and structural reasons for the up-swelling of new magma batches from the deep geological layers of this mount and for the emplacement of a new magma chamber under Vesuvius. Moreover, this paper has proposed a parsimonious and precise manner to describe the evolution of magma inside this chamber and the possible factors leading to its eruption. By dint of this, the present research goes against the tide of the foregoing scholarship, since it sidesteps a widely accepted explanatory model for volcanic processes. This contributes to the scientific progress, as the proposed model of volcanic eruptions is significantly simpler than existing ones.
Given that no magma chamber under Vesuvius currently exists, it is important to investigate the reasons for the emplacement of a magma chamber under the volcano prior to the 1631 eruption. Likewise, this study has concentrated on the evolution of this chamber toward eruptive conditions eventually leading to the eruption of 16 December 1631, which was the last Plinian eruption at Vesuvius. The scientific community considers the Plinian model of eruptions to be the most probable eruptive scenario for the case in which Vesuvius can once again become an epicenter of volcanic processes leading to an explosive eruption. Therefore, the reconstruction of historical geological processes, such as the emplacement, evolution, and breaking of the 1631 magma chamber, that the authors of this article have performed is highly important for the forecasting of Vesuvius's possible volcanic activity scenarios in the future.
Uitbarsting van de vulkaan Vesuvius, 1631, Caspar Luyken (attributed to), 1701, etching, h 123mm × w 179mm. | © Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum.
Based on previous reconstructions of the eruptive phenomenology of the 1631 eruption, performed on the basis of field work and historical record analyses, the authors of this study have collected a statistically representative sample of eruptive products of this historical eruption. This study has used the classic petrochemical method involving an analysis of rock and mineral samples, to reconstruct the petrochemical evolution of the 1631 magma chamber. This research indicates that laboratory simulations, upon which existing scientific literature is based, cannot describe these natural processes with sufficient precision. Through its analytical conclusions based on primary data and comparisons with other Vesuvius deposits, the authors of this study have reconstructed the entire path of chemical evolution that has happened in the course of this magma up-swelling. Moreover, this research has identified several stages of magma rise, the nature of the parental magma of Vesuvius and the evolution this primitive magma inside the magma chamber up to the 1631 eruption event.
Therefore, this research sheds light on the manner in which volcanic activity at Vesuvius has taken place. It has found that this activity involves periodic up-swelling of primitive magma batches from the earth's mantle and its progressive chemical evolution, first inside a deep reservoir and afterwards in a subterranean magma chamber. Inside this chamber, the magma evolved in a delicate equilibrium that was disrupted by repeated in-flows of fresh magma from a reservoir in the deep geological layers, which has led to the explosive eruption in 1631 AD. As this paper argues, this entire process has been controlled by crystal fractionation and settling mechanisms. These geological processes can also form the foundation for the future behavior of the volcano, while leading to the next explosive eruption. The explanatory model presented in this paper also indicates that fresh and relatively basic magma can reach directly the surface of the mount in the form of a lava flow, instead of leading to an explosive eruption. As this study, thus, suggests the up-swelling of magma, coming from a deep geological reservoir does not necessarily lead to explosive volcanic activity.
As this study of the 1631 eruption demonstrates, the re-emplacement of a magma chamber under Vesuvius cannot happen without magma arrival, chamber emplacement and its final destabilization, as has happened in the case of this eruption. This is the more probable scenario for the case of an explosive reactivation of Vesuvius. At the same time, as follows from this research, it is also possible that the volcano reactivation can happen by means of a relatively rapid eruption of a basic lava flow with a minor presence of long-term precursor factors and limited devastation as a consequence.
Featured Image Credits: Mount Vesuvius, Italy, June 22, 2008 | © Courtesy of Katie Schenk.


text:
FUSE FASHION MAG
SPRING 2018 Vol. 8
FORM & SPIRIT
LIFE STYLED
© 2016 by FUSE Fashion Magazine a Division of FUSE IMS L.L.C.
MARKETING PARTNERSHIPS
What is it about reading in summer? Perhaps it is the fact that we have more time, especially if we are going on a trip, or that we make more time so that we can indulge in pure relaxation even if we are not leaving our favorite chair. But isn't that what reading is all about — taking us to someplace else. So while some people go light in their summer reads, I am offering an eclectic list of book titles. Enjoy.
1. East Lynne - By Mrs. Henry Wood A victorian novel with lots of characters and events, twists and turns. (Note: The joy of this book for me was the fact that my grandmother's signature, dated 1916, was written in it; and it was published in 1905.)
2. Behold the Dreamers - By Imbolo Mbue A story of an immigrant couple from Cameroon (by an author from Cameroon) about their adventures in coming to the United States at the time of the Lehman Brothers fallout.
3. The Beauty Queen of Jerusalem - By Sarit Yishai-Levi One girl's journey to understand her family through four generations of love, loss and acceptance.
4. Caribbean - By James A. Michener Long, but worth the read. Michener does such a great job of researching the history of each of his novels. This is about the discovery, settlement and development, and struggles of the islands in the Caribbean, through the people that lived it, spanning several generations.
WILLIAMS-SANOMA
Summer time means different things to different people and age groups. When you are a student, it is three months of freedom from a schedule, unless you are going to summer school or participating in swim team or some other summer sport. When you are working, it is the continuance of the "norm."
As an adult with no children in school, I look at it as a time to not travel when all the families are doing so, but to just sit back and enjoy the fruits of a new season, i.e. wear seasonal clothing, fun sandals, hats, eat lighter and healthier and enjoy some fun summer dishes and drinks with friends and family.
Brush off and clean the patio furniture, set out colorful towels and tablecloths and generally add LIGHTNESS to your life. Throw in some summer reading and enjoy being a tourist in your home town or nearby areas.
Whatever you choose to do with your summer, remember to relax, enjoy, and smell the roses.
FUSE LIFE STYLED — Weaving Style into our daily living with great Food & Recipe Ideas, Home Decor Pointers, Travel Tips and contemporary suggestions for Health & Wellness.
The FUSE Woman, Full & Complete,
Gail Gabriel
Life Styled Editor
METRO MARKET PLACE
CLICK, SHOP, & DISCOVER
Slice of orange
3 parts Prosecco (or any other dry sparkling wine)
2 parts Aperol
1 splash of soda
THE BEST SUMMER
COCKTAILS MADE
WITH FRESH FRUIT
4 EPA Tips to Staying Cool—and Save Money—This Summer
1. Install and Set a Programmable Thermostat
It doesn't make sense to have the a/c cooling your house while you're not there. Sure, you could switch it off on your way out, but it's no fun coming home to a hot and stuffy house. Set a programmable thermostat to a few degrees warmer for when you're out, and then have it cool the house to a comfortable temperature about an hour before you get home.
$ MONEY TALK $
3. Maintain the Air Filters
The EPA recommends checking the air filters in your HVAC system every month. If they're dirty, replace them right away. Dirty filters slow airflow and make the system work harder, which in time can lead to costly maintenance or system failure. Plan to replace air filters at least once every three months, the EPA says, to keep dirt and dust out of your system.
4. Make Good Use of a Ceiling Fan
During the summer make sure the fan is spinning counter-clockwise so that it creates a downward airflow. This produces a windchill effect and stirs up the denser cool air near the floor. Keep in mind that a fan does not lower the temperature of the room—it simply cools the people in it by about 4 degrees Fahrenheit.
By Andy Arthur
2. Seal Leaks and Insulate Ducts
Leaks in your home's building envelope and its HVAC ducts allow precious cool air to escape, overworking your a/c. Sealing major leaks can improve the efficiency of your system by up to 20 percent. If you can access your HVAC ducts, fix any leaky seams with duct tape, foil tape, or duct mastic. Insulating ducts in areas that get hot in the summer, such as garages and crawl spaces, will further increase your system's efficiency.
5. The Japanese Lover - By Isabel Allende In a San Francisco, Bay Area setting, in the dual time periods of the 2000s and 1940s, this is the story of an elderly, eccentric woman living in a nursing home and her decades old love affair with the son of her family's Japanese gardener.
6. After You - By Jojo Moyes A follow up to Me Before You.
7. The Eighty Dollar Champion - By Elizabeth Letts Even if you don't like horses, this is a book worth reading if you haven't discovered it yet.
8. The Aloha Quilt - By Jennifer Chiaverini Definitely a light summer read. While this is part of a formularized series, it is the first one I have read. With another season of Elm Creek Quilt Camp coming to a close, the owner faces a new set of circumstances with her quilt shop out of business and her divorce looming. (This is a nice escape to Hawaii.)
9. The Buddha in the Attic - By Joyce Otsuka A telling novel about Japanese picture brides immigrating to America in the early 1900s.
10.The Woman Destroyed - By Simone De Beauvoir A collection of three stories focusing on women who, having passed their youth, are experiencing unexpected crises. Written in three very distinct styles.
Fresh Watermelon Margarita
4 oz Tequila Don Julio Blanco 12
6 oz seedless watermelon
juice 1/4 lemon and 1/4 lime
1/2 oz Grand Marnier
Sprig of mint for garnish
Blend together tequila, Grand Marnier, watermelon, lemon and lime juice. Pour into shaker filled with ice and shake well. Rim two glasses with salt or sugar. Pour in margarita mixture and garnish with mint.
This is a refreshing Fruity Cocktail perfect for any Summer Gathering.
Pineapple and Sage Gimlet
Created by Bombay Sapphire North American Brand Ambassador, Gary Hayward.
7.5 oz Bombay Sapphire gin
3.75 oz lime juice
3 oz simple syrup
5 oz pineapple juice Build with ice in punch bowl and stir.
MAY Life Styled


text:
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.016660
Assessing User's Susceptibility and Awareness of Cybersecurity Threats
Maha M. Althobaiti*
College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author: Maha M. Althobaiti. Email: maha_m@tu.edu.sa
Received: 07 January 2021; Accepted: 07 February 2021
Abstract: Cybersecurity threats, including those involving machine learning, malware, phishing, and cryptocurrency, have become more sophisticated. They target sensitive information and put institutions, governments, and individuals in a continual state of risk. In 2019, phishing attacks became one of the most common and dangerous cyber threats. Such attacks attempt to steal sensitive data, such as login and payment card details, from financial, social, and educational websites. Many universities have suffered data breaches, serving as a prime example of victims of attacks on educational websites. Owing to advances in phishing tactics, strategies, and technologies, the end-user is the main victim of an attack scenario. According to several studies, the end-user can play a significant role in preventing a phishing attack. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the levels of user awareness regarding cyber threats and explore the relationship between the knowledge on cybercrimes and the awareness of phishing, within the context of cybercrime targeting educational websites. An observational experiment using 'think aloud' method was conducted with 20 students from Taif University. The results indicated that although the participants demonstrated an advanced level of information technology experience as specialists in computer science and computer engineering, their susceptibility to phishing was high. The results of this study will contribute to the cybersecurity research field in terms of proposing risk management plans, delivering embedded training to end-users, and improving spam detecting tools.
Keywords: Cybersecurity; cyberthreats; cybercrimes; spam; awareness
Cybersecurity threats have become a popular research area in the field of computer security. Different fields and technologies, such as education, healthcare, Internet of Things, and big data, are affected by cybersecurity attacks [1]. The damage caused by cybercrimes can be classified into two main cost categories: economic and moral. In terms of economic harm, companies may lose valuable and sensitive information or large amounts of capital because of cyber-attacks. In terms of moral damage, the misuse of any stolen identity information may significantly affect an individual's or organization's reputation [2].
The Anti-Phishing Working Group defines phishing as "a criminal mechanism employing both social engineering and technical subterfuge to steal consumers' personal identity data and financial account credentials" [3]. The process of phishing is usually conceived by expert web designers who create websites that appear to be legitimate; then, they steal personal information when victims access and interact with such sites. Another commonly used phishing tactic involves sending an email as a first attempt to steal sensitive and valuable information, such as identity and bank details, by asking the victim to click on a link or download a file. Such emails are usually designed to appear legitimate to the user. Users play a significant role in phishing attack scenarios, and the user's response to a scam can enhance cyberspace security [4]. Therefore, approaches should be developed to increase user awareness and provide users with knowledge of cyberattacks [5].
Attackers also use spam emails that are designed to appear as communications from legitimate sources [6]. Cybercrimes committed through spam emails are considered one of the most frequently used approaches for distributing malware and implementing other established cybercrimes, such as stealing personal information [7]. Spam can comprise meaningless advertisements through unwanted emails, messages, or social media communications. However, these can also contain malware or malicious bots/viruses that have been created to access the recipient's confidential information from the receivers [6]. Although spam might appear to have a minor impact at the individual level, one study reported that in 2018, the daily global average of spam emails was approximately 400 billion, representing over 80% of all daily email communications during that year [8]. Such a prevalent and universal threat of malware-based spam can have a major impact on both economic and social welfare [6].
According to Cybersecurity Ventures, by 2021, cybercrime will cost the world approximately six trillion dollars annually compared to three trillion dollars in 2015 [9]. In 2019, phishing attacks were considered one of the most dangerous types of cyber-attacks [10]. Moreover, spam emails have been reported to be one of the ten deadly cybersecurity threats amid the COVID-19 pandemic [11]. Phishing and denial-of-service attacks that aim to steal documents are the most common cyberthreats to educational institutions. For example, websites belonging to universities in the United Kingdom suffered damaging attacks [12]. One such university was attacked 100 times in one month [12]. Decreasing victimization of educational websites in phishing attacks will have a substantial economic and educational impact and make cyberspace more secure. Therefore, an observational experiment was conducted in the present study to investigate users' awareness and ability to identify spam and phishing emails.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of relevant research on users' susceptibility to cybercrimes. Section 3 outlines the methodology used to conduct this study, including the selected educational organization, experimental design, and procedure. Section 4 describes the findings and results. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the general conclusions derived from the study.
Although several studies have focused on understanding and investigating methods and tools used in cybercrimes, such as phishing [13,14], limited research has been conducted to understand users' perceptions of cybercrimes or their level of awareness of such crimes. Societal, economic, and other vital infrastructures have become fundamentally reliant on internet technologies and information system solutions [6]. Consequently, cybercrimes have become more frequent and catastrophic.
In a study on social engineering, spear-phishing, which targets specific victims, and phishing attacks, Butavicius et al. [15] examined the impact of various social engineering techniques by sending phishing and legitimate emails to over 121 university students. Their results suggested that students often viewed both types of emails as genuine and not malicious. Students could not distinguish between spear-phishing attempts and standard phishing attacks. Furthermore, spear-phishing emails often applied an authority-based social engineering approach, so students received spam emails from a sender who had some authority at their school. Consequently, the students were more inclined to treat such emails as genuine.
Sun et al. [16] explored the impact of internet self-efficacy on anti-phishing behavior using a questionnaire survey of 434 university students. Their findings revealed that experience and technical knowledge enhanced internet users' threat perception and anti-phishing behavior. Similarly, in a study on the factors affecting vulnerability to phishing attacks, Iuga et al. [17] conducted a web-based evaluation of 382 respondents, asking them to distinguish genuine websites from phishing pages. They discovered that gender and knowledge of computer systems significantly impacted the effective detection of phishing emails or attacks. Meanwhile, Broadhurst et al. [6] argued that the impact of technical knowledge on phishing vulnerability is not yet completely understood.
Considering the social engineering aspect of cybercrimes, some studies have focused on educating users as an effective means of attack prevention [18–21], resulting in a web-based game for teaching users how to detect phishing scams [22,23]. Other studies have focused on using software to detect phishing through machine learning, uniform resource locator (URL) feature classification, and contextual analysis [24–27].
Carella et al. [28] performed an experiment in which participants received various levels of security awareness training and used different approaches to analyze phishing scam software. They found that security awareness training reduced the number of times users clicked on links contained in phishing attacks. In another empirical study, Alsharnouby et al. [27] used an eye-tracking method for obtaining objective quantitative data to discover which strategies users employed to determine if a website was legitimate. The results revealed an average success rate of only 53%. Furthermore, the participants spent only 6% of the total experiment time looking at security indicators, such as the URL bar and the SSL padlock, to determine website legitimacy.
Hasan et al. [29] evaluated the relationship between various factors, including users' age, knowledge on cybercrime, and awareness of risks involved with cybercrimes. They quantitatively surveyed 342 accounting students at the Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia. The results showed that female students were more aware of cyber threats, such as phishing and spam attacks, than their male counterparts. Moreover, well-educated students aged 18–23 years showed a higher level of awareness of cybercrimes and the potential risks of such attacks.
The relationship between certain demographic factors and users' responses to cyber-attacks has been examined in several studies. For instance, in a quasi-experimental study, Broadhurst et al. [6] recruited 138 students and subjected them to some form of social engineering. The researchers sent spam emails and phishing attacks. The spam emails were focused on prompting the recipients to either provide personal information or click on fake links that could introduce malicious code to their systems. This study revealed that first-year students tended to be more susceptible to phishing attacks than more experienced students.
Abbasi et al. [30] investigated whether online users with heightened safety awareness might be more observant and apply security countermeasures. They sampled 509 university students and created three clusters: those who had a high level of knowledge on information technology (IT) tools and avoided potential phishing risks, those who had experienced previous phishing attacks and did not trust or avoided phishing websites, and those with a higher level of awareness and considerable experience with phishing attacks. The researchers concluded that online users who effectively detected phishing attacks were often those who were knowledgeable about phishing attack methods and understood the potential impact of such attacks. However, the researchers also discovered that some of these strategies negatively affected the users' ability to identify phishing attacks effectively because previous experiences and phishing knowledge appeared to make users over-confident in identifying such attacks. The results suggested that higher awareness of cyber risks and susceptibility to such risks could reduce phishing attacks.
In a study focused on exploring individual differences in information security awareness, Hadlington et al. [31] had over 1,000 participants complete a survey created to investigate users' vulnerability to cybercrimes. The researchers adopted a unique approach by examining the relationship between cybercrime awareness and personality attributes (i.e., impulsivity). The results showed that 60% of the survey respondents were highly vulnerable to a wide range of cyber-attacks. Users who showed a lower level of information security awareness combined with higher impulsivity were highly vulnerable to cybercrimes. The results highlighted that students could potentially be classified as low risk with increased knowledge on cybercrimes, such as phishing attacks, that could aid in effectively detecting attacks such as phishing attacks.
Thus, it can be deduced that there is increasing awareness of the significance of human factors in effectively preventing cybercrimes and improving information security [32]. However, current security approaches and technological solutions appear to be ineffective in preventing cybercrimes. This could be because of online users failing to adopt the required security protocols when using the Internet or their tendency to partake in activities that increase their susceptibility to cybercrimes [33]. Therefore, it is crucial to understand end-users' vulnerability to cybersecurity threats. Identifying such vulnerabilities will help security tool developers in creating effective security solutions to increase users' awareness of cybercrimes. This study suggests that such preventative solutions would aid in reducing educational institutions' risk of suffering from cyber attacks such as spam emails.
This study aims to investigate the level of user awareness regarding phishing emails that target education websites. It uses a think-aloud method, which, to our knowledge, has never been used before in phishing investigation studies. Here, the user was asked to perform a specific task and verbally explain their thoughts while completing an assignment [34].
3 Materials and Methods
This section describes the methodology used to investigate users' susceptibility to and awareness of phishing. First, a specific educational institution was selected to investigate the level of spam and phishing emails it received and what approach it used to detect such emails. Second, an experiment and associated procedure, tailored to the users' educational institution, were designed.
3.1 Selection of an Educational Institution
Taif University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was selected in this study as a sample educational institution. Its website (www.tu.edu.sa) (see Fig. 1) is used by current students and visitors and provides visitors with the information needed to apply and study at the university. It also provides enrolled students with numerous electronic services, including a learning management system, email, a digital library, and information regarding the academic system. Similar to other universities, Taif University has faced various cybersecurity threats, of which phishing is among the most common. The Deanship of E-learning and Information Technology uses one of the most popular and advanced detection tools to automatically repel potential spam and phishing messages. However, these tools cannot repel all types of malicious messages. Moreover, user awareness is required to detect email fraud. Therefore, in this study, the Deanship of E-learning and Information Technology was requested to send some of the detected phishing emails to the researcher (see Fig. 2). An analysis of the content of these emails showed that most had the subject heading "Call for papers" and requested the recipient to click on a link to a malignant website or an invitation to join a Microsoft Teams meeting. These emails appeared to target both academic and support staff to steal research and other information. Based on the Deanship's reports on detected spam and phishing emails.
Figure 1: Home page of Taif University's website
Figure 2: Sample of spam email received by a user at Taif University
3.2 Experimental Design and Procedure
To fulfil the aim of the study, an experimental approach known as a think-aloud protocol was used. This protocol is defined as a method that requests the subjects to express their thoughts during their performance of an experimental task [34,35]. The experimental task was based on the analysis of actual phishing emails, as explained in Section 3.1, to obtain results that were as accurate as possible. In the task, 50% of the participants received a phishing email that invited them to join a lecture by providing their personal information. The remaining participants received two emails: one was a phishing attempt, and the other was a genuine invitation for the participant to join a lecture by clicking on the provided link. The task was presented to the participants in a format that facilitated the simulation of a real-world context and improved the ecological validity of the task [36]. The participants were then asked to check their email, identify the message from their lecturer, and accept the invitation to join a lecture by replying to the email.
Because the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, an online approach was implemented using the Blackboard system, which is an application used for online learning, teaching, and discussion. The researcher, who was present during the experiment, asked the participants to think aloud. The researcher did not engage with the participants during the experiment but was responsible for calculating the time each participant took to perform the task and guiding them to fill out the post-experiment questionnaire. All participants performed the same task, the only difference being that 50% of them received two emails instead of one. The researcher's intention was to observe whether the participants receiving two emails would detect a similarity in the name of the sender of both emails.
The procedure for each experiment was as follows. The researcher divided the students into two breakout groups. They were then sent to a control room or an experiment room and instructed to read the consent form, fill the pre-experiment questionnaire, and perform the requested task while sharing their computer screen and thinking aloud. After finishing the task, the participants were asked to complete the post-experiment questionnaire. During the experiment, the observer filled an observation sheet for each user. This sheet recorded the participant's interaction with the received email and captured other information, such as the date of the experiment, duration of each task, and other participant comments.
The user's susceptibility and awareness of phishing were measured using four identified security attributes: attention, caution, motivation, and wariness. These attributes were used by Althobaiti et al. [37] and can be applied in any security task. Tab. 1 lists the security measurements used in the experiment in this study.
Table 1: Security attributes used in the experiment
3.3 Participants
The study sample comprised students at Taif University because the task simulated a spam email targeting the members of this university. A sample size of 20 participants as stated by Macefield [38] provides statistically significant results in the think-aloud method. Therefore, the required number of 20 participants was met; more participants were also welcomed. A notice was placed on the college blackboard to invite any interested students to participate in a research experiment spanning two weeks. All the recruited participants (females) were from the computer sciences and computer engineering departments of the Computing and Information Technology College.
3.4 Data Collection
In this study, data were collected through observation and a questionnaire. An observation sheet was used, as described in Section 3.2, to record the participants' thoughts, start and end times of the task, and any participant comments. The questionnaire included a pre-experiment section and a post-experiment section. The pre-experiment questionnaire consisted of several demographical questions, whereas the post-experiment survey focused on the knowledge on cybercrime and Internet usage.
4 Results and Discussion
Most of the participants (95%) used social media, 60% rated their IT experience as adequate, and 20% rated their IT experience as advanced (see Tab. 2). All the participants, except one, had experience in online shopping. Four participants shopped online frequently, 13 shopped sometimes, and two participants rarely shopped online.
We also measured the four aforementioned security attributes: attention, caution, motivation, and wariness. Attention was measured by checking the email's subject line and sender name and noticing the difference in the sender names. One group received two emails, phishing and genuine, in which the sender names differed by one letter. During the experiment, by observing the participants and listening to their thought process, it appeared that none of them had read the email subject line. In the group that received two emails, none had noticed the difference in the sender names. Moreover, none of the participants in either group exhibited any hesitation in opening the email.
Caution was measured by observing whether the participants checked the email's sender. The results revealed that none of the participants in either group checked the sender's email address either before or after reading the email's content. This indicates that verifying the sender's email address is not habitual, even if the email's presentation or content is unusual.
Table 2: Social media use, IT experience, and online shopping
Motivation was measured by observing the users' reaction to the email's content. Only six participants (30%) read the email's content very carefully. Four of those participants hesitated to reply and asked whether they were required to reply. Two expressed hesitation in providing all the required information, including name, email address, and national ID number, by asking whether it was compulsory to give their national ID number. The remaining 70% of the participants did not present any concern or apprehension and quickly read and replied to the email. An analysis of the observation sheet of the group that received two emails showed that no one in that group hesitated to click on the link that invited them to a lecture session.
Wariness was measured by whether the users replied to the email. The results revealed that 90% of the participants responded to the email and provided all the required information. Based on this, it can be assumed that the participants did not have any experience in the domain of security and were not aware of the effects of their actions or decisions with respect to the provision of personal information via email. The results of this study contrast those of Hasan et al. [29], who showed that female and well-educated students have a high level of awareness of cybercrimes. The experiment in this study, however, which was conducted on a sample comprising only well-educated females, did not show that the participants have a high level of awareness of cybercrimes. Moreover, they were unware of the potential risks of providing personal information without checking the sender's email to ensure that their details are provided to known persons only.
All the participants reported that they had not been victims of cybercrimes prior to the experiment. Regarding the post-experiment question on the safety of the Internet, 65% of the participants considered the Internet to be safe to some extent, 30% considered it to be unsafe to some extent, and 5% (one participant) considered it not safe at all. However, this single student did not appear to be careful during the experiment and replied to the phishing email. Furthermore, 12 participants indicated that they could recognize and discover cybercrimes, whereas five indicated that they could not; those who indicated they could recognize cybercrimes had no prior experience with them. The last two questions were regarding whether the participant received phishing emails and what they did with such emails (see Tab. 3). Although most of the participants indicated that they take action regarding the spam email, they were unable to identify the spam email during the experiment. Thus, the low level of the participants' awareness of phishing emails points to their poor knowledge of cybercrimes, because phishing is considered to be a cybercrime as it aims to steal sensitive and important information.
Table 3: Post-questionnaire results
The completion time of the experiment was measured from when the user checked the email inbox until they replied to the email. The average time spent was 1.62 min; three students spent more than 2 min. The completion time for each group is shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 3: Comparison of completion time between the two groups
In this study, levels of user awareness of cyberthreats to an educational website were investigated through an observational experiment. The results, based on an analysis of their response to a phishing email, indicate that the participant's level of awareness of phishing email was quite low. Moreover, the results reveal that although the participants indicated an advanced level of IT experience as specialists in computer science and computer engineering, their susceptibility to phishing was nevertheless high. The main limitation of this study is that the entire sample comprised of people who had attained the same education level and belonged to the same age group and the same gender. Thus, future work should consider participants from different age groups and genders and with varied education levels. The results of the present study will be useful in proposing risk management plans, delivering embedded training to end-users, designing warning messages, and improving spam-detecting tools.
Acknowledgement: The author would like to thank the Deanship of E-learning and Information Technology in Taif University for their support by sharing information and samples of spam emails.
Funding Statement: This study was funded by the Dean of Scientific Research, Taif University, KSÁ (research project number 440-6129).
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Three stunning way-too-expensive pieces are selling on E-bay. They come from different worlds. Looking at them, I feel like I'm in a historical conference in an imaginary United Nations.
The first piece is a back comb from the French Empire's Eugenie period, c. 1860. A blue enameled center sets off two sides of gilt-bronze scrolls, as well as a scroll at the top. The tiara sits on a tortoiseshell comb. Bidding starts at 1190 EUR, and you may examine auction 221042135855.
As you can see, this piece is original. Price: $4800. You may examine item 260814325656.
Our last piece is a comb from the Batak peoples of Sumatra (thank you Jen Cruse), made from wood, bamboo, and brass. It sports a beautifully carved handle. The condition is fabulous. Price: 600 EUR or best offer. You may examine item 330743121368.
For more scholarly research, please examine these books in our Resource Library.
The third comb is not Balinese but is attributed to the Batak peoples of Sumatra.
Thank you, Jen! Will change immediately!
The silver head piece, which is lovely and very good, as well as rare, is actually almost certainly Yao, not Dong, and is extensively discussed in Jess G. Pourret's book *The Yao [etc]* (2002). It was known as a "celestial crown" (see the discussion in Truus Daalder, *Ethnic Jewellery and Adornment*, pp. 209-10); and it was made by girls at puberty, using silver pieces and human hair. The more modern versions – several of which were not made by the Yao themselves – usually lack the human hair and are less fine and less intricate. The original early piece was worn every day by one Yao sub-group but only for special occasions by others. For an illustration of another good example, see ours in Truus's book, p. 220. On p. 221 a more modern version is illustrated, still quite similar in some ways, but distinctly inferior.
Thank you so much. I took the description from the ebay dealer. First mistake. They rarely know what they are selling. I will integrate your comment into the post and give you credit. Thank you so much for the correction. It is really appreciated.