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By Stuart Liebman on January 1, 2010 in Legal Update
In a recent New Jersey Tax Court decision, a State Tax Judge has ruled that a private not-for-profit company does not deserve tax exemptions on homes it owns and leases to mentally ill clients in several towns in Bergen County, New Jersey.
Most of our readers know that our firm has a very strong commitment to civic matters. We represent numerous social service institutions and agencies, and various not-for-profit organizations. Many of our attorneys also volunteer our time to serve as officers and on boards of these agencies and institutions. Very often, the needs of these agencies and institutions cross over into one of our other areas of expertise, zoning and land use law.
Group homes, and other residential types of facilities for the developmentally disabled or others in need, have been the subject of local news and legal study lately. Many of us can remember Greystone "psychiatric hospital" and other institutions for the developmentally disabled. Dark and dreary asylums as seen in movies, in television and, in real life. While these very large facilities served a social purpose, residential neighbors did not want these buildings or inhabitants near their homes. The phrase "not in my backyard" (NIMBY) is well known for such institutional uses.
Through advanced study for the treatment and care of the developmentally disabled, the concept of group homes arose. Better and more effective care and treatment for those who may be able to become part of the mainstream. However, to those who say NIMBY, this causes the spread of this undesirable use in residential neighborhoods. Instead of one large building and its occupants hidden away, the building is now broken down into many smaller units disbursed throughout residential communities. Residential neighbors are not the only opponents. Local municipalities also worry because many of these facilities qualify for tax exemption, and thus do not pay local real estate taxes. The outcry of the voting public and the loss of tax revenues, made group home facilities homeless step children in the land use process.
The New Jersey Legislature, and the New Jersey Courts, have acted swiftly and frequently to provide protection for these uses. In January of this year, a Bill was introduced in the New Jersey Assembly (A3625) which would close five of the State's seven developmental centers and send most of the residents into the community to group homes or independent living with support services. Proponents of the Bill claim positive cost benefits for the State, with statistics which show that community living costs less then half of the price of the developmental centers per resident. This is an enticing statistic when State budgets are in turmoil.
Inherently Beneficial
With State laws having been changed to recognize these facilities as "inherently beneficial uses", the stage would seem to be set for implementation of A3625. Inherently beneficial use is a term of art in land use and zoning law. It is a category of use that must be provided for and accommodated by local governments in zoning ordinances and through the grant of use variances. And specifically, inherently beneficial uses may not be excluded from within the municipal borders.
However, there is a new hurdle. In a recent New Jersey Tax Court decision, a State Tax Judge has ruled that a private not-for-profit company does not deserve tax exemptions on homes it owns and leases to mentally ill clients in several towns in Bergen County, New Jersey. Thus, we can see some of the economic impact of this social policy. How many dwellings are for sale in your neighborhood? Perhaps some of them will become owned, converted and used for community shelters. If they no longer produce real property taxes, there is an added burden upon the remaining property owners who do pay real property taxes. In this particular case, more than one million dollars in property taxes were at stake for a period of several years for 35 homes owned by this private not-for-profit company. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, the Court did not find that the services provided in the residential units rose to the level to qualify for tax exemption.
In Saddle River, New Jersey, a local hospital intends to open a 20 bed residential hospice in a large residential building that was for sale. In 1998, the New Jersey Legislature changed the laws of the State to provide that community residences for the terminally ill are included in the category of land use that is inherently beneficial and protected by the State laws that promote and protect such uses.
The complexity of the laws which govern such basic and vital community services are perplexing to our clients, government officials, residential neighbors, and the families of those in need. We find this area of law to be as frustrating, and rewarding, as most other areas. We hope to continue our work in this area and to achieve the balance needed for affected families, agencies and towns.
About Stuart Liebman
Stuart D. Liebman is a Partner of Wells, Jaworski & Liebman and practices actively in the Land Use and Real Estate areas.
View all posts by Stuart Liebman →


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Kodeks 0299 (Gregory-Aland no. 0299) – grecko-koptyjski kodeks uncjalny Nowego Testamentu na pergaminie, datowany metodą paleograficzną na X lub XI wiek. Rękopis jest przechowywany w Paryżu. Tekst rękopisu jest wykorzystywany we współczesnych wydaniach greckiego Nowego Testamentu.

Opis
Zachował się fragment 1 pergaminowej karty rękopisu, z greckim tekstem Ewangelii Jana (20,1-7) i koptyjskim tekstem Jana 21,23-25. Karta ma rozmiar 30,2 na 23,4 cm. Tekst jest pisany dwoma kolumnami na stronę, 40 linijek tekstu na stronę.

Historia

INTF datuje rękopis 0299 na X lub XI wiek.

Na listę greckich rękopisów Nowego Testamentu wciągnął go Kurt Aland, oznaczając go przy pomocy siglum 0299. Rękopis został uwzględniony w II wydaniu Kurzgefasste. Rękopis jest wykorzystywany we współczesnych wydaniach greckiego Nowego Testamentu (NA27, NA28 i UBS4).

Rękopis jest przechowywany we Bibliotece Narodowej Francji (Copte 129, 10 fol. 199v) w Paryżu.

Zobacz też
 Lista kodeksów majuskułowych Nowego Testamentu

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Listy rękopisów NT

 Krytyczne wydania Nowego Testamentu
  [NA27]
  [NA28]
  [UBS4]

 Introdukcje do krytyki tekstu NT

0299
Manuskrypty biblijne z X wieku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


March 4, 2019 • A senior Saudi official told journalists Monday he believes that Canada will honor its $13-billion agreement, contrary to the Canadian prime minister's comments in December.
February 21, 2019 • When Mohammed bin Salman met earlier this week with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the two leaders appeared to avoid touchy subjects such as Saudi support for Pakistan.
February 21, 2019 • President Trump's inaugural committee chair is facing scrutiny from a variety of sources. Tom Barrack is a wealthy real estate investor who helped the administration build bridges to Arab leaders.
January 15, 2019 • Rahaf Mohammed Alqunun captured the attention of the world in a series of social media posts pleading for asylum. Her family, who she claimed was abusive, has disowned her.
January 8, 2019 • The 18-year-old fled her family and was detained in Thailand en route to Australia. Australia's Department of Home Affairs says her application for a humanitarian visa will be "carefully considered."


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And Rainbows
Funeral/Memorial Resources for Child Loss
Central Mass Child Loss Resources
March 15, 2015 sheriroaf	7 Comments
Pure logic is the ruin of the spirit. Antoine de Saint-Exupery
I tend to be a very rational thinker, almost to a fault sometimes that it can interfere or explain away raw emotion. My therapist tells me to get out of my head and into my heart. I approach problems very logically, which is why I am usually able to come at them without emotion. Puzzles intrigue and excite me, because they are so based in logic, and all of the pieces fit. It's fun to me to figure out how to make it all work.
If I were to look at my life logically, it wouldn't make much sense based on the norm. I don't know very many other people that have lost two immediate family members before the age of 34. Maybe the percentage is larger and I just don't know, but when I sit here and think of it, I can't think of anyone else that I am close with. This is what really bugged me after Bennett died. I felt that it didn't make sense (although it rarely does when someone young dies), because I had already suffered the loss of my mother so young. How could this be happening again to me? How was it even possible?
It's rattled my way of thinking. None of it makes sense. Why was I back here again? There's nothing logical about my situation. There's no way to explain why my mom or Bennett had to die. It's mind blowing to me, the puzzle pieces don't seem to fit or are for an entirely different puzzle altogether. There's just no explanation.
Because I enjoy figuring things out, I'm always questioning how things work. When I was little my mom got me a book titled, 'Why things are' because I think she was tired of explaining everything and wanted me to try to form some of my own conclusions. I enjoy researching different perspectives on issues to try to see the gray in the black and white.
Back in December, Parker and I got tickets to see Maureen Hancock, spirit medium. I've always been open to the idea of a medium, yet skeptical at the same time. There's truly nothing logical about the whole idea of people that can communicate with the spirits, so it's a hard concept for me to even begin to wrap my mind around. She opened the show with a story eerily similar to ours about a family that had an 18 month old boy in Spain that was hit by the car in their driveway. Maureen was engaging and funny and for about the first half of the show I was thinking, OK, a lot of what she was saying could be guess work or just really good observational skills. Then she began asking specific people (no assigned seating) about specific names and I thought to myself, wow, pretty impressive. By the end of the night I didn't know what to think. It went against every rational thought I had to be able to acknowledge what was happening in front of us. She had a group of toddlers and babies come through and she did ask specifically if there was a little boy that was hit by a car. I did raise my hand and she looked at me, but then became distracted and moved on. Now, our names were on the tickets, so I figured that if anything was said I would doubt it.
Tonight, Tara and I went to see Maureen again in Worcester. We bought the tickets in Tara's name and googled to see who would come up just in case Maureen happened to contact one of her relatives. Our story was much too public and if my name was anywhere, it was too easy for her to call me out. I was much more relaxed this time and honestly felt that there were people in the room that probably needed the validation from their loved ones much more than I did. I had had plenty of signs from Benny and I felt very lucky to have that. I know that he's with me, I've never doubted that. It's more that I doubted that someone could actually talk to him.
The night was a hilarious and emotional ride. Skeptic or not, people left feeling good about what was going on. Maureen had really made some crazy connections with names, dates, etc. that were truly unbelievable. It just made you happy to know that she was putting others at ease. The show was running late and I had honestly given up, kinda figured oh well. She brought one mother up on stage who's son had died when she turned to our side of the room and asked for a mother who's son had also died. My hand went up and she sent me to stand alongside two other grieving mothers. It was intense and of course Maureen got distracted by someone else and didn't make it back to us for what seemed like forever. She walked back up to us standing up there and asked what was significant about July. We all kind of looked at each other, not really acknowledging it when I piped in said that June/July was my due date. Maureen instantly focused on me and asked if I was having a boy-or-a boy. I started laughing and validated that in fact I was having a boy. She guessed July 3rd (I hope not!!). She said that Benny passed quickly, unexpectedly. She said she felt that when I was walking up that there was a baby presence. She asked if there were pictures of him with a mohawk, she felt like he sported a mohawk, to which I laughed again and told her that he in fact had a mohawk from birth to probably around 4 months. She said that he died quickly and unexpectedly, to which I agreed. She asked me if he sent signs as hearts to which I said no. She then moved on to the other two moms and began talking to them.
She asked one of the moms if she wrote, to which she said no, and I said that I did, that I blogged. She looked at me, stopped for a moment and walked back over. She asked if there were questions surrounding Benny's death to which I said yes and no because of course I will always question myself. She told me to stop worrying about it happening again with the new baby and stop worrying that something will happen. She said that Benny wanted me to know that he understood it was an accident, that I shouldn't feel guilty. She asked off mic if he had been killed by impact to which I nodded. She said that he knew it wasn't my fault and I needed to let it go. She said that Benny was with me always and he was an old soul. She impressed by how he was able to verbalize so well for a toddler. I can't even begin to describe the emotions of these moments and how validating they were for me. There's no way that she or anyone will ever know how much I blame myself, even though logically (there's that word again) I know that there was little I could do.
She started to address us mothers again and asked who had initials EL, who was named Evelyn. Before I could say anything, a woman in the front row said it was her mom and we had moved on. I instantly though of Evie, but was still so raw from the aforementioned conversation that I quickly dismissed it. We all hugged Maureen and took our seats. When I sat down Tara looked at me and said, 'EL, Evelyn Louise, the hearts, Benny's looking out for Evie!' We're waiting right now to find out if Evie is having heart surgery in the coming months. We just made sense of the one thing that Maureen said that didn't click.
Tara and I got to talk to Maureen briefly after the show and she said to me that I looked familiar and I told her how we were at the show back in December and how Benny had come through briefly, but that was it. Maureen asked how he passed and before I could finish she burst out with 'I knew it!' She said that there was a little boy in her driveway this morning that said he would see her mom tonight. Maureen thought it was the little boy from Spain, and he had told her no, he was someone else and he wanted to see his mom.
Logic, it's a funny thing. It certainly doesn't fit here at all. I don't know what I feel right now besides very peaceful. There was no way that Maureen could have known any of that information with the amount of details that she had. There's no way at all. Believe it, or not, it was healing for me. So maybe screw logic and reason. This is what makes sense: Nothing at all.
Year Two Reflections – Work
March 14, 2015 sheriroaf	1 Comment
After the accident, I was fortunate to have a very compassionate and understanding boss and co-workers. They truly did everything in their power to help us out. They showed up 'en mass' and brought us food, brought Darcy a ridiculous amount of presents and just supported us in so many ways. They donated vacation time so that I could continue to get paid while we figured out my disability and what my options are. My boss became my friend, never pressuring me to return and always willing to talk to me as a friend first and then as my boss. They continue to be a presence in our lives. I honestly don't know what we would have done without these people.
About a month ago, I finally left work. I've been having nightmares about it for months. It was plaguing me. With not driving so far, there was no way that I could even imagine commuting to Boston every day again. It killed me. I was one of those people that really loved her job. I loved the feeling of control. Now I'm stuck between feeling proud of walking away and sad. Another decision I wanted no part of.
I'm no longer the bread winner. In some ways that's a nice feeling because the pressure is off and it means that Parker is really able to make a living at something that he loves and is passionate about. I'm so proud of all that he has done and how he has really stepped up. He has taken on more of a role of 'the boss' and has less time to really focus on his own work, because he is constantly helping his employees. He's surprisingly enjoying himself and maybe it was time. I've always been involved in the business, but with him so busy, it has taken on a new role. I'm happy to help out accounting, marketing, HR, etc. that he needs. It has also brought back to me a sense of control over something. In the last few months I've gotten into a new groove of working from home daily and trying to keep up with the administrative tasks involved in the business. It works for us because Parker and I actually enjoy working together and make a really good team. It probably also helps that I work from home and we both have our own separate responsibilities.
We went on a ski trip with my co-workers about a few weeks ago. This is a yearly trip that my company pulls together and is great little family vacation for us. We went last year and it was tough, but I was still in such a fog. I think this year was harder because I no longer am part of the company. It's weird to sit there and not be able to talk about projects or clients, to not even know some of the new staff. I had a very uncomfortable start to the day. I realized that this is now the 'after me.' The person that no longer works for DPM. When I'm working with Parker, I'm completely content, but then throw back in with my co-workers and I'm sad, I miss it. It's another reminder of all that we have lost. Another part that I have lost of myself. Damn you Year Two!
death of toddlergriefgrieving momYear 2
Grief Articles
These were sent to me by my friend Tara B. and I wanted to share. It's some things that I've said here and probably some thoughts that I've had along the way.
Grieving Mom Request
death of toddlergriefgrieving momPregnancy after loss
My Thoughts on Year Two
I spent a lot of late nights last year looking for 'others,' other moms and dads that were in the same crappy situation as myself. I wanted to understand what we were in for, I wanted to understand how they handled it, I think that i just wanted to understand something.
I very quickly noticed a pattern in those that were further along, year two was harder. I started going to grief meetings and I was being told the same thing, watch out for year two. I couldn't fathom it. How could it possibly be worse than those first few seconds after Benny was hit? How could it be worse than when we had to tell Darcy that her brother was dead? How could it be worse than it was holding him for the last time???
November 8th, 2014 came and went. We got away to the Cape, I couldn't be in this house, where it happened. Against all odds, we had a very nice family vacation. We went to the beach and wrote Bennett's name in the sand as the kids ran around, not fully comprehending what the adults were feeling. We visited the cemetery briefly as it was biting cold that morning and windy on top of the hill where he now lies. Several amazing people sent us beautiful tokens for Benny in the mail.
That weekend I felt contentment. The anxiety of the date came in advance and we dealt with it, but November 8th, 2014 wasn't nearly as bad as I thought it would be. I'm sure that the little guy in my belly is a huge part of that, the ability to look forward and hold onto some hope for my future family.
The other side of November 8th, 2014 has been different. It's as if a line has been drawn in the sand and it's now 'time to move on.' I couldn't feel more different from that, but it's the feeling that I get from others. All of a sudden I was expected to make decisions again and start moving forward.
People stopped talking about Benny, they had moved on. It was a subtle cue that I was to do the same. Yes, we still have an amazing support system, it had just gotten much smaller. People stopped asking how we were. The expectation was that we had moved forward, especially because of the new baby. For me, it felt like he foreshadowed Benny's death, that now everything was OK, because we were having another boy. I don't think anyone meant it to come off that way, it just has.
One of my close friends said it the best when she said to me that we had time off to grieve, we had therapists to talk to. They had to go back to work the next day, bring their kids to school and daycare, make dinner and lunches. They didn't get the time to grieve that we did. They didn't get the chance to wrap their heads around any of it, so they moved on, because that's what they had to do to survive.
I can understand it, I truly can. I just don't want to. I want the world to stop turning for everyone else, because it did for us. If that's selfish of me, so be it. I still cannot give a free pass to those that have disappeared or expected us to move on. A year is not long enough to grieve a child, period.
After a year of shock and numbness, you awaken to see that everyone expects you pick up and move on. They want you back the way you were, which will never truly happen. You all of a sudden have to make some large, life changing decisions that you have been avoiding over the past year. The biggest decision, is who are you going to be now, how will this child's death affect your life? How on Earth are you supposed to move forward? And how do you do it when you feel like the world is judging you for still grieving the child that you've lost?
Yeah, maybe year two is harder.
'Strong'
Damn it, Facebook!
You Didn't Deserve to Die

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This program was rescheduled from Thursday, Feb. 7th due to inclement weather.
Did you know DeWitt was once the county seat for Clinton County? Join John Brassard Jr, local author and historical storyteller, as he shares the story of the old DeWitt courthouses and the contentious (and perhaps now humorous) bid from the City of Clinton to change it all.


The Maroon Creek Club is hidden just one mile West of Aspen, Colorado. This unique private club provides its members an extraordinary gathering place to enjoy the best Aspen has to offer: Golf, Tennis, Swimming and Fitness. The Maroon Creek Club is known for the casual elegance and pristine surroundings. A professional service staff awaits year round to provide the "beyond expectation experience" to our membership.


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Axon Wins Patent Case Against Digital Ally
Axon announced that the United States District Court for the District of Kansas granted summary judgment in favor of Axon Enterprise, finding that Axon's Signal technology does not infringe Digital Ally's U.S. Patent No. 9,253,452.
O'Rielly Asks New Virgin Islands Governor to Stop 9-1-1 Fee Diversion, Says USF Funds at Risk
EWA Asks FCC to Allow Conditional T-Band License Renewals
The court entered judgment for Axon and dismissed the case in its entirety.
"The court's ruling ends a 3.5-year legal dispute in which Digital Ally repeatedly attempted to try its case in the press," Axon General Counsel Isaiah Fields said. "We chose to try our case in the court and prevailed."


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Justia Patents Recirculation Of Treating Gas Or VaporUS Patent for Drying plant, particularly for timber Patent (Patent # 4,196,526)
Drying plant, particularly for timber
A timber drying plant has a drying chamber through which air may be circulated by a fan in a circuit which includes a refrigerating unit. The refrigerant fluid circuit of the unit includes a dehumidification evaporator for outlet air and a condenser in the recycle air flow for returning to the latter least part of the heat extracted by the evaporator. The refrigerant fluid circuit also includes an auxiliary evaporator with control valve means whereby the auxiliary evaporator can be inserted in said fluid circuit so that the refrigerating unit operates as a heat pump absorbing heat from the external atmosphere through the auxiliary evaporator. A supplementary evaporator may also be included in the refrigerating unit and is connectable in parallel with the auxiliary evaporator to increase the heat pump effect. In another position of the control valve means the auxiliary evaporator acts as a condenser in circuit with the dehumidification evaporator to reduce the heating of the recycled air.
The present invention relates to plant for drying any of a variety of materials including vegetable materials such as wood, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, fodder, etc. and animal materials such as leather, fish, cheese, etc.
More particularly, the invention concerns plant for drying materials, particularly timber, by air circulation, comprising a drying chamber having air inlet and air outlet ports for the circulation of air in the chamber, and a refrigerating unit for the dehumidification of the air, said refrigerating unit comprising a refrigerant fluid circuit including a compressor, means defining an air flow path through the refrigerating unit including a fan for forcing air through the said inlet port, a dehumidification evaporator located in the path of flow of air from the outlet port of the drying chamber, and a condenser located in the path of inlet air flow to the inlet port to restore to the inlet air flow at least part of the heat extracted from the outlet air by said dehumidification evaporator.
Plants of the type specified above have been available commercially for a number of years all over the world. Such plants are based on the principle that the drying air is circulated in a closed circuit which includes the drying chamber and the refrigerating unit, the air issuing from the drying chamber being dehumidified by refrigeration and the current of air thus dehumidified being reheated and reintroduced into the chamber. The drying process is carried out over several days, the relative humidity (R.H.) of the air in the drying chamber being lowered progressively, thereby stimulating the emergence of moisture from the interior to the surface of the material, where the moisture is removed by the circulating air.
Drying processes using such plants led to significant advantages over drying systems which were previously in use, as regards the speed and economy of the drying treatment, especially as applied to timber. In fact it has become possible to dry out timber in this way in a relatively short period of time, reducing its residual moisture content to 16-20%, depending on he species. Unfortunately, however, any further reduction of the residual moisture encounters many difficulties and requires long periods of time, and a residual moisture content of 6-8%, which many users of timber are now seeking, is almost impossible to achieve, especially for hardwoods such as oak, teak and afromosia, in thicknesses greater than about 60 mm. Indeed such drying would require, in the first place, such a long processing time as to make the system uneconomic, and in the second place the residual humidity of the circulating air in the chamber would have to be reduced to such low values that the wood would tend to become "cemented" (a term used to denote occlusion of the pores in the surface layers of the timber), with resultant cracks and distortion. Moreover, apart from this, prolonged periods of drying may easily lead to mould growth.
It is possible to augment the degree of drying of timber by means of high temperature steam treatment, but this involves considerable expenditure on plant and operating costs, so that such methods have hitherto been used only by large concerns. The conditions for this treatment are very critically dependent on the various types of wood. One of the attendant risks is that of discoluration, which it is absolutely essential to avoid for such varieties of wood as mahogany, walnut, rosewood, teak and mansonia, where colour is the most valuable attribute commercially. Another risk is that of collapse of the fibres, and flaws in the material caused by too sharp a rise in temperature. Furthermore, contact with high temperature steam can lead to shrinkage and a resulting loss of thickness.
An object of the present invention is to provide a process for drying material such as timber to an extremely low residual moisture content, even to within the range of 6-8%, and at high speeds, using plant of low cost which is inexpensive to operate.
According to the invention there is provided a plant for drying materials, particularly timber, by air circulation, comprising a drying chamber having an inlet port and an outlet port for the circulating air, and a refrigerating unit comprising a compressor, a fan for forcing air through the air inlet port into the drying chamber, a dehumidification evaporator associated with the air outlet port from the drying chamber, and a condenser located in the inlet air flow path through the refrigeration unit to restore to the said inlet air flow at least some of the heat extracted from the outlet air by the dehumidification evaporator, the refrigerating unit further including an auxiliary evaporator exposed to the atmospheric air and valve means for switching said auxiliary evaporator into and out of the refrigerant fluid circuit of said refrigerating unit, whereby the refrigerating unit operates as a heat pump absorbing heat from the atmospheric air when said auxiliary evaporator is switched into said circuit.
Preferably the said valve means have a control position in which said auxiliary evaporator is interposed in the refrigerant fluid circuit in substitution for the dehumidification evaporator, and the outlet port of the drying chamber has an associated first damper movable between a closed position in which substantially the whole of the air flow from the drying chamber passing through said outlet port is recycled to the inlet port through the condenser, and an open position in which part of said air flow is discharged to the outside through said auxiliary evaporator, said plant further including a second damper associated with air inlet side of the condenser, said second damper being movable between a closed position in which said inlet side of the condenser receives air only from the said outlet port, and an open position in which the said condenser receives air also from the external atmosphere.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the valve means also provide a control position in which said auxiliary evaporator is interposed in the refrigerant fluid circuit between the delivery port of the compressor and the condenser, while the dehumidification evaporator also remains interposed in said circuit, so that said auxiliary evaporator acts as a condenser dissipating heat to the atmosphere, thereby reducing heat imparted by the condenser of the refrigerating unit ("main condenser") to the air being recycled into the chamber through the said inlet port.
The refrigerating unit may further include a supplementary evaporator exposed to the atmospheric air, said supplementary evaporator being disposed so as to be traversed by the flow of air discharged to the outside when the said first damper is in its open position, further valve means being provided for interposing said supplementary evaporator in the refrigerant fluid circuit in parallel with the auxiliary evaporator.
In a preferred practical embodiment of the invention the refrigerating unit is contained in a cabinet which is divided into three compartments: a middle and two end compartments, e.g. a top- and a bottom compartment. In this embodiment the cabinet is adjacent the drying chamber in such a manner that the dehumidification evaporator located in the middle compartment obstructs an upper part of the outlet port of the drying chamber, one of the external walls of the middle compartment having a window which communicates with the outside under control of the said second damper. The middle compartment communicates with one of the end compartments, preferably the top compartment, through the main condenser, the fan being positioned so as to draw air from the top compartment and to blow it into the drying chamber through the inlet port. The auxiliary evaporator (and the supplementary one if there is one) is situated in the opposite end compartment, preferably the bottom one, which communicates with the outside air and which, under control of the first said damper, can be put in communication with the part of the outlet port unobstructed by the dehumidification evaporator. The bottom compartment preferably also communicates with a discharge duct through both the auxiliary evaporator and the supplementary evaporator, each of these evaporators being equipped with a fan which, when the respective evaporator is in operation, draws air from the said bottom compartment and discharges it into the said discharge duct through the respective evaporator.
FIG. 1 is a vertical longitudinal cross-sectional view of a plant according to the invention;
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D illustrate the refrigerating unit of the plant shown in FIG. 1 in four different stages of operation, and
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the refrigerating unit of the plant.
The illustrated plant includes a drying chamber 10, normally sealed off from the external surroundings and loaded with timber 12 to be dried. Adjoining one end of the chamber 10 is a machine room 14, separated from the chamber 10 by a vertical partition 16. An air inlet port 18 of rectangular form is formed in an upper part of the partition 16 and air outlet port 20, also of rectangular form, is provided in a lower part of the partition 16.
A refrigerating unit is housed in a cabinet 22 located inside the machine room 14. The cabinet 22 has a vertically oriented parallelepipedic shape, one vertical wall 22A of which directly adjoins the partition 16 and within which there are an upper, a middle and a lower compartment 24, 26, 28, respectively, separated by horizontal partitions 30, 32.
The upper compartment 24 communicates with the drying chamber 10 through a centrifugal fan 34 which is located in the compartment 24 and which draws air from the compartment, blowing it into the drying chamber 10 through an inlet duct 36 which extends airtightly through the inlet port 18. The upper compartment 24 communicates with the middle compartment 26 through a rectangular aperture 30' in the partition 30 adjacent which a condenser 38 ("main condenser") is located. The flow of air delivered to the inlet duct 36 by the fan 34 may be thus heated by the main condenser 38 when the refrigerating unit is in operation.
The middle compartment 26 is substantially at the same height as the outlet port 20. An opening in the vertical wall 22A of the cabinet 22 coincides with the port 20, the upper part of this opening being filled by a dehumidification evaporator 40, leaving only a lower part 20' of the port 20 unconvered. In the vertical wall 22B of the cabinet 22 opposite the wall 22A, there is a rectangular window 42 through which the airflow is controlled by a damper 44 with rotatable louvres, shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A in its open position and in FIGS. 1B, 1C and 1D in its closed position. When the damper 44 is open the middle compartment 26 is in communication with the surrounding external air.
A portion of the horizontal partition 32 adjacent the wall 22A (and consequently adjacent the port 20) is hinged to the remaining fixed part of the partition 32 so as to constitute a hinged damper 46. The damper 46 is shown in FIG. 1 by a full line in its lifted (open) position and by a broken line in its lowered (closed) position. The damper 46 controls air flow through the lower part 20' of the port not obstructed by the dehumidification evaporator 40. In the lifted position of the damper 46 (FIGS. 1 and 1A) the interior of the drying chamber 10 is in communication through the lower part 20' of the port 20, with the lower compartment 28, whereas in the lowered position of the damper 46 (FIGS. 1B, 1C, 1D) the drying chamber is in communication through the said lower part 20' of the port 20 with the middle compartment 26. In the lowered position of the damper 46, with the damper 44 closed, only part of the air flows through the port 20 into the central compartment 26 is dehumidified by the evaporator 40; this is advantageous because excessive drying of the recycled air could result in too dry an atmosphere in the drying chamber 10, with all the adverse consequence which this could lead to.
The lower compartment 28 communicates with the outside environment through a window 48 which is suitably protected by means of a grille (not shown). Two evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) are located side by side in the bottom of the compartment and are equipped with respective fans 52, 54. The evaporator 50(E) is disposed in proximity to the part 20' of the outlet port 20 of the chamber 10, while the evaporator 50(E/C) is disposed in proximity to the window 48.
The two fans 52, 54 draw air from the compartment 28 and blow it through the respective evaporators 50(E/C), 50(E) into an exhaust duct 56, the free end of which (not shown) is located at a suitable distance away from the plant so as to ensure that the discharged air will not mix with the air entering through the windows 42, 48. The evaporator 50(E/C), herein referred to as the "auxiliary evaporator" is a heat exchanger which may act as an evaporator or as a condenser (hence the suffix E/C), whereas the evaporator 50(E) is intended to perform solely as an evaporator and is herein referred to as the "supplementary evaporator". When the damper 46 is in its raised position (FIG. 1) the lower compartment 28 receives air through the port 20 from the drying chamber 10 which prevails over the outside air entering the compartment 28 through the window 48, since a superatmospheric pressure is generated in the drying chamber 10 by the fan 34; under these conditions the two evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) act almost exclusively on the air drawn from the drying chamber 10, even if the window 48 is permanently open (FIG. 1A).
The cabinet 22 also contains the compressor 60 and related pipework of the refrigeration unit (FIG. 2) as well as an electrical control system for the electrically energized devices of the unit.
The delivery port of the compressor (FIG. 2) is connected to the main condenser 38 through a pipe 62 which includes a solenoid-operated three-way valve 64 followed by a non-return valve 66.
Refrigerant fluid which has been liquified in the condenser 38 is discharged from the latter through a pipe 68 into the liquid receiver 70, the outlet from which is connected through a filter 72 and a pipe 74 to a conventional thermostatic expansion valve 76 connected to the inlet of the dehumidification evaporator 40. The flow of liquid through the pipe 74 is controlled by a solenoid valve 78 which can be operated to halt the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator 40. The outlet from the evaporator 40 is connected to the inlet port of the compressor 60 through a pipe 80 and a liquid separator 82, completing a closed refrigerant circuit.
In FIG. 2 the two outlets from the three-way valve 64 are marked (I) and (II). When the valve 64 is in the position (I) the main condenser 38 is fed through the non-return valve 66. At a point 84 on the pipe 74 upstream of the solenoid valve 78 a branch pipe 86 is branched and leads to one of the connections of the auxiliary evaporator 50(E/C) through a solenoid valve 88 followed by a thermostatic expansion valve 90, the same connection of the evaporator also being connected through a pipe 91 and a non-return valve 92 at a point 94 in the pipe 62 located between the non-return valve 66 and the main condenser 38. The other connection of the auxiliary evaporator 50(E/C) is connected through a pipe 96 and a solenoid valve 98 to the discharge pipe 80 of the dehumidification evaporator 40 which leads into the liquid separator 82. Thus with the valve 64 in its position (I), the valve 78 closed and the valves 88 and 98 open, the dehumidification evaporator 40 is shut-off and the liquid refrigerant flows from the receiver 70 through the auxiliary evaporator 50(E/C) from which refrigerant vapour flows into the compressor 60 through the pipes 96 and 80. In this case the auxiliary evaporator 50(E/C) acts as evaporator. The liquid from the pipe 86 cannot flow back into the main condenser 38 through the pipe 91 because the pressure in the pipe 62 is greater than that in the pipe 86, so that the non-return valve 92 remains closed.
At a point 100 in the pipe 96 located between the evaporator 50(E/C) and the solenoids valve 98 a pipe 102 is branched and leads from the pipe 96 to the outlet (II) of the three-way valve 64. When, therefore, the valve 64 is in its position (II) while the valves 88 and 98 and the valve 78 are open the evaporator 50(E/C) is effectively connected in series (through the pipes 102, 96, 91 and 62) with the main condenser 38 and in this case acts as a supplementary condenser.
Finally, the inlet of the supplementary evaporator 50(E) is connected to a point 104 in the pipe 86 located upstream of the solenoid valve 88 through a pipe 106 which includes a solenoid valve 108 followed by a thermostatic expansion valve 110. The outlet of the supplementary evaporator 50(E) is connected through a pipe 112 to the discharge pipe 80 of the dehumidification evaporator 40. Thus, when the three-way valve 64 is in position (I) while the valves 88, 98, 108 are open and the valve 78 is closed the dehumidification evaporator 40 is shut-off and the two evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) are connected in parallel between the point 84 in the pipe 74 conveying refrigerant liquid and the discharge pipe 80 leading to the liquid separator 82; in these conditions the evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) both act as evaporators proper.
The opening and closing of the solenoide valves 64, 78, 88, 98, 108 and of the dampers 44, 46 are controlled and coordinated by an electrical control circuit which will appear obvious to those skilled in the art from the following description of the various stages of operation. In its most elementary form such an electrical control circuit can be operated manually according to humidity measurements made by hygrometers (not shown) placed inside the drying chamber 10 and within the load of timber 12. Preferably, however, instead of hygrometers use is made of hygrostats and thermostats connected to the electrical control circuit for automatic control in dependence on the temperature and humidity measured in the drying chamber 10 and in the timber 12.
A typical working cycle of the plant described above is made up essentially of four consecutive stages, tabulated in Table I below together with the positions assumed at each stage by the dampers 44, 46 and by the solenoid valves 64, 78, 98, 88 and 108. In Table 1 the symbol O denotes an open position and the symbol=denotes a closed position of a valve.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Position Position of of dampers solenoid valve Stage 46 44 108 88 78 98 64 ______________________________________ (1) Expulsion of air under heat pump conditions O O O O = O (I) (2) Dehumidification = = = = O = (I) (3) Dehumidification with expulsion of heat = = = = O = (II) (4) Heat pump = = O O = O (I) ______________________________________
The operation of the plant in the four different stages (1) to (4) is indicated diagrammatically in FIGS. 1A-1D respectively. In FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D the condensers and evaporators which are in action during the respective operational stages are identified by hatching.
In Stage (1), FIG. 1A, when freshly sawn timber is loaded into the drying chamber 10 the tendency is for the air in the chamber 10 to reach a relative humidity (R.H.) of the order of 85-90%, substantially in equilibrium with the moisture content of the timber. Continuous drying of the air as full of moisture as this, by ordinary expedient of recycling the air through the dehumidification evaporator 40 and condenser 38, would entail considerable energy consumption. In the plant according to the invention advantage is taken during stage (1) on the fact that the relative humidity of the external ambient air usually is of the order of 60-65% or even lower. In this stage, therefore, part of the damp air inside the chamber 10 is continually being replaced by external ambient air and the inflow of ambient air is heated by the heat recovered from the air being discharged from the chamber 10 (and by the heat equivalent of the mechanical work done by the compressor and its associated motor in the refrigeration unit). These conditions are illustrated in FIG. 1A, taking into account the positions of the dampers and valves as listed for stage (1) in Table I. The dampers 44, 46 are in this stage in their open positions so that the fan 34 draws through the condenser 38 both the air from the external atmosphere and the damp air from the chamber 10, the latter air not being dried because the dehumidification evaporator 40 is out of action (that is, valve 78 closed, Table 1). At the same time, the air expelled from the drying chamber 10 flows through the two evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) which both act as the equivalent of a single evaporator with a large heat exchange surface, and which absorb from this air current both the sensible heat and the heat of condensation. The heat absorbed in this way is "pumped" into the condenser 38.
Operation under the stage (1) conditions is continued until the relative humidity of the air in the drying chamber 10 approximates substantially to that of the ambient air, that is to say, for example, about 70%, whereupon stage (1) is ended. It is only for certain hardwood timber species such as for example, oak, teak, or rosewood, that stage (1) needs to be terminated at higher levels of humidity.
Stage (2), illustrated in FIG. 1B, is a conventional dehumidification stage under heat-recovery conditions, with the temperature in the drying chamber 10 being below a certain limiting value. In the case of timber a suitable limiting value might be 35.degree.-40.degree. C. since at higher temperatures there would be risk of "cementation". From Table 1 and FIG. 1B, it can be seen that only the condenser 38 and the dehumidification evaporator 40 are in action, the dampers 44 and 46 connecting the chamber 10 with the atmospheric air being closed. Hence a closed circulation of air takes place. The current of air through the evaporator 40 is dried by cooling and the heat extracted by the evaporator 40 is all reintroduced into the recycle air by the condenser 38.
Stage (3) is a dehumidification stage which is carried out when the temperature of the air in the drawing chamber exceeds the above-mentioned limiting value. In such case it is necessary to expel the excess heat, which must however be done without expelling the air. It will be seen from Table 1 and FIG. 1C, which illustrates stage (3), that in addition to the dehumidifying evaporator 40, the refrigerating circuit effective in this stage also includes the auxiliary evaporator 50(E/C) which in this stage acts as condenser. The fan 52 draws atmospheric air from the outside through the window 48, and this air carries away the heat from exchanger 50(E/C) and is discharged to the atmosphere through the duct 56. Heat is therefore dissipated by the heat exchanger 50(E/C) acting as condenser, leaving only a residual amount of heat to be restored to the current of air being recycled to the chamber 10 by the main condenser 38.
Stage (2), or stage (3) as the case may be, terminates when the relative humidity of the air in the drying chamber has finally dropped to a predetermined value, which for ordinary timber is around 60%, or for hardwoods such as oak and teak may be 75-80%, whereupon the changeover to stage (4) takes place.
In Stage (4) the plant functions as a heat pump, as illustrated in FIG. 1D. In this stage it is important to continue the drying process by making the air circulate in a closed cycle at a moderately high temperature under controlled relative humidity conditions of the air in the chamber, until the moisture content of the timber is decreased to about 20-25%. During operation as heat pump in this stage both evaporators 50(E) and 50(E/C) operate as evaporator, absorbing heat from the current of air drawn from the outside. Heat extracted from this current of air is pumped to the condenser 38 which transfers it to the flow of air created by the fan 34 for recycling to the drying chamber 10. Part of this heat is absorbed by the timber in the form of latent heat, while the remaining part tends to raise the temperature in the chamber 10, which in turn leads to a lowering of the relative humidity despite the evaporation of moisture from the timber. If the relative humidity of the air in the chamber 10 were to drop below about 40-50% (while the humidity of the timber was still above 25%) there would be a serious risk of cementation. For this reason the dehumidification evaporator 40 is shut-off in this stage and indeed the need may even arise for humidification of the air in the chamber 10 by means of suitable water sprays (not shown) located for example in the air inlet duct 36. The necessary control of these humidity conditions can easily be made automatic by means of hygrostats located in the atmosphere of the chamber 10 and in the body of the timber 12. At the same time the temperature inside the chamber 10 should preferably be maintained in proximity to the range of 45.degree.-55.degree. C. without, however, exceeding this range, so as to avoid damage to the timber. Should the temperature in the chamber 10 rise above this range, one of the two evaporators 50(E), 50(E/C) may be shut-off by closure of the related valves 88 or 108, or the refriregating unit may be stopped altogether, leaving only the fan 34 operating unit the temperature falls to a level in the range 45.degree.-55.degree. C. It is only when the moisture content of the timber has dropped to 20-25% (as detected by a hygrostat located amid the timber) that intensive drying can be effected under the conditions shown in FIG. 1D, that is to say by operation of the unit as a heat pump, so as to increase the temperature in the chamber to 60.degree.-70.degree. C. with consequent lowering of the relative humidity to 15-20% and even less, without damage to the timber. The maximum attainable temperature depends on what refrigerant fluid is used for the circuit in FIG. 2 and more precisely on the temperature at which condensation occurs in the condenser 38 at the outlet pressure of the compressor 60. For example, of the various brands of "Freon" (R.T.M.) the most suitable is "Freon 12" (R.T.M.) the condensation point of which can be brought up to something around 80.degree. C. under a few atmospheres pressure, whereby, by operating the stage (4) as described above, the initial moisture content of the timber at this stage (20-25%) can be reduced in a few days to values as low as 6-8%.
Since, during the greater part of the drying cycle as a whole, the plant according to the invention is acting as a heat pump, it is exceptionally economical in operation. Admitting that one kWh is theoretically equivalent to 860 Cal, the plant according to the invention yields about 3500 Cal from every consumed kWh. As compared with the use of gas oil as a fuel, the energy saving is around 40%. It will be apparent that the performance of the plant depends on the temperature of the ambient air. The best performances are those corresponding to ambient temperatures from about 10.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C., and this means that the plant according to the invention can be employed successfully anywhere in a moderate or medium-hot climate. In cold climates, during periods when the ambient temperature drops to about 6-7.degree. C. it is a relatively simple matter to utilise an emergency source of heat such as, for example, an electrical resistance heater, solar panels, or heat exchange with relatively warm effluents discharged by neighbouring industry.
By way of practical illustration, without any limitation, it is noted that a plant like that described above with a 20 HP compressor can dry out a load of timber of 50-70 cubic meters, depending upon the species of wood, while with a 40 HP compressor it is possible to dry out timber loads of100-150 cubic meters. The drying times, using automated plants controlled by hygrostats and thermostats, are in every case substantially shorter than the times normally required by known plants hitherto employed, and they approximate very closely to the limit-values imposed by the transmigration rate of moisture within the various species of wood. The following example is given as a further illustration.
Sipo mahogany (Entrandrophragma utile Spr) is known to be among the species of wood for which seasoning has not hitherto been easily practicable. The present example shows the ease with which this actual species can success fully be dried out by the use of a plant in accordance with the invention.
The load 12 in the chamber 10 consists of 50 m.sup.3 of Sipo mahogany in the form of freshly sawn boards 50 mm thick. Initially the internal moisture content of the wood is above 60% and is continually monitored by means of humidostat probes placed in some of the boards. The compressor 60 is rated at 20 HP. The running conditions of the plant are given in Table 2:
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Ambient air R.H. Internal .degree.C. % Air in moisture Time min- min- chamber 10 content (hours) Stage max max .degree.C. R.H. % of wood (%) ______________________________________ 0 (1) 13-24 70-75 19 98 >60 24 9-21 70-75 22 92 >60 48 11-15 75-80 24 80 58 72 13-20 70-80 26 75 55 96 (2) 13-20 65-70 32 62 46 120 13-20 70-75 36 55 40 144 14-22 80-85 45 40 32 168 (3) 13-21 70-75 48 34 26 192 12-20 70-75 50 28 22 216 (4) 13-25 65-70 58 22 18 240 14-26 65-70 60 18 16 264 15-26 60-65 62 15 14 288 15-24 60-65 62 14 9 ______________________________________
At the elapse of 288 hours (12 days) the plant was stopped and the load was left standing for 24 hours. As a result the residual internal moisture content of the wood had fallen to a value between 9% and 8%. No cracking, distortions or discolouration were found. The total consumption of electrical energy (including the fans and compressor motor) amounted to 5104 kWh.
It should be noted that in practice one or other or both of the two dehumidification stages herein described may be unnecessary (especially when the wood is not freshly sawn or in the case of hardwoods with a relatively low initial moisture content) particularly if such dehumidification stages would lead to excessively low values of the relative humidity in the chamber 10 with consequent risk of cementation, cracking and distortion of the timber 12. For the same reasons, even when the dehumidification evaporator 40 is in action, it is better to operate it only on one part of the air current passing through the outlet port 20 of the chamber 10, as illustrated in FIGS. 1B and 1C.
1. In a drying plant for drying materials, particularly timber, by air circulation, comprising a drying chamber having air inlet and air outlet ports for the circulation of air in the chamber, and a refrigerating unit for the dehumidification of the air, said refrigerating unit comprising a refrigerant fluid circuit including a compressor, a fan for forcing inlet air into the drying chamber through the said inlet port, a dehumidification evaporator located in the outlet air flow from the outlet port, and a condenser located in the inlet air flow upstream of the inlet port to restore to the inlet air flow at least part of the heat extracted from the outlet air flow by said dehumidification evaporator, the improvement wherein the said refrigerating unit further comprises an auxiliary evaporator in said circuit exposed to the atmospheric air and valve means for switching said auxiliary evaporator into and out of the refrigerating fluid circuit whereby the refrigerating unit constitutes a heat pump absorbing heat from the atmospheric air when the auxiliary evaporator is switched into said circuit.
2. The plant defined in claim 1, comprising valve means by which said auxiliary evaporator is connectable in said refrigerant fluid circuit in substitution for the dehumidification evaporator, and wherein the outlet part of the drying chamber has associated therewith a first damper movable between a closed position in which substantially the whole of the air flow from the drying chamber passing through said outlet port is recyclable through the condenser and inlet port, and an open position in which part of said air flow is discharged to the outside through said auxiliary evaporator, said plant further including a second damper associated with air inlet side of the condenser, said second damper being movable between a closed position in which said inlet side of the condenser receives air only from the outlet port, and an open position in which the said condenser receives air also from the external atmosphere.
3. The plant defined in claim 2, comprising valve means by which said auxiliary evaporator is connectable in the refrigerant fluid circuit between the delivery port of the compressor and the condenser, while the dehumidification evaporator is also connected in said circuit, so that said auxiliary evaporator may act as a condenser dissipating heat to the atmosphere, thereby reducing heat restored by the firstmentioned condenser of the refrigerating unit to the air recycled into the chamber through the said inlet port.
4. The plant defined in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the refrigerating unit further includes a supplementary evaporator exposed to the atmospheric air, said supplementary evaporator being disposed so as to be traversed by the flow of air discharged to the outside when the said first damper is in its open position, and valve means by which said supplementary evaporator is connectable into the refrigerant fluid circuit in parallel with the auxiliary evaporator.
5. The plant defined in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant fluid is Freon 12.
6. The plant defined in claim 2, which further includes:
a cabinet containing said refrigerating unit,
means dividing the cabinet internally into a middle and two opposite end compartments, said cabinet being adjacent the drying chamber, and
the dehumidification evaporator being located in the middle compartment to obstruct part of the outlet port from the chamber, one of the external walls of said middle compartment having a window which communicates with the outside under the control of the second damper, and wherein:
the middle compartment communicates with a first of the two end compartments through the firstmentioned condenser, the fan being disposed so as to draw air from the said first compartment and direct it into the drying chamber through the inlet port;
the auxiliary evaporator is located in the second of the two end compartments, the latter having a window which communicates with the outside air, the first damper being movable to a position in which it puts the said second end compartment into communication with the portion of the outlet port of the chamber unobstructed by the dehumidification evaporator;
the said second end compartment also communicates with an air discharge duct through said auxiliary evaporator, the latter being equipped with a fan which draws air from said second compartment and discharges it into said discharge duct through the auxiliary evaporator.
7. The plant defined in claim 4 or claim 6, wherein the supplementary evaporator is also located in the said second end compartment and has an associated fan which in operation draws air from the said end compartment and discharges it into said discharge duct through the supplementary evaporator.
3337967 August 1967 Smith
3744144 July 1973 Weis
3940860 March 2, 1976 Unterreiner
1533651 November 1978 GBX
244191 October 1969 SUX
Filed: Jan 30, 1979
Date of Patent: Apr 8, 1980
Assignee: CEAF S.p.A. (Turin)
Inventor: Furio Berti (Turin)
Primary Examiner: Larry I. Schwartz
Law Firm: Sughrue, Rothwell, Mion, Zinn and Macpeak
Application Number: 6/8,651
Current U.S. Class: Recirculation Of Treating Gas Or Vapor (34/77); With Removing Of Moisture (62/93); 62/324; 62/238; Heat Exchange And/or Gas Or Vapor Conducting Conduits In Drum Or Receptacle (34/134)


When parents react to situations, often it is their own inner child who is reacting and taking control. Learning to identify our inner child and it's needs can bring about resolutions to old childhood issues. How different would your parenting be if you didn't allow your inner child to control you?
This week we will look at how the inner child affects parenting and how your inner child can be a contribution to how you parent your children.


If you want to get the inside story on hedge fund manager Steve Cohen, read Black Edge by Sheelah Kolhatkar. What stood out to me was how retired teachers, and the collective billions they've saved through pensions, had their money managed by Stevie who, in essence, is a day trader. A very rich day trader.
What happens to the pensions when guys like Cohen run out of buyers? He's not that far removed from being the next Long Term Capital Management, which went bankrupt and needed a bailout. Here's a review by David McClintick of the WSJ that got me into the book and an interview with author Kolhatkar.
Anyone who knew Wall Street knew that SAC's returns were suspiciously excellent. And Mr. Cohen didn't exactly hide his wealth: His 36,000-square-foot home in Greenwich, Conn., had an ice-skating rink. But when the FBI went digging into the world of hedge funds in 2006, it wasn't after SAC but the Galleon Group, a smaller fund run by a flamboyant trader named Raj Rajaratnam. A relentless FBI special agent, B.J. Kang, secretly listened to Rajaratnam on a wiretap for months. Those conversations tipped Mr. Kang off about SAC, where some Galleon traders had previously worked.
The agent was keen to flip Galleon suspects who might give evidence against Mr. Cohen. So on April 1, 2009, he drove to the California home of Ali Far, a former Galleon trader familiar with SAC. In front of Mr. Far's wife, mother, daughters and mother-in-law, Mr. Kang confronted him with accusations of insider trading and a threat of prison. After a sleepless night, Mr. Far flipped and went on to record 244 calls for the FBI, many with Rajaratnam. Over the coming months, as Ms. Kolhatkar shows, Mr. Kang continued to flip traders at Galleon and other firms associated with SAC. Eventually he got to an SAC trader named Mathew Martoma.
Martoma was a Stanford MBA who specialized in health-care stocks; he had joined SAC in June 2006 and Mr. Cohen had given him hundreds of millions of dollars to invest. Martoma focused on two companies, Elan and Wyeth, which were developing a drug to treat Alzheimer's. In doing so, he relied on insight from an eminent medical school professor: Sidney Gilman of the University of Michigan. Dr. Gilman, who was laden with confidential information from the companies, the government and other scientists, had at first insisted to Martoma that he could discuss only information in the public domain. But it didn't take long for Martoma to push Dr. Gilman, who, according to the author, was being paid hundreds of thousands of dollars in consulting fees by SAC and other Wall Street clients, over the edge. After Dr. Gilman confided that Bapineuzumab, the new Alzheimer's drug co-developed by Wyeth and Elan, was flawed, Martoma spent 20 minutes on the phone with Mr. Cohen. Little is known about their conversation, but SAC quietly liquidated stock and shorted more in the companies, netting more than $250 million, according to federal prosecutors, before the bad news was made public and the stocks collapsed.


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Week 13 Recap: Clowning Around
Posted by Chris at 10:13 am	Antonio Brown, Big Ben, DeAngelo Williams, James Harrison, Recaps, Secondary
It's all fun and games until somebody gets hurt. I guess nobody ever told Antonio Brown that.
AB's ridiculous post humping attempt was the only black mark on an otherwise sterling effort from the Black and Gold last night. For those who went to bed early, the Pittsburgh Steelers obliterated the Indianapolis Colts 45-10 on Sunday Night Football. The game was close for about a quarter and a half, then the Steelers kicked it into gear and it turned into a straight up clowning.
The Steelers offense is ridiculous. I don't know what more to say. They always seem to start slow then, much like the Terminator, they keep coming and just won't stop until their opponent is dead. Forget Krampus, the scariest thing I can imagine is what kind of numbers we would've put up if Ben had been healthy all season and Le'Veon Bell didn't have his yearly injury.
I've seen some good offenses here in Pittsburgh. The Tommy Gun offense led by a rejuvenated Tommy Maddox comes to mind. A couple of the Flying Circus years under Bruce Arians were pretty good – particularly 2009 when the Steelers had their first 4,000 yard passer, 1,000 yard rusher, and 1,000 yard receiver all in the same season. None of them come close to this current offense, though.
Ben Roethlisberger is in the zone right now. If he plays, they can beat anybody. Period. Last night was his command performance, throwing for 354 yards and 4 TDs with almost minimal effort. What's amazing is how versatile he and this offense is. Ben hit three different guys for scores while connecting on everything from short timing routes to long bombs down field.
Which is also a credit to the wide receivers. AB is deadly in space – as he showed on his 71 yard punt return TD that served to rub salt in the Colts' wounds – but he can also go deep. Martavis Bryant has ludicrous speed. His TD perfectly showcased his physical gifts as first he used his height to sky over the corner then turned on the jets to outrun two guys for a 68 yard score. Markus Wheaton followed up his career game with a solid 50 yard/1 TD effort and rookie TE Road Dog Jessie James might be a pretty good heir apparent to Heath Miller.
All the Steelers need from their defense is a mediocre effort. They got that and more last night. There were some dicey moments, Frank Gore ripped off some big runs and receivers were left wide open on occasion, but overall it was a nice bounce back game. They generated a lot of pressure resulting in 5 sacks, 3 by the Immortal Warrior known as James Harrison, and came away with three turnovers.
One INT was made by CB Brandon Boykin, who to my shock actually got into a game for the first time this year. I don't think we're going to be talking about Boykin Island any time soon but rotating the outside linebackers has paid huge dividends for Keith Butler so hopefully rotating through four corners (Boykin, Cockrell, Blake, and William Gay, who actually made the play on Boykin's pick but later left after self-reporting a concussion) might yield similar results.
Really the only negative last night was the return game. I never thought I'd say this but bring back Dri Archer. I honestly didn't think the Steelers could do worse than him until I saw Jacoby Jones. Jones fumbled away the opening kick off, then muffed a punt later in the half. By that point, Mike Tomlin had enough and banished him to the bench. I'm sure Coach T feels bad about tripping him on Thanksgiving but there's no reason this guy belongs on the team.
The rest of the team, though, deserves kudos on an amazing effort in front of a national audience. Next up is our return date with the Cincinnati Bengals. Up three games with four left, the Steelers have no chance to catch the Bengals for the division title. They do need a win, however, as they're still on the outside looking in as far as a Wild Card berth. Last year the Steelers stumbled into the playoffs and got bounced out after one game. This year, why not go in on a hot streak? Last night was a really good start.
Know Thy Enemy: Indianapolis Colts Brown's Post Humping Costs $12k


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Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms
Natasha S. Barteneva, Yeldar Baiken, Elizaveta Fasler-Kan, Kenneth Alibek, Sheng Wang, Natalia Maltsev, Eugeny D. Ponomarev, Zarina Sautbayeva, Sholpan Kauanova, Anna Moore, Christoph Beglinger, Ivan A. Vorobjev
Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering
Extracellular vesicle (EV) production is a universal feature of metazoan cells as well as prokaryotes (bMVs - bacterial microvesicls). They are small vesicles with phospholipid membrane carrying proteins, DNA and different classes of RNAs and are heavily involved in intercellular communication acting as vectors of information to target cells. For the last decade, the interest in EV research has exponentially increased though thorough studies of their roles in various pathologies that was not previously possible due to technical limitations.This review focuses on research evaluating the role of EV production in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer development in conjunction with GI microbiota and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss recent studies on the promising role of EVs and their content as biomarkers for early diagnosis of GI cancers. The bMVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of GI chronic inflammatory diseases, however, possible role of bMVs in tumorigenesis remains underestimated. We propose that EVs from eukaryotic cells as well as from different microbial, fungi, parasitic species and edible plants in GI tract act as mediators of intracellular and inter-species communication, particularly facilitating tumour cell survival and multi-drug resistance. In conclusion, we suggest that matching sequences from EV proteomes (available from public databases) with known protein sequences of microbiome gut bacteria will be useful in identification of antigen mimicry between evolutionary conservative protein sequences. Using this approach we identified Bacteroides spp. pseudokinase with activation loop and homology to PDGFRα, providing a proof-of-concept strategy. We speculate that existence of microbial pseudokinase that 'mimic" PDGFRα may be related to PDGFRα and Bacteroides spp. roles in colorectal carcinogenesis that require further investigation.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
Published - Jun 29 2017
10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/bitstream/10754/625163/1/1-s2.0-S0304419X17300975-main.pdf
KAUST Repository
Scopus Record Link
Dive into the research topics of 'Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Extracellular Vesicles Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 98%
Bacteroides Medicine & Life Sciences 52%
Carcinogenesis Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
Molecular Mimicry Medicine & Life Sciences 28%
Edible Plants Medicine & Life Sciences 27%
Barteneva, N. S., Baiken, Y., Fasler-Kan, E., Alibek, K., Wang, S., Maltsev, N., Ponomarev, E. D., Sautbayeva, Z., Kauanova, S., Moore, A., Beglinger, C., & Vorobjev, I. A. (2017). Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, 1868(2), 372-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
Barteneva, Natasha S. ; Baiken, Yeldar ; Fasler-Kan, Elizaveta ; Alibek, Kenneth ; Wang, Sheng ; Maltsev, Natalia ; Ponomarev, Eugeny D. ; Sautbayeva, Zarina ; Kauanova, Sholpan ; Moore, Anna ; Beglinger, Christoph ; Vorobjev, Ivan A. / Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2017 ; Vol. 1868, No. 2. pp. 372-393.
@article{6f6684697b1346de8e807ba45f2dd30e,
title = "Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms",
abstract = "Extracellular vesicle (EV) production is a universal feature of metazoan cells as well as prokaryotes (bMVs - bacterial microvesicls). They are small vesicles with phospholipid membrane carrying proteins, DNA and different classes of RNAs and are heavily involved in intercellular communication acting as vectors of information to target cells. For the last decade, the interest in EV research has exponentially increased though thorough studies of their roles in various pathologies that was not previously possible due to technical limitations.This review focuses on research evaluating the role of EV production in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer development in conjunction with GI microbiota and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss recent studies on the promising role of EVs and their content as biomarkers for early diagnosis of GI cancers. The bMVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of GI chronic inflammatory diseases, however, possible role of bMVs in tumorigenesis remains underestimated. We propose that EVs from eukaryotic cells as well as from different microbial, fungi, parasitic species and edible plants in GI tract act as mediators of intracellular and inter-species communication, particularly facilitating tumour cell survival and multi-drug resistance. In conclusion, we suggest that matching sequences from EV proteomes (available from public databases) with known protein sequences of microbiome gut bacteria will be useful in identification of antigen mimicry between evolutionary conservative protein sequences. Using this approach we identified Bacteroides spp. pseudokinase with activation loop and homology to PDGFRα, providing a proof-of-concept strategy. We speculate that existence of microbial pseudokinase that {\textquoteleft}mimic" PDGFRα may be related to PDGFRα and Bacteroides spp. roles in colorectal carcinogenesis that require further investigation.",
author = "Barteneva, {Natasha S.} and Yeldar Baiken and Elizaveta Fasler-Kan and Kenneth Alibek and Sheng Wang and Natalia Maltsev and Ponomarev, {Eugeny D.} and Zarina Sautbayeva and Sholpan Kauanova and Anna Moore and Christoph Beglinger and Vorobjev, {Ivan A.}",
note = "KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2020-10-01 Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful for grant support from Ministry of Science, Kazakhstan to I.A.V. and N.S.B, grant from Swiss IBD Cohort Study to E. F.-K., C.B. and N.S.B., Grant-in-Aid (University of Bern) to E.F.-K and Hong Kong RGC-ECS grant (ref. 24100314) to E.D.P. Space limitations prevented citation of all relevant literature. We also thank Aleksandra Gorelova (Harvard University) for help with editing of the manuscript.",
doi = "10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005",
journal = "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer",
Barteneva, NS, Baiken, Y, Fasler-Kan, E, Alibek, K, Wang, S, Maltsev, N, Ponomarev, ED, Sautbayeva, Z, Kauanova, S, Moore, A, Beglinger, C & Vorobjev, IA 2017, 'Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, vol. 1868, no. 2, pp. 372-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. / Barteneva, Natasha S.; Baiken, Yeldar; Fasler-Kan, Elizaveta; Alibek, Kenneth; Wang, Sheng; Maltsev, Natalia; Ponomarev, Eugeny D.; Sautbayeva, Zarina; Kauanova, Sholpan; Moore, Anna; Beglinger, Christoph; Vorobjev, Ivan A.
In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, Vol. 1868, No. 2, 29.06.2017, p. 372-393.
T1 - Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms
AU - Barteneva, Natasha S.
AU - Baiken, Yeldar
AU - Fasler-Kan, Elizaveta
AU - Alibek, Kenneth
AU - Wang, Sheng
AU - Maltsev, Natalia
AU - Ponomarev, Eugeny D.
AU - Sautbayeva, Zarina
AU - Kauanova, Sholpan
AU - Moore, Anna
AU - Beglinger, Christoph
AU - Vorobjev, Ivan A.
N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2020-10-01 Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful for grant support from Ministry of Science, Kazakhstan to I.A.V. and N.S.B, grant from Swiss IBD Cohort Study to E. F.-K., C.B. and N.S.B., Grant-in-Aid (University of Bern) to E.F.-K and Hong Kong RGC-ECS grant (ref. 24100314) to E.D.P. Space limitations prevented citation of all relevant literature. We also thank Aleksandra Gorelova (Harvard University) for help with editing of the manuscript.
N2 - Extracellular vesicle (EV) production is a universal feature of metazoan cells as well as prokaryotes (bMVs - bacterial microvesicls). They are small vesicles with phospholipid membrane carrying proteins, DNA and different classes of RNAs and are heavily involved in intercellular communication acting as vectors of information to target cells. For the last decade, the interest in EV research has exponentially increased though thorough studies of their roles in various pathologies that was not previously possible due to technical limitations.This review focuses on research evaluating the role of EV production in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer development in conjunction with GI microbiota and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss recent studies on the promising role of EVs and their content as biomarkers for early diagnosis of GI cancers. The bMVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of GI chronic inflammatory diseases, however, possible role of bMVs in tumorigenesis remains underestimated. We propose that EVs from eukaryotic cells as well as from different microbial, fungi, parasitic species and edible plants in GI tract act as mediators of intracellular and inter-species communication, particularly facilitating tumour cell survival and multi-drug resistance. In conclusion, we suggest that matching sequences from EV proteomes (available from public databases) with known protein sequences of microbiome gut bacteria will be useful in identification of antigen mimicry between evolutionary conservative protein sequences. Using this approach we identified Bacteroides spp. pseudokinase with activation loop and homology to PDGFRα, providing a proof-of-concept strategy. We speculate that existence of microbial pseudokinase that 'mimic" PDGFRα may be related to PDGFRα and Bacteroides spp. roles in colorectal carcinogenesis that require further investigation.
AB - Extracellular vesicle (EV) production is a universal feature of metazoan cells as well as prokaryotes (bMVs - bacterial microvesicls). They are small vesicles with phospholipid membrane carrying proteins, DNA and different classes of RNAs and are heavily involved in intercellular communication acting as vectors of information to target cells. For the last decade, the interest in EV research has exponentially increased though thorough studies of their roles in various pathologies that was not previously possible due to technical limitations.This review focuses on research evaluating the role of EV production in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer development in conjunction with GI microbiota and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss recent studies on the promising role of EVs and their content as biomarkers for early diagnosis of GI cancers. The bMVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of GI chronic inflammatory diseases, however, possible role of bMVs in tumorigenesis remains underestimated. We propose that EVs from eukaryotic cells as well as from different microbial, fungi, parasitic species and edible plants in GI tract act as mediators of intracellular and inter-species communication, particularly facilitating tumour cell survival and multi-drug resistance. In conclusion, we suggest that matching sequences from EV proteomes (available from public databases) with known protein sequences of microbiome gut bacteria will be useful in identification of antigen mimicry between evolutionary conservative protein sequences. Using this approach we identified Bacteroides spp. pseudokinase with activation loop and homology to PDGFRα, providing a proof-of-concept strategy. We speculate that existence of microbial pseudokinase that 'mimic" PDGFRα may be related to PDGFRα and Bacteroides spp. roles in colorectal carcinogenesis that require further investigation.
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304419X17300975
U2 - 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
DO - 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005
JO - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer
JF - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer
Barteneva NS, Baiken Y, Fasler-Kan E, Alibek K, Wang S, Maltsev N et al. Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2017 Jun 29;1868(2):372-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005


With 2011 Allen & Ginter set to release this week, collectors are anticipating one of the most intriguing non-baseball autograph checklists the hobby has ever seen. From the greatest pound-for-pound fighter ever Manny Pacquiao and World Cup star Hope Solo to Annika Sorenstam, Cheryl Burke and John McEnroe, this year�s Allen & Ginter packs a powerful punch.
Following is a list of this year�s non-baseball autographs in Allen & Ginter.
The Autograph Checklist Allen & Ginter Collectors have been waiting for!
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: Insertion rates are based on estimated production levels, which may vary from the actual insertion rates to be published on product packaging.
BASE CARDS (350 subjects) - 6 per Pack! - Baseball Veterans - 270 Pros - Baseball Rookies - 30 Diamonds in the rough - Historic Figures - 15 of the most memorable writers, inventors, artists, and politicians of all-time. - World Champions - 35 of the highest achievers from across the universe.
MINI PARALLEL CARDS - Original 1 15/32" x 2 11/16" size! - 1 per Pack! - Allen & Ginter Wood Hobby Exclusive! (350) - Each is a one of one! - Allen & Ginter Cloth Hobby Exclusive! - 150 cards from the base set framed and printed on cloth expressly designed for Ginter! - Numbered to 10! - Allen & Ginter Bazooka - Numbered to 25! - Allen & Ginter No Number - The base cards are featured without a card number. Each card is limited to 50! - Allen & Ginter Black Border - A black border adorns these parallel cards. - Allen & Ginter Back - Replica Allen and Ginter card back designs highlight this parallel set. - Allen & Ginter Mini - The 350 cards from the base set.
AUTOGRAPH CARDS Award-winning Topps Allen and Ginter Baseball returns with the most exciting and wide-ranging autograph list in its history! From a 4-star chef, to a 7-time Grand Slam title holder, to racing royalty, to kings of the ring, a queen of the links, and many first-time signers, this year's Allen & Ginter autographs have something for everyone and even more! - Framed Autograph Cards - Great competitors from around the world including the world of sports appear with their signatures. - Cut Signatures - Featuring 20 political and historical figures with an authentic autograph penned by the subject. One of One!
THE GINTER CODE A collector wins a prize if he is the first to decipher the mysterious cryptogram!
ALL NEW! INSERT CARDS - 1 per Pack! - NEW! Animals in Peril - Some of the most endangered species around the world: Tasmanian Devil, African Wild Dog, Indian Rhinoceros, Hawaiian Monk Seal, are among the 30 fragile creatures depicted. - NEW! Portraits in Penultimacy - These 10 second bananas, assistants, and also-rans finally get their place in the sun. - NEW! World's Most Mysterious Figures - Furtive characters come out of the shadows on these 10 cards. - NEW! Flora of the World - Check out your Green Thumb with these plantable cards featuring garden stock that will actually grow! Five available flowers can grace garden beds anywhere. 1 per Box! - Plant the card and watch it grow! - NEW! Step Right Up! - All the stars, freaks and weird attractions of a carnival sideshow! - NEW! Uninvited Guests - They're baaaack! Paranormal spooky tales, eerie hauntings, and supernatural events pictured on 10 cards. - NEW! Floating Fortresses - A flotilla of maritime history, from Henry VIII's majestic Mary Rose to today's mammoth Sovereign of the Seas, highlighted on 20 cards! - NEW! The Minds that made the future - Honoring the biggest brains in history: Archimedes, Kepler, Mendel, Volta, Lavoisier, etc. - NEW! The Ascent of Man - A step-by-step illustration of the evolution of life on Earth. Cards can be placed side-by-side to form a timeline. - NEW! Hometown Heroes - Featuring 100 MLB stars and their hometowns. 1 per Box! - Baseball Highlight Sketches - Full size cards featuring reproductions of original artist sketch cards showcasing the greatest baseball highlights of the year and of all time!
RIP CARDS - 1 Per Case! HOBBY EXCLUSIVE! The popular numbered Rip Cards are back featuring 100 subjects on the exterior card. Collectors have to decide to either keep this collectible card intact or rip it for a chance at... - Allen & Ginter Originals - Actual Mini Portrait paintings of current diamond stars signed and numbered by artist Jeff Zachowski! 1/1! - Allen & Ginter Red Autographs - Autographed Mini Cards that are Hand numbered to 10! - Allen & Ginter Mini Exclusives - 50 Mini Cards numbered 351-400 that can only be found in Rip Cards. - Allen & Ginter Mini Wood Exclusives - A ONE of ONE wood parallel version of the cards featured above!
FRAMED PRINTING PLATES - HOBBY EXCLUSIVE! - The four printing plates from all Allen & Ginter mini parallel cards, including the rip card mini-exclusives, framed to the standard 2 1/2" x 3 1/2"
RELIC CARDS - Framed Relic Cards - Subjects including baseball players, other athletes, political figures and competitors from all walks of life are shown with a relic. - Framed DNA Relic Cards - Highlighting a political or historical figure, including: Washington, Poe, and Nixon, along with a piece of their hair! One of One!
BOOK CARDS - Each is a ONE OF ONE! HOBBY EXCLUSIVE! Two autographs, two relics or an autograph and relic enhance these cards pairing baseball's biggest stars.
HOBBY EXCLUSIVE BOX LOADER - 1 per Box! HOBBY EXCLUSIVE! - Allen & Ginter N43 - 15 cards styled after the original N43 card, which was 3 1/4" and 2 7/8" in size! - Allen & Ginter N43 Relics (10) - Hand Numbered to 25! - Allen & Ginter N43 Autographs (10) - Hand Numbered to 15! - Allen & Ginter N43 Autograph Relic (5) - Hand Numbered to 5! - Cabinet Box Loader - 10 oversize cabinet cards featuring mini parallel cards showcasing 2 to 4 key subjects in an important 2010 Baseball highlight, or the founding of National Park. These subjects are featured on mini-parallel cards on a larger 5 3/4" x 8" Cabinet Card. - Cabinet Box Loader Relic - 10 show-stopping cards featuring an over-sized COMPLETE relic of a jersey nameplate or number. Each is a ONE of ONE! - NEW! U.S. Oversized Relic Cabinet Box Loader - Oversized relic cabinet cards die-cut into state shapes with a relic indicative on the state, which when fit together form a map of the United States. Numbered to 50!
CONTINUITY PROGRAM NEW! 60th Anniversary Sixty players past and present have signed these cards along with an additional inscription wishing Topps a "Happy 60th!" All autographs and inscriptions are signed directly on each numbered to 60 card. Three players' cards will be inserted into each baseball product throughout 2011.


A recent post in which I wailed and whined about my very bad hair day started it. You may recall how I mentioned volumizing, styling techniques and a great can of hairspray. That brought an avalanche of desperate queries, suggesting to me that perhaps I'm not the only one dealing with an occasional bad hair day!
Which volumizer? Hairspray? What? Where?!
Not long after we visited the world of shampoos and conditioners. That stirred up lots more questions and very specific ones as in exactly which products?
So today, I've decided to tell. Exactly. Specifically. And trust me when I say that I've tested many—none of which are sponsored, all of which I buy myself.
1. SHAMPOO AND CONDITIONER. Currently, I'm using Tigi Bed Head Moisture Maniac Shampoo and Conditioner because I got them on a terrific sale. My hair is dry, I live in a dry climate, my hair is (surprise!) color-treated and both are very gentle. These bottles are huge and since I get at least 4 days out of a hairstyle, they will last me a very long time.
2. STYLING CREAM. Just a tiny amount of Living Proof Perfect Hair Day 5-in-1 Styling Treatment that I work well into my wet hair softens my hair and creates shine without weighing it down. This really makes blowing dry so much easier, too. I'm convinced this helps my hairdo to be revivable for 4 days (seriously, I don't shampoo daily) without losing its shape and manageability. Love this stuff.
3. VOLUMIZING MOUSSE. Next I squirt just a small amount of Got2b Fat-Tastic Thickening Plumping Mousse (about the size of a ping-pong ball—not too much, go easy) into my hands and distribute this through my hair at the roots using my fingers—but only at the crown, back and sides; not the bang area because I don't want large volume '80s bangs. Creates fabulous volume without adding weight or making my hair feel greasy.
4. TEXTURE. Once my hair is dry and it's the way I want it, I grab a dab of Living Proof Amp2 Instant Texture Volumizer. Using my fingers, I work this stuff all through my dry and styled hair. It sets the style and makes it so easy to do the final styling, which I do with my fingers. What I love is that it stays touchable (never frozen of stiff) and lets me give it that "piece-y" look. It really does create visual texture and that's what I'm going for.
5. HAIRSPRAY. In my lifetime I'm sure I have tried out every kind of hairspray known to womankind. I even hold the distinction of having the hair and makeup woman on the Leeza Gibbons Show tell me I had bullet-proof hair—that's how stiff it was. She came this close to needing a jackhammer to get me ready for show time. She introduced me to Shaper by Sebastian, which I used for years. But I have a new favorite. I have found The One and its name is Kenra Volume Spray #25. This hairspray has everything I want: Great hold, dries instantly, very lightweight and—the best part—it is brushable. I spray once in the morning (it takes so little to get the job done) and that's it for the entire day. Then I brush it all out right before bed. It is fabulous.
There they are, the six hair products I use, love and depend on to keep bad hair days at bay!
Question: Do you have a favorite hair product I should know about? Oh, please tell.


text:
Q: Number of pairs of strings satisfying the given condition We are provided with a string A (may contain repeated characters as well ).
One needs to make all possible permutations of A , and find out how many pairs of strings chosen from these permutations are not similar.
Two strings are similar if we can make both of them exactly same by carrying out at most 1 swap in each of them .
Example :- if we are provided with string abcd  , then for permutation abcd , the permutations which are not similar to it are bcda , bdac , cadb , cdba , dabc , dcab . Similar is the case for other permuations as well.
So overall number of desired pairs are 24*6=144 .
I tried solving it for each possible pair by approach mentioned here https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18292202/finding-the-minimum-number-of-swaps-to-convert-one-string-to-another-where-the
But as the permutations can be large enough , I need a better approach of solving this.

A: I'll assume that, as in your example, the string contains distinct letters; otherwise things would get messy.
Performing at most one swap in each string is equivalent to performing at most two swaps in one string. So we're looking for the number of permutations that can be represented as a product of at most two transpositions.
These are the identity, of which there is $1$, the transpositions, of which there are $\binom n2$, the $3$-cycles, of which there are $2\binom n3$, and the pairs of disjoint transpositions, of which there are $\frac12\binom n{2,2,n-4}$. Thus, in total there are
\begin{align}
&1+\binom n2+2\binom n3+\frac12\binom n{2,2,n-4}\\
={}&1+\frac{n(n-1)}2+\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}3+\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)}8\\
={}&\frac{3n^4-10n^3+21n^2-14n+24}{24}
\end{align}
strings similar to any given string, which in your example comes out to $18$ as expected.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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