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Examples Of Hope In Night By Elie Wiesel
Hope is a helpful tool to push people through the hardest times in life. In the book Night by Elie Wiesel, there are numerous examples of hope helping people and revitalizing their confidence. People used hope to help them through rough times. People hope that friends and family are still alive. Also hope that the Front liberates the camps and frees everyone. Hope can help people get through the hardest obstacles in life.
These following quotations are examples of people having hope help them through the tough times. People hope that others are still alive even if they could be dead. Not long ago Elie and his father were just separated from his mother and sister. Now it was evening and they were laying in their cots, listening to Akiba Drumer, and the only they could think about at the moment was them. "Mother is still a young woman. She must be in a labor camp. And Tzipora, she is a big girl now. She too must be…show more content…
During the time The Jews were hiding in there blocks when they realized that the officers left two rations of soup unattended. Then someone crawled to them after opening the block door. As the man was trying to get the soup he died there, then planes were flying overhead and started bombing the camp. "But we no longer feared death in any event not this particular death. Every bomb that hit filled us with joy, gave us a renewed confidence (Wiesel 60)." People want to believe that they will survive no matter what and having hope helps with that. These quotes are good examples of hope pushing people till the end.
From the quotes, Hope has proven to be a splendid tool to help those in need. Hope can help people through the toughest challenges in life. This is important because people want to survive the hardest obstacles and these quotes show people passing these challenges because they had hope. No, hope may not one hundred percent guarantee success, but it will help you push
Examples Of Hope In The Diary Of Anne Frank Essay
Hope can consist of staying positive even through the most calamitous of times, remembering some of your precious memories, and even waiting patiently for good outcomes. Having hope can help you overcome obstacles that you may have thought were unfeasible to surpass. There may be times where hope seems out of your grasps. Yo may even start feeling like there is no point in having hope, but a positive attitude can help a tremendous amount when handling conflict. Having something taken from your grasps makes you want to fight for it, but waiting patiently and having hope can also get the lost item back.
An Analysis Of Metaphors In Lisel Mueller's 'Hope'
Hope is alive and can be found in more places than one might expect. In Lisel Mueller's poem, "Hope", Mueller uses metaphors to describe hope and show that it can be found in many places. Let's start with the first stanza. In the first 3 lines of the poem, Mueller describes how hope can sometime "hide" from us. She says that it "(…) hovers in dark corners until the lights are turned on," showing that hope can seem nowhere to be found sometimes (lines 1-2).
Diary Of A Part-Time Indian Analysis
I can relate to Arnold and how he feels that having hope is nothing but a waste of time. It is hard to stay hopeful during tough situations, but I have found that having hope has impacted my life in a positive way. When you stay hopeful, it is much easier to stay courageous. It provides everything around you with a positive environment, and can even make you work harder to turn your dreams into a reality. You can't achieve anything if you don't have hope to guide you to
Hope In Elie Wiesel's Night
Have you ever thought about how it would feel to be in a concentration camp during the Holocaust? The book Night written by Elie Wiesel, it is about a 16 year old named Eliezer. He is a Holocaust survivor and tells about his time in the concentration camps. It is in first person about how he felt, what he saw and what had happened to him.Hope is good until you lose it.
The Finest Hours
Everyone in the story had some kind of hope keeping them going forward. That shows how much hope can keep a person going forward. Hope plays an important role in everyone 's life. The theme of the book reminds me of the book
Elie Wiesel's Journey In The Book Night
In the novel, "Night" Elie Wiesel communicates with the readers his thoughts and experiences during the Holocaust. Wiesel describes his fight for survival and journey questioning god's justice, wanting an answer to why he would allow all these deaths to occur. His first time subjected into the concentration camp he felt fear, and was warned about the chimneys where the bodies were burned and turned into ashes. Despite being warned by an inmate about Auschwitz he stayed optimistic telling himself a human can't possibly be that cruel to another human.
Examples Of Oppression In Night By Elie Wiesel
Imagine going through a breaking point in life. A point to where it is so awful and unbearable. Going through life complications will and can affect an individual. Oppression can affect how oppressed people think, including loss of hope, making changes in society, and having acceptance.
Elie Wiesel Faith In Night
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase." Having faith in a higher archy is a prelevant theme in the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel. Set during the Holocaust, a time of extermination of the Jews, Wiesel's faith in his god wavers as he describes the situations he endures. One will notice as Wiesel's faith decreases his identity goes downhill. Although, changing views in religion can affect more than just one's identity, Wiesel explains his faith in god has a huge impact on his personality to prove one's religious aspects can affect the way they choose to live their life.
Examples Of Imagery In Night By Elie Wiesel
A living corpse Do you think the holocaust could happen again? Do you think if people aren 't aware of history that it can repeat self? If people aren 't aware of what happened in the holocaust and how horrific it was, then people wouldn 't know what to do if it happened again and people wouldn 't know how to prevent it from happening again. This memoir points out the worst parts of a personal experience of Elie Wiesel, a holocaust survivor.
Between Shades Of Gray Hope Analysis
In the Merrriam-Webster dictionary, hope is defined as; to cherish a desire with anticipation. However, those words don't convey the meaning deep enough, hope is more than that. Hope is a feeling deep in the gut, a motivating force, for some hope is everything. Hope must be stronger than any fear and it must have fight in it. Lina Vilkas, a fifteen year old Lithuanian, she fights for hope.
Elie Wiesel Tone Of Night
The development of Elie Wiesel's tone in his memoir Night, gradually changes into optimistic into mournful which then contributes to the theme of losing of faith and hope. Wiesel's tone in his memoir constantly stays mournful, but in the beginning of the story, it was rather optimistic.
Examples Of Survival In Night By Elie Wiesel
Ever since humans came to be, they have done many things to ensure their survival. It's the reason why we humans have evolved as much as we have. Humans have invented devices, accomplished many challenges, and have even relied on nothing but willpower to survive.
Hope In Night By Elie Wiesel
Hope is a powerful thing; more powerful than death itself. Night, by Elie Wiesel, is about a jewish boy who is put into a concentration camp during the Holocaust. Elie doubted his faith to survive but had others to lean on during the hardship. Elie had the support of others as a sense of hope to survive the long, cold nights, with little food and water.
Essay On Night By Elie Wiesel
" … The world has had to hear a story it would have preferred not to hear - the story of how a cultured people turned to genocide, and how the rest of the world, also composed of cultured, remained silent in the face of genocide." - Elie Wiesel. The man behind that quote is one of the few people in the world to survive one of the worst tragedies in human history, The Holocaust. An event in which millions of people perished, all because of a crazed dictator's dream. Elie Wiesel who amazingly survived the horrors, documented his experience in his book, Night. He has a very specific message in his book that many of us can learn from. Elie Wiesel wrote Night to show that the silence and hesitation surrounding the Holocaust is was what allowed it to occur and continue for as long as it did,
Courage Theme In Night By Elie Wiesel
People endure hardships every day, but it is how they choose to react to them that is most important. One such hardship was the Holocaust, which was the murdering of millions of people at the Nazi concentration camps throughout the course of WWII. Eleven million Jews, homosexuals, and gypsies were killed during this genocide. Every survivor of these concentration camps was forced to decide between hiding or vocalizing the crimes they had seen committed, and many couldn't find the strength to speak up. Thankfully, there were those such as Elie Wiesel, who didn't rest. He wrote a novel about his experiences and spoke out bravely against the crimes of the Nazis. He overcame the hardships that he faced and showed courage by writing his book, Night.
More about Examples Of Hope In Night By Elie Wiesel


of Austin Blind Repair and Installation at Your Front Door Get a Free Estimate Today!
Mike Autrey and his family introduced Bloomin' Blinds to Austin, Texas in 2014, utilizing the knowledge and experience he gained after spending four years in the Dallas Bloomin' Blinds office. We're a company dedicated to the customer experience. Our clients trust us for excellent care—the best products, the best service, and the best repairs!
Your home's window treatments make a big difference in the overall appearance of your living area. You may even be underestimating the effect your blinds, shutters, and / or shades have in your home! If you are looking for new selections, be sure to get in touch with our team at Bloomin' Blinds.
Of course, repair is cheaper than buying new blinds, shutters, or shades—and we offer a full range of repairs! Our team can fix your blinds, shades, and shutters easily and affordably; usually in one visit. Our mobile service can come to your home or business for onsite repairs.
Why wait? Call Bloomin' Blinds today at (512) 402-3588 and arrange for your free price quote!
"The gentleman was very professional."
"He was on time fast and efficient as well as helpful and friendly."
"Quick to respond and came the same day and was great."
"Goes beyond the ordinary to provide the best service."
Austen is the five year-old son. Due to his extensive knowledge of complaining, we have put him in charge of our "Complaint Department." So please ask for Austen when needing to file a complaint. But beware: He may not be the best listener. He is, after all, the typical five year-old! If you call to schedule an appointment and hear fake crying or loud crashes, it will probably be him. But don't worry, he will not be making any house calls for a long time.
Colten is the newest addition to the family, his life so far has been nothing other than blinds and moving. Colten is our New Sales Supervisor—since Bloomin' Blinds is a no-pressure sales business we figure the best person for the job would be Colten. But you will rarely find Colten not drinking a bottle or taking a nap so his hours are very erratic.
Mike will be the guy you meet anytime you need something done. He will be the one to fix your blinds / shades / shutters. He will also be the one to sell you your blinds / shades / shutters. Oh, and when those blinds come in he will be the one to install them, too! No matter the project, Mike will be involved. Depending on when you call the office, he may even be the one to answer the phone to schedule your appointment. Mike had been with Bloomin' Blinds in Dallas for years. When given the opportunity to open a Bloomin' Blinds in Austin, he jumped in with both feet. If you find Mike without his Bloomin' Blinds shirt on, he must be cheering on the Rangers or the Cowboys.
"The Wife" Morgan has been behind / beside Mike every step of his Bloomin' Blinds journey. Morgan is the office manager with Bloomin' Blinds. If you give us a call, you will get to hear her angelic voice on the other end of the line. If you listen close, you will probably also hear the feeding of a baby and the playing of a five year-old. Morgan is a full-time mother of two rowdy boys, and also has a full-time job as an office manager. Personally, we are not sure how she does it. Before the move to Austin, Morgan worked full-time in the medical field, so bear with us as she works her way through the lingo and full understanding of our system. But please don't call during a Cowboys football game, it could be dangerous.


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Section(s): Chia World, Superfoods, Trends, Ingredients
Using 10 years of Google search data, Sousvidetools.com, the UK food and technology equipment supplier looked at the overall score for each year from 2009 to 2018 and calculated the percentage change between the two years.
It found that the world's taste buds are constantly evolving, whether that's due to changes in how food is produced, having a better understanding of nutrition, or greater globalisation.
"But just how have our food tastes shifted over the last decade? We turned to Google search data to find out, comparing the search interest of some of the most popular types of cuisine, as well as some so-called 'superfoods' over the last ten years," Sousvidetools said.
"While traditional favourites such as French, British, Italian and Indian cuisine have all maintained a steady level of popularity, dishes from more exotic locations such as Korea and Vietnam have seen the greatest increase since 2009."
"In terms of superfoods, it's little surprise to see the likes of kale and avocado having experienced a large boost in popularity, but the item with the highest increase by far was chia seeds, which have seen an increase of over 800 percent in searches since 2009!"
The top 10 'Superfood' searches over 10 years, with the percentage change, was led by chia seed, which several studies have found is rich in fibre, protein, Omega-3 fatty acids and calcium.
The Top 10 'superfoods' were: Chia seed with a 858.89 percent increase; Turmeric (431.88%); Curly Kale (300.00%); Kefir (297.0%); Avocado (226.19%); Sweet Potato (168.24%); Almond (136.55%); Lentil (124.24%); Ginger (115.37%) and Garlic (114.94%).
The top 10 food cuisine searches over 10 years, with the percentage change were: Korean with a 163.17 percent increase; Chinese (95.40%); Vietnamese (78.13%); Mexican (77.92%); Turkish (65.17%); American (55.68%); Thai (47.91%); Japanese (46.31%); Greek (45.05%) and Mediterranean (39.71%).
Google Trends assigns each topic a proportionate score out of 100 based on searches for each month, to allow for fair comparison (otherwise those topics with the highest overall search volume would always score the highest). For each topic, we took the overall score for each year from 2009 to 2018 and calculated the percentage change between the two years.
A look at the organic retail scene in France
Ireland plans boost to organic food & drink exports
Sikkim receives UN award for becoming world's first 100% organic state
Peru expands presence at organic food fairs
View all articles under Country Profile
BIOFACH 2020 is proof that organic delivers
Innovation and organic growth drives Natexpo
Madrid welcomes its first international organic fair
EXPO WEST expects 90,000 attendees
Record-breaking show celebrates its 30th anniversary!
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Certification & Legislation
French mayors want glyphosate ban while Bayer adds organic pesticides
Amazon fires turn deadly
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Controversy continues to haunt Madonna's adoption of Mercy, a 6-year-old Malawian girl. Mercy's grandmother, Lucy Chekechiwa, says in a new documentary that, at first, her family had not agreed to permanently put Mercy up for adoption when they gave her to the orphanage when she was four. "The initial agreement was that Mercy was to be kept in the orphanage for six years. After six years Mercy was supposed to be brought back here and then I would have taken care of her." The grandma says that Madonna first met Mercy in 2006, but that she refused to release her at that time, so Madonna adopted David Banda. After a family discussion, she says she was convinced to let Mercy go. "I still love Mercy. She is my dearest."


Curtas: a decent BBQ plate makes the restaurant acceptable.
Reviewer: food good enough, service solid at local breakfast joint.
It takes a certain level of skill to make a Hollandaise that doesn't break, a souffle that doesn't collapse.
Curtas: a neighborhood spot doing quality Mediterranean grub.
The falafel is to die for; the baba ganoush just as good, and those hunk's o' skewered meat twice as satisfying as our recent, overpriced t-bone at Craftsteak at at quarter the cost.
A famous TV show recently visited the small eatery.
If you haven't been to Forte for awhile, you'll be in for a small shock when you walk in the place. New highboy tables, upholstered chairs, a wine cellar, and a new logo all adorn the place, and bring a certain polish to the proceedings befitting Stefan Manchev's finely-tuned food.


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The Moroccan rug:
Is it a craft or an artwork?
Produced exclusively by women, for the Western market, Moroccan rug is transported by men to major tourist cities and in particular Marrakech.
Between the rural and Berber world where they are produced and the Moroccan tourist cities or the western metropolises where they are sold, the value of the Moroccan carpet changes according to whether the transaction takes place between the producers and the merchants or between the merchants and the buyers.
But the value of these Moroccan rugs, as it is built by the merchants, is based on an ambiguity of the definition of art, involving the 'invisibilisation' of the weavers.
Western invention of a Moroccan rug tradition
Western carpet traders have developed a mythology of Moroccan rug production: these would come from a traditional, closed, stable, pre-mercantile and pre-colonial world, where beliefs and rituals would have remained unchanged.
By particularly valuing so-called old rugs, which are presented as unique, from leisure time and the domestic sphere (that is to say non-economic), arrived on the market against the will of their owners as a result of financial difficulties, they create a hierarchy that allows them to distinguish so-called 'art' carpets from contemporary carpets. These would be 'craft' or 'tourist' rugs and would be associated with lower quality from large scale reproduction. However, the production of carpets in Morocco has, for almost a century, been adapted to the western market.
The role played by the colonial administration in the production of Moroccan 'indigenous arts' can't be analyzed solely as a heritage action. Indeed, for Lyautey, Resident General of Morocco (1912-1925), the development of these arts was part of a larger project of economic development of the country in which tourism was to occupy a key place.
Having noted that in Algeria, colonization had erased the local material culture likely to attract travelers, he tried to restore Moroccan architectural monuments and encouraged the production of good quality tourist objects for Western audiences while developing tourism infrastructure. It was also to find products to export as a source of foreign currency for the Moroccan protectorate.
The Berber carpet played a central role in this project, having been the first area of study and industrial development undertaken by the Native Arts Service, and certainly the most successful.
A Corpus of four-volume Moroccan Berber carpets was published (1923-1934): the selected carpets were to serve as an inventory of regional production to be exhibited in Moroccan ethnographic museums, along with models of carpets to be reproduced in the workshops, colonial schools and private businesses.
A government stamp, a kind of controlled appellation of origin, was only awarded to carpets that met the requirements of aesthetic and regional conformity (that is to say, which reproduce models drawn from corpus) and technical qualities ( number of knots, all natural raw materials …).
The contemporary criteria for evaluating Moroccan art rugs still rests on this colonial aesthetic. The selection by the colonial administration staff has had a lasting effect on the taste of both Westerners and Moroccans.
Some types of carpets such as Chichaoua Produced between Essaouira and Safi, were produced on a large scale in colonial cities, to the detriment of others considered less remarkable or just not appreciated Western public and therefore forgotten (eg Hanbal de Salé: A long textile alternating woven and knotted bands).
The prestigious knotted carpets of Rabat, considered today, in the same way as the caftan and the djellaba, was introduced during the colonization …, like traditional national objects, are nevertheless from colonization. For the generations who lived under the reign of Hassan II, the image of the monarch greeting the crowd of his convertible car on avenues covered with carpets is commonplace. However, when the settlers arrived in 1912, the production of carpets in the cities had declined because of competition from Oriental rugs and European industrial carpets.
By revitalizing the production of carpets in Rabat, the colonial administration created a new market for the Moroccan aristocracy. Today, whether consumers or producers, Moroccans share a preference for these urban knotted carpets to the detriment of the rural Berber carpet, knotted or woven, which has become the favorite of Western customers.
If their aesthetic differs from one region to another, their thickness makes them more functional than non-knotted carpets that do not have as good insulation of the cold nor a great resistance to cold weather and footprints.
The criteria of originality and aesthetics are of less importance than that of functionality, and a carpet loses its value over time. Lastly, weavers consider that Westerners have very bland and old-fashioned tastes in terms of color, since they prefer worn, old-fashioned and worn-out carpets. To meet Western demand for pastel rugs that are closer to the common idea of natural dyes, Berber carpets are 'aged' with bleach and sun baths preceded by the superficial burning of fibers.
Definition Challenge: Art or Handcraft?
The Western conventional definition of the artist as a genius working alone, and expressing his intimate subjectivity, regardless of the influence of society and free from market pressures, is in contradiction with the reality of the production of carpets in Morocco.
The concept of original and unique work does not correspond to the practice of these societies where learning is based on imitation by the repetition of gestures and patterns. The carpets are copied from one house to another within the same village and between villages by the women's network.
In such circumstances, it is difficult to speak of an invention or to assign a new pattern to an individual, each design being part of a collective heritage to which all the weavers contribute and from which they can draw.
As Tarde has shown, inventions and innovations are not from a single individual, or from a 'great man', but from the accumulation of small ideas, infinitesimal inventions brought by a whole community into a common work.
With time, imitation becomes personal and therefore transformative appropriation. More than entirely original inventions, there is reappropriation, readjustment, juxtaposition or rediscovery (Tarde 1890/1993). This definition of tradition and trades of tradition is applicable to art, which can be considered as a craft work including a personal touch of originality.
Rather than their originality, the Berber Carpet weavers claim their technical and aesthetic competence, evidenced by their commercial success.
In this sense, the anthropological definition proposed by Gell is more appropriate: the value of objects of art and artists comes from the power they have to make us see the world in an enchanted or magical way.
This magic is the very concrete product of the technical and creative skills of the weavers of Berber villages. Like any artist, they use their art to ensure the acquiescence of individuals in the network of intentionalities where they are immersed.
This interpretation of a power of action through art is shared by the weavers, who, through their technical skills and their weaving rites, hope to get buyers to pay their products at a good price.
The literature on Moroccan Berber carpets tends to consider the temporal and geographical isolation of producing societies and that of weavers in the domestic sphere as a guarantee of the value of carpets.
In fact, the relationship between the market and the domestic sphere is interactive, since the weavers never produce exactly what is expected of them, while influencing the taste of the buyers. In addition to the aesthetic ideas conveyed by men, weavers are actively seeking new sources of inspiration in their near and distant world (exchange with female members of their family network in other villages or regions, patterns seen on television).
Through a process of transformative reproduction that renews their heritage, they reclaim the information transmitted by men (themselves interpretations in the form of oral or pictorial descriptions) according to their own technical skills and creative abilities.
It is precisely this very break in the flow of information between weavers and their Western customers who, by giving them a large margin of freedom, contributes to their creativity. Thus, if the design of Berber carpets also belongs to commercial spheres, the role of the domestic sphere is nonetheless the most important in the construction of the value of Berber carpets, which would not exist without the gestures and the weavers know-how.
Berber Carpet weavers: Change and Challenge
The Berber weavers represent the archetype of the female artist who, because of her sex, is excluded from the public and commercial sphere, rarely recognized as an artist and less paid than a man.
Because of their ethnicity (Berber and Moroccan) and social affiliation (lack of formal education and incomes), the Berber carpet weavers are presented as craftswomen transmitting unconsciously and without questioning or understanding the tradition and the patterns.
Producing to support theirs, they have economic concerns shared by recognized Western artists who, to survive artistically, must promote their work by increasing market value or other sources of income.
For the weavers, getting out of the shadow is sowing disorder in the categories 'art' and 'craft'. The recent 'outside look' which makes them appear may mark a step towards their taking in hand of the promotion and the mediation of their art, and the management of the revenues which result from it.
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Moroccan Cactus Pillow Cover $65.00
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Purple Berber Kilim Rug $127.00


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NGC 270 är en spiralgalax i stjärnbilden Valfisken. Den upptäcktes den 10 december 1798 av William Herschel.

Källor

NGC 0270
NGC 0270
0270
002938
-02-03-027
NGC 0270
NGC 0270

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Caffeine Reduces TInnitus
Incidence of reported tinnitus was 15 percent lower among those women who consumed 450 to 599 mg/day of caffeine.
With a couple of small provisos (you have to be middle-aged, and female), new research suggests that a higher caffeine intake can help reduce tinnitus.
So set up the espressos and get yourself around the outside of some quality Blue Mountain. Swap the ringing in the ears for a healthy dose of extreme impatience and bathroom urgency.
New research from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) finds that higher caffeine intake is associated with lower rates of tinnitus, often described as a ringing or buzzing sound in the ear when there is no outside source of the sounds, in younger and middle-aged women. This research is published in the August issue of the American Journal of Medicine.
In this prospective study, which followed more than 65,000 women in the Nurses' Health Study II, researchers tracked self-reported results regarding lifestyle and medical history from these women, aged 30 to 44 years and without tinnitus in 1991. Information on self-reported tinnitus and date of onset was obtained from questionnaires returned in 2009, with cases defined as women who reported symptoms "a few days/week" or "daily." After 18 years of follow up, researchers identified 5,289 cases of reported incident tinnitus.
"We observed a significant inverse association between caffeine intake and the incidence of tinnitus among these women," said Gary Curhan, MD, ScD, senior author of the paper and a physician-researcher in the Channing Division of Network Medicine at BWH and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Specifically, researchers report that when compared with women with caffeine intake less than 150 milligrams/day (approximately one and a half 8-ounce cups of coffee), the incidence of reported tinnitus was 15 percent lower among those women who consumed 450 to 599 mg/day of caffeine. The majority of caffeine consumed among the women was from coffee and the results did not vary by age.
"The reason behind this observed association is unclear," said Curhan. "We know that caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, and previous research has demonstrated that caffeine has a direct effect on the inner ear in both bench science and animal studies. Researchers note that further evidence is needed to make any recommendations about whether the addition of caffeine would improve tinnitus symptoms.
Source: Brigham and Women's Hospital
Cambridge Folk Festival
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Optima to merge with Cambridge Bancorp
Dec 6, 2018 at 11:03 AM Dec 6, 2018 at 11:03 AM
PORTSMOUTH�� Cambridge Bancorp, holding company for Cambridge Trust Company, and Portsmouth-based Optima Bank & Trust Company announced Cambridge, Cambridge Trust and Optima will merge into Cambridge Trust in a stock and cash transaction.
While Cambridge Trust has provided wealth management services in the New Hampshire community since the 1990s, it has lacked comprehensive banking services. The merger will expand Cambridge�s southern New Hampshire presence with the addition of six full-service branch locations to complement Cambridge�s three existing wealth management offices in the state.
Daniel Morrison, chairman, president and CEO of Optima, and other key members of the Optima team will remain with Cambridge to help drive the combined company�s future growth in southern New Hampshire.
�Through the combined organization, we will be well-positioned to offer differentiated, high-touch private banking and wealth management services to clients and prospects in southern New Hampshire,� Morrison said. �Cambridge Trust has been in our market since 1996 and has amassed over $1 billion in New Hampshire-based wealth management assets."
�Our merger with Optima Bank is a natural fit and consistent with our growth strategy to become the premier private bank and wealth management company throughout Greater Boston and southern New Hampshire,� said Denis Sheahan CEO of Cambridge Trust. �By joining forces, we�ll be able to provide our wealth management clients in New Hampshire with access to a full suite of private banking services and convenient office locations, while clients of Optima Bank will benefit from Cambridge Trust�s comprehensive investment management, wealth planning and trust services.�
As of Sept. 30, Optima had $524 million of total assets, $466 million of loans and $489 million of deposits. Cambridge currently manages $1.1 billion of wealth assets for New Hampshire-based clients, and this merger will enable the combined company to provide both locally based banking and wealth solutions in southern New Hampshire. Based on financials as of Sept. 30, the combined company will have $2.5 billion in assets, $1.9 billion in gross loans, $2.2 billion in deposits, and $3.2 billion of wealth management assets upon completion of the transaction.
The transaction was approved by the boards of directors of both companies and is expected to be completed during the second quarter of 2019, subject to regulatory approval, approval by Optima�s shareholders and other customary closing conditions.
Effective at the closing of the transaction, Morrison will join the board of directors of both Cambridge Bancorp and Cambridge Trust Company. A presentation regarding the merger is available at ir.cambridgetrust.com.
Optima is headquartered in Portsmouth and was founded in 2008 by local bankers and business leaders. It has six New Hampshire locations in Portsmouth, Dover, Stratham, North Hampton and Bedford. For more information, visit www.optimabank.com and www.cambridgetrust.com.


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\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

The role played by virtual $q\bar{q}$ pairs in the low-energy
structure of hadrons remains one of the outstanding questions
for hadron structure physics. Despite the evidence for important
$q\bar{q}$ sea effects obtained with deep inelastic scattering,
the experimental manifestations of explicit sea-quark effects
at low energies are minimal. Partial explanations for this absence
have been given using a non-relativistic quark model framework
by the authors of Ref. \cite{Gei90}, who noted that in
the adiabatic approximation, virtual $q\bar{q}$ pairs renormalize
the string tension and, therefore, do not have any discernable
impact on the low-lying spectrum of hadronic states. Similarly,
virtual $q\bar{q}$ effects -- in the guise of virtual mesonic
loops -- which could conceivably lead to large $\rho-\omega$ and
$\phi-\omega$ mixing were shown to cancel at second order in
strong couplings when a sum is performed over a tower of virtual
hadronic states \cite{Gei91}. The latter result provides insight into the
applicability of the OZI Rule to $V$-$V'$ mixing despite the na\"\i ve
scale of $q\bar{q}$ effects expected at one-loop order.

Nevertheless, several mysteries involving $q\bar{q}$ pairs remain to
be solved. Of particular interest are those involving nucleon matrix
elements of strange quark operators, $\bra{N}\bar{s}\Gamma s\ket{N}$.
The latter explicitly probe properties of the $q\bar{q}$ sea at low energies,
since the nucleon contains no valence strange quarks. Moreover, the
mass scale associated with $s\bar{s}$ pairs -- $m_s\sim\Lambda_{QCD}$ --
implies that such pairs live for sufficiently long times and propagate
over sufficiently large distances to produce observable effects when
probed explicitly. In this respect, $s\bar{s}$ pairs stand in contrast
with, {\em e.g.}, $c\bar{c}$ pairs, whose effects one expects to be
suppressed by powers of $\Lambda_{QCD}/m_c\sim 0.1$ \cite{Kap88}.

Some support for these simple-minded expectations is provided by
determinations of $\bra{N}\bar{s} s\ket{N}$ from the $\pi N$ \lq\lq
sigma" term \cite{Che76} and of $\bra{N}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu\gamma_5 s\ket{N}$
from polarized deep inelastic scattering \cite{EMC} and neutrino-nucleus
quasi-elastic scattering \cite{Ahr87}. The former suggests that roughly
15\% of the nucleon mass is generated by $s\bar{s}$ pairs, while the
latter implies that strange quarks contribute about 30\% of the total
quark contribution to the nucleon spin\footnote{Theoretical
uncertainties associated with SU(3) breaking qualify the conclusions
drawn from deep inelastic scattering experiments, however.}. Measurements
of $\bra{N}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{N}$, which would provide information
about the strange quark contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment and
rms radius are presently underway at MIT-Bates \cite{MIT},
Mainz \cite{Mai}, and the Jefferson Laboratory \cite{TJN}. The first
results for the strangeness magnetic form factor have been reported in
Ref. \cite{MIT}. One expects this set of $\bra{N}\bar{s}\Gamma
s\ket{N}$ determinations to provide a clearer picture of the $q\bar{q}$
sea than obtained from existing spectroscopic data alone.

Despite over a decade of theoretical efforts to study nucleon strangeness,
the theoretical understanding of s-quark matrix elements remains in its
infancy. In the case of $\bra{N}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{N}$, a plethora
of predictions have been reported in the literature
\cite{Lat,Mod,Jaf89,Had,Gei97,Mrm97a,Mus97b,Mrm97c,HWH97}.
While a few lattice results have been obtained by different groups\cite{Lat},
they are not entirely consistent with each other nor with the recent first
results for the \lq\lq strange magnetic moment" obtained by the SAMPLE
collaboration\cite{MIT}. The
remaining predictions -- based generally on QCD-inspired
nucleon models \cite{Mod,Gei97} or low-energy truncations of QCD in a hadronic
basis  \cite{Jaf89,Had,Mrm97a}
-- display a broad range in magnitude and sign. Recently, it has
been shown why such truncations -- either in the strong coupling constant
($g$) expansion (loop order) \cite{Mus97b,Mrm97c}
or hadronic excitation energy ($\Delta E$) \cite{Gei97} -- are
untrustworthy and may produce misleading results. The implication of these
studies is that the intuitively appealing picture of a kaon cloud around
the nucleon does not suffice to describe $s\bar{s}$ fluctuations in
the nucleon. It appears that
one must include both the full set of virtual hadronic
intermediate states \cite{Gei97} as well as the full set of higher-order
rescattering effects for a given state
\cite{Mus97b,Mrm97c} in order to obtain a physically
realistic prediction. In principle, corrections to the leading order
truncations in $\Delta E$ and $g$ could be accounted for by the appropriate
low-energy constants in chiral perturbation theory (CHPT); however, chiral
symmetry does not afford a determination of the low-energy constant
relevant to nucleon vector current strangeness \cite{Mrm97a}. Hence, one must
understand in some detail the short-distance strong interaction mechanisms
responsible for the low-energy structure of the strange quark sea.

In the present study, we amplify on the themes of
Refs. \cite{Gei97,Mrm97a,Mus97b,Mrm97c} by
studying the $K^{\ast}$ contribution to $\bra{N}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{N}$.
Our objective is two-fold: (i) to illustrate, using an alternative
framework to that of Ref. \cite{Gei97},
how inclusion of higher-lying intermediate
states may alter conclusions obtained when only the lightest \lq\lq
OZI-allowed" fluctuation is included, and (ii) to demonstrate the
theoretical uncertainty associated with computing higher-lying contributions.
For these purposes, we restrict ourselves to second order in the strong
meson-baryon coupling, $g$, when treating hadronic amplitudes $N\to
YK^*$ {\em etc.}, fully cognizant of the shortcomings such a truncation
entails. In fact, the kind of analysis of higher-order effects reported
in Ref. \cite{Mrm97c} for the $K\bar{K}$ intermediate state does not appear
feasible at present for higher lying states. Consequently, some form of
model-dependent truncation is necessary when treating these states, and
we do not, therefore, pretend to make any reliable numerical predictions.
Rather, we use the ${\cal O}(g^2)$
(one-loop) truncation to illustrate the two main points
stated above. In this respect, our study is similar in spirit to that of
Ref. \cite{HWH97}, where a comparison at one-loop order was made to show that
contributions from intermediate states containing no valence strangeness
($3\pi$) and those containing valence s-quarks ($K\bar{K}$) may be comparable
in magnitude.

In order to estimate the degree of theoretical uncertainty one has in
the numerical prediction for the $K^{\ast}$ contribution, we use two
approaches to carry out the calculation: (a) an explicit one-loop
calculation, where form factors are included at hadronic vertices and
the intermediate state $\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s$ matrix elements are taken
to be point-like, and (b) a computation using dispersion relations, in
which the $N\bar{N}\to KK,\ KK^{\ast},\ K^{\ast}K^{\ast}$ amplitudes
are computed in the Born approximation but form factors are included
at the $\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s$ insertions. These computations are outlined,
respectively, in Sections II and III. In Section IV, we discuss the
results of the calculations and compare with the conclusions drawn in
Ref. \cite{Gei97}.

\section{One-loop calculation}
\label{ext}

The first \lq\lq kaon cloud" estimates of $\bra{N}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{N}$
were obtained from the amplitudes associated with the diagrams of Fig. 1,
where only the contributions for $B=B'=\Lambda, \Sigma$ and $M=M'=K$  were
included \cite{Had}. Here we consider the next heaviest contributions by
including the
octet of spin-one mesons as well as the pseudoscalars, and compute the
following amplitudes where, in each case, $B=B'=\Lambda$ or $\Sigma$:
(1a) for $M=K^{\ast}$; (1b) for $M=M'=K^{\ast}$; (1b) for
$M=K$, $M'=K^{\ast}$; (1c) for $M=K^{\ast}$. As we discuss below, the
diagrams (1c) are required for consistency with the Ward-Takahashi identities.

	The resulting contributions to the strange-quark vector current
matrix element are embodied in the Dirac and Pauli form factors
defined via

\begin{equation}
\langle N(p^\prime) | \bar s\gamma_\mu s| N(p) \rangle =
{\bar U}(p^\prime) \left[F_1^{(s)}(q^2)
\gamma_\mu + i{\sigma_{\mu\nu}q^\nu\over
2m_N}F_2^{(s)}(q^2)\right]U(p)\ \ \ \ ,
\label{ma}
\end{equation}
where $U(p)$ denotes the nucleon spinor. Recall
that $F_1^{(s)}(0)=0$, due to the zero strangeness charge of
the nucleon. The leading nonvanishing moments of the corresponding Sachs
form factors
\begin{eqnarray}
G_E^{(s)}(q^2)= F_1^{(s)}(q^2)+ {q^2\over4m_N^2}F_2^{(s)} (q^2),
\\
G_M^{(s)}(q^2)= F_1^{(s)}(q^2)+F_2^{(s)}(q^2)\;
\end{eqnarray}
are the strangeness radius
\begin{equation}
\langle r_s^2 \rangle_S = \left.6{d\over dq^2}
G_E^{(s)}(q^2)\right|_{q^2=0} \; ,
\label{rs}
\end{equation}
and the strangeness magnetic moment
\begin{equation}
\mu_s=G_M^{(s)}(0)=F_2^{(s)}(0)\;  .
\label{mus}
\end{equation}
For future reference, we note that the Sachs radius $\langle r_s^2 \rangle_S$
is related to the corresponding Dirac radius as
\begin{equation}
\label{sachsdirac}
\langle r^2_s \rangle_S= \langle r^2_s \rangle_\sst{D} +
\frac{3}{2{m^2_{\sst{N}}}} \mu_s\,.
\end{equation}

In order to extend the $K - \Lambda$ loop framework to
include $K^*$-meson contributions, we start from the
meson baryon effective lagrangians
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{1aa}
{\cal L}_{MB} & = &-ig_{ps} \bar{B} \gamma_5 B K\ \ \ , \\
{\cal L}_{VB} & = & -g_v(\bar{B} \gamma_\alpha B V^\alpha +
{\kappa\over 2m_N}\bar{B}
\sigma_{\alpha\beta} B \partial^\alpha V^\beta)\; ,
\label{la}
\end{eqnarray}
where $B$, $K$, and $V^\alpha$ are the baryon, kaon,  and $K^*$
vector-meson fields respectively, $m_N=939\nobreak\,\mbox{MeV}$ is the
nucleon mass and $\kappa$ is the ratio of  tensor to vector
coupling, $\kappa=g_t/g_v=3.26$,  with $g_v/\sqrt{4\pi}=
 -1.588$ \cite{hol89}. The strength of the pseudoscalar
coupling is $g_{ps}/\sqrt{4\pi} = -3.944$ \cite{hol89}.

In order to account in some way for the finite extent of the hadrons
appearing in the loops of Fig. 1, we include form factors at the
hadronic vertices. For simplicity, we adopt a monopole form
\begin{equation}
F(k^2)={m^2-\Lambda^2\over k^2-\Lambda^2} \ \ \ .
\label{ff}
\end{equation}
Although there is no rigorous justification for this choice,
form factors of this type for the $KN\Lambda$ and
$K^* N \Lambda$ vertices are used in the
Bonn potential. Their cut-off parameters are determined from
hyperon-nucleon scattering data \cite{hol89}:
$\Lambda_{K^*}=2.2$ (2.1), $\Lambda_K=1.2 (1.4) \nobreak\,\mbox{GeV}$ with masses $m_K= 495$
MeV and $m_{K^*}=895\nobreak\,\mbox{MeV}$\cite{PDG}.
The numbers in parenthesis denote
values obtained in an alternate model for the baryon-baryon
interaction.The momentum of the $K^*$ is $k$. These form factors render
all the following loop integrals finite and reproduce the
on-shell values of the mesonic couplings (since $F(m^2)=1$) .

In the presence of electroweak fields the non-local
meson-baryon interaction of Eqs. (\ref{1aa}-\ref{ff})
gives rise to vertex currents. In order
to maintain gauge invariance we introduce the photon field
by minimal substitution of the momentum variable in the form
factors\footnote{As noted in \cite{ohta,Mrm97a}
and elsewhere this procedure is not
unique since the Ward-Takahashi identity does not restrict the
transverse part of the vertex.}. This procedure generates the
nonlocal seagull vertex \cite{ohta,wan96,Mrm97a}
\begin{equation}
i\Gamma_{\mu\alpha}^{(s)}(k,q)=ig_vQ_{K^*} (q\pm 2k)_\mu
{F(k^2)-F((q\pm k)^2) \over(q\pm k)^2-k^2}\left[\pm\gamma_\alpha
+{i \kappa\over{2m_N}}
\sigma_{\alpha\beta}k^\beta\right] \; ,
\label{seag}
\end{equation}
where the upper/lower signs correspond to an incoming/outgoing
vector meson (with index $\alpha$), $Q_{K^*}=-1$ is the $K^*$
strangeness charge, and $q$ is the photon momentum.

Due to the derivative in eq. (\ref{la}), the minimal substitution
also generates an additional seagull vertex (even in the absence of
meson-nucleon form factors)
\begin{equation}
i\Gamma_{\mu\alpha}^{(v)}(k)=\pm{g_v \kappa Q_{K^*} \over 2 m_N}
F((q\pm k)^2) \sigma_{\alpha\mu}\; ,
\label{ver}
\end{equation}
where the sign convention is the same as above.

The diagonal matrix elements of $\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s$ for strange
mesons and baryons is straightforwardly determined by current
conservation and the net strangeness charge of each hadron.
The structure of the s-quark current spin-flip transition from $K$ to $K^*$
is
\begin{equation}
\langle K^*_a(k_1,\varepsilon)|{\overline s}\gamma_\mu s|K_b(k_2)\rangle=
{{F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(q^2)\over m_{K^*}}\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}k_1^\nu
k_2^\alpha \varepsilon^{*\beta}\delta_{ab}\; ,
\end{equation}
where $a$ and $b$ are isospin indices, $\varepsilon^\beta$ is
the polarization vector of the $K^*$, and $k_1, k_2$ are the
meson momenta. In a loop calculation, ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(q^2)$ is
taken to be a constant equal to its value at the photon point.
In order to estimate this constant, we follow Ref.~\cite{gm} and
assume ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(q^2)$ to be dominated at low-$q^2$ by the
lightest $I^G(J^{PC})=0^-(1^{--})$ vector mesons\footnote{The validity
of this assumption is discussed in more detail in the following section.}:
\begin{equation}
\label{omegaphi}
{{F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(q^2)\over m_{K^*}}=-\sum_{V=\omega,\phi}
{G_{K^*VK}S_V\over q^2-m_V^2}
\; ,
\end{equation}
where $G_{K^*VK}$ are the couplings of the vector meson
$V$ to $K$ and $K^*$. $S_V$ determines the strength of the
strange-current conversion into $V$:
\begin{equation}
\langle0|{\overline s}\gamma_\mu s|V\rangle=S_V
\varepsilon_\mu
={m_V^2\over f_V}{f_V\over f_V^{(s)}}\varepsilon_\mu\; .
\end{equation}

>From the known isoscalar electromagnetic couplings
$f_{\omega,\phi}$ one can delineate the corresponding
strange-current couplings with the help of a simple quark
counting prescription based on flavor symmetry
\cite{Jaf89}:
\begin{equation}
\label{fvrel}
{f_\omega\over f_\omega^{(s)}}=-
\sqrt{6}{\sin\epsilon\over\sin{(\theta_0+
\epsilon)}}\;\;\;\;\;\; ,\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{f_\phi\over f_\phi^{(s)}}
= -\sqrt{6}{\cos\epsilon\over\cos{(\theta_0+\epsilon)}}\; ,
\end{equation}
Here $\epsilon=0.053$ \cite{jain} is the mixing angle between
the pure $\overline{u}u+ \overline{d}d$ and $\overline{s}s$
states and the physical vector mesons $\omega$ and $\phi$,
and $\theta_0$ is the ``magic angle'' defined by $\sin^2\theta_0
=1/3$. From the above we find $f_\omega / f_\omega^{(s)}
 = -0.21$ and $f_\phi/ f_\phi^{(s)} = -3.11$. Combined with
the strong couplings $G_{K^*\phi K} = -8.94\nobreak\,\mbox{GeV}^{-1}$ and
$G_{K^*\omega K} = 6.84 \nobreak\,\mbox{GeV}^{-1}$ estimated in Ref. \cite{gm}
we finally obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
{F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(0)=1.84.
\end{eqnarray}

After these preparations\footnote{Note also that the small SU(3) values for
the $\Sigma K N$ couplings \cite{hol89} lead to a strong
suppression of the contributions from $\Sigma K$ intermediate
states \cite{Had}. This argument does not affect,
however, the $\Sigma^* K$ and $\Sigma^* K^*$ contributions.},
we can evaluate the $K^*$ loop contributions to the nucleon's
strangeness radius and magnetic moment. Explicit expressions for
the loop amplitudes are given in Appendix A. The results for the
different diagrams are listed in Table I. The implications of
these results are discussed in Section IV.

\section{Dispersion relation calculation}
\label{dispa}

An alternative approach to computing virtual hadronic contributions
to strange quark form factors is the use of dispersion relations
(DR's). In principle, DR's provide a method for including information
beyond second order in $g$, both via the strong amplitudes
$N\to YK^{*}\to N$ and through the form factors $F_n^{(s)}$
describing the intermediate state matrix elements $\bra{Y}\bar{s}
\gamma_\mu s\ket{Y}$, $\bra{K^{*}}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{K}$,
$\ldots$. The one-loop calculation of Section II is equivalent to
the use of a DR in which the strong amplitudes $N\to YK^{*}\to N$
are computed in the Born approximation and the form factors assumed
to be point-like: $F_n^{(s)}(q^2)=F_n^{(s)}(0)=
{\hbox{const}}$\footnote{The equivalence holds only when the hadronic
form factors of Eq. (\ref{ff}) are set to unity.}.

The inclusion of rescattering and resonance effects in the
$N\to YK^{*}\to N$ amplitude would require the existence of sufficient
data for $KN\to NK\pi,\ldots$ or $N\bar{N}\to KK\pi, KK\pi\pi$ {\em etc.}
to permit analytic continuation of these amplitudes to the unphysical
regime as needed for the dispersion relation. Although such a program
is feasible to some degree for the $K\bar{K}$ intermediate state
\cite{Mrm97c}, it does
not appear practical at present for the case of higher mass strange
mesons of interest here. Consequently, we include
the amplitude for $N\to YK^{*}\to N$
at the level of the Born approximation. In the case of the $F_n^{(s)}(q^2)$,
however, it is possible to introduce some structure beyond the point-like
approximation, albeit in a model-dependent way. Our strategy for doing
so is discussed below.

First, we review the formalism for treating strangeness form factors with
DR's. We write an unsubtracted dispersion relation for the
Pauli form factor $F^{(s)}_2$ and subtract the one for the Dirac
form factor $F^{(s)}_1$ once at $t=0$ (where $F^{(s)}_1$ vanishes,
see above):
\begin{eqnarray}
  \label{disp1}
F^{(s)}_1(t) &=& \frac{t}{\pi}\int\limits_{t_0}^\infty dt'
\frac{\hbox{Im}\ F^{(s)}_1(t')}{t'(t' -t)}\ \ \ , \\
F^{(s)}_2(t) &=& \frac{1}{\pi}\int\limits_{t_0}^\infty dt'
\frac{\hbox{Im}\ F^{(s)}_2(t')}{t' -t} \ \ \ ,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $t\equiv q^2$.
The cut along the real $t$-axis starts at the threshold $t_0$
of a given multi-particle intermediate state, as {\em e.g.} $t_0 =4{m_{\sst{K}}^2}$
for the $K\bar{K}$ state. From Eqs.  (\ref{disp1}) one expects
that contributions from the lightest intermediate states will
mainly determine the behavior of the form factors at $t=0$.
The imaginary part of the form factors is readily obtained
by means of a spectral decomposition.
Since the matrix elements $\bra{N(p)}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s \ket{N(p')}$
and $\bra{N(p);\bar{N}({\bar{p}})}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{0}$
are simply related by crossing symmetry, we write the spectral
decomposition for the latter one as \cite{Mrm97c},
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{spec_t}
& &{\hbox{Im}}\ \bra{N(p);\bar{N}({\bar{p}})}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{0} =
{\hbox{Im}}\ \bar{U}(p)\left[F_1^{(s)}(t)\gamma_\mu + i{\sigma_{\mu\nu}(p+
{\bar{p}})^\nu  \over 2{m_{\sst{N}}}} F_2^{(s)}(t)\right]V({\bar{p}})\\
& &\qquad\rightarrow
{\pi\over\sqrt{Z}}(2\pi)^{3/2}{\cal N}\sum_{n}
\bra{N(p)}\bar{J_N}(0)\ket{n}\bra{n}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{0} V({\bar{p}})
\delta^4(p+{\bar{p}}-p_n)\, ,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal N}$ is a spinor normalization factor,
$Z$ is the nucleon's wave function renormalization constant,
and $J_N(x)$ is a nucleon source.
Nonzero contributions arise only from physical states
$\ket{n}$ with the same
quantum numbers as the current $\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s$,
{\em i.e.} $I^G(J^{PC})=0^-(1^{--})$ and zero baryon number. These
asymptotic states $\ket{n}$ in the above sum do not
explicitly contain resonances. Resonance contributions arise
via the matrix elements $\bra{N(p)}\bar{J_N}(0)\ket{n}$ and
$\bra{n}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{0}$.
In the vector meson dominance
approximation, one assumes the product of the two matrix elements
in Eq. (\ref{spec_t}) to be strongly peaked near vector meson masses.
This approximation has been used in several pole analyses of the
strange vector form factors \cite{Jaf89}.

The lightest contributing intermediate states are purely mesonic:
$3\pi$, $5\pi$, $7\pi$, $K\bar{K}$, $K\bar{K}\pi$, $9\pi$,
$K\bar{K}\pi\pi$, $\ldots$, in order. Intermediate baryon states
$N\bar{N}$, $\Lambda\bar{\Lambda},\ldots$
appear with significantly higher thresholds, $t_0$.
In the present study,
we restrict ourselves to the strange states and consider corrections
to the $K\bar{K}$ state. The first such corrections (in order of
threshold) are those involving the $K\bar{K}\pi$ and $K\bar{K}\pi\pi$
intermediate states. In the previous section, these states were
included using the narrow resonance approximation: $K\bar{K}\pi
\to K^{*}\bar{K}$ and $K\bar{K}\pi\pi\to K^{*}\bar{K}^{*}$. In
order to make contact with the loop results of Section II as well
as with the calculation of Ref. \cite{Gei97} where
in effect the same approximation
was made, we adopt the narrow resonance approximation here.  We also
include the $\Lambda\bar{\Lambda}$ and $\Sigma\bar{\Sigma}$ intermediate
states, even though they are not among the lightest in the series, in
order to compare the DR results with those of the loop and quark
model calculations, which contain these states.

As noted earlier,
we also include the strong amplitudes $\bra{N}\bar{J}_N(0)\ket{n}$
at the level of the Born approximation. For the matrix elements
$\bra{n}\bar{s}\gamma_\mu s\ket{0}$, parameterized by form factors
$F_n^{(s)}(t)$, we go beyond the point-like approximation,
\begin{equation}
F_n^{(s)}(t)\equiv F_n^{(s)}(0) \equiv F_n^0\ ,
\end{equation}
of the one-loop and quark model calculations
by allowing for some structure in the form factors. For the mesonic
intermediate states, we make a simple vector meson dominance (VMD)
{\em ansatz}.  This {\em ansatz} is well justified for the $K\bar{K}$ state,
following from
$e^+e^-\to K\bar{K}$ cross section data \cite{Del81} and simple flavor
rotation arguments \cite{Jaf89}.
The $e^+ e^-\to K\bar{K}$ data indicates a strong peak in the
vicinity of the $\phi$ resonance, with a subsequent rapid fall-off
as $q^2$ (time-like) increases away from $m_\phi^2$.
Inclusion of a VMD-type form factor peaked near the $\phi$-resonance
significantly affects the $K\bar{K}$ component of the spectral functions
[Eqs. (\ref{spec_t})] and
the resulting contribution to the strangeness moments as
compared with the use of a point-like form factor.

In the case of the $KK\pi\sim
KK^{*}$ and $KK\pi\pi\sim K^{*}K^{*}$
states, we take the ${F_n^{(s)}}(t)$ to be dominated by
either the $\phi(1020)$ or the $\phi'(1680)$. Following Ref. \cite{Mus97b}
we write
\begin{equation}
\label{fk_vdm}
| {F_n^{(s)}}(t)_{VDM}| =F_n^0
\left\{ {(\xi^2)^2+M^2\Gamma^2\over [(\xi^2-t)^2
+M^2\Gamma^2]}\right\}^{1/2}\,, \label{phidom}
\end{equation}
where $M=m_{\phi}=1020$ MeV or $m_{\phi'}=1680\pm 20$ MeV,
$\Gamma= \Gamma_{\phi}=4.43\pm 0.05$ MeV or $\Gamma_{\phi'}= 150\pm 50$ MeV
are the total widths of the $\phi$ or $\phi'$ \cite{PDG},
and $\xi^2\equiv M^2-\Gamma^2 /4$.
As we note below, we need only the magnitude of the form factor in
the present calculation, as the $n\to N\bar{N}$ amplitudes are real
in the Born approximation. Because the states $KK\pi\sim
KK^{*}$ and $KK\pi\pi\sim K^{*}K^{*}$ contribute to
the DR of Eq. (\ref{disp1}) for $t_0> m_\phi$, we expect higher mass
vector mesons to play a significant role in
the ${F_n^{(s)}}(t)$ in the region of integration.

The case for  $\phi'$ dominance is most convincing
for the $K\bar{K}\pi$ intermediate state. Data for
$\sigma(e^+e^-\to K_S^0 K^\pm \pi^\mp)$ in the range $1.4 \leq \sqrt{s}
\leq 2.18$ GeV display a pronounced peak near $\sqrt{s}=1.680$ GeV
\cite{Man82}.
Furthermore, Dalitz plot analyses imply that the final state is dominated
by a $K^{\ast}K\leftrightarrow KK\pi$ resonance. The OZI rule implies that
the $\phi'$ is nearly a pure $s\bar{s}$ state, while SU(3) relations
and data for $\sigma(e^+e^-\to \rho\pi;\sqrt{s}\approx 1.65)$ constrain
the $\omega'-\phi'$ mixing angle to deviate by less than $10^\circ$ from
ideal mixing \cite{Buo82}.
While the tails of the $\rho(770)$, $\omega(780)$, and
$\phi(1020)$ affect details of the peak structure, the dominant effect
is that of the $\phi'$ \cite{Buo82}.
In the absence of any other structure in $\sigma(e^+e^-\to KK\pi)$
in the region $t>t_0$, we conclude that ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(t)$ should also
be dominated by the $\phi'(1680)$. Indeed, the $\omega\phi$ model of
Eq. (\ref{omegaphi}), which is credible for low-$t$, is inconsistent
with annihilation data for $t> t_0$. Using it in this region would
generate an artificial suppression of the $KK\pi$ spectral function.

With these considerations in mind, it is straightforward to determine
the normalization $F_{KK^*}^0$ appearing in Eq. (\ref{fk_vdm}). Following
the notation of Ref. \cite{gm}, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\label{fkks_zero}
F_{KK^*}^0=  G_{KK^*\phi'} m_{K^*}/f_{\phi'}^{(s)}\ \ \ ,
\end{equation}
where $1/f_{\phi'}^{(s)}\approx -3/f_{\phi'}$, and
$G_{KK^*\phi'}$ is the strong $\phi'\to KK^*$ coupling. The latter
may be obtained from $\Gamma(\phi'\to KK^*)$ which, for a single final
charge state is \cite{gm}
\begin{equation}
\Gamma(\phi'\to KK^*) = {|G_{KK^*\phi'}|^2\over 12\pi} |k_F|^3\ \ \ ,
\end{equation}
where $k_F=463$ MeV is the $K$ or $K^*$ CM momentum. Assuming
$\Gamma(\phi'\to {\hbox{all}})$ is dominated by $\Gamma(\phi'\to KK^*)$
\cite{PDG}, we obtain $|G_{KK^*\phi'}|\approx 3.8$ GeV$^{-1}$.

Similarly, the $\phi'$ electronic width determines $f_{\phi'}$:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma(\phi'\to e^+e^-) = {4\pi\over 3} \alpha^2 {M_{\phi'}\over
f_{\phi'}^2} \ \ \ .
\end{equation}
Analyses of $e^+e^-$ data yield $\Gamma(\phi'\to e^+e^-)=0.7$ keV
\cite{Buo82,Bis91},
from which we obtain $f_{\phi'}\approx 23$. The factor of $-3$ appearing
in the relation between $f_{\phi'}$ and $f_{\phi'}^{(s)}$ assumes
ideal mixing [see Eq. (\ref{fvrel})]. Allowing for a small deviation
$|\epsilon|< 10^\circ$ does not change our results appreciably,
especially since the $\omega'$ is not observed to decay to $KK\pi$.

Substituting these results into Eq. (\ref{fkks_zero}) yields
$F_{KK^*}^0={F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(0)=0.43$, to be compared with the value
${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(0)=1.84$ used in loop calculation. We emphasize the latter
value results from assuming only the $\omega$ and $\phi$ contribute
to ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(t)$, whereas the former is obtained when {\em only} the
$\phi'$ is included. Depending on the relative
phase of the $(\rho\omega\phi)$ and $(\rho\omega\phi)'$ contributions
in $e^+e^-\to KK\pi$, the $\phi'$ will either increase or decrease the
point-like value (1.84) for this form factor by about 25\% . At the $KK^*$
threshold, the $\phi'$ contribution to ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}$ is about half as large
as that from the $\phi$, but becomes nearly five times larger in
the vicinity of $t=m_{\phi'}^2$. For purposes of estimating the
$t$-dependence of ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}$ in the region $t>t_0$, then, inclusion
of only the $\phi'$ appears to be a reasonable
approximation\footnote{A more sophisticated treatment, including the
tails of the $\phi$ and $\omega$, would -- as in the purely EM
case -- affect the shape of the form factor near the $\phi'$ peak
and the resultant $KK^*$ spectral function.}. We note in passing
that our estimate of the $\phi'$ contribution carries an uncertainty
of 25\% or more, as the experimental values for $\Gamma(\phi'\to KK\pi,
e^+e^-)$ carry experimental errors of $\geq 25\% $ \cite{Cle94}.

The implications of $e^+e^-$ data for $F_{K^*}^{(s)}(t)$ are less
clear. To our knowledge, there exists no annihilation data giving
$K^*K^*$ branching ratios. In $e^+e^-\to KK\pi\pi$ ($1.4\leq
\sqrt{s}\leq 2.18$), for example, the $K\pi$ invariant mass
distribution is consistent with production of only one $K^*$ per
event \cite{Cor82}. Consequently, the data cannot be used to infer a $K^*$
EM or strangeness form factor for $t>t_0$, and we must rely on a model.
Given the evidence for $\phi'$ dominance of ${F_{KK^*}^{(s)}}(t)$ and for
$\phi$ dominance of $F_K^{(s)}(t)$ as well as the
absence of experimental observation of any
$0^-(1^{--})$ $s\bar{s}$ mesons with mass $\geq 2 m_{K^*}$,
it is natural to assume that the $t$-dependence of $F_{K^*}^{(s)}(t)$
is governed by the tails of the known $s\bar{s}$ vector mesons.
For simplicity, we include only one $s\bar{s}$ resonance -- either
the $\phi$ or the $\phi'$ -- using the form of Eq. (\ref{fk_vdm}).
The normalization $F_{K^*}^0=|Q_{K^*}|$. In the DR
results displayed in Table I, we quote a range of values, the limits
of which correspond to using either the $\phi$ or $\phi'$.
A more realistic parameterization of $F_{K^*}^{(s)}(t)$ is likely to
include some linear combination of $\phi$ and $\phi'$ poles, as well
as small contributions from the $\omega$ and $\omega'$.
Existing information does not permit us to determine this linear
combination. Consequently, we use the ranges appearing in Table I
to estimate the uncertainty in the $K^*K^*$ contribution
associated with lack of knowledge of the $K^*$ strangeness form factor.

For the intermediate hyperon form factors, we are aware of no electromagnetic
data to provide guidance for the choice of $F_n^{(s)}(t)$. We therefore
work in analogy with the proton EM form factors, since both $F_B^{(s)}(t)$
($B=\Lambda,\ \Sigma$) and $F_\sst{PROTON}^\sst{EM}(t)$ involve matrix elements
of vector currents having unit conserved charge in the states of interest.
Consequently, we adopt the standard dipole form factor for the
Dirac strangeness form factors of the intermediate hyperons. Since the
corresponding strange magnetic couplings are unknown, we omit magnetic
form factors altogether. Because the resulting contributions to the
strangeness moments are generally small compared to the mesonic
contributions, we do not expect the uncertainty associated with $F_B^{(s)}(t)$
to be problematic.

Under these assumptions, our calculation proceeds as follows.
The spectral functions entering Eqs. (\ref{disp1}) have the
general form
\begin{equation}
\label{genform}
{\hbox{Im}}\  F(t) = {\hbox{Re}}\ \left[A_{J=1}^n(t)\ {F_n^{(s)}}(t)^*\right]=
	|A_{J=1}^n(t)| \ |{F_n^{(s)}}(t)| \ (1+\gamma_n)\ ,
\end{equation}
where $A_{J=1}^n$ is the appropriate combination of $J=1$ partial waves
for the process $n\to N\bar{N}$ and $\gamma_n$ is a correction arising from
the difference in phases between the amplitude $A_{J=1}^n$ and
${F_n^{(s)}}$ \cite{Mus97b}.
This correction can vary between $-2$ and 0 and depends on
$t$. At present, we are unable to determine $\gamma_n$ for the
intermediate states considered here, and set $\gamma_n=0$ to obtain
an upper bound.

To compute the $A_{J=1}^n(t)$ in Born approximation,
we calculate the imaginary
parts of the diagrams (a) and (b) in Fig. 1 assuming point-like
strangeness form factors, ${F_n^{(s)}}(t)\equiv 1$.
We neglect the hyperon-nucleon mass difference and
take $m_\sst{Y}={m_{\sst{N}}}$.
The seagull diagrams do not have an imaginary part, so we obtain
no contributions from diagrams 1c.
Furthermore, from Eq. (\ref{spec_t}) the individual contributions
are manifestly gauge invariant in this approach.
We calculate the imaginary parts of the corresponding diagrams
with cutting rules \cite{cutru} and insert them into the dispersion
relations Eqs. (\ref{disp1}). To obtain the imaginary parts it is
convenient to consider the crossed $t$-channel matrix element
$\bra{N(p);\bar{N}({\bar{p}})}\bar{s} \gamma_\mu s\ket{0}$. The
generic form of such a diagram is shown in Fig. 2.
The different choices for the internal lines I, II,
and III are shown in Table II.
The equivalent of the previous kaon loop result is recovered
if the internal lines are chosen as in case 1 and 2. In the
following, we outline our calculation for the cases 3 - 5.  In
case 3 and 4, both kaons have been replaced by $K^*$ vector
mesons, while one kaon and one $K^*$ contribute in case 5.

We choose to work in the center-of-momentum (CM) frame of the
nucleon-antinucleon pair, where $q=(\omega,\vec{0})$.
The loop diagrams
lead to a physical reaction for $t \geq 4 {m^2_{\sst{N}}}$, which is
the minimal energy required for the creation of a $\bar{N}N$-pair,
and we have $p'=(\omega/2,\vec{p'})$
and $p=(\omega/2,-\vec{p'})$ with $p_t=|\vec{p'}|=\sqrt{t/4-{m^2_{\sst{N}}}}$.
We define the contribution of a particular Feynman diagram with
vertex function $\Gamma_\mu$ as
\begin{equation}
  \label{vert}
{\cal M}^{(i)}_\mu= -i\, \bar{u}(p') \Gamma^{(i)}_\mu v(p)\,.
\end{equation}
These vertex functions are then multiplied by the strangeness form
factor $|F^{(s)}(t)_{VDM}|$ from above as indicated by Eq. (\ref{genform}).
Our choice for the momenta of the internal lines is indicated
in Fig. 2.

For the cases 3 - 5 we obtain the vertex functions
shown in Appendix B.
The imaginary part of $\Gamma_\mu^{(i)}$ is always finite;
hence, the divergencies of the $d^4k$ integrals are without
consequences. The vertex functions $\Gamma^\mu$ have
branch cuts on the real axis for $ t \geq (m_I+m_{II})^2$.
Their real part is continuous, such that the discontinuity associated
with the cut is reflected only in the imaginary part.
In the CM-frame of the nucleon and antinucleon, we have to
calculate
\begin{equation}
\label{discon}
{\hbox{Im}}\,\Gamma^\mu = \frac{1}{2\,i}\Delta\Gamma^\mu =
\frac{1}{2\,i}\lim_{\delta \to 0}
\left(\Gamma^\mu(\omega+i\delta)-\Gamma^\mu(\omega-
i\delta)\right) \,.
\end{equation}
In particular, we obtain the discontinuity $\Delta\Gamma^\mu$
using the Cutkosky rules \cite{cutru} by
cutting the lines I and II, i.e. by replacing the propagators of these
lines by $\delta$ functions,
\begin{equation}
\label{cuma}
\frac{1}{p^2 - m^2 + i\varepsilon} \longrightarrow
 -2\,\pi\,i\,\theta(p_0)\, \delta(p^2 - m^2)\; .
\end{equation}
As a consequence, the discontinuity arises when the particles
I and II in Fig. 2 are on-shell.
Due to the delta functions, the $d^4 k$ integration
covers only a finite part of the $k$ space, leading to a finite
value of the integral. Next we write
$d^4k$ as $dk_0\, k^2 dk \,d\Omega_k$ and use the delta
functions to carry out the $dk_0$ and $dk$ integrations.
Moreover, the $d\Omega_k$ integration involves only
$x$, the cosine of the angle between $\vec{k}$ and $\vec{p'}$.
The denominator of the remaining propagator acquires the
structure $z + x$, where $z$ depends on the particles internal to
the loop.
\begin{eqnarray}
{\rm Case} \; 3\quad &:& \qquad z = \frac{2(2\,{m^2_{\sst{N}}}-m_\sst{K^*}^2)
 -t}{4p_t^2}=-(1+
\frac{m_\sst{K^*}^2}{2p_t^2})\,\\
{\rm Case} \; 4 \quad &:& \qquad z= \frac{2 m_\sst{K^*}^2 -t}{4p_t
q_t}\\
& &\qquad q_t = \sqrt{t/4 -m_\sst{K^*}^2}\nonumber\\
\mbox{Case} \; 5\quad &:& \qquad z = \frac{{m_{\sst{K}}^2} +m_\sst{K^*}^2-2q_t^2
-2\sqrt{(q_t^2 +{m_{\sst{K}}^2})(q_t^2+m_\sst{K^*}^2)}-t}{8 p_t q_t} \\
& & \qquad q_t = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}}\sqrt{t^2 +(m_\sst{K^*}^2- {m_{\sst{K}}^2})^2
-2t(m_\sst{K^*}^2+ {m_{\sst{K}}^2})} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Finally, ${\hbox{Im}}\,\Gamma_\mu$ can be expressed through Legendre
functions of the second kind, and, using the relation
\begin{equation}
  \label{f_zer}
{\hbox{Im}} \,\Gamma_\mu = \gamma_\mu {\hbox{Im}}\,F_1 +i
\frac{\sigma_{\mu\nu}}{2m} q^\nu {\hbox{Im}}\, F_2 \; ,
\end{equation}
the contributions to the imaginary parts of the Dirac and Pauli
form factors for $t \geq 4\,{m^2_{\sst{N}}}$, respectively, can be
identified. The emerging spectral functions
are valid for $t \geq 4\,{m^2_{\sst{N}}}$.
The dispersion integrals, however, start at $t_0=(m_I + m_{II})^2$,
with $m_I$
and $m_{II}$ the masses of the loop particles I and II, respectively.
Consequently, the imaginary parts of the diagrams with two internal
meson lines have to be analytically continued into
the unphysical region $(m_I + m_{II})^2 \leq t < 4\,{m^2_{\sst{N}}}$,
by replacing the momentum
$p_t = \sqrt{t/4 -{m^2_{\sst{N}}}}$ by $i\,p_{-} = i\sqrt{{m^2_{\sst{N}}} -t/4}$.
Similarly, the variables $z$ become complex ($z \to i \xi$),
and the Legendre functions of the second kind must be analytically
continued as well.

Inserting now the imaginary parts and their
analytical continuations in the unphysical region
into the dispersion relations of
Eq. (\ref{disp1}), we obtain the $KK^*$ and $K^*K^*$ contributions
to the strangeness form factors of the
nucleon. In particular, the dispersion relations for the $K^*$ loop
contributions to the strangeness radius and magnetic moment
read
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{rhosi}
\langle r^2_s \rangle_D &=&{6\over\pi}\int_{t_0}^\infty dt {{\hbox{Im}}\,
	{F_1^{(s)}}(t)\over t^2} \\
\label{musi}
\mu^{(s)}&=& {1\over\pi} \int_{t_0}^\infty dt {{\hbox{Im}}\, {F_2^{(s)}}(t)\over t}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\langle r^2_s\rangle_D$ is related to
the Sachs radius via Eq. (\ref{sachsdirac}).
For most of the intermediate states
considered here, the dispersion integrals in Eqs. (\ref{rhosi}, \ref{musi})
converge when a non-pointlike form for the $F_n^{(s)}(t)$ is employed.
However, the tensor $K^*NB$ ($B=\Lambda, \Sigma$) coupling renders the
$K^{*}K^*$ divergent even when the VDM form factor is included. To
regulate this integral, we note that the unitarity of the S-matrix implies
that the $N\bar{N}\to K^{*}K^{*}$ amplitude is bounded in magnitude
for scattering in the physical region, $t> 4m_N^2$. The Born approximation
for this amplitude does not respect this boundedness property, signalling
the importance of higher-order rescattering
corrections \cite{Mus97b}. At present,
since we wish only to obtain an estimate for the $K^{*}$ contributions,
we replace the $A_{J=1}^n(t>4 m_N^2)$ by its value at
the physical threshold, $A_{J=1}^n(t=4 m_N^2)$. We make the same replacement in
the integrals for the $KK^{*}$ intermediate state. This procedure
leads to a crude upper bound on the contribution to the integrals from
the integration region $t> 4 m_N^2$.

The results of the DR estimates of the various contributions are
quoted in Table I. The DR results for the $K\bar{K}$ contribution given
in Table I were obtained using the rigorous unitarity bound.
We stress that the $K^*$ results give rough upper bounds on the various
contributions, not only because of the boundedness of the
strong amplitudes but also because the phase difference correction,
$\gamma_n$, is not known.  We also do not compute the total contributions from
the various states, as we cannot presently determine their relative
phases. Only in the one-loop calculation of the previous section
are the relative phases fixed by the model.

\section{ Discussion and Conclusions}
\label{disc}

The results shown in Table I illustrate the two primary conclusions of
our analysis: (i) contributions from higher mass intermediate states
to the strangeness moments are not necessarily small compared with those
from the lightest ``OZI allowed" state $K\bar{K}$ ; (ii) estimating
these higher mass contributions can entail a significant degree of
theoretical uncertainty.

In the one-loop model,
the $K^*$ contributions can be as much as an order of
magnitude larger than those from the kaon loop. The origin of
this result can be traced to two factors: the tensor coupling
of the $N\Lambda K^*$ vertex is much larger than the $N
\Lambda K$ coupling, and the cut-off of the Bonn form
factor involving the $K^*$ is about twice as large as that
involving the kaon ($\Lambda_K = 1.2$ GeV).
In the case of the former, omitting
the tensor coupling reduces the contribution to the strangeness
radius by a factor of five to ten and yields a near exact
cancellation between the $KK$, $KK^{*}$, and $K^{*}K^{*}$
contributions. In the case of the strange magnetic moment,
the large $K^{*}K^{*}$ and $KK^{*}$ contributions drop by two orders of
magnitude when $\kappa$ is set to zero.

The effect of the larger cut-off is particularly emphasized
in graphs which contain
derivative ({\em i.e.} tensor) couplings of the $K^*$. These couplings
bring in additional powers of the loop momentum $k$ and the
corresponding loop integrals therefore receive larger
contributions from $k$ of the order of the cut-off.  However,
the importance of loop momenta above $\sim$2 GeV points to
weaknesses of the one loop approximation. As we discuss in
more detail below, the large $K^*K\Lambda$ and $K^*K^*\Lambda$
contributions (1b) appear to result from un-physical, un-realistically
large values of the integrand for large loop momenta. Physically
realistic contributions from these intermediate states are likely
to be much smaller.

In fact, the DR contributions from the $KK^*$ and $K^*K^*$ states
are significantly smaller in magnitude than those generated in the
loop model, though they are still comparable to, or larger than, the
$K\bar{K}$ contribution. The reduction in the magnitude of these
contributions from the loop model estimate reflects two factors:
the boundedness of the $n\to N\bar{N}$ scattering amplitude in the
physical region and the presence of more realistic, non-pointlike
${F_n^{(s)}}(t)$. Although we have only implemented the boundedness crudely
for the $KK^{*}$ and $K^{*}K^{*}$ states,
the requirement that the partial waves are bounded in the physical
region ($t>4{m^2_{\sst{N}}}$) is a rigorous one, following from the unitarity of
the S-matrix. Since a one-loop calculation is equivalent to a DR
in which the ${F_n^{(s)}}(t)$ are taken to be pointlike and the $A_{J=1}^n$
computed in the Born approximation, the one-loop results do not
respect the boundedness requirement. The presence of hadronic form
factors [Eqs. (\ref{ff})] does not remedy this violation since they
preserve the on-shell form for the $n\to N\bar{N}$ amplitudes.

In the $K\bar{K}$ case, the unitarity violation of the one-loop
calculation was shown to be a serious one \cite{Mus97b}. For the
intermediate states containing a $K^*$, this violation appears
to be all the more serious, as a comparison of the DR and loop
results suggests. The tensor coupling of the $K^*$ to baryons
weights the $K^*K\to N\bar{N}$ and $K^*K^*\to N\bar{N}$ amplitudes
more strongly in the physical region, relative to the un-physical
region ($t_0\leq t\leq 4{m^2_{\sst{N}}}$), than in the $K\bar{K}\to N\bar{N}$ case.
Consequently, the physical region contributes a substantial fraction
of the entries (1b) for the $K^*K$ and $K^*K^*$ states (80\% of the total
in the $K^*K^*$ case) -- even after the imposition of a crude bound
on the $A_{J=1}^n$ and inclusion of non-pointlike $F_K^{(s)}(t)$.
Had we not imposed even our rough bound, the $K^*K^*$ contribution
to $\langle r_s^2\rangle_D$, for example, would have been five times
larger. We conclude
that the large contributions to the strangeness moments resulting from
the one-loop model are not physically realistic.

We emphasize that the DR calculation given here -- though containing
more physical information than the one-loop model -- remains incomplete.
A rigorous unitarity bound for the $K^*K$ and $K^*K^*$ amplitudes
remains to be implemented, as has been done in the $K\bar{K}$ case.
More importantly,
the impact of higher order (in $g$) rescattering corrections and possible
resonance effects in the $A_{J=1}^n(t_0\leq t\leq 4{m^2_{\sst{N}}})$ must also be
estimated. In the $K\bar{K}$ case, these effects significantly
enhance the $\langle r_s^2\rangle$
contribution over the entry $KK\Lambda$ (1b) in
Table I \cite{Mrm97c}. This enhancement arises primarily from a near threshold
$\phi(1020)$-resonance in the $K\bar{K}\to N\bar{N}$ amplitude. Similarly, we
expect inclusion of $K^*K$ and $K^*K^*$ rescattering and $\phi'$ resonance
effects in the $A_{J=1}^n$ to modify the $K^*K$ and $K^*K^*$ entries
in Table I. Unfortunately, sufficient $KK\pi\to N\bar{N}$ (or $KN\to
K\pi N$) and $KK\pi\pi\to N\bar{N}$ ($KN\to KN\pi\pi$ {\em etc.}) data
do not presently exist to afford a model-independent
determination of these effects.

Given that higher mass contributions to the strangeness moments need not
be small compared to that from the $K\bar{K}$, it is desireable to reduce
the theoretical uncertainty in the former as much as possible.
The $K^*K^*\Lambda$ (1b) entry hints at the level of this uncertainty.
Our \lq\lq reasonable range" for this contribution allows for about a factor
of four to seven variation,
which follows from the choice of different, but reasonable,
$K^*$ strangeness form factors. Based on our previous study of the $K\bar{K}$
contribution, as well as the behavior of the scattering amplitudes in
the physical region,
we may reasonably expect a similar level of uncertainty
associated with the presently unknown rescattering and resonance effects
in the $A_{J=1}^{K^*K,\ K^*K^*}$.

To summarize, we have estimated $K^*K$ and $K^*K^*$ contributions to the
nucleon strangeness moments, using two approaches which complement the
quark model calculation of Ref. \cite{Gei97}. Our results confirm the
conclusions
reached in that work that higher mass hadronic states can be as important
as the $K\bar{K}$ state and that a calculation of the strangeness moments
based on a truncation in $\Delta E$ is not reliable. Similarly, we illustrate
the significant theoretical ambiguities involved in estimating these higher
mass contributions -- particularly those associated with effects going
beyond ${\cal O}(g^2)$ and with the intermediate state strangeness form
factors. In this study, we have taken the first steps toward including
the latter in a realistic way. We find that inclusion of physically reasonable
parameterizations of the ${F_n^{(s)}}(t)$ can appreciably affect the $K^*K$ and
$K^*K^*$ contributions. Even here, however, our efforts are limited by
a lack of existing EM data. In the case of higher-order and resonance
effects in the strong amplitudes, it should be evident that simple models
which do not account for them can produce physically unrealistic estimates
of the higher mass intermediate state contributions. Clearly, more
sophisticated approaches are needed in order to understand how $s\bar{s}$
pairs live as virtual hadronic states.

\acknowledgements

We would like to thank D. Drechsel and N. Isgur for useful discussions.
This work has been supported in part by FAPESP and CNPq. M.N.
would like to thank the Institute for Nuclear Theory at the
University of Washington for its hospitality and H.F.
acknowledges an HCM grant from the European Union and
a DFG habilitation fellowship. MJR-M has been supported
in part under U.S. Department of Energy contracts \#
DE-FG06-90ER40561 and \# DE-AC05-84ER40150 and under a
National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award. HWH
has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(SFB 201) and the German Academic Exchange Service
(Doktorandenstipendium HSP III/ AUFE).

\vspace{0.5cm}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
New Era said the campaign
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text:
Alan Dershowitz Has Some Thoughts on Kavanaugh and Harvard
McCarthyism has reared its ugly head again, he says.
By Spencer Buell·	 10/9/2018, 11:02 a.m.
Portrait by Chris Buck for "The World vs. Alan Dershowitz"
Alan Dershowitz has a knack for sniffing out the real injustices plaguing this country right now: the kind leveled against downtrodden people like President of the United States Donald Trump and, of course, himself. So you had better believe that the law professor-turned-guy-who's-always-on-TV has some thoughts about the way now-Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh has been treated by Harvard.
Writing in the Boston Globe, Dershowitz says he is very concerned that Kavanaugh, who has just gotten a lifetime appointment to one of the most powerful seats in government, has been spurned by many of his former students, likening their protests against him to "a new form of McCarthyism that is quickly descending on university campuses."
He is referring, of course, to the demonstrations led by Harvard Law students calling on the school not to welcome Kavanaugh back to campus after he was credibly accused of sexually assaulting a woman in the 1980s, and after stories surfaced of his misogynist yearbook comments and drunken exploits as a young man. Following calls to bar him from continuing to teach at the school, Harvard announced last week that Kavanaugh would not return to lead a course on the Supreme Court scheduled for January. Earlier, students had reportedly cheered at the prospect of the judge never teaching again.
Per Harvard, the decision to cancel the course was Kavanaugh's. But students had clearly succeeded in their efforts to run him out of Cambridge, Dershowitz says, and this cannot stand. "There cannot be ad hoc decisions based on mob-rule and political correctness demands of the day," he writes, adding, "[A]s there are students, no matter how few, who wish to learn from [Kavanaugh], they should be accorded the opportunity to do so, regardless of [what] other students might think."
The self-described "liberal Democrat" says he does not know Kavanaugh, and wouldn't have picked him for the Supreme Court, but knows a troubling state of affairs when he sees one. First they came for the Martha's Vineyard summerers, and I said nothing, and so on.
When will the injustice end?
Update: Alan Dershowitz has reached out to us with a response: "I will continue to press for a single standard of Justice and due process for everyone, as I did for Bill and Hillary Clinton and as I do for the numerous people and causes I represent pro bono. I will not be deterred by the cynical mocking of those who do nothing for anyone."
Spencer Buell	Staff Writer at Boston Magazine @spencerbuell
sbuell@bostonmagazine.com
My Favorite Place
How to Get Your Child a COVID Vaccine in Massachusetts


Voter suppression and racism you say? Yes, that's exactly what we say! The Black Panthers are armed and trying to intimidate people but ohbummer and Holder aren't running the show anymore so we'll see how far this blatant racism and voter intimidation flies.
But then Hitler was allegedly a Socialist until he became a NAZI.
And now he is one that wants to fix the mess the demonrats made.
What mess did he fix?
"Democrats want to talk about health care.
They are the ones that ruined it.
And the goal of obum care was to do what it is doing now. Make insurance cost go through the roof. And then brain wash all to want the government pay for health care. If they wish to do that then don't fool with medicare that is for retired people. They need to start a new med system and raise all taxes on working people to pay for it. And for people that don't work and want a socialist system its easy, forced labor for them to pay for the medical system they use, yeah no sitting on their butts doing criminal acts, they can all be on a chain gang so to say. Lots of parks to keep cleaned up and forests to clear out the brush to stop forest fires and the like. Lots of nice labor for whole family's to do together to pay for the socialist system they want. In a socialist system there are no child labor laws, and there are no laws to help the average people, since they belong to the system and do what they are told to do. This is what the demonrat party is all about. They talk a talk till they are in the position to pull the puppet strings.
Stuck on stupid and stuck on Hitler.
and he doesnt even understand that nazi's are socialists!!!! oh the stupidity!!!!
That's when cohost Ed Henry stepped in with a fact-check.
And trump was handed a far different economy than President Obama.
Ok , let's see how Trump does over the next 6 years.
How long has it been since some SOB has called me a, "NAZI"?


To book artists and talent such as Father Guido Sarducci for your corporate event, convention, or fundraiser, just use our Find Talent Form or Contact us.
FATHER GUIDO SARDUCCI has spent the past twenty years living and working in the United States as gossip columnist and rock critic for the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano. Recently, he was also appointed Assistant Managing Editor for the Vatican Inquirer. American audiences first became familiar with Father Sarducci during the "golden years" of "Saturday Night Live," when he appeared regularly as a commentator (and occasionally as a correspondent) on "Weekend Update." He's also been a frequent and welcome guest on "The Tonight Show" (with Johnny Carson and Jay Leno) and on "Late Night with David Letterman." People on both sides of the camera know that they can always count on the kindly Father Sarducci for some solid laughs and some valuable insights.
On The Last Supper: It was actually a brunch. The check (discovered by Sarducci himself!) reveals that one guy only had a soft-boiled egg and tea, while everyone else stuffed themselves. But when the bill was paid, it was divided equally. The moral: "In groups, always order the most expensive thing."
On Former Vice President Dan Quayle: Dan Quayle was going around the country giving C students a bad name.
This year Father Guido Sarducci has appeared as a guest star on "Married With Children" and (during the visit of Pope John Paul II to New York) on "Saturday Night Live."
He's also been working on a brand new song for the Christmas Holiday Season called "Frosty the Snow." According to Father Sarducci , "It's about Frosty before he was a snowman."
To book an artist such as Father Guido Sarducci or other big name talent for your Corporate Event, Private Party, Fundraiser or Convention, let one of our mediator agents negotiate with managers, agents and artists to achieve the best possible entertainment experience.
Just fill out the Talent Request form for "Father Guido Sarducci", so that one of our experienced professionals can contact and book this artist for you. We make booking entertainment and booking musicians easy! So get started with the preliminary Talent Request form and let us use our negitiating skills to get Father Guido Sarducci booked for your next event.


Vans Style 36 Trainers in Black and White. Vans gets a backy into Footayslum on the back of this aesthetically pleasing Vans classic. Low top lace-up with cushioned collar, checkerboard with signature Vans waffle outsole and sidestripe.


If you want your invoices to be paid quickly, you need to make it easy for your customers to pay you. There are a variety of popular payment methods available to business owners.
Some customers still prefer paying with cheques or cash, although it's increasingly rare these days – and some banks are phasing out the use of cheques. One advantage of cash is that there are usually no transaction fees, although some banks do charge for cheque payments. However, payments in cash or by cheque involve more work, are inflexible and can be slow and unpredictable. Late payers can also go unnoticed, without automated notifications of overdue invoices.
Customers can give permission for companies to take funds from their credit or debit cards. The customer supplies their card number online, by phone or in person, which is then linked to their bank account by card networks and settlement banks to take the money owing. It's a useful way of making one-off transactions or subscribing for regular payments. However, it can be expensive for merchants. Costs are high, both per payment and in monthly fees. Failed payments are also reasonably common due to cards being rejected, expiring or getting lost or stolen.
Customers fill in a simple form that authorises a company to take money from their bank account. The company can automate payments, taking money from customers' accounts when payments are due, varying the frequency and amount as required, but without having to seek the permission of the customer each time. Direct Debit has a low cost per payment for the merchant and failure rates are very low – for example, less than 1% with GoCardless. It's a very flexible way to take payments, with minimal hassle involved.
Direct bank transfers are possible from the customer's to the seller's account. This method is commonly used for regular payments, but it can also work for one-off transactions. Bank transfers are popular due to their low transaction fees and low failure rate, but they carry the risk that companies will not be alerted if payments fail. They are also inflexible, only allowing customers to pay a set amount at a specified time, and sometimes customers forget or type in the wrong information.
There are alternative payment methods available, although they aren't yet in widespread use in Australia. Systems such as Paypal can be useful, especially if selling to customers overseas who want to pay in different currencies. There's also the option of receiving payment in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, although the value of these fluctuates over time, meaning there's an exchange rate risk unless you convert to Australian dollars immediately. Ask your accountant for ideas about which of the newer online payment methods might be useful for your business.
Automating payment collection is easy with electronic invoicing, which allows customers to pay immediately using integrated payment methods. It's convenient for business owners, who get money when it's due, and for customers, who don't have to waste time processing invoices and arranging payments.
Preventing late payments really matters, particularly to small and medium-sized businesses, many of which experience cash flow difficulties as a result of bills going unpaid. By automating payments via Direct Debit, for example, companies can predict how much money they will have in the bank at any time. This means they can plan ahead and focus on their relationship with the customer instead of pestering them for unpaid bills.


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