text:
Darwin: How Cultural Evolution Trumps Natural Selection
Charles Darwin had a big idea, arguably the most powerful idea ever. And like all the best ideas, it is beguilingly simple.
A few years ago I set out to canvass the literature on Charles Darwin. I thought it would be a manageable task, but I soon realized what a naïve idea this was. I do not know how many books have been written about him, but there seem to be thousands, and each year more appear.
—James Rachels
Gotta love a country with Darwin on its money, even if his idea was worth more than a tenner.
I'm feeling a lot of pressure here. In my series of essays on the survival of the fittest philosophers, I've finally reached Charles Darwin—the man who's credited with the very idea of evolution upon which my philosophy and resulting website have been built. I feel like I need to come up with something profound here, but as James Rachels said in the second quote above, so much has already been researched and written about the man that it hardly seems possible to say anything new. Since I'm writing about philosophy though, it's probably best to stick with the impact I feel he's had on this field. I've done profiles of 41 of of the 60 historical figures in my series so far and most of them have fared poorly. But really, they've all been playing against a stacked deck, having their ideas judged by this philosophy of mine that's built upon the modern evolutionary synthesis when Darwin hadn't even introduced the basic idea to the world yet when they were writing. Let's introduce it now though by seeing what I had to say about Darwin in my first book of Evolutionary Philosophy and then reflect on the monumental impact he has had on the world.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882 CE) was an English naturalist who realized that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of the Species. In 1871, he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed in 1872 by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.
Has Adapted and Grown
Just a quick note to insert Darwin into this timeline. It is obvious from the rest of this information that Darwin's theory has had a major influence on mankind and our understanding of where we fit into this universe. It is hard to comprehend what it must have been like before Darwin to wonder, "Where did we all come from?" It is no wonder previous explanations ended up with something supernatural or silly. Evolution has made the history of our home known to us and new discoveries continue to unravel the meaning of life. Without this knowledge, prior philosophers had to overcome an enormous obstacle to the truth. Future ones will have no such excuse other than the momentum of history.
Where do great ideas like this come from? Not from thin air, completely untethered from everything that has gone before, but from some new combination of previously separated pieces of knowledge. At a time when "most Europeans believed the world was created by God in seven days as described in the bible," Darwin sailed off on a five-year scientific expedition on the HMS Beagle. He had spent much of his education as a naturalist learning about geology, a field where intellectuals of the day were wrestling with the competing ideas of neptunism (which proposed rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans), plutonism (the geologic theory that the rocks forming the Earth were formed in fire by volcanic activity), and uniformitarianism (the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe). On the Beagle, Darwin read Charles Lyell's recently published uniformitarian tract called Principles of Geology, which suggested that the fossils found in rocks were actually evidence of animals that had lived many thousands or millions of years ago.
While Darwin thought about this vista opening up in the natural world to millennia of new history, he surely examined it through the lens of his earlier and varied experiences too. His freethinking father had pushed him into divinity studies to become an Anglican parson after he neglected his medical studies. While in that field, he read about arguments for divine design in nature (natural theology). He met with Unitarians who were welcoming the radical implications of transmutation of species, but he also met Anglicans to whom transmutation was anathema to defending social order. And he traveled in Whig circles that promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty.
These diverse points of view would all have been clanging around in Darwin's mind during his voyage, when the breakthrough for his ideas on evolution suddenly came to him in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin noticed that each island supported its own form of finches, which were closely related to one another but different in important ways, and suddenly his principles of evolution sprang to mind. Millions of people all over the world must have noticed subtly different species in slightly overlapping habitats before, but only Darwin's mind, prepared by all the other discussions of his day, proved to be the perfect fertile ground to see something new there. And once he did, the world was changed forever by the idea that eventually became these two sentences in the introduction to On The Origin of Species:
As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.
Note how it was his focus on the existential struggle of life that led Darwin to his solution. Suddenly, all the age-old philosophical ramblings on our origins seemed worthless. From Moses' 4.5 Commandments, to Plato's unchanged and eternal forms, to Anselm's reliance on the power of human intellect to justify his ontological argument, to Descartes' dualism injected into human thought alone, to Kant's belief that objective reality is a construct of the human mind; all of these, and many others, crumbled into dust once Darwin deduced the true story about the common origins mankind shares with all the other forms of life on the planet. We can probably expect many of our own current beliefs to similarly be replaced by some new discovery in the future, but that is the fate all of us face in this ongoing project of cultural inheritance that humanity has embarked upon. We take what has come before us, enjoy it, profit from it, do our best to change it into something better, and then tip our hats to the future when we step offstage and allow the world to move on without us.
Darwin didn't think about cultural evolution in this way. He "had no nature/nurture distinction, and neither did anyone else until the rise of genetics forty years after On the Origin of the Species. So for him if a culture does well relative to other cultures, it must be the same sort of thing as when a variety of wolf replaces another by natural selection." This is a shame, since it probably meant Darwin didn't grasp the full significance of his contribution to our gene-culture co-evolution, but I have to think he felt the weight of history shifting under him even if he didn't have the vocabulary and scholarship at hand to put that into biological and sociological terms. He must have felt it when he wrote such things as:
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.
As man advances in civilisation, and small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts and sympathies to all the members of the same nation, though personally unknown to him. This point being once reached, there is only an artificial barrier to prevent his sympathies extending to the men of all nations and races. If, indeed, such men are separated from him by great differences in appearance or habits, experience unfortunately shows us how long it is before we look at them as our fellow-creatures. Sympathy beyond the confines of man, that is humanity to the lower animals, seems to be one of the latest moral acquisitions. This virtue, one of the noblest with which man is endowed, seems to arise incidentally from our sympathies becoming more tender and more widely diffused, until they are extended to all sentient beings. As soon as this virtue is honoured and practised by some few men, it spreads through instruction and example to the young, and eventually through public opinion.
The highest stage in moral culture at which we can arrive, is when we recognise that we ought to control our thoughts.
Darwin may be chiefly known for his naturalist work in the biological world, but these musings show a sensitive mind applied to the philosophical world of ethics as well. Had he lived through all the discoveries we have today about species cooperation and the evolution of moral emotions in non-human animals, I bet Darwin would have made more contributions to the field of philosophy as well. Alas, that wasn't to be, and now I find it highly ironic that Darwin will forever be known as the champion of natural selection when he himself (no matter how sturdy his descendants may have proven to be) is one of the best examples we have of the strength of psychological selections and cultural evolution relative to the mere genetic changes in our collective bodies. The ability at this point in our evolution for a cultural change to impact our species is so much stronger than any slight physical mutation could ever be. We've become much better at survival now that Darwin showed us this is the game we've been playing. How much better would we be if we all agreed there weren't any other rules guiding our behaviour?
Today, knowledge economies are unearthing vast quantities of new facts in all the various scientific fields, and the information age we live in allows all of them to be brought together. Surely this is a time for great ideas to spring forth. For me, I've come to philosophy and morality after my long interests in those fields had been interrupted by practical time spent in the business world where economists, strategists, managers, and human resource leaders are wrestling with ideas such as long-term sustainability vs. short term profits, incentives and success in public companies vs. employee owned organisations, theory x vs. theory y views of employee motivation, findings from positive psychology about the deep success to be had by tapping into personality strengths, and the competitive advantage of ensuring diversity in problem-solving teams. These revolutions in the business world have been driven by research coming from the social sciences and they've been proven to be highly successful. They also helped me see the need to balance competition and cooperation in a pragmatic economic sense, which I believe is the key to understanding how to balance ethical and political concerns over much longer time horizons as well. The application and acceptance of these individual ideas has been frustratingly slow to take hold across the business world (let alone their application to the philosophical one), but I know the pace of change is quickened wherever there is a worldview that can successfully incorporate all of the details, so that's why I spend such time on adapting and spreading this evolutionary philosophy.
Will it be another great idea, a revolution in the study of ethics and the nature of what is right or wrong that helps us all survive and thrive in a more robust manner? I believe this logical extension of Darwin's big idea will be such an aid to us, but there is great difficulty in formulating it in such a way as to overcome the resistance it faces by the mass of thought that has already coalesced around current cultural ideas such as religion, relativism, and nihilism. The difficulty is enough to make me want to give up quite often, but even if he wouldn't have phrased it that way, Darwin is a great inspiration to me of the power of an idea to change our evolution for the better. There was little immediate attention to Darwin (and Wallace's) announcement of the theory of evolution by natural selection: "the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries. Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that "all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old." In the face of this, and harsher ridicule from his contemporaries, Darwin stood strong, knowing his ideas were based on thorough research and were clearly thought through. He responded to criticism and anticipated arguments with such thoughts as:
When it was first said that the sun stood still and the world turned round, the common sense of mankind declared the doctrine false; but the old saying of Vox populi, vox Dei (The voice of the people is the voice of God), as every philosopher knows, cannot be trusted in science.
It has often and confidently been asserted, that man's origin can never be known: but ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science.
And since Darwin also said:
I'll try hard not to waste any more of mine. There is so much more to do. Onwards!
As John Stuart Mill Exhorts, Come On Get Happy!
Now that's a happy dog.
A few weeks ago, I profiled Jeremy Bentham in this series of essays on the survival of the fittest philosophers, noting his importance in history as one of the founders of utilitarianism. As I said at the time, "Bentham laid down what was to become the fundamental axiom of this school of morality by saying, "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong." Bentham's definitions for happiness came down simply to feelings of pleasure and pain, but he inspired a disciple who further refined this school of thought, helping to turn it into one that is still highly influential today among non-religious thinkers who usually espouse some combination of utilitarianism and Aristotelian virtue ethics when they are asked for their definitions of good and moral actions. The disciple? John Stuart Mill.
When I say Bentham "inspired" Mill though, it was more like Bentham was crammed down his throat. Mill's father, a radical Scottish follower of Bentham, moved to London to help promote utilitarianism. He rigorously taught John Stuart with the the goal of "creating a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham had died." Mill started learning Greek at the age of three, Latin at the age of eight, and by the age of fourteen "he had read most of the Greek and Latin classics, had made a wide survey of history, had done extensive work in logic and mathematics, and had mastered the basics of economic theory." At twenty, however, he suffered a nervous breakdown and spent years going through crippling bouts of depression, which Mill eventually found relief from in the poetry of Wordsworth, among other things. How is that for maximising happiness, dad? It's a real credit to Mill that he fought through all this excessive advantage and disadvantage to become the sane and considerate thinker that he was.
As we'll see below, Mill joins Bentham as one of only ten philosophers for whom I reported nothing major has gone extinct. (The others being Bacon, Galileo, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, Darwin, de Beauvoir, and Chomsky.) This distinction doesn't necessarily mean a place among the best and deepest thinkers in history—it merely means that their major contributions didn't contain any major errors in my opinion—but in Mill's case, he is almost certain to crack the top seven in my subjective list of the top philosophers of all time when I get to that at the end of this series. I'll stop with the introduction now to leave more room for some of his best quotes to show you what I mean.
In the case of any person whose judgment is really deserving of confidence, how has it become so? Because he has kept his mind open to criticism of his opinions and conduct. Because it has been his practice to listen to all that could be said against him; to profit by as much of it as was just, and expound to himself, and upon occasion to others, the fallacy of what was fallacious. Because he has felt, that the only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject, is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion, and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind. No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this; nor is it in the nature of human intellect to become wise in any other manner.
Those only are happy ... who have their minds fixed on some object other than their own happiness.
A man who has nothing which he is willing to fight for, nothing which he cares more about than he does about his personal safety, is a miserable creature who has no chance of being free, unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself.
One person with a belief is a social power equal to ninety-nine who have only interests.
Whatever we may think or affect to think of the present age, we cannot get out of it; we must suffer with its sufferings, and enjoy with its enjoyments; we must share in its lot, and, to be either useful or at ease, we must even partake its character.
Society can and does execute its own mandates: and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself.
To discover to the world something which deeply concerns it, and of which it was previously ignorant; to prove to it that it had been mistaken on some vital point of temporal or spiritual interest, is as important a service as a human being can render to his fellow creatures.
The fatal tendency of mankind to leave off thinking about a thing when it is no longer doubtful, is the cause of half their errors.
Unpoetical natures are precisely those which require poetic cultivation.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 CE) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. He was also an influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.
Survives
Mill's works on liberty justified freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. One argument that Mill develops further than any previous philosopher is the harm principle. The harm principle holds that each individual has the right to act as he wants, so long as these actions do not harm others. He does argue, however, that individuals should be prevented from doing lasting, serious harm to themselves or their property. Because no one exists in isolation, harm done to oneself also harms others, and destroying property deprives the community as well as oneself. This limited definition of liberty is correct. Unfortunately, many libertarians do not recognize their ties to society. We must be given the freedom to discover our own best roles for society, but we cannot be allowed to endanger society or the survival of life in general.
Needs to Adapt
Mill's famous formulation of utilitarianism is known as the "greatest-happiness principle." It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, within reason. Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to more physical forms of pleasure. Mill distinguishes between happiness and contentment, claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter, a belief wittily encapsulated in the statement that "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question." As was said for Bentham, once the greatest happiness is defined as the joy of the survival of life (and all that entails for a cooperative society focused on the long-term), then utilitarianism tends to work well in developing a moral philosophy. But it is still merely a derivative of the principle of survival.
Mill originally believed that "equality of taxation" meant "equality of sacrifice" and that progressive taxation penalized those who worked harder and saved more and was therefore "a mild form of robbery." Given an equal tax rate regardless of income, Mill agreed that inheritance should be taxed. A utilitarian society would agree that everyone should be equal one way or another. Therefore, receiving inheritance would put one ahead of society unless taxed on the inheritance. In our modern economy, income is not tied merely to effort - income is generated far out of proportion to effort by the use of technology. In a hierarchical construction, those at the top are able to abuse their power by forcing their view on others that they "deserve" the lion's share of this surplus income. But might never makes right. This surplus income is owed to the society whose rules and history created it. The efforts of even the best individuals are not worth exponentially more than their peers so their taxation should be more progressive. This also keeps society relatively more equal, which is vital to its need for cooperation and stability. The principle easily justifies a strong inheritance tax as well.
Mill recognized wealth beyond the material, and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was destruction of the environment and a reduced quality of life. He concluded that a stationary state could be preferable to never-ending economic growth. Stationary size does not necessarily mean a lack of progress. Economic growth comes from expansion and differentiation. Mill is correct that expansion cannot be indefinite. Differentiation through the progression of knowledge and freedom, however, means that perpetual economic growth may still be possible.
Gone Extinct
Very nice stuff. But there is a fatal flaw in utilitarianism in that by proclaiming the endpoint of morality as "maximising happiness for the greatest number," it can too easily lead to overpopulation and a crashing of the planet's ecosystems because not enough attention is being paid to the actual objective basis for morality—the long-term survival of life. Mill saw an inkling of this when he said the following:
There is room in the world, no doubt, and even in old countries, for a great increase of population, supposing the arts of life to go on improving, and capital to increase. But even if innocuous, I confess I see very little reason for desiring it. The density of population necessary to enable mankind to obtain, in the greatest degree, all the advantages both of co-operation and of social intercourse, has, in all the most populous countries, been attained. If the earth must lose that great portion of its pleasantness which it owes to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would extirpate from it, for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger but not a better or a happier population, I sincerely hope, for the sake of posterity, that they will be content to be stationary, long before necessity compels them to it.
Sadly for us, the world population was only about 1.2billion in 1848 when Mill said that. So even though he spent time handing out literature on birth control and didn't see why we would desire to grow, we're now at 7 billion people and apparently climbing towards 11 billion. We're crossing dangerous planetary boundaries every day with little concerted effort to fight those problems even though it may take little or no overall cost to the economy to do so. Without meeting the fundamental need of survival, there will be incalculable billions of lives lost with no hope of ever maximising their happiness. By taking that into account though, our own existential dreads, guilts, and anxieties will be lessened, and we would live much more confident and worry-free lives. Come on people...wake up and be happy!
An All Too Human Comte
Non-religious gatherings have been in the news a lot over the last few years. Ever since the four horsemen of the non-apocalypse (Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Dan Dennett, and Sam Harris) started aggressively promoting New Atheism in 2004 in a series of books and lectures, it's suddenly seemed more acceptable to put your non-beliefs out there and go find other like-minded human(ist)s to hang out with. Groups like Skeptics in the Pub, the Sunday Assembly, and the Godless Revival have hundreds of local chapters all over the world, and may inspire its members to all go on a pilgrimage someday to Alain de Botton's Temple to Atheism in London if it ever gets built. Certainly social networking has enabled this latest iteration of anti-Church churches to bloom far and wide, but they are about 150 years too late to be doing something new. (Not that that is a bad thing. I think the time for this idea to finally adapt and survive is here now.)
Auguste Comte--the first in my series on the survival of the fittest philosophers to have been born after the American and French revolutions bestowed radical freedoms on its citizens—spent years designing a Religion of Humanity in the mid-1800's. That religion has almost entirely disappeared now, but it did once inspire followers all over the world. The motto written on Brazil's flag--Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress")—was inspired by Comte's motto: L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; Progress as the goal"). Several of the revolutionaries involved in the military coup d'état that unseated the monarchy and turned Brazil into a republic were fervent followers of Comte's ideas. In fact, a few Temples of Humanity still exist in Brazil. The last one in Europe is in Paris, near where Comte lived for 16 years until his death in 1857. The chapel there is exactly (apart from its reduced size) as the layout conceived by Auguste Comte with thirteen arches depicting the thirteen months of the positivist calendar. See six of them in the picture below, plus a bonus arch for the leap-year day dedicated to women.
Inside the Chapel of Humanity in Paris (photo credit:http://is.gd/vNc6xK)
So yeah, that's right, Comte created his own calendar for his religion. Just like Alain de Botton called for in his Atheist 2.0 TED talk, Comte borrowed from the rituals and rights of Christianity—the things that strengthen bonds within a community of believers—to create his own very formalised system of worship. The Positivist Calendar observes a 7-day week while restricting the months to exactly 4 weeks. It thereby accommodates 13 months a year (13x7x4=364), plus an annual festival commemorating the dead, and a leap-year festival dedicated to women. This sounds reasonable in theory; the math makes the calendar nice and uniform and easy to follow, although it would be very hard to have halves, quarters, or thirds of a year, which is a prime benefit of using the number twelve in any situation. But let's see how the veneration aspect of the calendar works in practice.
Comte's thirteen months were given chronological themes, and a single person was chosen to represent each one of them. They are: (1) The Initial Theocracy: Moses, (2) Ancient Poetry: Homer, (3) Ancient Philosophy: Aristotle, (4) Ancient Science: Archimedes, (5) Military Civilization: Caesar, (6) Catholicism: Saint Paul, (7) Feudal Civilization: Charlemagne, (8) Modern Epic Poetry: Dante, (9) Modern Industry: Gutenberg, (10) Modern Drama: Shakespeare, (11) Modern Philosophy: Descartes, (12) Modern Policy: Frederick, and (13) Modern Science: Bichat. Today, for example, September 12th, is Shakespeare 3rd according to the online Positivist Calendar converter. Each month was also given 28 human "saints" so there would be one to be remembered each day. That's too many to list here, but today's, in the month of Shakespeare, is dedicated to Fernando de Rojas, the author of La Celestina, which was published in 1499 and "considered to be one of the greatest works of Spanish literature, and traditionally marks the end of medieval literature and the beginning of the literary renaissance in Spain." The story of that book is about "a bachelor Calisto who uses the old procuress Celestina to start an affair with Melibea, an unmarried girl kept in seclusion by her parents. Though the two use the rhetoric of courtly love, sex not marriage is their aim. When he dies in an accident, she commits suicide. The name Celestina has become synonymous with procuresses, especially an older woman used to further an illicit affair." This is just a random exercise, but I gotta say I think Comte could have chosen some better humans to revere. And maybe that's a good point about this whole exercise in a religion of humanity. We're humans; not gods. I think it's a great idea to regularly remind ourselves of what the best of us have done in the past, but to create a religion around those remembrances comes too close to mimicking the uncritical worship and blind deification that goes along with religions. Let's hear two good quotes from Comte though to show that he had good intentions before I go over his main beliefs in further detail.
The principle of co-operation is the basis of society, and the object of society must ever be to find the right place for its individual members in its great co-operative scheme. There is, however, a danger of exaggerated specialism; it concentrates the attention of individuals on small parts of the social machine, and thus narrows their sense of the social community, and produces an indifference to the larger interests of humanity. It is lamentable to find an artisan spending his life making pin-heads, and it is equally lamentable to find a man with a mind employing his mind only in the solution of equations.
Social positivism only accepts duties, for all and towards all. Its constant social viewpoint cannot include any notion of rights, for such notion always rests on individuality. We are born under a load of obligations of every kind, to our predecessors, to our successors, to our contemporaries. These obligations then increase or accumulate, for it is some time before we can return any service. Any human right is therefore as absurd as immoral.
(Note that by having duties to one another, we grant each other freedoms and benefits that some try to claim as god-given rights. Rights don't exist, but by working together we can earn freedoms and benefits within a just society.)
Auguste Comte (1798-1857 CE) was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism, though now outmoded, set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists, evolving into modern academic sociology as practical and objective social research.
Positivism holds that in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information. Introspective and intuitional attempts to gain knowledge are rejected. Comte saw the scientific method replacing metaphysics in the history of thought, observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science. This has been a long-running theme, so again, yes. Introspection and intuition may guide directions for hypotheses and experimentation, but they cannot produce true knowledge on their own.
Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general law of three stages. Comte's stages were (1) the theological, (2) the metaphysical, and (3) the positive. The theological phase was seen as preceding the Enlightenment, in which man's place in society and society's restrictions upon man were referenced to God. Man blindly believed in whatever he was taught by his ancestors. He believed in a supernatural power. Fetishism played a significant role during this time. By the "Metaphysical" phase, he referred not to the metaphysics of Aristotle or other ancient Greek philosophers. Rather, the idea was rooted in the problems of French society subsequent to the revolution of 1789. This metaphysical phase involved the justification of universal rights as being on a higher plane than the authority of any human ruler. This stage is known as the stage of investigation, because people started reasoning and questioning although no solid evidence was laid. The stage of investigation was the beginning of a world that questioned authority and religion. In the positive scientific phase, people could find solutions to social problems and bring them into force despite the proclamations of human rights or prophecy of the will of God. Science started to answer questions in full stretch. These three phases have occurred in the history of mankind, but not in a straight line, and often all at the same time. If we want to know real truth, we do have to follow these steps, but in the blindness of evolution there is no guarantee that we will figure this out.
Comte proposed a Religion of Humanity for positivist societies in order to fulfill the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. He proposed a calendar reform called the positivist calendar in which months were named after history's greatest leaders, thinkers, and artists, arranged progressively in chronological order. Each day was dedicated to a thinker, in the manner of Catholic saint's days. In Système de Politique Positive, Comte stated that the pillars of the religion are: altruism, leading to generosity and selfless dedication to others; order: Comte thought that after the French Revolution, society needed restoration of order; progress: the consequences of industrial and technical breakthroughs for human societies. In Catéchisme Positiviste, Comte defined the Church of Humanity's seven sacraments: Introduction (nomination and sponsoring); Admission (end of education); Destination (choice of a career); Marriage; Retirement (age 63); Separation (social extreme unction); Incorporation (absorption into history three years after death). The Religion of Humanity was described by Thomas Huxley as "Catholicism minus Christianity." Although much declined, the church survives in present day Brazil. Religion does need to be replaced, although its use of calendar reminders and ritual traditions to instruct humans is something that could be very useful. The word religion, however, connotes deity belief and worship. After evolutionary philosophy is honed, the Religion of Humanity could be replaced with something like a "Society for Life." Some new atheists and secular humanists appear to be working along these lines already. I hope to contribute to their efforts.
Comte saw this new science, sociology, as the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences and integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole. This grand vision of sociology as the centerpiece of all the sciences has not come to fruition. The biologist E.O. Wilson uses the term consilience to describe the unity of knowledge. Based on that theory, I subsume sociology into the biological sciences, slotting in above organismic biology, but below ecology in terms of size and scope. Based on its MECE (mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive) nature of inquiry, philosophy could be seen as the centerpiece of all the sciences, but only in the sense of categorizing and analyzing the rest of knowledge.
Comte's good friend John Stuart Mill (who I'll be covering next week) characterised the lifetime of Comte's work as dividing into phases of "good Comte and bad Comte." I think my analysis bears this out as well. I can sympathise with that all too human description of the man though, which is precisely why I'll stay away from his religion of humanity, even if I also long for more communion with others who may think similarly.
Planet Schopenhauer
In one way, I really admire how Arthur Schopenhauer wrote. He aimed for the stars; to become a bright light in the firmament of human thought. In "The Art of Literature" he said:
Writers may be classified as meteors, planets, and fixed stars. A meteor makes a striking effect for a moment. You look up and cry "There!" and it is gone forever. Planets last a much longer time. They often outshine the fixed stars and are confounded by them by the inexperienced; but this only because they are near. It is not long before they must yield their place; nay, the light they give is reflected only, and the sphere of their influence is confined to their orbit — their contemporaries. Their path is one of change and movement, and with the circuit of a few years their tale is told. Fixed stars are the only ones that are constant; their position in the firmament is secure; they shine with a light of their own; their effect today is the same as it was yesterday, because, having no parallax, their appearance does not alter with a difference in our standpoint. They belong not to one system, one nation only, but to the universe. And just because they are so very far away, it is usually many years before their light is visible to the inhabitants of this earth.
We'll see a little later whether Schopenhauer himself reached the status of a fixed star, but there's another writer alive today who's a real favourite of mine to become a star and who happens to have written a novel that does a fantastic job introducing readers to the philosophies of this 19th century German. That novel is The Schopenhauer Cure by Irvin Yalom. Yalom is an existential psychotherapist in San Francisco who wrote a wonderful non-fiction book about the kinds of cases he deals with in his practice (Love's Executioner and Other Tales of Psychotherapy), as well as an astounding piece of historical fiction (When Nietzsche Wept) that imagined Nietzsche discussing his personal problems with Sigmund Freud's mentor, and a founder of psychotherapy, Joseph Breuer. Those two books are among my most influential, and although The Schopenhauer Cure didn't quite speak to me at the same height, it is still better than almost anything else being published these days. Re-reading the detailed description of the book below makes me want to try it again to see if maybe I've changed enough to get something more out of it. See if this grabs you too.
"From novelist and master psychotherapist Irvin Yalom, author of Lying on the Couch and When Nietzsche Wept, comes the world's first accurate group-therapy novel, a mesmerizing story of two men's search for meaning.
At one time or another, all of us have wondered what we'd do in the face of death. Suddenly confronted with his own mortality after a routine checkup, distinguished psychotherapist Julius Hertzfeld is forced to reexamine his life and work. Has he really made an enduring difference in the lives of his patients? And what about the patients he's failed? What has happened to them? Now that he is wiser and riper, can he rescue them yet?
Reaching beyond the safety of his thriving San Francisco practice, Julius feels compelled to seek out Philip Slate, whom he treated for sex addiction some twenty-three years earlier. At that time, Philip's only means of connecting to humans was through brief sexual interludes with countless women, and Julius's therapy did not change that. He meets with Philip, who claims to have cured himself -- by reading the pessimistic and misanthropic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.
Much to Julius's surprise, Philip has become a philosophical counselor and requests that Julius provide him with the supervisory hours he needs to obtain a license to practice. In return, Philip offers to tutor Julius in the work of Schopenhauer. Julius hesitates. How can Philip possibly become a therapist? He is still the same arrogant, uncaring, self-absorbed person he had always been. In fact, in every way he resembles his mentor, Schopenhauer. But eventually they strike a Faustian bargain: Julius agrees to supervise Philip, provided that Philip first joins his therapy group. Julius is hoping that six months with the group will address Philip's misanthropy and that by being part of a circle of fellow patients, he will develop the relationship skills necessary to become a therapist.
Philip enters the group, but he is more interested in educating the members in Schopenhauer's philosophy -- which he claims is all the therapy anyone should need -- than he is in their individual problems. Soon Julius and Philip, using very different therapeutic approaches, are competing for the hearts and minds of the group members.
Is this going to be Julius's swan song -- a splintered group and years of good work down the drain? Or will all the members, including Philip, find a way to rise to the occasion that brings with it the potential for extraordinary change? In The Schopenhauer Cure, Irvin Yalom elegantly weaves the true story of Schopenhauer's psychological life throughout the narrative, knitting together fact and fiction to form a compellingly readable tale.
Conflict. Big philosophical ideas. Competition. Short-term vs. long-term relationships. This is a novel that's right up my alley, and something I should really read again as I consider the possibility of going down the road towards working as a Philosophical Counsellor myself someday. (At the moment, I have a lot of options I'm considering for what to do with the last half of my life.) As for re-reading Schopenhauer himself? Well, while I do think the man had some nice turns of phrase, his most important thoughts just don't hold up to the scrutiny of evaluation among the survival of the fittest philosophers. Let's see what I mean by that. First, some quotes.
Talent hits a target no one else can hit; Genius hits a target no one else can see.
Life is short and truth works far and lives long: let us speak the truth.
It is the courage to make a clean breast of it in the face of every question that makes the philosopher.
To be a philosopher, that is to say, a lover of wisdom (for wisdom is nothing but truth), it is not enough for a man to love truth, in so far as it is compatible with his own interest, with the will of his superiors, with the dogmas of the church, or with the prejudices and tastes of his contemporaries; so long as he rests content with this position, he is only a philantos, not a philosophos [a lover of ego, not a lover of wisdom].
No doubt, when modesty was made a virtue, it was a very advantageous thing for the fools, for everybody is expected to speak of himself as if he were one.
A reproach can only hurt if it hits the mark. Whoever knows that he does not deserve a reproach can treat it with contempt.
The chief sign that a man has any nobility in his character is the little pleasure he takes in others' company. What now on the other hand makes people sociable is their incapacity to endure solitude and thus themselves.
Wealth is like sea-water; the more we drink, the thirstier we become.
The chief objection that I have to Pantheism is that it says nothing. To call the world "God" is not to explain it; it is only to enrich our language with a superfluous synonym for the word "world".
The bad thing about religions is that instead of being able to confess their allegorical nature, they have to conceal it.
There are two kinds of authors: those who write for the subject's sake, and those who write for writing's sake. The first kind have had thoughts or experiences which seem to them worth communicating, while the second kind need money and consequently write for money.
For a work to become immortal it must possess so many excellences that it will not be easy to find a man who understands and values them all; so that there will be in all ages men who recognise and appreciate some of these excellences; by this means the credit of the work will be retained throughout the long course of centuries and ever-changing interests, for, as it is appreciated first in this sense, then in that, the interest is never exhausted.
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860 CE) was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many well-known thinkers.
Schopenhauer refused to conceive of love as either trifling or accidental, but rather understood it to be an immensely powerful force lying unseen within man's psyche and dramatically shaping the world. These ideas foreshadowed Darwin's discovery of evolution, Freud's concepts of the libido and the unconscious mind, and evolutionary psychology in general. Love, in its many forms, is one of the primary emotions we use to propagate the species and cooperate with each other for its long-term survival. It is immensely powerful.
Schopenhauer believed that humans were motivated only by their own basic desires, or Will to Live, which directed all of mankind. For Schopenhauer, human desire was futile, illogical, directionless, and, by extension, so was all human action in the world. For Schopenhauer, human desiring, willing, and craving cause suffering or pain. He therefore favored a lifestyle of negating human desires, similar to the teachings of ancient Greek Stoic philosophers, Buddhism, and Vedanta. But suppressing our desires leads to the death of the species! Striving for life is not futile. The direction is towards immortality for the species. We merely struggle with balancing short-term desires and long-term needs.
A temporary way to escape the pain of life is through aesthetic contemplation since art diverts the spectator's attention from the grave everyday world and lifts him or her into a world that consists of mere play of images. This is the next best way, short of not willing at all, which is the best way. Escapism leads to stagnation and the extinction of the species. Art should instead be used to motivate the species. It is most powerful when it does this.
Schopenhauer's moral theory proposed three primary moral incentives: compassion, malice and egoism. Compassion is the major motivator to moral expression. Malice and egoism are corrupt alternatives. Survival is the major motivator to moral expression. Egoism is feeling positive towards yourself. You are alive. This is worth celebrating and encouraging. Malice and compassion are negative and positive feelings towards others. They have their roles in a cooperative society that follows the tit for tat strategy to punish cheaters and remain stable over the long-term.
Schopenhauer described himself as a proponent of limited government. He shared the view of Thomas Hobbes on the necessity of the state, and of state violence, to check the destructive tendencies innate to our species, but what he thought was essential was that the state should "leave each man free to work out his own salvation." And so long as government was thus limited, Schopenhauer preferred "to be ruled by a lion than one of his fellow rats" - i.e., by a monarch, rather than a democrat. An unelected monarchy is much more likely to produce a rat than a democratic election conducted by an educated population.
For someone as pessimistic about humanity as Schopenhauer was, and who believed the universe to be a fundamentally irrational place, is it any wonder that his thoughts ended up different than mine? To me, observing the actions of life trying to stay alive make the world make sense. Sometimes, organisms make poor choices for the long term, but they are usually understood from the perspective of the individual or their narrow interests. Surrounded by nearsightedness, I admit I often give in to feelings of Schopenhauer's pessimism, but it usually only takes a few moments of gazing at the fixed stars of our best writers in human history to remind me of the progress we are making. For them, I say thanks, and I'll do my best to join your ranks some day.


This permanent hospitalist job (Troy) is from a hospital-owned practice.
The assignment schedule will be weekends from 8 am to 6 pm, and the physician will see 14 - 18 patients per day.
The covering physician must be comfortable with ICU rounding.
The facility has Meditech EMR.
The incoming physician must have a NY state license.
You must be board certified or board eligible with Acls certification.
A facility in New York seeks a hospitalist to assist with locum tenens coverage.


text:
World Aids Day: A Day With(out) Art
More articles by Sarah »
Written by: Sarah
Tags: art, day without art, HIV/AIDS, Montreal, spotlight
Today, and for the week leading up to World AIDS Day, art shows, galleries, and artists partner with grassroots AIDS service organizations to help raise funds and awareness of the AIDS pandemic.
Since 1981 AIDS has resulted in over 25 million deaths and tens of millions remain infected with the HIV virus worldwide. It is not only the most destructive virus in recorded history, but is also the one about which scientists know the most. Continued research has led to successful drug treatments, and governments and non-profits worldwide have helped to increase an individual's access to antiretroviral treatments and resource support systems.
65K Canadians were estimated to be living with HIV in 2008, there were 2,300-4.300 estimated new HIV infections in 2009, and 25% of Canadians infected with HIV don't know their status
Despite the lack of balanced media coverage (other than today!), AIDS hasn't gone away as the general public chooses to believe. The number of participants in the 2012 Farha AIDS walk in Montreal dipped by 1/3 this year, and organizers noted that the "not necessarily a deadly diagnosis anymore," mentality is one of the causes for the lack of public support despite the 15,000-20,000 Quebec residents who are HIV positive. Quebec has also been noted as a province that is behind the pack when it comes to HIV treatment.
While most people living with HIV react well to treatment there are still those whose bodies are resistant, some who do not know that they are infected, and others who cannot access drugs or other necessary resources for the treatment and prevention strategy.
Though the number of deaths has decreased (as has the number of new infections), there is still a clear need for improved testing access and policies, clean needle exchange programs and continued awareness and education programs for the general public.
Last year's speech by President Barack Obama was hailed by some for his commitment to the "Beginning of the End" campaign, and his official address for this year is already available for those who won't be able to listen to the live broadcast.
Led by the World AIDS Campaign organization, the theme for World AIDS Day 2012 is "Getting to zero." Zero New HIV Infections. Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS-related deaths.
This zero is not only meant to represent the number of new HIV infections, but also a call against discrimination and stigma towards those who are HIV positive.
A Day With(out) Art Happenings today:
The QP Collective at Concordia is organizing a workshop with Alex McClelland from AIDS Action Now! today as part of their two week long exhibit at the VAV gallery (Rene-Levesque between Bishop & Crescent).
Planning on seeing a certain exhibit on December first? Check with the museum first! Many museums close their doors on December first in solidarity with A Day Without Art – a step taken by many in the art world as a day to mourn.
FARHA Foundation has asked supporters to observe five minutes of silence on December 1 from 12:00 p.m. to 12:05 p.m. EST.
A witty 21 year old Psychology student who is also studying Sexuality & Linguistics. Loves to write on how to deal with everyday life while being a broke university student and how messed up her love life always seems to be, not to mention her bizarre luck to have WTF moments every day of the week. Sarah@thegaily.ca
More from Art
When you're trying to adhere to a lighter fare lifestyle, it can be challenging to find a restaurant choice that won't leave you feeling gluttonous, nevermind-I'm-not-coming-out-tonight, full feeling. Tacos (when w...
La Maison Kam Fung 1111 St Urbain St Metro Place D'Armes Dim Sum is kinda like the Chinese version of Tapas but way more fun. Bite sized portions of Chinese dishes are served on small plates or in steam baskets that are c...
What do you know about AIDS? Last week I had the privilege of watching what ended up being one of the most profoundly moving and eye opening documentaries that I have ever seen. The film, United in Anger: a History of ACT UP do...
We Love: Artists Against AIDS Worldwide Music Video (2001) "What's Goin' On?"
Today is World AIDS Day, and I stumbled accross this all star music video version of Marvin Gaye's "What's Goin On?" from 2001. The video by Artists Against AIDS Worldwide features all of the biggest nam...
Reflections on a Movember to Remember
If there is one thing I've learned from Movember, it is that you do not question its legitimacy and purpose. Movember is not interested in educating anyone about the prostate or prostate cancer. Its sole purpose is the establ...
by Hector

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
WHS Roundup
by Transcript Staff • October 11, 2019 • 0 Comments
WHS Football Team to Play at Classical
The Winthrop High football team (1-0 NEC South, 1-3 overall) will travel to Manning Field in Lynn this Friday evening to take on Lynn Classical (1-1 NEC South, 2-3 overall) in a key matchup between South Division rivals of the Northeastern Conference.
The opening kick off is scheduled for 7:30 p.m.
The Vikings are coming off a 28-6 loss to Swampscott (which plays in the North Division of the NEC) this past Friday evening.
For the second year in a row between the long-time rivals, Winthrop found itself behind the proverbial eight-ball from the outset when the Big Blue returned the opening kickoff for a touchdown for a quick-as-a-flash 7-0 lead.
"Obviously, this was not the way we wanted to start the game," said WHS head coach Jon Cadigan. "However, to our credit, we didn't let it get us down and we outplayed Swampscott for the remainder of the first half."
After an exchange of possessions, Winthrop took over deep in its own territory on its second possession of the game and marched the length of the field with a long drive that covered 88 yards in 12 plays, capped by a four yard run by Ryan Hovermale. However, the Vikings mishandled the PAT attempt to leave matters at 7-6.
The Big Blue then put together a nice drive of their own to score their second TD of the contest and move out to a 14-6 advantage. However, Winthrop, taking over with about 3:00 to go in the half, responded with another long drive that brought the Vikings into the red zone.
Winthrop quarterback Bobby Hubert then was the victim of an unsportsmanlike play by a Swampscott player that required Bobby to leave the field for a down with just seconds left in the half.
The penalty moved the ball to the Swampscott five yard line, but the Vikings subsequently turned the ball over on the next play, ending their effort to bring the game back to level at the intermission.
"We caught a really tough break," Cadigan noted. "The penalty by the Swampscott player resulted in the injury to Bobby that required our trainer to come onto the field, and even though he was okay to stay in, the refs said he had to come out for a play, and that led to the turnover that ended our drive and our opportunity for tying the game before the half ended."
Another Viking turnover in the third period resulted in Swampscott's third TD of the contest to make it a 21-6 affair. The Big Blue added a fourth score late in the game for the 28-6 finale.
Hubert was the top offensive performer for Winthrop, rushing for 97 yards on 16 carries. Tyler Rockefeller ran for 25 yards on five attempts.
Junior Steve Perullo, whom Cadigan refers to as, "The Swiss Army knife of our defense," because of Perullo's versatility, received the weekly Black Shirt Award for leading the Vikings in defensive metrics.
"Steve is a very smart player whom we can use in a variety of ways depending on the situation," said Cadigan. "He can play anywhere we need him."
The Vikings will face a stiff challenge in Lynn Classical, an explosive team that has put up some big numbers on offense, including a 48-40 victory over Brockton (yes, that Brockton) in the second game of the season and a 48-8 rout of Salem last week.
However, the Rams have been porous on defense, giving up 40 or more points in four of their five games, including a loss of 44-22 to Danvers three weeks ago. By contrast, Winthrop narrowly was edged by Danvers, 14-13, two weeks ago.
"Classical has a dangerous quarterback and a big offensive line," said Cadigan, "so our defense will have to be at our best to contain them."
Maura Dorr's Four Goals Leads WHS Girls to Win over Marblehead
Maura Dorr scored all four of the Winthrop goals to lead the Lady Viking girls soccer team to a 4-2 victory over Marblehead last Wednesday.
Winthrop held a 2-0 lead at the intermission, but Marblehead scored two goals early in the second half to bring the contest back to level.
However, Dorr, who set the all-time Winthrop goal-scoring record a week ago, found the back of the Marblehead net on two more occasions to provide the winning margin.
Teammates Alex Gibbons, Emma Holmes, and Julia Marcoccio earned assists on Maura's goals.
"We had a great game against Marblehead," said WHS head coach Tracey Martucci. "It was a nice win for us to break up the tough spread of games that we had last week."
Two days later the Lady Vikings trekked to Peabody and played well in a 2-0 loss. "It was a great game for us," said Martucci. "Peabody is a strong, skillful team, but our strong defense came up big for us and our keeper, Manuela (Mejia), kept us right in it. "
This past Monday Winthrop dropped a 6-0 decision to Swampscott.
Martucci and her crew will meet Matignon, a fellow Division 4 school, this Friday afternoon at Miller Field as part of a doubleheader with the boys' team. Kick-off for the girls' contest is set for 4 p.m., with the boys following at 5:30 p.m.
Winthrop then will host Lynn Classical next Tuesday and will travel to Charlestown next Thursday.
WHS Volleyball Team Edges Matignon in Five Sets
The Winthrop High volleyball team earned a victory in dramatic fashion this past week, defeating fellow Division 3 school Matigon in a match that went five sets, with the fifth and decisive set being decided by a score of 17-15.
"It was a very competitive match, but our team did well, lifting each other up and working together while keeping the intensity level up the whole match," said WHS co-head coach Rachel DelSolio.
Junior Katie Gagnon had a strong serving game and Lily Dias led the Vikings in kills. "Lily has been a strong addition to our volleyball team this year," DelSolio noted.
Winthrop also played Marblehead and Peabody last week, coming up short by scores of 3-0 and 3-1 respectively.
"Both Peabody and Marblehead teams are very talented and brought great competition," said DelSolio. "After the game against Peabody, their coach commended our team on our defensive play. She said we have a very talented defensive team that is not reflected in our record."
The Vikings were scheduled to face Lynn Classical yesterday (Wednesday) and will host Saugus next Tuesday.
Boys Soccer Hosts Matignon Friday Evening
The Winthrop High boys soccer team will host Matignon tomorrow (Friday) evening under the lights at Miller Field. Kick-off is set for 5:30 p.m.
The Vikings endured a rough stretch this past week, dropping contests to Marblehead (2-0), Peabody (6-0), and Swampscott (3-0).
"Although we haven't been getting wins, we've actually been playing some pretty good soccer," said WHS head coach Kyle Gagin. "Juniors Yousseff Benchikhi and Augie Cherico have impressed recently, along with sophomore Chad Bernstein."
After tomorrow's Matignon encounter, Gagin and his crew will journey to Lynn Classical next Tuesday.
← Obituaries 10-09-2019
Take a Hike This Holiday Weekend →


, selects the top choices using greatest resolution just for you all, and this photographs is actually one among photos selections inside our very best pictures gallery about Simplistic Stock Of Free Coloring Pages Frozen. I really hope you'll like it.
published by resolution with 2017-10-19 07:18:19. To determine almost all images within Simplistic Stock Of Free Coloring Pages Frozen photos gallery make sure you abide by this kind of website link.
We hope you can find what you need here. We always effort to show a picture with HD resolution or at least with perfect images. Free Coloring Pages Frozen Unique 1 Disney Frozen Coloring Page can be beneficial inspiration for those who seek an image according specific categories; you can find it in this site. Finally all pictures we have been displayed in this site will inspire you all..


text:
Q: How to view recently opened media files? In windows we have an option to view recently opened media files as my recent documents, I was  wondering does there exists something like that in Ubuntu?
via terminal or via GUI?

A: Open Nautilus (files) and look at the top left of the window it says "recent", click this

A: By default all kind of activities are being recorded in Ubuntu. For me the Unity Dash (Super) always is a convenient place to find recently accessed files, applications, or media:

*

* Default screen showing recent applications, files, and Downloads

* Music screen showing recent music files

The search can be further refined with filters as seen on the right side of the Dash window.

*Similarly we can search for applications only, documents only, or videos from the bottom menu.
To disable this feature, make sure it is enabled, or use different settings look for privacy settings:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Eagles of Death Metal have issued a new statement about their well-being and the tragic events of last week's terrorist attack at Bataclan that claimed the lives of 89 people.
"While the band is now home safe, we are horrified and still trying to come to terms with what happened in France," they wrote. "Our thoughts and hearts are first and foremost with our brother, [merch manager] Nick Alexander, our record company comrades Thomas Ayad, Marie Mosser and Manu Perez and all the friends and fans whose lives were taken in Paris, as well as their friends, families and loved ones.
"Although bonded in grief with the victims, the fans, the families, the citizens of Paris and all those affected by terrorism, we are proud to stand together with our new family, now united by a common goal of love and compassion.
In addition to the statement, the group confirmed that all Eagles of Death Metal concerts are currently "on hold" until further notice.
A reported 89 people died at Paris' Bataclan venue Friday night when assailants opened fire on the crowd and took more than 100 people hostage. The attackers, associated with ISIS, coordinated several attacks on the city that night, leaving an estimated 129 dead in total.


text:
<?php namespace Walisph\Dashboard\Repositories;

interface DashboardRepositoryInterface {

	public function getFilesystem();

	public function getConfig();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


" Manufacturer & Exporter of government publications & largest stockist of law & business books in India. Also industrial directories, service laws, books on economics, computers, politics, SO ...Read More"
© 2016 JAIN BOOK AGENCY (INTERNATIONAL). All Rights Reserved.


text:
Q: jQuery ajax POST returning results in blank page Expected Behaviour
01 - Form is posted using jQuery.
02 - Authorisation is processed.
03 - MongoDB query is performed.
04 - Results should be returned in place of form.
Actual Behaviour
Steps 1 - 3 complete, however step 4 doesn't; the correct results are being returned but in a blank page.
Form
<form name="login" id="login">

username

password

<input type="text" name="username" />
<input type="password" name="password" />
<button type="submit">login</button>
</form>

jQuery

Python
@post('/login')
def login():
    """Authenticate users"""
    username = post_get('username')
    password = post_get('password')
    aaa.login(username, password, fail_redirect='/login')
    dbname = 'mydb'
    connection = pymongo.MongoClient(os.environ['OPENSHIFT_MONGODB_DB_URL'])
    db = connection[dbname]
    collection = db.myCollection
    href = 'my-title'
    query = {'title':href}
    projection = {'_id':0,'content':1}
    cursor = collection.find_one(query,projection)
    response.content_type = 'application/json'
    return dumps(cursor)

A: Replace this:
response.content_type = 'application/json'

with this:
response.set_header('Content-type', 'application/json')

(Just a guess.)

A: Solution:
The contents of the login form page (ie the <form> not the html ) was loaded by getJSON().
Long story short, I thought:

What if the jQuery isn't loading properly because the content was
  loaded via getJSON()?

So I changed the jQuery script to use .on ie:

And now it loads correctly in the specified div.

A: This problem appears when you have a document.write() call during the ajax request.


text:
<?php

namespace Flarum\Api\Controller;

use Flarum\Api\Serializer\UserSerializer;
use Flarum\User\Command\UploadAvatar;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Bus\Dispatcher;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
use Tobscure\JsonApi\Document;

class UploadAvatarController extends AbstractShowController
{
    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public $serializer = UserSerializer::class;

    /**
     * @var Dispatcher
     */
    protected $bus;

    /**
     * @param Dispatcher $bus
     */
    public function __construct(Dispatcher $bus)
    {
        $this->bus = $bus;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function data(ServerRequestInterface $request, Document $document)
    {
        $id = array_get($request->getQueryParams(), 'id');
        $actor = $request->getAttribute('actor');
        $file = array_get($request->getUploadedFiles(), 'avatar');

        return $this->bus->dispatch(
            new UploadAvatar($id, $file, $actor)
        );
    }
}


The Lee Valley Mixed team made their own bit of history yesterday when they won the club's first Cups and Shields Pennant. The team were in Limerick Golf Club for the Munster finals of the Irish Mixed Foursomes, and hopes were high after coming through the tough South Munster qualifiers.
Lee Valley faced Doneraile in the semi-final and the tight match went to the wire. The match was finely balanced on 2-2 and Lee Valley had an advantage with Ian Bohane and Rosemary O'Driscoll holding a two hole lead after 15 holes. The pair were unlucky not to win on the 16th, but after a great drive and approach on the long 17th hole, their par was enough to secure the win.
The final proved to be a tight match, and despite a good start from Lee Valley, Tipperary never let them out of sight. Jack Boyd and Catherine O'Sullivan had trouble early on in the final. Despite recording a crucial 3&2 win in the semi-final the pair lost in the afternoon giving Tipperary the first point. Jason Galway and Colette O'Callaghan balanced the scorecard for Lee Valley, winning their match on the 17th. As the match found it's way onto the final four holes there was a huge Cork crowd out to watch the final three matches. With almost parallel fairways it made for a great stadium finish. Ian Bohane and Rosemary O'Driscoll won a second match for Lee Valley on the 16th but at almost the same time they lost the second match when Barry Egan and Helen Hodson lost on the 18th green. That left John O'Neill and Jane O'Neill to decide the title. The pair were having a goo round, and were two up after 14. Tipperary managed to win the next two holes to level the match, piling the pressure onto the Lee Valley pair. With momentum against them Johnno hit a great drive down the centre of the 17th fairway. With Tipperary in the bunker the advantage shifted to Lee Valley. Jane O'Neill played a great shot to the back of the green and when John played it down to three feet the Cork pair went one up. After the tee shots on the 18th it looked like it would be a Lee Valley procession but a great approach from Tipperary meant the match was far from over. The 18th green in Limerick is raised, with severe run offs on all sides. Jane O'Neill chipped from the back of the green, making sure the ball stayed on the putting surface. Johnno stood up for his putt, and the ball just shaved the hole, finishing a inch behind the hole for a five. Tipperary were left with an unlikely 20 foot putt for par to half the match, but they missed and Lee Valley took the match and the title.
There were great celebrations on the green, and they continued in the clubhouse Club Captain Brian O'Donovan accepted the pennant. There was a large crowd back in Clashnure when the team and supporters returned to Lee Valley later last night. It's Lee Valley's first Cups and Shields pennant, and it comes in the year that they are celebrating their 25th anniversary. While the Ladies have had provincial and national success recently, the Men's club has contested several Munster finals over the past two decades but this was the first one where they emerged the winners.


The efficient stabilizer is the perfect addition for you home if you experience regular voltage fluctuations. This stabilizer has a capacity of 4 A for the optimal performance. This stabilizer has a working range of 130-290V for perfectly stabilized voltage. It supports a deep freezer (up to 4 Amps) / a refrigerator with the capacity of 600 liters. This stabilizer has an expertly crafted ABS construction for enhanced durability.


Would you want the Clinton campaign attempting to solicit your kids? Me neither. Parents of students in one Maine town were not given the option.
Without the permission or knowledge of the parents, students at South Berwick's Marshwood High School were contacted, via school email, by the Clinton campaign team.
Apparently, the team wants high school age kids out knocking doors for Hillary. Fox News records the content of the email.
Elita and Ted Galvin, whose teenage son attends the school, were outraged that their child had been propositioned in such a way.
He, somewhat sarcastically, stated that parents could use the email as an avenue to open up dialogue with their kids about choosing whether or not to get involved. "We pass on this information to provide students with ways they may meet the requirement to perform 50 hours of community service to graduate," he explained.
This response was, understandably, not very reassuring to the Galvins.
When Superintendent of Schools, Mary Nash, was contacted she admitted that sending the email was a mistake. She then instructed the principal to send a letter to all parents informing them of the occurrence.
You can be sure that, when asked, Hillary will know nothing about it and have no record of the emails on her current server.


This check measures the CPU utilization during the last check cycle using SNMP and the HP-UX SNMP agent. It outputs values for user, system, nice and idle.
One check per host is created if the agent supports this check.


KatiaDelys 000Kiendra000 livejasmin. HardZayn. YourSexyAlison. TinyKiki.
lilichckaababyAPRILMarryXJaneeDemir4u .MelaniRayESTHEBANHOTSexyPrincessAnnyJohnnyStone .AmoreJuliaChanelLatinMelanyCristalGracyDOLL .EttaHazeHoneyyPrincessAngelTiffaniAprilBlossom .lovejhonyBrownDenaKarlaSandersTyry .lovejhonyGiannaBlazeLindsay4AdamsDemir4u .yesid9KentRitsSammieQueenDivineDaniele .HottPrincessXOceanEyesJullyTSDONNADOMINAxxSexyPrincessAnny .DaveJockPinkLipsXXXMolyZoomA1HORNYgayCUMS .A1HORNYgayCUMSxiomarazvLuvlily8BellyDancer0 .WetAndDiirtybabyAPRILToriFetishescsipetcsapat .
TheThreeMusketerDIANDRAnDIMITRIboladomarquesTheThreeMusketer .TyryboladomarquesChanelLatinBustyllicious .HotKathyen11Lindsay4AdamsHotBoysHyesid9 .wildsexEXPERTDIANDRAnDIMITRIEllaCOceanEyesJully .HotAsianPAULXxXMolyZoomYoungCplSexyHotKathyen11 .AngelTiffaniTSDONNADOMINAxxAmb3rLohanfoxyloves .LukhreciaSorreyaYoungCplSexycsipetcsapat .Amb3rLohanGiannaBlazeMarryXJaneeTyry .AleksaShineMaryGirlSunnyAelyyGraceHouston1 .DaisyDreamXYoungCplSexyTinyKikiyesid9 .JohnnyStoneHardZaynLindsay4AdamsSashaShatalova .


text:
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health and different economies
Posted by Tehreem Asghar | Jan 17, 2021 | Business, Health / Travel |
The outbreak of coronavirus disease has not only become a public health crisis but has also severely affected global economies. Major victims of the corona virus outbreak are the fragile economies which were moving towards the stability when the health crisis struck. Fragile economies fear that economic fallout due to the pandemic will greatly worsen the country's recovery process.
Many economies are concerned about the long-term impact of the pandemic as the economies are shrinking, inflation rates are high, unemployment rates are increasing and various sectors of the global economies are in crisis.
Impact on health
The pandemic has led to a substantial loss of human life worldwide and presents a huge challenge to public health, food systems and the world of work. Frontline healthcare workers face a higher risk of infection, physical and mental consequences, and death due to excessive exposure to the virus. After the recovery face of COVID-19, the patients have to suffer the long-term effects. The causation of the long-term effects is that the virus can damage the lungs, brain and heart, which increases the risk of long-term health problems. Due to these health problems people are unable to work and earn to fulfill their basic needs of life, hence, leading to poverty in economies across the globe.
Impact on Employment
The economies saw unemployment climb to the highest rates in many regions globally. United states (US) being a state with the most developed countries faced increased unemployment rate due to the pandemic. In just one month from April to May 2020 the unemployment rate in US raised from 4.5% to over 15.7% and in Australia the unemployment rate raised from 5.5% to over 11.8%, stated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most developed countries (MDC's) were greatly affected hence, the less developed countries (LDC's) were even on a worse situation.
Unemployment Rate due to COVID (source: Australian Bureau of Statistics)
The reason why unemployment rose during this pandemic was that many countries went into complete lockdown to combat the spread of the disease, leading to the shutdown of many workplaces. The shutting of the workplaces made employers cut thousands of jobs as the spread of corona virus hit the economy. Several businesses such as entertainment companies, shops, travel and malls had to close due to lockdowns. Many businesses decided that they can't afford to keep all their employees, therefore, they had to redundant them leading to redundancies level at peak.
Impact on Inflation
Unemployment not being the only problem, pandemic made economic life more expensive in a number of ways. Since the disease hit, people are purchasing more of the necessities, like medicines, masks, sanitizers and groceries forcing their prices up. This persistent and sustained increase in the average price levels of goods and services in economies allowed inflation rate to increase in many regions across the globe.
In conclusion, economies failed to achieve its macroeconomic goals due to high inflation rate and increased unemployment rate. The spread of the disease is expected to continue disrupting economic activities in many countries and negatively impact the manufacturing and services industries; therefore, it is expected that financial markets will continue to be instable.
Next10 fascinating places to Visit in turkey
Tehreem Asghar
Top 10 tourist attractions in dubai
Most Effective Immunity boosters


text:
Q: Regex best practice: multiple patterns or single one with combined expression? Think of the following scenario:

*

*Application receives a list of regex from server (HTTP GET returns a List with each item indicating a regular expression.);

*User input text needs to be validate against these expressions;

*Application runs on Android, so memory is an issue;

*List of expressions is not frequently changed.

What would be better:

*

*Cache several Pattern objects, each one containing a single regex returned from server;

*Concatenate the regex - (REGEX1)|(REGEX2)|(REGEX3)...|(REGEXN) - and maintain a single object on memory? - refreshing it whenever a single regex is added or removed, which doesn't happens very often.

A: I don't imagine there is a way to answer this question without having a specific list of regex's and the list of input.  Because, each regex/input combination is going to result in a different amount of memory used.  Here is what my instincts tell me:

*

*Evaluate the Regex's one at a time.  In the "OR" scenario, the regex must simultaneously evaluate all of the OR'd expressions, so that would take more RAM, I believe.

*Order the Regex's in order of either: (a) Likelihood to match, so that you can abandon evaluating the rest of the regex's or (b) Early non-matching, so that the regex can be quickly discarded as never going to match (for example "^a" only requires evaluating the first character of the string where as "a" requires searching the whole string for an "a".)

Ultimately, only testing can really tell you what takes more time/memory, I'm afraid.


»The Will to Win« is a good way of describing Eibach's product philosophy.
The main aspect of Eibach Suspension Components is a noticeable improvement of the driving characteristics - the basis for being a winner - brought to you directly from motorsports.
The enhanced sporty look on your vehicle with Eibach high-performance products is only of secondary importance.
This is where we stand out from other companies: we only lower the vehicle's centre of gravity as far as it is technically practical. You will not find extreme tuning here: at Eibach, performance and handling - therefore the joy of driving - are the priorities.
All the products are developed, manufactured and tested by Eibach. This is the only way to 100% fulfil the high demands set by both, you the customer, and the Eibach team.
If you're looking for the perfect combination of sporty dynamics, a superior appearance and high performance, you're on exactly the right track with this sport suspension.
Sport und comfort coming together.
If you're looking for the perfect combination of sporty dynamics and a superior appearance, but still want to stay on the comfortable side, you're on exactly the right track with this suspension.


text:
Q: Custom jquery plugin is not working in page I have created new custom jquery plugin for set height for selector. when it has been used in page, it is showing error in console " setEqualHeight is not a function". Please help me to resolve this problem.
Thanks in Advance.
my code.

 (function ($) {
     $.fn.setEqualHeight = function (ele) {
        var maxHeight = 0;
        var maxElement = null;

        $(ele).css({ "height": "auto" })

        $(ele).each(function (i) {
            if (($(this).height() + parseInt($(this).css("padding-bottom")) +     parseInt($(this).css("padding-top"))) > maxHeight) {
                maxHeight = $(this).height() + parseInt($(this).css("padding-top")) + parseInt($(this).css("padding-bottom"));
                maxElement = this;
            }
        });
        $(ele).each(function () {
            $(this).height(maxHeight - parseInt($(this).css("padding-top")) - parseInt($(this).css("padding-bottom")))
        })
    };
})(jQuery);

$("body").setEqualHeight($(".box-borderDiv"));
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>


In this article you will learn how to split booking in a PNR, and create automatic PNR.
You want to split a booking when a group of few passengers under the same PNR flying together, and at least one of them is changing the flight time and / or destination.
You can also split a booking based on the "Services" and take one or more services to a new booking with all the passengers from the original booking.
The split process takes the selected passengers / services and funds and transfer to a new PNR.
In order to issue a split booking, at first locate the relevant PNR, and get into the PNR screen.
Then, click on the split booking icon on the top right area of the PNR screen.
Note: The alert tells the PNR is ticketed and the system will cancel and re-ticket the PNR.
After you approve and confirm, system now redirect to the split booking screen.
In the screen, you can select "Services" or "Passengers" for the split action.
Select the passengers or the services to split and then the amount of money to transfer to the new PNR.
The amount will automatically be calculated based on your selection, yet you can change it if you would like.
Now you can see a new PNR screen.
The funds to transfer utilized as deposit in the new PNR.
NOTE: In case the original PNR is already ticketed and you decide to use the Split option but not to transfer all the funds of the original PNR to the new one, the new PNR will be created in HN (Holding need) status and you will need to process the payment and ticketing of the booking, only then you will be able to make any amendment or cancellation.
Also if all the funds are not transferred to the new PNR, the difference will be placed in the original PNR only if the deposit does not exceed the 'MAX deposit limit' option of the user. In case the deposit exceeds the 'MAX deposit limit' it will place also the original PNR in HN status until a refund is processed and only then the PNR can be ticketed again.
By marking this permission will allow users to have the new PNR in PN (pending) instead of HN and they will be able to make amendments or cancellation before balancing the PNR.


text:
"use strict";
var $ = require("jquery"),
    commonUtils = require("../../core/utils/common"),
    areaItem = require("./ui.pivot_grid.area_item");
var PIVOTGRID_AREA_CLASS = "dx-pivotgrid-area",
    PIVOTGRID_AREA_COLUMN_CLASS = "dx-pivotgrid-horizontal-headers",
    PIVOTGRID_AREA_ROW_CLASS = "dx-pivotgrid-vertical-headers",
    PIVOTGRID_TOTAL_CLASS = "dx-total",
    PIVOTGRID_GRAND_TOTAL_CLASS = "dx-grandtotal",
    PIVOTGRID_ROW_TOTAL_CLASS = "dx-row-total",
    PIVOTGRID_EXPANDED_CLASS = "dx-pivotgrid-expanded",
    PIVOTGRID_COLLAPSED_CLASS = "dx-pivotgrid-collapsed",
    PIVOTGRID_LAST_CELL_CLASS = "dx-last-cell",
    PIVOTGRID_VERTICAL_SCROLL_CLASS = "dx-vertical-scroll",
    PIVOTGRID_EXPAND_BORDER = "dx-expand-border";

function getCellPath(tableElement, cell) {
    if (cell) {
        var data = tableElement.data().data,
            rowIndex = cell.parentNode.rowIndex,
            cellIndex = cell.cellIndex;
        return data[rowIndex] && data[rowIndex][cellIndex] && data[rowIndex][cellIndex].path
    }
}
exports.HorizontalHeadersArea = areaItem.AreaItem.inherit({
    _getAreaName: function() {
        return "column"
    },
    _getAreaClassName: function() {
        return PIVOTGRID_AREA_COLUMN_CLASS
    },
    _createGroupElement: function() {
        return $("
").addClass(this._getAreaClassName()).addClass(PIVOTGRID_AREA_CLASS)
    },
    _applyCustomStyles: function(options) {
        var cssArray = options.cssArray,
            cell = options.cell,
            rowsCount = options.rowsCount,
            classArray = options.classArray;
        if (options.cellIndex === options.cellsCount - 1) {
            cssArray.push((options.rtlEnabled ? "border-left:" : "border-right:") + "0px")
        }
        if (cell.rowspan === rowsCount - options.rowIndex || options.rowIndex + 1 === rowsCount) {
            cssArray.push("border-bottom-width:0px")
        }
        if ("T" === cell.type || "GT" === cell.type) {
            classArray.push(PIVOTGRID_ROW_TOTAL_CLASS)
        }
        if ("T" === options.cell.type) {
            classArray.push(PIVOTGRID_TOTAL_CLASS)
        }
        if ("GT" === options.cell.type) {
            classArray.push(PIVOTGRID_GRAND_TOTAL_CLASS)
        }
        if (commonUtils.isDefined(cell.expanded)) {
            classArray.push(cell.expanded ? PIVOTGRID_EXPANDED_CLASS : PIVOTGRID_COLLAPSED_CLASS)
        }
        this.callBase(options)
    },
    _getMainElementMarkup: function() {
        return "
"
    },
    _getCloseMainElementMarkup: function() {
        return "
"
    },
    setVirtualContentParams: function(params) {
        this.callBase(params);
        this.tableElement().css({
            left: params.left,
            top: 0
        });
        this._virtualContentWidth = params.width
    },
    hasScroll: function() {
        var tableWidth = this._virtualContent ? this._virtualContentWidth : this._tableWidth;
        if (this._groupWidth && tableWidth) {
            return tableWidth - this._groupWidth >= 1
        }
        return false
    },
    processScroll: function() {
        if (!this._getScrollable()) {
            this._groupElement.dxScrollable({
                useNative: false,
                useSimulatedScrollbar: false,
                showScrollbar: false,
                bounceEnabled: false,
                direction: "horizontal",
                updateManually: true
            })
        }
    },
    processScrollBarSpacing: function(scrollBarWidth) {
        var that = this,
            groupAlignment = that.option("rtlEnabled") ? "right" : "left";
        if (that._groupWidth) {
            that.groupWidth(that._groupWidth - scrollBarWidth)
        }
        if (that._scrollBarWidth) {
            that._groupElement.next().remove()
        }
        that._groupElement.toggleClass(PIVOTGRID_VERTICAL_SCROLL_CLASS, scrollBarWidth > 0);
        that._groupElement.css("float", groupAlignment).width(that._groupHeight);
        that._scrollBarWidth = scrollBarWidth
    },
    ctor: function(component) {
        this.callBase(component);
        this._scrollBarWidth = 0
    },
    getScrollPath: function(offset) {
        var cell, tableElement = this.tableElement();
        offset -= parseInt(tableElement[0].style.left, 10) || 0;
        $.each(tableElement.find("td"), function(_, td) {
            if (1 === td.colSpan && td.offsetLeft < offset && td.offsetWidth + td.offsetLeft > offset) {
                cell = td;
                return false
            }
        });
        return getCellPath(tableElement, cell)
    },
    _moveFakeTable: function(scrollPos) {
        this._moveFakeTableLeft(scrollPos);
        this.callBase()
    }
});
exports.VerticalHeadersArea = exports.HorizontalHeadersArea.inherit({
    _getAreaClassName: function() {
        return PIVOTGRID_AREA_ROW_CLASS
    },
    _applyCustomStyles: function(options) {
        this.callBase(options);
        if (options.cellIndex === options.cellsCount - 1) {
            options.classArray.push(PIVOTGRID_LAST_CELL_CLASS)
        }
        if (options.rowIndex === options.rowsCount - 1) {
            options.cssArray.push("border-bottom: 0px")
        }
        if (options.cell.isWhiteSpace) {
            options.classArray.push("dx-white-space-column")
        }
    },
    _getAreaName: function() {
        return "row"
    },
    setVirtualContentParams: function(params) {
        this.callBase(params);
        this.tableElement().css({
            top: params.top,
            left: 0
        });
        this._virtualContentHeight = params.height
    },
    hasScroll: function() {
        var tableHeight = this._virtualContent ? this._virtualContentHeight : this._tableHeight;
        if (this._groupHeight && tableHeight) {
            return tableHeight - this._groupHeight >= 1
        }
        return false
    },
    processScroll: function() {
        if (!this._getScrollable()) {
            this._groupElement.dxScrollable({
                useNative: false,
                useSimulatedScrollbar: false,
                showScrollbar: false,
                bounceEnabled: false,
                direction: "vertical",
                updateManually: true
            })
        }
    },
    processScrollBarSpacing: function(scrollBarWidth) {
        var that = this;
        if (that._groupHeight) {
            that.groupHeight(that._groupHeight - scrollBarWidth)
        }
        if (that._scrollBarWidth) {
            that._groupElement.next().remove()
        }
        if (scrollBarWidth) {
            that._groupElement.after($("
").width("100%").height(scrollBarWidth - 1))
        }
        that._scrollBarWidth = scrollBarWidth
    },
    getScrollPath: function(offset) {
        var cell, tableElement = this.tableElement();
        offset -= parseInt(tableElement[0].style.top, 10) || 0;
        $.each(tableElement.find("tr"), function(_, tr) {
            var td = tr.childNodes[tr.childNodes.length - 1];
            if (td && 1 === td.rowSpan && td.offsetTop < offset && td.offsetHeight + td.offsetTop > offset) {
                cell = td;
                return false
            }
        });
        return getCellPath(tableElement, cell)
    },
    _moveFakeTable: function(scrollPos) {
        this._moveFakeTableTop(scrollPos);
        this.callBase()
    },
    _getRowClassNames: function(rowIndex, cell, rowClassNames) {
        if (0 !== rowIndex & cell.expanded && $.inArray(PIVOTGRID_EXPAND_BORDER, rowClassNames) === -1) {
            rowClassNames.push(PIVOTGRID_EXPAND_BORDER)
        }
    },
    _getMainElementMarkup: function() {
        return "
"
    },
    _getCloseMainElementMarkup: function() {
        return "
"
    },
    updateColspans: function(columnCount) {
        var diff, i, j, rows = this.tableElement()[0].rows,
            columnOffset = 0,
            columnOffsetResetIndexes = [];
        if (this.getColumnsCount() - columnCount > 0) {
            return
        }
        for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
            for (j = 0; j < rows[i].cells.length; j++) {
                var cell = rows[i].cells[j],
                    rowSpan = cell.rowSpan;
                if (columnOffsetResetIndexes[i]) {
                    columnOffset -= columnOffsetResetIndexes[i];
                    columnOffsetResetIndexes[i] = 0
                }
                diff = columnCount - (columnOffset + cell.colSpan);
                if (j === rows[i].cells.length - 1 && diff > 0) {
                    cell.colSpan = cell.colSpan + diff
                }
                columnOffsetResetIndexes[i + rowSpan] = (columnOffsetResetIndexes[i + rowSpan] || 0) + cell.colSpan;
                columnOffset += cell.colSpan
            }
        }
    }
});


text:
Water Supply Engineering
Sustainable Water Treatment
Engineering Solutions for a Variable Climate
Authors: Miklas Scholz
Imprint: Elsevier
Published Date: 3rd September 2018
Sustainable Water Treatment: Engineering Solutions for a Variable Climate covers sustainable water and environmental engineering aspects relevant for the drainage and treatment of storm water and wastewater. The book explains the fundamental science and engineering principles for the student and professional market. Standard and novel design recommendations for sustainable technologies, such as constructed wetlands, sustainable drainage systems and sustainable flood retention basins are provided to account for the interests of professional engineers and environmental scientists. The book presents the latest research findings in wastewater treatment and runoff control that are ideal for academics and senior consultants.
The book offers a challenging, diverse, holistic, multidisciplinary, experimental and modelling-orientated case study, covering topics such as natural wetlands, constructed treatment wetlands for pollution control, sustainable drainage systems managing diffuse pollution, specific applications, such as wetlands treating dye wastewater and ecological sanitation systems recycling treated waters for the irrigation of crops.
Explains the fundamental science and engineering principles behind each topic
Provides an easy-to-understand, descriptive overview of complex 'black box' drainage and treatment systems and general design issues involved
Includes a comprehensive analysis of asset performance, modelling of treatment processes, and an assessment of sustainability and economics
Students, professionals and academics in process, chemical and environmental engineering, environmental science, environmental management, ecology and microbiology. Local authorities and non-governmental organizations
1. Introduction to Sustainable Water Management
2. The Reconnaissance Drought Index
3. Temporal hydrologic anomalies coupled with drought impact for a river flow regime
4. Mineral and biological contamination of soil and Chillies irrigated with domestic wastewater treated by wetlands
5. Recycling of domestic wastewater treated by wetlands for irrigation of two generations of Chillies
6. Comparative study of domestic wastewater treatment by mature vertical-flow constructed wetlands and artificial ponds
7. Treatment of contaminated greywater using pelletised mine water sludge
8. Dye wastewater treatment by vertical-flow constructed wetlands
9. Shallow pond systems planted with duckweed treating azo dyes
10. Tree species for use in urban areas in temperate and oceanic climates
11. Feature selection methods for classifying sustainable flood retention basins
12. Predicting dam failure risk for sustainable flood retention basins
© Elsevier 2019
Miklas Scholz
Prof. Miklas Scholz, cand ing, BEng (equiv), PgC, MSc, PhD, CWEM, CEnv, CSci, CEng, FHEA, FIEMA, FCIWEM, FICE, Fellow of IWA holds the Chair in Civil Engineering at The University of Salford. He was previously working at The University of Edinburgh. He is the Head of the Civil Engineering Research Group in Salford.
He has shown individual excellence evidenced by contributions to world-leading publications, postgraduate supervision, and research impact. His main research areas in terms of publication output are treatment wetlands, integrated constructed wetlands, sustainable flood retention basins, permeable pavement systems, decision support systems, ponds, and capillary suction time. About 45% and 40% of his research is in water resources management and wastewater treatment, respectively. The remaining 15% is in capillary processes and water treatment.
He has published four books and more than 176 journal articles covering a wide area of topics. Between 2009 and 2015, he topped the publication list in terms of numbers for all members of staff at The University of Salford. Prof. Scholz's full journal article publications in recent years are as follows: 2009 (13), 2010 (19), 2011 (13), 2012 (21), 2013 (17), and 2014 (15). He has total citations of more than 2845 (above 2122 citations since 2010), resulting in an H-Index of 28 and an i10-Index of 64.
Prof. Scholz is Editor-in-Chief of 13 journals, including the Web of Science-listed journal Water (impact factor for 2014: 1.428). He has membership experience on over 35 influential editorial boards. His new guidelines on sustainable flood retention basins (SFRB) and integrated constructed wetlands (ICW) have led to the international uptake of both the novel SFRB and ICW concepts. This work has particularly benefited the British Isles, Central and Northern Europe, and has an excellent uptake potential for large regions in America, Asia and Africa.
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Directorate of Civil Engineering, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa